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Alan Hodgkin
(Redirected from Alan Lloyd Hodgkin)
Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin OM KBE PRS[1] (5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998) was an English physiologist and biophysicist, who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and John Eccles.
Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
OM KBE PRS
(1914-02-05)5 February 1914
Banbury, Oxfordshire, England
The Downs School
Gresham's School
Hodgkin–Huxley model
Marion Rous
Sarah, Deborah, Jonathan Hodgkin, and Rachel
Royal Medal (1958)
Physiological Society Annual Review Prize Lecture (1976)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1963)
Copley Medal (1965)
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1964)
2 Pre-war research
3 Wartime activities
4 Post-war research and career
4.1 Achievements
4.2 Publications
4.3 Awards and honours
5.1 Death
See also: Hodgkin family
Hodgkin was born in Banbury, Oxfordshire, on 5 February 1914. He was the oldest of three sons of Quakers George Hodgkin and Mary Wilson Hodgkin. His father was the son of Thomas Hodgkin and had read for the Natural Science Tripos at Cambridge where he had befriended electrophysiologist Keith Lucas.[2] Because of poor eyesight he was unable to study medicine and eventually ended up working for a bank in Banbury. As members of the Society of Friends, George and Mary opposed the Military Service Act of 1916 and had to endure a great deal of abuse from their local community, including an attempt to throw George in one of the town canals.[3] In 1916 George Hodgkin travelled to Armenia as part of an investigation of distress. Moved by the misery and suffering of Armenian refugees he attempted to go back there in 1918 on a route through the Persian Gulf (as the northern route was closed because of the October Revolution in Russia). He died of dysentery in Baghdad on 24 June 1918, just a few weeks after his youngest son, Keith, had been born.[4]
From an early life on Hodgkin and his brothers were encouraged to explore the country around their home, which instilled in Alan a strong interest in Natural History, particularly ornithology. At the age of 15, he helped Wilfred Backhouse Alexander with surveys of heronries and later, at Gresham's School, he overlapped and spent a lot of time with David Lack.[5][6] In 1930, he was the winner of a bronze medal in the Public Schools Essay Competition organised by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.[7]
Alan started his education at The Downs School where his contemporaries included future scientists Frederick Sanger, Alec Bangham, "neither outstandingly brilliant at school" according to Hodgkin,[8] as well as future artists Lawrence Gowing and Kenneth Rowntree. After the Downs School, he went on to Gresham's School where he overlapped with future composer Benjamin Britten as well as Maury Meiklejohn.[9] He ended up receiving a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge in Botany, Zoology and Chemistry.[10]
Between school and college, he spent May 1932 at the Freshwater Biological Station at Wray Castle based on a recommendation of his future Director of Studies at Trinity, Carl Pantin.[11] After Wray Castle, he spent two months with a German family in Frankfurt as "in those days it was thought highly desirable that anyone intending to read science should have a reasonable knowledge of German."[12] After his return to England in early August 1932, his mother Mary was remarried to Lionel Smith (1880–1972),[13] the eldest son of A. L. Smith, whose daughter Dorothy was also married to Alan's uncle Robert Howard Hodgkin.[14]
In autumn of 1932 Hodgkin started as a freshman scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge where his friends included classicists John Raven and Michael Grant, fellow-scientists Richard Synge and John H. Humphrey[15], as well as Polly and David Hill, the children of Nobel Laureate Archibald Hill[16][17]. He took Physiology with Chemistry and Zoology for the first two years, including lectures by Nobel Laureate E.D. Adrian.[18] For Part II of the tripos he decided to focus on physiology instead of zoology. Nevertheless, he participated in a zoological expedition to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco led by John Pringle in 1934.[19] He finished Part II of the tripos in July 1935 and stayed at Trinity as a research fellow.[20]
During his studies, Hodgkin, who described himself as "having been brought up as a supporter of the British Labour Party"[21] was friends with communists[22] and actively participated in distribution of Anti-War pamphlets.[23] At Cambridge, he knew James Klugmann[24] and John Cornford,[25] but he emphasised in his autobiography that none of his friends "made any serious effort to convert me [to Communism], either then or later."[26] From 1935–1937, Hodgkin was a member of the Cambridge Apostles.[27]
Pre-war researchEdit
Hodgkin started conducting experiments on how electrical activity is transmitted in the sciatic nerve of frogs in July 1934.[28] He found that a nerve impulse arriving at a cold or compression block, can decrease the electrical threshold beyond the block, suggesting that the impulse produces a spread of an electrotonic potential in the nerve beyond the block.[29] In 1936, Hodgkin was invited by Herbert Gasser, then director of the Rockefeller Institute in New York City, to work in his laboratory during 1937–38. There he met Rafael Lorente de Nó[30] and Kenneth Stewart Cole with whom he ended up publishing a paper.[31] During that year he also spent time at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory where he was introduced to the squid giant axon,[32] which ended up being the model system with which he conducted most of the research that eventually led to his Nobel Prize. In spring 1938 he visited Joseph Erlanger at Washington University in St. Louis who told him he would take Hodgkin's local circuit theory of nerve impulse propagation seriously if he could show that altering the resistance of the fluid outside a nerve fibre made a difference to the velocity of nerve impulse conduction.[33] Working with single nerve fibres from shore crabs and squids, he showed that the conduction rate was much faster in sea water than in oil, providing strong evidence for the local circuit theory.[34]
After his return to Cambridge he started collaborating with Andrew Huxley who had entered Trinity as a freshman in 1935, three years after Hodgkin.[35] With a £300 equipment grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, Hodgkin managed to set up a similar physiology setup to the one he had worked with at the Rockefeller Institute. He moved all his equipment to the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in July 1939.[36] There, he and Huxley managed to insert a fine cannula into the giant axon of squids and record action potentials from inside the nerve fibre. They sent a short note of their success to Nature just before the outbreak of World War II.[37]
Wartime activitiesEdit
Despite his Quaker upbringing, Hodgkin was eager to join the war effort as contact with the Nazis during his stay in Germany in 1932 had removed all his pacifist beliefs. Hist first post was at the Royal Aircraft Establishment where he worked on issues in Aviation Medicine, such as oxygen supply for pilots at high altitude and the decompression sickness caused by nitrogen bubbles coming out of the blood.[38] In February 1940 he transferred to the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) where he worked on the development of centimetric radar, including the design of the Village Inn AGLT airborne gun-laying system. He was a member of E.G. Bowen's group in St Athan in South Wales and lived in a local guest house together with John Pringle and Robert Hanbury Brown. The group moved to Swanage in May 1940 where Pringle replaced Bowen as leader of the group.[39] In March 1941, Hodgkin flew on the test flight of a Bristol Blenheim fitted with the first airborne centimetric radar system. In February and March of 1944, Hodgkin visited the MIT Radiation Laboratory to help foster the interchange of information on developments in radar between Britain and America.[40]
Providing a readable account of the little-known piece of military history that he was a part of during World War II was a main motivation for Hodgkin to write his autobiography Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War.[41]
Post-war research and careerEdit
As the Allied Forces' invasion of France and their continued advance towards Germany in autumn 1944 suggested an end of the war in the foreseeable future, Hodgkin started to plan his return to a career in research at Cambridge. He renewed his collaboration with W. A. H. Rushton and they published an article on how to calculate a nerve fibre's membrane resistance, membrane capacity, its axoplasm's resistance, and the resistance of the external fluid in which the fibre is placed, from experimental observations.[42]
He was the Foulerton Professor of the Royal Society between 1951 and 1969. He served on the Royal Society Council from 1958 to 1960 and on the Medical Research Council from 1959 to 1963. He was foreign secretary of the Physiological Society from 1961 to 1967. He was appointed the John Humphrey Plummer Professor of Biophysics at Cambridge University in 1970. He also held additional administrative posts such as Chancellor, University of Leicester, from 1971 to 1984, and Master, Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1978 to 1985.
AchievementsEdit
With Andrew Fielding Huxley, Hodgkin worked on experimental measurements and developed an action potential theory representing one of the earliest applications of a technique of electrophysiology, known as the "voltage clamp". The second critical element of their research was the use of the giant axon of the veined squid (Loligo forbesii),[43] which enabled them to record ionic currents as they would not have been able to do in almost any other neuron, such cells being too small to study using the techniques of the time. The experiments started at the University of Cambridge, beginning in 1935 with frog sciatic nerve, and soon after they continued their work using squid giant axons at the Marine Biological Association Laboratory in Plymouth. In 1939, reporting work done in Plymouth, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley published a short paper in the journal Nature announcing their achievement of recording action potentials from inside a nerve fibre.[44] Research was interrupted by World War II but after resuming their experimental work in Plymouth, the pair published their theory in 1952 in a series of publications.[43][45][46][47][48]
With Huxley, he established the propagation mechanism of nerve impulse called "action potentials", the electrical impulses which enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. In addition Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led them to hypothesize the existence of ion channels on cell membranes, which were confirmed only decades later. Confirmation of ion channels came with the development of the patch clamp leading to a Nobel prize in 1991 for Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, and in 2003 for Roderick MacKinnon.[49]
Hodgkin was also the discoverer of cell membrane depolarisation sequence now known as the Hodgkin cycle.[50]
PublicationsEdit
The Conduction of the Nervous Impulse (1964)
Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War (1992)
Awards and honoursEdit
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley, and John Carew Eccles (for his research on synapses) were jointly awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane".[51] Hodgkin was knighted (KCB) in 1972 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1973. He was elected President of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom in 1966. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1948,[1] and served as President of the Royal Society (PRS) from 1970 to 1975.[1] The Royal Society awarded him its Royal Medal in 1958 and Copley Medal in 1965. He was also elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Philosophical Society, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Deutsche Akademie, and Indian National Science Academy. A portrait of Hodgkin by Michael Noakes hangs in Trinity College's collection.[52] He was elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 1964.[53]
During his stay at the Rockefeller Institute in 1937, Hodgkin got to know the American pathologist Francis Peyton Rous[54] who was later awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[55] When Rous invited him for dinner to his home, Hodgkin got to know Rous' daughter, Marni, who was then a student at Swarthmore College.[56] He proposed to her before going back to England in 1938, but she rejected him.[57] When Hodgkin briefly returned to the USA in 1944 (see Wartime activities), they reunited and got married on March 31.[58] Their first daughter, Sarah, was born in April 1945, shortly before the Hodgkins moved back to Cambridge.[59] They had three more children – Deborah Hodgkin (born 2 May 1947),[60] Jonathan Hodgkin (born 24 August 1949),[61] and Rachel Hodgkin (born June 1951).[62] Marni became Children's Book Editor at Macmillan Publishing Company and a successful writer of children's literature, including Young Winter's Tales and Dead Indeed. Jonathan Hodgkin became a molecular biologist at Cambridge University. Deborah Hodgkin is also a successful psychologist.
Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866), who first described Hodgkin's lymphoma, was Alan Hodgkin's ancestor.[63]
Hodgkin died in 1998 in Cambridge.[64]
^ a b c Huxley, Andrew (2000). "Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, O.M., K.B.E. 5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1948". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46: 219–241. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0081.
^ Hodgkin 1992, p. 5
^ Hodgkin 1992, pp. 7–9
^ Hodgkin 1992, p. 10
^ Hodgkin 1992, pp. 11–12
^ Hodgkin, Alan (1983). "Beginning: Some Reminiscences of my early life (1914–1947)". Annual Review of Physiology. 45: 1–16. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000245. PMID 6342510.
^ Protection of Birds Measures Urged By Royal Society in The Times, Saturday, 29 March 1930; pg. 14; Issue 45474; col C
^ https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gb165-0266-alf-smith-collection.pdf
^ Hodgkin, Alan (1937). "Evidence for Electrical Transmission in Nerve. Part I". The Journal of Physiology. 90 (2): 183–210. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1937.sp003507. PMC 1395060. PMID 16994885.
^ Cole, Kenneth; Hodgkin, Alan (1939). "Membrane and Protoplasm Resistance in the Squid Giant Axon". The Journal of General Physiology. 22 (5): 671–687. doi:10.1085/jgp.22.5.671. PMC 2142005. PMID 19873126.
^ Hodgkin 1992, p. 113
^ Hodgkin, Alan (1939). "The Relation between Conduction Velocity and the Electrical Resistance outside a Nerve Fibre". The Journal of Physiology. 94 (4): 560–570. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003702. PMC 1393884. PMID 16995066.
^ Huxley, Andrew (2004). "Andrew Huxley". In Squire, Larry R. (ed.). The history of neuroscience in autobiography. Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience. pp. 282–318. ISBN 0-12-660246-8.
^ Hodgkin, Alan (1976). "Chance and Design in Electrophysiology: An Informal Account of Certain Experiments on Nerve Carried out between 1934 and 1952". Journal of Physiology. 263 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011620. PMC 1307686. PMID 796420.
^ Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1939). "Action Potentials Recorded from Inside a Nerve Fibre". Nature. 144 (3651): 710–711. Bibcode:1939Natur.144..710H. doi:10.1038/144710a0.
^ Hodgkin 1992, pp. 141–156
^ Hodgkin 1992, pp. ix–xi
^ Hodgkin, A. L.; Rushton, W.A. H. (1946). "The electrical constants of a crustacean nerve fibre". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. 133 (873): 444–479. doi:10.1098/rspb.1946.0024.
^ a b Hodgkin, AL; Huxley, AF; Katz, B (1952). "Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo". The Journal of Physiology. 116 (4): 424–48. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004716. PMC 1392219. PMID 14946712.
^ Hodgkin, AL; Huxley, AF (1952). "The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo". The Journal of Physiology. 116 (4): 497–506. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004719. PMC 1392212. PMID 14946715.
^ Hodgkin, AL; Huxley, AF (1952). "The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo". The Journal of Physiology. 116 (4): 473–96. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004718. PMC 1392209. PMID 14946714.
^ Hodgkin, AL; Huxley, AF (1952). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". The Journal of Physiology. 117 (4): 500–44. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764. PMC 1392413. PMID 12991237.
^ Hodgkin, AL; Huxley, AF (1952). "Propagation of electrical signals along giant nerve fibers". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. 140 (899): 177–83. Bibcode:1952RSPSB.140..177H. doi:10.1098/rspb.1952.0054. PMID 13003922.
^ Schwiening, C. J. (2012). "A brief historical perspective: Hodgkin and Huxley". The Journal of Physiology. 590 (11): 2571–2575. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230458. PMC 3424716. PMID 22787170.
^ Noble, D. (2010). "Biophysics and systems biology". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 368 (1914): 1125–1139. Bibcode:2010RSPTA.368.1125N. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0245. PMC 3263808. PMID 20123750.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014.
^ "Alan Hodgkin". Nasonline.org. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ Hodgkin 1992, p. 235-239
^ Saxon, Wolfgang (22 December 1998). "Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, 84, A Nobelist in Nerve Research". The New York Times.
^ Lamb, Trevor (1999). "Obituary: Alan Hodgkin (1914–98)". Nature. 397 (6715): 112. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..112L. doi:10.1038/16362. PMID 9923671.
Hodgkin, Alan (1992). Chance & Design - Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521456036.
The Master of Trinity at Trinity College, Cambridge
Nobel biography of Hodgkin
BBC obituary
Speech at Nobel banquet, 1963
Action Potential Paper[permanent dead link]
Imperial War Museum Interview
The Lord Butler of Saffron Walden Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
Sir Andrew Huxley
The Lord Adrian Chancellor of the University of Leicester
Sir George Porter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Hodgkin&oldid=933554895"


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Passion for our work
Garden tools and machinery
Plants/seed/ bulbs
Occasions Florist
The Robinson family moved to Lewis in the 1990's and were originally from Birmingham. Gardening was something that we had always done – Richard Robinson, who you can meet in the shop any day, is a third generation gardener. The family had been coming to Lewis for years as visitors and we ended up landscaping the grounds at the nearby Co-op when it was established in the 1990's. Then we ended up getting a piece of land from the Co-op.
And Richard's mum and dad – Ann and Bill Robinson – still work the Garden Centre and Occasions Florists too, they still come to work every day, usually in the afternoon.
Richard recalls: "There was a niche in the market as there was only the one garden centre here. We started off in a shed half the size of our florists' room now. It was built out of all sorts of things. The guy who built our shed, I landscaped his garden – we swapped work for work. It has just grown and grown from then on, but it has taken an awful lot of hard work. There's seven of us working here altogether now."
The family set up florists shop Occasions in the centre of town 12 months after they opened the garden centre. Much later we decided that it would be better to have it all under the one roof as it would be easier to control and moved up to the present site around 2010.
Willowglen Garden Centre
© 2020 Willowglen Garden Centre
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag Archives: estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer
This is the Hard Part: the Other Side of Advocacy
January 7, 2016 by Musings of a Cancer Research Advocate
I'm not sorry to say good-bye to 2015. It was a cruel year during which we lost several beloved patient advocates, who were wrenched away from their families, their friends, and so many loved ones by the monstrous, hydra-headed beast, cancer. It was the year during which I learned that my first cousin had been diagnosed with brain metastases due to her stage IV HER2+ breast cancer. It was the year when I began to fear going onto Facebook, since I've now learned heartbreaking news about dear friends there far too many times. And it was the year when I began to dread receiving any emails whose subject lines simply contained the name of a fellow advocate with cancer—because it almost always meant the same thing, more tragic news, the loss of yet another dear friend and remarkable advocate.
In years not so long ago, when I was asked to explain what it meant to be a cancer research advocate, I welcomed the question. After all, I was being asked about my passion, what in many ways had become my raison d'etre. I could pinpoint with precision the very week when I stepped out of my role as a cancer patient and into that of a research advocate. After much difficult, fascinating, intellectually inspiring work, I was now sitting at the table as a partner with researchers, clinicians, and fellow advocates to drive the critical research questions that truly mattered to cancer patients themselves. I was an engaged, vocal participant at national cancer conferences, sometimes watching history being made as new treatment breakthroughs were being presented—and sharing deep disappointment with the oncologists, scientists, and advocates in the audience when novel agents that were followed with excitement ultimately failed to live up to their promise. And I was meeting highly passionate, intelligent, driven people from all parts of the country and, often, other nations, who were fellow cancer survivors and committed advocates, forming immediate deep friendships. It's very difficult to describe how meaningful such friendships are. They involve an instant recognition of a kindred soul–one who knows first-hand just what you've been through from all aspects, including physically, emotionally, mentally, socially, spiritually, when cancer so rudely knocks at your door. These are folks who truly "get it," to whom you immediately and without hesitation find yourself opening your heart and confiding the most private thoughts and concerns in a way you never could, nor wished to do so with your loved ones, in your reflex to protect them from your darkest thoughts and fears. Such friendships are life-changing, they are life-long, and they are one of the indescribable gifts that can give even the most difficult lives meaning. And yet. When your lifelong friend's life ends far too soon—and due to the very reason that brought your life paths together when they otherwise never would have crossed—what then?
It's now been more than 8 years since I've stepped into the role of an advocate. And with each year comes an increasing wave of devastating news. The terrible truth is that this should not have been unexpected for we who are cancer survivors and research advocates. For those of us affected by breast cancer, for example, we know that HER2+ and triple negative/basal-like breast cancer subtypes are associated with early relapse risk. And we know that ER+ tumors are associated with persistent late relapse risk beyond 5 years, with up to one-third of patients recurring potentially decades after active treatment. Yet every single time I learn that one of my advocate sisters or brothers has developed metastatic disease, I'm blindsided. And worse, when I receive the terrible news that a friend with stage IV cancer has passed, I still somehow allow myself to be blindsided yet again. After all, for my friends with metastatic breast cancer, I knew that they did not have curable disease. Each time, we prayed that their treatments would lead to "no evidence of disease" (NED) and that this would last indefinitely–or until additional, much more effective treatments became available. And for some friends with stage IV disease, they have remained with NED for several years. Others have sought new clinical trials after their cancer became resistant to their current treatment and were able to maintain stable disease for quite some time, sometimes for years—and if they became resistant to that agent, some were able to enroll on another clinical trial. And yet. There have been more of those times when, after seeing my friends year after year at the same conferences or grant review sessions, they suddenly were not there. Or they were, yet it was impossible to deny how frail they appeared, how very sick they were, that their cancer had become more adept at resisting treatment. And perhaps the most soul-shattering times were those when, after speaking with a friend who seemed to be doing extraordinarily well with her new treatment, we learned very shortly thereafter that she was no longer with us. Each and every time, I've been blindsided by their deaths; I've been lost, angry, completely unaccepting of their loss from this world.
When undergoing my active cancer treatment for Hodgkin's and, later, for breast cancer, I often worried about my oncologists and the oncology nurses who spent so much time with us, who supported us at the scariest times of our lives, who provided comfort and strength not just to we as patients but to our families as well. Both of my oncologists and their oncology nurses essentially became honorary family members, as they did for so many others whom they treated day in and day out, year after year. How were they able to form such powerful, caring relationships, yet learn how to cope with their patients' deaths, the deaths of far far too many patients? Fortunately, in more recent years, there has been increasing discussion and recognition about the impact of such repeated losses and the need for improved resources and support for oncology professionals. As noted in Cancer Therapy Advisor, "Everyone who enters the field of oncology knows that many of their patients will die, but foreknowledge is not protection against the cumulative effects of loss." I would argue that the same is true for cancer research patient advocates, particularly for those of us who have been actively engaged for several years and are experiencing what has been described as "cumulative grief"–the compounding emotional, physical, and spiritual responses to repeated exposures to profound loss. Just weeks ago, upon learning of another friend's death, I shared with a fellow breast cancer survivor that I was still reeling from the terrible news (and the awful news before that, and the devastating news before that)—and her response was direct, simple, and wise: "Deb, this is the hard part."
That it is—and during this past year, the sheer weight of it was sometimes more than I thought I could bear. Yet it's during those times that I try to remind myself: in addition to being advocates for cancer research, we're here to advocate for one another, and the support we provide to our fellow advocates during these devastating times is crucial. Oncologists and oncology nurses have appropriately stressed the need for greater institutional and professional support to help them cope with their grief due to their patients' deaths. It could be extraordinarily helpful if we, too, as dedicated cancer patient advocates, similarly received such supportive and educational resources through cancer organizations and professional societies on topics such as cumulative grief, end-of-life care, pain management, and palliative care. After all, as we know so well, knowledge is power and often provides the tools and the strength to transform even the most difficult, painful problems and emotions, including grief, into truly positive outcomes.
In addition, every time we experience these terrible losses, it serves as a stark, powerful reminder of why we became advocates in the first place. As cancer patients and advocates, we are the ones who bring a critical sense of urgency to identifying the cancer research questions that truly matter, that will have the most impact, that will ultimately lead to more cures. By working to support one another and to transform our grief into remembrance and renewed commitment to our advocacy efforts, perhaps that is the most appropriate, necessary, and powerful way to honor all of those we have lost.
"Grief starts to become indulgent, and it doesn't serve anyone, and it's painful. But if you transform it into remembrance, then you're magnifying the person you lost and also giving something of that person to other people, so they can experience something of that person."
~Patti Smith
A Postscript
It pains me to say that just 5 days after the new year, our cancer patient advocacy community has experienced yet another devastating loss.
Ellen Stovall was the Senior Health Policy Advisor at the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS) and a founding member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM)'s National Cancer Policy Board. As I posted on Ellen's wall on Facebook, she was a shining light to so many of us, and it is impossible to articulate the profound difference she has made for cancer survivors in this country. She spoke profoundly and powerfully on the need for further knowledge about the very serious late effects that can result from cancer treatment. Though I never had the honor of meeting Ellen face to face, I was and will always be inspired by her remarkable accomplishments in cancer survivorship advocacy. As I've written about here in my blog, like Ellen, I was originally diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma, and I also went on to develop potentially life-threatening late effects of my treatment, including breast cancer and cardiac disease. It is absolutely devastating that Ellen passed away 2 days ago due to sudden cardiac complications secondary to her cancer treatments. Her passion and commitment touched so many lives, and her legacy will continue–a legacy of ensuring that cancer survivors are able to become true partners in their medical care and that shared decision-making with their medical team will help to prevent or mitigate such life-threatening late effects for many cancer patients. My first major focus as an advocate was the need for improved cancer treatments that minimized the development of serious acute and late effects while continuing to ensure optimal efficacy and positive patient outcomes. Going forward, my efforts in this critical area will be in tribute to Ellen, one of the true pioneers of the art and science of cancer survivorship.
Back in 2002, Ellen shared the following thoughts when speaking during a National Cancer Institute (NCI)/American Cancer Society Survivorship Symposium in Washington, DC, called "Cancer Survivorship: Resilience Across the Lifespan." Fourteen years later, her words resonate just as deeply:
"So, my closing thoughts to you are, as you leave this room today to go back to the very, very important work of writing grants, reviewing grants, and helping people in your communities day to day deal with their personal journeys of survivorship, please know that the cancer advocacy community, represented by scores of organizations that were founded by and for cancer survivors, stands ready and eager to tell you our stories of survivorship with the belief that while grateful for the blessings of survivorship, for the increasing length of days, months, and years added because of new and improved therapies for cancer, that this diagnosis is filled with many punishing and adverse consequences as well as joy for living each day.
"The physician Victor Sidel once said that statistics are people with their tears wiped away. That is the way NCCS views cancer survivors, and on behalf of all of us at NCCS, thank you for your attention and for all you do for cancer survivorship."
Thank you, Ellen, for all you have done for so many. Rest in peace.
Posted in Breast Cancer, Cancer Survivorship, Late Effects of Cancer Treatment, Metastatic Breast Cancer	| Tagged ACS, American Cancer Society, Breast cancer, Cancer, Cancer Survivor, Cancer Survivorship, Cardiac late effects, Cardiotoxicity, Ellen Stovall, ER+ breast cancer, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, HER2+ breast cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, IOM, metastatic breast cancer, National Cancer Institute, National Cancer Policy Board, National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, NCCS, NCI, NED, No evidence of disease, Resilience | 6 Comments |
My October Blues
October 12, 2015 by Musings of a Cancer Research Advocate
October used to be one of my favorite months: the brilliant blue sky, the sharp crispness of the air, the beautiful turning of the leaves, and the fact that my birthday was just a few days before Halloween. But 8 years ago, that all changed.
Back in October 2007, I had finally completed my chemotherapy. I'd finished the uncomfortable tissue expansion sessions that were part of my reconstruction. And the tissue expanders had finally been replaced with my silicone implants. But on that day, the fact was that I was still healing, completely exhausted, in the throes of so-called "chemo brain," and once again hiding my bald head beneath a scarf to protect my scalp from the newly cold temperatures. I'd just stepped into the grocery store and was dragging myself from aisle to aisle, trying to find something–anything–that might appeal to me, since everything I ate still tasted like it was thickly coated with metal. And although I'd been wearing scarves or a wig while at work or out in public for many months, I was feeling more subconscious than usual–because everywhere I looked (and I do mean everywhere), all I could see was light pink, dark pink, muted pink, bold pink. The yogurt, the soup cans, the magazines, the cash registers themselves, balloons (really, balloons?)—they were all covered with pink ribbons announcing "Breast Cancer Awareness Month." Of course, I'd noticed the ribbons during Octobers past, and I'd been donating to the American Cancer Society and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center for many years. But on this day, I was seeing the ribbons with a completely different, somewhat embarrassed, and resentful perspective. Perhaps selfishly, thanks to those Pink PINK Ribbons RIBBONS everywhere, I felt like there was an immense, gaudy, Coney Island-like flashing pink arrow in the air pointing directly at me. And just minutes later, a stranger apparently did notice that strange ribbon-shaped arrow hovering over my head. She walked right up to me in the produce aisle, leaned over, and whispered, "I like your scarf. And I wanted to tell you that just about a year ago, I was exactly where you are today. I'd just completed my treatment for breast cancer, my hair was just starting to grow back, and I felt like I'd been through hell and back. Was your diagnosis breast cancer, too? I wanted you to know that you'll get through this and that you're going to be just fine."
She was a sweet person, and I did truly appreciate her kindness. But I was also mortified. I hated being so conspicuous–and quite honestly, I felt like a woman who was pregnant when complete strangers felt they had the right to touch her stomach. It was hard enough for me to go out in public every day exhausted, pale as a ghost, and without hair, hiding that fact beneath my scarves or my wig, so I essentially felt "outed," albeit by a woman who had been through what I was experiencing and showing her support and kindness. By the time I finally got out of the store, just the thought of a pink ribbon worsened the metal taste in my mouth.
Since that time, the pink ribbons in October have become more ubiquitous than the falling autumn leaves. They are at the heart of cause-related marketing, where it's nearly impossible to get through a day in October without seeing a pink breast cancer awareness tee shirt, a pink fuel truck, pink blenders, pink guns (yes, really: guns!), pink beribboned bottled water containing BPA (a known cancer carcinogen), NFL players running onto the field in their pink gloves and socks, and on and on and on it goes. But what many people still do not realize is that some of those companies that slap pink ribbons onto their products every October actually do not contribute to breast cancer research–or, in other cases, make contributions that are not tied to the purchase of the pink products in question.
That's bad enough. But in my humble opinion, there's something much much worse–and that's the steady stream of inaccurate, misleading, and downright false "facts" about breast cancer that appear everywhere you turn, "feel-good" story after feel-good story in every newspaper, magazine, and grocery store circular, and interviews touting how this or that celebrity "beat" breast cancer. So this October, I've decided to do my best to debunk some of the myths that have become nearly as ubiquitous as those pink ribbons.
The first that immediately comes to mind is one of the most frustrating, because there are some in the medical community and a number of breast cancer organizations that continue to perpetuate this myth. You guessed it: "Mammography saves lives." Or said another way, "mammography can only help women and couldn't do any harm." Believing these statements leads to a dark slippery slope paved with additional myths, falsehoods, and misunderstandings:
"She must not have gone for her annual mammograms: otherwise, she wouldn't have been diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer."
FALSE!
"After all, no one dies of breast cancer anymore."
Remember the 2011 ad above from Susan G. Komen–which has been described as the "most widely known, largest, and best-funded breast cancer organization in the United States"? (The red circle cross-out is mine.)
The good news is that when this ad was released, Komen came under fire from scientific experts and knowledgeable patients and advocates due to its misleading statistics and its "blame the victim" message. In fact, two professors from the Center for Medicine and the Media at The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lisa Schwartz and Steven Woloshin, published an essay in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) (2012;345:e5132) stating that Komen's 2011 Breast Cancer Awareness Month campaign "overstates the benefit of mammography and ignores the harms altogether. A growing and increasingly accepted body of evidence shows that although screening may reduce a woman's chance of dying from breast cancer by a small amount, it also causes major harms, say the authors. Yet Komen's public advertising campaign gives women no sense that screening is a close call. Instead it states that the key to surviving breast cancer is for women to get screened because 'early detection saves lives. The 5-year survival rate for breast cancer when caught early is 98%. When it's not? 23%.' This benefit of mammography looks so big that it is hard to imagine why any woman would forgo screening. But the authors explain that comparing survival between screened and unscreened women is 'hopelessly biased.' For example, imagine a group of 100 women who received diagnoses of breast cancer because they felt a breast lump at age 67, all of whom die at age 70. Five year survival for this group is 0%. Now imagine the women were screened, given their diagnosis three years earlier, at age 64, but still die at age 70. Five year survival is now 100%, even though no one lived a second longer. Overdiagnosis (the detection of cancers that will not kill or even cause symptoms during a patient's lifetime) also distorts survival statistics because the numbers now include people who have a diagnosis of cancer but who, by definition, survive the cancer, the authors added. If there were an Oscar for misleading statistics, using survival statistics to judge the benefit of screening would win a lifetime achievement award hands down, they wrote."
Even more alarmingly, these authors conducted a survey where they "found that most US primary care doctors also mistakenly interpret improved survival as evidence that screening saves lives. Mammography certainly sounds better when stated in terms of improving five year survival – from 23% to 98%, a difference of 75 percentage points. But in terms of its actual benefit, mammography can reduce the chance that a woman in her 50s will die from breast cancer over the next 10 years from 0.53% to 0.46%, a difference of 0.07 percentage points. The Komen advertisement also ignores the harms of screening. The authors noted that for every cancer detected by mammography, 'around two to 10 women are overdiagnosed.' These women cannot benefit from unnecessary chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. All they do experience is harm."
The emphasis on the term "overdiagnosed" is mine: because overselling of screening mammography has resulted in an enormous increase in the number of women who are treated for breast cancer–but most of whom would never have developed breast cancer if left untreated. The fact is that for women of average risk, screening mammography has led to a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS). DCIS, which is an overgrowth of cells in the milk ducts, lacks the ability to spread, and more are beginning to argue that its description as "breast cancer stage 0" is a misnomer—because DCIS is not in fact cancer. Rather, as breast surgeon and breast cancer oncology specialist, Dr. Laura Esserman, has described it, DCIS "is a risk factor for cancer. Many of these lesions have only a 5 percent chance of becoming cancer over 10 years." However, because there is not yet a way to accurately predict which patients are at most risk of progression to invasive disease, most cases of DCIS are treated aggressively, e.g., with breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), radiation, mastectomy, and/or in some cases, hormonal therapy. It's been estimated that DCIS comprises up to 30 percent of "breast cancer" diagnoses. Yet for the majority with DCIS, the precancerous lesions will stay in place (i.e., "in situ"), will not become invasive, and therefore will never pose a life-threatening risk. The result: overtreatment, where hundreds of thousands of women are undergoing aggressive cancer treatment and at risk for such treatment's adverse and potentially late effects when they may not have needed such treatment. (Fortunately, ongoing research is taking place, including validation studies of an OncotypeDx for DCIS, with the goal of helping to identify patients who may need less aggressive therapy or no treatment other than "watchful waiting.")
So the story of screening mammography for DCIS is not a success story. Nor has it been a success story in detecting late-stage disease. As Dr. Esserman has stressed, if life-threatening breast cancers began as DCIS, the incidence of invasive breast cancers should have steeply declined with increasing detection rates. However, that has not occurred.
More Myths
However, cause marketing is not the only source of misleading or inaccurate breast cancer "facts." Breast cancer misinformation is often compounded or reinforced by celebrities who are breast cancer survivors. Remember Melissa Etheridge's outrageous comments in AARP Magazine, when she and her buddy, Sheryl Crow, discussed how "They Beat Cancer" and provided "Lessons for All of Us"? (Yes, I'm still furious.) With just the headline, before the article even began, AARP's magazine managed to perpetuate dangerous myths and to condescend to every one of their readers: women, men, those who have had or are currently receiving treatment for breast cancer, those who have lost loved ones to this terrible group of cancers, and those who will be impacted by breast cancer in the future. Let's start with the statement "beat cancer." It's fortunate that both singers are doing so well and that their treatment has been effective for them to this point. But tragically, approximately 25% of women with breast cancer have a recurrence, where the cancer has returned—and for women with estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer, nearly 33 percent experience a recurrence. Furthermore, over half of recurrences for ER+ breast cancer are detected more than 5 years following original treatment, in some cases decades later, as opposed to other breast cancer types that tend to recur within 5 years of the original diagnosis. Research suggests that late relapse is most likely due to "tumor dormancy," where there is a prolonged phase between cancer treatment and detected evidence of disease progression. It's thought that cancer cells that were able to escape the patient's initial treatment are able to survive by hiding in a latent state for years or decades, ultimately coming out of dormancy and leading to incurable breast cancer metastases. So the important truth here is that we currently have no way of knowing who has "beat" breast cancer. As Dr. Susan Love has explained, "Breast cancer can be cured. In fact, we cure three-quarters of breast cancer; the problem is when somebody is diagnosed with breast cancer, we can't tell that woman that she is cured—until she dies at 95 of something else. So, we know we cure breast cancer, but we never know if any one particular person is cured at any one time." Crow was reportedly diagnosed with stage I ER+ breast cancer. Although Etheridge has disclosed that her cancer was stage II and that she has a mutated BRCA2 gene, I was not able to locate the hormone receptor or HER2 status of her breast cancer. Though I sincerely hope that neither ever develops a recurrence, we simply cannot know whether either woman is "cured" of her breast cancer.
It was also infuriating to me when Etheridge, scientific expert that she is, said in the same interview: "This was my own doing, and I take responsibility. When I got my body back in balance, my cancer disappeared." Excuse me? Breast cancer is NOBODY'S FAULT. And no, her cancer didn't "disappear" because she made healthy changes for her body. Sure, eating well and having a healthy lifestyle certainly is a smart choice for everyone. But Etheridge no longer has any evidence of disease because she was treated for her cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
The Politics
And then there is Debbie Wasserman Schultz: since we know that if a politician is a breast cancer survivor, she's an automatic expert on the science of breast cancer, right? Schultz–like so many politicians before her–apparently has no use for inconvenient evidence. When the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)'s recently updated its guidelines for screening mammography based on scientific evidence, she loudly protested and politicized the issue. In an interview with Marie-Claire last year, she was asked the following:
MC: "What do you make of the fact that so many health care organizations no longer advise young women to do breast self-exams?"
DWS: "To say that I don't agree with recommendations that say women shouldn't get mammograms at 40 or that self-exams aren't necessary would be an understatement. It is entirely appropriate and recommended to have a mammogram between 40 and 50. If I didn't do self-exams, I never would have found out about my BRCA2 mutation, which gave me a 40 to 85 percent chance of developing ovarian cancer by the time I was 50. I mean, I was a ticking time bomb and I didn't know it! To me, those recommendations send a very strong message to younger women that they're being written off—that they don't matter."
What Schultz didn't say is that the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommendations stress the following: "The decision to start screening mammography in women prior to age 50 years should be an individual one. Women who place a higher value on the potential benefit than the potential harms may choose to begin biennial screening between the ages of 40 and 49 years." Importantly, they also emphasize that "Women with a parent, sibling, or child with breast cancer may benefit more than average-risk women from beginning screening between the ages of 40 and 49 years."
Schultz, joined by 61 other legislators, sent a letter to Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Burwell, where they asked that the department ignore the new draft guidance by the USPSTF—in other words, asking that the department ignore the evidence. Schultz used her own story to make her case: "As a young survivor of breast cancer who was diagnosed at age 41, I am a living testament to the importance of breast cancer awareness in young women. It is imperative that no one limits the insurance coverage of preventative options for young women, especially if they have an elevated risk. While mammograms are not the only important part of preventative coverage, they play a vital role in detecting cancer in young women, in whom it is most deadly, and in raising breast health awareness."
But did mammography actually "play a vital role" in detecting her cancer? She has stated that she "had my first mammogram a few months before I found the lump" and that if the Task Force's recommendation had been in place, she may not have had a mammogram and her own cancer would "not have been caught early." What's more, she said, "We know that there are women that [sic] will die if this recommendation goes through." Yet here's the thing: in a 2013 Glamour Magazine interview, she said that "My diagnosis was a couple of months after a clean mammogram. I had aggressive breast cancer, and it grew fast from the time I had my mammogram, or it was there and the mammogram missed it. Nothing is foolproof. You can't make yourself crazy, but you have to be vigilant." So apparently, screening mammography did NOT detect her breast cancer. Schultz's own story does not support the case she has been trying to make so vociferously.
Perpetuating the Myths
But something that I saw recently is probably the most upsetting of all. On its Facebook page, BreastCancer.org shared responses from members of their Facebook community to the following question:
"It's Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Are there issues you feel are not getting enough attention?"
The responses concerning the topic of screening demonstrated the tremendous harm that results from the misinformation so freely distributed throughout October (and all year round). Here are just a few responses:
"Mammograms for 40 years upwards."
"Earlier mammograms!!!"
I began mammograms at 30 BC of questionable cysts and got Dx at age 49! They should start mammos at age 30. Maybe have them every two years. Raising age to 50 is nuts. I've had many friends Dx well before age 50."
Earlier screening mammograms? How early? How young is too young: 40, 30, 20, 15? How many more women will be overdiagnosed and overtreated before the insanity stops?
But I do want to end my October rant on a high note. The same BreastCancer.org blog also shared some responses concerning the critical topic of metastatic breast cancer–responses showing that there may be more and more folks who are seeing through all those pink ribbons to the truths about breast cancer:
"Stage IV Needs More!!!"
"More attention and funding to metastatic breast cancer, and less attention to 'awareness.' Even 3rd graders are aware!"
"Stage IV research. Not enough of it. Stage IV life expectancy. Not enough of it…"
Bravo: Less attention to "awareness" and more to Stage IV and the critical need for metastatic breast cancer research funding. So enough with the pink ribbon campaigns. Ignore the celebrities who abuse the public platform they've been given to further spread misinformation. And a big, firm wave good-bye to politicians who ignore inconvenient facts and use their power and influence to determine what's best for us–since apparently we don't know any better.
Incidentally, the nice woman who came up to me in the grocery store may or may not have been correct when she said, "I wanted you to know that you'll get through this and that you're going to be just fine." My breast cancer was ER+, so I'll never know whether my breast cancer was cured–unless it recurs or I peacefully pass away of old age in my sleep. The latter, please.
A huge thank you to my sister, Ann-Dee, for these wonderful illustrations, which perfectly capture the sentiments I wanted to convey here.
Posted in Breast Cancer, Cancer Survivorship, Metastatic Breast Cancer	| Tagged AARP, bilateral mastectomy, Breast Cancer Awareness, breast cancer lumps, breast cancer now, breast cancer screening, breast cancer stages, breast cancer symptoms, breast cancer treatment, Breast reconstruction, BreastCancer.org, Cancer, Cause Marketing, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, ER+ breast cancer, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, Komen, Melissa Etheridge, metastatic breast cancer, October, Pink Ribbons, Pinkwashing, Sheryl Crow, what breast cancer looks like, why breast cancer happens, why breast cancer kills | 8 Comments |


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Trade Report Fills Gap On Trade Statistics In The Pacific
While primary industries are the backbone of many Pacific Island countries, the need for more up-to-date information on trade in the region has been highlighted. Fiji's Trade commissioner to Papua
by stella moresio, suva
From left: Author of Pacific Island Trade 2010 to 2014, Sally Ann Hughes, Fiji Trade Commisioner to Papua New Guinea, Navitalai Tuivuniwai, European Union Ambassador for the Pacific, Andrew Jacobs, and the director General of The Pacific Community, Colin Tukuitonga. Photo: STELLA MORESIO
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While primary industries are the backbone of many Pacific Island countries, the need for more up-to-date information on trade in the region has been highlighted.
Fiji's Trade commissioner to Papua New Guinea, Navitalai Tuivuniwai, stressed this was to better understand and grow national economies.
Mr Tuivuniwai made these comments during the launch of a comprehensive Pacific Islands Trade Report 2010- 2014 at the Grand Pacific Hotel in Suva yesterday.
"To date there is very little readily available information on trade statistics in the Pacific region," he said.
"This report released by the Pacific Community and the European Union goes a long way to help fill that gap."
Mr Tuivuniwai said the report was a valuable book as Pacific Island government, donor agencies and businesses now have access to standardised information.
This is on the region's main primary sector export products, the biggest markets for these products and relative trading status of each country.
The report was produced by the EU- funded Increasing Agricultural Commodity Trade (IACT) project which is implemented by the Pacific Community.
In 2014, the total value of primary sector exports from the Pacific amounted to US$3.97 billion of which Papua New Guinea earned a significant US$2.2 billion, followed by Solomon Islands (US$659.8 million) and Fiji (US$637.2 million).
European Union Ambassador for the Pacific, Andrew Jacobs, said: "I'm convinced this report will be useful tool for the Pacific business community which will have access to an easy-to-read overview of regional trade shows and growth trends.
"For development partners as well, trade statistics are important data sources for monitoring and evaluating trade-related assistance project."
The report shows that within the Pacific region's primary sector, the products showing good potential are fish, wood, cocoa, virgin coconut oil and root crops.
Pacific Director- General, Dr Colin Tukuitonga, added: "Agriculture, forestry and fisheries provide an important revenue source for many of our region's farmers, fishers and enterprises.
"Fiji was the only Pacific Island nation that exported in significant quantities to other Pacific Island countries, accounting for 96 per cent of all intra-regional exports," he said.
The 15 Pacific Island countries highlighted in the Pacific Island Trade 2010- 2014 report are Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Island, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.
Edited by: RACHNA LAL
Feedback: aatika.patel@fijisun.com.fj
Dr Colin TukuitongaEU- funded Increasing Agricultural Commodity Trade (IACT)Fiji's Trade commissioner to Papua New GuineaNavitalai TuivuniwaiPacific Director- General
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100 decibels: Residents report increased noise…
100 decibels: Residents report increased noise from new airline flight paths
Along with his Huntington Beach neighbors, retired engineer Mario Tabernig is complaining to the FAA about the higher noise levels of passenger jets flying over his home following a change in flight patterns into Long Beach Airport. Photo was taken in Huntington Beach on Thursday, September 7, 2017. (Photo by Paul Rodriguez, Orange County Register/SCNG)
By David Whiting | dwhiting@scng.com | Orange County Register
PUBLISHED: September 8, 2017 at 11:03 a.m. | UPDATED: September 9, 2017 at 1:56 p.m.
After buying his Huntington Beach home in the 1970s, Mario Tabernig went along with hearing the occasional descending jet in the distance after Long Beach Airport transformed into a commercial hub.
But Tabernig's patience ended earlier this year when the Federal Aviation Administration tweaked flight paths at 21 airports from Santa Barbara to the Mexico border.
"The windows shake," Tabernig says of the new routes over his home. "You can't do a business by victimizing the community."
Retired engineer Mario Tabernig measures the noise level of a passenger jet flying over his home in Huntington Beach on Thursday, September 7, 2017. Tabernig says noise levels have increased since flight patterns were changed into Long Beach Airport. (Photo by Paul Rodriguez, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Retired engineer Mario Tabernig monitors decibel levels of passenger jets flying over his home in Huntington Beach with this meter. Tabernig says noise levels have increased since flight patterns were changed flying into Long Beach Airport. Photo was taken in Huntington Beach on Thursday, September 7, 2017. (Photo by Paul Rodriguez, Orange County Register/SCNG)
Tabernig says the FAA, airport and airline officials ignore his emails and letters. But it may not be because the officials are rude. It may be because they can't deal with the deluge.
Online petitions as well as standing room only turnouts at numerous community meetings reveal that thousands of people are like Tabernig. Residents report they can't hear their televisions, can't speak on the telephone and that sleeping is a nightmare.
Cities as disparate as Culver City and Laguna Beach have filed lawsuits against the FAA, declaring that environmental studies and resident input for the new flight paths were inadequate.
A host of other cities, including Long Beach and Costa Mesa, have been so inundated with complaints that they recently put up websites detailing how residents can communicate directly with FAA and airport officials.
"Unfortunately, the city does not have jurisdiction over flight patterns," states the City of Huntington Beach. "These are regulated by the Federal Aircraft (sic) Administration."
Even people as far away as Big Bear say the new flight paths are disruptive.
David Caine, a 70-year-old Lake Arrowhead resident, told the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin that jets descending to Ontario International Airport make his windows vibrate.
A neighbor, Paul de Riet, 37, said jets flying less than 3,000 feet above wake him up at 4:30 a.m.
In explaining the new procedures, the FAA said it was "enhancing aviation safety, and reducing flight delays."
The agency also pointed out, "Satellite-based procedures create more concentrated flight paths than conventional procedures."
Aviation safety is a worthy goal. The mid-air collision above Cerritos in 1986 that killed 82 people — including 15 on the ground — remains a terrifying legacy.
But transparency and addressing citizen issues also is part of the FAA's job, especially when our taxes fund the agency.
Sure, the FAA admitted, "Some people will experience slight noise decreases, some will see no changes, and some will experience small noise increases."
Yet the same aviation officials also claimed that its environmental analysis showed the new flight routes "would not result in any significant or reportable noise increases."
The agency, however, covered its, um, flank by concluding with a whatever-that-means loophole: "… under the National Environmental Policy Act."
At a May meeting in Laguna Niguel, some 175 people squeezed into council chambers to hear John Wayne Airport representatives explain how to contact the FAA.
"The flights are lower and they're more noisy," said Orange County Supervisor Todd Spitzer. "I'm experiencing, at my house, a change in flight behavior."
Along with other governmental bodies, the County of Orange and the City of Newport Beach have filed lawsuits against the FAA. But in Newport Beach at least, there remain glimmers of hope.
The Newport Aviation Committee stated in its most recent report, "The departure tracks can be improved … and it's a top priority for both the city and the county."
The same committee also said, "The city has found the FAA to be responsive to the city's concerns and open to a dialogue." And it added, "The FAA takes time to change alignments, and everyone's patience is very much appreciated."
But other cities have less patience. In announcing Culver City's lawsuit, Mayor Jim Clarke said, "Our residents have already experienced a significant impact on their quality of life from current flight path changes.
"The citizens and businesses of Culver City deserve a full analysis and discussion of the location, altitude, and impacts of these new approach and departure procedures … which are absent from the FAA's Environmental Assessment."
From 1985-1997, I lived near the commercial jet take-off route at Long Beach Airport. When I bought my home, there were nine flights a day. When I sold, there were 41 flights. I, too, was forced to abandon television, phone calls, conversation when a jet roared overhead. Then I moved.
But people such as Mario Tabernig may be less agile. Home prices as well as property tax increases can prove insurmountable.
Before retirement, the engineer measured sound levels inside the cabins of the massive cranes at the Port of Long Beach. Now, he uses the same device to gauge commercial jet noise.
Tabernig reports he's recorded jets at about 1,500 feet screaming at 100 decibels.
If Tabernig's measurements are accurate, that noise level should be no surprise. According to IAC Acoustics, a jet landing at 1,000 feet emits about 103 decibels.
For starters, Tabernig asks JetBlue Airlines to shield air holes in Airbus A320 jet wings. He says the holes create a howling whistle, like when you blow into a soda bottle — but much louder.
He says other airlines have fixed the howl at $3,000 a pop. Tabernig also asks the FAA to guide jets over the less developed Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station's loading docks.
"Nobody asked my neighbors what they think," Tabernig says of the FAA's new approaches. "That's my gripe. At least they could have studied what's a better route."
It's similar throughout other parts of Southern California. Near the 10 and 110 freeways in south Los Angeles, City Watch reported that resident Jeff Adams counted more than 300 flight in a single day.
After moving to the area, City Watch writer Dianne Lawrence realized, "Oh no, I live under a flight path."
What remains especially troubling is that the FAA refuses to consider noise mitigation, such as helping pay for double pane windows to muffle sound.
When asked about assistance, the agency simply states, "The project will not exceed thresholds of significance for any environmental impact category, so no mitigations are being proposed."
No wonder residents feel their concerns about jet noise fall on deaf ears.
David Whiting | Columnist
David Whiting is the award-winning Metro Columnist at The Orange County Register. He also can be heard on radio, has served as a television news anchor and speaks frequently at organizations and universities. He previously was an assistant managing editor and has received Columbia University's Race and Ethnicity Award, National Headliner awards and Sigma Delta Chi's Public Service Award. He recently was invited to participate in an exchange program with Chinese journalists. He earned his undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan and his master's from Columbia University's Graduate School for Journalism. He is a two-time Ironman, a two-time Boston marathoner and has climbed the highest mountains in Africa and North and South America.
dwhiting@scng.com
Follow David Whiting @DavidWhiting


text:
Home News 2012 auDA Foundation funding announced
2012 auDA Foundation funding announced
Posted by Leonie Dunbar on 24 September 2012
The auDA Foundation board will fund a PhD thesis that enables Indigenous communities to access and use three dimensional (3D) models of Australian landscapes.
A project that will explore the use of the Internet by young people at risk of self-harm or suicide to seek help also won a grant in the Foundation's 2012 funding round.
This year, twelve projects were awarded a total of $371,431 and include the funding of two 3 year PhD scholarships.
2012 is the 6th funding round and the Foundation has now funded 84 projects totalling $1,657,769.
Other notable grant recipients include "Hello Sunday Morning," a virtual space for individuals to take charge of their alcohol consumption, a RMIT University project which examines the use of Twitter by the courts on administrative matters and an online Community of Practice for nurse educators entitled "e-Nexus," spearheaded by The University of the Sunshine Coast.
The 2012 round saw the Foundation receive the highest number of applications in its history.
"We were delighted by the number of applications we received, many of which were exemplary," auDA CEO Chris Disspain said. "We feel that funding these initiatives could significantly improve the lives of many Australians through their creative use of the Internet."
The full list is as follows:
• Hello Sunday Morning
• Prahran Mission UnitingCare
• RMIT University
• Reef Check Foundation
• University of South Australia
• WorkVentures
• University of the Sunshine Coast
• Monash Indigenous Centre, Monash University
• Ballarat City Council
• Guide Dogs Victoria
• Deaf Services Queensland
• Griffith University
To learn more about these organisations' projects, go to: http://audafoundation.org.au/
Established by .au Domain Administration (auDA) in 2005, the auDA Foundation is a charitable trust established to promote and encourage educational and research activities that will enhance the utility of the Internet for the benefit of the Australian community.


2)Need to call and schedule face to face interview.
4)Need to hire freshers to Visakhapatnam location.
I need someone who can work and schedule interviews in the coming week.
Please apply only if you have previous experience in recruiting for IT company.


text:
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	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">

	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

	<groupId>net.wjlafrance.grumble</groupId>
	<artifactId>grumble</artifactId>
	<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

	<properties>
		<!-- Maven properties -->
		<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>

		<!-- Java version to target -->
		<java.version>1.8</java.version>

		<!-- Maven plugin versions -->
		<maven-compiler-plugin.version>3.1</maven-compiler-plugin.version>
		<maven-dependency-plugin.version>2.8</maven-dependency-plugin.version>
		<maven-jar-plugin.version>2.4</maven-jar-plugin.version>

		<!-- Dependency versions -->
		<junit.version>4.6</junit.version>
		<lombok.version>1.12.6</lombok.version>
		<guava.version>17.0</guava.version>
		<slf4j.version>1.7.7</slf4j.version>
		<spring-framework.version>4.0.5.RELEASE</spring-framework.version>
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	<dependencies>
		<!-- Project internal dependencies -->
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			<groupId>net.wjlafrance.grumble</groupId>
			<artifactId>murmur-protocol</artifactId>
			<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
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			<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
			<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
			<version>${lombok.version}</version>
			<scope>provided</scope>
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			<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
			<version>${junit.version}</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
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		<!-- All other dependencies -->
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			<groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
			<artifactId>guava</artifactId>
			<version>${guava.version}</version>
		</dependency>
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			<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
			<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
			<version>${slf4j.version}</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
			<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
			<version>${slf4j.version}</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
			<version>${spring-framework.version}</version>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>

	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
				<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>${maven-compiler-plugin.version}</version>
				<configuration>
					<source>${java.version}</source>
					<target>${java.version}</target>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
				<artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>${maven-dependency-plugin.version}</version>
				<executions>
					<execution>
						<id>copy-dependencies</id>
						<phase>package</phase>
						<goals>
							<goal>copy-dependencies</goal>
						</goals>
						<configuration>
							<outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>
						</configuration>
					</execution>
				</executions>
			</plugin>
			<plugin>
				<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>${maven-jar-plugin.version}</version>
				<configuration>
					<archive>
						<manifest>
							<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
							<classpathPrefix>lib</classpathPrefix>
							<mainClass>net.wjlafrance.grumble.GrumbleMain</mainClass>
						</manifest>
					</archive>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
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	</build>

</project>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package com.msi.tough.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.text.MessageFormat;

import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import com.yammer.metrics.reporting.HealthCheckServlet;
import com.yammer.metrics.reporting.PingServlet;
import com.yammer.metrics.reporting.ThreadDumpServlet;

public class AdminServlet extends HttpServlet {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1363903248255082791L;

	private static final String TEMPLATE = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\"\n"
			+ "        \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\">\n"
			+ "\n"
			+ "\n"
			+ "  <title>Metrics</title>\n"
			+ "\n"
			+ "\n"
			+ "
Operational Menu
\n"
			+ "
\n"
			+ "
Metrics
\n"
			+ "
Ping
\n"
			+ "
Threads
\n"
			+ "
Healthcheck
\n"
			+ "
\n"
			+ "\n" + "";

	public static final String DEFAULT_HEALTHCHECK_URI = "/healthcheck";
	public static final String DEFAULT_METRICS_URI = "/metrics";
	public static final String DEFAULT_PING_URI = "/ping";
	public static final String DEFAULT_THREADS_URI = "/threads";
	private static final String CONTENT_TYPE = "text/html";

	private static String getParam(String initParam, String defaultValue) {
		return initParam == null ? defaultValue : initParam;
	}

	private final HealthCheckServlet healthCheckServlet;
	private final MetricsServlet metricsServlet;
	private final PingServlet pingServlet;

	private final ThreadDumpServlet threadDumpServlet;

	private String metricsUri, pingUri, threadsUri, healthcheckUri,
			contextPath;

	public AdminServlet() {
		this(new HealthCheckServlet(), new MetricsServlet(), new PingServlet(),
				new ThreadDumpServlet(), DEFAULT_HEALTHCHECK_URI,
				DEFAULT_METRICS_URI, DEFAULT_PING_URI, DEFAULT_THREADS_URI);
	}

	public AdminServlet(HealthCheckServlet healthCheckServlet,
			MetricsServlet metricsServlet, PingServlet pingServlet,
			ThreadDumpServlet threadDumpServlet, String healthcheckUri,
			String metricsUri, String pingUri, String threadsUri) {
		this.healthCheckServlet = healthCheckServlet;
		this.metricsServlet = metricsServlet;
		this.pingServlet = pingServlet;
		this.threadDumpServlet = threadDumpServlet;

		this.metricsUri = metricsUri;
		this.pingUri = pingUri;
		this.threadsUri = threadsUri;
		this.healthcheckUri = healthcheckUri;
	}

	@Override
	protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
			throws ServletException, IOException {
		resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "must-revalidate,no-cache,no-store");
		final String uri = req.getPathInfo();
		final String path = contextPath + req.getServletPath();
		if (uri == null || uri.equals("/")) {
			resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK);
			resp.setContentType(CONTENT_TYPE);
			final PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
			try {
				writer.println(MessageFormat.format(TEMPLATE, path, metricsUri,
						path, pingUri, path, threadsUri, path, healthcheckUri));
			} finally {
				writer.close();
			}
		} else if (uri.equals(healthcheckUri)) {
			healthCheckServlet.service(req, resp);
		} else if (uri.startsWith(metricsUri)) {
			metricsServlet.service(req, resp);
		} else if (uri.equals(pingUri)) {
			pingServlet.service(req, resp);
		} else if (uri.equals(threadsUri)) {
			threadDumpServlet.service(req, resp);
		} else {
			resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND);
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
		super.init(config);
		healthCheckServlet.init(config);
		metricsServlet.init(config);
		pingServlet.init(config);
		threadDumpServlet.init(config);

		final ServletContext context = config.getServletContext();
		contextPath = context.getContextPath();
		metricsUri = getParam(config.getInitParameter("metrics-uri"),
				metricsUri);
		pingUri = getParam(config.getInitParameter("ping-uri"), pingUri);
		threadsUri = getParam(config.getInitParameter("threads-uri"),
				threadsUri);
		healthcheckUri = getParam(config.getInitParameter("healthcheck-uri"),
				healthcheckUri);
	}
}


We're so excited for today's announcement and know you will be too. Save the date for our upcoming Fall Scrapbooking Retreat at Peshtigo River Resort in Crivitz, Wisconsin. We can't wait to experience the gorgeous scenery and have a relaxing, fun, and crafty weekend. Won't you join us?
Groups of 4 (to 6 if desired) will occupy waterfront condos near the hall. Each has a unique theme and offers a spectacular view of the Peshtigo River. For larger groups, hotel-style connecting units are available, creating a 4 bedroom, 2 bathroom suite. Please note, Creations Galore will make arrangements for and combine individuals and groups smaller than 4.
Stacy said, "I really enjoyed the scrapbook retreat this weekend. It was a lot of fun!!! I may be a newbie scrapbooker, but not for long. I'm addicted!!! So many neat things I learned this weekend!"
Sara said, "Very fun. I haven't had that much fun in a long time. I needed this."
Phylis said, "Had a great time this weekend! The only bad thing is that it is over."
We look forward to another great retreat and hope you'll join us!


1 The contact with Mr..Mitsutoshi Naruse (HP: Flight From Fractal)caused me to begin programming my own fractal program "Raimuraito". Mr. Naruse taught me the following technique of programming, and I got interested in fractal art.
2 Coloring method (sine curve method) and fractal dimension method by Mr. Stephen C. Ferguson (HP: Iterations-et-Flarium24)is used in Raimuraito.
3 Mr. Arend Nijdam (HP:Het Arendsnest) gave me his frank opinions about my images. I could reflect his opinons to programming of Raimuraito.
4 Mr. Terry W. Ginz (HP:Terry's Fractal Mirage) gave me an advice about the method to stop the calculation etc.
5 Mr. Gerson gave me the informations about the bugs and dialog designs.
6 Mr. Pete Whatever gave me many informations of bugs.
7 I express my hearty thanks to these people here.
2 Fractal/Chaos by C language (fractal aes and chaos forest) by Satou, published by Rassel Ltd.
3 3D-graphics by Turbo C by Shou Yamaoka, published by Morikita publishing Co. Ltd.
1 I programmed Raimuraito because I wanted to create original fractal images.
2 This program is not complete, so there may be some bugs.
3 The several functions are limited in this release version.
7 Please refer ReadMe.html which is included in download file. The using method is written in it.
1 Ver.1.7 (2002. 2.11) : New coloring method of traps were added.
2 Ver.1.6 (2002. 1. 6) : Formulas and kilt pattern were added.
3 Ver.1.5 (2001.11.18) : Formulas were added, dialogs were improved and several bugs were fixed.