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New Italian Migrations to the United States: Vol. 1: Politics and History Since 1945
by Laura E. Ruberto and Joseph Sciorra, University of Illinois Press, 2017
Review by Brian Fanelli
At times, it may feel like our immigration system is broken and our political process is so dysfunctional that we may never see comprehensive and fair immigration reform. In New Italian Migrations to the United States, editors Laura E. Ruberto and Joseph Sciorra enlisted top-notch Italian American studies scholars whose essays are a reminder that some of the hot-button issues surrounding immigration aren't new. Yet, the essays, which address everything from the politics of the McCarren-Walter Act and its effects on women to ethnic identity in a Queens community and Boston's North End, also show how change, as it pertains to American history, comes from mobilization and the democratic process. The six essays contained in this book are deft in their analysis and incredibly relevant in the context of today's political climate.
The first two essays deal with the McCarren-Walter Act, which was enacted in 1952 and governs immigration and citizenship in the United States. The act was debated during the Cold War, amid fears that Communism would spread. President Truman initially vetoed the bill because of national origin quotas that discriminated against political allies, but Congress overrode the veto. Stefano Luconi's essay "Italy, Italian Americans, and the Politics of the McCarran-Walter Act" is a fascinating look at Cold War politics and alliances that drove much of the debate. In making an argument for less restrictive immigration policies, the Italian government joined with Italian American leaders to ramp up pressure on Washington. Italy enlisted the help of larger organizations such as The Order Sons of Italy in America (OSIA), which Luconi states was the "largest and most influential Italian American ethnic association" at the time. Additionally, the Catholic Church also became involved. These organizations and Italian American newspapers urged their followers to lobby their representatives for change. Furthermore, Luconi notes that Italy framed the immigration debate through a Cold War lens, arguing that the country's high unemployment post-WWII made it ripe for Communist propaganda and civil unrest, thus urging U.S. lawmakers to ease the quota system. Luconi's essay is a well-documented analysis of the immigration politics of the mid-20th Century and the power of organizing in trying to create change. Maddalena Marinari's essay "'In the name of God…and in the interest of our country' The Cold War, Foreign Policy, and Italian Americans' Mobilization against Immigration Restriction" is an equally well-researched and comprehensive look at the same time period. It is a solid companion to Luconi's work, as both pieces focus on the mobilization and lobbying efforts that occurred.
Elizabeth Zanoni's essay "'A Wife in Waiting': Women and the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act in Il Progresso Italo-Americano Advice Columns" is a fascinating look at the gender implications of the mid-20th Century immigration debates and quota system. As Zanoni writes, "Changes in immigration policy granted women legal rights to unify on U.S. soil with loved ones still in Italy but in ways that intensified gendered links between women, family, and immigration legislation." She adds, "During the 1950s, legal changes turned Il Progresso advice columns about the 1952 Act into platforms for both exalting and policing women's roles in initiating postwar migrations, marriages, and families." What's especially interesting about Zanoni's chapter is how it explores not only the law's impact on families and gender norms, but how it also gives voice to those affected by the law through the advice columns that Zanoni researched and analyzed, thus making a complex issue more human. In a letter from 1958, the writer "Domenica" expressed the difficulty of feeling torn between her desire to stay in the U.S. and her yearning to be with her husband and children in Italy. In 1952, "I Problemi della Vita" published a letter by "Sorrowful," who had left her husband and infant behind in Italy, because, having been born in Argentina, she qualified to come to the U.S. outside the quota for Italy. The letter states that she struggled to provide for her husband, child, and sick mother as she waited for the 1952 law to go into effect and she could start the process of bringing them over. These letters give real human accounts of the immigration story and the hardships women faced, hoping their families would soon be able to come to the U.S. These first-hand accounts are striking and make real this particular historical moment.
Some of the book's final chapters address how immigration can shape and change a neighborhood. In particular, James S. Pasto explores Boston's North End from 1945-2016, including clashes that pre-WWII Italian immigrants had with post-WWII Italian immigrants and various other minority groups and how the neighborhood ultimately changed over time. Pasto's chapter is a stellar analysis of immigration, class, and sociology. Furthermore, his essay is also a reminder how gentrification can radically alter a neighborhood. He writes, "The gentrification of the North End, the shrinking of even suburban ethnic Italian communities, and the new waves' own residential dispersal means there are no large concentrations of Italian immigrants to foster interwave contacts."
In the introduction, the editors state that they want to challenge the "conventional Italian immigration narrative through a reevaluation of the political, social, and cultural significance of Italian emigration to the United States in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century." In the six chapters they've selected, they've managed to do that. However, though the book focuses on Italian American identity, it has a broader appeal for anyone interested in U.S. history, specifically immigration studies. Though the chapters focus on Italian ethnicity, many issues addressed are incredibly relevant amid today's heated immigration rhetoric.
Better than Sisters
By Catherine Gigante Brown, Volossal Publishing, 2019
Review by Stephanie Longo
We all have that one friend– that person who knows our innermost secrets, who quite possibly knows us better than we know ourselves.
Such is the case with Cici and Desi. Cici, an Italian-American, and Desi, a Puerto Rican-American, come of age during 1970s Brooklyn. They become friends shortly after Desi loses her father, her hero. Both girls discover who they are through the lens of the other. They experience their first crushes and kisses together, as well as their first forays into the world of makeup and their own harrowing experience with the neighborhood pervert.
The beauty of "Better than Sisters" is that it can appeal to anyone, regardless of time or place. Readers can find themselves in both Desi and Cici at any given time. This book is geared toward young adults as well as women, thanks to a very careful plot twist that you do not see coming.
As a graduate (survivor?) of Catholic schools, I most appreciated the true-to-life way in which Ms. Gigante Brown told the stories of Desi and Cici's encounters with the nuns and their classmates. I was immediately brought back to my Catholic grade school days in the 1990s and easily related to invoking the saints, problems with uniforms, and the all-around experience that it is to be a young woman coming of age in a world where sexuality is seen as something to be confessed to your priest. This, to me, was one of the book's greatest strengths as I was able to see myself hanging out with Cici and Desi gossiping about the nuns who taught us and lamenting how hard it was to relate to them.
Overall, "Better than Sisters" is an excellent reminder that the friends we make in our youth are still the ones we run to as adults, no matter how much time has passed since our last meeting or conversation. These are the memories that fill our hearts and that keep us warm at night. As a result of this book, I made it a point to get together with my "tribe" as it has been too long and I did not want contact to further deteriorate as time went on. Perhaps, that is this book's greatest gift to its readers– it reminds us that life is fleeting and short and that some connections are meant to be cherished as much as possible.
Bitter Trades: A Memoir
By Giovanna Miceli Jeffries, Legas, 2018
Review by Theodora D. Patrona
In their Introduction to Personal Effects, Nancy Caronia and Edvige Giunta state that "[m]emoir offers not a complete picture, but instead a fractal of an experience or related experiences that shape a life" (1). Recording in Bitter Trades: A Memoir important pre- and post- migration experiences that were catalytic for her own life and self-perception, Giovanna Miceli Jeffries brings to the fore a lesser known migration, that of literate Italians at the aftermath of the Second World War in a gripping account of Sicilian women's lives on both sides of the Atlantic.
For the memoirist, life seems to be uniquely shaped by the migratory experience. As a child she is the offspring of a migrant male worker who left for Venezuela. She senses the weight of the fatherly absence in a strict patriarchal society and the social restrictions imposed upon her mother and the entire family. As a young adult, barely out of school, the author has to grudgingly accept her parents' decision to migrate to French-speaking Canada for seven challenging years. Instead of the classroom and a teaching post she has been struggling to obtain for most of her young life, the author lands in the harsh and long Canadian winters. There, as a blue collar worker she has to contribute to the family income while facing prejudice and nostalgia.
In beautiful, almost poetic diction, Miceli Jeffries reveals the bathos of her emotions upon returning to visit the homeland after five long years:
I had not seen and felt anything like that for five years, and I told myself
that I was not going to leave again. I started to cry, mostly because I
realized that during those five years I had forgotten the chromatic in
tensity of light and colors, and it was only then I became reacquainted
with it, as if I had lost a tangible, living space and had just found it.
The intensity of that experience, the emotional melee that contributed
to my uncontainable happiness, pure nostalgia, longing, overcharged,
inexhaustible desire, brewed a tonic I never tasted again. (99)
Vibrant with Mediterranean flair and thriving in complexity and lengthy periods, the language of Bitter Trades resonates Sicilianness, especially when the overwhelmed memoirist recollects trying and painful times. Inspired by Dante's "bitter taste of other's bread" (191-192), the bread of the exile, the author resorts to this adjective for the title of her work. In a most bitter and strenuous period of her life, just when she has managed to improve her living conditions in Montreal, Miceli Jeffries has to be doubly uprooted: she must relocate again to New Jersey so as to be reunited with her sister and the young family the latter has made there. Resilient and persistent, however, the author succeeds in having a postgraduate degree and a career in teaching thus acquiring her own taste of the American Dream.
As a feminist scholar and a writer Miceli Jeffries, now Professor Emerita from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, bases most of her oeuvre on influential female figures in her life: in her earliest memories her great-grandmother Francisca, in her childhood and teenage years her mother and grandmother as well as several other female neighbors and companions that patched the gaping void of the absentee father. Inevitably, Miceli Jeffries' memories fill the air with the smells of home-made cooking, the murmurs of the neighbors' gossiping, the touch of fine biancheria, the warmth of the grandmother's bed, the darkness of spells and cursing, and inevitably the painful love for one's lost homeland and small treasures. Of special interest are the 'female' stories of menstruation, crowned by the surrounding lore and ignorance, the traumatic experiences of abortion as seen through the author's mother and grandmother, the total lack of sexual education for the bride to be, the memoirist herself, and her unfailing support of a severely ill young husband. It is these often harsh yet heartfelt stories of the memoirist's coming-of –age, stories of female struggle and thirst for life, that come to unearth genuine and noteworthy aspects of women's lives of all ages in both traditional Sicily, the U.S. and Canada. These portraits stitch a world of utter beauty and wisdom, and ultimately, contrasting the adjective in the title of the memoir, manage to offer a taste of mere sweetness.
A Space Between
By Anna Citrino, Bordighera Press, 2019
Review by MaryAnn L. Miller
In her book of poems A Space Between Anna Citrino has illuminated the void Italians have felt after leaving home for the storied American world beyond the sea. She clearly articulates the lament of being uprooted and not being firmly re-planted in new soil. Distilled within family is also a deftly compressed history of Italian American life in San Francisco and the diaspora. The section titled "III History" gives evidence of little-known atrocities suffered by Italian immigrants, like the lynching of eleven men for the murder of the Chief of Police in New Orleans. (70)
Grandfather Gaetano tried to escape the violence of Calabria and yet met his end at the hands of California's Camorra, the protection men he refused to pay, as he became a successful barber. In the poem DECEMBER Arduino's Discovery, his eldest son went looking for him and brought him home to die.
'Arduino,' he said, his breath ragged,
his mouth opening into the darkest
hole as I knelt beside him, 'Casa.'
And I took him home to mama
as he asked. It was too late
for a doctor, too far.
His battered body hefted across my shoulder,
we stumbled and staggered through the streets
to stand trembling and broken at our door, the bruises
on his face giant blue roses opening,
their terrible blossoms swollen with dark blood. (59)
When I read these lines I thought of Emmet Till's mother taking him home to Chicago after his battered body had been pulled from that Mississippi river.
It had taken 10 years of hard work before Gaetano could send for his wife Luisa to sail from Calabria to San Francisco. They now had five children after losing their first, who had fallen from a chair and broken his neck. Without Gaetano's income, the children would be put into care and Luisa would have to work at a cannery. She had been a spinner, but she could do this automatic work. In the poem Dream Citrino voices Luisa's grief.
I lost myself when they took them from me––
to St. Vincent's orphanage, and I, left alone, without English, without
skill. Beaten. That is how Arduino found my Gaetano that wet
December night–– discarded like cut hair or loose threads. Thieves––
they carried off his years of hard work–– our dream…
…Without family, I'm
a stone, tossed down, rolled over by water. (79-80)
Luisa is bereft and Citrino moves her into the space between her homeland and the land of dreams now dead. She weaves Luisa's identity as a spinner into the language of the poem.
…Oh mother, father,
lost in the skeins of the world I left long ago, I see you now
standing in the yellow heat beaten down by sun and cloudless skies,
by the hard, hard land. Here I am, your broken child, left alone…
I reach for your love's threads. (79-80)
This poem is the pivotal point in the narrative. All life that comes after is without the father, only memory of him. As in the title of this section, they are " Starting Again."
Citrino changes point of view to Luisa's other sons as the narrative continues. This device shows the growing distance between the old lives and the new until the break with the past is finally complete. In OLD VERSUS NEW, GIOVANNI'S EDUCATION The Second Son's Story, Giovanni remembers how Gaetano navigated the space between worlds.
I've always walked between my parents' world,
and the world outside. Papa believed in the via vecchia,
the old way. For him, good education meant respecting
traditions. He complained about the lines
he had to step between. For him, life was a ball of knotted string…
…What was he doing in that Irish club the night he died?
Italians must be careful if crossing neighborhood lines. (81)
As an Italian American myself, I read A Space Between in awful recognition, because I could have inserted my own grandparents names where Gaetano and Luisa appeared. My mother's parents, Giuseppe and Annunziata, had five sons and one daughter. They had lost a daughter previously who had fallen off a chair and broken her neck. Their sons enlisted in the Army and Navy in WWII to prove their patriotism. Luisa's sons also fought because, if they hadn't, they and their mother would be suspect. In GOFFREDO'S MUSIC this son explains:
I didn't want to carry a gun. I loved music, singing, dancing––
the whirl of a radio melody, but there I stood with my brothers
on Mama's steps shuffling our feet the last night before leaving
for the war. Mr. Battistessa, twenty years a locksmith here,
and they forced him to give up his business, lose his home.
A sixty-five year old man was suddenly a threat–– (93)
Italians on the West Coast were sent to internment camps in Montana and other places, just as Japanese Americans were rounded up and imprisoned. Son Gregorio says in RECLUSE––GREGORIO EXPLAINS
We joined to protect Mama.
With papa dead, she was all we had.
No government man––no one could question
the family's loyalty, send her
to an internment camp if three of us
joined the army… (97)
The experience of Citrino's family becomes universal and connected to present-day immigrants. When we hear the term "walling out" we get the message. Americans of Italian heritage should know about the history packed into this book; we are in danger of forgetting the sacrifices as we have become more privileged.
The last poem in A Space Between is PETER LEARNING A Grandson's Story in which Peter summarizes the advantages he has because of his grandparents' hardships. Finally, the root has taken a firm hold in the new soil.
California is my home. My grandparents braved
much to make this world their home. I doubt I'll ever leave. (112)
My Father's Eyes: A Memoir
By Mary Bonina, Cervena Barva Press, 2013
Review by Matthew M. Cariello
Midway through Mary Bonina's My Father's Eyes, we're led through a long and wonderful description of Sunday dinner at her paternal grandparents' home in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Generally, all fifteen grandchildren were present and two sets of grandparents, five aunts and four uncles, at least one grand uncle, and my mother and father. All of us were crowded into the small upstairs apartment in what looked like an old farmhouse. We had a party every week, or so it seemed to me then. (157)
How many times has this ritual been repeated through the years, in how many small apartments? How many Sundays, how many kids, how much soup and macaroni and cookies? Time after time while reading My Father's Eyes, I found myself walking into a familiar world, hearing the loud back-and-forth of families, tasting a panoply of flavors, getting lost in the intimate details of ordinary life. I found myself at home and it made me happy, but I also wondered about what's missing. How many stories have been lost? How many of them are half told, half remembered? And when that day in that apartment is gone, where does it go? Where do they all go?
Memoir is an act of recuperation, a way to heal, a way to capture and keep what would otherwise be lost to time. Mary Bonina takes her task seriously, and with great love. Her beautifully detailed memoir centers on her father, Biagio John Bonina, and the incipient blindness that manifests in his middle age. But it's also about the minutiae of growing up in an Italian/Irish household in and around Boston in the 50s, 60s and 70s. Memoir, yes, but also a portrait of the peculiar dynamics of family life.
At the center of the book lies the semantic ambiguity of the phrase "my father's eyes," which Bonina uses to great effect, and which reminds me of a short poem from Antonio Machado: "The eye you see is not / an eye because you see it; / it is because it sees you." At first, she sees her father's eyes, which no longer can see her. At last, she becomes her father's eyes, seeing for him and recording for him and therefore showing us his world in great detail. Writing is an act of recovery.
And Bonina never stints on detail: the book is overflowing with rich, evocative reminiscence – enough for several volumes. The book is divided into two parallel narratives: one, called "Memorial Days," leading up to and immediately after her father's death in 1993; and the other a series of remembered moments from her life stretching over forty years. The two narratives are woven together and clearly marked with dates, so it's easy to keep track of the chronology. Within each of these narratives are frequent divagations, which are less easy to keep track of, since they refer to moments apparently outside of the frame of either of the two main narratives. At times I felt that these digressions, while clearly important to Bonina's sense of her family's story, were superfluous, and detracted from the book's narrative progress. In short, although the book's strength lies in the depth and breadth of detail, the narratives as a whole could have been improved with editing.
That said, there are passages in the book that are nearly perfect. In the early "Chapter 7 Cataracts (1959)," Bonina describes looking through a stack of cards bearing the names and prayers of saints. Contemplating her father's imminent eye surgery, she shuffles these into a deck of playing cards, in the hope that "I would deal a lucky hand, one thick with saints – the queen next to St. Theresa, the Little Flower," or St Anthony or "St. Jude, Saint of the Impossible" (the italics are hers). The moment is transformative, and marks the beginning of a writer's life, seen in retrospect. The miracle isn't in the cards at all:
I didn't realize then that words are magic, that the cards themselves were useless. The words in the prayers were pleas for help, a rescue, mercy. Reading them over and over, as my mother did, was a way of believing, even when there was little hope. (99)
Sometimes, words are all the hope we have.


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Don't go spending lavishly next year. Inflation is gonna rise and your salary increment may not be as good as first expected.
In other news, the Finance Minister has been whacked for withholding funding for a university college under MCA, while Hishammuddin Hussein serves up a shocker by siding with PM Mahathir Mohamad instead of his cousin, Najib Razak
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I beg your pardon...
You may have noticed that our usual newsletter wasn't in your inbox this morning (that is, if Gmail/Yahoo didn't send it to spam or promotions).
For that, we apologise. To be honest, it's been quite a terrible week for us. There's been a death in one of our families, and an accident and injury in another. And to top it off, all three of us are also out sick. So yeah, this week kinda sucks for us.
It's also why we couldn't send you our morning note for the first time since we launched on Apr 1. We might also have to ask for an MC tomorrow, but will be back up and running on Monday.
So, sorry again and see you next week.
The walking wounded of BTL
"Inflation is as violent as a mugger, as frightening as an armed robber and as deadly as a hit man."
- Ronald Reagan -
IN INTERNATIONAL NEWS
The conservative majority of the US Supreme Court has indicated that it will support Donald Trump's attempts to end a programme which protects those who illegally entered the country as children.
Speaking of the Supreme Court, its justices rejected a bid by Remington Arms Co. to be excluded from a suit brought by the families of victims of the Sandy Hook massacre which saw 20 children and six adults killed.
Israel-Gaza violence has spiralled with rockets being fired into the former's territory after an air strike killed a suspected militant.
The world's richest are apparently hunkering down for a turbulent 2020 and are ready for a major stock sell-off.
Online streaming service Disney+ has been hit with technical issues on its launch day, with many users reporting that they'd received error messages.
Richard Branson has had to apologise after tweeting a picture full of white people to announce his latest project … in South Africa.
ABOUT THIS NEWSLETTER
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sorry no bits and bites found!!!
I have really enjoyed the classes with you. You are a great teacher and I want to thank you for helping me transform Winston into a happy follower and a fun member of the family.


revloper needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
We are a growing church in upstate NY that reaches a diverse group of people from several surrounding communities. Our heart is to be known as a caring, encouraging presence in our area. We need a fresh logo that we will use on letterhead, business cards, etc. as well as on a new website that we will be launching in the near future.
Anyone within a 50-mile radius of our church. We minister to families, young adults, youth, etc.
First, please do not use lighthouses!
We want a logo that is simple, yet eye-catching - something contemporary, not old-fashioned. Please do not use any stock clip art or generic/cliché cross or church logos.
It should be scalable so that it looks great on either a billboard or a business card. Also, it should look good in color as well as black and white. We'd like it to be creative yet not too detailed. Something that is memorable – especially when people in our communities see it.
Also, we have toyed with the idea of changing the church name from Lighthouse Community Fellowship to just Lighthouse. Keep that in mind when laying it out around the church name.
Right now all we have for a logo is the name Lighthouse with a lighthouse in place of the "i" and cross-shaped light beams coming off of it.
We want it in .eps, .tif, .ai, and .psd formats. Also, please make sure it is at least 300 ppi.


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Start My Business
Login Start My Business
DED, Amazon Launch Digital Economy Tool for Dubai Startups
A new program supporting start-ups in Dubai has been launched by The Business Registration and Licensing (BRL) sector in Dubai Economy and Amazon, to provide DED Trader license holders with interactive e-Learning content and help them thrive in the digital economy.
The new program is tailored for DED Trader license holders who are interested in making their products available to more customers and growing their businesses online. The program will offer access to the Amazon Seller University, which provides a series of training videos and resources that will help participant's master key tools and applications to build their brand and expand their businesses to reach millions of customers via Amazon.ae.
"Dubai Economy strives to deliver solutions that contribute to enhance the ease of doing business in Dubai and expanding growth, in addition to maintaining a sustainable economy that reflects the emirate's position as a global economic destination," said Omar Al Mehairi, Director of Development and Follow-up Division in BRL sector.
Ronaldo Mouchawar, Vice President of Amazon Middle East and North Africa (MENA), said, "At Amazon, supporting SMEs is a fundamental part of our work and an extension of our customer-centric culture. Third-party sellers, most of which are SMEs, account for more than half of everything sold across Amazon stores globally. We have faith in the potential and capabilities of start-ups in Dubai, and through such collaborations, we aspire to accelerate their entrepreneurial journey with all the tools and retail expertise we have to offer."
Amazon will curate a dedicated storefront on Amazon.ae to showcase products available from DED Trader license holders. Once the businesses are registered to sell on Amazon.ae, they will have the opportunity to access Amazon Account Managers who will work closely with them to offer strategic advice and insights to help them sustain and grow their business.
The Account Managers will also support the start-ups with advice on operational aspects such as listing creations and how to gain visibility on their products. They will offer advice on key areas such as fulfilment and inventory, merchandising and advertising, and ensure start-ups are up to date on the latest programs that will help fast-track their growth on Amazon.ae.
A DED Trader license is issued by Dubai Economy to license freelancers in their place of residence in Dubai as well as business activities that operate online or on social networking sites. DED Trader, which is issued electronically through invest.dubai.ae , aims to guide traders towards the right path to start and enter the business world.
https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302924001
UAE Targets 20 Unicorns by 2031
In line with the Entrepreneurial Nation project, the UAE will establish a Dh1 billion private equity fund to support UAE-based start-ups and SMEs operating in key sectors, targeting to become home to 20 unicorns by 2031 by attracting skilled talent and foreign capital.
DMCC onboards 1,800 companies within nine months
The Dubai free zone DMCC has taken in 1,800 companies during the first nine months of this year, due to the many virtual and physical events promoting DMCC and Dubai as a perfect location to set up businesses, in addition to ease of doing business in Dubai, and the launch of the Crypto Centre earlier this year, which exclusively meant for businesses operating in the cryptographic and blockchain spaces.
Expo 2020 An Opportunity to Reconnect with The World
Expo 2020 Dubai is an opportunity to reconnect with the world after a longtime of isolation post-pandemic. Located at the Dubai Conference Center, which will be the hub for all businesses, the event brings stakeholders a chance to present their brands to millions of visitors coming to this huge event from across the globe.
Questions, comments, or concerns?
©2022 Invest in Dubai. All rights reserved


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Ghost signs (113): Lewisham paint
This lovely ghost sign on Belmont Hill was uncovered earlier this year when a hoarding was removed - many thanks to Alan Burkitt-Gray for telling me about it. Running Past has done some fascinating research on the sign and dated it to before 1912, making it a particularly exciting example.
C Holdaway advertises himself as a 'Painter Grainer & Decorator' as well as offering 'estimates for general repairs'. While painters, decorators and general repairs remain familiar in modern life, the 'grainer' is less common today. Graining was a method of using paint to imitate wood - either on non-wooden surfaces, or on soft wood to make it look like more expensive hardwood. It enjoyed real popularity in the nineteenth century, when labour was cheap and wood expensive; today, it is often more economical to use the real thing than employ an artisan to imitate it. How apt, then, that this vintage sign should make reference to an equally vintage trade.
READ MORE ABOUT edwardian, ghost signs, lewisham
London exploration, large and small
If you want to explore London this weekend, there are some exciting options available. The biggest, of course, is the annual Open House weekend. Over 800 buildings and more are open on 20 and 21 September - from the large and famous, like the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, to small and quirky buildings such as Rotherhithe's Old Mortuary.
Fancy a break and a sit-down? Or an altogether more relaxed weekend? If so, Londonist has a weekend of Thames-themed talks. They're all in a perfect location: HMS President, currently a work of art in itself as it has been painted in 'dazzle camouflage' by artist Tobias Rehberger to mark the centenary of World War One. Tickets for individual talks and day passes are available.
Finally, you can sample the City of London's history on a much smaller scale. The new Heritage Gallery in the Guildhall Art Gallery is not large, but the space curated by London Metropolitan Archives is packed with treasures. The centrepiece is a copy of Magna Carta, ready for its 800th birthday next year; there are lots of other gems including 15th-century portraits of City aldermen and a First World War recruitment poster. The main art gallery has also been re-hung, so it's an excellent time to visit - and admission is free.
READ MORE ABOUT city of london, london, open house, thames


Made especially for you by Kathy Curry, owner of Huntsville Massage Professionals.
While filling the bath, add 1 cup of bath salts. Indulge yourself and soak for up to an hour. Wash and rinse after soaking and feel renewed, refreshed and relaxed. Great for a refreshing foot soak as well!
Lavender promotes feelings of contentment, improved cognitive performance and has mild sedative and calming effects. This aroma promotes sleep and reduces cortisol levels.
Jasmine has a strong but sweet, pleasing and romantic fragrance, which is very common in those flowers which bloom at night. The aroma of this oil has a pleasing, uplifting effect on mind and fights depression.
Peppermint increases memory and alertness; is excellent for mental fatigue and depression;. for energy and brighter mood; reducing pain; to help breathing; improve mental clarity and memory; alleviate pain from headache and migraine; relieve nervous stress, vertigo and faintness.
Reduces stress, reduces muscle aches, promotes relaxation and sleep.
Eucalyptus can relieve fever and skin irritations; is renowned for treatment of respiratory complaints; head-clearing; uplifting; refreshing.
Spearmint is effective for clearing the respiratory tract and as a decongestant and expectorant.
Rejevenates and refreshes when you are feeling sluggish, anxious, depressed or simply exhausted.
Lemongrass acts as sedative on the central nervous system, relieves muscular pain and increases circulation.
Kills some viruses, bacteria, fungi and yeasts, boosts enenergy and endurance, relieves pain and irritation caused by hemorrhoids, reduces inflammation, supports tissue healing and repair.
Frequently used by professional athletes, Relieve sore muscles with the natural power of Arnica, a mountain-cultivated herbal powerhouse that acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and circulation booster. Used to relieve strains, sprains and bruises, Arnica assists normal healing processes, relieves muscle tension, stops aches and pains in their tracks and accelerates wound healing.
Alleviates muscle pain, improves memory, boosts the immune and circulatory system..
Perfect for those who prefer unscented or have allergies.
Ingredients: Natural Dead Sea Salt, Evaporated Sea Salt, Himalayan Salt, Epsom Salt.


We bet Leonardo DiCaprio is kicking himself right now.
His gorgeous ex-girlfriend Bar Refaeli gave fans a glimpse of her weekend on the water. The Israeli model looked amazing in a black-and-white patterned string bikini, natural beachy hair and sun-kissed skin.
Never one to shy away from adventure, Refaeli also tried wakeboarding for the first time. She did pretty well for a beginner!


Published 04/26/2019 02:57:43 am at 04/26/2019 02:57:43 am in Table For Breakfast In Bed.
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Since the process of vacuforming is so simple (it doesn't even involve weird chemical formulas or strangely-named, unhealthy-vapor-releasing solvents), it should be no problem to build a vacuform machine at home.
Jim Egner from http://www.imperial-armor.com linked above, is a StarWars fan who hosts an older site http://www.tk560.com (After his StarWars designation) and who has built a vacuform machine.
My goal is to create one of those machines aswell. It will be one of the projects for the summer of 2007.
I've been reading a lot about making a vacuform machine on the tk560 forum. While I wait for the registration process to finish so I can ask some questions on the forum, let me lay them out here first.
The first part of the vacuform machine is the forming surface. So far, I've seen only 1 approach: 2 MDF panels with a small "sandwich" in between (a couple mm), then a metal sheet on the top and perforated through the metal and the first panel. Also, a hole in the bottom panel for the vacuum cleaner.
This thread hints about a better way to create this forming table. Instead of a sandwich and a bunch of small holes, only a single hole is used. This should allow for a better seal (not sure why at this point). BUt more importantly, I believe this design can make it possible to use different sized plastic sheets to vacuform. That would be really interesting, since I don't want to use a huge sheet every time I vacuform something small.
So what would a vacuform look like that allowed different sized sheets ?
Another question on my mind is: what is the metal sheet for on top of the forming surface ?


text:
Q: I can not see external files in directory with AlertDialog in Android 6.0? When I run my app in android 5.1 I have not problem seeing the root file in my AlertDialog, but when I run in 6.0 does not show me anything, how to fix it? Here I show differences in images.
In android 5.1
In android 6.0
SimpleFileDialog.java
public class SimpleFileDialog
{
private int FileOpen     = 0;
private int FileSave     = 1;
private int FolderChoose = 2;
private int Select_type = FileSave;
private String m_sdcardDirectory = "";
private Context m_context;
private TextView m_titleView1;
private TextView m_titleView;
public String Default_File_Name = "default.txt";
private String Selected_File_Name = Default_File_Name;
private EditText input_text;

private String m_dir = "";
private List<String> m_subdirs = null;
private SimpleFileDialogListener m_SimpleFileDialogListener = null;
private ArrayAdapter<String> m_listAdapter = null;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Callback interface for selected directory
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
public interface SimpleFileDialogListener
{
    public void onChosenDir(String chosenDir);
}

public SimpleFileDialog(Context context, String file_select_type, SimpleFileDialogListener SimpleFileDialogListener)
{
    if (file_select_type.equals("FileOpen"))          Select_type = FileOpen;
    else if (file_select_type.equals("FileSave"))     Select_type = FileSave;
    else if (file_select_type.equals("FolderChoose")) Select_type = FolderChoose;
    else Select_type = FileOpen;

    m_context = context;
    m_sdcardDirectory = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath();
    m_SimpleFileDialogListener = SimpleFileDialogListener;

    try
    {
        m_sdcardDirectory = new File(m_sdcardDirectory).getCanonicalPath();
    }
    catch (IOException ioe)
    {
    }
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// chooseFile_or_Dir() - load directory chooser dialog for initial
// default sdcard directory
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
public void chooseFile_or_Dir()
{
    // Initial directory is sdcard directory
    if (m_dir.equals(""))   chooseFile_or_Dir(m_sdcardDirectory);
    else chooseFile_or_Dir(m_dir);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// chooseFile_or_Dir(String dir) - load directory chooser dialog for initial
// input 'dir' directory
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
public void chooseFile_or_Dir(String dir)
{
    File dirFile = new File(dir);
    if (! dirFile.exists() || ! dirFile.isDirectory())
    {
        dir = m_sdcardDirectory;
    }

    try
    {
        dir = new File(dir).getCanonicalPath();
    }
    catch (IOException ioe)
    {
        return;
    }

    m_dir = dir;
    m_subdirs = getDirectories(dir);

    class SimpleFileDialogOnClickListener implements DialogInterface.OnClickListener
    {
        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int item)
        {
            String m_dir_old = m_dir;
            String sel = "" + ((AlertDialog) dialog).getListView().getAdapter().getItem(item);
            if (sel.charAt(sel.length()-1) == '/')  sel = sel.substring(0, sel.length()-1);

            // Navigate into the sub-directory
            if (sel.equals(".."))
            {
                m_dir = m_dir.substring(0, m_dir.lastIndexOf("/"));
            }
            else
            {
                m_dir += "/" + sel;
            }
            Selected_File_Name = Default_File_Name;

            if ((new File(m_dir).isFile())) // If the selection is a regular file
            {
                m_dir = m_dir_old;
                Selected_File_Name = sel;
            }

            updateDirectory();
        }
    }

    AlertDialog.Builder dialogBuilder = createDirectoryChooserDialog(dir, m_subdirs,
            new SimpleFileDialogOnClickListener());

    dialogBuilder.setPositiveButton("Aceptar", new OnClickListener()
    {
        @Override
        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which)
        {
            // Current directory chosen
            // Call registered listener supplied with the chosen directory
            if (m_SimpleFileDialogListener != null){
                {
                    if (Select_type == FileOpen || Select_type == FileSave)
                    {
                        Selected_File_Name= input_text.getText() +"";
                        m_SimpleFileDialogListener.onChosenDir(m_dir + "/" + Selected_File_Name);}
                    else
                    {
                        m_SimpleFileDialogListener.onChosenDir(m_dir);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }).setNegativeButton("Cancelar", null);

    final AlertDialog dirsDialog = dialogBuilder.create();

    // Show directory chooser dialog
    dirsDialog.show();
}

private boolean createSubDir(String newDir)
{
    File newDirFile = new File(newDir);
    if   (! newDirFile.exists() ) return newDirFile.mkdir();
    else return false;
}

private List<String> getDirectories(String dir)
{
    List<String> dirs = new ArrayList<String>();
    try
    {
        File dirFile = new File(dir);

        // if directory is not the base sd card directory add ".." for going up one directory
        if (! m_dir.equals(m_sdcardDirectory) ) dirs.add("..");

        if (! dirFile.exists() || ! dirFile.isDirectory())
        {
            return dirs;
        }

        for (File file : dirFile.listFiles())
        {
            if ( file.isDirectory())
            {
                // Add "/" to directory names to identify them in the list
                dirs.add( file.getName() + "/" );
            }
            else if (Select_type == FileSave || Select_type == FileOpen)
            {
                // Add file names to the list if we are doing a file save or file open operation
                dirs.add( file.getName() );
            }
        }
    }
    catch (Exception e) {}

    Collections.sort(dirs, new Comparator<String>()
    {
        public int compare(String o1, String o2)
        {
            return o1.compareTo(o2);
        }
    });
    return dirs;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////                                   START DIALOG DEFINITION                                    //////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
private AlertDialog.Builder createDirectoryChooserDialog(String title, List<String> listItems,
                                                         DialogInterface.OnClickListener onClickListener)
{
    AlertDialog.Builder dialogBuilder = new AlertDialog.Builder(m_context);
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Create title text showing file select type //
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////
    m_titleView1 = new TextView(m_context);
    m_titleView1.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
    //m_titleView1.setTextAppearance(m_context, android.R.style.TextAppearance_Large);
    //m_titleView1.setTextColor( m_context.getResources().getColor(android.R.color.black) );

    if (Select_type == FileOpen    ) m_titleView1.setText("Open:");
    if (Select_type == FileSave    ) m_titleView1.setText("Save As:");
    if (Select_type == FolderChoose) m_titleView1.setText("Folder Select:");

    //need to make this a variable Save as, Open, Select Directory
    m_titleView1.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER_VERTICAL);
   // m_titleView1.setBackgroundColor(-12303292); // dark gray  -12303292
    m_titleView1.setTextColor( m_context.getResources().getColor(android.R.color.white) );

    // Create custom view for AlertDialog title
    LinearLayout titleLayout1 = new LinearLayout(m_context);
    titleLayout1.setOrientation(LinearLayout.VERTICAL);
    titleLayout1.addView(m_titleView1);

    if (Select_type == FolderChoose || Select_type == FileSave)
    {
        ///////////////////////////////
        // Create New Folder Button  //
        ///////////////////////////////
        Button newDirButton = new Button(m_context);
        newDirButton.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
        newDirButton.setText("New Folder");
        newDirButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
                                        {
                                            @Override
                                            public void onClick(View v)
                                            {
                                                final EditText input = new EditText(m_context);

                                                // Show new folder name input dialog
                                                new AlertDialog.Builder(m_context).
                                                        setTitle("New Folder Name").
                                                        setView(input).setPositiveButton("Aceptar", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener()
                                                {
                                                    public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton)
                                                    {
                                                        Editable newDir = input.getText();
                                                        String newDirName = newDir.toString();
                                                        // Create new directory
                                                        if ( createSubDir(m_dir + "/" + newDirName) )
                                                        {
                                                            // Navigate into the new directory
                                                            m_dir += "/" + newDirName;
                                                            updateDirectory();
                                                        }
                                                        else
                                                        {
                                                            Toast.makeText( m_context, "Failed to create '"
                                                                    + newDirName + "' folder", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                                                        }
                                                    }
                                                }).setNegativeButton("Cancelar", null).show();
                                            }
                                        }
        );
        titleLayout1.addView(newDirButton);
    }

    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Create View with folder path and entry text box //
    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    LinearLayout titleLayout = new LinearLayout(m_context);
    titleLayout.setOrientation(LinearLayout.VERTICAL);

    m_titleView = new TextView(m_context);
    m_titleView.setLayoutParams(new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
  //  m_titleView.setBackgroundColor(-12303292); // dark gray -12303292
    m_titleView.setTextColor( m_context.getResources().getColor(android.R.color.white) );
    m_titleView.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER_VERTICAL);
    m_titleView.setText(title);

    titleLayout.addView(m_titleView);

    if (Select_type == FileOpen || Select_type == FileSave)
    {
        input_text = new EditText(m_context);
        input_text.setText(Default_File_Name);
        titleLayout.addView(input_text);
    }
    //////////////////////////////////////////
    // Set Views and Finish Dialog builder  //
    //////////////////////////////////////////
    dialogBuilder.setView(titleLayout);
    dialogBuilder.setCustomTitle(titleLayout1);
    m_listAdapter = createListAdapter(listItems);
    dialogBuilder.setSingleChoiceItems(m_listAdapter, -1, onClickListener);
    dialogBuilder.setCancelable(false);
    return dialogBuilder;
}

private void updateDirectory()
{
    m_subdirs.clear();
    m_subdirs.addAll( getDirectories(m_dir) );
    m_titleView.setText(m_dir);
    m_listAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
    //#scorch
    if (Select_type == FileSave || Select_type == FileOpen)
    {
        input_text.setText(Selected_File_Name);
    }
}

private ArrayAdapter<String> createListAdapter(List<String> items)
{
    return new ArrayAdapter<String>(m_context, android.R.layout.select_dialog_item, android.R.id.text1, items)
    {
        @Override
        public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent)
        {
            View v = super.getView(position, convertView, parent);
            if (v instanceof TextView)
            {
                // Enable list item (directory) text wrapping
                TextView tv = (TextView) v;
                tv.getLayoutParams().height = LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT;
                tv.setEllipsize(null);
            }
            return v;
        }
    };
}

MainActivity.java
public class MainActivity extends Activity implements
    AdapterContactos.customButtonListener {

TextView contenido;
ListView lista;
Button cargar,agregarTodos;

AdapterContactos adapter;
ArrayList<Contact> contactos;
ArrayList<Contact> contactos2;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

    contenido = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.tvcontenido);
    lista = (ListView)findViewById(R.id.listview);
    cargar = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btrecuperar);
    agregarTodos = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btagregartodos);

    contactos = new ArrayList<>();
    contactos2 = new ArrayList<>();
    cargarDataBase();

    if(contactos2.isEmpty()){
        agregarTodos.setEnabled(false);
    }

    cargar.setOnClickListener(new Button.OnClickListener(){

        String m_chosen;
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            //Create FileOpenDialog and register a callback
            /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            SimpleFileDialog FileOpenDialog =  new SimpleFileDialog(MainActivity.this, "FileOpen",
                    new SimpleFileDialog.SimpleFileDialogListener()
                    {
                        @Override
                        public void onChosenDir(String chosenDir)
                        {
                            // The code in this function will be executed when the dialog OK button is pushed
                            m_chosen = chosenDir;

                            contenido.setText(m_chosen);
                            Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Archivo escogido File: " +
                                    m_chosen, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                        }
                    });

            //You can change the default filename using the public variable "Default_File_Name"
            FileOpenDialog.Default_File_Name = "";
            FileOpenDialog.chooseFile_or_Dir();

            /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        }
    });
}

My Gradle
android {
compileSdkVersion 24
buildToolsVersion "24.0.1"
defaultConfig {
    applicationId "com.example.carlos.lectura"
    minSdkVersion 15
    targetSdkVersion 24
    versionCode 1
    versionName "1.0"
    testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}
buildTypes {
    release {
        minifyEnabled false
        proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
    }
}
}

dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
    exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
})
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:24.2.1'
testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
}

A: One of the permissions required for Android 6.0 is WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE (implicit READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) :
you can request the permission before the reading for the external storage calling this method:
private void checkExternalStoragePermission() {
    int permissionCheck = ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(
            this, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
    if (permissionCheck != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
        Log.i("Permission", "We dont have permission.");
            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE}, 225);
    } else {
        Log.i("Permission", "You already have permission!");
    }
}

In fact you can validate the calling of the method for request permissions only un OS Android 6.0+ :
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M){
    //Check permissions for Android 6.0+
     checkExternalStoragePermission();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Analyst Upgrades: NVIDIA Corporation, Allergan plc, and Shake Shack Inc
Analysts upwardly revised their ratings and price targets on NVIDIA Corporation (NASDAQ:NVDA), Allergan plc Ordinary Shares (NYSE:AGN), and Shake Shack Inc (NYSE:SHAK)
Analysts upwardly revised their ratings and price targets on NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA), Allergan plc Ordinary Shares (AGN), and Shake Shack Inc (SHAK)
Analysts are weighing in on circuit developer NVIDIA Corporation (NASDAQ:NVDA), biotech stock Allergan plc Ordinary Shares (NYSE:AGN), and burger joint Shake Shack Inc (NYSE:SHAK). Here's a quick roundup of today's bullish brokerage notes on NVDA, AGN, and SHAK.
NVDA is set to open more than 9% higher this morning -- and at eight-year highs -- after the company's first-quarter earnings results and current-quarter forecast topped Wall Street's estimates. A series of bullish analyst notes have ensued, led by Topeka Capital's upgrade to "buy" from "hold," as well as its price-target hike to $44. At least 10 other price-target increases have also come through, as analysts foresee more gains from a stock already up 67% in the past 12 months, closing Thursday at $35.57. Suffice it to say, a gap higher at the open could send unhedged short sellers running for the exits, potentially adding to the buying power.
AGN is pointed 3% higher pre-market, after Goldman Sachs added the stock to its coveted "Conviction Buy" list. This is a curious move, considering the stock's nearly 31% year-to-date loss at $216.02 -- even after the drugmaker reported upbeat earnings and announced a $10 billion buyback plan earlier this week. More understandable is an $18 price-target cut to $232 at Mizuho Securities. Regardless, options traders will probably welcome a swing higher by Allergan plc Ordinary Shares, considering the accelerated rate of call buying in recent months. Specifically, across the International Securities Exchange (ISE), Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and NASDAQ OMX PHLX (PHLX), options traders have bought to open 1.67 AGN calls for every put -- a ratio that outstrips two-thirds of all others from the past year.
SHAK blew past first-quarter earnings estimates and lifted its full-year same-store sales forecast, prompting a round of bullish analyst attention. Specifically, SunTrust Robinson lifted its price target to $45 from $40, saying the restaurant chain is "hitting on all cylinders." As such, Shake Shack Inc has gained 7.1% in electronic trading after settling yesterday at $34.26 -- down 13.5% in 2016. A gap higher at the open could crush quite a few short sellers. After all, over 28% of the stock's float is sold short, and would take seven days to cover, at SHAK's average trading levels.
Sign up now for Schaeffer's Opening View newsletter to get a head start on all the major pre-market news!


text:
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Anatomical Relationship of the Vertebral Artery With the Lateral Recess: Clinical Importance for Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy
Neurospine. 2019;16(1):34-40
NeurospineJournal ArchiveNeurospine. 2019;16(1)
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Publication date (electronic) : 2019 March 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836304.152
Sung Woon Oh1, Ravindra Singh1, Nitin Maruti Adsul2, Jung Hoon Noh1, Jun Hwan Park3, Hyeun-Sung Kim,1 , Il-Tae Jang1, Seong Hoon Oh4
1Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Gangnam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Ortho-Spine Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
3Medical School University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
4Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Incheon Hospital, Incheon, Korea
Corresponding Author Hyeun-Sung Kim http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-5234 Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Gangnam Hospital, 731 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06048, Korea Tel: +82-2-6003-9767 Fax: +82-2-3445-9755 E-mail: neurospinekim@gmail.com
Received 2018 December 18; Revised 2019 January 12; Accepted 2019 January 14.
Vertebral artery injuries during posterior cervical foraminotomy are rare, but can be fatal. Therefore, we investigated the anatomical correlation between the lateral recess and the vertebral artery.
On axial cuts of cervical magnetic resonance imaging from 108 patients, we measured the distance between the vertebral arteries and the medial border of the facet joints. The anatomical vertebro-facet distance (AVFD), surgical vertebro-facet distance (SVFD), and vertebro-facet angle (VFA) were measured.
The mean AVFD values on the right side at the C3–4, C4–5, C5–6, and C6–7 levels showed statistically significant differences. On the right side, the mean SVFD values were equivalent to the AVFD values. The mean values of the VFA on the right side at all levels showed statistically significant differences. For all measurements, the greatest differences were seen between the C5–6 and C6–7 levels, and higher levels were associated with smaller distances from the lateral recess. The mean values of the AVFD on the right and left sides showed statistically significant differences at all levels, and the distances on the left were smaller than those on the right.
The vertebral artery is closer to the lateral recess at higher cervical levels than at lower cervical levels. The largest distances were found at the C5–6 and C6–7 levels, and the left vertebral arteries were closer to the lateral recess than the right vertebral arteries.
Keywords: Vertebral artery; Lateral recess; Posterior cervical foraminotomy
The vertebral arteries arise from the postero-superior aspect of the both central subclavian arteries and reach both transverse processes of the C6 vertebra in 94.9% of individuals, or C4, C5, or C7 in 1.6%, 3.3%, and 0.3% of individuals, respectively [1]. Then, they enter and travel through the transverse foramina of each cervical vertebra. After crossing the transverse foramina of C1, the vertebral arteries proceed horizontally in grooves on the posterior arch of C1, and at the end of the groove turn obliquely, vertically, and medially toward the foramen magnum [2].
Vertebral artery injury during posterior cervical surgery is rare, but can cause complications such as massive hemorrhage, dissection, cerebral infarction, pseudo-aneurysm, and even death. The incidence of vertebral artery injury has been reported to range from 0.07% to 1.4% [3,4]. Its incidence is higher when the posterior approach is used (4.1%–8.2%) than when the anterior approach is used (0.3%–0.5%) [5-8]. Instrumented posterior surgery of the upper cervical spine is the commonest cause of vertebral artery injury [9,10]. Consequently, most clinical and anatomical studies have focused on avoiding vertebral artery injury in upper cervical surgery. However, vertebral artery injury can also occur during posterior cervical foraminotomy in the subaxial spine [3,11]. The incidence of vertebral artery injury is predicted to increase because a growing number of surgeons are performing endoscopic cervical foraminotomies [12,13]. Under these circumstances, the anatomical correlation of the vertebral artery with the lateral recess become very important. In a literature review, we could not find studies that focused on these anatomical correlations and ways to avoid vertebral artery injury during posterior cervical foraminotomy. Therefore, we measured the anatomical relationships between the vertebral artery and the lateral recess.
1. Study Patients
This study is a retrospective review of 108 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from January 2018 through May 2018 at a single center (Gangnam Nanoori Hospital, Seoul, Korea). The patients were selected randomly, regardless of their symptoms and diseases. Fifty-six men and 52 women with a mean age of 46.3 years (range, 20–74 years) provided consent and were included in the study.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanoori Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from the patients.
2. Imaging Analysis
The images in this study were from a GE Signa 1.5-T HDxT MRI Machine (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). All measurements were taken on T2-weighted axial images arranged parallel to the intervertebral disc using an Infinitt PACS M6 Version (Infinitt Healthcare Co., Seoul, Korea). The images were obtained using a fast spin-echo sequence with an echo train length of 28, a bandwidth of 25 Hz, a repetition time of 3,000 msec, an echo time of 110 msec, a field of view of 160×160 mm, a number of excitations of 2, a slice thickness of 3 mm, and a slice gap of 0.5 mm.
We measured 3 values to characterize the anatomical relationship between the vertebral artery and the lateral recess. All values were measured on the right and left sides from the center of the C2–3, C3–4, C4–5, C5–6, and C6–7 intervertebral disc levels, as described below.
(1) Anatomical vertebro-facet distance (AVFD): The shortest linear distance was measured between the vertebral artery and the medial border of the facet joint (Fig. 1).
Anatomical Vertebro-Facet Distance (AVFD) measured the shortest distance between vertebral artery and medial border of facet joint.
(2) Surgical vertebro-facet distance (SVFD): The shortest distance was measured between a line tangential to the medial margin of the vertebral artery and another line tangential to the medial border of the facet joint (Fig. 2).
Surgical Vertebro-Facet Distance (SVFD) measured the shortest distance between vertical extension line of medial margin of vertebral artery and medial border of facet joint.
(3) Vertebro-facet angle (VFA): The angle between AVFD and SVFD was measured (Fig. 3).
Vertebro-facet angle (VFA) measured the angle between AVFD and SVFD.
3. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using PASW Statistics ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations (mean±standard deviation) were calculated, and statistical significance was assessed using the paired t-test. Differences between mean values at consecutive levels and between the right and left sides at the same level were compared. A p-value<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
We calculated the mean AVFD, SVFD, and VFA on both sides (Table 1, Fig. 4). The mean AVFD showed statistically significant differences at the C3–4 (10.15±1.27 mm), C4–5 (11.67±1.53 mm), C5–6 (12.83±1.57 mm), and C6–7 (16.41±1.86 mm) levels (p<0.001 at all levels) (Table 2). The greatest difference was found between C5–6 (12.83±1.57 mm) and C6–7 (16.41±1.86 mm). At higher levels, the artery was closer to the lateral recess. The mean SVFD values on the right side showed statistically significant differences at the C3–4 (2.33±1.18 mm), C4–5 (3.03±1.36 mm), C5–6 (4.64±1.60 mm), and C6–7 (7.64±1.91 mm) levels (p<0.001 for all levels), and the greatest difference was found between C5-6 (4.64±1.57 mm) and C6-7 (7.64±1.91 mm).
Summary of mean both-side AVFD, SVFD, and VFA measurement
Schematic illustration of vertebral artery seen from posterior and measured values: (A) Mean AVFD (mm); (B) mean SVFD (mm); (C) mean VFA (°).
Statistical analysis of mean AVFD, SVFD, and VFA on right-side between the adjacent levels
The mean VFA values on the right side were calculated, and the statistical significance of differences between adjacent levels was calculated. Statistically significant differences were found at all levels (p=0.046 for C2–3 and C3–4; at other levels p<0.001) and the greatest difference was found between C5–6 (58.12°±6.58°) and C6–7 (52.96°±5.93°). On the right side, the mean VFA increased from the C6–7 level to the C4–5 level, and then decreased from the C4–5 level to the C2–3 level.
The AVFD showed a statistically significant difference between the right side and left side at all levels, with the left-side values being smaller than the right-side values (p<0.001 for C2–3, p=0.048 for C3–4, p=0.008 for C4–5, p=0.002 for C5–6, and p<0.001 for C6–7) (Table 3). The SVFD also showed statistically significant differences between the right and left sides at C3–4, C4–5, and C5–6 (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). However, in contrast to the AVFD, the SVFD values on the right side were smaller than those on the left side. No statistically significant difference was found in the VFA between the right and left sides at any level (p=0.330 for C2–3, p=0.350 for C3–4, p=0.232 for C4–5, p=0.164 for C5–6, and p=0.309 for C6–7).
Statistical analysis of mean AVFA, SVFD, and VFA between right and left-side at each level
Few studies have investigated vertebral artery injury in posterior cervical foraminotomy. Lunardini et al. [3] reported that only 1.8% of vertebral artery injuries occurred during posterior foraminotomy. Many studies have reported the anatomical relationship of the uncinate process or longus colli muscle with the vertebral artery because these are used as anatomical landmarks in anterior cervical foraminotomy [14-17]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the location of the vertebral artery in relation to landmarks relevant for posterior cervical foraminotomy, such as the lamino-facet junction. Therefore, we measured the distance and angle between the vertebral artery and the medial border of the facet joint to characterize the anatomical correlations of the artery. We expect that our measurements will be helpful in the future for avoiding vertebral artery injury during posterior cervical foraminotomy.
The AVFD is the actual distance from the lateral recess to the vertebral artery. A few studies have reported the distance between the midline and vertebral artery, but we did not find any previous reports that presented measurements of the distance between the lateral recess and vertebral artery. The vertebral artery is located farthest from the midline at lower cervical levels (such as C6 and C7) and becomes closer to the midline at upper cervical levels (such as C3 and C4) [17,18]. Similar to the above studies, we found that the vertebral artery became closer to the lateral recess as the cervical level increased from C6–7 to C3–4 (Fig. 4).
The vertebral artery most commonly enters the transverse foramen of C6 (94.9%), followed in order by C5, C4, and C7.1 In our study, the mean AVFD at the C6–7 level was 16.41±1.86 mm on the right side and 15.26±2.20 mm on the left side. The mean AVFD at the C5–6 level was 12.83±1.58 mm on the right side and 12.24±1.86 mm on the left side. This difference exists because the artery enters into the transverse foramen of C6 from the antero-lateral aspect. Thus, the vertebral artery approaches the lateral recess rapidly at the C5–6 level, meaning that surgeons should be especially cautious regarding the location of the vertebral artery at this level and above.
The lamino-facet junction is an important landmark in posterior cervical foraminotomy. Identification of this landmark is followed by resection of the medial aspect of the facet, which may include one-third to half of the facet because segmental hypermobility of the cervical spine occurs if a foraminotomy involves resection of more than 50% of the facet [19-21]. The SVFD is the distance that dictates the exact amount of facet resection that can be performed safely. On the right side, the SVFD was 7.64±1.91 mm at the C6–7 level, but 4.64±1.60 mm at C5–6 and 2.33±1.18 mm at C3–4. These measurements show that the vertebral artery at the C5–6 level and higher is very close to the lateral recess and the facet, which means that during posterior cervical foraminotomy at C5–6 or above, the vertebral artery is usually hidden ventral to the exposed nerve root. Therefore, surgeons should be careful when manipulating the cervical nerve root at the C5–6 level and above because of the proximity of the artery to the lateral recess and the nerve root.
The VFA represents the angle of approach of the vertebral artery towards the lateral facet, which is especially relevant when performing endoscopic foraminotomy. Endoscopic surgery requires frequently changing the angle of the endoscope to visualize structures better. Small and flexible instruments such as radiofrequency ablation devices can easily enter the ventro-lateral side of the nerve root and injury the vertebral artery. Therefore, it is important to know the angle between the vertebral artery and facet joint. In our study, the mean VFA rapidly increased moving upwards from C6–7 (52.96°±5.93°) to C4–5 (63.98°±6.44°), followed by slight decreases at C3–4 (63.49°±7.02°) and C2–3 (62.06°±7.84°) on the right side. Posterior cervical foraminotomy at C4–5 should be carried out with caution because the vertebral artery approaches the lateral recess at a very steep angle.
In the present study, the AVFD was smaller on the left side than on the right side at all levels, but no difference was found between the VFAs on the right and left sides. Previous studies have compared the distance between the vertebral artery and various anatomical landmarks on both sides, including a report showing that the left vertebral artery was closer to the superior ridge of the uncinate process [14]. Another group reported that the left vertebral artery was closer to the midline than the right vertebral artery [18]. We suggest that these results may be related to the diameter of the vertebral artery, because previous studies have reported that the left vertebral artery had a larger diameter than the right vertebral artery [14,18,22,23]. Another study reported that approximately 70% of patients had a left-dominant vertebral artery [24]. These results may explain the measured distances between the vertebral artery and fixed anatomical landmarks.
This study had certain limitations. First, we could not exclude the possibility of selection bias because this was a single-center retrospective study. Second, the sample of patients may not have been representative of the entire population of various races or nationalities. Third, measurement errors may have occurred because the MRI axial cut in the measurements used in our study had a 3.5-mm slice gap, and measurement variability could have existed across different individuals. Nonetheless, this study is meaningful as the first attempt to describe the anatomical relationship of the lateral recess and vertebral artery. A multicenter study with a better design and larger sample size would yield more reliable insights into the topic. In addition, a meta-analysis of previous studies would remove the effect of investigator bias and produce a better understanding of the issue.
This study demonstrated the anatomical relationship of the vertebral artery with the lateral recess. The distance from the lateral recess to the vertebral artery decreased from lower cervical levels (such as C6–7) to upper cervical levels (C3–4 level), and the greatest difference was found between the C5–6 and C6–7 levels. The vertebral artery was closer on the left side than on the right side. The angle of the vertebral artery to the lateral recess increased sharply from C6–7 to C4–5 and then slightly decreased from C4–5 to C2–3. During posterior cervical foraminotomy, surgeons should consider this information to avoid injuring the vertebral artery.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
We would like to acknowledge scientific team members Ms. Jae Eun Park, Mr. Kyeong-Rae Kim, and Mr. Sang Hyuck Yoon for providing assistance in acquiring full text articles and managing digital works.
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AVFD (mm) 10.35 ± 1.18 9.67 ± 1.23 10.15 ± 1.27 9,91 ± 1,25 11.67 ± 1.53 11.29 ± 1.50 12.83 ± 1.58 12.24 ± 1.86 16.41 ± 1.86 15.26 ± 2.20
SVFD (mm) 2.53 ± 1.39 2.78 ± 1.18 2.33 ± 1.18 2.92 ± 1.00 3.03 ± 1.36 3.79 ± 1.20 4.64 ± 1.60 5.27 ± 1.58 7.64 ± 1.91 8.00 ± 1.70
VFA (°) 62.06 ± 7.84 62,95 ± 6.62 63.49 ± 7.02 62.68 ± 6.37 63.98 ± 6.44 63.06 ± 6.02 58.12 ± 6.58 57.08 ± 6.29 52.96 ± 5.93 52.18 ± 6.77
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
AVFD, anatomical vertebro-facet distance; SVFD, surgical vertebro-facet distance; VFA, vertebra-facet angle.
AVFD
SVFD
C2–3/C3–4 0.122 0.107 0.046
C3–4/C4–5 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
AVFD, anatomical vertebro-facet distance; SVFD, surgical vertebrofacet distance; VFA, vertebro-facet angle.
C2–3 < 0.001 0.116 0.330
C3–4 0.048 < 0.001 0.350


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