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text:
Camille Huysmans est un homme politique belge, de tendance socialiste, né à Bilzen le , et mort à Anvers le . C'était une figure importante du mouvement flamand. Il a occupé les fonctions de bourgmestre de la ville d'Anvers, de président de la Chambre des représentants et de Premier ministre. Il fut chef du gouvernement belge d'août 1946 à mars 1947.

Biographie

Enfance
Camille Huysmans est né dans la maison achetée quelques années plus tôt par son grand-père nommé David Hansen. À sa naissance, il fut inscrit au registre d'état civil sous le nom de Jean Joseph Camille Hansen.  C'est seulement en 1881, lorsque sa mère se marie avec Augustine Godefroid Huysmans que Camille hérite le nom de famille « Huysmans ».  Son père biologique était un pharmacien nommé Odomar Francken.  Ce dernier s'occupa de Camille financièrement mais ne le reconnut pas.  Il fut donc élevé dans un entourage où l'emprise religieuse et anticléricale étaient fort mêlées.  Son grand-père était très imprégné d'anticléricalisme d'origine libérale et ne cachait pas son désaccord avec ce qui concerne l'ingérence du clergé dans les affaires civiles.  Catharina Hansen, mère de Camille et son époux Godefroid tenaient un magasin de tissus qui sera par la suite conservé par sa sœur Joséphine jusqu'à sa mort en 1955.

Études
A l'âge de 8 ans, Camille fut le seul élève de son école, les autres enfants étant à l'école catholique.  Malgré cela, il ne s'est pas laissé vaincre par l'anticléricalisme et s'est toujours montré conciliant.  Il commença ses études secondaires en 1882 à l'Athénée Royal de Tongres et à , il poursuivit sa scolarité à l'École normale de Liège.  En première secondaire, c'était un élève plutôt médiocre mais déjà très indépendant malgré son jeune âge.  C'est seulement à partir de la troisième secondaire qu'il deviendra un excellent étudiant.  En rhétorique, il devient membre avec Joseph Cuvelier et Lambrecht Lambrechts du "de Kluchtvrienden" qui deviendra par la suite un véritable cercle littéraire.  Camille ne s'intéressait pas du tout à la politique quand il était encore étudiant.  Il était plutôt intéressé par la musique et le chant et faisait partie d'une chorale "Les disciples de Grétry".  Ensuite, il entreprit d'étudier les langues germaniques à l'École Normale à Liège où il obtint le diplôme de « professeur agrégé de l'Enseignement Moyen du degré inférieur » communément appelé le régendat.

Vie privée
À l'âge de , il se marie avec Marthe d'Espagne, une bruxelloise, à la suite de quoi, il s'installa à Bruxelles.  Ils eurent trois enfants : Sara (1897-1983), Martha Camilia (1900-1988) et Pauwel August Lodewijk Adolf Kamiel (°1905).

Parcours professionnel

Philologue
Au cours de toute sa vie, il porta beaucoup d'intérêt à la production littéraire de la Province du Limbourg.  Pendant ses études, il est membre du cercle universitaire «Onze Taal ».  Afin de compléter certains manquements de connaissances pour ce qui concerne la région de Bilzen, il crée, en collaboration avec d'autres personnes, la Société Limbourgeoise des Sciences et Lettres.  Ensuite, il rejoint le Limburgsch Jaarboek où il publiera des articles, poèmes et divers comptes-rendus.  À l'âge de , il publie son premier poème : "Een vastenavond in 1483" .

Journaliste
Camille Huysmans devient un journaliste socialiste.  Au , il sera une figure emblématique du Parti ouvrier belge. En 1896, commence sa carrière journalistique en tant que rédacteur parlementaire au journal Petit Bleu.  Ses articles portent essentiellement sur la politique, la musique et le théâtre .  Son premier article sera publié dans Le Peuple sous le nom de « Spiridio ».  Cet article aborde la question de la concentration du sol capitaliste au Limbourg.  Il publie également des articles dans Le Soir et La Réforme sous le pseudonyme d'« Erasme ».  Camille trouvait qu'il était important d'instruire la classe ouvrière et c'est pour cette raison qu'il crée quelques périodiques tels que la Gazet van Brussel (1898), De Ploeg (1900), Het Goede Zaad (1907), et enfin La semaine politique (1912) qui défendait, en français, la cause flamande et ce, en collaboration avec Max Hallet.

Enseignant
En 1893, il accepte le poste de professeur au Collège de l'Union à Ypres. La même année, il crée, en collaboration avec un de ses collègues une revue progressiste qui s'appelait La Lutte - De Strijd.  Pendant ce temps, il continue à collaborer avec le « Limburgsch Jaarboek ».  Trois ans plus tard, il devient professeur d'anglais pendant un an à l'Athénée Royal d'Ixelles afin de remplacer . Cependant, il est révoqué par François Schollaert, Ministre catholique de l'Instruction publique, à cause de ses opinions politiques.  Son amitié avec Louis de Brouckère lui permet, cependant, de continuer à enseigner à «L'école des petites études» ainsi qu'à l'Institut des hautes études de Belgique. Il enseigna également les institutions politiques de l'Antiquité et la littérature française, grecque et latine à l'Université nouvelle.

Camille Huysmans fonde en 1926, l'École supérieure de la Cambre qui eut comme premier directeur Henry van de Velde (1863-1957). Cette institution vouée aux arts plastiques a contribué à un nouvel épanouissement, en Belgique, de la peinture, de la sculpture et de l'architecture.  Plus tard, elle s'adjoindra le décor de théâtre et le cinéma d'animation.  Dénommée, au début du , École supérieure des arts visuels, cette école a compté, parmi les enseignants et les étudiants, les peintres Paul Delvaux, Jean-Michel Folon et Serge Creuz, les architectes Léon Stijnen et Victor Bourgeois.

Politicien

Secrétaire de la Deuxième Internationale
En 1905, il devient secrétaire de la Deuxième Internationale et le reste pendant .  C'est August Bebel, homme politique socialiste, qui l'assigna à ce poste lors du Congrès d'Amsterdam en 1904.  Il s'est vu confier le fonctionnement de cette grande institution grâce à sa loyauté et sa discrétion, qui furent deux traits importants de sa personnalité. L'Internationale avait pour but de devenir une grande puissance mais personne ne réussit véritablement à atteindre cet objectif en raison de multiples obstacles jusqu'à son arrivée.  Il eût pour mission d'écarter le secrétariat de l'immobilisme et y parviendra.  Il ne se comportait pas comme un simple exécutant mais prenait des initiatives.  Il exprima sa volonté de créer un organisme de coordination.  Le Bureau socialiste international prit alors de plus en plus d'ampleur.

Au cours de sa tâche, il dut faire face à trois tâches politiques : la première, fût d'assurer la mise en application du Congrès d'Amsterdam de 1904. La seconde, fut de diffuser le socialisme dans le monde.  Il se battit pour les opprimés et contre l'injustice. Enfin, il voulut exceller dans le domaine de la lutte contre la guerre.  Cette dernière tâche divisait l'Internationale et Huysmans se trouvait dans le camp des minoritaires.  Il était le défenseur d'une politique internationale active.  Sa méthode pacifiste se déroula en 2 stades : le premier, qui dura jusqu'en 1914, fut que son action se confondit avec celle de l'Internationale. Le second se déroula pendant la Première Guerre mondiale où il mena l'action quasi seul.  En tant que secrétaire de la Deuxième Internationale, il est confronté à l'antisémitisme et parvient, malgré de nombreuses critiques, à introduire les sionistes parmi les membres de l'Internationale.

Mandataire communal à Anvers
En 1919, il est nommé député pour l'arrondissement d'Anvers. Ensuite, il devint membre du conseil communal d'Anvers. C'est à cette période qu'il conclut le « mariage mystique » avec Frans Van Cauwelaert (Parti Catholique) : c'est le début de leur collaboration.  Cette alliance entre les catholiques et les socialistes permit la paix scolaire à Anvers pendant plusieurs années.  En 1925, il devient échevin de l'enseignement où il est amené à changer la structure de l'éducation.  Il prévoit un pacte scolaire permettant une égalité des salaires dans l'enseignement communal, une réforme de l'éducation et, enfin,  développe les bâtiments scolaires.  La même année, il démissionne de son poste afin de devenir ministre des Arts et des Sciences dans le gouvernement de M. Prosper Poullet.  Après les élections communales de 1932, il devient bourgmestre de la ville d'Anvers pendant  et ce, dans un contexte de crise économique.  Il réussit à remonter la vie économique du pays par des expositions et des campagnes de publicité favorisant la vie commerciale.  En 1936, il est élu Président de la Chambre des représentants et le restera pendant trois ans.  Huit ans plus tard, il redevient bourgmestre d'Anvers.  Durant cette période, il marqua un fort intérêt pour l'industrie diamantaire.

Ministre
En 1911, il rédige avec les députés Catholiques Frans Van Cauwelaert et Louis Franck une proposition de loi afin de créer une université néerlandophone à Gand.  En 1945, il devient Ministre d'État et dirige un gouvernement de gauche appelé « la mouette sur une patte » qui ne dura que quelque temps. Ce gouvernement fut remplacé par celui du Gouvernement Spaak III où Huysmans est nommé Ministre de l'Instruction publique.  Entre 1954 et 1958, il préside, à nouveau, la Chambre des représentants.

Les guerres

La première guerre mondiale
Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, réfugié en France avec des parlementaires de tous les partis ainsi que le gouvernement, Huysmans participe à une tentative de conciliation initiée par des socialistes de pays en guerre.  C'est en 1916, à Stockholm, qu'eût lieu la rencontre qui fut sans lendemain, les partisans de la guerre étant dominants dans les grands pays belligérants.

En 1915, Huysmans se réfugia avec sa famille à La Haye étant donné que les évènements à Bruxelles étaient devenus insupportables.  C'est d'ailleurs, à la suite de cela, qu'il installa le BSI dans cette ville des Pays-Bas.  Son objectif était de parvenir à préserver cette institution qui fut déjà fortement secouée durant la Première Guerre mondiale.  L'Internationale avait alors pour mission de préparer des propositions de paix et de trouver une solution de remplacement à la guerre.

En 1916, lorsque Huysmans affirma que l'Internationale n'était pas morte, il se mit à dos toute la gauche de Conférence de Zimmerwald.  La gauche née lors de cette conférence était alors en pleine croissance et la montée de l'opposition durant la guerre amena Huysmans à nouer des relations avec les socialistes des pays combattants.  C'est pour cette raison que va naître en 1917, le plan de la Conférence de Stockholm. Le roi Albert  a toujours soutenu Huysmans dans son ambition de se rendre à cette conférence.  Huysmans défendit la conférence de Stockholm et provoqua ainsi le mécontentement de l'opinion publique belge. Il parvint cependant à passer outre les critiques et poursuivit son chemin.

La deuxième guerre mondiale
Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Huysmans rejoignit le libéral Marcel-Henri Jaspar à Londres et tenta avec lui de mettre sur pied un « Comité national belge », chargé de continuer la lutte contre l'Allemagne au côté des alliés.  Il avait encore toujours l'ambition de continuer son combat contre le nazisme.  Ensuite, il se rallie au Premier ministre belge Hubert Pierlot et au Ministre des affaires étrangères Paul-Henri Spaak qui se réfugièrent en France dans l'espoir d'y patronner la continuation de la guerre et qui, obligés de fuir lors de l'armistice franco-allemand, arrivèrent à Londres pour y installer le gouvernement belge en exil.

Il arriva à Londres le 27 juin 1940 et fit le point sur la situation de la Belgique : il constate que celle-ci n'était pas du tout brillante et qu'elle gardait de grosses séquelles de la capitulation. Le 5 juillet, le Gouvernement belge de Londres naquit avec comme président Huysmans à sa tête.  Cependant, le gouvernement britannique se refusa à reconnaître ce dernier.  Avec pour conséquence qu'il créa un office Parlementaire Belge.

Hommages
Nombreux sont les artistes qui ont voulu lui rendre hommage, tant par la statuaire que par la peinture, en passant par les titres honorifiques.  Sara Huysmans, fille de Camille Huysmans, légua en 1982 aux Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique le portrait de Camille Huysmans, peint à l'huile sur toile par l'artiste-peintre Isidore Opsomer. De plus, une statue créée par Idel Ianchelevici, représentant Camille Huysmans orne la ville d'Anvers depuis 1981.  Sur le socle de celle-ci, nous pouvons lire un discours qu'il prononça en 1940 .  En 1947, il est nommé doctor honoris causa par l'université d'Amsterdam et  plus tard par l'université de Gand.

Lors de son décès le 25 février 1968, causé par une grippe, les Anversois se réunirent aux funérailles de leur ancien bourgmestre.  A la suite de cet évènement, le conseil échevinal de la ville rebaptisa l'Avenue des Colonies en l'Avenue Camille Huysmans.

Publications

Revues
 "Les fabriques dans le Limbourg", Le peuple, 8 juin 1897.
 "La révolution belge et Rogier", Le peuple, 25 juillet 1897.
 "Le congrès national", Le peuple, 21 août 1897.
 "La papauté et l'assassinat", Le peuple, 22 août 1897.
 "La propagande à Waremme", Le peuple, 4 septembre 1897.
 "Les contrats des sucriers", Le peuple, 5 septembre 1897.
 "La Belgique allemande", Le peuple, 30 septembre 1897.
 "La traite des blanches", Le peuple, 25 novembre 1897.
 "La révolte des paysans", Le peuple, 18 février 1898.
 "Karl Marx à Bruxelles", Le peuple, 20 mars 1898.
 "Les oreilles du roi Midas", Le peuple, 29 mars 1898.
 "Une infamie policière", Le peuple, 14 avril 1898.
 "Une banqueroute", Le peuple, 11 juillet 1898.
 "La cause de la révolution en Italie", Le peuple, 13 aout 1898.
 "Le trafic des blanches", Le peuple,  décembre 1898.
 "Le programme et la tactique socialiste", L'Avenir social, 1900.
 "Un essai critique", L'avenir social, 1906.
 "La signification du  Congrès international du travail à domicile", Le peuple, 17 septembre 1912.
 "Herinneringen aan Max", Volksgazet, 8 novembre 1939.
 "Bij een wetenschappelijke verjaring", Volksgazet, 8 avril 1951.
 "Voor de 90-jarige Jan Van Zutphen", Volksgazet, 8 aout 1953.
 "Henry Vandervelde", Socialisme, 1958.

Ouvrages
 Een vastenavond in 1483. Met een geschiedkundige inleiding van J. Cuvelier (poésie), Tongres, 1891.
 Jeugdherrineringen, Antwerpen, 1971.
 La plus value immobilière dans les communes belges, Gand, 1909.
 The Policy of The International, London, 1916.
 Le roman d'Ulenspiegel et le roman de Charles De Coster, Bruxelles, Esseo, 1960.
 Quatre types ; le Renard et Ulenspiegel, le démon et le diable, Antwerpen, Ca ira, 1937.
 De Belgische socialisten in London, Antwerpen, 1981.
 Camille Huysmans en het onderwijs, Antwerpen, 1976.
 Camille Huysmans geschriften en documenten, Antwerpen, 1974.
 Lettre à un jeune socialiste, Bruxelles, 1955.

Bibliographie
 Académie Royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, Nouvelle Biographie Nationale, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1988,  à 189.
 BALTHAZAR, H., Bijdragen tot het Camille Huysmansonderzoek, Antwerpen, Stichting Camille Huysmans, 1971, 406 p.
 HAUPT, G., "Correspondance entre Lénine et Huysmans, 1905-1914" in Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 3, , 1962,  à 665.
 HUYSMANS, C., Camille Huysmans geschriften en documenten, Antwerpen, Standaard Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij, 1974, 341 p.
 HUYSMANS, C., Camille Huysmans : een levensbeeld gevestigd op persoonlijke getuigenissen en eigen werk, Hasselt, Vlaamse pockets, 1961, 239 p.
 HUYSMANS, C., About Belgium, London, Hutchinson & Co., 1944.
 CLAUDEL, P., "Huysmans Camille (1871-1968)", disponible sur https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/camille-huysmans/, consulté le 2 décembre 2017.
 HOOFT, E., "Standbeeld Camille Huysmans", disponible sur https://inventaris.onroerenderfgoed.be/erfgoedobjecten/302639, consulté le 5 décembre 2017.
 IANCHELEVICI, I., "Camille Huysmans", disponible sur http://www.standbeelden.be/standbeeld/1028, consulté le 7 décembre 2017.
 OPSOMERE, I., " Portrait de Camille Huysmans", disponible sur https://www.fine-arts-museum.be/fr/la-collection/isidore-opsomer-portrait-de-camille-huysmans, consulté le 2 décembre 2017.
 X, "Camille Huysmans", disponible sur http://www.philagodu.be/generalculturel/celebrites/camille_huysmans.html, consulté le 2 décembre 2017.
 X, "Geschiedenis. Markanten Figuren", disponible sur http://www.bilisium.be/geschiedenis/markantefiguren/camillehuysmans, consulté le 2 décembre 2017.
 X, "Camille Huysmans archives", disponible sur https://www.amsab.be/fr/beleef/topstukken/118-archief-van-camille-huysmans, consulté le 5 décembre 2017.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Premier ministre de Belgique
Ministre d'État (Belgique)
Député belge
Naissance en mai 1871
Décès en février 1968
Bourgmestre d'Anvers
Naissance à Bilzen
Décès à Anvers
Internationale ouvrière
Socialiste belge
Président de la Chambre des représentants de Belgique
Étudiant de l'université de Liège
Décès à 96 ans
Personnalité inhumée au Schoonselhof

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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July 19, 2016 by Christina P.
Is your dad a Reese Bobby from Talladega Nights or a John Goodman from Roseanne? It doesn't actually matter bc you're gonna have to accept whoever is biologically related to you. Also what kind of bra should you buy? I answer it all and take a listener email.
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July 19, 2016 /Christina P.


text:
Intel Returns To Memory Manufacturing, Future Of IMFT In Doubt
By Paul Alcorn published 21 October 15
Rob Crooke, Senior Vice President and General Manager of the Non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group at Intel, penned a blog post that defines a tectonic shift in Intel's future non-volatile memory strategy. Intel is expanding its Dalian fab, which has been in operation since 2010, to produce its new 3D NAND and the revolutionary 3D XPoint.
Intel hasn't produced memory by itself since it left the DRAM market in 1985 (due to intense competition), and the Dalian plant was originally employed to manufacture older process nodes (currently 65nm) that are usually at least two generations behind current technology. The site is getting a drastic makeover, and by virtue of Intel's pending (up to) $5.5 billion investment, it will become a leading-edge non-volatile memory producer.
Intel indicated that it is producing its own non-volatile memory to extend its multi-source strategy and expand its manufacturing capacity, but the move seems drastic because of its implications in the IMFT (Intel/Micron) joint venture. Intel and Micron have been jointly producing NAND since 2006, and together they moved from the 74nm process to today's 20nm product. The fruitful partnership garnered a slew of awards over the following decade, and truth be told, without IMFT's leading position in promoting and supporting NAND, the industry might not be as far down the NAND road as it is today. Interestingly, Intel's announcement marks the first time the company has actually produced NAND outside of the IMFT venture.
Several years ago, the gap between HDDs and CPU processing power had become so wide that it had hamstrung the entire ecosystem. From Intel's perspective that wasn't ideal because it reduced the need for faster, and more expensive, CPUs. Intel was a leader in the race to ship the first SSDs to the client market, and it was quite vocal that its intent was to enable the industry as a whole, including its competitors, for the greater good. Intel leveraged its market position to foster broad acceptance of the new speedy storage devices, and it worked. Now SSDs are the hottest growth segments in all of storage.
However, manufacturing NAND is an extremely expensive proposition that requires some of the brightest minds in semiconductor technology. The tooling and other associated expenses run into the billions -- a single fab costs $6 to $8 billion. Unlike NAND itself, the NAND market is volatile. There are regular price swings, and whenever manufacturers overproduce the cost of NAND plummets, which presents the possibility of lost profits.
With such large investments required, and the uncertainties of the NAND market, some of the NAND vendors work with a partner to share the cost, thus diluting the risk. SanDisk and Toshiba have been strong partners in their Flash Forward alliance, which was also recently thrown into doubt by the revelation that SanDisk is in negotiations with Western Digital on a possible buyout offer.
Signs of a fracture in IMFT relationship, which we covered extensively, began when Intel withheld investment in Micron's 16nm NAND. Intel skipped the 16nm generation to focus on the joint IMFT 3D NAND, but as a result, Intel faced NAND shortages and was forced to source NAND from SK Hynix to meet demand. Rob Crooke also mentioned during Intel's 3D NAND announcement that it held rights to produce the new 3D NAND and might exercise that option, which led to speculation that Intel and Micron will not extend the IMFT relationship when it comes up for review in 2017.
Intel's announcement that it will produce 3D NAND and 3D XPoint at its China fab may be an indicator that the glory days of IMFT are coming to an end. Intel is moving rapidly on the initiative; Intel slated NAND production to begin the second half of this year, which is amazingly fast for a fab build/retooling. Intel will complete the fab repurposing coincidentally before the IMFT agreement comes up for review.
Micron also recently fielded an offer to be acquired by the Chinese government controlled Tsinghua Unigroup, but many speculate the deal fell through because the US government might bar the acquisition on national security grounds. The IMFT relationship may have also been a factor because it would require a significant amount of legal wizardry to navigate, or perhaps untangle, the IMFT relationship.
Intel's use of the Dalian fab to produce 3D NAND and 3D XPoint is also significant because it signals the company's continuing investment in China. The China market is exploding on multiple fronts, but the Chinese government is keen to enhance its own manufacturing and engineering talent and it often requires significant investments for companies to operate in the region. The Chinese government also offers hefty incentives to companies that bring new capabilities to the country, but Intel will not reveal if there are incentives involved. Rob Crooke did indicate in his blog post that its relationship with the Dalian government continues to be an "excellent partnership."
If IMFT were to separate it would be a significant shift in the memory market, and the loss of Intel as a partner could have devastating effects for Micron, in particular. Intel controls the CPU market, and thus the chipsets, which provides it incredible sway in the overall market. Rob Crooke provided a single line, "Our partnership with Micron remains very strong." in his blog post to signal the two companies are still moving forward together, and Micron representatives have also been scrambling to assuage investors that the union is strong. However, the hairline cracks in the relationship that began revealing themselves over the last year appear to be widening.
The semiconductor industry is undergoing a record-setting year of consolidation, but in the case of IMFT, and the uncertainty around the Flash Forward alliance, we just may also witness some deconsolidation as well.
Paul Alcorn is a Contributing Editor for Tom's Hardware, covering Storage. Follow him on Twitter and Google+.
Follow us @tomshardware, on Facebook and on Google+.
Paul Alcorn
Paul Alcorn is the Deputy Managing Editor for Tom's Hardware US. He writes news and reviews on CPUs, storage and enterprise hardware.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Previous (Magnetic field)
Next (Magnetite)
Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paper
In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert attractive and repulsive forces on other materials. It arises whenever electrically charged particles are in motion—such as the movement of electrons in an electric current passing through a wire.
Some well-known materials that exhibit readily detectable magnetic properties are iron, some steels, and the mineral lodestone (an oxide of iron). Objects with such properties are called magnets, and their ability to attract or repel other materials at a distance has been attributed to a magnetic field. Magnets attract iron and some other metals because they imbue them temporarily with magnetic properties that disappear when the magnets are taken away. All materials are influenced to a greater or lesser extent by a magnetic field.
Every magnet has two poles—or opposite parts—that show uniform force characteristics. The opposite poles of two magnets attract each other, but their similar poles repel each other. No magnet has ever been found to have only one pole. If a magnet is broken, new poles arise at the broken ends so that each new piece has a pair of north and south poles.
The Earth itself is a giant magnet. Its magnetic field shields living organisms by deflecting charged particles coming from the solar wind. In addition, people have taken advantage of this magnetic field for navigational purposes.
1.1 Connection between magnetism and electricity
2 Magnetism of an object
3 Magnetic behavior
4 Electromagnets
5 Permanent magnets
5.1 Natural metallic magnets
5.2 Composites
5.2.1 Ceramic magnets
5.2.2 Alnico magnets
5.2.3 Injection-molded magnets
5.2.4 Flexible magnets
5.3 Rare earth magnets
5.3.1 Samarium cobalt magnets
5.3.2 Neodymium iron boron magnets
5.4 Single-molecule magnets and single-chain magnets
6 Uses of magnets and magnetism
7 Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field
8 Units of electromagnetism
8.1 SI magnetism units
8.2 Other magnetism units
With the development of technology, the principles of magnetism have been applied for such purposes as storing information on computer disks, audiotapes, videotapes, and credit/debit cards; displaying images on television and computer screens; converting mechanical energy into electrical energy (as in electricity generators and microphones); and converting electrical energy into mechanical energy (as in electric motors and loudspeakers).
The phenomenon of magnetism has been known since ancient times, when it was observed that lodestone, an iron oxide mineral (Fe3O4) with a particular crystalline structure, could attract pieces of iron to itself. The early Chinese and Greeks, among others, found that when a lodestone is suspended horizontally by a string and allowed to rotate around a vertical axis, it orients itself such that one end points approximately toward true north. This end came to be called the north pole (north-seeking pole), while the opposite end was called the south pole (south-seeking pole). In addition, this observation led investigators to infer that the Earth itself is a huge magnet, with a pair of north and south magnetic poles.
The mysteries of magnetic phenomena were documented and clarified by William Gilbert (1544-1603) in his treatise, De Magnete. In the eighteenth century, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) noted that the forces of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles can be calculated by an equation similar to that used to describe the interactions between electric charges. He referred to an "inverse square law," which (in the case of magnets) states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the poles.
The phenomenon of magnetism was known in ancient times but it was not until the nineteenth century that the connection was made between magnetism and electricity
Connection between magnetism and electricity
It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that investigators began to draw a connection between magnetism and electricity. In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) discovered that a compass, which consists of a small magnet balanced on a central shaft, is deflected in the presence of an electric current. Building on this discovery, Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) and Félix Savart (1791-1841) established that a current-carrying wire exerts a magnetic force that is inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.
André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) formulated an elegant mathematical expression that defined the link between an electric current and the magnetic force it generates. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) introduced the concept of lines of magnetic force, and he discovered that a changing magnetic force field generates an electric current. This discovery paved the way for the invention of the electric generator.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) added another term to Ampère's equation, mathematically developed Faraday's concept of force fields, and summarized the relationship between electricity and magnetism in a set of equations named after him. One of these equations describes how electric currents and changing electric fields produce magnetic fields (the Ampère-Maxwell law), and another equation describes how changing magnetic fields produce electric fields (Faraday's law of induction). In this manner, electricity and magnetism were shown to be linked together. The overall phenomenon came to be called electromagnetism, and the combination of electric and magnetic fields was called the electromagnetic field.
Maxwell further showed that waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields travel through empty space at a speed that could be predicted from simple electrical experiments. Using the data available at the time, Maxwell obtained a velocity of 310,740,000 meters per second. Noticing that this figure is nearly equal to the speed of light, Maxwell wrote in 1865 that "it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat, and other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws."
Nineteenth-century scientists attempted to understand the magnetic field in terms of its effects on a hypothetical medium, called the aether, which also served to propagate electromagnetic waves. The results of later experiments, however, indicated that no such medium exists.
Magnetism of an object
The physical cause of the magnetism of an object—as distinct from the production of magnetic fields by electrical currents—is attributed to the "magnetic dipoles" of the atoms in the object. If a wire is bent into a circular loop and current flows through it, it acts as a magnet with one side behaving as a north pole and the other, a south pole. From this observation stemmed the hypothesis that an iron magnet consists of similar currents on the atomic level, produced by the movements of electrons.
Bar magnet dipole moment
On the atomic scale, however, the movements of electrons have to be considered on a conceptual, not literal, basis. Literal movements of electrons would require the application of Maxwell's equations, which meet with serious contradictions on the atomic level. To resolve these contradictions, scientists have applied the theory of quantum mechanics, developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
According to current theory, the magnetic dipole (or magnetic moment) of an atom is thought to arise from two kinds of quantum-mechanical movements of electrons in the atom. The first is the "orbital motion" of electrons around the nucleus. This motion can be considered a current loop, resulting in what is called an orbital dipole magnetic moment along an axis that runs through the nucleus. The second, much stronger, source of electronic magnetic moment is due to a quantum-mechanical property called the spin dipole magnetic moment, which is related to the quantum-mechanical "spin" of electrons.
The overall magnetic moment of an atom is the sum of all the magnetic moments of the individual electrons. For pairs of electrons in an atom, their magnetic moments (both orbital and spin dipole magnetic moments) oppose each other and cancel each other. If the atom has a completely filled electron shell or subshell, its electrons are all paired up and their magnetic moments completely cancel each other out. Only atoms with partially filled electron shells have a magnetic moment, the strength of which depends on the number of unpaired electrons.
Magnetic behavior
A magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems stabilize in a configuration with the lowest energy. Therefore, when a magnetic dipole is placed in a magnetic field, the dipole tends to align itself in a polarity opposite to that of the field, thereby lowering the energy stored in that field. For instance, two identical bar magnets normally line up so that the north end of one is as close as possible to the south end of the other, resulting in no net magnetic field. These magnets resist any attempts to reorient them to point in the same direction. This is why a magnet used as a compass interacts with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate north and south.
Depending on the configurations of electrons in their atoms, different substances exhibit differing types of magnetic behavior. Some of the different types of magnetism are: diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, and antiferromagnetism.
Diamagnetism is a form of magnetism exhibited by a substance only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. It is thought to result from changes in the orbital motions of electrons when the external magnetic field is applied. Materials that are said to be diamagnetic are those that nonphysicists usually think of as "nonmagnetic," such as water, most organic compounds, and some metals (including gold and bismuth).
Paramagnetism is based on the tendency of atomic magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field. In a paramagnetic material, the individual atoms have permanent dipole moments even in the absence of an applied field, which typically implies the presence of an unpaired electron in the atomic or molecular orbitals. Paramagnetic materials are attracted when subjected to an applied magnetic field. Examples of these materials are aluminum, calcium, magnesium, barium, sodium, platinum, uranium, and liquid oxygen.
Ferromagnetism is the "normal" form of magnetism that most people are familiar with, as exhibited by refrigerator magnets and horseshoe magnets. All permanent magnets are either ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, as are the metals that are noticeably attracted to them. Historically, the term "ferromagnet" was used for any material that could exhibit spontaneous magnetization: a net magnetic moment in the absence of an external magnetic field.
More recently, different classes of spontaneous magnetization have been identified, when the material contains more than one magnetic ion per "primitive cell" (smallest cell of a crystalline lattice structure). This has led to a stricter definition of ferromagnetism. In particular, a material is said to be "ferromagnetic" only if all of its magnetic ions add a positive contribution to the net magnetization. If some of the magnetic ions subtract from the net magnetization (if some are aligned in an "anti" or opposite sense), then the material is said to be ferrimagnetic. If the ions are completely anti-aligned, so that the net magnetization is zero, despite the presence of magnetic ordering, then the material is said to be an antiferromagnet.
All these alignment effects occur only at temperatures below a certain critical temperature, called the Curie temperature for ferromagnets and ferrimagnets, or the Néel temperature for antiferromagnets. Ferrimagnetism is exhibited by ferrites and magnetic garnets. Antiferromagnetic materials include metals such as chromium, alloys such as iron manganese (FeMn), and oxides such as nickel oxide (NiO).
As noted above, electricity and magnetism are interlinked. When an electric current is passed through a wire, it generates a magnetic field around the wire. If the wire is coiled around an iron bar (or a bar of ferromagnetic material), the bar becomes a temporary magnet called an electromagnet—it acts as a magnet as long as electricity flows through the wire. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet needs to be switched on and off. For instance, electromagnets are used in large cranes that lift and move junked automobiles.
Natural metallic magnets
Some metals are ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, and they are found as permanent magnets in their naturally occurring ores. These include the ores of iron (magnetite or lodestone), cobalt, and nickel, as well as the rare earth metals gadolinium and dysprosium (at a very low temperature). Such naturally occurring magnets were used in the early experiments with magnetism. Technology has expanded the availability of magnetic materials to include various manmade products, all based on naturally magnetic elements.
Ceramic (or ferrite) magnets are made of a sintered composite of powdered iron oxide and barium/strontium carbonate (sintering involves heating the powder until the particles stick to one another, without melting the material). Given the low cost of the materials and manufacturing methods, inexpensive magnets of various shapes can be easily mass-produced. The resulting magnets are noncorroding but brittle, and they must be treated like other ceramics.
Alnico magnets are made by casting (melting in a mold) or sintering a combination of aluminum, nickel, and cobalt with iron and small amounts of other elements added to enhance the properties of the magnet. Sintering offers superior mechanical characteristics, whereas casting delivers higher magnetic fields and allows for the design of intricate shapes. Alnico magnets resist corrosion and have physical properties more forgiving than ferrite, but not quite as desirable as a metal.
Injection-molded magnets
Injection-molded magnets are composites of various types of resin and magnetic powders, allowing parts of complex shapes to be manufactured by injection molding. The physical and magnetic properties of the product depend on the raw materials, but they are generally lower in magnetic strength and resemble plastics in their physical properties.
Flexible magnets are similar to injection molded magnets, using a flexible resin or binder such as vinyl, and produced in flat strips or sheets. These magnets are lower in magnetic strength but can be very flexible, depending on the binder used.
"Rare earth" (lanthanoid) elements have a partially filled f electron shell that can accommodate up to 14 electrons. The spin of these electrons can be aligned, resulting in very strong magnetic fields. These elements are therefore used in compact, high-strength magnets, when their higher price is not a factor.
Samarium cobalt magnets are highly resistant to oxidation and possess higher magnetic strength and temperature resistance than alnico or ceramic materials. Sintered samarium cobalt magnets are brittle and prone to chipping and cracking and may fracture when subjected to thermal shock.
Neodymium iron boron magnets
Neodymium magnets, more formally referred to as neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets, have the highest magnetic field strength but are inferior to samarium cobalt in resistance to oxidation and temperature. This type of magnet is expensive, due to both the cost of raw materials and licensing of the patents involved. This high cost limits their use to applications where such high strengths from a compact magnet are critical. Use of protective surface treatments—such as gold, nickel, zinc, and tin plating and epoxy resin coating—can provide corrosion protection where required.
Single-molecule magnets and single-chain magnets
In the 1990s, it was discovered that certain molecules containing paramagnetic metal ions are capable of storing a magnetic moment at very low temperatures. These single-molecule magnets (SMMs) are very different from conventional magnets that store information at a "domain" level and the SMMs theoretically could provide a far denser storage medium than conventional magnets. Research on monolayers of SMMs is currently under way. Most SMMs contain manganese, but they can also be found with vanadium, iron, nickel and cobalt clusters.
More recently, it has been found that some chain systems can display a magnetization that persists for long intervals of time at relatively higher temperatures. These systems have been called single-chain magnets (SCMs).
Uses of magnets and magnetism
Fastening devices: A refrigerator magnet or a magnetic clamp are examples of magnets used to hold things together. Magnetic chucks may be used in metalworking, to hold objects together.
Navigation: The compass has long been used as a handy device that helps travelers find directions.
Magnetic recording media: Common VHS tapes contain a reel of magnetic tape. The information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the magnetic coating on the tape. Common audio cassettes also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers, floppy disks and hard disks record data on a thin magnetic coating.
Credit, debit, and ATM cards: Each of these cards has a magnetic strip on one side. This strip contains the necessary information to contact an individual's financial institution and connect with that person's account(s).
Common television sets and computer monitors: Most TV and computer screens rely in part on electromagnets to generate images. Plasma screens and LCDs rely on different technologies entirely.
Loudspeakers and microphones: A speaker is fundamentally a device that converts electrical energy (the signal) into mechanical energy (the sound), while a microphone does the reverse. They operate by combining the features of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet.
Electric motors and generators: Some electric motors (much like loudspeakers) rely on a combination of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet, as they convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Transformers: Transformers are devices that transfer electrical energy between two windings that are electrically isolated but linked magnetically.
Maglev trains: With superconducting magnets mounted on the train's underside and in the track, the Maglev train operates on magnetic repulsive forces and "floats" above the track. It can travel at speeds reaching (and sometimes exceeding) 300 miles per hour.
Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field
Just as a force is exerted on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field, so a charged particle such as an electron traveling in a magnetic field is deflected due to the force exerted on it. This force is proportional to the velocity of the charge and the magnitude of the magnetic field, but it acts perpedicular to the plane in which they both lie.
In mathematical terms, if the charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product:
F → = q v → × B → {\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=q{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}}
q {\displaystyle q\,} is the electric charge of the particle
v → {\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\,} is the velocity vector of the particle
B → {\displaystyle {\vec {B}}\,} is the magnetic field
Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. It follows that the magnetic field does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the particle's movement, but it cannot cause it to speed up or slow down.
One tool for determining the directions of the three vectors—the velocity of the charged particle, the magnetic field, and the force felt by the particle—is known as the "right hand rule." The index finger of the right hand is taken to represent "v"; the middle finger, "B"; and the thumb, "F." When these three fingers are held perpendicular to one another in a gun-like configuration (with the middle finger crossing under the index finger), they indicate the directions of the three vectors that they represent.
Units of electromagnetism
SI magnetism units
SI electromagnetism units
Name of Quantity
Derived Units
I Current ampere (SI base unit) A A = W/V = C/s
q Electric charge, Quantity of electricity coulomb C A·s
V Potential difference volt V J/C = kg·m2·s−3·A−1
R, Z, X Resistance, Impedance, Reactance ohm Ω V/A = kg·m2·s−3·A−2
ρ Resistivity ohm metre Ω·m kg·m3·s−3·A−2
P Power, Electrical watt W V·A = kg·m2·s−3
C Capacitance farad F C/V = kg−1·m−2·A2·s4
Elastance reciprocal farad F−1 V/C = kg·m2·A−2·s−4
ε Permittivity farad per metre F/m kg−1·m−3·A2·s4
χe Electric susceptibility (dimensionless) - -
G, Y, B Conductance, Admittance, Susceptance siemens S Ω−1 = kg−1·m−2·s3·A2
σ Conductivity siemens per metre S/m kg−1·m−3·s3·A2
H Auxiliary magnetic field, magnetic field intensity ampere per metre A/m A·m−1
Φm Magnetic flux weber Wb V·s = kg·m2·s−2·A−1
B Magnetic field, magnetic flux density, magnetic induction, magnetic field strength tesla T Wb/m2 = kg·s−2·A−1
Reluctance ampere-turns per weber A/Wb kg−1·m−2·s2·A2
L Inductance henry H Wb/A = V·s/A = kg·m2·s−2·A−2
μ Permeability henry per metre H/m kg·m·s−2·A−2
χm Magnetic susceptibility (dimensionless) - -
Other magnetism units
gauss-The gauss, abbreviated as G, is the cgs unit of magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (B).
oersted-The oersted is the cgs unit of magnetic field strength.
maxwell-The maxwell is the unit for magnetic flux.
Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN 013805326X
Tipler, Paul. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics, 5th ed. W. H. Freeman, 2004. ISBN 0716708108
All links retrieved August 7, 2018.
On the Magnet (1600) by William Gilbert – First scientific book on magnetism by the father of electrical engineering at antiquebooks.net
Wondermagnet.com: Magnet and Magnetism FAQ
Magnet University – Resources from the fundamental theory of magnetism to advanced applications of magnetic materials
Magnetic states
diamagnetism – superdiamagnetism – paramagnetism – superparamagnetism – ferromagnetism – antiferromagnetism – ferrimagnetism – metamagnetism – spin glass
Magnetism history
Maxwell's_equations history
Ferromagnetism history
Diamagnetism history
Paramagnetism history
Magnet history
History of "Magnetism"
Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Magnetism&oldid=1013580


To get an overview of the available options provided by the management script, be sure to have a look at the help page or read the according section on the ArchWiki article .
@abrenner Thanks a bunch! That should not have happened! Fixed.
In commit fc300f4fd62a a switch was made from using "which" to "command" to determine if binaries exists on a system (tar, netcat, etc.).
@fryfrog Fair point given that Java is in the process of changing their versions more frequently.
I'm running this w/ java-11-openjdk (jre-openjdk and jre-openjdk-headless packages), could the java-runtime-headless dep be set to >= instead of =?
@buzo Technically the resulting package has changed and bumping the pkgrel would have been justified. However, as the change in the script addressed an issue which will affect probably no one who uses the package, I refrained from doing so.
edh: It would have been a good idea to increase pkgrel with your change yesterday.
@Grelek Minecraft server logs are important though! Previously a similar error which has since been fixed was due to the server already running and the screen session therefore failing to start properly. Those kind of anomalies can be investigated if the server logs are present. Furthermore my very first request was not about the server logs at all and you disregarded that completely.
Pinning down the problem with merely the information which you provided until now is simply impossible as I can not reproduce your error! The systemd service should simply execute the script using the minecraft user as seen here and until now has not caused any problems itself AFAIK. Regarding the script, I can merely tell you that the error originated from somewhere around here.
If you do not want to investigate the problem in a reproducible way yourself (e.g. using a clean chroot), then I am afraid you have to provide more details.
@edh Minecraft logs aren't relevant here, the server isn't even getting started. And the only info I have is the I posted here before. For some reason the systemd unit file does not work, although I can start the server just fine manually with the commands, even when I log in as the minecraft user.
I can only start the server directly through minecraftd start command but not via systemd service. When I try to start minecraftd.service I get following error https://hastebin.com/wiracedipe.


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text:
Pettibone, Sellner Etc. Tip Of Iceberg—Britain's Police State Operates Mostly Out Of Sight
Alan Bickley
Britain, of course, cannot join in America's March for Our Lives festivities because most handguns were banned, by a "Conservative" government, after the 1996 Dunblane school massacre. Curiously, this has not stopped continuing massacres, albeit by Muslims using bombs, swords and motor vehicles. Nor has it stopped Britain's astonishing degeneration into an open police state, obsessively concerned with seeking out and punishing political dissent among its traditional population. Some recent excesses have received international publicity. But even more serious is the fact that, like an iceberg, most British repression is out of sight.
In March 2018, Brittany Pettibone, an American nationalist, and Martin Sellner, an Austrian and a leader of the Identitarian Movement, tried to enter the United Kingdom.
The pair had wanted to make speeches at Speaker's Corner in London's Hyde Park and to interview Tommy Robinson, the former leader of the English Defence League. They were refused entry by UK officials on suspicion of "inciting hatred and tension between local communities."
Again in March 2018, Mark Meechan, a warehouse worker, was found guilty by a Scottish court of posting a video on YouTube which was judged grossly offensive because it was "anti-Semitic and racist in nature" and was aggravated by religious prejudice.
Meechan had trained his girlfriend's dog to respond to statements such as "gas the Jews" and "Sieg Heil" by raising its paw. His claim that he had only made a joke to annoy his girlfriend was rejected. He could get six months in jail for this, and will be sentenced on April 23. [U.K. YouTuber convicted of hate crime for teaching dog 'Nazi salutes', By Jessica Chasmar, Washington Times, March 21, 2018]
In September 2017, the "Conservative" Government of Theresa May used the terrorism laws to ban two organisations, Scottish Dawn and NS131. They were accused of being reincarnations of National Action, which had been banned earlier. Amber Rudd, the Home (= Interior) Secretary, explained her actions as follows:
National Action is a vile racist, homophobic and anti-Semitic group which glorifies violence and stirs up hatred while promoting their poisonous ideology and I will not allow them to masquerade under different names.
By extending the proscription of National Action, we are halting the spread of a poisonous ideology and stopping its membership from growing - protecting those who could be at risk of radicalisation.
[BREAKING NEWS: Government BANS far-right groups Scottish Dawn and NS131 under terrorism laws as they are revealed to be aliases of neo-Nazi group National Action, Daily Mail, September 17, 2017]
In March 2018, The leaders of Britain First, Paul Golding and Jayda Fransen, were sent to prison for aggravated harassment. To be clear, what they did was to go about Canterbury threatening any Moslem they thought had sat on a particular jury. What they did would have been a crime before the country became a police state—breach of the peace, threatening behaviour, common assault, and so forth. Even so, it is unlikely any leftist would have been punished for harassing members of Britain First. They were punished for being dissidents. The acts they committed were merely evidence of their real crime.[Britain First leaders jailed over anti-Muslim hate crimes, by Kevin Rawlinson, Guardian, March 7, 2018]
Of course, some rights to freedom of speech are carefully upheld by the authorities. In 2016, the British Government admitted Syed Muzaffar Shah Qadri, a Moslem cleric from Pakistan, whose calls for religious violence are so inflammatory that he is banned from preaching in his own country. The Government also admits preachers who demand the execution of Christians accused of blasphemy against Islam, and it grants asylum to leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, who repeatedly incite violence against the Egyptian Coptic Christians. [Britain bans persecuted Archbishops but welcomes persecutors, Protestant Truth Society, December 9, 2016]
But this is just the headline news. The authorities do not like to be seen in acts of what everyone recognizes as persecution of opinion. They really do want to be seen as the rulers of a textbook liberal democracy. And so their main attack is more subtle. Organizations need to be shut down and people sent now and again to prison. But Britain's emerging police state prefers to operate through administrative measures in secret—hence my iceberg analogy.
For example, if you belong to any profession in the U.K., there are rules to prevent you from speaking your mind on certain issues. The rules are most obvious where teaching is concerned. For example,
Joshua Sutcliffe is a devout Christian and a school teacher. In November 2017, he accidentally referred to one of his female students as a girl. Since she has decided that she is really a boy, she complained that she had been "misgendered." Mr. Sutcliffe was immediately suspended, and is now facing disciplinary action that could result in his being banned from teaching.[Christian teacher suspended for accidentally calling a trans boy 'a girl' in class says school closed down his popular Bible study group in row over gay marriage, Daily Mail, November 13, 2017]
Robert Haye is a Seventh Day Adventist and science teacher. In 2013, he denounced homosexuality as disgusting and a sin. He was banned indefinitely from teaching. (That he was black was deemed no defense). [Homophobic teacher loses appeal against classroom ban, Guardian, April 12, 2013]
Nowadays in England, if you want to work with children or young people, or with anyone else deemed "vulnerable" by the authorities, you need to be checked by something called the Disclosure and Barring Service. This is a government body, set up in 2012 by Theresa May when she was Home Secretary, with access to various police and other databases. It can check for criminal records – but also for records of arrest and any other dealings with the police. Police officers are also permitted to add information that they regard as relevant—even if no further action was taken against an applicant.
One smudge on a DBS certificate, and you can kiss goodbye to a teaching career, or to any other job that involves contact with "vulnerable" people.
Then there is the Government's Prevent strategy, which applies to the whole state machinery. Its purpose is to identify and root out anyone defined as a "political extremist." Anyone identified as such is effectively banned from working with children and young people, and probably in the state sector as a whole.
Of course, this was allegedly aimed at Muslim terrorists, but it is in fact used (and was probably always intended to be used) against British nationalists. In one notorious case, foster children were removed from a home in Rotherham (yes, that Rotherham) because the foster parents were members of UKIP, the impeccably middle-class anti-European Union party. [EXCLUSIVE: Parents who had children removed over UKIP links to get new family, By Caroline Wheeler, Express, August 31, 2014]
To put this "extremism" in perspective, remember that Brexit actually won when the British finally got to vote on the European Union in the 2016 referendum
Another feature of the Prevent strategy: anyone working with children and young people must himself become a spy. Any student who speaks or behaves out of turn must be reported. He then goes on a register, and faces trouble in his career. Again, support for UKIP can get you reported.
Typically, in 2015, the Safeguarding Children Board of the London Borough of Camden published Keeping Children and Young People Safe from Radicalisation and Extremism: Advice for Parents and Carers. Its aim was to "help parents and carers recognise when their children may be at risk from radicalisation."
How to spot "radicalisation"? The signs include "showing a mistrust of mainstream media reports and belief in conspiracy theories", "appearing angry about government policies, especially foreign policy", and "secretive behaviour and switching screens when you come near."
Needless to say, most VDARE.com readers would fall into this category
In fact, in the matter of laws against looking at websites, the Home Secretary recently suggested that anyone found to be "repeatedly" viewing "extremist" content should be sent to prison for up to fifteen years. [Tightening of law around viewing terrorist material is response to increasing frequency of UK attacks, by Alan Travis, Guardian, Oct 2, 2017]
This was denounced as a ridiculous proposal. And any law to this effect might possibly be struck down as an infringement of civil liberties—if it got into the higher courts and if litigants had the money and time to defend themselves.
But the suggestion's real purpose, again, was probably to scare people from looking at dissident literature. In Britain, all Internet traffic is monitored and logged. The suggestion was another reminder of the awful powers that can be used out of sight to break a career.
If you work in any capacity, for any organization, with children or young people, or in any job in the state sector—or if you have children and are worried they might be taken away from you by the social workers—you just have to be careful what you say.
The law says you are at perfect liberty to look at any political website that takes your fancy. We have human rights laws that do not normally let the Police kick your door in. You can join any organization that has not been banned. You can worship as you please. You are a free citizen in a free country. There are laws that say this, and often judges to agree, should any case get into the higher courts.
But you keep your mouth shut if you have untoward opinions. You might say something in front of an informer.
Best of all not to have any untoward opinions. Safety lies in not challenging the established order. Advancement lies in supporting it.
In the U.S. this used to be denounced as a "chilling effect"—at least until your Political Class decided to repress the Alt Right.
The relative paucity of legal action taken against "extremists"—there are about half a dozen a year— is evidence not of the strategy's failure but of its success. That convictions in the lower courts are sometimes struck down on appeal is also no sign of failure. The Main Stream Media's coverage simply confirm to everyone else the dangers of speaking out.
Nearly all the work of censorship is out of sight, in a mass of administrative measures that are grinding the British into political sheep. And this is the real British police state.
Fortunately, you Americans have your First Amendment.
And guns.
Alan Bickley [Email him] writes from the UK.


We have routines. See if any of these are familiar.
Every morning when I wake up , I shuffle out into the kitchen, pick up the dog bowls, fill them with food and change their water.
Every morning I drive by the donut shop on my way to work and I stop and get a medium coffee with cream and a donut to eat on the way to work.
When I drive home at night, I rarely remember the drive. I have driven the same route for years.
Every night when I come home, I hang up my jacket and walk into the kitchen. I open the refrigerator and stand in front of it, taking inventory. I make a sandwich (or something else that is quick) and turn on the television.
All of these activities that we do routinely without thinking are habit chunks. Think about your day. How many chunks of your routine are so practiced that they are habits?
Wendy Wood and David Neal, of Duke University, authored a paper entitled " A New Look At Habits and the Habit Goal Interface". One aspect of their solution to habit change was the regulation of habit cues. Much of our day is choreographed with routine and in that environment, we are exposed to the same habit cues, every day. It is easy to see then how our brains can function on autopilot for many of the habitual actions we perform each day.
Changing our habit cues can be as simple as changing the route we drive to work each day. If we are cued by the donut shop sign and automatically pull in for a coffee and a donut, change your route, bring an apple with you, listen to a different radio station. Stick with your new route for a week and see what happens. You may form a new habit.
Take a minute and write down the habits chunks in your day. What are the cues? How can you change them? Start small and remember…Kidogo!


text:
Information about Tam-awan Village
Tam-awan Village, Long Long Benguet Road, Baguio, Benguet, Philippines
A village termed after a local idiom that means "vantage point", Tam-awan village offers a space for the local culture and arts to thrive by showcasing original Ifugao and Kalinga huts and exhibits hosted by current local artists of Baguio City. Arguably the opposite of the city proper which is heavily influenced during the American occupation, it is fitting that this tourist attraction is located a bit farther from the, in Pinsao Proper, Baguio City.
A melting pot of Cordilleran craftsmanship and history
The village was founded in 1998 by the Chanum foundation Inc., whose vision of the village is to be a venue for art and cultural activities that will raise appreciation to the Cordilleran heritage and help empower the locals' economy. What started with three knocked down huts from Bangaan, Ifugao eventually became seven Ifugao huts and two Kalinga houses, which were reconstructed using original materials and new cogon roofs.
Exhibits are constantly displayed inside the houses as well, with art pieces done by the local artists. Cordilleran craftsmanship is highlighted with the artistry present in the village, making it accessible to the public to know more about these indigenous people.
A Garden in the Sky
During the day, there are several activities available in the village other than simply viewing the huts. For P450 per person per module, guests can attend art workshops held by local artists that focus on either of the following: advanced drawing, solar drawing, oil pastel, watercolor, wood carving, bamboo craft, dreamcatcher making, or life drawing/portraiture; or have their portraits sketched by the artists. They may also hike around the village and have a picnic good for ten people, with a fee of P200 for the table. Local food and beverages are available in Tam-awan cafe as well. At night, guests are welcome to spend the night in one of the Ifugao huts, and have a traditional bonfire from 6-11 pm, with their own food and drinks or bought from the cafe.
Popular Tours to Tam-awan Village
5D4N Baguio Tour Package | Accommodation + Arts & Wellness Tour + Transfers
Woodcarver's Village Baguio Half-Day Tour | With Guide & Transfer
5D4N Baguio Tour Package | Accommodation + Culinary & Arts Tour + Transfers
Easter Weaving Room
Burnham Park
17233 Google reviews


Dante Law Firm | FREE Consultation, Call (305) 949-2526. coral gables car Accident Lawyer helping you get the compensation you deserve for your injuries. Florida Accident and Injury Lawyer. Millions Recovered for our clients.


Partnered chaser here to share pictures and an interest in underwear.
I also collect action figures.
Marvel Legends female figures need more flexibility.
This Snapchat filter seems to be a workaround for Instagram censorship.
Having a good tummy tuesday before raid! For the horde!! Day 15!!
This image is the reason I'm here. Instagram kept deleting this image, and I badly wanted to share it.


text:
from setuptools import setup, find_packages

METADATA = dict(
    name='fabric-provision',
    version='0.1.0',
    author='Alen Mujezinovic',
    author_email='alen@caffeinehit.com',
    description='Server provisioning with Chef Solo',
    long_description=open('README.rst').read(),
    url='http://github.com/caffeinehit/fabric-provision',
    keywords='server provisioning fabric chef',
    install_requires=['fabric>=1.1'],
    packages=find_packages(),
)

setup(**METADATA)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
404. If the subject matter of an inquiry held by a commission under the Public Inquiries Act, 2009 includes the conduct of a member of the Toronto police force in the performance or purported performance of his or her duties, the City may, to the extent it thinks fit, pay the legal costs incurred by the member in respect of the inquiry. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A, s. 404; 2009, c. 33, Sched. 6, s. 46 (7).
1. To acquire alternative headquarters for the City government outside the City.
2. To designate evacuation routes and empower members of the city police force to require persons to use them. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A, s. 452.
453. (1) This section applies if the City recovers damages from a third person in respect of an injury to an employee, an injury to a member of the city police force or an injury to a person deemed to be a city employee for the purposes of the Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, 1997. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A, s. 453 (1).
(2) Without limiting sections 7 and 8, those sections authorize the City to pay all or part of the damages to the injured person or, if he or she dies, to one or more of the person's dependants. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A, s. 453 (2).
(3) The City may impose conditions on the payment. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A, s. 453 (3).
(4) Subsection (2) applies whether the damages were recovered by a court proceeding or otherwise. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A, s. 453 (4).
"social housing program" means a program or project that,
(a) is entirely owned or operated by or is leased to and operated by a non-profit housing co-operative as defined in the Co-operative Corporations Act or a non-profit corporation as defined in the National Housing Act (Canada) and that, in the opinion of the City, is designed to provid


text:
Die NSWRL 1977 war die 70. Saison der New South Wales Rugby League Premiership, der ersten australischen Rugby-League-Meisterschaft. Den ersten Tabellenplatz nach Ende der regulären Saison belegten die Parramatta Eels. Diese trafen im Finale auf die St. George Dragons. Nachdem das eigentliche Finale 9:9 ausging, gewann St. George das Wiederholungsspiel 22:0 und gewann damit die NSWRL zum 14. Mal.

Tabelle

Playoffs

Ausscheidungs/Qualifikationsplayoffs

Halbfinale

Grand Final

Wiederholungsspiel

Weblinks
 NSWRL 1977 auf rugbyleagueproject.org

1977
Rugby 1977


"He said he loves us all."
In response to violence by white supremacists in Charlottesville, Virginia, Donald Trump pointedly refused to condemn the perpetrators, saying that blame for the violence comes from "many sides." At least one person has died and many others are injured.
Even some traditional allies of Trump, like Senator Cory Gardner, have condemned Trump's silence.
But one group of people were thrilled with Trump's comments: the white supremacists themselves.
The popular white supremacist site Daily Stormer called Trump's remarks "really good," noting that he "didn't attack us." They were also pleased he ignored a question about white supremacists after making his statement.
Some commentators on the white nationalist message board Stormfront also praised Trump, with one noting that the president's comments could just as easily be read as a criticism of Black Lives Matter.
Others on Stormfront were upset Trump didn't take things further and actively support white nationalists.
This view was echoed by former KKK grand wizard David Duke.
Trump has, however, installed Steve Bannon as his chief strategist. Bannon bragged that Breitbart, the website he ran before joining the Trump campaign, was "the platform for the alt-right." The rally in Charlottesville was organized by the "alt-right," which is a euphemism for white supremacists and white nationalists.
In the campaign, according to author Joshua Green, Bannon advised Trump to avoid criticizing white nationalists because it didn't impact his polling.
When Trump policy adviser Stephen Miller recently unveiled the administration's new immigration policy, he echoed arguments frequently advanced by white supremacists, including an unusual attack on the poem at the base of the Statue of Liberty.
Earlier this week another White House adviser, Sebastian Gorka, said people were being too critical of white supremacists. Gorka has drawn controversy for his own alleged ties to a Nazi group in Hungary.


text:
Q: Should I fork in case the upstream deletes I'm creating an open source PHP project that reuses other open source code instead of reinventing the wheel. I'm using composer to pull these projects into my vendor folder. What happens if these vendors delete their repository & all traces of their code from the internet? Now composer can't download the project. Should I fork every project I'm depending on, and depend on the fork? Seems like a pain, but the only 'safe' way to ensure the vendor can't delete things my project needs to run.

A: I wouldn't start out with the assumption that the maintainer of a third-party library that you use will pull the rug from underneath you. It is far more common that a maintainer leaves a project abandoned on the net than that they actively remove it.
In the off-chance that a dependency of your project does get pulled off the net, chances are that you still have a local copy of the source code of that project somewhere in your build, test or deployment environment and you can use that to fork the project then and there.

A: OK, I'll play the devil's advocate here: forking in today's DVCS world is so cheap, and so low impact that yes, I would definitely fork. Aside from the possibility of the project owner executing a Mark Pilgrim and actively seeking to delete their online presence this has the added benefits of being able to work out things that appear to you to be bugs in the original project while still relying on an online repo (and all of the associated benefits thereunto) without issuing a pull request for your changes and also without having to update your vendor-relying code to point to your new fork when you decide that you need to fork to try to address an issue you've found.
In fact, I wouldn't rely on another project without forking it first - it protects you against all manner of possible chaos, and costs very little to maintain.
In addition, and this is somewhat github-specific, but one measure of the adoption of an open-source project is how many forks it has, so in one sense you're adding credence to the library you're consuming by saying "I think this library is important enough that I want my own fork."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Striker confirms and announces 'im delighted' with signing for Arsenal with deal to be announced!
Striker confirms and announces 'im delighted' with signing for Arsenal with deal to be announced!
Arsenal youngster Reiss Nelson, who made his first league start for the Gunners on Sunday, is hopeful of securing a new deal at the Emirates.
The 18-year-old started Sunday's 3-2 win over Southampton having the featured in all of the Gunners' Europa League group matches so far.
And having achieved the landmark of his first Premier League star, he is now keen to sign a new deal at the Emirates Stadium.
As quoted on the Metro website: "It is a big achievement to sign for a big club like Arsenal so I'm just delighted with the contract and hopeful that I can sign it soon.
"A Premier League start was on the cards but I think I need to score, that is the only one I haven't achieved so fingers crossed I can get a cheeky goal before the end of the season.
"I think a first-team start in the Premier League at a high level like this is always a step forward.
The young man will have to work very hard to get regular first team Premier League minutes over the next few seasons however, as the Gunners already have a number of top class forwards at the club.
But with some hard work and the right coach, he will surely develop into a top-class forward.


text:
Gude Mortuary
Send Flowers for Taylor
February 18, 1992 ~ November 6, 2019 (age 27)
Taylor Gray, age 27 of Nebraska City, NE passed away on November 6, 2019.
John Taylor Gray was born on February 18, 1992 in Omaha, NE; the son of John Christian and Lynn Anne (Lupetin) Gray. He grew up and attended school both at Nebraska City Lourdes and Nebr. City Public Schools graduating from Nebraska City High School with the Class of 2010. Taylor was an avid hockey player growing up and played in various leagues in Omaha. He also volunteered coaching with the Omaha Junior Mavs. He worked in the sheet metal and electrical work industry in various locations.
Taylor is survived by his son, Kaedyn Behrends of Nebr. City, NE; parents, John and Lynn Gray of Nebraska City, NE; a sister Jessica Gray and fiance Jesse Patterson of Boca Raton, FL; Aunts/Uncles Bob and Candy Gray of Nebraska City, Candy Gray-Dougherty of Chico CA, Jay and Tricia Lupetin of Wantagh NY, Joe and Nancy Lupetin Kill of Devil Hills, NC; Cousins: JP And Daria Lupetin of Wantagh NY, Joseph Lupetin of Ft Bragg NC, Kyleen (Gray) and Dan Pouliceck of Omaha, Rob and Nikki (Mumm) Gray of Lincoln, Hailey Gray, Nicholas Gray of Lincoln and Robi and Audrey (Rakes) Gray of Lincoln, Lauren (Dougherty) and Brett Isaacson and Erynn Dougherty of Chico CA; Niece/ Nephew: Lily and Levi Patterson of Boca Raton Fl other family and friends.
He was preceded in death by his maternal grandparents John and Frances Lupetin; paternal grandparents Bill and Janice Gray and his beloved aunt, Rhonda Gray.
Visitation with the family will be held on Thursday (11/14) from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. at Gude Mortuary in Nebr. City. A Celebration of Life Service will be held immediately following the visitation at 7:00 p.m. - also at Gude Mortuary.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be directed to the family.
To send flowers to Taylor's family, please visit our floral section.
Nebraska City, NE 68410
Celebration of Life Service
© 2020 Gude Mortuary. All Rights Reserved. Funeral Home website by CFS


text:
Forthcoming (12)
Edited by Caroline Dewilde, Richard Ronald
Both growth and unevenness in the distribution of housing wealth have become characteristic of advanced societies in recent decades. Housing Wealth and Welfare examines, in various contexts, how housing property ownership has become central both to household wellbeing and to the reshaping of social, economic and political relations. Learn More
Handbook of Cities and the Environment
Edited by Kevin Archer, Kris Bezdecny
With an ever-growing majority of the world's human population living in city spaces, the relationship between cities and nature will be one of the key environmental issues of the 21st Century. This book brings together a diverse set of authors to explore the various aspects of this relationship both theoretically and empirically. Rather than considering cities as wholly separate from nature, a running theme throughout the book is that cities, and city dwellers, should be characterized as intrinsic in the creation of specifically urban-generated 'socio-natures'. Learn More
Handbook on the Geographies of Innovation
Edited by Richard Shearmur, Christophe Carrincazeaux, David Doloreux
The geography of innovation is changing. First, it is increasingly understood that innovative firms and organizations exhibit a wide variety of strategies, each being differently attuned to diverse geographic contexts. Second, and concomitantly, the idea that cities, clusters and physical proximity are essential for innovation is evolving under the weight of new theorizing and empirical evidence. In this Handbook we gather 28 chapters by scholars with widely differing views on what constitutes the geography of innovation. The aim of the Handbook is to break with the many ideas and concepts that emerged during the course of the 1980s and 1990s, and to fully take into account the new reality of the internet, mobile communication technologies, personal mobility and globalization. This does not entail the rejection of well-established and supported ideas, but instead allows for a series of new ideas and authors to enter the arena and provoke debate. Learn More
Settlements at the Edge
Edited by Andrew Taylor, Dean B. Carson, Prescott C. Ensign, Lee Huskey, Rasmus O. Rasmussen, Gertrude Saxinger
Settlements at the Edge examines the evolution, characteristics, functions and shifting economic basis of settlements in sparsely populated areas of developed nations. With a focus on demographic change, the book features theoretical and applied cases which explore the interface between demography, economy, well-being and the environment. This book offers a comprehensive and insightful knowledge base for understanding the role of population in shaping the development and histories of northern sparsely populated areas of developed nations including Alaska (USA), Australia, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland and other nations with territories within the Arctic Circle. Learn More
Migration, Mobilities and the Arab Spring
Edited by Natalia Ribas-Mateos
Confronting questions of globalization, mobilities and space in the Mediterranean, and more specifically in the eastern Mediterranean, this book introduces a new type of complexity and ambiguity to the study of the global. In this theoretical frame an increasingly urban articulation of global logics and struggles, and an escalating use of urban space to make political claims, not only by citizens but also by foreigners, can be found. By emphasizing the interplay between global, regional and local phenomena, the book examines new forms and conditions, such as the transformation of borders, the reconfiguration of transnational communities, the agency of transnational families, new mobilities and diasporas, and transnational networks of humanitarian response. Learn More
Neoliberal Capitalism and Precarious Work
Edited by Rob Lambert, Andrew Herod
Since the renaissance of market politics on a global scale, precarious work has become pervasive. Divided into two parts, the first section of this cross-disciplinary book analyses the different forms of precarious work that have arisen over the past thirty years. These transformations are captured in ethnographically orientated chapters on sweatshops; day labour; homework; unpaid contract work of Chinese construction workers; the introduction of insecure contracting in the Korean automotive industry; and the insecurity of Brazilian cane cutters. The editors and contributors then collectively explore trade union initiatives in the face of precarious work and stimulate debate on the issue. Learn More
Handbook on Transport and Urban Planning in the Developed World
Edited by Michiel Bliemer, Corinne Mulley, Claudine J. Moutou
This Handbook provides comprehensive coverage of all of the major factors that underpin our understanding of urban and transport planning in the developed world. Combining urban and transport planning in one volume, the chapters present the state of the art as well as new research and directions for the future. It is an essential reference to all the key issues in this area as well as signalling areas of concern and future research paths. Academics, researchers, students, policymakers and practitioners will find it a constant source of information and guidance. Learn More
Understanding China's Urbanization
Li Zhang, Richard LeGates, Min Zhao
China's urbanization is one of the great earth-changing phenomena of recent times. The way in which China continues to urbanize will have a critical impact on the world economy, global climate change, international relations and a host of other critical issues. Understanding and responding to China's urbanization is of paramount importance to everyone. This book represents a unique exploration of the demographic, spatial, economic and social aspects of China's urban transformation. Learn More
Challenging Neoliberalism
Cal Clark, Evelyn A. Clark
Neoliberalism, which advocates free markets without government interference, has become increasingly utilized and controversial over the last three and a half decades. This book presents case studies of Chile and Taiwan, two countries that seemingly prospered from adopting neoliberal strategies, and finds that their developmental histories challenge neoliberalism in fundamental ways. Learn More
2016 Hardback Price: $ 99.95 Web: $ 89.96
Multimodal Transport Security
Edited by Joseph S. Szyliowicz, Luca Zamparini, Genserik L.L. Reniers, Dawna L. Rhoades
The rapid growth of multimodal (intermodal) passenger and freight has created dangerous new security issues. This book addresses these issues with a multidisciplinary perspective. The evolution of policies and the organization of practices in several key countries are also described in depth. By analysing the similarities and differences in these priorities, frameworks and policies, this work identifies relevant benchmarks and best practices. It will be relevant for scholars, practitioners, and policy makers across a wide range of fields. Learn More
Handbook on Water Security
Edited by Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Anik Bhaduri, Joyeeta Gupta
Water security has received increasing attention in the scientific and policy community in recent years. This Handbook covers the wide range of perspectives required to understand water security as a concept guiding water governance and management at different levels and in different regions. It reflects on past, present and future challenges to water security and strategies on how to overcome them. An invaluable resource for scientific scholars, it will also appeal policymakers and practitioners interested in a deeper understanding of this important concept. Learn More
Handbook on Wealth and the Super-Rich
Edited by Iain Hay, Jonathan V. Beaverstock
Fewer than 100 people own and control more wealth than 50 per cent of the world's population. The Handbook on Wealth and the Super-Rich is a unique examination of both the lives and lifestyles of the super-rich, as well as the processes that underpin super-wealth generation and its unequal distribution. Drawing on a multiplicity of international examples, leading experts from across the social sciences offer a landmark multidisciplinary contribution to emerging analyses of the global super-rich and their astonishing wealth. The book's 22 accessible and coherently organised chapters cover a range of captivating topics from biographies of illicit super-wealth, to tax footprint reduction, to the environmental consequences of super-rich lives and their conspicuous consumption. Learn More
Handbook of Chinese Migration
Edited by Robyn R. Iredale, Fei Guo
The recent unprecedented scale of Chinese migration has had far-reaching consequences. Within China, many villages have been drained of their young and most able workers, cities have been swamped by the 'floating population', and many rural migrants have been unable to integrate into urban society. Internationally, the Chinese have become increasingly more mobile. This Handbook provides a unique collection of new and original research on internal and international Chinese migration and its effects on the sense of belonging of migrants. Learn More
Entrepreneurship in Cities
Edited by Colin Mason, Darja Reuschke, Stephen Syrett, Maarten van Ham
Entrepreneurship in Cities focuses on the neglected role of the home and the residential neighbourhood context for entrepreneurship and businesses within cities. The overall objective of the book is to develop a new interdisciplinary perspective that links entrepreneurship research with neighbourhood and urban studies. A key contribution is to show that entrepreneurship in cities is more than agglomeration economies and high-tech clusters. This is the first book to connect entrepreneurship with neighbourhoods and homes, recognising that business activity in the city is not confined to central business districts, high streets and industrial estates but is also found in residential neighbourhoods. It highlights the importance of home-based businesses for the economy of cities. These often overlooked types of businesses and workers significantly contribute to the 'buzz' that makes cities favourable places to live and work. Learn More
Introduction to Regional Economic Development
Mustafa Dinc
This is a relatively simple and easy to read introduction of major regional and local economic development theories, their theoretical evolution and other relevant topics such as governance, institutions and local leadership within the globalization context. It also discusses some basic analytical tools and provides a template for them in an easy to use MS Excel spreadsheet application. It introduces conflict management procedures into regional development process and provides a regional decision support framework. Learn More
Handbook on Green Infrastructure
Edited by Danielle Sinnett, Nicholas Smith, Sarah Burgess
Green infrastructure is widely recognised as a valuable resource in our towns and cities and it is therefore crucial to understand, create, protect and manage this resource. This Handbook sets the context for green infrastructure as a means to make urban environments more resilient, sustainable, liveable and equitable. It then provides a comprehensive and authoritative account for those seeking to achieve sustainable green infrastructure in urban environments of how to plan, design and implement green infrastructure at different spatial scales. Learn More
China's Urban Century
Edited by François Gipouloux
The achievements of China's urbanization should not be evaluated solely in terms of adequate infrastructures, but also in their ability to implement sound governance practices to ensure social, environmental and economic development. This book addresses several key challenges faced by Chinese cities, based on the most recent policies and experiments adopted by central and local governments. The contributors offer an interdisciplinary analysis of the urbanization process in China, and examine the following key topics: the institutional foundations of Chinese cities, the legal status of the land, the rural to urban migration, the preservation of the urban heritage and the creation of urban community, and the competitiveness of Chinese cities. They define the current issues and challenges emerging from China's urbanization. Learn More
Handbook of Sustainability Assessment
Edited by Angus Morrison-Saunders, Jenny Pope, Alan Bond
The Handbook of Sustainability Assessment introduces the theory and practice of sustainability assessment and showcases the state-of-the-art research. The aim is to provide inspiration and guidance to students, academics and practitioners alike and to contribute to the enhancement of sustainability assessment practice worldwide. It emphasises how traditional impact assessment practices can be enhanced to contribute to sustainable outcomes. Featuring original contributions from leading sustainability assessment researchers and practitioners, it forms part of the Research Handbooks on Impact Assessment series. Learn More
Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic
Edited by Leif Christian Jensen, Geir Hønneland
The Arctic has again become one of the leading issues on the international foreign policy agenda, in a manner unseen since the Cold War. Drawing on the perspectives of geo-politics and international law, this Handbook offers fresh insights and perspectives on the most pressing issues, grouped under the headings of political ascendancy, climate and environmental issues, resources and energy, and the response and policies of affected countries. Learn More
Handbook on Transport and Development
Edited by Robin Hickman, Moshe Givoni, David Bonilla, David Banister
This Handbook provides an extensive overview of the relationships between transport and development. With 45 chapters from leading international authors, the book is organised in three main parts: urban structure and travel; transport and spatial impacts; and wider dimensions in transport and development. The chapters each present commentary on key issues within these themes, presenting the debate on the impacts of urban structure on travel, the impacts of transport investment on development, and social and cultural change on travel. A multitude of angles are considered – leaving the reader with a comprehensive and critical understanding of the field. Learn More


Corner seats on the Plaza level serve up quality views of the ice from an excellent angle. Compared to seats behind the net, these seats make it easier to see the other end of the ice. Sections 109-111 are a top pick among corner seats because of their view of the player benches and the Stars shoot twice in this direction.


Create your Online Store without any Hassle!
The internet is now a big and far reaching tool. Therefore, people need to start thinking of having an online presence to keep up with the changing ways of selling and buying. When you are thinking of opening an online store, you know all the steps involved. When you achieve this, you should be able to bring in sales from all over the country, and even the world. Today, there are so many online shops. However, there are those that are strong and successful and those that are weak. The article highlights some hacks that will increase your progress.
This is probably the first thing that determines how successful your online store will be. As this is an investment to help you make money, you should make a wise investment. Put your effort to make sure that you have a good website. You can choose to create a website from scratch, or you can use an e-commerce platform. Most businesses are choosing to use e-commerce platforms as they offer everything you need to create a good website right away.
When you are opening such a store, you should first know if people would want to buy your products and if your products stand out. Go to a market that is not saturated and has little competition. You should strive to have something that is different and unique. Find something that will make your online shop stand out from the rest. Going to a market that is too competitive can allow your competitors to undercut you. It will not be easy for you to stand out.
When pricing the items, you are selling; you should also consider the costs you incur. The price that you choose to sell your items for needs to be just right for you and your clients. Do not sell them at such a low price that will make the customers think you have poor quality products. The price should also not be too high that the customers see that the value and the price do not match. They need to feel like they are paying money that is worth the value they are getting.
It is not necessary for you to be a marketing expert so that you come up with a marketing plan. To always be on the right track, write down your goals. You need to write down exactly what it is you are aiming for. Those who tend to have their goals written down are usually more successful than those who do not. When you have the objectives written down, you can always go back to see what does not work.
If you are in any of the social network sites like Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, they can be helpful for your online marketing. This is the central area where the customers follow and are updated on the new products you have. It is good that you post daily to let your clients know that you are still there are offering great products. Use the social media platforms to promote your website and also the products. It is good that you also interact with your followers by replying to the questions they have.
It is a reality that when you have an online store, you will always have competition. You may have been the one who came up with the original idea, but you can be sure that someone else will come up with something that is similar to yours. There is a significant number of online shops being opened almost every day. It is good that you always have an eye out for your competitors. Find out how they are doing and how they run their businesses. Find some of the things that you can also apply to your shop.
Wix is a website builder that is appropriate for the small businesses working with a tight budget. It is also ideal for those businesses that do not have the time to learn about how they can use the more complex systems of management.
SITE123 is a powerful platform to use that is user-friendly and also straightforward. Its main attraction is how easy it is to use it. It will offer those who are owning the website a step-by-step guideline to help them build pages that look good. They offer a free standard version and the Pro Version where you pay 8 dollars every month.
WordPress is a platform that has been used by many individuals. The site also accounts for about 19 percent of all the websites that have been hosted. The site is easy to operate, and it is also affordable. It is also a Woocommerce enabled website.
Drupal is now one of the most known and used management systems for open-source content in the market. It does not need one to have any knowledge of programming for basic use. It has a complicated programming interface, and therefore it is mostly utilized by the advanced developers.
When you have the tips to help you have a successful online shop, you should decide the website you will use for your business. Each site specializes in different areas. When you are choosing the site to use, you need to consider some factors. You should know the purpose of the website that you will be managing. It is also important to know if you will be comfortable using a pre-made template or not.
You also should be aware the plans of growth for the website. Find out what separates a great business from a bad business. It will be up to you to now make the final decision. By using these hacks and a good platform, you will find that you are running an online shop that is successful.


Be simple, direct, and never require repetition. Repetition = bugs.
You notice >coins< coins, dropped on the floor and pick them up.
Musings: An easily type-able character is important. = is easier than >, but already has another meaning. > signifies a prompt to many people.
Non-code is interpreted as text.
Each file becomes a class.
Markup and expressons are implicitly surrounded in 'print()' if the context is empty.
which would break unless concatenation is implicit.