text:
\section{introduction}
Game theory and its evolutionary context are efficient frameworks
to study complex behaviors of biological, ecological, social and
economic systems \cite{Neumann,Maynard,Axelrod,Hofbauer}. Of
particular renown is the evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game
(PDG) which has attracted much attention in theoretical and
experimental studies \cite{Axelrod,Hofbauer,Wahl,Fehr,Mesterton}.
In the original PDG, players can make two choices: either to
cooperate with their co-players or to defect. They are offered
some payoffs dependent on their choices, which can be expressed by
a $2\times2$ payoff matrix in agreement with the four
possibilities. The players get rewards $R$ (or punishment $P$) if
both choose to cooperate (or defect). If one player cooperates
while the other defects, then the cooperator $(C)$ gets the lowest
payoff $S$ (sucker's payoff), while the defector $(D)$ gains the
highest payoff $T$ (the temptation to defect). Thus the elements
of the payoff matrix satisfy the conditions: $T>R>P>S$ and
$2R>T+S$, so that lead to a so-called dilemma situation where
mutual cooperation is beneficial in a long perspective but egoism
can produce big short-term profits.

One of the most interesting items on the PDG is to study under
what conditions mutual cooperation will emerge and sustain stably
or how to facilitate the cooperation of the whole population
\cite{Maynard, Axelrod, Hofbauer}. In the evolutionary PDG, the
state that all players are defectors has been proved to be an
evolutionary stable state \cite{Hofbauer}, which has inspired
numerous investigations of suitable extensions that enable
cooperation to persist. Nowak and May \cite{Nowak} introduced a
spatial evolutionary PDG model in which individuals located on a
lattice play with their neighbors and with themselves. The
dynamics is governed by a deterministic rule: in each subsequent
round, individuals adopt the strategy that has gained the highest
payoff among its neighbors (including also themselves) in the
previous round. It has been shown that the spatial effects promote
substantially the survival of cooperators \cite{Nowak, Hubermann,
Nowak_1, Nowak_2, Hauert_0}. The enhancement of cooperation on
lattice-like spatial structure is robust even if some specified
distance interactions are allowed \cite{Nowak_2}.

Szab\'{o} and T\H{o}ke extended the deterministic dynamics to a
stochastic evolutionary one \cite{Szabo_0}: rather than following
the most successful neighbor's strategy straightly, the adoption
of one of the neighboring strategies is allowed with a probability
dependent on the payoff difference. This revised version took into
account the irrational choices of the players. It was observed
that a stable absorbing state of all $C$ emerged when the
temptation to defect is below a certain critical value
(noise-dependent). Vainstein and Arenzon studied the PDG on a
diluted lattice \cite{Vainstein} and found that cooperation is
easier to maintain due to blocking the spreading of defection
caused by the empty sites on the lattice. The investigations of
the PDG on random graphs have shown that cooperation is strongly
enhanced for lattices with fluctuating connectivity in comparison
with fixed connectivity lattice \cite{Duran}. In the past few
years, the PDG has been studied on different social network
models. It was found that cooperation can be maintained on these
networks in a wide range of network parameters \cite{Abramson,
Kim, Ebel, Holme, Wu, Szabo_1, Szabo_2}. In addition, several
mechanisms were also introduced to sustain high concentration of
cooperators, such as voluntary participation \cite{Szabo_1},
dynamic network model \cite{Zimmermann} and dynamic payoff
matrices \cite{Tomochi}, and so on. Very recently, Santos \emph{et
al.} studied the PDG and snowdrift games on scale-free networks.
Their results indicated that the heterogeneity of networks favors
the emergence of cooperation \cite{Santos}.

Though many intriguing fruits have been obtained in understanding
the emergence of cooperation in spatial PDG \cite {Nowak,
Hubermann, Nowak_1, Nowak_2, Hauert_0, Szabo_0, Vainstein, Duran,
Abramson, Kim, Ebel, Holme, Wu, Szabo_1, Szabo_2}, it would also
be interesting to explore other mechanisms to enhance the
cooperative behavior. In the present work, we make further studies
of the evolutionary PDG using Szab\'{o}-T\H{o}ke version
\cite{Szabo_0} on two-dimensional disordered square lattices.
Considering individuals heterogeneously affected by their
neighbors in society, we introduce impact weight to each one of
the interacting players. Based on the player's impact weights, a
dynamic preferential selection (DPS) mechanism is incorporated
into the spatial PDG to model dynamic behaviors of human
communities. It will be shown that the DPS promotes substantially
the cooperative behavior of the players which may provide a new
perspective in understanding the persistence of cooperation in
realistic world.

In the next section, evolutionary rules of the game are explained.
In Sec. III, simulation results of our model implemented on
disordered lattices are presented and, in Sec. IV, the effects of
the DPS on the evolution of cooperation is studied in detail.
Conclusions are given in the last section.

\section{The Model}
We consider the evolutionary PDG with players located on the
two-dimensional disordered square lattice which is characterized
by a total $\phi$ portion of randomly rewired links with fixed
number of neighbors of each site (in the limit
$\phi\rightarrow1.0$, the \lq\lq disordered lattice\rq\rq is in
fact a regular random graph \cite{Szabo_1, Szabo_3}). This
approach excludes those effects coming from the fluctuation of the
number of neighbors as it happens on diluted lattices \cite
{Vainstein}, random graphs \cite{Duran}, and scale-free networks
\cite{Santos}. Similar consideration has also been made in Refs.
\cite{Szabo_2, Szabo_3}. The players are pure strategists and can
follow only two simple strategies: $C$ (cooperate) and $D$
(defect). Each player plays a PDG with itself and with its
neighbors, and collects payoffs dependent on the payoff-matrix
parameters. The total payoffs of a certain player is the sum over
all interactions. Following common practices \cite{Nowak, Szabo_0,
Abramson, Kim}, the elements of the payoff matrix can be rescaled,
i.e., choosing $R=1$, $P=S=0$, and $T=b$ $(1.0<b<2.0)$  to
represent the advantage of defectors over cooperators. We have
checked that the properties of the simulation results do not
change for $S=-\epsilon$ $(0.0 < \epsilon \ll 1.0)$.

In society, some special persons may influence others much
stronger than the average individual \cite{Kim}. In other words,
different neighbors would have different impacts on one's
behavior. In general, one can expect that the influence between
two individuals would be asymmetric and time-dependent. To model
this situation, we define a quantity $A_{ij}(t)$, which describes
the impact weight of the $j$th player on the $i$th player at time
$t$ and possesses the asymmetric property, i.e., $A_{ij}(t) \neq
A_{ji}(t)$. In this way, we hope to catch some general effects of
the dynamic asymmetric influence among interacting players on the
dynamical behavior of the game.

After each round of the game, players are allowed to inspect their
neighbors' payoffs and change their strategies in the next round
according to the comparisons. The randomly chosen player $i$
revises its strategy by selecting one of its neighbors $j$ with a
probability $\gamma$ in terms of a preferential selection rule:
\begin {equation}
\gamma_{ij}=\frac{A_{ij}(t)}{\sum_{k\in\Omega_{i}} A_{ik}(t)}\label{rule1},
\end {equation}
where $\Omega_{i}$ is the community composing of the nearest
neighbors of $i$. Eq. (\ref {rule1}) means that the stronger the
impact of a neighbor is, the larger probability it is selected to
compare with. If and only if their strategies are different, the
$i$th player's state as well as the neighbor's impact weight will
be updated, otherwise nothing happens (no strategy transformation
and impact weight update). Following ideas developed by Szab\'{o}
\emph{et al.} \cite{Szabo_0, Szabo_1, Szabo_2, Szabo_3}, given the
total payoffs ($E_i$ and $E_j$ for the $i$th and $j$th players,
respectively) from the previous round, the player $i$ adopts $j$'s
strategy with the probability
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{1}{1 + \exp{[-(E_j - E_i)/\kappa]}}\label{eq1},
\end{equation}
where $\kappa$ characterizes the noise introduced to permit
irrational choices. It should be noted that the transformation is
only affected by their payoff difference. We set the value of
$\kappa$ to $0.1$, similar to that in Refs. \cite{Szabo_0,
Szabo_1, Szabo_2, Szabo_3}. Generating a random number $r$ from a
uniform distribution in the interval $(0, 1)$, if $r< W$ (or
$r>W$), the player $j$'s strategy is accepted (or discarded) by
the player $i$ and $A_{ij}(t)$ is revised according to the
following rule
\begin {equation}
A_{ij}(t+1)=A_{ij}(t)(1\pm\alpha)\label{rule2},
\end {equation}
where the minus corresponds to the case of $r>W$, denoting no
strategy updating for the $i$th player. Initially, all $A_{ij}(0)$
are assigned to $1.0$. The parameter $\alpha$ in Eq. (\ref{rule2})
can be depicted as a multiplication factor which characterizes
qualitatively the relative change of the impact weight in each
round. Larger $\alpha$ corresponds to stronger strengthening (or
losing) of impact. In subsequent investigations, the value of
$\alpha$ is constrained in the range $(0,1)$ to ensure no negative
elements in $A_{ij}(t)$, which means that all opinions ($C$ and
$D$ in the present case) have opportunities to be followed. If
strategies of the players spread successfully, they can be called
as \lq\lq winners\rq\rq regardless of the payoffs (for example,
due to the noise, the worse performance strategy also has a
certain probability to take over a better performance one). Thus,
this rule (Eq. (\ref{rule2})) could be termed as: \lq\lq
win-strengthen, lose-weaken\rq\rq. The more frequently a player's
strategy followed by its neighbors, the larger probability it will
be picked up to refer to in the subsequent generations, and vice
versa.

\section{simulation results}
In what follows three groups of systems will be considered: (i)
regular square lattices ($\phi=0.0$ with $\alpha=0.0$, $0.01$,
$0.1$, and $0.3$, respectively); (ii) weak disordered lattices
($\phi=0.1$ with the same values of $\alpha$ as before); (iii)
strong disordered lattices ($\phi=1.0$ with the same values of
$\alpha$ as the former). On the one hand (as a byproduct), we want
to understand how the underlying disordered structures affect the
evolution of the PDG; on the other hand (as the main aim), we try
to explore the potentiality of the DPS (in combination with the
disordered structures) on the evolution of cooperation.

All the simulations are performed in systems with $300\times300$
players. Starting from a random initial state with equal fraction
of $C$ and $D$, we iterate the model with synchronous update. The
evolution eventually leads to dynamic equilibrium states with
small fluctuations of the cooperator density around an average
value. The parameter $\alpha$, which determines the evolution of
impact weights, is not critical, and convergence has been verified
for all values of $\alpha$ between $0$ and $1$. A key quantity is
the density of cooperators, $\rho_C$, which is defined as the
average fraction of players adopting the strategy $C$ in the
equilibrium state. The total sampling times were $10^5$
Monte-Carlo (MC) steps \cite{Note_1}, and the equilibrium density
of cooperators was obtained by averaging over the last $10^4$
steps. Each data point (in Figs. \ref{fig1} and \ref{fig2})
results from an average over 10 realizations for the same type of
disordered lattices specified by the parameter $\phi$.

The dependence of $\rho_C$ on $b$ in the equilibrium state for
different values of $\phi$ and $\alpha$, are shown in Fig.
\ref{fig1}. The main features in the steady state are similar to
the results reported in Ref. \cite{Szabo_0}, i.e., there exist two
different absorbing states $(\rho_C=1$ and $ \rho_C=0)$ separated
by the active phase (coexistence of $C$ and $D$). We have found
numerically that $\rho_C=1$ in all the cases we are interested in
when $b<5/4$, which can be regarded as a homogeneous cooperation
state. Since our main aim goes beyond this trivial steady-state,
we will only concentrate on the region of $b>5/4$, where new
features may emerge.

First, we consider the model without DPS ($\alpha=0.0$). In the
case of $\phi=0.0$, which corresponds to the regular square
lattice, we recover the results of the stochastic model
\cite{Szabo_0}, i.e. $\rho_C$ decreases monotonically with the
increase of $b$ and vanishes at a threshold $b_c$. When long range
links emerge on the lattice ($\phi=0.1$), the level of cooperation
is promoted (a larger threshold $b_c$ in Fig. \ref{fig1}(b) than
that in Fig. \ref{fig1}(a)), which is different from previous
reports that local interactions promote the sustainment of
cooperation (see Refs. \cite{Nowak, Hubermann, Nowak_1, Hauert_0}
and the references therein). Particularly, in the case of
$\phi=1.0$ (corresponding to a regular random graph), where the
spatial correlation is very weak, cooperation is enhanced further
(if it is just measured by the value of $b_c$). Even in the case
of $b>2.0$, minor fractional cooperators can be found in a sea of
defectors.

These results can be understood in the following way. On the one
hand, in our model, the state transformation of the players
conforms to a Fermi function (see Eq. (\ref{eq1})) suggested by
Szab\'{o} \emph{et al.} \cite{Szabo_0, Szabo_1, Szabo_2, Szabo_3}.
Using this update rule, they have also found that long range
interactions enhance the cooperation when the PDG (with no
self-interactions included) was performed on regular random graphs
\cite{Szabo_1}. On the other hand, self-interactions are included
in the present work. Recently, Hauert and Doebeli have studied
another famous evolutionary game, snowdrift game, on different
types of lattice \cite{Hauert_1}. They have found that the spatial
structure eliminates cooperation for intermediate and high
cost-to-benefit ratio of cooperation because benefits of costly
cooperative acts accrue not only to others but also to the
cooperator itself \cite{Hauert_1, Doebeli}. As to our PDG model,
each player $C$ plays with itself besides its nearest neighbors,
which indicates that it will gain at least $R$ payoff even in the
worst case (surrounding by four defectors). In a different
interpretation, besides their neighbors, the cooperators'
investment will benefit themselves too. Note that the high
cost-to-benefit ratio of cooperation in snowdrift game corresponds
to large values of $b$ in the PDG. Considering these two factors,
it is not surprising that the disordered structure can promote
cooperation in the present model.

We now focus our attention on the influence of the DPS on the game
evolution. The results obtained for $\alpha=0.01, 0.1, 0.3$ are
summarized in Fig. \ref{fig1}. Although qualitative behaviors are
similar to those of the random selection case, there are some
remarkable quantitative differences. The simulation results depend
strongly on both the parameters $\phi$ and $\alpha$. For well
structured populations ($\phi=0$, regular square lattice case)
with $\alpha=0.01$, the DPS promotes cooperation for small $b$ in
comparison with the random selection case. For large $b$, however,
the tendency is reversed and the fraction of cooperators is
somewhat lower than the corresponding value in the case of
$\alpha=0.0$. There exists a cross point for $b$ separating the
two regions which depends on $\alpha$: for $\alpha=0.01$,
$b\approx1.5$. For the other two values of $\alpha$ ($0.1$ and
$0.3$), the DPS enhances greatly the cooperation with respect to
otherwise. In the cases of disordered structural populations
($\phi=0.1$ and $1.0$), for all the values of $\alpha$ considered
here, the cooperative behavior can be substantially promoted (see
Figs. \ref{fig1}(b) and \ref{fig1}(c)) and maintained even in the
extreme defection circumstance ($b>2.0$), where the game is not a
proper Prisoner's Dilemma. It is strikingly interesting that, for
disordered structural populations, all the curves nearly collapse
into a single curve (shown in Figs. \ref{fig1}(b) and
\ref{fig1}(c)) when the DPS is introduced into the game. The
visible difference exists only in the region where cooperators are
going to extinction. The larger $\alpha$ gives rise to larger
threshold $b_c$. The data collapsing is also found in well
structured populations for large $\alpha$ (see Fig.
\ref{fig1}(a)).

From these observed features, we argue that, whether the
underlying \lq\lq lattice\rq\rq is well structured or disordered,
as soon as the multiplication factor $\alpha$ is finite and
sufficiently large, the enhancement of cooperation will be to some
extent realized. Despite of the fact that the disordered structure
prefers to favor the emergence of cooperation, the much stronger
enhancement of cooperative behavior for $\alpha>0.0$ than that for
$\alpha=0.0$ implies that the DPS plays a crucial role in the
dynamics.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\epsfxsize=7cm \epsffile{fig1.eps}} \caption{(color
online). Average density of cooperators, $\rho_{c}$, as a function
of the temptation to defect $b$ in the equilibrium state. Filled
and open symbols correspond to the cases of random selection and
preferential selection, respectively.} \label {fig1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\epsfxsize=7cm \epsffile{fig2.eps}} \caption{(color
online). Average density of cooperators, $\rho_{c}$, as a function
of the multiplication factor, $\alpha$, for three special values
of $b$ (colored symbols). The colored lines correspond to random
selection cases $(\alpha=0.0)$: dashed (black) for $\phi=0.0$,
dotted (red) for $\phi=0.1$, and dash-dotted (blue) for
$\phi=1.0$, respectively.} \label {fig2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\epsfxsize=9cm \epsffile{fig3.eps}} \caption{(color
online). Histograms (over $10^5$ time steps) of impact weights of
players in the equilibrium state. Only the data which fall into
the region $[10^{-16}, 10^{16}]$ are shown. The power-law decaying
behavior determined by the intrinsic nature of Eq. (\ref{rule2})
is visible in both the very large limit and the very small limit
of the impact weights.} \label {fig3}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig2}, we show the plots of $\rho_C$ as a function of
$\alpha$ for three special values of $b$, to emphasize the changes
in behaviors as the lattice varies. The colored dashed lines
correspond to the results obtained for the random selection case
and the symbols for the DPS case. Different colors denote
different disordered degree of the lattice: black for $\phi=0.0$,
red for $\phi=0.1$ and blue for $\phi=1.0$, respectively. Note
that only the curves for $\phi=0.0$ have a clear sensitivity to
the values of $\alpha$ (black squares in Figs. \ref{fig2}(a) and
\ref{fig2}(b)). The temptation to defect, $b$, has also an
influence on the results. In the cases of small $\alpha$ with
$\phi=0.0$, for low temptation ($b=1.48$), the cooperation level
is slightly higher for the DPS case than that for the random
selection case; whereas for high temptation ($b=1.75$), the
phenomenon is reversed. The Similar discrepancy can also be found
for large values of $\alpha$ with $\phi=0.0$: the spatial
structure promotes slightly the cooperation level for $b=1.48$
(see Fig. \ref{fig2}(a)), and yet inhibits that for $b=1.75$ (see
Fig. \ref{fig2}(b)). The transition point seems to be around
$\alpha \approx 0.06$. Since regular lattices are not realistic
representations of most actual population structures
\cite{Newman}, especially human (because of the mobility and
dispersal ability of the individuals), we do not comment further
on these trivial results and focus our attention on those issues
where disordered structures are present ($\phi=0.1$ and $1.0$).

Now taking a look at Figs. \ref{fig2}(a), (b) and (c), we clearly
observe that for any finite values of $\alpha$ we are interested
in, given fixed values of $b$ and $\phi$, the cooperation level is
almost independent of $\alpha$, and the relative deviation of the
results is less than $5\%$. Despite of this point, we would like
to point out that the enhancement of cooperation appears also
insensitive to the special values of $\phi$, i.e., more disordered
structures have little essential influence on the evolutionary
results, at least, for the case of $0.1<\phi<1.0$. This problem
should deserve to make further investigations in the future work.

To end up this section, let us review the novel features of the
results obtained by computer simulations. When introducing the DPS
to the evolutionary PDG, we have found that the cooperative
behavior in the populations is substantially enhanced with respect
to the random selection case. The enhancement is robust against
whether the underlying lattice is well structured or disordered.
Though the evolutionary results depend on both $\phi$ and
$\alpha$, as long as the underlying lattice is finitely disordered
and the multiplication factor $\alpha$ is also sufficiently large
(e.g., $\alpha>0.003$ in the present studied cases \cite{Note_2}),
the resulting cooperation level seems insensitive to both $\phi$
and $\alpha$ for fixed values of $b$.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\epsfxsize=15cm \epsffile{fig4.eps}} \caption{(color
online). Persistence function $P_{c}(t,t_w)$ and correlation
function $Q_{c}(t,t_w)$ for different combinations of $b$, $\phi$
and $\alpha$ as a function of time interval $t-t_w$ where
$t_w=95000$. Inset: time evolution of the persistence function
$P(t,t_w)$ for both strategies $C$ and $D$. That the persistence
$P_{c}(t,t_w)$ goes to zero in the long time limit indicates the
random walk and annihilation of cooperators, whereas the non-zero
plateau of it implies the stable maintenance of the communities of
the cooperators. The plots of $Q_{c}(t,t_w)$ also give the same
hints, which sustains the level of the datum time $t_w$ for the
stable maintenance case, and displays the mean-field behavior for
the random walk case. See the text for details.} \label {fig4}
\end{figure*}

\section{analysis and discussion}
Before discussing the further details as to why the above
evolutionary results may occur, we briefly review those results
obtained for the evolutionary PDG performed on the regular
lattice. Generally, we are more interested in the region near the
extinction threshold of cooperators, from which we can figure out
clearly cooperators' evolution and surviving in the sea of
defectors. For this issue, Hauert \textit{et al.} \cite{Szabo_1,
Hauert_1} have found that cooperators can survive by forming
large, compact clusters which minimize the exploitation by
defectors. Along the boundary, cooperators can outweigh their
losses against defectors by gains from interactions within the
cluster . Similar phenomena were observed earlier by Szab\'{o} and
T\H{o}ke \cite{Szabo_0}. The compact clusters composing of
cooperators do random walks and spread out in the background of
defectors. Though, occasionally a cluster splits into two or two
clusters collide, merge, or annihilate and vanish \cite{Szabo_1},
the compact structures of the surviving clusters can remain in
principle unchanged.

The problem can be viewed more explicitly: when the players'
strategy update is implemented by randomly selecting a neighbor to
compare with according to Eq. (\ref{rule2}), the compact
structures favor those internal cooperators to forming a stable
core, since the components interact only with players taking over
strategy $C$. The existence of this core enables those cooperators
on surface to have enough channels to collect payoffs so that they
can resist the invading of defectors, which in return reinforce
the stability of the core. The mutual protection (or reciprocity)
of the cooperators enables the compact structures to sustain
stably, and hence contributes to the persistence of cooperation.

Motivated by the above interpretations, some conjecture on the
origin of those results of our model with the presence of DPS
depicted in Sec. III may be appropriate here. We think that the
DPS could induce the emergence of pairs of influential co-players,
and when some of them are cooperators, they will \lq\lq
always\rq\rq refer to their influential neighbors' strategies in
the subsequent generations, then communities consisting of their
neighbors and themselves may form and survive stably in the
background of defectors, which would contribute to the persistence
of cooperation. Those influential co-players taking over strategy
$C$ can be regarded as the core of the communities (or clusters).
To test this speculation, we check the probability distribution of
$A_{ij}(t)$ in the equilibrium state, which is expected to have a
broad distribution so that there could arise a large enough
fraction of influential co-players (being cooperators) to form
stable core in populations.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\epsfxsize=13cm \epsffile{fig5.eps}} \caption{Right
panel: illustration of cooperators and defectors at time $t=9.5
\times 10^4$. Middle panel: snapshot showing players that remain
unchanged between MC time $t=9.5 \times 10^4$ and $10^5$: the
\emph{pinned} cooperators, defectors, and the \emph{active}
players are denoted by dark gray boxes, light gray boxes, and
white vacancy, respectively. Right panel: only the \emph{pinned}
cooperators are shown. Parameters: $\phi=0.0, b=1.75,
\alpha=0.1$.} \label{fig5}
\end{figure*}

In Figure \ref{fig3}, we plot probability distributions of
$A_{ij}(t)$ for four different combinations of $b$ and $\phi$ and
with corresponding three values of $\alpha$: $b=1.48$, $\phi=0.0$
(Fig. \ref{fig3}(a)); $b=1.75$, $\phi=0.0$ (Fig. \ref{fig3}(b));
$b=1.9375$, $\phi=0.1$ (Fig. \ref{fig3}(c)); and $b=2.0$,
$\phi=1.0$ (Fig. \ref{fig3}(d)), respectively. As indicated, there
are very large broad distributions of $A_{ij}(t)$ except for two
combinations, ($b=1.48$, $\phi=0.0$, $\alpha=0.01$) and ($b=1.75$,
$\phi=0.0$, $\alpha=0.01$). These two combinations do not favor
the emergence of cooperation (see Fig. \ref{fig1}(a) for the
symbols of red circles) in contrast to other combinations, and
also do not provide sufficient conditions for players to form
stable clusters which can be seen in the following part. It is
worthy to point out that the combinations of well structured
populations with sufficiently large $\alpha$ values (Figs.
\ref{fig3}(a) and \ref{fig3}(b)) or disordered populations with
finite $\alpha$ values (Figs. \ref{fig3}(c) and \ref{fig3}(d))
resulting in broad histograms of $A_{ij}(t)$ indeed facilitate the
cooperative behavior compared with corresponding random selection
cases $(\alpha=0.0)$, which have been verified by previous
simulations (see Figs. \ref{fig1} and \ref{fig2}).

To prove that some fractional players may form stable clusters in
the presence of the DPS in a more detailed way, we measured the
persistence function $P_{C}(t,t_w)$, the fraction of cooperators
that do not change strategy between an initial waiting time $t_w$,
and the time $t\geq t_w$ \cite{Vainstein}. In addition, the
correlation function $Q_{C}(t,t_w)$, which characterizes the
fraction of cooperators at time $t$ that have arisen at time $t_w$
in spite of finitely many times flipping of the strategy during
the two time interval, is also explored. In a distinct view, the
results of these two quantities as a function of the time interval
$t-t_w$ (measured in MC steps, the time $t_w$ can be selected
arbitrarily as long as the systems had attained equilibrium) are
summarized in Fig. \ref{fig4} on a log-linear scale for
$t_w=95000$.

For the cases of well structured populations with sufficiently
large $\alpha$ (Fig. \ref{fig4}(d)) or disordered populations with
finite $\alpha$ (Figs. \ref{fig4}(e) and \ref{fig4}(f)), after an
initial decrease, the persistence attains, for large time
intervals, a plateau whose value depends on the parameters $b$,
$\phi$ and $\gamma$. Interestingly, for a non-Hamiltonian model we
studied here, the decaying behavior of the persistence in the
equilibrium is exponential at large time intervals, just like that
has been observed commonly in Hamiltonian models and in site
diluted lattice model \cite{Note_3}. If the persistence does not
go to zero, there is a fraction of sites of cooperators that flip
only finitely many times (blocking), and domain wall movements are
constrained (pinning) \cite{Vainstein}. For the present systems we
studied, it indicates that communities of cooperators exist stably
in the background of defectors. In the cases of random selection
(no matter whether the populations are well structured or
disordered, Figs. \ref{fig4}(a) and \ref{fig4}(c)) or well
structured populations with very small $\alpha$ (Fig.
\ref{fig4}(b)), however, the persistence goes to zero in the long
time interval limit, which means that all the cooperators are
renewed completely after finite waiting time. This is reminiscent
of the random walk and annihilation \cite{Szabo_0}. The
persistence function $P(t,t_w)$ for both strategies $C$ and $D$
shown in insets also displays the similar characteristics.

The time dependence of the correlation function $Q_{C}(t,t_w)$
also reflects the same evolving behavior of the systems. For well
structured populations with sufficiently large $\alpha$ (Fig.
\ref{fig4}(d)) or disordered populations with finite $\alpha$
(Figs. \ref{fig4}(e) and \ref{fig4}(f)), $Q_{C}(t,t_w)$ fluctuates
weakly around the average fraction of cooperators, $\rho_C$,
indicating the stable maintenance of the communities of
cooperators. For the random selection case (Figs. \ref{fig4}(a)
and \ref{fig4}(c)) or well structured populations with very small
$\alpha$ (Fig. \ref{fig4}(b)), the random walks and annihilation
of cooperators causes the long time correlation to be independent
of the initial state, which can be calculated roughly by a
mean-field method. Since the spread of cooperators can be regarded
as walking randomly in such cases, the probability of revisiting
those sites which had been visited before will be proportional to
the average density of cooperators. Assuming that the fraction of
cooperators is equal to $\rho(t_w)$ at time $t_w$ (the system has
already attained equilibrium before this time), the mean-field
approximation gives the relation, $Q_{C}(t,t_w)\approx
\rho_C\times \rho(t_w)$, in the long time limit,
$t\rightarrow\infty$. As shown in Figs. \ref{fig4}(a),
\ref{fig4}(b) and \ref{fig4}(c), the analysis is in well agreement
with numerical simulations.

For an intuitive understanding of the surviving of cooperators, in
Fig. \ref{fig5} we present snapshots of the system in the
equilibrium state under the condition of $\phi=0, b=1.75,
\alpha=0.1$, showing both \emph{active} and \emph{pinned} players.
These snapshots are a $50 \times 50$ portion of the full $300
\times 300$ lattice. Cooperators and defectors are shown in dark
gray and light gray boxes, respectively. The white vacancy denotes
\emph{active} players. This typical configuration is almost stable
and the small amount of \emph{active} sites is confined to a few
regions. It is shown that most cooperator clusters remain
unchanged confirming previous analysis.

At last, it should be pointed out that it is only qualitatively
depicted that the large broad distributions of the impact weights
favor the formation of stable clusters. The quantitative analysis
on this issue, however, is unimplemented. The work along this line
is in progress.

\section{Conclusions}
In this work, we have explored the general question of cooperation
formation and sustainment from the perspective of the coevolution
between the dynamics of players' states and their
inter-influential relationships. By considering asymmetric and
heterogenous influential effects in many natural populations, we
defined impact weights for any pairs of neighboring individuals,
which describes the influence of one player on another and evolves
timely. Based on this quantity, a dynamic preferential selection
(DPS) mechanism was introduced to the dynamics of an evolutionary
PDG. To simulate the mobility and dispersal ability of
individuals, the disordered structure of populations was also
taken into account.

Although disordered structure has been proved to favor the
emergence of cooperation, it was found that the DPS plays a
crucial role in determining the evolutionary results of the game.
In fact, for well structured populations with strong
multiplication effects (large $\alpha$) or disordered structural
populations with the presence of the DPS, the cooperative behavior
can be substantially promoted. These findings are presented for
some specific sets of parameter values of $b$, $\phi$ and
$\alpha$, but they are qualitatively the same for a broad range of
values. By analyzing the probability distribution of $A_{ij}(t)$
in the long time limit, the persistence function $P_{C}(t,t_w)$
and the correlation function $Q_{C}(t,t_w)$ for the cooperators in
the equilibrium state, we found that the DPS gives rise to very
large broad distributions of the impact weights, which favor the
influential cooperators to form stable communities, and thereby
contribute to the emergence and persistence of cooperation. One
interesting result is that the enhancement of cooperation, once
realized, is insensitive to some special values of $\phi$ and
$\alpha$. That is to say, the enhancement of cooperation in the
presence of the DPS is general and robust, especially for finitely
disordered structural populations. Another intriguing result is
that, given the appropriate multiplication factor $\alpha$,
cooperators can always persist in the whole range of $1.0<b<2.0$
for disordered structural populations, providing an escape hatch
out of states of mutual defection predicted by both classical and
evolutionary game theory. Thus, the DPS is capable of changing the
doomed fate of cooperators and ensuring them to persist even under
harsh conditions when $b\rightarrow2.0$. Although it is simple,
the present model offers an efficient way to simulate real social
behaviors, and might shed lights in understanding the evolution of
cooperation in complex social systems where \emph{asymmetry},
\emph{heterogeneity}, and \emph{feedback} are ubiquitous.

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Fund for
Physics and Mathematics of Lanzhou University under Grant No.
Lzu05008.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


If you want you get a private experience with your friends – just the closest and most trusted people, no strangers.
We all want to be known as the "cool boss" … Well, here's a perfect opportunity to claim your new title. Bring your team to Escape USA and boost morale while also learning valuable lessons in communication, organization, and critical thinking.
What is in an escape room?
An escape room is a live action adventure where you enter a themed room with a group of 2-10 people and attempt to solve a series of puzzles within a time limit to complete or escape the room. In our escape games you must work with your team to find all the hidden clues and solve each puzzle so that you can try to escape in 60 minutes or less. All our escape rooms are fully immersive adventures which are fun to solve and draw you and your team into a well thought out story line. Challenge yourself! Can you escape in time?
Who can play at Escape USA?
Our 1920's Speakeasy Murder Mystery and Quest for the Throne escape scenarios are designed to be fun for anyone aged 7-110! Anyone under 12 must be accompanied by an adult. Anyone aged 12-15 can enter either of these two escape rooms without an adult, however an adult must remain on the premises.
The recommended age to play The Banishing is 13+. All children under 15 MUST be accompanied by an adult inside this escape room game. Younger children are welcome to play this game at their parent's discretion, however The Banishing is not recommended for anyone under age 12. Please feel free to call us if you have any questions.
Anyone aged 16-17 can come to our escape rooms without an adult, however a guardian over age 18 must sign a waiver for them in advance.
Great for families, perfect for date night, awesome for birthday parties, and our escape rooms are also excellent for company team building events. Escape game rooms promote teamwork, improve time management and communication skills, and enhance problem solving abilities.
How do I book an escape room game?
All of our games can be booked online at our booking page. Alternatively you can call us at 770 693 5766 to book. All bookings made over the phone require a minimum deposit of 50%.
We can also accommodate walk-ins as long as we have an open room available at the time you wish to play. Please note, walk-ins must arrive at least 15 minutes in advance of your desired game start time.
You will complete the waiver in advance for yourself and anyone under age 18 by filling out the waiver that is emailed or texted to you. You can have your teammates send you the waiver form as well!
I have booked a room, when should I arrive?
Please arrive 15 minutes ahead of your scheduled game time so that we can get your group checked in, fill out a waiver, and go over the game rules with you. Plan to stay 10-15 minutes after your game ends for photo sessions. So plan for your visit to be a total of 90 minutes.
What happens if I'm late for my scheduled game?
Please arrive at least 15 minutes ahead of your scheduled game time. IF YOU ARRIVE MORE THAN 10 MINUTES AFTER YOUR SCHEDULED GAME START TIME YOU WILL NOT HAVE THE FULL 1 HOUR TO ESCAPE YOUR CHOSEN ROOM. IN THIS CASE, TIME WILL BE DEDUCTED FROM YOUR GAME CLOCK ACCORDING TO HOW LATE YOU ARRIVE.
What happens if we can't solve the puzzles?
Don't worry, our game masters will monitor your entire experience. You can ask for 3 clues throughout the game which will be sent to a screen inside the room.
You need at least 2 people in a group to play, but you can have up to 10 people in a room at one time for our 1920's Murder Mystery and Quest for the Throne games.
The Banishing escape room game is designed for 2-6 players. Due to the theme and room layout the maximum number of players for The Banishing is 6 people.
For special events such as birthdays and team building sessions, we can accommodate up to 15 people in both our 1920's room and our Quest for the Throne room, please call for details.
Are your escape rooms scary?
Our 1920's Speakeasy Murder Mystery and Quest for the Throne themed rooms are family friendly and fun for all ages. Nothing in these two rooms is designed to scare you and no thing or person will jump out at you.
The Banishing escape room game is designed to be creepy and scary, it features religious symbolism, ritual, and cryptic clues. This game is not recommended for children under the age of 13, anyone with a heart condition or illness that may prevent them from safely participating in a fear based escape room, or anyone offended by religious symbolism and/or ritual.
What should I do if I can't make it to my scheduled game on time?
To re-schedule your booking you must call us at least 48 hours in advance of your booked game time. 770 693 5766Due to the limited space we have for each game, we do not issue refunds for booked games. PLEASE NOTE: THERE WILL BE NO REFUNDS FOR CANCELLATIONS OR NO-SHOWS AND TO RE-SCHEDULE YOU MUST CALL AT LEAST 48 HOURS IN ADVANCE OF YOUR GAME TIME.
Will other people be in the same room as us?
When booking you can choose to make your game a private event for just the people you know. However, if you do not select this option there is a chance that other people will book the remaining slots for that room and time. This is OK though, it will give you a chance to meet some new people and having more brains and different ways of thinking in your group will only increase your chance of escaping.
Can I take photos inside the escape room?
No. Photographs and videos are not allowed to be taken in our escape rooms. We put time and effort into the creation of our rooms and the puzzles so we want to keep the rooms a secret from anyone who hasn't experienced them yet.
No, but there are many restaurants nearby where you can grab a bite before or after your escape room experience. We do not allow any food inside our escape rooms. You may brink non-alcoholic drinks with you as long as they are in a sealed container such as a water bottle.
We recommend wearing comfortable clothing and shoes. All players are required to wear shoes, shirts, and pants at all times. Of course, if you wish, you are quite welcome to dress up in costume to match your chosen room theme!
No, only the escape door of the room is potentially locked depending on the escape theme. There will always be an unlocked door that you can exit through at any time. However, if you leave the escape room before your game is over we cannot permit you to re-enter the room. In this case you are welcome to wait for your group in our lobby.
$28 Per Person. We accept credit and debit card payments. We cannot accept cash payments and no cash is kept on the premises.
Yes. We always offer a 15% discount to current and former military members. Just call us to book and bring your military I.D. with you when you come to play. We also offer a discount for school groups, law enforcement, fire fighters, and paramedics. Call us for more details. Finally, we have a special discount for any group that plays 2 of our escape rooms in one day.
How difficult are your escape rooms?
Our escape rooms vary in difficulty level but all of them are lots of fun. We rate our rooms on a scale of 1-5 indicated by the red lock symbols on each of the room pages. The more red locks you see, the harder the room is to solve.
The Gift Vouchers can become a great gift for a special person in your life.
Copyright © 2019 Escape USA LLC.


Ashok Leyland is a leading commercial vehicle and bus manufacturer from India. Distributed only by Swaidan Trading in the UAE, it has been in business for more than 60 years and sells around 100,000 vehicles annually. Ashok Leyland's public transport and school buses are market leaders and come in a wide range of options.


text:
BBC Arts commissions new programmes in year-long celebration of literature
By Imani Cottrell
Wednesday, 21st August 2019
Novels That Shaped Our World Festival panel (Credit: BBC)
BBC Arts has announced a line-up of new programmes across BBC TV, radio and online as part of a year long celebration of literature.
The programmes explore both classic and contemporary fiction, from celebrated authors and those less well-known.
BBC's regular book programmes such as The Radio Two Book Club with Jo Whiley, The Verb on BBC Radio Three, World Book Club on the World Service and Open Book on Radio Four will feature specials throughout the year.
A festival has also been set up in partnership with libraries and reading groups around the UK.
The Novels That Shaped Our World Festival will explore 100 novels – all works of fiction in the English language – that have had a lasting impact over the last three centuries.
The list has been chosen by a panel of six: journalist and broadcaster Mariella Frostrup; author, screenwriter and columnist Juno Dawson; Bradford festival literary director Syima Aslam; author Kit de Waal; editor of The Times Literary Supplement Stig Abell and author Alexander McCall Smith.
The novels will appear on Radio Two Book Club with Jo Whiley, before they are discussed in front of a live audience hosted by the radio presenter at the British Library on the 8th November.
The celebration will also reflect on the legacy of Toni Morrison, with her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved featuring in the 100 Novels That Shaped Our World collection.
Lamia Dabboussy, acting director of BBC Arts, hoped the programming would generate debate.
She said: "We're hoping to get the nation reading, re-reading and debating novels through this year-long focus on literature across the BBC."
In Search of Dracula (w/t) BBC One
Mark Gatiss (Credit: BBC)
Presented by the executive producer and co-writer of the upcoming Dracula series Mark Gatiss, In Search of Dracula uncovers the effects of immortalising the infamous Count.
The documentary starts at Orava Castle in Slovakia – which was used in the film Nosferatu – before going on to the London Library, which contains Bram Stoker's newly discovered research literature.
Gatiss then takes viewers to Philadelphia to study Stoker's hand-written notes and examine his abandoned ideas, storylines and characters.
He also talks to actors, film experts and historians about Dracula's transition from page to screen, exploring why Dracula has become such a pop culture icon and why we keep coming back to him time and time again.
Novels That Shaped Our World, BBC Two
The series looks at novels that shaped the world using three unique perspectives: empire and slavery, women's voices and class experience.
Across 300 years the novel has been at the heart of debate, acted as a spearhead for change and reflected historical social struggles.
Key moments from novels are brought to life with dramatic performances and readings, plus British and international novelists talk about the novels that meant the most to them.
Episode one examines race and empire, considering influential novels such as Uncle Tom's Cabin and Noughts and Crosses.
The second episode examines women as both authors and characters, discussing how the plight of women can be seen in the earliest novels from Jane Austen to Virginia Woolf, and how a new generation of authors such as Zadie Smith and Toni Morrison speak out for women.
Episode three examines the class struggle within novels and within author's lives.
Novels by Dickens and Hardy are discussed and how the growth of the crime novel plays on the gulf between those the fortunate and less fortunate.
Being Bridget, BBC Two
Helen Fielding (Credit: BBC)
2020 will mark 25 years since Bridget Jones first burst onto the scene with her famous diary.
Helen Fielding's creation became an instant cultural phenomenon, detailing Jones' rocky relationships with men, booze and cigarettes (and her appreciation for knicker elastic).
Fielding's honest depiction of a woman in her thirties, balancing work, relationships, family and friends resonated with a generation of women and helped launch the term 'chick lit'.
The film explores how the novel reflects changing attitudes to women and includes interviews with Fielding and the friends that inspired the original characters.
The film also includes rarely seen archive footage and tributes from celebrity fans.
Richard E Grant Write Across the World, BBC Two
Richard E Grant (Credit: BBC)
Book and travel lover Richard E Grant travels to France, Italy and Spain to visit places that have inspired writers for centuries.
Each episode features five or six books from different time periods and genres, following key moments in writers lives.
Grant learns about the culture, history and landscape of the places that have had an impact on writers.
Michael Bond (Credit: BBC)
Further scheduled programming includes Lady Boss: The Jackie Collins Story, a BBC Two documentary about the untold true story of one of the world's best-selling novelists, BBC Two's A Bear Called Paddington & A Man Called Michael (w/t) about Michael Bond, the man who created Paddington Bear, and Hilary Mantel gives viewers an intimate portrait of Mantel in her own world, following her journey from her first novel to her highly anticipated publication of The Mirror and the Light.
Elsewhere, comedian, actor and former English teacher Greg Davies presents BBC Four's Kes: A Boys Life, celebrating the classic novel A Kestrel for a Knave, David Olusoga tells the story of a generation of African writers who came of age around the time of independence in The African Novel With David Olusoga, and BBC Four documentary Arena: Everything Is Connected - George Eliot's Life follows contemporary artist Gillian Wearing as she celebrates George Eliot's legacy.
There is also a line-up of programmes for BBC Sounds, BBC Radio Three and BBC Radio Four.
BBC Arts
Jo Whiley
TV picks: New Year's Day
BBC announces Christmas TV specials
Keeley Hawes to star in new ITV drama Finding Alice
BBC commissions documentary Inside The Murder Trial: The Disappearance of Margaret Fleming
Dating show Hot Property will return for a second series
Sophie Rundle and Martin Compston to lead new BBC thriller
BBC opens applications for Content Commissioner development programme
Reggie Yates' diversity documentary among new BBC commissions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Son of Mr. and Mrs. Sol Wae; entered Navy September, 1942, trained in San Diego. Served on Guam, Saipan, & Guadalcanal.
Son of Nat W. Wade, Dallas; entered Army March, 1945, trained at Camp Fannin. Served in Japan.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. H.D. Wages, Canton, attended school at Wallace. Entered the Army in July, 1942, trained at Camp Callan, CA; served in Australia, New Guinea. Awarded two Bronze Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Geo. A. Wages, Canton; entered Navy in 1942, trained in San Diego, CA & Portsmouth, VA. Served in the South Pacific.
Entered service November, 1940, trained at Ft. Bliss, El Paso, TX. Served in England, North Africa, Sicily & Italy. Awarded three Bronze Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Granville Waggoner, deceased; entered Navy February, 1944, trained in San Diego, Ca. Served in Pearl Harbor.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Romie Wallace, Martins Mill; entered Army November, 1942, trained at Camp Wallace, TX & Camp Stewart, GA. Served in South Pacific. Awarded Good Conduct Medal, Purple Heart, & two Battle Stars. Wounded in 1943.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Romie Wallace; entered Army in 1940, trained at Camp Bowie, TX & Camp Edwards, MA. Served in Africa, Sicily, Italy, France; wounded in 1944. Awarded Purple Heart, Pres. Citation, five Battle Stars, & one Bronze Star.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Romie Wallace, Martins Mill; entered Coast Guard in 1942. Served in South Pacific.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Walters; Canton; entered Navy April, 1944, trained in San Diego. Served on Iwo Jima, Okinawa & Oshima. Awarded APO, American Campaign Ribbon & two Battle Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Walters, Colfax; entered Coast Guard in 1942, trained in Algiers, LA, San Diego. Served in San Francisco, Baltimore & Portsmouth.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Walters, Canton; entered Navy Coast Guard August, 1941, trained in New Orleans. Served in the Atlantis. Awarded AAC Bar, EAME Ribbon. Amer. Defense & Bronze Star.
WALTON, Seth R., Jr., Pvt.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. S. R. Walton; entered Army March, 1944, trained at Camp Wolters, TX. Served in France, England, Germany, & Belgium; wounded November, 1944. Awarded ETO Ribbon, two Battle Stars, Combat Inf Badge & Purple Heart.
Son of Tom Warner, Grand Saline; entered Army in 1942, trained at Camp Gruber, OK, Ft. Sam Houston & San Antonio. Served in Africa, Italy & Manila. Awarded three Battle Stars, ETO Ribbon & Good Conduct Medal.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Forest Warren, Canton; entered Navy in 1943, trained in Corpus Christi, Norman, OK & Maimi, FL.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Forest Warren, Canton; entered Navy in 1945, trained in San Diego, CA.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Forest Warren, Canton; entered Navy in 1943, trained at Corpus Christi, & Kingsville, TX.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Washmon, Grand Saline; entered Merchant Marines, 1944, trained in St. Petersburg, FL. Served in South Pacific & Okinawa.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Watkins; entered service in 1942, trained at Camp Hood & Ft. Lewis, WA. Served in France, Rhineland & Central Europe. Awarded ETO Campaign Ribbon, three Bronze Stars & Good Conduct. Discharged October, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Watkins; entered Army in 1942, trained at Camp Wolters, Camp Carson, & California. Served in France, Belgium & Germany. Awarded ET, Purple Heart, two OLCS, three Battle Stars. Wounded in France & Belgium, 1944 & 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Watkins, Grand Saline; entered Marine Reserves, 1942, transferred to Navy V-12, Unit, 1944, trained in Chicago, IL & Ft. Pierce, FL. Served in China.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Edd Watson, Grand Saline; entered Marines, 1942, trained in San Diego, Camp Elliott, CA. Discharged in 1943.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Watts, Van; entered Air Corps, 1942, trained and served in South Pacific. Awarded Navy Cross, three DDFCS, three Air Medals, Purple Heart, Navy Unit Citation. Discharged in 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. Q. Weatherall, Grand Saline; entered Air Corps in 1945, trained at Sheppard Field & Amarillo Air Field, TX.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Jess Weaver; entered Medical Corps in 1942, trained at Camp Robertson, AR, & Camp Campbell, & Ft. Ord, CA. Served in England, Aleutians, France, Belgium & Germany. Awarded Overseas Ribbons & four Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Jim Webb, Grand Saline; entered Navy, 1943, trained in Norman, OK & San Diego, CA.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Welch, graduated from Grand Saline High School; entered Army in 1944, trained at Camp Maxey, TX. Served in Germany, Belgium. Awarded Bronze Star, three Battle Stars & one Certificat of Merit.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Wesson, Terrell; entered Army in 1943, trained at Camp Wolters. Served in England, France, Belgium, Germany. Awarded ETO Ribbon, Purple Heart, OLC, three Stars; wounded in France & Germany.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. F. F. Westmoreland; Grand Saline; entered Army in 1941, trained in U.S. Served in Normandy, France, Ardennes, & Rhineland. Awarded the American Defense Medal, American Campaign Medal, five Battle Stars, Good Conduct Medal, Bronze Star & Combat Infantry Badge.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. F. F. Westmoreland; entered Army in 1942, trained in the U.S. Served in England. Awarded ETO Ribbon & Good Conduct Medal.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. F. F. Westmoreland, Grand Saline; entered Army in 1942, trained in the U.S. Served England, France & Normandy; died August, 1944. Awarded Marksman Medal & Purple Heart.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Whatley, Antioch; entered Army January, 1945, trained in San Antonio, Camp Hood & Ft. Ord. CA. Served in Luzon.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Terry; entered Army January, 1942, trained at Hamilton Field, CA. Served in Australia, New Guinea & Dutch New Guinea.
WHATLEY, Glenn E., 1st. Lt.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Terry; entered Army Air Force in 1943, trained in Texas, Wisconsin, California, Nevada, Florida & Nebraska. Served in Marinas. Awarded APC Ribbon, two Battle Stars, DFC, OLC.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Whatley, Grand Saline; entered Army in 1942, trained at Camp Adair, OR.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Whatley; entered Army August, 1944, trained at Ft. Sam Houston.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. John R. Wheeler, Grand Saline; entered Army in 1940, trained at Camp Bowie, TX. Served in England & France. Awarded ETO Ribbon & Purple Heart; killed in action in 1944.
WHITE. Bluford D., Lt O.G.
Son of Mrs. Bertha White, Van; entered Air Corps in 1942, trained in Athens, GA, Dallas, TX, & Pensacola, FL. Served in Honolulu. Discharged in 1945.
Son of John White; entered Navy in 1943, trained in San Diego, CA.
Son of Mrs. Bertha White; entered Army in 1943, trained at Ft. Knox, KY. Served on Luzon, Manila, Payne & Bougainville.
Son of Mr. & Mrs. I. N. White, Grand Saline; entered Army 1944, trained at Camp Fannin, TX. Served in France, Belgium, & Germany. Awarded ETO Ribbon, Pres. Unit Citation & two Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. C. D. White, Grand Saline; entered Navy 1943, trained in San Diego. Served in Atlantic, transferred to Pacific, Okinawa, Philippines & Japan. Awarded Good Conduct Medal & A-P Ribbons.
WHITE, J. D., Jr., Pfc.
Son of Mrs. Bertha White, Van; entered Army Air Corps 1942, trained at Camp Wolters, Tarrant Field, Sheppard Field, & Dodge City, KS. Awarded Good Conduct Medal & Wings.
Son of Mrs. Flora White; San Angelo, TX; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Robinson, AR, Camp Fannin & Camp Blanding. Served in Okinawa, Korea & Leyte.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. I. N. White; entered Army, 1943, trained & served in France, Belgium, Luxembourg & Germany. Awarded ETO Ribbon, Good Conduct Medal & three Stars. Discharged in 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Ike White, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1942, trained in California. Served in England & France. Awarded ETO Ribbon.
Entered Navy, 1944, trained in San Diego, CA. Served on Saipan, Okinawa, Leyte & Martha. Awarded Pres. Citation.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W.E. Whitfield. Entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Crowder, MO, and in California. Served in New Guinea, Netherlands, East Indies (sic) and Philippines.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. O.E. Whittington. Entered Army, 1941, trained at Ft. Sill, OK. Served in Australia, Netherland, East Indies and Biak.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. P. E. Whittington; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Hood, TX. Discharged March, 1943.
Entered Army in 1942, trained at Camp Barkeley, TX.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Wilburn; entered Navy, 1942, trained in San Diego. Served on Marshalls, Marianas, Palau, New Iceland, New Hebrides, Japan & Hawaii. Awarded A-P Ribbon, Philippine Lib., Pres. Unit Citation & seven Battle Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Wilburn, Canton; entered Army, 1943, trained at Camp Hulen. Served in England, Scotland, France, Germany. Awarded Good Conduct Medal, ETO Ribbon, five Battle Stars, AD, Victory Ribbon. Discharged in 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Wilburn; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Wolters, Camp Crowder, MO & New Orleans, LA. Served on Oahu, Hawaii, as radioman. Awarded two Combat Medals, & Sharpshooter.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Wilemon; entered Army, 1942. Served in England, France & Germany. Awarded Unit Meritorious Award & Victory Medal, ETO Ribbon, five Stars. Discharged November, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. Dee Williams; entered Army Air Corps, 1939, trained at Brooks Field & Kelly Field, TX. Served in Philippines. Awarded PTo Ribbon, five Stars; discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. Dee Williams; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Roberts, CA, Camp Shelby, MS, & Camp Butner, NC. Served in Germany.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. N. N. Williams, Grand Saline; entered Air Corps, 1942, trained in West Palm Beach, FL. Served in Bermuda. Awarded Good Conduct Medal.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Williams; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Claiborne, LA & Camp Anza, CA. Served in the Southwest Pacific & Mediterranean. Awarded European & Southwest Pacific Theater Ribbons. Discharged, 1944.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Williams, Edom; entered Air Corps, 1942, trained at Hammer Field & March Field, CA. Served in China.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Charlie Wilson; entered Air Corps, 1942, trained in Blythe, CA & Washington. Served in Italy & Egypt.
Son of Mrs. Henry Wilson; entered Navy, 1943, trained in Beeville, TX. Served in Panama.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Wilson; entered Army in 1942, trained at Ft. Custer, MI & Camp McCoy. Served in Ireland, England, France, Belgium & Germay. Awarded ETO Ribbon & five Stars.
Son of Mrs. Henry Wilson; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Robinson, AR. Served in the European Theater.
Son of Mrs. Henry Wilson; entered Army, 1945.
Son of Mrs. Henry Wilson; entered Navy, 1943, trained in San Diego, CA. Served in South and Asiatic-Pacific. Awarded AP, PTO, ATO & two Stars. Discharged November, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Wilson, New Boston; entered Army in 1944, trained & served in Belgium & Germany. Captured in Battle of the Ardermes, 1944. Awarded ETO with two Stars. Discharged in 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Wilson, deceased; entered Army, 1942, trained at Ft. Knox, KY. Served in Africa, Germany, Italy, & France. Wounded in Germany, 1944. Awarded ETO Ribbon, four Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Bob Wilson; entered Air Corps, 1943, trained at Buckley Field, CO. Served on Saipan & Marianas.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Wimpey, Canton; entered Army, 1942, trained in Wyoming & Georgia. Served in Sicily & Italy. Wounded, 1943, in Sicily. Discharged in 1945.
Entered Air Corps, 1941, trained in Texas, New Mexico, & Florida.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. O. G. Windham, Canton; entered Navy, 1943, trained in Corpsu Christi & Kingsville, TX.
Son of Mrs. Louise Winn, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1942, trained & served in England, France, Germany & Belgium. Awarded ETO Ribbon.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Wood, Ben Wheeler; entered Navy, 1942, trained in San Francisco, CA. Servedon Okinawa, Leyte, & Philippines. Awarded Pacific Medal of Honor. Discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Wood, Ben Wheeler; entered Navy, 1942, trained in Great Lakes, IL. Served in the Pacific. Awarded AT, AP with one Star & Good Conduct Medal. Discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Wood, Edom; entered Naval Air Corps, 1945, trained in Memphis, EN & Norman, OK.
Son of W. E. Woodall, Ft. Worth; entered Army, 1940, trained in San Antonio, Served in the Philippines. (No photo available at this time).
Son of W. E. Woodall, Ft. Worth; entered Army in 1939, trained in San Antonio. Served in France & Germany. Discharged, 1945.
Son of W. B. Woodall; entered Army, 1945, trained in San Antonio; discharged, 1945.
WOODRUM, J. C., Jr., Pvt.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Woorum, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1942, trained at Ft. Knox, KY & Indio, CA; discharged, 1943.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Woodrum, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1942, trained & served in Africa, Italy. Awarded two Stars, Purple Heart, ETO Ribbon & Combat Infantry Badge; discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Woolverton; entered Army, December, 1944, trained at Camp Hood, Tx. Served on Okinawa & Japan.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Woolverton; entered Marines, 1942, trained in California. Served in Midway & Hawaii. awarded Theater Ribbon, Pres. Citation & one Star; discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Woolverton; entered Navy, 1940, trained in San Diego, CA. Served in Pacific; killed in action, 1942.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Joe D. Worde, Grand Saline; entered Army Air Corps in 1941, trained in U.S. Awarded Good Conduct Medal & Expert Pistol Medal.
WORTHINGTON, George M., 1st. Lt.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Worthington, Grand Saline; entered Calvary in 1942, transferred to Tank Destroyer, trained at Camp Hood, TX. Servedin England. Awarded ETO Ribbon & three Battle Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Worthington, Grand Saline; entered Navy in 1943, trained at Corpus Christi; give Medical Discharged. Joined Merchant Marines; served in Ireland, England & France.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Worthington, Grand Saline; entered Marines in 1944, trained in U.S. Served aboard USS Missouri, on Okinawa & Philippines.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Wright, Colfax; enered Army Air Corps, 1942, trained in Sheppard Field & Spokane, WA. Served in Japan. Awarded South Pacific Ribbon & 2 Good Conduct Ribbons.
Son of Mrs. Balus McKenney, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1945, trained at Camp Roberts, CA. Awarded Expert Rifle Badge.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Wright, Colfax; entered Navy in 1944, trained in San Diego, CA. Served in the Pacific. Awarded Good Conduct Medal & one Battle Star.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Wright, Colfax; entered Army Air Corps, 1942, trained in U.S. Served in England, Belgium & France. Awarded Good Conduct Medal.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Wright, Van; entered Seabees in 1942, trained at Camp Peary, VA, Camp Endicott, RI. Served in England, France, Philippines. Awarded ET Ribbon, Pacific Medal of Honor, 2 Battle Stars.
WRIGHT, Neely T., Jr., 2nd. Lt.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Neely T. Wright, Grand Saline; entered Army Air Corps, 1943, trained at Moore Field, TX & Lake Field, AZ.
WRIGHT, William B., Jr., Pfc.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Wright; entered Marines October, 1942, trained at Camp Dunlap, CA. Served on Mukutetan, Oahu, Kavai, Eniwrtok, Saipan, Tinian. Awarded A-P Ribbon, three Battle Stars & Pres. Unit Citation.
Son of T. H. Wyatt; entered Air Corps February, 1943, trained in Boise, ID. Served in England; discharged November, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Wyatt, Canton; entered Air Corps, 1941, trained in Lemoore, Ca. Discharged, 1945.
Son of T. H. Wyatt, Canton; entered Army Infantry, 1943, trained at Camp Adair, OR. Served in New Caldeonia, New Hebrides & Okinawa.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Elbert Wyatt, Edom; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Barkeley & Fitzsimmons General Hospital. Served in France & Germany. Awarded Good Conduct Medal and four Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Wyatt, Canton; entered Army, 1941, Trained at Camp Roberts, CA. Served in Australia, New Guinea & Philippines; discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. B. J. Wynne, Sr.; entered Navy, trained at University of Texas & Columbia University, NY. Served in Puerto Rico.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. Jessie Wynne, Canton; entered Navy in 1942, trained at Great Lakes, IL & Yorktown, VA. Served in Pacific.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Yarbrough, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1942, trained at Camp Wallace & Seattle, WA. Served in England, France & Germany; awarded four Stars & Bronze Star; discharged October, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. George Yarbrough. Entered the Army in August, 1945, trained at Camp Wolters, TX.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. D. Yarbrough, Grand Saline; entered Army, 1940, trained at Camp Bowie. Served in New Guinea & Philippines. Awarded AP Campaign Ribbon, Purple Heart, & Philippine Liveration; discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. George Yarbrough, Entered the Navy in June, 1943, trained in San Diego, CA; served aboad (sic) the USS Meade, on Okinawa, Manila and Saipan.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. D. M. Yarbrough; entered Army September, 1942, trained at Kearns, UT. Served in Hawaii, Guadalcanal, Admiralty Islands, New Guinea, Netherlands, East Indies & Philippines. Awarded AP Ribbon, 10 Stars & Pres. Citation; discharged, 1945.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. M.N. Young, Canton, graduated at Wills Point H.S. Entered the Army in January, 1942, trained at Camp Roberts, CA; served in Asiatic-Pacific Theater and Philippines Liberation. Awarded Good Conduct Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, three Bronze Stars, Philippine Liberation Ribbon with Bravery Star.
Brother of Mrs. Claudie Smith, Grand Saline, attended Grand Saline Schools. Entered the Army in 1942, trained at Camp Wallace and Camp Howze, TX; served in Puerto Rico, France, Germany and Austria. Awarded ATO and ETO Ribbons with two Bronze Stars and Good Conduct Medal.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. M.N. Young, Canton, husband of the former Frances Merl Coil, Canton, graduated from Canton H.S. Entered the Army in 1943, trained at Ft. Lewis, WA. Awarded Sharpshooter Medal.
Son of Rev. and Mrs. B.E. Youngblood, Edom, husband of the former Frances Corley, graduated from Wills Point H.S. Entered the Navy in May, 1944, trained in Norman, OK. Received Honor Awards from Commanding Officer and Governor of OK.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. W.B. Youngblood. Entered the Army Air Corps in May, 1935; served in England, India, China and Okinawa. Awarded Air Medal, ETO, ATO and PTO; also five Battle Stars and Distinguished Unit Citation.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. David A. Youngbloos Sr. Entered the Army in October, 1944, trained at Camp Wolters, TX; served in France.
Son of Rev. and Mrs. B.E. Youngblood, Edom, graduated from Van H.S., 1940, trained in the Army in October, 1942, trained at Camp Kohler and Ft. Ord, CA; served in New Guinea, Philippines and in Japan. Awarded Certificate for outstanding ability and interest in Athletics while in training, and five Battle Stars.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. I. E. Zoller, Van; entered Navy in 1943, trained at Kansas City, MO, Sioux City, IA, Chicago, IL & San Diego.
Son of Mr. and Mrs. I.E. Zoller, Van, graduated from Van H.S., attended Texas Tech. Entered the Army Air Corps in 1943, trained at Sioux City, IA and Sioux Falls, S.D., Yuma, AZ, and Lincoln, NE.


Love. It's a mother-effer, isn't it? But even worse, it's hard to find. Luckily for you, we have some strangely hot and hilarious Tinder profiles to help guide to finding the right life partner. Or maybe you just want to be someone clever enough to get laid. Or maybe you want to be either the guy who delivers a super tasteless pickup line, or the guy who delivers a brutal response. Probably not, but either way, we've got you covered with Tinder's best profiles, whether you're into hot, hilarious or just plum horrendous. Costumes not included.
So get your thumbs ready and click right to go through all these Tinder profiles.
So how was that? Are you inspired? Do you feel like using Tinder? Or do you just feel embarrassed enough to log on to it right now and delete the app? But if you don't delete the app, maybe you will find one of these gems through your swiping adventures. Or maybe you are one of those gems. Regardless., happy swiping.


Oh my heart beating backward that's just what I would – can't you just?
through a lens that has seen ghosts?
Even spiritualists balk. The bankruptors take everything.
loose their shadows over drifts of ferns and orchids.
at the throat. What amazes us about this?
Erin Noteboom has appeared in many of Canada's literary magazines, including Malahat, Grain, Event, Fiddlehead, PRISM, and The New Quarterly. She reads in schools, give workshops, edit, and scrounge for grants. It's not a living, so she also does clerical work at a psychiatric hospital. Her first book, Ghost Maps: Poems for Carl Hruska, was published in 2003 by Wolsak and Wynn. The manuscript won the CBC Literary Award, and was featured on the CBC Program Between the Covers. She's Catholic by birth and by choice, a feminist by upbringing, particle physicist by training, secretary by day, New Quarterly editor by night, and writer by religious vocation. Noteboom lives in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, with her husband, fellow geek, fellow writer, and great love of her life, James Bow. Together they have one cat, two woks, three domain names, four full filing cabinets, five seasons of Buffy DVDs, and thousands of books. Noteboom can be reached via her Web site, Vivid.
© 2003-2004 Plum Ruby Review. All rights reserved.


text:
Classic blues artist Alvin Youngblood Hart comes to the Blue Note Jazz Club
Apr 30, 2002 2:28 AM
The Blue Note Jazz Club welcomes the award-winning blues stylings of Alvin Youngblood Hart Monday, May 6 through Saturday, May 11. For ticket information, call (702) 862-8307.
Guitarist, singer and songwriter Alvin Youngblood Hart is continuing in the path laid down by acoustic blues practitioners like Taj Mahal, Guy Davis and other 1990s blues revivalists, but his roots go back much further than that, to the classic stylings of Bukka White, Charley Patton, Leadbelly and Blind Willie McTell. Born in Oakland, Calif., Hart accompanied his parents on summer trips to his grandparents' home in the hills of northern Mississippi, and it was there that his passion for acoustic blues was first sparked. Although there was not a lot of music around the hills of Carrollton, Mississippi, where his grandmother lived, his uncle sparked his interest by playing guitar and telling him stories about Charley Patton. His grandmother also played blues piano, furthering his interest.
Hart cites recordings by Jimi Hendrix and the Rolling Stones with helping him along in his blues guitar studies. He adopted the nickname "Alvin" from the harmonica-playing frontman for the TV cartoon group the Chipmunks.
Hart's first big break came about in February 1995 while opening for Taj Mahal at an Oakland jazz club. Mahal's longtime road manager invited Hart to Grateful Dead guitarist Bob Weir's studio for an impromptu jam session. Hart was signed to a management contract and recorded a demo that caught the ears of some executives at the Okeh subsidiary of Epic Records.
His brilliant 1996 debut album, Big Mama's Door, received widespread critical acclaim. Hart's album was nominated for both Acoustic Album of the Year and Traditional Album of the Year at the 1997 W.C. Handy Awards. Territory followed in 1998, and two years later Start With the Soul arrived


Help The Courier select the Montgomery County Football Player of the Week by voting in our online poll at the bottom of the page. The winner will be featured in a story in Tuesday's paper. Voting ends at noon on Monday, Sept. 17.
The Eagles' signal-caller rushed for 263 yards and four touchdowns on 15 carries, all in the first half, during a blowout victory over Willis on Friday night. He also passed for 92 yards.
The Highlanders' wideout caught five passes for 114 yards and four touchdowns during a lopsided victory over Oak Ridge on Friday night.
The Bulldogs' tailback rushed for 218 yards and two touchdowns on 18 carries during a big victory over Montgomery on Thursday night.
The Mustangs' linebacker recovered three fumbles -- including two in the fourth quarter -- to help his team secure a close victory over Foster on Friday evening. He also had 11 tackles.
The Cavaliers' tight end finished with six catches for 108 yards and two touchdowns as his team secured a win over Conroe on Friday night.
The Lions' quarterback rushed for 159 yards and two touchdowns and passed for 73 during an overtime win over TWCA on Friday. He scored the game-tying touchdown in OT and kicked the game-winning extra point.
The Dragons' two-way player recorded a team-high 12 tackles and caught two passes for 76 yards and a touchdown during a victory over Bay Area Christian.
The Spartans' wideout caught four passes for 104 yards and two touchdowns -- including a 63-yarder in the first quarter -- during a huge win over Dayton on Friday night.


Newtown Business Hilltop Honey Secures New Middle East Contract!
The company recently expanded its production base to a 14,000 sq ft facility in Newtown and now has even more reason to celebrate.
This strong showing in the Food Awards from businesses in North Wales indicates just how much high-quality produce comes from the region.
It's great news for North Wales as Travelodge are looking hard to fulfil over 40 jobs across the country.


To access the Content Studio, click in the menu.
The Content Studio contains views for each content level: Mastery Profile > Module> Topic > Concept> Activity.
You can view your content in the grid view or map view.
Watch this video to learn more about the Content Studio.


Overview: The Electronic Research and Administration (eRA) system automates the processes the university uses to apply for research grants and other funding. It manages the pre- and post-award administrative and regulatory aspects of grants, contracts, protocols and conflicts of interest. eRA provides integration across business offices, creating efficiencies and streamlining processes. It provides the research community with the technology to manage their research portfolios, allowing them to spend more time on the science.
Refer to eRA Features for a complete list of system capabilities.
Supports the collaborative nature of research across the university, while mitigating risk.
Improve overall management and delivery of the administrative portions of sponsored research.
Standardizes proposal and award processes across the university through a single, integrated system.
Provides a university-wide data source for proposals and awards.
Routing and approvals can be easily tracked online.
Track all research activity from one system.
Who is eligible to use the service: Faculty and staff affiliated with the University of Colorado.
Related services: Refer to the UIS Business Calendar for outage information (you must be logged into the CU network to access the Business Calendar).
Need assistance with eRA processes or applications? Contact your campus module administrator. You can also email your support team.


text:
New U.S.G.S. National Climate Change Viewer Focuses on Watersheds
Home / New U.S.G.S. National Climate Change Viewer Focuses on Watersheds
Committed changes in annual mean maximum temperatures by 2050-2074 (base 1950-2005). Image by USGS. Modified by James Gibson
It seems there are two potential, but not mutually exclusive, paths that farmers and land and water managers can take in the face of climate change – namely adaptation and mitigation.
Climate Change Response Strategies
Climate Change Viewer
The Times They Are a Changing
National Climate Change Viewer Update
Water Balance Model
Data Sources: CMIP5 Models
Climate-Driven Impacts on Watersheds
Status of the Viewer
Mitigation attacks the impacts by reducing the magnitude of climate change itself through emissions reduction and geoengineering.
Supply-side and demand-side adaptation strategies, on the other hand, limit stakeholders' vulnerability without dealing with any of the underlying causes.
In the mix is committed climate change, a condition that probably cannot be easily mitigated without controversial geoengineering measures. In the language of the IPCC, "because of past change in the atmosphere's composition climate change continues for as long as a radiative imbalance persists and until all components of the climate system have adjusted to a new state."
Two USGS scientists, Steve Hostetler and Jay Alder, in partnership with the CEOAS at Oregon State University, have developed a visualization tool termed the National Climate Change Viewer (NCCV) that summarizes regional committed climate change in the United States.
The visualization tool's purpose is twofold:
To help guide farmers and land and water managers in their thinking and actions concerning adaptation and mitigation strategies.
To help educators teach students about some of the implications of climate change.
Thirty years ago one supply-side adaptation that drew a lot of attention was fresh water diversion. Magnificent North American plans like NAWAPA were dreamed up for the diversion of north-flowing rivers, primarily located in Canada, to supply the water-hungry southwest.
Today the strains on water supplies are still there but magnified by a new trigger, climate change. And in North America we are finding it in new areas such as the northeast and western mountain areas.
The hydrologic status quo is changing in the face of existing and projected climate changes. Glaciers are receding, stream and lake temperatures are rising, there is an increased frequency and magnitude of storm events, and an accelerated melting of permafrost and lake and river ice.
In addition, the atmospheric evaporative demand is increasing from higher temperatures, snow accumulation is increasing and snowmelt accelerating, and the timing and magnitude of stream flow is being altered.
As the USGS explains, "The new tool gives citizens and resource managers the opportunity to look at climate-driven impacts on watersheds and map projected changes at the local, regional, state and watershed levels."
In phase one of the viewer, information was provided on projected temperature and precipitation for the whole United States through the 21st century in 25-year periods. It also allowed the user to drill down to individual states and counties.
Phase two provides information on associated projected changes (e.g. soil-moisture storage) in 25 year periods but with a 55-year historical period (1950-2005).
The viewer is simulated by a simple water balance model familiar to students of geography.
Diagram of the water balance model used by the National Climate Change Viewer.
The concept weighs the soil storage of water (input) from precipitation (e.g. rain, snowfall) against withdrawal by evapotranspiration (evaporation and transpiration) of the sun and plants. This is summarized as an end-of-month surplus or deficit.
Precipitation in excess of soil storage capacity becomes runoff.
Consider my part of North America, the Windsor-Detroit region in comparison with Colby, Kansas, two communities located on the fringe of the USGS's Plant Hardiness Zone 6.
On average in Detroit-Windsor, and the county of Wayne there has been a relatively even supply of water from precipitation – it varies from close to 3 inches per month from May to August to close to 2 inches per month in January and February. The associated end-of-month soil-moisture storage levels usually show a replenishing from January to March with a significant deficit only in September. Growers, knowing this, have adapted accordingly.
In contrast, on average in hotter and drier Colby, Thomas County, Kansas, we find the soil-moisture storage is more skewed. The precipitation has been concentrated in the warmer months- the highest in May and July- and offset by high temperatures of close to 90°F. This results in significant soil-moisture deficits from as early as July through to September.
But the viewer projects significant mean changes in the soil-moisture storage numbers for both locales by the middle of the century.
Should supply-side strategies like expanding rainwater storage or building more reservoirs, or demand-side strategies like changing crop calendars or water reallocation be introduced? That's a question for the policy makers and the Viewer is a tool they can use.
Are significant soil-moisture deficits projected for your region? The new tool will tell you.
The NCCV offers the projections of 30 worldwide climate modeling centers participating in the 5th Climate Model Intercomparison Program (CMIP5) including a mean of all the models. These programs are providing climate information for the ongoing Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
NASA has statistically further refined the climate data to allow for high resolution regional climate change assessments down to the level of counties and watersheds.
Using maps, climographs, histograms, and tables the NCCV allows the user to visualize projected changes in climate and components of the water balance for any state, county and USGS Hydrologic Unit or watershed.
This data is averaged into four periods:
A comparison of committed climate change in Colby, Kansas and Detroit, Michigan. Image by James Gibson
To view water balances aspects as they relate to US watersheds, a user of the NCCV would select Watersheds as the region type.
As a demonstration, I conducted a comparison of Colby, Kansas in the Smoky Hills section of the Missouri watershed, and Windsor-Detroit in the Detroit River section of the Great Lakes Watershed. It showed projected water-balance deficits in both areas with warmer annual mean and minimum temperatures.
The NCCV and its data are already being used by federal agencies to examine the potential effects of climate change on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the Greater Yellowstone Area.
New Study Shows CO2 Emissions Higher Than Ever in 2010
Why Do We Make Resolutions? How Social Groups Can Help Us Keep Them


A favorite silhouette and so easy to wear, our vintage Debbie Vegan Leather Bag has 2 small front zip pockets for keys and for that grocery list that always seems to disappear. Where can you put your phone? You can choose between the exterior or interior zip pockets and both will hold even the larger models! Wear the bag as a shoulder hobo bag or crossbody as a messenger.


The state of the art equation for estimating GFR (eGFR) is the CKD-EPI equation.
Creatinine clearance approximates GFR, but it is not exact because creatinine is secreted in the renal tubule as well as filtered at the glomerulus. Therefore creatinine clearance overestimates GFR. The over estimate due to secretion of creatinine becomes more significant as GFR decreases.
For the reasons given above, the CKDepi should be the best equation for adjusting dosages for renally cleared drugs. HOWEVER…..
So this is probably what you should still use. Yes, with all it's shortcomings.
What about correcting Cockcroft and Gault (normalizing it to a 72kg person)?
What about rounding up the creatinine to 0.8?
For the CKD-EPI you don't need to even think about it, they have included modified calculations for low SCr.
Data to support this was derived prior to standardization of laboratory creatinine values.
Manufacturers never report doing this when developing dosage adjustment recommendations.
So what is the most accurate estimate of Creatinine Clearance?
For people with Creatinine clearances greater than 30ml/min , Cockcroft and Gault gives the best estimate of actual creatine clearance. But often that is not what you want to know.
The problem is that drug clearance correlates better with GFR than with Creatinine Clearance. Creatinine clearance is generally higher than GFR because creatinine is secreted by the renal tubule in ADDITION to being filtered.
Which weight should I use for Cockcroft and Gault?
IBW= 50kg plus inches over 5 feet for men and 45kg plus inches over 5 ft for men.
Bottom LIne: How do we adjust drug doses for renal impairment?
Check the package insert for the method that was used in developing the dosage adjustment recommendations.
If no method is stated, use the original C&G equation.


Looking for Implant-Supported Bridges in Kenmore? For an appointment at Kenmore Dentistry call our office today at 206-525-2813 or make an appointment today.
To find out if you are a candidate for implant-supported bridges, contact Kenmore Dentistry at 206-525-2813 to schedule a consultation.


text:
Complete Genome Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Strain Isolated in Nepal
An article by Sean Pepper
A complete genome sequence was obtained for a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strain isolated from an oropharyngeal swab specimen of a Nepalese patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), who had returned to Nepal after traveling to Wuhan, China.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), family Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus, is spreading widely in China, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1), and is also affecting other Asian and non-Asian countries (2, 3). Imported cases have been reported in countries such as Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Nepal, among others (4). We report here the complete genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 from a Nepalese patient; the infection was acquired in Wuhan, China, and imported to Nepal.
The isolate (BetaCoV/Nepal/61/2020) is from the oropharyngeal swab specimen of a 32-year-old man, a Nepalese student at Wuhan University of Technology in Wuhan, China, with no history of comorbidities, who returned to Nepal presenting with cough, mild fever, and throat congestion, suggesting COVID-19 (4). An oropharyngeal swab specimen was collected at the National Influenza Centre, National Public Health Laboratory in Kathmandu, Nepal, and submitted to the WHO laboratory at the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, where it was confirmed and sequenced.
The specimen tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) developed in the University of Hong Kong (5). Sequencing was done using the Illumina MiSeq system with the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner MEM algorithm (BWA-MEM) 0.7.5a-r405 assembly method. The full genome was amplified directly from the RNA extract from the original specimen using gene-specific primers for open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) and N (Table 1) to produce overlapping PCR products covering the full genome (5). The expected amplicon sizes of the ORF1b and N gene assays are 132 bp and 110 bp, respectively (5). The raw reads were first cleaned by trimming low-quality bases with Trimmomatic 0.36 (-phred33, LEADING:20, TRAILING:20, SLIDINGWINDOW:4:20, MINLEN:40). The new genome sequence was obtained by first mapping reads to a reference SARS-CoV-2 genome using BWA-MEM 0.7.5a-r405 with default parameters to generate the consensus sequence. In addition, the assembly produced by MEGAHIT 1.2.9 (de novo assembly), using default parameters, was used to cross-validate with the reference-based method as an internal control. The two results were consistent, and our final sequence is based on the reference-based method. The reference sequence we used was from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Database (GISAID; strain identifier EPI_ISL_405839). The reads mapped to the reference sequence were then curated in a pileup alignment file to obtain the consensus sequence (minimum coverage threshold, 10). FastQC 0.11.8 was used to assess the sequence quality before trimming and after alignment to prevent potential errors. There were 5,246,584 paired-end sequences in the raw data. A total of 9,891,431 records were included in the reference-based alignment after trimming, and 9,887,093 (99.96%) of them were mapped to the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome.
Gene-specific primer and probe sequences used
We generated a consensus sequence of 29,811 bp with no gap and high average coverage (>77,000×). Primer binding sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends were removed, resulting in this genome being 59 nucleotides (nt) shorter than a reference genome in GenBank (accession number NC_045512), excluding the poly(A) tail of the genome.
For phylogenetic analyses, SARS-CoV-2 full-genome sequences were aligned with CLUSTAL W (6) using MEGA 10.0.5. (7). The new SARS-CoV-2 sequence was compared to existing genomes using online NCBI BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
Full-genome comparison of the isolate revealed >99.99% identity with two previously sequenced genomes available at GenBank (MN988668 and NC_045512) for SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, China, and >99.9% with seven additional sequences (MN938384.1, MN975262.1, MN985325.1, MN988713.1, MN994467.1, MN994468.1, and MN997409.1). The final genome of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 consists of a single, positive-stranded RNA that is 29,811 nucleotides long, broken down as follows: 8,903 (29.86%) adenosines, 5,482 (18.39%) cytosines, 5,852 (19.63%) guanines, and 9,574 (32.12%) thymines.
The sequence of BetaCoV/Nepal/61/2020 from coordinates 1 to 29811 is identical to the sequence of isolate 2019-nCoV WHU01 (GenBank accession number MN988668) from 15 to 29825 (29810/29811), except at site 24019, with a substitution of a C, from 2019-nCoV WHU01, for T. The sequence of BetaCoV/Nepal/61/2020 from coordinates 1 to 29811 is identical to the sequence of isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession number NC_045512) from 16 to 29826 (29810/29811), except at site 24019, with the same substitution of a C from isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 for T.
The C24019T mutation corresponds to C24034T if we use the sequence located under GISAID strain identifier EPI_ISL_405839 as a reference. This was a silent mutation at the spike gene (codon AAC to AAT). Based on the reference sequence, the following five mutations were also identified: T8782C (in ORF1a, codons AGT to AGC, silent mutation), T9561C (in ORF1a, codons TTA to TCA, nonsilent mutation), C15607T (in ORF1b, codons CTA to TTA, silent mutation), C28144T (in ORF8b, codons TCA to TTA, nonsilent mutation), and T29095C (in nucleocapsid, codons TTT to TTC, silent mutation).
Additional epidemiological and clinical features of this case of COVID-19 were reported in reference 4.
Data Availability.
This sequence has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number MT072688 and at the GISAID EpiCoV newly emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 platform under identifier EPI_ISL_410301. The accession numbers for the Illumina MiSeq sequence raw reads in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) are PRJNA608651 (BioProject), SRP250653 (SRA), SAMN14180202 (BioSample, BetaCoV/Nepal/61/2020), SRX7798477 (SRA; GISAID EPI_ISL_410301), and SRR11177792(run, WHV-Nepal-61-TW_1.fastq.gz).
DOI https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.01466-20PubMed 33479004
Published By American Society for Microbiology JournalsHistory
Published online January 21, 2021.
Copyright & Usage Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
This entry was posted in Science and tagged coronavirus, covid origins, COVID-19, Health, pandemic, respiratory illness, SARSCOV2, Science, Viruses. Bookmark the permalink.
2 comment on "Complete Genome Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Strain Isolated in Nepal"
Ricky Brown
When I initially left
a comment I seem to have clicked
the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox
and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with
the exact same comment.
There has to be an easy method you can remove me from
that service? Appreciate it!
Christopher Xiao
May 16, 2021 | 4:52 pm
There should be an unsubscribe option with each email.
If Bitcoin sticks with its current consensus algorithm, miners will need to subsist on transaction fees as an incentive. That might be a major problem.
Study: Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment


The advisory meeting to plan the Traditional Building Conference took place recently. It was a great discussion between traditionalists, preservationists, contractors, architects and some of the team from the Conference and its sister publications. Lee Reid, from Boston-based builders Payne and Bouchier, exclaimed during the meeting, "preservation is not a fad." She is so right on so many levels and Salem, MA, on July 18-19 will be the right place to delve deeply into this fact. Forget reality TV; this will be reality architecture. Enduring. Well built. Traditional.
During the meeting we wrestled with important topics like how to install technology in sensitive ways into historic settings. We talked about the importance of taking historic districts seriously to protect against incremental loss. No one enjoys enforcing the laws but if we don't, historic buildings suffer; property values drop; and most importantly, historic character erodes. We questioned how to handle substitute materials that have yet to stand the test of time. We talked about getting the details right in stonework. A myriad of thoughts relating to good paint adhesion and window repair and replacement were shared.
Throughout the discussion it was clear that our center of gravity was protection – of historic materials, protection of the methods that allow place makers to build good traditional buildings, and protection of the sense of place that good buildings with gardens, interesting streets, and great bones give us. Salem is rich with architecture. Just outside the Hawthorne Hotel is a magnificent common ringed by Federal period and older homes and nearby are the Pickering House, the Gardiner Pingree House, the Phillips Library and the Peabody Essex Museum. Salem has the largest concentration of First Period buildings in America (1620-1720). That's 400 years of practice!
Salem and its citizenry know that preservation is not a fad and they have the buildings, local economy, and pride to prove it and inspire us.


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Paul Harrington (born 13 May 1960) is an Irish musician, who, with Charlie McGettigan, won the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland in 1994.

Career

Music
Harrington was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.He attended  O'Connells secondary School, North Circular Road Dublin.
He first came to public attention with his debut album, What I'd Say, reaching the Top 10 in 1991. However, that attention reached new heights in 1994 when he represented Ireland and won the Eurovision Song Contest along with Charlie McGettigan.

In the late 1990s, Harrington was the performer of choice for many of the A-list celebrities that would frequent the VIP Room in Dublin's most prestigious nightspot at the time, Lillie's bordello, here he would regularly entertain and be joined by, stars from the world of music, film, and television. He has performed for, amongst others, the Rolling Stones, Prince, and U2. It was at this location that Michael Flatley and Harrington reconnected after 10 years. Flatley was so impressed with Harrington that he created a role for him as a principal singer in his dance extravaganza Celtic Tiger Live. This saw Harrington performing in arenas across Europe and North America, including Wembley and Madison Square Gardens.

Harrington release A Collection in 2008, and after a stunning performance on The Late Late Show, the album entered Ireland's Top 20 reaching number 4.

In 2009, he joined with his brothers as "The Harrington Brothers" to record "Molly Malone" with The Official Leinster Supporters Group. The song became the official anthem for the Leinster Rugby Team. The song entered the Irish Charts in 2009 and was number one in the download charts. The Harrington Brothers performed "Molly Malone" live at The RDS Dublin just before Leinster played Edinburgh in the Heineken Cup.

In 2010, Harrington released a live studio album, Songs, featuring his unique interpretations of some of the world's best-loved songs, and produced by Grammy nominees Chris O'Brien and Graham Murphy. The album also featured Bill Shanley, Sean Devitt, and Tony Molloy.

Harrington released a new live album in 2018 entitled Lights of Home. The album was recorded by Tim Martin at the Sugar Club Dublin, and features nine new songs. Although this will be Harrington's first solo album in eight years, he has collaborated on other albums in that time, including a Christmas album featuring the Whitefriar Street Choir (O Holy Night) and a North American - Irish collaboration called Cape Spear.

Television and radio
For the last five years, Harrington has had a regular slot on The Pat Kenny Show on Newstalk; The features include "The Popular Irish Ballad - a brief history", also every Tuesday morning "The Lyric's The Thing".
Paul Harrington's radio career also includes five years with Dublin's Q102 and two years with Sunshine 106.8, where his duties included presentation, scriptwriting, and voiceover work.

Throughout his career, Harrington has made many television appearances on TV shows and variety shows, including The Lyrics Board. In 2017 and 2018, Harrington wrote and presented the documentary Ireland's Eurovision Winners, which was released on DVD and is also due to air on television.

In 2018, Harrington was a guest on the popular TV show The Restaurant. He took on the role as an executive chef, where he attained the highest accolade of 5 Star Chef awarded by three-star Michelin chef Marco Pierre White and celebrity chef Rachel Allen.

Other work

Throughout his career, Harrington has contributed to charity. His work has included going to the Sahara Desert to raise funds for Dublin Simon Community and producing and performing charity concerts for organisations including the Irish Cancer Society, Haven for Haiti, Console, and annually for the Rape Crisis Centre.

Harrington has a great interest in developing the arts with young and old people alike. He has worked with Samantha Mumba stage school and has been involved in many local and national projects. Harrington was a patron of the Arts in the Donahies Community School where he produced shows, developed young talent, and introduced many young people to the world of performance.

References

External links
Official Website of Paul Harrington

Irish male singers
Irish pop singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Ireland
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1994
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Living people
1960 births
Singers from Dublin (city)

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