Osh is the second city of Kyrgyzstan, a place that plays second string to the fashionable avenues and boulevards of the capital, Bishkek, but a place that can still claim to be the heart of the old Silk Road.
Osh is an ancient city, one with a history that dates back thousands of years and that has seen tyrants, conquerors, traders and empire builders pass through its walls. Little remains of the walls and towers that were built and torn down through the ages, and Osh has grown to become the largest city in southern Kyrgyzstan, a sprawl of buildings that has little to show of its intricate past and that would be almost unrecognisable from even its pre-Soviet days.
This though is the heart of the Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan, a crossroads of culture, religion and trade on the long route from China to the West and like many places along this historic pathway, modern Osh is very much a fusion of all the societies, languages and people that have met here.
Osh is home to the largest bazaar in Central Asia, a huge marketplace that stretches for a kilometre and more along the banks of the shallow river. This is where for thousands of years, the Silk Road's business of trade and exchange has played out amongst market stalls, nomads and travellers. The bazaar at Osh remains authentic, not in the sense that there are glamourous, ornate buildings of old or stones that have stood here for centuries, but more because of the fact that this is one of the most thriving market places in the region.
Market stalls here are built into old shipping containers, while farmers and salespeople will open the doors of their rusty, Russian cars and sell their goods from the backseats. At the bazaar, you can hear languages from Uzbekistan, China, Kazakshtan, Krygyzstan and even India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This is a true melting pot of cultures, a true crossroads where ethnicities are mixed and culture seems to flourish.
Osh is a wonderful example of the Silk Road's enduring legacy and while the only history to really be seen are the museums in the shadow of the towering Sulaiman-Too mountain that the city is built around, the real reason to visit Osh is to experience the vibrant, colourful culture of a city at the centre of regional history and contemporary life.
Osh is the second largest city in Kyrgyzstan and the main city in the south of the country. Due to Kyrgyzstan's mountainous terrain and rugged landscapes, Osh is unfortunately isolated from the capital Bishkek by a huge dividing range that makes overland travel here arduous and long.
Bishkek is home to the main international airport in Kyrgyzstan and the capital is the easiest point of arrival in the country. From here you can take one of the regular flights with local airline Air Manas to Osh, a journey time of just half an hour, with tickets costing as low as $25 if booked in advance and no more than $50 if not.
The intrepid or those on an extremely low budget can take the winding mountain roads to Osh, a journey of at least 14 hours in a shared taxi or old Soviet Marshrutka. This can cost as little as $10, and vehicles leave regularly from the Osh Bazaar in Bishkek. You are best starting early to secure a seat and be prepared with ample supplies for the long journey.
Osh is located right on the border with Uzbekistan, and it's also possible to travel from the city and into the Fergana Valley, before reaching the Uzbek capital Tashkent by train or bus. Many travellers also use Osh as a starting point into the dramatic Pamir Mountains and along the world's highest road through Tajikistan. From Osh, it's a long 14-hour journey to Murghab, the starting point of the Pamir Highway.
The best thing to do in Osh is to visit the enormous Jayma Bazaar. This is a market place that holds thousands of stalls and that has a long history of trade stretching back centuries. It's a place of colour, smells and activity and you can spend countless hours wandering through the packed corridors and haggling for souvenirs or local goods.
The Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain is the unmissable centrepiece of Osh. It rises high above the city and can be seen from anywhere. Climb the steep steps to the top and you can have unrivalled views over the region while also having the opportunity to visit the shrines, temples and mosques that have long been found here. At the far end of the mountain is an interesting museum taking you through the varied sacred history of the mountain, from Zoroastrianism to Islam.
Every Sunday, early in the morning, you can visit the Osh Animal Market on the outskirts of the city. This is as authentic as it gets anywhere in Central Asia, as local farmers and nomads from across the region bring their animals for auction and sale. Expect it to be noisy, dirty and loud.
In the shadow of the mountain, you can find the bizarre 3 Storey Yurt. This is an interpretation of local Kyrgyz culture, with historic and traditional artefacts, clothing and dress to be found inside. There are three levels and it's one of the tallest yurts in the world.
Osh has kept one huge vestige of its Soviet legacy for all to see. On the main road in the city, overlooking the river, you can find a giant statue of Soviet hero Lenin, which is one of the largest left in the post-Soviet world.
Osh has an increasing number of hotels and guesthouses, although the choices available to travellers are much less in number than in Bishkek and standards are much more unpredictable. A favourite amongst travellers is the Osh Guesthouse, who are helpful arranging transport onto the Pamirs and finding shared taxis across the region. A nicer guesthouse to stay at though is the Tes Hotel, which offers basic dorms and nicer privates with a great breakfast and who can also help with local travel advice.
Osh is home to some great local delicacies and due to its location as a crossroads on the Silk Road and amongst the Central Asian borders, you can find food from across the region in the city. Central Asian staples such as Plov and Laghman are firm favourites while a local delicacy is the enormous Samsa, a samosa-like pastry filled with meat and vegetables. At the bazaar, you can find plenty of shashlik stalls grilling kebabs and along the river, there are some lovely local restaurants with pleasant outdoor seating.
If you are looking for a western style cafe with great wifi then head to Brio, where you can get excellent coffee, but of course, for a higher price.
The local tourism office runs a great food tour of Osh that allows you to learn more about the cuisine and the unique cooking techniques from local families.
Osh is best visited during the summer months, between April and October, when the weather is hot and the skies are clear. Although Osh is found at a reasonable altitude, the surrounding country is elevated and ensures that the region experiences severe winters. Roads in and out of Osh can become snowed and travel across Kyrgyzstan can be almost impossible for several months of the year. If you are interested in seeing the rest of Kyrgyzstan's landscapes and scenery, it can be best to visit in the hiking summer season, to experience the most enjoyable conditions.
Osh is currently a safe destination to visit and you will find that the streets, even at night, are pleasant enough to walk around even if they are ill-lit. Due to its location on the border with Uzbekistan and its multiethnic nature, the city has in the past been subject to ethnic violence and riots, the latest incident being just a few years ago. Kyrgyzstan was really a creation of the Soviets and Osh, before the Russian influence, was more Uzbek than Kyrgyz. Today, it still has a huge Uzbek population and with rising Kyrgyz nationalism, tensions have in the past boiled over. Before travelling to Osh, it's wise to keep yourself informed of political events.
Osh is a very cheap destination to travel to, especially by Western standards. There are plenty of ATMs in the city and at the airport where you can withdraw the local currency, the Kyrgyz Som, with ease. You will find plenty of money changers at the bazaar and in the city centre too, which may be useful if you are heading across the borders to either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan.
Local meals are very good value, with a plate of Plov or a few Shashlik costing no more than 1 or 2 USD at small eateries. The larger, more western style restaurants will charge more, however, even a great cup of coffee and a sandwich in the local coffee shop will cost no more than 3 or 4 USD. Dormitories sell for as little as 5 USD for the cheapest, most basic options, while private rooms range in price from 10 to 20 USD for midrange, and upwards for luxury options of course.
Osh is home to one of Kyrgyzstan's most helpful Community Based Tourism Offices, and they can offer help and advice to travellers, not just in the city, but in the surrounding region. Community Based Tourism – or CBT – is an initiative that has had real success and dramatic results amongst locals, allowing travellers to experience local life while ensuring the locals actually get the benefits or the tourism dollar. The office can set you up with hiking guides, homestays in remote villages and also several local tours in the city itself.
Kyrgyzstan is still developing as a tourist destination and Osh is no exception. Even with the helpful CBT office and knowledgable local guesthouses catering to travellers, venturing further afield from the city can be tricky but adventurous. Infrastructure is basic and transport happens slowly. The city has a developing economy too and has been wrecked before by ethnic violence, a fact which although may be hidden from the travellers, is very much clear to locals. Travel here is raw but infinitely interesting.


This is the inaugural issue of 'the-south-asian' – an attempt to reinforce the rich content of the South Asian region and its people. The six South Asian nations - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka - have a history of shared traditions and spirituality – it is time we focused on those positive ideas. The similarities are many and differences few.
The last hundred years were perhaps the most violent in human history. South Asia, in the last five decades, has been through its share of bitter and brutal conflicts – some still ongoing. The politics of the region have been dictated, unfortunately, by religion and ethnicity – religion could well have been used to humanise politics. With 5000 years of cultural head start, the region had the advantage of collective cultural wisdom and the potential for mature acts/ideas. The reality today is seemingly different. Destructive and frenzied rhetoric has taken over reflection and contemplation. The disparity between greed and contentment is ever widening. The word 'religion' is misused and abused. The real issues that face the south Asian countries today lie behind the smokescreen of religion and ethnicity.
More than fifty years ago, in a small village called Munde, in the Punjab province of what is now Pakistan, Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs lived comfortably with each other – and the village had one common place of worship for all – the 'Thadi'. This was progressive thought by simple folk in a small village!
However, the-south-asian remains a platform for the people of the region, their achievements, however great or small, their aspirations and their contributions to the everyday act of positive living.
The first issue of 'the-south-asian' is an eclectic mix. We hope you will enjoy your first and all subsequent readings of the e-magazine. Your contribution towards positive thought will always be welcome.


From ZERO to 100 Million in 4 Days, Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma starrer trailer smashes all records!
After the successful release of a teaser and two official posters, fans were eagerly awaiting the trailer of the Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma starrer ZERO, which was launched in a spectacular Meeruthiya-style mela on 2nd November at IMAX Wadala in Mumbai.
Fans from all around the world thronged to get a glimpse of their favorite stars and to watch the highly anticipated trailer on the big screen. The fact that the trailer was launched on King Khan's birthday only added to the excitement of its release.
But as if this wasn't enough, by day 4 the trailer hit 100 million views, breaking records for the highest number of views on any Indian film trailer in less than 96 hours.
With such astonishing numbers, the trailer is well on its way to make it to the list of the most-viewed movie trailers of all time!
The ZERO trailer is not just the most viewed, but also one of the most loved.
Audiences on Facebook made their love for the film evident by grossing a million views and thumbs-ups alike in record time. The accomplishment was repeated on YouTube, making the trailer the fastest to reach a million likes.
In the trailer, Shah Rukh is seen trying to woo Anushka Sharma, a scientist who moves around in a customized wheelchair. Katrina Kaif, on the other hand, is a ravishing superstar who loves the bottle and Bauua equally, it seems.
presents the story of Bauua, a vertically challenged man essayed by Shah Rukh Khan. Set against the backdrop of Meerut, Zero presents a unique as well as rooted story. Bringing back the super hit trio of Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma, offers interesting performances with an unconventional storyline.
Red Chillies Entertainment and Colour Yellow Productions come together to bring ZERO, produced by Gauri Khan, starring Anushka Sharma, Katrina Kaif and Shah Rukh Khan. The Aanand L Rai directorial is all set to release on 21st December 2018.


This chapter discusses the conceptualization of the varied nature of software. It emphasizes that programming, which is done by software programmers, is performative and negotiated, and that code which can be recorded to media is mutable. The chapter also discusses code as a product and as a process, and defines several code-related terms, which include commentary code, prescriptive code, code objects, and critical code. It discusses various approaches and challenges of creating new code, which is a complex and difficult task, especially when attempting to address new issues and problems. The chapter concludes that software augments, supplements, mediates, and regulates the lives of people and has the ability to transform the world in relation to its own systems of thought because it possesses high technicity.


or swimming from its more than 20km of beaches of white sand and infinitely transparent water, where it is possible to do all kinds of water sports. The secret of the existence of a crystalline sea and Formentera's long beaches, which mark it out from the rest of the Mediterranean, is the posidonea prairie that surrounds the island, a natural treatment plant that cleans the water and makes it possible for sand to be deposited on the coast.
The tourist success of the island, loved as much by residents as by visitors, is rooted in the fact that people still find something a bit different in Formentera.
Other facts differentiating Formentera are the freedom and its light, which, since the '70s, has made it attractive for artists and artisans, who are nowadays part of the island's differential heritage.


text:
AML Week 7: Port Allegany at Otto-Eldred
October 16, 2015 February 15, 2016 portsports
PORT ALLEGANY GATORS (3-3)
OTTO-ELDRED TERRORS (0-6)
DUKE CENTER, PENNSYLVANIA
Weather.com for Duke Center
Directions from Port Allegany to Duke Center
LAST 10 GAMES: Gators lead, 7-3, but Otto-Eldred has won the last two after snapping a six-game losing streak in the series in 2013.
LAST MEETING: October 10, 2014 – Terrors 29, Gators 22
The Terrors (1-6) went ahead for good on a 67-yard connection from quarterback Nick Appleby to a wide-open Dakota Eaton late in the third quarter, then held the Gators (1-6) twice on downs in O-E territory in the final period to notch their first win of the season.
"A must win," coach Virgil Graham said. "Our last two have been must-wins. That's the only way we can approach these now, is that we have to have our backs against the wall and work together as a unit. Basically, our mantra this week was not to let as many opportunities pass; we've had a lot of missed opportunities that have come back to haunt us. We limited those this week, and it ended up going in our favor."
The loss dropped Port into a four-way tie in the AML North at 1-2 with O-E, Coudersport, and Sheffield, which also picked up its first win with a 36-6 decision over the Falcons. In a showdown for first place in the division, Cameron County powered to a 43-6 win over Smethport.
LAST TIME IN DUKE CENTER: September 27, 2013 – Terrors 12, Gators 0
Rolling up 172 rushing yards behind the tandem of Sam Colebert and Seth Drummond and shutting down the Port Allegany offense, Otto-Eldred made two first-quarter touchdowns stand up in a 12-0 victory over the Gators in an Allegheny Mountain League North Division game on Friday night. The Terrors' win was the first against Port since eking out a 15-14 decision in 2006, and their first shutout in the series since 1975.
"We couldn't do much of anything. Eldred played very well defensively," coach Mike Bodamer said. "They blitzed a lot of people and got after Jordan (Seefeldt) pretty well. We couldn't connect on a pass and couldn't run the ball. We made a couple of stupid mistakes to give them their touchdowns early on, but defensively, we played fairly well. We were in the game; we just could not sustain a drive whatsoever."
Drummond rushed for 62 yards and a touchdown while also hauling in six passes for another 80 yards, while Colebert added a game-high 69 yards on the ground and caught a touchdown pass from Dakota Vaughn for the game's first score.
Both teams joined Cameron County at 1-4 on the season, leaving them two games behind the trio of Coudersport, Sheffield, and Smethport in the AML North, and with an uphill climb to qualify for the District 9 playoffs.
(Helmets courtesy of the Pennsylvania Helmet Project.)
Categories: football, PAHS sports
← AML Week 6: Gators ground Falcons
Week 7: Gators outrun Terrors →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Computerised trading firm XTX Markets has come from nowhere to dethrone major banks, including Deutsche Bank, in the rankings of the world's biggest spot currency traders. It is the fourth largest trader.
2. Royal Dutch Shell will cut 2,200 more jobs, taking the total tally of losses to 12,500 from 2015 to 2016 as the world's second-biggest oil company continues to adjust to the slump in prices.
4. Oil extended its advance to near US$50 a barrel as weekly US industry data showed crude stockpiles declined, easing a glut. Futures rose as much as 1.7 per cent in after climbing 1.1 per cent on Tuesday.
5. Luxury jeweller Tiffany & Co reported its steepest sales drop in six quarters as the strong US dollar discourages tourists from buying its jewellery. Its first-quarter sales drop 7.4 per cent to US$891.3 million (S$1.2 billion).


text:
import Parameters from './Parameters';
import UniqueList from './util/UniqueList';
import {array, error, id, isArray} from 'vega-util';

var OP_ID = 0;
var PULSE = 'pulse';
var NO_PARAMS = new Parameters();

// Boolean Flags
var SKIP     = 1,
    MODIFIED = 2;

/**
 * An Operator is a processing node in a dataflow graph.
 * Each operator stores a value and an optional value update function.
 * Operators can accept a hash of named parameters. Parameter values can
 * either be direct (JavaScript literals, arrays, objects) or indirect
 * (other operators whose values will be pulled dynamically). Operators
 * included as parameters will have this operator added as a dependency.
 * @constructor
 * @param {*} [init] - The initial value for this operator.
 * @param {function(object, Pulse)} [update] - An update function. Upon
 *   evaluation of this operator, the update function will be invoked and the
 *   return value will be used as the new value of this operator.
 * @param {object} [params] - The parameters for this operator.
 * @param {boolean} [react=true] - Flag indicating if this operator should
 *   listen for changes to upstream operators included as parameters.
 * @see parameters
 */
export default function Operator(init, update, params, react) {
  this.id = ++OP_ID;
  this.value = init;
  this.stamp = -1;
  this.rank = -1;
  this.qrank = -1;
  this.flags = 0;

  if (update) {
    this._update = update;
  }
  if (params) this.parameters(params, react);
}

var prototype = Operator.prototype;

/**
 * Returns a list of target operators dependent on this operator.
 * If this list does not exist, it is created and then returned.
 * @return {UniqueList}
 */
prototype.targets = function() {
  return this._targets || (this._targets = UniqueList(id));
};

/**
 * Sets the value of this operator.
 * @param {*} value - the value to set.
 * @return {Number} Returns 1 if the operator value has changed
 *   according to strict equality, returns 0 otherwise.
 */
prototype.set = function(value) {
  if (this.value !== value) {
    this.value = value;
    return 1;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
};

function flag(bit) {
  return function(state) {
    var f = this.flags;
    if (arguments.length === 0) return !!(f & bit);
    this.flags = state ? (f | bit) : (f & ~bit);
    return this;
  };
}

/**
 * Indicates that operator evaluation should be skipped on the next pulse.
 * This operator will still propagate incoming pulses, but its update function
 * will not be invoked. The skip flag is reset after every pulse, so calling
 * this method will affect processing of the next pulse only.
 */
prototype.skip = flag(SKIP);

/**
 * Indicates that this operator's value has been modified on its most recent
 * pulse. Normally modification is checked via strict equality; however, in
 * some cases it is more efficient to update the internal state of an object.
 * In those cases, the modified flag can be used to trigger propagation. Once
 * set, the modification flag persists across pulses until unset. The flag can
 * be used with the last timestamp to test if a modification is recent.
 */
prototype.modified = flag(MODIFIED);

/**
 * Sets the parameters for this operator. The parameter values are analyzed for
 * operator instances. If found, this operator will be added as a dependency
 * of the parameterizing operator. Operator values are dynamically marshalled
 * from each operator parameter prior to evaluation. If a parameter value is
 * an array, the array will also be searched for Operator instances. However,
 * the search does not recurse into sub-arrays or object properties.
 * @param {object} params - A hash of operator parameters.
 * @param {boolean} [react=true] - A flag indicating if this operator should
 *   automatically update (react) when parameter values change. In other words,
 *   this flag determines if the operator registers itself as a listener on
 *   any upstream operators included in the parameters.
 * @param {boolean} [initonly=false] - A flag indicating if this operator
 *   should calculate an update only upon its initiatal evaluation, then
 *   deregister dependencies and suppress all future update invocations.
 * @return {Operator[]} - An array of upstream dependencies.
 */
prototype.parameters = function(params, react, initonly) {
  react = react !== false;
  var self = this,
      argval = (self._argval = self._argval || new Parameters()),
      argops = (self._argops = self._argops || []),
      deps = [],
      name, value, n, i;

  function add(name, index, value) {
    if (value instanceof Operator) {
      if (value !== self) {
        if (react) value.targets().add(self);
        deps.push(value);
      }
      argops.push({op:value, name:name, index:index});
    } else {
      argval.set(name, index, value);
    }
  }

  for (name in params) {
    value = params[name];

    if (name === PULSE) {
      array(value).forEach(function(op) {
        if (!(op instanceof Operator)) {
          error('Pulse parameters must be operator instances.');
        } else if (op !== self) {
          op.targets().add(self);
          deps.push(op);
        }
      });
      self.source = value;
    } else if (isArray(value)) {
      argval.set(name, -1, Array(n = value.length));
      for (i=0; i<n; ++i) add(name, i, value[i]);
    } else {
      add(name, -1, value);
    }
  }

  this.marshall().clear(); // initialize values
  if (initonly) argops.initonly = true;

  return deps;
};

/**
 * Internal method for marshalling parameter values.
 * Visits each operator dependency to pull the latest value.
 * @return {Parameters} A Parameters object to pass to the update function.
 */
prototype.marshall = function(stamp) {
  var argval = this._argval || NO_PARAMS,
      argops = this._argops, item, i, n, op, mod;

  if (argops) {
    for (i=0, n=argops.length; i<n; ++i) {
      item = argops[i];
      op = item.op;
      mod = op.modified() && op.stamp === stamp;
      argval.set(item.name, item.index, op.value, mod);
    }

    if (argops.initonly) {
      for (i=0; i<n; ++i) {
        item = argops[i];
        item.op.targets().remove(this);
      }
      this._argops = null;
      this._update = null;
    }
  }
  return argval;
};

/**
 * Delegate method to perform operator processing.
 * Subclasses can override this method to perform custom processing.
 * By default, it marshalls parameters and calls the update function
 * if that function is defined. If the update function does not
 * change the operator value then StopPropagation is returned.
 * If no update function is defined, this method does nothing.
 * @param {Pulse} pulse - the current dataflow pulse.
 * @return The output pulse or StopPropagation. A falsy return value
 *   (including undefined) will let the input pulse pass through.
 */
prototype.evaluate = function(pulse) {
  var update = this._update;
  if (update) {
    var params = this.marshall(pulse.stamp),
        v = update.call(this, params, pulse);

    params.clear();
    if (v !== this.value) {
      this.value = v;
    } else if (!this.modified()) {
      return pulse.StopPropagation;
    }
  }
};

/**
 * Run this operator for the current pulse. If this operator has already
 * been run at (or after) the pulse timestamp, returns StopPropagation.
 * Internally, this method calls {@link evaluate} to perform processing.
 * If {@link evaluate} returns a falsy value, the input pulse is returned.
 * This method should NOT be overridden, instead overrride {@link evaluate}.
 * @param {Pulse} pulse - the current dataflow pulse.
 * @return the output pulse for this operator (or StopPropagation)
 */
prototype.run = function(pulse) {
  if (pulse.stamp <= this.stamp) return pulse.StopPropagation;
  var rv;
  if (this.skip()) {
    this.skip(false);
    rv = 0;
  } else {
    rv = this.evaluate(pulse);
  }
  this.stamp = pulse.stamp;
  return (this.pulse = rv || pulse);
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Space Invaders – 2D Vector Movement Algorithm I'm building Space Invaders in C++ (using the MBed platform) for a microcontroller. I've used a 2D Vector of object pointers to organise the invaders.
The movement algorithm is below, and runs in the main while loop for the game. Basically, I get the highest/lowest x and y values of invaders in the vector, and use those to set bounds based on screensize (the HEIGHT variable);
I also get the first invader's position, velocity, and width, which I apply changes to based on the bounds above.
Then I iterate through the whole vector again and apply all those changes. It sort of works – the invaders move – but the bounds don't seem to take effect, and so they fly off screen. I feel like I'm missing something really dumb, thanks in advance!
void Army::move_army() {
    int maxy = HEIGHT - 20;

    int Ymost = 0; // BOTTOM
    int Yleast = 100; // TOP
    int Xmost = 0; // LEFT
    int Xleast = 100; // RIGHT

    int first_row = _rows;
    int first_column = _columns;
    int firstWidth = 0;
    Vector2D firstPos;
    Vector2D firstVel;

    for (int i = 0; i < _rows; i++) {
        for (int n = 0; n < _columns; n++) {
            bool state = invaders[i][n]->get_death();
            if (!state) {
                if (i < first_row && n < first_column) {
                    firstPos = invaders[i][n]->get_pos();
                    firstVel = invaders[i][n]->get_velocity();
                    firstWidth = invaders[i][n]->get_width();
                    }

                Vector2D pos = invaders[i][n]->get_pos();
                if (pos.y > Ymost) {Ymost = pos.y;} // BOTTOM
                else if (pos.y < Yleast) {Yleast = pos.y;} // TOP
                else if (pos.x > Xmost) {Xmost = pos.x;} // LEFT
                else if (pos.x < Xleast) {Xleast = pos.x;} // RIGHT

                }
            }
        }

    firstVel.y = 0;

    if (Xmost >= (WIDTH - 8) || Xleast <= 2) {
        firstVel.x = -firstVel.x;
        firstPos.y += _inc;

        // reverse x velocity
        // increment y position
        }
    else if (Ymost > maxy) {
        _inc = -_inc;
        // reverse increment
        }
    else if (Yleast < 2) {
        _inc = -_inc;
        // reverse increment
        }

    for (int i = 0; i < _rows; i++) {
        int setx = firstPos.x;
        if (i > 0) {firstPos.y += 9;}
        for (int n = 0; n < _columns; n++) {
            invaders[i][n]->set_velocity(firstVel);
            invaders[i][n]->set_pos(setx,firstPos.y);
            setx += firstWidth + 2;
            }
        }

A: It looks like you have your assignment cases reversed. Assignment always goes: right <- left, so in the first case you're changing the YMost value, not pos.y. It looks like if you swap those four assignments in your bounds checking it should work. Good luck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
https://viagrageneriquefr24.com/viagra-en-france/
زَيِّنُوا الْقُرْآنَ بِأَصْوَاتِكُم قَدْ جَاءكُم مِّنَ اللّهِ نُورٌ وَكِتَابٌ مُّبِينٌ
English - Life of the Prophet
Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him), the Master of Prophets, was born in the BaniHashimfamily in Makkah on Monday morning, the ninth of Rabi' Al-Awwal, the same year of the Elephant event, on the twentieth or twenty-second of April, 571 CE.
Early life of the Prophet Mohammed (SAWS):
His father, Hazrat Abdullah (RA), expired several weeks before his birth in Yathrib (Madinah), where he went to visit his father's relatives. His mother, HazratAmina (RA) expired while on the return journey from Madinah at a place called 'Abwa' when he was six years old. He was raised by his paternal grandfather 'Abd al Muttalib' until the age of eight, and after his grandfather's death, he was raised by Abu Talib, his paternal uncle. 'Abd al Muttalib's mother, Um-Salma, was a native of Madinah and he was born and raised as a young boy in Madinah. Many years before Mohammed's (SAWS) birth, 'Abd al Muttalib was an influential leader of the Arab tribe 'Quraish' in Makkah and took care of the Holy 'Ka'bah'.
Under the guardianship of Abu Talib, Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) began to earn a living as a businessman and a trader. At the age of twelve, he accompanied Abu Talib with a merchant caravan as far as Bosra in Syria. Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) was popularly known as 'Al-Ameen' for his perfect character by everyone. The title Al-Ameen means the Honest, the Reliable and the Trustworthy, and it signified the highest standard of moral and public life.
Upon hearing of Prophet Mohammed's (SAWS) impressive credentials, Khadijah (RA), who was a merchant and a widow, asked Mohammed (SAWS) to take some merchandise for trade to Syria. Soon after this trip when he was twenty-five, Khadijah (RA) proposed marriage to Mohammed (SAWS) through a relative and he accepted the proposal. At that time, Khadijah (RA) was twice widowed and forty years old. Khadijah (RA) and Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) had six children - four daughters and two sons. His first son Qasim (RA) expired at the age of two. Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) was nicknamed AbulQasim, meaning the father of Qasim. His second son Abdullah (RA) died in infancy. Abdullah was also called affectionately as 'Tayyab' and 'Tahir' because he was born after Prophet Mohammed's (SAWS) prophet hood. The four daughters were: Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (RadiAllahuAnhumAjmaeen).
The Holy Ka'bah was now filled with three hundred sixty idols. The original message of Prophet Ibrahim (AS) was lost, and it was mixed with superstitions and traditions of pilgrims and visitors from distant places, who were used to idol worship and myths. In every generation, a small group of men and women detested the pollution of Ka'bah and kept pure their practice of the religion taught by Prophets Ibrahim (AS) and Ismail (AS). They used to spend some of their time away from this polluted environment in retreats to nearby hills.
The first revelation of the Holy Qur'aan:
Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) was forty when, during his one of many retreats to Mount Hira for meditation during the month of Ramadan, he received the first revelation from the Angel Jibrail (AS). On this first appearance, Jibrail (AS) said to Mohammed (SAWS): "IQRAA," meaning Read or Recite. Mohammed (SAWS) replied, "I cannot read". The Angel Jibrail (AS) then embraced him until he reached the limit of his endurance and after releasing said: "Iqraa." Mohammed's (SAWS) answer was the same as before. Jibrail (AS) repeated the embrace for the third time, asked him to repeat after him and said:
"Recite in the name of your Lord who created! He created man from that which clings. Recite; and thy Lord is most Bountiful, He who has taught by the Pen, taught man what he knew not."
These revelations are the first five verses of Surah 'Alaq' of the Holy Qur'an. Thus it was in the year 610 CE when the revelation began.
Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) was frightened by the whole experience of the revelation and returned from the cave of Mt. Hira. When he reached his home, tired and frightened, he asked Khadijah (RA): 'cover me, cover me,' in a blanket. After his awe had somewhat decreased, Khadijah(RA) asked him about the reason of his great anxiety and fear. She then assured him by saying: "Allah (SWT) will not let you down because you are kind to relatives, you speak only the truth, you help the poor, the orphan and the needy, and you are an honest person". Khadijah (RA) then consulted with her cousin Waraqa bin Naufal who was an old, saintly man possessing knowledge of previous revelations and scriptures. Waraqa confirmed to her that the visitor was none other than the Angel Jibrail (AS) who had come to Musa (AS). He then added that Mohammed(SAWS) is the expected Prophet. Khadijah (RA) accepted the revelation as truth and was the first person to accept Islam. She demised at the age of sixty-five in the month of Ramadan.
How was the Qur'aan revealed after the first verse:
Jibrail (AS) visited the Prophet (SAWS) as commanded by Allah revealing Ayat (verses) in Arabic over a period of twenty-three years. The revelations that he received were sometimes a few verses, a part of a chapter or the whole chapter. Some revelations came down in response to an inquiry by the nonbelievers. The revealed verses were recorded on a variety of available materials (leather, palm leaves, bark, shoulder bones of animals), memorized as soon as they were revealed, and were recited in daily prayers by Muslims. Jibrail (AS) taught the order and arrangement of verses, and the Prophet (SAWS) instructed his several scribes to record verses in that order. Once a year, the Prophet (SAWS) used to recite all the verses revealed to him up to that time to Jibrail (AS) so that he can authenticate the accuracy of recitation and the order of verses. All the revealed verses (over a period of 23 years and ending in 632 CE) were compiled in the book which is our Qur'an. The Qur'an does not contain even a word from the Prophet (SAWS). The Prophet's sayings, actions, and approvals are recorded separately in collections known as Hadith.
The Prophetic Mission:
The mission of Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) was to restore the worship of the One True God, the creator and sustainer of the universe, as taught by Prophet Ibrahim (AS) and all Prophets of Allah (SWT), and to demonstrate and complete the laws of moral, ethical, legal, and social conduct and all other matters of significance for the humanity at large.
The first few people who followed this message were: his cousin Ali (RA), his servant ZaydibnHarith (RA), his friend HazratAbu BakrSiddiq (RA) and his Wife and daughters.
In the first three years of his mission forty people (men and women) accepted Islam. This small group comprised of youth as well as older people from a wide range of economic and social background. He then began to recite revelations to people in public and invite them to Islam. The Quraish, leaders of Makkah, took his preaching with anger. The most unfriendly and closest to the prophet was his uncle Abu Lahab and his wife. Initially, they and other leaders of Quraish tried to bribe him with money and power including an offer to make him king if he were to abandon his message. When this did not work, they tried to convince his uncle Abu Talib to allow them to kill Mohammed (SAWS). His uncle tried to persuade him to stop preaching but the Prophet (SAWS) said: "O uncle, if they were to put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left hand to stop me from preaching Islam, I would never stop. I will keep preaching until Allah (SWT) makes Islam prevail or I die."
The persecution (torture)against Muslims:
The Quraish began to persecute Muslims by beating, torture and boycott of their businesses. Those who were weak, poor or slaves were publicly tortured. The first person to die by this means was a Muslim woman by the name Umm Ammar (the mother of AmmarIbnYasir). The Muslims from well-to-do families were physically restrained in their homes with the condition that if they repent, they will be allowed freedom of movement. The Prophet (SAWS) was publicly ridiculed and humiliated including frequent throwing of filth on him in the street and while he prayed in the Ka'bah. In spite of great hardships and no apparent support, the message of Islam kept all Muslims firm in their belief. The Prophet (SAWS) was asked by Allah (SWT) to be patient and to preach the message of Qur'an. He advised Muslims to remain patient because he did not receive any revelation yet to revenge against their persecutors.
Migration to Abyssinia:
When the persecution became unbearable for most Muslims, the Prophet (SAWS) advised them in the fifth year of his mission (615 CE) to migrate to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) where Ashabah (Negus, a Christian) was the ruler. Eighty people, not counting the small children, migrated in small groups to avoid detection. No sooner had they left the Arabian coastline, the leaders of Quraish discovered their flight. They decided to not leave these Muslims in peace, and immediately sent two of their envoys to Negus to bring all of them back. However, Negus allowed them to stay under his protection after he investigated Muslim belief and heard the revelations about Isa (AS) and Mariam (AS), which appears the Holy Qur'an. The emigrants were allowed freedom of worship in Abyssinia.
The Quraish then made life even more difficult for the Prophet (SAWS) by implementing total ban on contact with the Prophet's family (BaniHashim and Muttalib). The ban lasted for three and it left the Prophet with more personal sorrow when he lost his beloved wife Khadijah (RA) and uncle Abu Talib soon after the ban was lifted.
After Khadijah's (RA) death in 620 CE, the Prophet married Sawdah (RA) who was fifty years old. She and her husband had immigrated to Abyssinia in the early years of persecution. After her husband died, she came back to Makkah and sought Prophet's shelter. The Prophet, recognizing her sacrifices for Islam, extended his shelter by marrying her. Later in the same year, the Prophet upon receiving the divine command in a dream, after approval of Sawdah, got marriedto A'ishah, the daughter of his dear companion Abu Bakr (RA). Sawdah and A'ishah (RA) were the only wives until he was fifty-six years old.
Journey fromTaif and the ascend to Miraaj:
After the death of his uncle Abu Talib, the Prophet (SAWS) went to Taif to spread the word of Islam. They flatly refused and mocked at him, and severely injured him by inciting their children to throw stones at him. Jibrail (AS) visited the Prophet here suggesting that the angels were ready to destroy the town if he were to ask Allah for the punishment. Nevertheless, the Prophet declined and prayed for future generations of Taif to accept Islam.
Soon after return from Ta'if, the prophet experienced the events of al-Israa and al-Miraaj (621 CE). In the Al-Israa, Jibrail (AS) took the Prophet from the sacred Mosque near Ka'bah to the furthest (al-Aqsa) mosque in Jerusalem in a very short time. Here, Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) met with previous Prophets Ibrahim (AS), Musa (AS), Isa (AS) and others. Then he led them in prayer. After this, in Al-Miraj, the Prophet was taken up to heavens to show the signs of Allah. It was on this journey that five daily prayers were prescribed. He was then taken back to Ka'bah, the whole experience lasting a few hours of a night. Upon hearing this, the people of Makkahdid not believe him. However, when his specific description of Jerusalem and the caravan that he saw on this journey including its expected arrival in Makkah turned out to be true, the ridicule of the nonbelievers stopped. The event of Israa and Miraaj is mentioned in the Qur'an.
The Hijrah (Migration):
In 622 CE, the leaders of the Quraish decided to assassinate the Prophet (SAWS) and they developed a plan in which one man was chosen from each of the Quraish tribes and they were to attack the Prophet simultaneously. Jibrail (AS) informed the Prophet (SAWS) of the plan and instructed him to leave Makkah immediately. The Prophet (SAWS), after making arrangements to return the properties entrusted to him by several nonbelievers, left with Abu Bakr (RA) in the night he was to be assassinated. They went south of Makkah to a mountain cave of Thawr and after staying three nights they traveled north to Yathrib (Madinah) about two hundred fifty miles from Makkah. Upon discovery of his escape, the leaders of Quraish put up a reward of one hundred camels. In spite of all their best scouts and search parties, Allah (SWT) protected the Prophet (SAWS) and he arrived safely in Quba, in Madinah. This event is known as the 'Hijra' (migration) and the Islamic calendar begins with this event. The people of Aws and Khazraj in Madinah greeted him with great enthusiasm. One by one those Muslims of Makkah who were not physically restrained, and who could make a secret exit, left for Madinah leaving behind their properties and homes.
Treaty of Hudaibiyah:
To insure the peace and tranquility, the Prophet (SAWS) proposed a treaty defining terms of conduct for all inhabitants of Madinah. It was agreed by all - Muslims, non-Muslim Arabs and Jews. After his emigration to Madinah, the enemies of Islam increased their assault from all sides. The Battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq (Trench) were fought near or around Madinah. In these battles until the year 627 CE, the nonbelievers with encouragement from Jews and other Arabian tribes attacked the Prophet (SAWS) and the Muslim community. The Muslims while defending their city and religion lost many men, which resulted in many widowed Muslim women and numerous orphaned children. In these circumstances, Prophet Mohammed (s) married several women during fifty-sixth year up to the sixtieth year of his life. All of the ladies he took as wives were either widowed or divorced, except A'ishah.
Two of his wives, Juwayriah and Safiyah, were prisoners of war. Both belonged to the family of the chief of their tribes and were set free by the Prophet (SAWS); they then gladly accepted Islam and were pleased to become the Prophet's wives. The Prophet's marriages provided security to women who would have otherwise remained unmarried, unprotected, or felt humiliated. His marriages were also a means of transmitting important teachings of Islam. The Prophet's wives, called the "Mothers of the Believers," showed themselves as examples of proper Muslim womanhood. All his wives, especially 'Aishah, transmitted many ahadith (sayings, deeds, and actions) from Prophet Mohammed (s).
A year after the Battle of Khandaq (Trench), the Prophet and fifteen hundred of his companions left for Makkah to perform the annual pilgrimage (628 CE). They were barred from approaching the city at Hudaybiyah, where after some negotiations a treaty was signed allowing for them to come next year. This treaty gave chance to the Muslims to expand Islam. Many people from all regions of Arabia came to the Prophet to investigate the teachings of Islam, and a large number of people accepted Islam within a couple of years. The Prophet sent many of his companions (who memorized the Qur'an by heart) to new communities to instruct them about the practice of Islam.
About two years later at the end of 629 CE, the Quraish violated the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah by a surprise attack on BaniKhuza'ah tribe, who were allied with the Prophet. They then sent a message to the Prophet for help.
The conquest of Makkah:
The Prophet, after confirming all the reports of the attack and subsequent events, marched to Makkah with an army consisting of three thousand Muslims of Madinah and Muslims from other Arab communities that joined him on the way totaling ten thousand Muslims. Before entering the city he sent word to citizens of Makkah that anyone who remained in his home, or in Abu Sufyan's home, or in the Ka'bah would be safe. The army entered Makkah without fighting and the Prophet went directly to the Ka'bah. He magnified Allah for the triumphant entry in the Holy city. The Prophet pointed at each idol with a stick he had in his hand and said, "Truth has come and Falsehood will neither start nor will it reappear" [Qur'an 17:81]. And one by one the idols fell down. The Ka'bah was then cleansed by the removal of all three hundred sixty idols, and it was restored to its pristine status for the worship of One True God (as built by Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail).
The people of the city expected general slaughter in view of their persecution and torture of Muslims for the past twenty years. While standing by the Ka'bah, the Prophet (s) promised mercy for the Makkans, stating: "O Quraish, what do you think that I am about to do with you?" They replied, "Good. You are a noble brother, son of a noble brother." The Prophet forgave them all saying:
"I will treat you as Prophet Yousuf (AS) treated his brothers. There is no scolding against you. Go to your homes, and you are all free."
The Prophet also declared:
Allah made Makkah holy the day He created heavens and earth, and it is the holy of holies until the Resurrection Day. It is not lawful for anyone who believes in Allah and the last day to shed blood therein, nor to cut down trees therein. It was not lawful to anyone before me and it will not be lawful to anyone after me.
The people of Makkah then accepted Islam including the enemies of the Prophet. A few of the enemies and military commanders had fled Makkah after his entry. However, when they received the Prophet's assurance of no retaliation and no compulsion in religion, they came back and gradually the message of Islam won their hearts. Within a year (630 CE), almost all Arabia accepted Islam. Among the Prophet's close companions were Muslims from such diverse background as Persia, Abyssinia, Syria and Rome. Several prominent Jewish Rabbis, Christian bishop and clergymen accepted Islam after discussions with the Prophet (SAWS).
The great change in Arabia alarmed the two superpowers, Byzantines and Persians. Their Governors, particularly the Byzantines, reacted with threats to attack Madinah. Instead of waiting, the Prophet (SAWS)sent a small army to defend the north most border of Arabia. In the remaining life of the Prophet, all of the major battles were fought on the northern front. The Prophet (SAWS) did not have a standing army. Whenever he received a threat, he called the Muslims and discussed with them the situation and gathered volunteers to fight any aggression.
The Prophet (SAWS) performed his first and last pilgrimage in 632 CE. One hundred twenty-thousand men and women performed pilgrimage that year with him. The Prophet (SAWS) received the last revelation during this pilgrimage. Two months later, Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) fell ill and after several days he departed on Monday, 12 Rabi al-Awwal, the eleventh year after Hijra (June 8, 632 CE) in Madinah. He is buried in the same place where he departed.
Aretrospect in the life of Prophet Mohammed (SAWS):
Prophet Mohammed lived a most simple and modest life. He and his family used to go without cooked meal several days at a time, relying only on dates, dried bread and water. During the day he was the busiest person, as he performed his duties in many roles all at once as head of state, chief justice, commander-in-chief, arbitrator, instructor and a family person. He was the most devoted one at night. He used to spend one to two-thirds of every night in prayer and meditation. The Prophet's possession consisted of mats, blankets, jugs and other simple things even when he was the virtual ruler of Arabia. He left nothing to be inherited except a white mule (a gift from Muqawqis), few ammunition and a piece of land that he had made a gift during his life time. Among his last words were: "We the communities of Prophets are not inherited. Whatever we leave is for charity."
Mohammed (SAWS) was a true and final messenger of Allah (SWT). He is the last of the prophets sent by Allah to guide man to the right path. All sincere Muslims try to follow the Qur'an and the Prophet's example to minute details. The account of every aspect of his life has been preserved. Prophet Mohammed (SAWS) has served as an example for all Muslims in all periods to modern times. He will remain a model example for all of humanity.
At the end of his mission, the Prophet (SAWS) was blessed with several hundred thousand followers (men and women) of Islam. Thousands prayed with him at the mosque and listened to his sermon. Hundreds of sincere Muslims would find every opportunity to be with him following five daily prayers and at other times. They used to seek his advice for their everyday problems, and listened attentively to the interpretation and application of revealed verses to their situation. They followed the message of the Qur'an and the Messenger of Allah with utmost sincerity, and supported him with everything they had. The most excellent among them are Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, 'AbdurRahmanibn Auf, S'ad bin AbiWaqqas, S'ad bin Zaid, Abu 'Ubeidah, Hasan, Hussain, (RadiallahuAlaihimAjmaeen) and several dozen others. They faithfully carried the message of Islam after the Prophet (SAWS), and within ninety years the light of Islam reached Spain, North Africa, the Caucasus, northwest China and India.
Our mission is to revive the spirit of reciting the Holy Quran in our Muslim Brothers and Sisters and also provide knowledge of Islam through Articles, Hadith and Tafseer. We will keep posting content related to Islamic topics concerning the Ummah and provide a path for them to follow in an easy way as possible.


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Graphic Novel Reviews: Batman – The Dark Knight 012
September 7, 2012 BurningLizard All Posts
Scarecrow experiments on Batman, revealing another take on the murder of Bruce's parents, with more of a focus on the topic of fear. Scarecrow's own backstory is revealed, showing his growth from a damaged child to a psychotic adult. With the exception of another visit from Scarecrow's morality pet, the majority of the issue is fear hallucinations, or backstory.
I liked the parallel this issue draws between Batman and the Scarecrow. I've been thinking for a bit that as far as foils go, Scarecrow makes perhaps more sense than the Joker. That's not to say I don't like the Batman and Joker dynamic, but there's a certain logic to Scarecrow being Batman's foil.
Both character deal with fear, Batman uses fear to fight crime, while Scarecrow studies it clinically. As Scarecrow says, "Because I've mastered fear…and you still run from it." They both play in each other's ballpark, and I think there's a lot of potential material here. The issue delves into the concept of fear, but it doesn't really go far enough I think. Here we have two character, both of which use fear as a motif, and yet we don't get much more than a backstory for both of them. One which we have heard many, many, many times, and the other which is so generic and rote that it feels more like a cop-out than anything else.
I think the drive is to show Scarecrow as a sympathetic character. Generally the abusive parent past is used to excuse the present actions of villains and anti-heroes. Add on the presence of a possible morality pet in the little girl, and you can find several clues as to where this story is going.
The self mutilation, sewing his lips together, adds to this interpretation. Scarecrow is presented as a broken, feeble character, at war with himself and his own obsessions. The sewing together of the lips symbolizes the depth to which this obsession with fear is rooted in his character. Take for example Cillian Murphy's rendition of the Scarecrow. For the majority of the movie he is Doctor Jonathan Crane, Scarecrow is just the mask, and it is easily removed. By sewing his lips together in this issue, Crane is making his own body a part of the costume. He's not Jonathan Crane, he's the Scarecrow, mind and body. It's a fun bit of symbolism, if a bit on the nose.
Even though I like his characterization in this version, I have to say that Scarecrow isn't used effectively. He uses Batman as a guinea pig for his experiment, but his "experiment" doesn't extend beyond spraying Batman with his fear toxin. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I do believe we've seen this before. And even the fear hallucinations are nothing to write home about. We know Bruce's backstory. Why do we need to see it again? If you play the "I lost my parents" card every time Scarecrow shows up, then Scarecrow will soon be going the way of the Riddler, and nothing you do will bring him back.
And while I understand that the focus on young Bruce being scared is supposed to show his growth into what he became, I can't possibly be the only one to think that this version of Bruce is a pussy. In Batman Begins, Bruce being scared during the opera made sense. It was intense, and the effects were reminding him of his trauma with the bats. Here…Bruce is just scared. No specific reason, he's just a wuss. What makes it worse is that this rendition is faithful to the true origin story. Bruce and his parents didn't go to an opera with freaky bat effects. They were watching Zorro. ZORRO!!! How could anyone, even the most timid of young children, be scared of that movie!?
The characterization of Thomas Wayne, which admittedly has been all over the place these past several decades, didn't work for me. I can't remember what the official version of his character is, but I have to say I prefer the Batman Begins version. In the movie Thomas was a kind father, someone whose death was regretable. With this version he's kind of a jerk, and while any child would mourn the death of their father, as a reader I'm not really seeing the tragedy of his murder. He really wasn't sympathetic in the little bit we got of him here. And unless I feel the character deserves my sorrow, I'm not going to freely give it.
Where the fear toxin induced hallucinations do work, sort of, are when the story switches from the past to the present. I like the idea of exploring what fears Bruce has besides his past. But the execution of this scene doesn't quite work. For one, Scarecrow doesn't know what Batman is seeing. So how come he's telling Batman what he's seeing? While it is stated that Scarecrow controls what you see, such as either the past or the present, he doesn't know what you're seeing. So even though he knows Batman is facing his past, Scarecrow can't see that past. So how does he know what Batman is seeing during the present?
Not only that, but I don't buy the idea that Batman is afraid of Gotham without him. This may just be Scarecrow's interpretation, but I don't buy that. While my opinion may be colored by the movies, I was under the impression that Gotham without Batman was Bruce's dream. This nitpick is more based on my ignorance of a large chunk of Batman lore, so if anyone has a clarification of this for me I'd be most appreciative if you explained why, or why not, this fear makes sense.
And while I know that Scarecrow is insane, it takes a special kind of stupid to think that the guy who sewed his lips closed would qualify for government funding.
Artwise the book looks nice, and while I do like the parallel between young Bruce and Young Jonathan, there were just too many nits to pick in this issue. I give Batman – The Dark Knight Issue 012…
BatmanDCGraphic Novel ReviewsNew 52The Dark Knight
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Osoby o tym nazwisku:
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Kettering is the latest to consider raising pay of elected officials, after Beavercreek and Huber Heights.
Area cities voting on pay raises for council, mayor
Wayne Baker, Staff Writer
Kettering and Huber Heights consider raises, Beavercreek
Kettering is the latest local city to consider pay raises for its elected officials, but the percentage is less than increases proposed in Beavercreek and Huber Heights.
Kettering's plan calls for a 5 percent increase total, phased in over two years, if approved.
In Kettering's case, the increases would come about 7 years after voters decreased pay of council members.
Earlier this month, Beavercreek City Council approved by 5-1 vote an 80 percent increase of members' salaries for terms starting on or after Jan. 1, 2020.
The Huber Heights plan calls for a 125 percent increase for council pay and 61-percent increase for the mayor. Rates for those jobs have not been increased in decades.
MORE: Beavercreek council approves $4,800 raises in annual pay
The Beavercreek measure increased council members' annual salaries from $6,000 to $10,800. Councilwoman Melissa Litteral voted against the measure.
Councilwoman Julie Vann initially proposed a 100 percent increase when the ordinance was first introduced.
"In the future, I think we need people to realize that if they serve on City Council, their time and their talent and being engaged, it's not just a board meeting where you show up and vote," Vann told the Dayton Daily News.
Huber Heights officials will vote on a pay raise for the mayor and city council members on May 13. The pay raise would not go into effect until members are elected to new terms.
Under the plan, city council members would be paid $675 per month, up from the current $300 per month. The last time city council received a raise was in 1997, when pay increased by $50 a month.
The Huber Heights mayor would be paid $1,000 per month under the plan, compared with $621 now. The mayor's salary has not increased since it went into effect in 1985.
MORE: Huber Heights council to vote on first pay increase since 1997
"It doesn't affect me or current members of council unless we run for re-election," said Mayor Jeff Gore.
Kettering city officials plan to present an ordinance to raise council pay. The ordinance will raise pay of the four district council members from the current rate of $8,000 to $8,200 beginning on Jan. 1, 2020, then will go up to $8,400 on on Jan. 1, 2021.
Councilman Rob Scott said at a recent work session that any pay raise should be approved by voters.
Prior to 2014, pay for both Kettering council members and the mayor was included in the city's annual personnel pay ordinance, usually passed in December for the following year. Council's pay was normally increased by the same percentage increase as other city employees.
In 2012, voters approved an amendment to the city charter that lowered the pay for council and the mayor. The mayor's compensation was set at $12,000, starting in 2014. It had been slightly more than $23,000.
Pay for council members was set at $8,000 after the amendment passed. It went into effect in 2014 for 2 at-large council members and started in 2016 for four district council members.
Their pay had been set at slightly more than $15,000. The pay reductions took effect once the current terms of the then-elected officials expired.
The first reading of Kettering's new pay ordinance is planned for May 14 and the second reading on May 28.
MORE: West Carrollton City Council rejects own pay hike
Christopher Devine, assistant professor at the University of Dayton, said it's difficult to generalize about pay raises in local government.
"So a pay raise that makes sense in one community may not make sense in another, or it may prove to be too much or too little," Devine said. "One thing we can say, as a general matter, is that voters do not like hearing that any public officials, local or otherwise, are thinking about raising their pay."
He added that voters tend to assume, even without knowing how much public officials are paid, that they must be overpaid.
"But that is not always the case. Sometimes public officials, especially at the local level, may not make much money - or, at least, their pay may not be keeping up with inflation since the last increase," he said. "And, whatever the merits of any particular proposal, it is worth considering that - in government, as in most jobs - there is likely to be a relationship between compensation and the quality of the individuals who seek and eventually get a certain position."
Jerri Hall, a compensation expert with HRC Consulting Services, spoke in general about wages, saying cost-of-living adjustments and pay raises for any employee — whether it be in the public, private or non-profit sector — helps the employee's contribution to the organization.
"Good, competent workers are the backbone of any organization," Hall said. "I have looked at many reports regarding pay and performance, and the trend is to offer reasonable compensation in order to keep good employees."
A measure to give West Carrollton City Council members their first pay raise in more than two decades was soundly defeated in 2017. The proposal to increase council members annual salary from $3,000 to $4,000 was rejected 6-1.
Beavercreek conducted a detailed analysis of elected officials' pay around the region.
"The average compensation for the area (excluding Dayton) is approximately $6,400 for council members and $9,000 for the mayor," the report states.
Of the 27 jurisdictions surveyed in the report, only two have the mayor and council members receiving the same compensation (Beavercreek and Tipp City).
Of the 27 jurisdictions surveyed, l l provide additional benefits (medical, dental, life, and vision) to the mayor or council members. Of these only two offer benefits similar to the jurisdiction's full-time staff.
The current Ohio Public Employees Retirement System established minimum salary for a full year of service is $660 per month.


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Tourist & Museum Railways in
#487 at the Osier CO Water Tank on the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad.
ABQ BioPark had two miniature railways, neither of which was operational in 2021. The former Zoo railway is being relocated to the Botanic Garden and is expected to reopen in the near future. (Website contains no details relating to railway)
Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad Antonito CO to Chama, about 64 miles (103 km). 3 ft (914 mm) gauge, usually steam hauled. Operates daily from late May to October. Passengers may join at either terminus. Connects at Antonito with the Rio Grande Scenic Railroad.
Sky Railway Lamy to Santa Fe or vice versa, about 18 miles (29 km), standard gauge, diesel hauled. Schedule for 2022 not available at the time of writing.
Railways of the USA
Tourist & Museum Railways
Photo Image © 2004 Scott Turner


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The Friendship Files
Introducing 'The Friendship Files'
A new series that tells stories of human life through conversations with friends
Julie Beck
Today, The Atlantic is launching a new series of interviews that we are calling The Friendship Files. It will feature a weekly conversation between me and two or more friends, talking about the history and significance of their relationship—how they met, the way their friendship evolved over the years, what they mean to one another, that time one of them borrowed a sweatshirt and didn't give it back for 20 years, and so on.
Friendship is the most flexible category of relationship—it can ebb and flow with the tides of busyness; it can stretch and contract to fill whatever space people make for it; it can evolve over the seasons of a life; it can weather a long dry spell or wither away. Friendship's strength—and its weakness—is that friends choose one another. And with no shared cultural script for how a friendship should progress, like the one that exists for romantic relationships, friends have to figure it out for themselves.
Friendships are rarely considered to be people's primary relationships—that honor falls to family, or romantic partners. Those are the relationships that get the most research, and most of the epic storytelling. The Friendship Files is a corrective to that, an invitation to read about the internal dynamics of a wide range of friendships, and a reminder that these relationships, while not defined by blood or law, shape and anchor our lives too.
When I started this project, I worried that perhaps talking with friends about their friendships week after week might start to get repetitive, or boring—but that wasn't the case. People are at their most generous, their funniest, and their most fascinating when talking with and about their friends. Doing these interviews has been one of the greatest joys of my career so far, and I can't wait to do more.
The Friendship Files is launching today with four Q&As, and we will add a new one every week, starting next Friday. Here is our opening lineup:
A Friendship Baked in the Great British Bake Off Tent
"You need a bowl or a whisk and one of your baking friends will get it for you. You know those trenches in the war? It's kind of like that."
What It's Like to Make a Friend on Bumble BFF
"People can be really judgmental, like, 'What's wrong with you that you can't make friends by yourself?' But it's honestly really hard to do it naturally."
He Returned His Friend's Sweatshirt 20 Years After He Borrowed It
"It became my most meaningful piece of clothing that I owned."
When a Teacher Becomes a Friend
"I think we just started coming to Mr. O's room for lunch. I don't even know if we asked permission. Probably not."
I am always looking for friends who would be a good fit for this series—friends who met in an interesting way, who have gone through an unusual experience together, or whose story illuminates a particular facet of modern friendship. If you or someone you know fits the bill, please send a nomination to friendshipfiles@theatlantic.com and tell me a bit about what makes this friendship unique.
Julie Beck is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where she covers family and education.


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TSX-V: IFOS
ESTMA Reports
SEDAR Archive
MBAC Announces Initial Order Obtained Under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act
TORONTO, ON –(Marketwired - August 04, 2016) - MBAC Fertilizer Corp. (TSX VENTURE: MBC) (MBAC or the Company) announced that, further to its announcement of earlier today, the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, MBAC Opportunities and Financing Inc. (together with MBAC, the Applicants), have obtained an Initial Order from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice (Commercial List) under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA).
The Initial Order authorizes: (i) the Applicants to commence a Court-supervised restructuring proceeding; (ii) provides protections to allow normal operations to continue as the Applicants proceed to consummate a proposed comprehensive restructuring transaction (the Recapitalization) further to MBAC's previously announced support agreement with Zaff LLC; and (iii) an interim financing facility of up to $4,000,000 to provide funding to the Applicants and their subsidiaries while the Recapitalization process is ongoing. The Initial Order of the Court provides that the Company is relieved of any obligation to call and hold an annual meeting of its shareholders until further ordered by the Court.
Under the Initial Order, the Court also appointed Ernst & Young Inc. as monitor (the Monitor) of the Applicants.
The Company has also obtained a Meeting Order authorizing it to call a meeting of affected unsecured creditors to consider and vote on the plan of compromise and arrangement in connection with the Recapitalization (the Plan), which meeting has been scheduled for September 14, 2016 at 10 a.m. A motion for approval of the Plan by the Court has been scheduled for September 22, 2016.
The Applicants have also obtained a Claims Procedure Order to establish a process to call for and determine claims against the Applicants and certain of their subsidiaries. A claims bar date of 5:00 p.m. (Toronto time) on August 29, 2016 has been set under the Claims Procedure Order.
Additional information regarding MBAC's CCAA proceedings will be available on the monitor's website at http://www.ey.com/ca/mbac.
This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the implementation of the CCAA proceedings, the Recapitalization and the Company's future financial condition. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words, such as "are expected", "is forecast", "is targeted", "approximately" or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "would", "might", or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results or performance to be materially different from any future results or performance expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements are based on a number of factors and assumptions made by management and considered reasonable at the time such statements are made, and forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such risk factors include, but are not limited to, actions taken by creditors of the Company, shareholders, regulators, governmental agencies and other stakeholders to enforce their rights; the implementation and impact of the Recapitalization; the failure of the courts or other regulatory authorities to grant the protection sought by the Company under CCAA proceedings in Canada and/or proceedings under other applicable jurisdictions (including in Brazil); failure of the Company to complete the Recapitalization or otherwise reach an agreement with its creditors to restructure the Company's capital structure; any negative impact on the Company's current operations as a result of the Recapitalization; the cancellation or extensive dilution of the Company's equity securities as a result of the Recapitalization; the Company's ability to satisfy the conditions for trading on the TSX Venture Exchange; the Company's ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or obtain adequate financing to fund its capital expenditures and meeting working capital needs; the Company's ability to maintain relationships with suppliers, customers, employees, stockholders and other third parties in light of the current liquidity situation and the CCAA proceedings; as well as those factors disclosed in the Company's current Annual Information Form and Management's Discussion and Analysis, as well as other public disclosure documents, available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. The implementation of the Recapitalization is subject to a number of conditions and other risks and uncertainties including, without limitation, court and any required regulatory approvals. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Recapitalization will occur, or that it will occur on the terms and conditions contemplated. The Recapitalization could be modified, restructured or terminated.
Although MBAC has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause actions, events or results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate. The forward-looking statements contained herein are presented for the purposes of assisting investors in understanding the Company's plans, objectives and goals and may not be appropriate for other purposes. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, MBAC disclaims any obligation to update any such factors or to publicly announce the result of any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements contained in this press release to reflect future results, events or developments.
About MBAC
MBAC (TSX VENTURE: MBC) is focused on becoming a significant integrated producer of phosphate fertilizers and related products in the Brazilian market. MBAC has an experienced team with significant experience in the business of fertilizer operations, management, marketing and finance within Brazil. MBAC owns and operates the Itafós Arraias SSP Operations, which consists of an integrated fertilizer producing facility comprised of a phosphate mine, a mill, a beneficiation plant, a sulphuric acid plant, an SSP plant and a granulation plant and related infrastructure located in central Brazil. MBAC's exploration portfolio includes a number of additional projects, which are also located in Brazil. The Santana Phosphate Project is a high-grade phosphate deposit located in close proximity to the largest fertilizer market of Mato Grosso State and animal feed market of Pará State.
MBAC Fertilizer Corp.
investor@mbacfert.comwww.mbacfert.com
Source: MBAC Fertilizer Corp.
View previous August 9, 2016 MBAC Fertilizer Reports Q2, 2016 Results
Return to the 2016 news release list.
View next August 4, 2016 MBAC Announces Filing Under Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act in Connection with the Previously Announced Recapitalization Transaction
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A fascinating talk on consciousness, ayahuasca, stoned ape theory, and life, perhaps death and beyond.
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Ms Caramel blushed a little as the waitress brought the coffee, it wasn't that she was a pretty slender Italian who fluttered her eye-lids. It was because Gertrude had tried so hard to look nice with her gloves and pearls, and thick makeup. Blue eye shadow! What was she thinking?
Vicky leaned back in her chair and stared intently at Gertrude over her espresso. "Do remind you to take you shopping for some make up Miss Dreier, if you are to be seen out with me, we must have you looking your very best."
Gertrude shifted uncomfortably, leaned away, averting her gaze, looking out across the canal, then leaned forward hiding her face with her hand. She could feel her cheeks become warm, her neck stiffened, her heart pounded, and an ache come to the backs of her legs -- she crossed them tight and realized that the adrenalin, with no place else to go was making her foot wave up and down. Her sandal was slapping her sole.
As she realized she glanced back up at Vicky who was waiting to meet her eyes with a sour look of disappointment. Without breaking eye contact Vicky raised herself up, leaned in closer across the table, then moving her gaze downwards into Gertrude's lap. "Have you got something wrong with you?"
Vicky's face softened into a kind smile, "There's a lovely view from here.... Your thighs look delicious in those stockings". She winked and tried not to laugh. "Very nice."
"Sorry Ma'am, thank you Ma'am" She stuttered as she quickly covered herself, "You did say that Venice... I have been saving my allowance... I went shopping this morning."
"You visited some boutiques did you? Bought yourself some underwear? You are learning Gertie! Wunderbar underwear makes you feel wunderbar." she said mocking Gertrude's heavy German accent. She raised her coffee cup to her mouth, then paused. "You must show me later, let me see where my money is going."


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July 31, 2013 | APC News
INEC Registers APC, Withdraws ACN, CPC and ANPP Certificates of Registration
The Independent National Electoral Commission has approved the application of the All Progressives Congress for registration as a political party.
The APC, made up of the Action Congress of Nigeria, the All Nigeria Peoples Party and the Congress for Progressive Change has had a running battle with INEC over its decision to merge and become a new political party.
In a statement on Wednesday by its Secretary, Abdullahi Kaugama, INEC said it has withdrawn the certificates of the ACN, ANPP and CPC following the successful merger.
The Commission said the parties have met all requirement for merger.
The statement by Kaugama reads: 'The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has approved the application by three political parties- the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) and the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) - to merge into one, to be known as the All Progressives Congress.
'On considering the application, the Commission found that the applicant-parties have met all statutory requirements for the merger, and has accordingly granted their request.
'Consequently, the Commission has approved the withdrawal of the individual certificates of the applicant-parties, and the issuance of a
single certificate to the All Progressives Congress.'


One among quite possibly the most widespread electrical wiring thoughts is on how to wire a swap. Although utilizing switches in your house is very quick, wiring a person might not be that simple for everybody. An ON-OFF switch is in fact quite simple to wire. You will find various kinds of switches, but for this instance, let us say you will be putting in a single-pole toggle switch, an exceedingly prevalent swap (and also the easiest).
You will find three shades of wires within a normal single-pole toggle switch: black, white, and green. Splice the black wire in two and link them over the terminal screws - one particular on leading and also the other over the base screw in the change. The white wire serves as a resource of uninterrupted electrical power and is usually related into a mild colored terminal screw (e.g., silver). Link the environmentally friendly wire to your ground screw of the switch.
These measures would generally be adequate to make a standard change work without having a dilemma. Nonetheless, when you aren't assured you can achieve the undertaking appropriately and securely you much better allow the pros get it done alternatively. After all, you will find a motive why this endeavor is among the most popular electrical wiring concerns asked by a lot of people.
For some motive, ways to wire a ceiling fan can be among the most typical electrical wiring queries. To simplify this undertaking, you can use an individual switch to get a single ceiling fan. To wire the lover, it's just a issue of connecting the black wire of your ceiling fan towards the black wire from the change. If there is a light-weight, the blue wire should be linked on the black wire of your change likewise.
There are actually good reasons why these are generally probably the most normally questioned electrical wiring inquiries. A person, lots of feel it is really basic to carry out, and two, these are the typical electrical tasks in your house. But then you really mustn't set your protection in danger in your purpose to save cash. The stakes could even be substantially bigger should you try and cut costs and do an electrical wiring task without the need of adequate know-how or encounter.


Primary fallopian tube carcinoma is a rare tumour of the female genital tract with an incidence of 0.1-1.8% of all genital malignancies, which is generally an intra-operative or a histological diagnosis. It is a tumour that resembles epithelial ovarian cancer. A 61-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with complaints of continuous bleeding per vaginum with history of loss of appetite and weight for 6 months. She was also a known diabetic and hypertensive. On examination, per abdominal, per speculum and per vaginal findings were unremarkable. A transvaginal ultrasonography done previously showed fluid in the endometrial cavity suggestive of hematometra/pyometra due to cervical stenosis. A fractional curettage done previously had shown strips of acanthotic squamous epithelium in the endocervical curetting. She underwent abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo ovariectomy. Histopathological findings were suggestive of primary fallopian tube adenocarcinoma. Hence the patient was advised chemotherapy followed by a second look laparotomy. Preoperative diagnosis of fallopian tube carcinoma is difficult due to the silent course of this neoplasm and is usually first appreciated at the time of operation or by a pathologist. The treatment approach is similar to that of ovarian carcinoma, and it should consist of a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-ovariectomy, omentectomy and lymph node dissection from the pelvic and the para-aortic regions.
Nordin AJ. Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a 20-year literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1994;49(5):349-61.
Tahiri Elousrouti L, Erragad FZ, Jayi S, Hammas N, Harmouch T. Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube: Report of Two Cases. J Clin Case Rep. 2016;6:5.
Moore KN, Moxley KM, Fader AN, Axtell AE, Rocconi RP, Abaid LN, et al. Serous fallopian tube carcinoma: a retrospective, multi-institutional case-control comparison to serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107:398-403.
Riska A, Leminen A, Pukkala E. Sociodemographic determinants of incidence of primary fallopian tube carcinoma, Finland 1953-97. Int J Cancer 2003;104:643-5.
Boutselis JG, Thompson JN. Clinical aspects of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube: a clinical study of 14 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971;111:98-101.
Sedlis A. Carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Surg Clin North Am 1978;58:121-9.
Lin CK, Chang CC, Pan SH, Yu MH. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005;60:247-52.
Tonin P, Moslehi R, Green R, Rosen B, Cole D, Boyd N, et al. Linkage analysis of 26 Canadian breast and breast-ovarian cancer families. Hum Genet. 1995;95:545-50.
Rose PG, Shrigley R, Wiesner GL. Germline BRCA2 mutation in a patient with fallopian tube carcinoma: a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;77:319-20.
Zweemer RP, Van Diest PJ, Verheijen RH, Ryan A, Gille JJ, Sijmons RH, et al. Molecular evidence linking primary cancer of the fallopian tube to BRCA1 germline mutations. Gynecol Oncol 2000;76:45-50.
Aziz S, Kuperstein G, Rosen B, Cole D, Nedelcu R, McLaughlin J et al. A genetic epidemiological study of carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Gynecol Oncol 2001;80:341-5.
Ajjimakorn S, Bhamarapravati Y, Israngura N. Ultrasound appearance of fallopian tube carcinoma. J Clin Ultrasound 1988;16:516-8.
Subramanyam BR, Raghavendra BN, Whalen CA, Yee J. Ultrasonic features of fallopian tube carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med. 1984;3:391-3.
Kol S, Gal D, Friedman M, Paldi E. Preoperative diagnosis of fallopian tube carcinoma by transvaginal sonography and CA-125. Gynecol Oncol. 1990;37:129-31.
Kurjak A, Kupesic S, Ilijas M, Sparac V, Kosuta D. Preoperative diagnosis of primary fallopian tube carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1998;68:29-34.
Kurjak A, Kupesic S, Ilijas M, Sparac V, Kosuta D. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic and power Doppler characterization of ovarian lesions. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;16:365-71.
Hu CY, Taymor ML, Hertig AT. Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1950;59:58-67.
Tamimi HK, Figge DC. Adenocarcinoma of the uterine tube: potential for lymph node metastases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;141:132-7.
Baekelandt M, Kockx M, Wesling F, Gerris J. Primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. Review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1993;3:65-71.
Gadducci A, Landoni F, Sartori E, Maggino T, Zola P, Gabriele A et al. Analysis of treatment failures and survival of patients with fallopian tube carcinoma: a cooperation task force (CTF) study. Gynecol Oncol 2001;81:150-9.
Gemignani ML, Hensley ML, Cohen R, Venkatraman E, Saigo PE, Barakat RR. Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;80:16-20.
Bookman MA, Malmström H, Bolis G, Gordon A, Lissoni A, Krebs JB, et al. Topotecan for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: an open-label phase II study in patients treated after prior chemotherapy that contained cisplatin or carboplatin and paclitaxel. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3345-52.
Hoskins P, Eisenhauer E, Beare S, Roy M, Drouin P, Stuart G, et al. Randomized phase II study of two schedules of topotecan in previously treated patients with ovarian cancer: a National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2233-7.
Kosary C, Trimble EL. Treatment and survival for women with Fallopian tube carcinoma: a population-based study. Gynecol Oncol 2002;86:190-1.
Alvarado-Cabrero I, Young RH, Vamvakas EC, Scully RE. Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a clinicopathological study of 105 cases with observations on staging and prognostic factors. Gynecol Oncol 1999;72:367-79.


We proudly distribute the Organo Gold family of products, including beverages such as our Gourmet Black Coffee, Gourmet Café Latte, Gourmet Café Mocha, and Organic Green Tea.
The Ganoderma is also an ingredient in our personal care product line including OG Smile toothpaste, G3 Premium Beauty Soap and Velvet Body Lotion. And of course in its purest form it can be found in our nutraceuticual products, encased in a vegetable capsule in the Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium and Ganoderma Spore Powder supplements.


The philosophy of St. Mary's School is based on Biblical teachings, culminating in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ and continuing through current Catholic Church teachings. Our school complements the family by promoting the holistic education of each student, focusing on spiritual, scholastic, and social development.
Our school provides a God-centered atmosphere that allows students to develop their knowledge of the Catholic faith and to live that faith in their personal lives. As Christians, we proclaim counter-cultural values and teach respect for God, all people, and all creation. We instill moral values in our students and encourage one another to foster stewardship of the gifts God has given each of us.
Our educational system helps each student to gain a broad base of knowledge and experience across all curriculum areas. In order to prepare individual students to be citizens of a global community, we stress effective communication, physical well-being, advanced technological skills, responsible decision making, higher-level thinking, individual creativity, and the ability to access and interpret information. Since education is ongoing, we approach these essential skills as part of a lifelong process.
We acknowledge the dignity and uniqueness of each person. As Christians, we also have a responsibility to our community and the world. We emphasize that acceptance, cooperation, compassion, personal accountability, responsibility, and Christian leadership be expressed in daily life. Christian service is a fundamental expression of these beliefs.
St. Mary's Grade School and St. Mary's High School save the tax payers of the school district $1,242,000.00 in taxes, annually. The schools' payroll generates $933,028.00, multiplied many times over in our community.


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Xanthippus es un género de saltamontes de la subfamilia Oedipodinae, familia Acrididae. Se distribuye en el oeste y centro de Norteamérica.

Especies

Las siguientes especies pertenecen al género Xanthippus:

 Xanthippus aquilonius Otte, 1984
 Xanthippus brooksi Vickery, 1967
 Xanthippus corallipes (Haldeman, 1852)
 Xanthippus montanus (Thomas, 1872)
 Xanthippus olancha (Caudell, 1921)

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Acrididae