text:
LI Nan, TIAN Xue, LI Yu, FU Hongchen, JIA Xueying, JIN Guangze, JIANG Ming. Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Water Quality and Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Restored Wetland: A Case Study in Fujin National Wetland Park, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2018, 28(6): 1027-1037. doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0999-6
Citation: LI Nan, TIAN Xue, LI Yu, FU Hongchen, JIA Xueying, JIN Guangze, JIANG Ming. Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Water Quality and Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Restored Wetland: A Case Study in Fujin National Wetland Park, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2018, 28(6): 1027-1037. doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0999-6
Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Water Quality and Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Restored Wetland: A Case Study in Fujin National Wetland Park, China
LI Nan1 ,
TIAN Xue2 ,
LI Yu3,4 ,
FU Hongchen3,4 ,
JIA Xueying2 ,
JIN Guangze1 ,
JIANG Ming2 ,
Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130102, China;
Sanhuanpao National Natural Reserve, Fujin 156100, China;
Fujin National Wetland Park Service, Fujin 156100, China
Funds: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. D41271106), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFA0602303)
Corresponding author: JIANG Ming.E-mail:jiangm@iga.ac.cn
Rev Recd Date: 2018-02-06
To investigate the spatio-temporal and compositional variation of selected water quality parameters and understand the purifying effects of wetland in Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP), China, the trophic level index (TLI), paired samples t-test and correlation analysis were used for the statistical analysis of a set of 10 water quality parameters. The analyses were based on water samples collected from 22 stations in FNWP between 2014 and 2016. Results initially reveal that total nitrogen (TN) concentrations are above class V levels (2 mg/L), total phosphorus (TP) concentrations are below class Ⅲ levels (0.2 mg/L), and that all other parameters fall within standard ranges. Highest values for TN, pH, and Chlorophyll-a were recorded in 2016, while the levels of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) were lowest during this year. Similarly, TN values were highest between 2014 and 2016 while dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were lowest in the summer and TP concentrations were highest in the autumn. Significant variations were also found in Secchi depth (SD), TN, CODMn (P < 0.01), TP, and DO levels (P < 0.05) between the inlet and outlet of the park. High-to-low levels of TN, TP, and TDS were found in cattails, reeds, and open water (the opposite trend was seen in SD levels). Tested wetland water had a light eutrophication status in most cases and TN and TP removal rates were between 7.54%-84.36% and 37.50%-70.83%, respectively. Data also show no significant annual changes in water quality within this wetland, although obvious affects from surrounding agricultural drainage were nevertheless recorded. Results reveal a high major nutrient removal efficiency (N and P). The upper limits of these phenomena should be addressed in future research alongside a more efficient and scientific agricultural layout for the regions in and around the FNWP.
restored wetland,
water quality,
purification,
nutrient removal,
seasonal and spatial variability,
Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP)
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Article views(139) PDF downloads(294) Cited by()
LI Nan1,
TIAN Xue2,
LI Yu3,4,
FU Hongchen3,4,
JIA Xueying2,
JIN Guangze1,
JIANG Ming2,
1. Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130102, China;
3. Sanhuanpao National Natural Reserve, Fujin 156100, China;
4. Fujin National Wetland Park Service, Fujin 156100, China
restored wetland /
water quality /
purification /
nutrient removal /
seasonal and spatial variability /
Abstract: To investigate the spatio-temporal and compositional variation of selected water quality parameters and understand the purifying effects of wetland in Fujin National Wetland Park (FNWP), China, the trophic level index (TLI), paired samples t-test and correlation analysis were used for the statistical analysis of a set of 10 water quality parameters. The analyses were based on water samples collected from 22 stations in FNWP between 2014 and 2016. Results initially reveal that total nitrogen (TN) concentrations are above class V levels (2 mg/L), total phosphorus (TP) concentrations are below class Ⅲ levels (0.2 mg/L), and that all other parameters fall within standard ranges. Highest values for TN, pH, and Chlorophyll-a were recorded in 2016, while the levels of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) were lowest during this year. Similarly, TN values were highest between 2014 and 2016 while dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were lowest in the summer and TP concentrations were highest in the autumn. Significant variations were also found in Secchi depth (SD), TN, CODMn (P < 0.01), TP, and DO levels (P < 0.05) between the inlet and outlet of the park. High-to-low levels of TN, TP, and TDS were found in cattails, reeds, and open water (the opposite trend was seen in SD levels). Tested wetland water had a light eutrophication status in most cases and TN and TP removal rates were between 7.54%-84.36% and 37.50%-70.83%, respectively. Data also show no significant annual changes in water quality within this wetland, although obvious affects from surrounding agricultural drainage were nevertheless recorded. Results reveal a high major nutrient removal efficiency (N and P). The upper limits of these phenomena should be addressed in future research alongside a more efficient and scientific agricultural layout for the regions in and around the FNWP.
[1] Adusumilli N, 2015. Valuation of ecosystem services from wet-lands mitigation in the United States. Land, 4(1):182-196. doi:10.3390/land4010182
[2] Ahmed A, Kurian S, Gauns M et al., 2016. Spatial variability in phytoplankton community structure along the eastern Arabian Sea during the onset of south-west monsoon. Continental Shelf Research, 119:30-39. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.005
[4] Ali E M, Khairy H M, 2016. Environmental assessment of drain-age water impacts on water quality and eutrophication level of Lake Idku, Egypt. Environmental Pollution, 216:437-449. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.064
[7] Cui L H, Ouyang Y, Yang W Z et al., 2015. Removal of nutrients from septic tank effluent with baffle subsurface-flow con-structed wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 153:33-39. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.035
[10] Girija T R, Mahanta C, Chandramouli V, 2007. Water quality assessment of an untreated effluent impacted urban stream:the Bharalu tributary of the Brahmaputra River, India. Environ-mental Monitoring and Assessment, 130(1-3):221-236. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9391-6
[12] Gray S, Kinross J, Read P et al., 2000. The nutrient assimilative capacity of maerl as a substrate in constructed wetland systems for waste treatment. Water Research, 34(8):2183-2190. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00414-5
[15] Guo Yue, Jiang Ming, Lu Xianguo, 2010. Simulation study on purification efficiency for nitrogen in different types of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 20(3):252-257. doi:10.1007/s11769-010-0252-4
[17] Khan K, Lu Y, Khan H et al., 2013. Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, northern Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Science, 25(10):2003-2013. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60275-7
[19] Li Bing, Yang Guishan, Wan Rongrong et al., 2017. Using fuzzy theory and variable weights for water quality evaluation in Poyang Lake, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 27(1):39-51. doi:10.1007/s11769-017-0845-2
[23] Luederitz V, Eckert E, Lange-Weber M et al., 2002. Nutrient re-moval efficiency and resource economics of vertical flow and horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 18(2):157-171. doi:10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00075-1.
[25] Maassen S, Balla D, Kalettka T et al., 2012. Screening of pre-vailing processes that drive surface water quality of running waters in a cultivated wetland region of Germany-a multi-variate approach. Science of the Total Environment, 438:154-165. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.070
[27] McCauley L A, Jenkins D G, Quintana-Ascencio P F, 2013. Iso-lated wetland loss and degradation over two decades in an in-creasingly urbanized landscape. Wetlands, 33(1):117-127. doi:10.1007/s13157-012-0357-x
[30] Palma P, Alvarenga P, Palma V L et al., 2010. Assessment of an-thropogenic sources of water pollution using multivariate sta-tistical techniques:a case study of the Alqueva's reservoir, Portugal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 165(1-4):539-552. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0965-y
[31] Pinto-Coelho R, Pinel-Alloul B, Méthot G et al., 2005. Crustacean zooplankton in lakes and reservoirs of temperate and tropical regions:variation with trophic status. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(2):348-361. doi:10.1139/f04-178
[32] Qadir A, Malik R N, Husain S Z, 2008. Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 140(1-3):43-59. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9846-4
[33] Rivaro P, Ianni C, Langone L et al., 2017. Physical and biological forcing of mesoscale variability in the carbonate system of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) during summer 2014. Journal of Marine Systems, 166:144-158. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.11.002
[34] Smalling K L, Reeves R, Muths E et al., 2015. Pesticide concen-trations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture. Science of the Total Environment, 502:80-90. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.114
[37] Steinmann C R, Weinhart S, Melzer A, 2003. A combined system of lagoon and constructed wetland for an effective wastewater treatment. Water Research, 37(9):2035-2042. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00441-4
[42] Vörösmarty C J, Mcintyre P B, Gessner M O et al., 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 467(7315):555-561. doi:10.1038/nature09440
[43] Vymazal J, 2007. Removal of nutrients in various types of con-structed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 380(1-3):48-65. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.014
[44] Wang H, Dong K K, Yang B S et al., 2009. Urban wetland eco-system:function, challenge and strategy. In:Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science. Dubai, United Arab Emirates:IEEE, 53-56. doi:10.1109/ICECS.2009.51
[45] Wang Hui, Sun Lina, Liu Zhe et al., 2017. Spatial distribution and seasonal variations of heavy metal contamination in surface waters of Liaohe River, Northeast China. Chinese Geograph-ical Science, 27(1):52-62. doi:10.1007/s11769-017-0846-1
[47] Wang Z M, Song K S, Ma W H et al., 2011. Loss and fragmenta-tion of marshes in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, 1954-2005. Wetlands, 31(5):945-954. doi:10.1007/s13157-011-0209-0
[53] Zhang Y, Zhu H, Yan B X et al., 2013. Nutrient removal in dif-ferent overlying water layers and their variation in pore water of drainage ditches in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Desal-ination and Water Treatment, 51(28-30):5599-5607. doi:10.1080/19443994.2012.758601
[56] Zuo S P, Wan K, Zhou S B et al., 2014. Environmental monitoring and assessment of the water bodies of a pre-construction urban wetland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(11):7349-7355. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3931-2


text:
Brickhill to get mobile phone mast
A 12.5 metre-high mobile phone mast will be built on Brickhill Drive after Council planners approved an application on Monday.
The mast, complete with two equipment cabins, will be built on behalf of the company Telefonica O2 on the north western side of Brickhill Drive.
Bedford Borough Council planning committee approved the proposals subject to amended plans being presented to them.
The committee heard how the mast would be constructed of metal and finished to match nearby lamp posts, but at 12.5 metres would be significantly taller and wider. The cabinets will be 1.5 to 1.35 metres high and finished in a standard green.
The application has previously been refused twice due to the location of the mast which would have been on the opposite side of Brickhill Drive close to a parade of shops.
Peter Hand, a former borough councillor for Brickhill, who originally got into politics to campaign against the mast, said: "This case highlights how much the planning system is weighted in favour of large developers and the interests of corporations.
"It's hardly surprising that turnout in local elections is so low, when locally elected Councillors have virtually no say in decisions which impact upon their local communities.
"Mobile phone companies are able to conduct campaigns of attrition, constantly appealing decisions or submitting new applications until they finally get their way.
"We need to see a better balance in the planning system between the interests of local communities, over those of large corporations, until this is achieved, too often the views of local people will continue to be ignored."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The average price of train tickets from Toledo, OH to New Haven, CT is of 110,50 $. However, you will be able to find cheaper tickets if you book in advance, or if you can be flexible with your dates: the cheapest train tickets from Toledo, OH to New Haven, CT can be around 108,00 $.
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Trains from Toledo, OH to New Haven, CT
Amtrack Capitol Limited 30 23:49 – 21:40 Toledo, OH – New Haven, CT108 $21 h 51 min
Amtrack Lake Shore Limited 448 03:20 – 20:50 Toledo, OH – New Haven, CT113 $17 h 30 min
When the journey is as long as between Toledo, OH and New Haven, CT, you should consider to take a flight to New Haven, CT. If you book in advance, low cost airlines can provide flight that will make you save not only time but also money.
Which stations do the trains to New Haven, CT leave from?
The trains to New Haven, CT will leave from Toledo, OH and will arrive at New Haven, CT.
How many train connections exist to go from Toledo, OH to New Haven, CT per day?
If you want to travel from Toledo, OH to New Haven, CT by train, there are 3 available connections per day. Please notice that all of these connections, that is to say 3 routes, have a change. Consequently, you will have to change trains.
How long does it take from Toledo, OH to New Haven, CT and when do the trains leave?
The first train to New Haven, CT leaves at 03:01, whereas the last one at 23:01. On average, the journey lasts 20 hours, but with the fastest connections you will be in New Haven, CT in 17 hours and 30 minutes.
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The owner of this beautiful 4 acre property on the Mornington Peninsula enlisted the expertise of The Electric Crew to not only light up the space beautifully at night, but to use the latest automation technology of Environexus to create convenience and flow.
The long winding driveway was lit by highlighting the bordering trees and bush with The Electric Crew's own solid copper spike light range. These lights were all connected and automated with Environexus so that the client can remotely turn the entry lights on and off using the app before arriving or leaving the property at night. The entrance gate is also connected so when it opens, the driveway lights automatically turn on for 15 minutes.
The landscaped gardens surrounding the main home become a feature at dusk as the copper spike lights are scheduled to come on at sunset. As the time of sunset changes throughout the year, so too does the schedule.
Another feature of the property is the separate entertainment pavilion, or 'man cave'. This area is completely automated so that the client can control the lighting and media from the main house.
Our client was exceptionally pleased with both the advice, installations and service of The Electric Crew and the range of automation options that were created with Environexus. The property looks spectacular at night, perfect for entertaining and also wonderfully convenient with simple control access from any smart device.


text:
Home » Research » Cores
The Wadsworth Center maintains extensive scientific core facilities in support of its investigators and their collaborators. These facilities provide expertise and access to specialized equipment and services, advise investigators and help them in using the equipment, and train junior researchers in the latest technologies. Each core is headed by a scientist expert in the core's particular instrumentation and techniques. Some also provide hands-on training for students and postdocs. It is important to contact a particular core's director before planning an experiment or project, as each core has a slightly different mechanism of providing access and support.
Biochemistry, Immunology and Tissue Culture
Biochemistry and Immunology | Leslie Eisele, Director
The Biochemistry Core offers access to a range of techniques for characterization of biological molecules, including chromatography, spectroscopy, light scattering and analytical centrifugation. Core staff provide initial training, primarily through one-on-one tutorial instruction, with the objective that researchers will be able to perform their own experiments and run the instrumentation independently.
The Immunology Core provides flow cytometry and cell sorting capabilities and analysis of intermolecular interactions by surface plasmon resonance.
Protein Expression | Karen Chave, Director
The Protein Expression Core provides support for Wadsworth Center investigators who need assistance in obtaining pure samples of proteins for functional and structural studies. Bacterial and insect cell expression systems are available. The core will work with investigators to optimize expression clones, vectors and purification schemes to yield required quantities of soluble, active and pure protein samples.
Tissue Culture and Media
The Tissue Culture and Media Core provides a wide range of services for Wadsworth Center investigators for microbiological growth, identification and research. The Tissue Culture Core maintains and supplies mammalian cells for the virology departments and for researchers. It also prepares and supplies routine and custom growth media. Mycoplasma testing, elimination, cell-line verification, and cell-banking services are also offered to investigators. The Media Core supplies all routine and custom liquid and agar growth media and reagents for the growth and identification of bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens as well as for research.
Advanced Genomic Technologies | Todd Gray, Director
The Advanced Genomic Technologies Cluster provides Sanger and/or next generation DNA and RNA sequencing to both research and public health laboratories.
Bioinformatics | Michael Palumbo, Director, Digital Information
The Bioinformatics Core provides comprehensive data analysis on large-scale biological data, including next-generation sequencing, for public health and research programs. The Core is actively engaged in developing tools that exploit the power of whole genome sequencing as applied to public health issues such as outbreak tracking, antibiotic resistance detection and disease screening. Consulting on statistical analysis of data on a variety of public health problems and experimental design is also provided.
Advanced Light Microscopy and Image Analysis | Richard Cole, Director
The Advanced Light Microscopy and Image Analysis Core includes high resolution, time-lapse video enhanced microscopy, micromanipulation and microinjection, optical tweezers and laser microsurgery. Living cells can be analyzed in vivo by fluorescence microscopy, and accurate 3D reconstructions can be generated from optical sections.
Histopathology | Todd Gray, Director
The Histopathology Core provides high quality sectioning and staining of animal tissues to assist in the determination of structural defects and physiological abnormalities.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | David LeMaster, Director
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core provides structural analysis of proteins and DNA under physiological solution conditions. Three-dimensional structure data and molecular flexibility/rigidity information can be related to function.
3D Electron Microscopy Group | Rajendra Agrawal, Director
The 3D Electron Microscopy group has pioneered and advanced such techniques as correlative light - electron microscopy, cellular tomography, cryo-milling of biological specimens with focused ion beams, and time-resolved 3D imaging of macromolecular assemblies. Instrumentation includes a 300 keV cryo-electron microscope with direct electron detection and automated data collection, an energy-filtered 400 keV cryo-electron microscope and a 200 keV field emission cryo-electron microscope, as well as numerous accessories for cryo-preparation of specimens and extensive computational facilities. Three-dimensional reconstructions are generated using single-particle or tomographic methods, using various image processing software systems.
Biochemistry & Immunology
Tissue Culture & Media
Advanced Genomic Technologies
Advanced Light Microscopy & Image Analysis
3D Electron Microscopy Group


Just after 4 p.m. on December 1st 1950 a single figure was seen walking down the length of Kenmare Pier in Co.Kerry, southern Ireland. It was already getting quite dark and the squally showers that had been swirling along the west coast of Ireland for most of the day whipped up the surface of the water of Kenmare river – an extension of the Kenmare estuary leading out to the Atlantic – into ribbons of rain lashed furrows that relentlessly beat against the stonework of the pier. The pier, unlike the grand Victorian and Edwardian edifices that grace the British coastline, was a simple affair of less than 70 yards and was used primarily to moor a single fishing boat against on either flank. A short row of cottages faced the pier on its landward end and from one of these an observer watched, curious to see who it was that was venturing out onto the pier at this time of day and in such weather.
At the inquest later this same observer was to say that the figure suddenly dropped into the water but it is unclear wether he meant that the figure jumped or just toppled in. Rushing out onto the pier he watched as the figure swirled and disappeared beneath the water but such was the current at this point that it was brought around close to the steps that ran down the eastern side of the pier and with the aid of a hook it was brought to land and laid out on the pier. It was only then that the cottage dweller recognised the figure he had pulled out of the water. Jack Moeran, well-known in the town of Kenmare and a not infrequent visitor to the Lansdowne Hotel bar – and many other bars that dotted the triangle of main streets. It is not known if the rescuer was fully aware of the history of Jack Moeran but he was quite sure that the figure lying in front of him on the windswept pier was dead. Quite dead.
It had been several weeks since I had visited my Uncle Bertie and as I walked down the driveway towards the substantial gothic edifice which loomed out from behind the fir trees bordering the front of the house I wondered, not for the first time, how the old fellow could live all alone in such a gruesome dwelling. All alone, that is, except for the live-in housekeeper, Mrs Trout, who put food on the table but seemingly did little else about the house which had steadfastly remained immune to any noticeable cleaning for the last five years. A gardener, Quint, lived off the estate and to judge by the copious amount of weeds that sprouted through the stones in the driveway had made little or no effort in that direction.
Browsing secondhand bookshop shelves has been one of life's delights, from the time I was barely in my teens and visiting the Croydon Bookshop in the Old Town (now long demolished to accommodate the flyover) all the way through the next 55+ years, entering, with open-mouthed wonder, those vast cathedrals of books stacked so high that extension ladders were needed to reach the top shelf and delighting in the carefully selected stock of much smaller shops. Sadly, the cost of High Street leases and the advent of internet sites devoted to secondhand books have more or less done for the secondhand bookshop and few now exist in the major British towns. So let's take a step back and run our eye across a couple of shelves here at Ackroyd Towers and see what's what.
In the early morning of a warm August day The Sir Winston Churchill, a 300 ton fore and aft schooner, slipped its moorings in Falmouth harbour and headed out into the straits preparatory to the start of the 1966 Tall Ships Race. The finish line was to be The Skaw of Denmark – the northernmost point around which shipping passed from the North Sea into the Baltic.
Sherlock Holmes. The greatest fictional detective ever created and despite other later iconic creations that have graced the cinema and television screens – Maigret, Poirot, Morse – he will remain forever at the very pinnacle of that genre. Created by Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887, Sherlock Holmes made his very first appearance in Beeton's Christmas Magazine of that year in "A Study in Scarlet". As can be appreciated, a paper covered magazine issued some 130 years ago will be lucky to have survived at all in the intervening years and all remaining copies – probably less than 10 – are now housed either in private hands or libraries. If one should ever come to the market it would easily fetch £ tens of thousands. The author, aged just 27, received the princely sum of £25 in return for all the rights – a mistake he was never to make again.
A fellow poster suggested that I should write a piece about the art of…er…writing since it has become, rather later in life than I would have liked, my profession. Flattering as this suggestion is – and there is nothing a writer likes than to be able to waffle on endlessly about themselves – I really wanted to link it to something a bit more pertinent to the GP ethos and which everyone may, hopefully find interesting and thought-provoking.
Let's take a good look at the photo at the top of this piece. Many of you will probably be familiar with the image as it is one that has been reproduced many times in histories and documentaries of the Second World War. It shows Josef Kramer, the erstwhile Kommandant of Belsen-Bergen concentration camp shortly after its liberation by the British army in April 1945. Putting aside, for the moment, that this is probably one of a number of staged propaganda pictures my eye was immediately drawn not to Kramer but to the figure on the left of the picture – the soldier holding up his rifle as if he was about to fire. My imagination immediately whirred into action. Who was this? Why has he got his rifle at the shoulder when the officer is suitably armed and Kramer is in leg irons? It is a simple, impenetrable, question which only served to prick the curiosity of this writer even further. Thus began the weeks of research and development of a vital part of the story which would lead to turning the novel on its head, moving motives from one leading character to another and providing a convincing psychological background to the events that would engulf and destroy both the guilty and innocent in the years post 1945.


Funeral services for Julie Simon will be held at 11 a.m., Saturday, Jan. 26, 2019, at the LDS Stake Center, 1500 O'Hara Drive, Gillette, Wyoming; interment to follow at Mount Pisgah Cemetery.
Julie Kathleen Simon was born in Chickasha, Grady County, Oklahoma, on Oct. 14, 1959. She attended grade school and high school in Ninnekah, Grady County, Oklahoma. She attended Ricks College in Rexburg, Idaho, where she received her associate's degree. She then worked in Oklahoma for a period of time when she decided to go on a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She served for a period of 18 months in the Eugene, Oregon Mission.
When she returned, she worked for the local newspaper in Chickasha, Oklahoma, where she wrote her own column called "The Write Stuff," while at the same time attending the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma in Chickasha. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in Communications.
Julie then moved to Laramie, Wyoming, to work on her master's degree and afterward moved to Gillette, Wyoming, where she has lived for more than 25 years. She always had a love for music and theater and became a member of the Gillette Community Theater, where she met John Simon. The couple married on Feb. 8, 1997. They made their life together in Gillette and had two wonderful boys, J.J. and Josh.
She was very involved and active in the local community and worked for the Chamber of Commerce for 12 years before starting her own marketing, consulting, and certified health and wellness coaching business. She also was an active member of a local ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints where she has served unselfishly and given of herself for the betterment of others.
Julie was always very passionate about helping others, much of which stemmed from the many personal health issues that she faced in her own life. She had a true understanding of what it was like to struggle, but she always faced it with a positive attitude. She was loved by many and will be deeply missed, especially by her family.
Julie is survived by her husband, John Simon; two sons, Jordan James (J.J.) and Joshua Patrick; her mother and step dad, LaDawn and Nathan Pipes; brothers, Billy Joe Jr. (Cherrie) Bennett of Duncan, Oklahoma; Kevin Lynn (Suzy) Bennett of Logandale, Nevada; and Forrest Jay (Victoria) Bennett of Wichita Falls, Texas. She was preceded in death by her step-father, Billy Joe Bennett Sr, and father, Max Emory Thompson.


And the burn-out has continued here in my world but I'm running up the stairs again, finally. I'm not taking that forgranted ever again. Now to commit to taking the vitamin D I guess. Apparently 80% of Belgians end up deficient in vitamin D ... this New Zealander too.
As for the burn-out, I'm not sure that it's still that. Now it seems more like I'm looking around and thinking 'what next?' But instead of attempting to follow multiple paths, I'm thinking of just one or two. We'll see how that plays out. I have remained slow ... very very. And I'm letting it be like that. I have had a few times of intensity, quickly followed by that descent back into slow.
I know it's a luxury. More time without income but still, the Belgian bloke seems happy enough with the housewife who has stepped up as me.
Lucy, Ruth and Fiona, lovely friends from near-by, birthday-gifted me 50euro in book vouchers for my favourite secondhand bookshop here in the city. I stretched it out over 3 visits and I'm rapt with my books. I finished it on Tuesday, with two books about artist and wise woman - Georgia O'Keeffe, with a third by New Zealand writer, Barbara Anderson. Oddly enough, I didn't see the similarities in the titles until later but Anderson's book was a slice of home that I couldn't resist.
I had my hair cut too. 'Cut' might be too big a description. I have finally found a hairdresser who listens to me ... a hairdresser that doesn't immediately start cutting while attempting to make me stylish. She also found a way of unifying the damage I had done with my boxes of hair colour bought at the supermarket. I can only adore her for this.
The Belgian boke's frozen shoulders are almost completely recovered. His flu is gone, and the relapse he had seems to have left the building too ... as of last night. Fingers crossed.
We're slowly making our way towards Christmas. We have a tree, some presents, and plans are being made with regard to the food. Since returning from that Christmas we spent at home, back in 2012, I have flashbacks to how good it was there ... in summer. And the food. And the way that my sister made sure I was spoiled. It was like a journey back to my childhood ... almost.
The haircut and colour ... it's below. I think I take the worst photographs of myself. I'd like to claim that the light in the bathroom is bad, that I use a telefoto lens and end up jammed against the wall but really, there are no excuses. It's more about the fact I quite like the difficult light and employ a little ineptitude when it comes to self-portraits. I like the blur and shake of it all, the strange lighting and I remain defiant in my use of the tele-foto. Not something I would teach but I might say, know the rules and then break them. Don't be afraid to play a little.


text:
<?php

namespace Sparkson\DataExporterBundle\Exporter\Core\Type;

use Sparkson\DataExporterBundle\Exporter\Type\AbstractSimpleType;
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\OptionsResolver;

/**
 * A callback field type.
 *
 * You can define your own callback function via the option's `callback` parameter.
 * The callback expects the first argument to be the field value. An optional
 * `callback_options` can de defined in the options which will be passed to the
 * callback function as the second argument.
 *
 * @author Tamcy <tamcyhk@outlook.com>
 */
class CallbackType extends AbstractSimpleType
{

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver)
    {
        parent::configureOptions($resolver);

        $resolver->setDefaults(array(
            'callback' => null,
            'callback_options' => array(),
            'compound' => false,
        ));

        $resolver->setRequired('callback');
        $resolver->setAllowedTypes('callback', array('callable'));
        $resolver->setAllowedTypes('callback_options', array('array'));
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    protected function processValue($value, $options)
    {
        $callable = $options['callback'];

        return call_user_func_array($callable, array(
            $value,
            $options['callback_options'],
        ));
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    public function getName()
    {
        return 'callback';
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Workers' Family Protection Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522, 29 U.S.C. & 671a) directed the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to conduct a study of contamination of workers' homes with hazardous chemicals and substances (including infectious agents) transported from the workplace. NIOSH found that contamination of workers' homes is a worldwide problem; incidents have been reported from 28 countries and from 36 States in the United States. Such incidents have resulted in a wide range of health effects and death among workers' families exposed to toxic substances and infectious agents. About half of the reports of health effects have appeared in the last 10 years, revealing new sources of contamination.
In completing the study, NIOSH solicited information from Federal and State health, labor, and environmental agencies, groups with special circumstances such as firefighters, and the public. NIOSH then reviewed and compiled the information received along with information in published reports on contamination of workers' homes by substances brought from the workplace. The report includes a survey of reported health effects, information on sources and levels of contamination, preventive measures, decontamination procedures, a review of Federal and State laws, and response of agencies and industry to incidents involving contamination of workers' homes. This report is being considered by the Workers' Family Protection Task Force, which is charged under the Workers' Family Protection Act with evaluating the need for additional research.
Workers can inadvertently carry hazardous materials home from work on their clothes, skin, hair, tools, and in their vehicles. As a result, families of these workers have been exposed to hazardous substances and have developed various health effects. Health effects have also occurred when the home and the workplace are not distinct -- such as on farms or in homes that involve cottage industries. For some contaminants, there are other potential sources of home contamination such as air and water pollution and deteriorating lead paint in the home. Only a few of the studies found in the literature used epidemiologic methods to estimate the relative risks of health effects from the contaminant transported home by the worker independent of health risks due to other sources of the contaminant in the home.
Little is known of the full range of health effects or the extent to which they occur as a result of workers' home contamination. There are information systems to enable tracking of illnesses and health conditions resulting from these circumstances. Many of the health effects among workers' family members described below were recognized because of their uniqueness, their clear relationship to workplace contaminants, or their serious nature.
This potentially fatal lung disease has occurred in famillies of workers exposed to beryllium in the nuclear and aviation industries and workplaces involved in the production of beryllium and fluorescent lights and gyroscopes.
Fatal lung diseases have occurred among family members of workers engaged in manufacture of many products containing asbestos, including thermal insulation materials, asbestos cement, automobile mufflers, shingles, textiles, gas masks, floor tiles, boilers, ovens, and brake shoes and other friction products for automobiles. Families have also been exposed to asbestos when workers were engaged in mining, shipbuilding, insulating (e.g., pipe laggers and railway workers), maintenance and repair of boilers and vehicles, and asbestos removal operations.
Decontamination procedures include air showers, laundering, airing, vacuuming and other methods of surface, cleaning, and destruction and disposal of contaminated items. These procedures appear to have widely varying effectiveness, depending on the specific methods employed, the contaminants, and the surfaces. In general, hard surfaces can be far more easily decontaminated than clothes, carpets, and soft furniture. In most cases effective decontamination requires relatively intensive methods. Normal house cleaning and laundry practices appear to be inadequate for decontaminating workers' clothes and homes. Lead, asbestos, pesticides, and beryllium contamination can be especially persistent. In some instances even intensive decontamination procedures may be ineffective.
The difficulty of decontaminating work clothing, the prominence of clothing as a source of home contamination, and the potential exposure of the launderer are problems that can be avoided through the use of disposable work clothing. The use, availability and cost of this alternative need to be assessed.
Seven statutes provided Federal agencies with some mechanisms for responding to or preventing workers' home contamination. Twenty rules or standards in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) address workers' home contamination or have elements that serve to protect workers' families.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has broad authority under the Toxic Substances Control Act (Public Law 94-469) to regulate chemicals and to obtain information about the adverse effects of chemicals. In addition, EPA has specific authority and responsibility regarding the use of asbestos and lead. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (Public Law 92-516), EPA also regulates the use and disposal of pesticides (which also help to protect workers' families). EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) are authorized under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499) to address hazardous waste and releases of hazardous substances that may relate to identifying contamination of workers' homes and assuring decontamination.
Thirty States and Puerto Rico responded to the requests from NIOSH for information about State laws. Most indicated that there were no laws specific to workers' home contamination or protection of workers' family members. Some states identified laws requiring the reporting of cases of elevated blood lead levels and pesticide poisonings to a State agency; other States identified laws related to work at hazardous waste sites and emergency responses to releases of hazardous substances. An examination of occupational safety and health regulations of States with OSHA-approved occupational safety and health programs revealed none more stringent than Federal OSHA regulations -- with respect to the protection of workers' families. However, extension of occupational safety and health regulations to State and local government employees in these States also helps protect the families of public employees' in these States.
Several Federal agencies have responded to often working together with State or local government agencies. These responses have resulted in identification of workers' home contamination, decontamination of workers' homes, and recommendations for instituting workplace changes that would prevent further contamination. NIOSH has conducted approximately 40 health hazard evaluations that address potential home contamination. In several cases, Federal agencies have referred incidents to State or local health departments for follow-up actions.
Lead and pesticides are the only contaminants for which monitoring or reporting programs help to identify and prevent cases of poisoning from workers home contamination.
The special needs and problems of individuals work in home or cottage industries need to be identified.
Worker's home contamination may pose a serious public health problem. Health effects and deaths from contaminants brought home from the workplace have been reported in 28 countries and 36 States.
About half of the reports of health effects from home contamination are less than 10 years old. The literature on the health effects involved approximately 30 different substances or agents. The potential exists for many of the thousands of other chemicals used in commerce to be transported to workers' homes or home-centered businesses.
To request a copy of this document or for questions concerning this document, please contact the person or office listed below. If requesting a document, please specify the complete name of the document as well as the address to which you would like it mailed. Note that if a name is listed with the address below, you may wish to contact this person via CDC WONDER/PC e-mail.


text:
Robredo, Stuns Federer in US Open Fourth Round.
By Omaku Cephas
Omaku Cephas
Cephas is a Content Strategist who loves to write about travels and sports. He's a proud supporter of local publishers and wants to see them get more creative with genuine content. He's keen on rekindling your passion for anything sports and travels.
Swiss 7th seed Roger Federer has been sent packing by Spain's Tommy Robredo in his earliest US Open exit in ten years.
Roger Federer Loses Out of the US Open Against 19th seed Tommy Robredo.
The 17-time Grand Slam champion's hope of clinching a sixth title at Flushing Meadows ended with a shock 7-6 (7-3), 6-3, 6-4 defeat in the hands of 31-year-old Robredo.
Federer's ouster means the long-anticipated debut meeting between him and second seed Rafael Nadal at the US Open will have Robredo fit into his space in the quarter-final.
The former world number one converted just 2 of 16 break points and made 43 unforced errors, losing in two hours and 24 minutes.
"I kind of feel like I beat myself, without taking any credit away from Tommy," Federer said.
"I kind of self-destructed, which is very disappointing, especially on a quicker court. Your serve helps you out. You're going to make the difference somewhere. I just couldn't do it. It was a frustrating performance today."
It also means Federer ends the year without reaching any Grand Slam final for the first time since 2002 after struggling with a back problem and having failed to maintain his form.
A 0-10 head-to-head record against Federer going into the game gave Robredo no chance, but he twice led by a break in the opening set and dominated the tie break after failing to serve out the set.
Federer failed to up his game in the second set giving up the break at 4-3 with three forehand errors and then failed to utilize two more break points while the 19th seed served it out.
The Swiss couldn't stage a comeback in the third; failing to convert six more break points, and was once again broken to love at 3-3. Robredo held his nerve to serve out the match.
"It's amazing," said Robredo. "For me, Roger for the moment is the best player of all times. And to beat him in a huge stadium like the US Open and in a Grand Slam, a match of five sets, it's like a dream."
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text:
SEC approves new stock exchange for tech startups
Listed companies would not be under pressure to achieve short-term results
Mark Huffman Reporter
Photo (c) MicroStockHub - Getty Images
Technology companies have had mixed results in becoming publicly traded companies. In recent weeks, Lyft's initial public offering (IPO) soared out of the gate, only to fall significantly days later.
On Friday, Uber went public amid red hot hype but failed to impress investors. In the future, the path may be a little easier for technology companies offering IPOs.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has approved an application for a new stock exchange to be based in Silicon Valley. It's called the Long-Term Stock Exchange (LTSE), with an approach designed to give high-growth startups more time to grow, without the pressure of having to report increases in profits every quarter.
Part of the problem with the launch of both Lyft and Uber is neither company has turned a profit. They generate significant revenue but the money is put back into the company to launch and expand other business lines.
Doing it the hard way
Other tech companies -- now giants -- have done it the hard way, competing for investors on well-established markets. When Facebook went public just a few short years ago, it really hadn't worked out a way to monetize the platform. Now it's a virtual money-printing machine.
Even Amazon, which went public in 1997, still doesn't always produce a quarterly profit, preferring to spend its massive revenue on expanding its business. Investors value its stock in the belief that one day Amazon will control not just retail, but many other aspects of business and will be able to charge whatever it wants.
Promoters of the LTSE say other tech startups shouldn't have to go through that. Investors who buy LTSE-listed companies will understand from the start that the companies are losing money and that the payoff could be years down the road.
Initially skeptical
The SEC was initially skeptical of the idea but gave it the green light on Friday after objectionable areas of the proposal were revised. Eric Ries, who came up with the idea and raised $19 million to launch it, said the New York-based stock exchanges are hostile territory for new tech companies and often stifle innovation.
Ries says the new stock exchange will have rules that will encourage listed companies to focus on the long-term, not the next quarter. The exchange may ask listed companies to limit the bonuses they pay executives who achieve short-term goals. It would also increase the payout to investors the longer they hold the stock.
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Mark Huffman
Mark Huffman has been a consumer news reporter for ConsumerAffairs since 2004. He covers real estate, gas prices and the economy and has reported extensively on negative-option sales. He was previously an Associated Press reporter and editor in Washington, D.C., a correspondent for Westwoood One Radio Networks and Marketwatch.
Robinhood stock trading app faces allegations of 'predatory' marketing practices
Stock market suffers biggest point drop of the year
SEC sets new requirements for financial advisors
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Hurray for Girl Power! In a land full of who cares less of which Kardashian has what drama, a new website/daily email has really impressed me.
According to their website, The Skimm describes themselves as an online newsletter that simplifies the headlines for the professional who knows enough to know she needs more.
In the HUGE file of why didn't I think of this, The Skimm is a daily dose of the news of all kinds, broken down on a level that anyone can understand in a fun readable way that makes you really want to know what is new in the world today.
The Skimm is a daily news recap to make it took a lot of guts, and white wine, for us to make the Skimm a reality.
These are smart girls that deliver the news in a fair balanced manner and then break it down to make it easier. They then relay it back to you with every day situations for you to keep up.
My question to Carly and Danielle, the founders of The Skimm is what every women in business wants to know- How did you know it was time to make the jump to venture out to make The Skimm a full time reality in "a leap and the net will catch you fashion?"
As longtime friends who bonded over working in the news industry, we each came to realize that the careers we idolized growing up didn't exist in the same capacity in today's digital news world. We both had a streak of entrepreneurialism in us but were scared to death at the thought of leaving the career path we had worked so hard to get on in the first place. Nevertheless, we were at a point in our careers where we wanted to take on more. Our "A-ha" moment for what 'more' was, exactly, came as we were texting one night, discussing a problem we saw amongst our friends - busy, successful, highly educated women who don't have the time or interest to dig through the news but still need the info to confidently go about their day. We realized the service we had been providing all along to our friends -- explaining the news in a palatable, accessible way -- was something everyone can use and benefit from, as an information concierge service.
It's one thing to be told 'now's the time in your life to do this!' While it's true, neither of us has a mortgage (we're roommates!), kids, or major expenses, we were very anxious about giving up steady employment to follow a passion. But the financial and emotional leap came to fruition when we realized this was a passion project with legs. We weren't leaving to go make a quick buck, we were leaving to pursue a true passion, that was also a well thought out business.
The best advice we've received on making the jump was that the only way we would fail is if we never tried. If you really believe in your idea, no truer words have ever been spoken.


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December Thieves is not just a store, it's a curious and cultivated aesthetic, a sense of mystery intertwined in a myriad of stories.
Nestled in the heart of Boston's historic Beacon Hill, emerging brands from independent global designers fill each of our two locations on Charles Street.
Although each store's product offerings are distinct from each other, the overarching concept remains the same: curations from global independent designers and makers that tell the story of the artists' visions and inspirations.
Each and every item is artfully hand-selected by storeowner and designer Lana Barakat as she scours the globe interfacing with artist communities in search of inimitable creations.
When widely traveled boxes hit our doorsteps, our team of Thieves unravel their contents and become their stewards and your guides.


I loved loved loved my experience with her...Going into the shoot, I was nervous that my pictures might look really posed and that I wouldn't look like myself, but I was very quickly proved wrong. Not only were my photos very natural and relaxed, I also felt natural and relaxed during my shoot. I'm a kind of awkward person so I thought that I wouldn't be able to interact with Samantha very well, but I ended up connecting with her very quickly.
We could not have had a better experience for my daughter's Senior pictures. Samantha made the whole event relaxing and fun. She has a wonderful eye for the perfect location, pose and lighting. The end product was more than we had hoped for. Need a photographer that will go the extra mile to take care of you like you are family? Choose Samantha Webber, you won't be disappointed.
I 10/10 recommend Samantha! She has a lovely style, the ability to bring out your natural self in photos, and makes the overall experience so much fun. My favorite part of the shoot was when we had technically finished shooting, but she found the PERFECT spot to take sunset pictures. I loved this because it wasn't planned, but the pictures turned out absolutely beautiful.
Samantha is an expert in photography, and it is showcased in the moments she captures that most people dream of getting. She has the warmest personality, and I never wanted our session to end. She made me feel so confident in myself when posing, and the sky was the limit in photo ideas. There was never a dull moment in our conversations, and she truly is one of a kind. You can pick up right away on her genuine personality towards her clients. She is someone I admire, and would never hesitate to refer.
As a guy I am not real fond of having my picture taken, but Samantha made it a lot of fun. She was great to work with and let me be a part of the process as to what I wanted my senior portraits to look like. It was a great time and my parents and I were very pleased that she captured my personality in the portraits.
The Samantha Webber Senior Experiences to make you comfortable. and confident. Your session will be a great time to show off your personality and style, so all sessions come with a variety of location and outfit options.
Your Senior Experience comes with 2 hours of coverage, 2-3 outfits, and 2 locations.


text:
Q: Ellipsoid Axis at density contour, why choose biggest eigen value for axis? I've been trying to figure out how to find the density contour for a multivariate normal density function with an arbitrary number of dimensions. I've found a lot of examples for 3Dimensions and for 2Dimensions and several others (I can't put more links here:( ) and they always associate the biggest eigen vector and value to the biggest axis in the ellipse which makes sense, but they also associate them in the same order to the ellipse equation, i.e. the biggest length is associated to $a$ and the smaller to $b$
$$
\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1
$$
Why is this? And does this happen the same way with more dimensions? Does it require an order from the biggest to the smaller? That is associated consecutively?
a -> Biggest
b -> 2nd Biggest
c -> 3rd Biggest
....
I've also seen two ways of finding the axis length to plug into a,b,c...Actually they are the same with a small difference. The $\chi _{2}^{2}$ is the chi-square distribution, used to specify the % of area/surface that the ellipse will encompass
$$
a = \sqrt{\chi _{2}^{2}} \sqrt{\lambda _{i}}
$$ or $$
a = 2\sqrt{\chi _{2}^{2}} \sqrt{\lambda _{i}}
$$
Which is the correct?
I'm intersecting the ellipsoid eq. with a line equation, and it is really important that the intersection occurs in the correct place :/
Thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Some of the best conversation pieces around any bar are some type of cool bar stools to give the place a whole new look. While cool looking, these stools can also be extremely comfy for those who wish to experience a fun evening hanging out and drinking with friends or family. These cool bar stools are an invitation to the customers – an invitation to a great evening. You can enjoy a single or double shot of whiskey with your friends or sip on a Pina Colada or any mocktail while you hang out with your family at a bar. Whatever you drink, after your drink is served, you'll look around for a nice spot with a few bar stools to sit on. Hence, it is essential that along with good interiors, special attention be paid to furniture like bar stools and chairs.
The market is full of elegant and trendy bar stools that can be accommodated in any bar. Whether it is a pub or a coffee joint, a few cool bar stools can transform the look of the place. Wooden stools are a classic at every bar. They are sturdy, stylish and antique. Many bars across the globe choose to go with these, as they are extremely durable and comfortable. With changing times, new designs and materials have entered the market. Iron or metal stands with soft comfortable cushions for seats also make cool bar stools. These metallic bar stools carved from iron or steel or any other metal or alloy, are also popular amongst people who own a mini bar at their homes. They are compact and stylish at the same time.
In contrast to the mobile bar stools, some cool bar stools are also designed in such a way that they remain glued to the bar table. This design has become extremely popular over the past few years as it saves space and makes way for a rotational seat which in turn facilitates easy conversations and allows the customers to look around the bar without moving from the seat. So as the bar tender fixes you a drink, you can easily rotate the table and check out the people around you or listen to some good music or just talk to a friend.
Quite a few innovative and attractive designs have flooded the market of bar stools. Some cool bar stools have evolved from the earlier designs of rectangular bar stools. Bar stools with small backseats and side handles are becoming quite popular. Cool bar stools with backseats can actually be more comfortable than the traditional 'open on all sides' stools. Bar stools of adjustable height are also available in the market and they make a great piece of furniture as they can be used with tables of varying height.
While designing an eatery or a bar, it is important to focus on quite a few aspects and ensure that you provide memorable interiors to your customers. Cool bar stools can help you plan and design a trendy bar without breaking the bank.


text:
Deepfakes: Ghosts in machines and their effect on the financial world
More and more lives and behaviours are migrating online and into the digital sphere, from socialising and working to how finance is accessed and used. Developments in technology such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) combined with non-face to face forms of interaction bring with them the potential for criminal profit, whilst making it more difficult to track down the perpetrators.
Deepfakes, AI-generated voices, videos or images, can make people appear to say or do things they never actually did and can look very convincing. A recent deepfake viral video of Tom Cruise playing golf brought deepfakes to the mainstream but it also brought into focus potentially serious risks ranging from financial crime to national security.
Understanding Deepfakes
In simple terms, deepfakes are created using artificial intelligence, where real images are fed into a system and which is 'trained' by using two parts – one which creates fake images and the other which spots the fakes until it cannot tell the difference between the real and the fake.
Specifically, the typical process of creating deepfakes involves a branch of AI, Machine Learning (ML), through a technique which uses a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The process uses two neural networks which are trained to work in tandem but against each other. A dataset of real images, for example, is fed into the system. The first network, referred to as the 'generator', is used to create the false data e.g. photos, video footage and audio, that replicates the characteristics of the real data. The second network, known as the 'discriminator', is tasked with identifying the false data. Depending on the results of the output, the generator network continues to make adjustments to improve its output to such an extent that the discriminator network is not able to distinguish the real data from the false.
The sentiment may be that deepfakes do not pose an immediate threat to the stability of the global financial system, nevertheless, the material threat that actors could use them to inflict different degrees of damage to individually targeted people, companies and even government functions should be of concern. For example, the release of deepfake videos of public officials or figures making offensive comments or behaving in an inappropriate manner could create public distrust. They may even influence public opinions at election time – two planned television advertisements using deepfakes of Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un, following the presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden on 29 September 2020, were rejected without reason – it's not difficult to understand why this could have been.
The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has certainly been cognizant of the potential threat and use cases of deepfakes, as the agency ran two programs involved in the detection of deepfakes. The first was Media Forensics (MediFor), which was involved in the development of algorithms to assess the integrity of videos and images in order to provide insights into how fake content was generated. It was said to explore techniques in spotting inconsistencies in deep fakes such as inconsistencies in pixels (digital integrity), with the laws of physics (physical integrity) and with other information sources (semantic integrity). The second program, Semantic Forensics (SemaFor), looks to further the work completed under Medifor. SemaFor focuses on looking for and cataloging for human review semantic inconsistancies, such as mismatch of jewellery, irregular facial features and backgrounds.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) recently issued a Private Industry Notice (PIN), in March 2021, warning that "malicious actors almost certainly will leverage synthetic content for cyber and foreign influence operations in the next 12-18 months. Foreign actors are currently using synthetic content in their influence campaigns, and the FBI anticipates it will be increasingly used by foreign and criminal cyber actors for spearphishing and social engineering in an evolution of cyber operational tradecraft".
The FBI timeline of 12-18 months may appear alarmist but they could be correct in their thinking. At the end of 2019, Hao Li, one of the world's top deepfake artists appeared in a podcast and spoke about his role in the making of the movie Fast and Furious 7, and how they brought back to life Paul Walker's character for the movie following his death. Li also explained that deepfake technology is advancing rapidly and open source, therefore fairly easily accessible with continued improvements. Most striking of all though, was that he said deepfakes can easily generate something that is 90% imperceptible to the naked eye, while the remaining 10% can be masked with algorithms or 'noise' to hide artefacts. There is even an App in China called 'Zao', which allows the user to take a picture and insert it into video – the App "instantly inserts [your picture] into Titanic, so you have the role of DiCaprio…", Li explained.
The continued increase in worldwide non-cash transactions, which saw a growth of 14.1% from 2018-2019, along with an increasing shift towards online banking and alternative financial platforms will likely bring with it challenges of managing increased financial crime risks – especially where the 'Product, service, transaction or delivery channel' in a banking relationship involves non-face to face interactions.
Currently, situations where deepfakes have been used to facilitate financial crime are rare but the notice from the FBI should serve as a warning to financial institutions that criminals will use any avenue open to them to facilitate financial crime – especially as technology develops along with changing behaviours in how customers access finance.
The use of deepfake technology to facilitate financial crime is in use today, as one CEO of a UK-based energy firm found out when he was scammed out of $243,000 in 2019. Using AI voice technology, the fraudster managed to convince the CEO that he was speaking to his colleague from the company's parent organisation in Germany – he was fooled by his colleagues German accent down to the "melody" in voice.
The think-tank Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, in its working paper titled 'Deepfakes and Synthetic Media in the Financial System: Assessing Threat Scenarios', put forward ten scenarios detailing the risks to the financial sector. Financial institutions should be looking at this in order to proactively consider potential risks that may emerge, especially following shifts towards digital and online finance, as outlined by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidance around Digital Identity.
The ten scenarios fell into two categories. Six of the scenarios involved 'broadcast' media, aimed at mass consumption and spread widely through public channels. Whereas four of the scenarios involved 'narrowcast' media, which was made for small, targeted audiences and sent directly through private channels. The think-tank put forward that the financial sector should help lead what they described as "much-needed" public conversation, specifically related threats posed through narrowcast media.
The ten scenarios showed how financial harm could be caused using voice cloning, face-swapped videos, synthetic photos and text:
Identity theft – to carry out fraud or again access to corporate information
Imposter scam – to impersonate public officials or victim family members to carry out fraud
Cyber extortion – to blackmail victims
Payment fraud – to impersonate company staff to carry out fraud
Stock manipulation via fabricated events – to damage company leadership reputation, create false product endorsement to alter investor behaviour
Stock manipulation via bots – to create attack or promote a brand in order to alter investor behaviour also, using social media bots
Malicious bank run – to spread false rumours in order to initiate bank runs, again, using social media bots
Malicious flash crash – to create false market events
Fabricated government action – to give the false impression that there may be an interest rate change, shift in policy or enforcement action
Regulatory astroturfing – to give the false impression of views from the public on proposed changes to financial regulation, which may sway the rule making
The Crude to the Complex
It is not only sophisticated deepfakes that may pose a risk, even crude image manipulation mixed with social engineering can pose serious security and financial crime risks.
Last year, investigations found a campaign dubbed "Dream Job", attributed to the North Korean 'Lazarus group' (also known as HIDDEN COBRA). The campaign was found to have been active since the start of 2020 with success in infecting a number of company computers around the world. It served two purposes – the theft of information and money. The campaign was directed at defence and government companies, with certain employees of these companies being targeted. Dream job offers were sent on behalf of defence and aerospace companies such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin and BAE in order to manipulate individuals into giving up information and infecting computer systems.
The attackers would create fictitious LinkedIn profiles, which included what appeared to be lifelike computer generated profile photos. They added to these profiles the connections from the alleged company they worked for. They would also add connections from the victim's employer in order create an air of credibility and reduce the likelihood of the victims becoming suspicious. The fictitious profiles were carefully crafted using research of the victim in order to maximise success. The attackers used a mix of sophisticated social engineering – sending emails to personal addresses of targets, communicating directly over the phone and through WhatsApp over an extended period of time in order to gain trust. The final stage of the attack, once trust had been gained, would be the job offer where the victim would be sent a malicious file via OneDrive or Dropbox. It was tailored and timed for the victim to open at work in order to infect company systems. The fictitious profiles along with communications would then be shut down once an attack was successful.
Problems caused by deepfakes are not limited to images and videos of people – there can even very convincing deepfakes of satellite images. Whilst it may appear that this could be harmless, they could be used to create not only false information about natural disasters like floods and wildfires, but also to manipulate narratives of stories where satellite images may be used; especially as satellite data has been used to track developments in relation to the situation faced by Uyghurs in China, as well as environmental issues of deforestation in the Amazon.
Researchers at the University of Washington have been studying fake satellite imagery by focussing on technical elements of image processing, such as 'colour histograms', 'frequency' and 'spatial domains'. The purpose of the study was not to show that images could be faked but to understand how to detect them.
With more information in the public domain being used for everything from news consumption to open source intelligence, Todd Myers from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency had given a stark warning of the dangers of even a small amount of manipulated images and geospatial data entering the 'supply line'. In an article from 2019, he said: "Forget about the [Department of Defense] and the [intelligence community]. Imagine Google Maps being infiltrated with that, purposefully? And imagine five years from now when the Tesla [self-driving] semis are out there routing stuff?".
Other complex applications of deepfakes span beyond this even further and into the medical profession. Cybersecurity experts have shown that they were able to infiltrate a network within the medical field and download a CT scan of a patient's pelvis, and then make a 3D printed model of it. This has led to the drafting of theoretical scenarios where an attacker could go much further and not only download the CT scan but could also manipulate and modify it by creating a deepfake of it for a number of reasons ranging from sabotage, ransomware attack to insurance fraud.
Countering Threats
Advances in technology have made it difficult to distinguish deepfakes from real images or videos with the naked eye, especially where the quality is very high, so with this comes the emergence of technology that can help in spotting them. But the reliance on technology alone may not be sufficient, particularly because it may not be available to use in all settings, therefore one of the biggest weaknesses in spotting deepfakes will remain the 'human' element. As a result, it is imperative that employees within organisations and the general public alike are educated on voice, image and video deepfakes. Some of the things that they can look for are:
Unnatural eye or body movement, colouring or facial expressions
Unrealistic facial-feature positioning, body or posture
Lack of emotion
Unrealistic hair
Teeth that don't look real
Image blurring or misalignment
Inconsistent noise or audio
Images that look unnatural when slowed down
At least one firm has gone further and is researching whether it is able to effectively repurpose the use of GAN technology to train their systems to spot transaction fraud. Whether this is feasible is open to debate with some critics arguing that attackers will just find new ways to circumvent such application and others more optimistic compared to videos and images, application of the technology on data alone to spot fraud may prove feasible.
Ultimately, although the technology used to create deepfakes may be a new tool for criminals to use, the underlying act to facilitate financial crime using deepfakes is old – it is called fraud, something that is well known. This should serve as the starting point for any considerations in how the threat should be tackled.
Dev Odedra
Dev Odedra is an independent anti-money laundering and financial crime expert. He has significant experience in managing financial crime risk in the retail, corporate and investment banking sectors. His expertise covers investigations, advisory and controls implementation and improvement.
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Betting is a form of entertainment that human beings have indulged in since time immemorial. Back in the olden days, people would take great joy in placing bets about the weather and the climate.
As human civilization progressed, people began to incorporate betting into various features and aspects of their daily lives.
The following is a list of the top 3 online betting sites in the United Kingdom. If you have any prior experience in online betting, you are more than likely to recognize the names mentioned below.
In the United Kingdom football and bet365 go hand in hand. Established 15 years ago at the turn of the millennium, this website has taken the online betting scene in the UK by storm.
They have a 100% deposit bonus feature that goes up to £200. They are fully licensed and regulated in the United Kingdom. Perhaps the most impressive statistic about this website is that they have over 14 million customers in 200 countries.
This UK website aims to be the single most important online sports betting and gambling website in the world.
Run by experienced and dexterous gaming professionals, MyBookie.ag provides their players with a unique, personalized and stress free gaming experience along with special bonuses and incentives on a regular basis.
BetOnline.ag is regarded as one of the better online betting sites in the UK, which offers commendable customer service, early lines and fantastic deposit bonuses.
The speed of their payouts is highly impressive and the people in charge here work tirelessly to build positive relationships with their players.
Since betting is a form of competitive predicting, it became quite natural for people to associate betting with competitive sports.
Given the fact that there is always a great amount of hype surrounding the outcomes of sporting events, it comes as no surprise that people today, around the globe, love to take a leap of faith and engage in online sports betting. There are numerous kinds of online betting that people can take part in.
Some do it out of love for the sport. Others see it as an opportunity to accumulate winnings and swell up their wealth. Then again, you are likely to come across certain individuals who are neither interested in the financial nor the sporting side of betting, and simply enjoy taking a gamble, competing with others and trying their luck out.
There is very little doubt about the fact that betting is one of the hottest online activities that you can be involved with, and although it sounds like risky business, most people end up having a rather pleasant experience. As mentioned before, there are a number of different forms of online betting that are available to internet users.
Among them, betting the spread is considered the most popular mode of online betting. The number or the amount of points scored on the final score of the sporting match or game in real life is referred to as the spread.
Generally, teams are ten to fifteen points from the spread. Bets vary depending on how close the spread will be. Comparatively, betting the spread takes a more relaxed and simpler approach to online betting.
This is the reason why first time online betters or gamblers are recommended to start out their betting journeys with this rather easy version of the popular online game.
Despite the fact that horse racing is categorized as a form of professional sports, the kind of betting which is related to horse racing is not the same as betting the spread. Commonly known as bets on horses, there are multiple ways in which the betting can be carried out here.
The simplest version of bets on horses requires betters to label one horse as the winner. There are other variants of the game where betters are allowed to bet on three different horses and predict the order in which they are likely to finish the race.
The rules of online betting, as is the case with most activities on the internet, are not universal. These rules constantly change depending on the requirements of the individual online betting websites.
In other words, the designers, developers and hosts of online betting websites are responsible for coming up with the rules and regulations for their respective online betters.
In most cases, these betting websites are not subject to national or international laws. They allow betters to bet on all kinds of things and usually provide definitions of other bets that people place.
Although majority of the online betting websites deal with real life betters using real money, there are some websites that cater to a more inexperienced audience, and therefore allow the use of make belief, virtual or fake money.
Often referred to as amateur betting websites, these help beginners to gain more experience, get a hang of the betting environment and become acclimatized to the betting rules and techniques.
All legal online betting websites are designed specifically for an adult audience and foster an atmosphere where the need for entertainment via betting is greater than the need to earn via betting.
The United Kingdom is a prime location for online betting. People here in the UK are sports fanatics, and therefore have an unparallel fascination with online sports betting. As a result, UK is home to some of the most popular online betting websites in the world.
Football, darts, cricket, tennis and rugby are 5 sports that are near and dear to Britons and ones which serve as primary sources of online betting. Horse racing too is an integral part of UK betting websites.
One of the reasons why UK betting sites have been so successful over the last decade or so is the fact that they put great emphasis on promotions and incentives, which draw people into the betting scene.
Cross promotions are very common among the UK websites, and these allow the betters of the players to combine their wagers on sports that they are not necessarily big fans of. Sometimes, the websites allow their players to test out their fortune by playing poker and other casino games by a host of notable UK brands.