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HomeFeaturedINTERVIEW- Consul General Of India, New York
INTERVIEW- Consul General Of India, New York
Aug 15, 2020 - 2:58 pm EDT @theindpanorama Featured, Frontpage News, Indian Origin, Interview, NY/NJ/CT 0
CG Randhir Jaiswal
Prof. Indrajit S Saluja & Bidisha Roy
We are pleased to introduce to the readers of The Indian Panorama a very special person. He is India's 23rd Consul General at New York. Ambassador Randhir Jaiswal succeeded Ambassador Sandeep Chakravorty who is now at Ministry of External Affairs in New Delhi . Ambassador Jaiswal assumed charge on July 19, 2020.
Ambassador Randhir Jaiswal is a career diplomat. He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1998. In his over two decades of diplomatic career so far, he has served in Portugal, Cuba, South Africa and at the Permanent Mission of India in New York.
In between his overseas assignments, he served in New Delhi at the Ministry of External Affairs, first as Deputy Secretary looking after India's relations with the United States of America, and then as Joint Secretary managing India's relations with West European countries. In the middle of 2017, he was deputed to serve the President of India as Joint Secretary managing his international relations portfolio.
Randhir Jaiswal is passionate about sports, environment, culture, monuments, old cities and cuisines. He is deeply interested in strategic, sustainable development and public policy issues. He has been part of India's delegation at various Climate Change Conferences and was the lead negotiator for the G-77 countries at the RIO+20 Conference held in Brazil in 2012.
He holds a Master's degree in History from Delhi University, India.
He speaks Hindi, English, Portuguese and Spanish and is conversant with several dialects of Bihar, India.
He is married to Dr. Abha Jaiswal, a public health expert. The couple has two daughters.
On August 5, editor Prof. Indrajit Saluja and assistant editor Bidisha Roy got to formally interview in person the new Consul General.
The full text of conversation runs into 8000 words. However, keeping in mind that readers prefer brevity, which is the soul of wit, as William Shakespeare said, we have edited the interview and are giving below a few excerpts. Should The Indian Panorama Readers have any question, they may write to us at [email protected] Indianpanorama.com or go to https://pramit.indiainnewyork.gov.in/ and send their questions/ queries/ concerns to the Consulate.
We have the solemn commitment from Ambassador Randhir Jaiswal that he will ensure the community receives efficient consular services and the best cooperation from the Consulate. Communicate directly with the Consulate; no agents or intermediaries are welcome, he says.
Here are excerpts from the interview.
TIP: What do you think of accomplishing as consul general which would create a legacy?
CG: You have asked me very straight question. I would like to answer a little differently. You know our engagement with the United States of America and the engagement with the Indian community in this part of United States for which the Indian consulate of NY is responsible. We see this engagement as a continuation . Therefore, the question of legacy etc. is part of this continuation. You know this consulate has had very close relationship, very engaging relationship with the Indian diaspora. It would be my endeavor to further strengthen and further deepen this connection. We want the community to continue to warmly embrace the consulate. There are new developments happening on a daily basis. We live in a hyperconnected world. We are living in a digital world and these new developments provide new opportunities for us to be connected with the community and serve them better. So it would be my endeavor to see how best we can bring these new technologies and new developments in our engagement with the community. So, community work and community engagement, of course, will be top priority. We would also like to see how best we can engage with the community and strengthen economic ties between India and United States. That is the priority for government of India to strengthen ties with United States in trade, technology , and investment . There are immense opportunities waiting for US business es and corporate houses. The Indian community here plays an important role in people to people partnership. The Indian community, given it size, given its achievements in the United States has played a leading role in enhancing the ties. And being a living bridge between US and India, I would seek their support to see how best we can take our mutual understanding between the two countries forward with their help and with their participation.
TIP: You have spoken about three areas of cooperation. The top priority you have said is promotion and strengthening of relationship with the community. The second area you spoke of is to have better relationship, economic , trade and business relationship between India and the United states. And, you also spoke of immense opportunities for investment in India. Are you looking at the Indian American community to be investing in India or you are looking at the bigger picture of American investment in India?
CG: We are looking at bigger picture. But the Indian American community because of their close connection with India, understand business eco system in India very well. So, that gives them extra edge to play out important facilities between business houses. Business they can hand hold and they can bring shoulders together and see how best we can make investments to happen between India and United States; both ways from India to the United States and from United States to India. Recently, Prime Minister announced reforms in the space sector, in financial services and insurance sector, in health. In the agriculture sector we have undertaken several new reforms and these open up new opportunities for participations. I specifically focus on health, financial and insurance, defense and agriculture sectors because there are immense possibilities between what we can learn and what we can gain from United States. There is a whole new world of opportunities waiting.
TIP: You have been in New York earlier as Consul at PMI. You already know the Indian community. So, do you think it will give you advantage?
CG: Yes, in a sense that I am familiar with the territory here, familiar with people and organization s and also the kind of functions. It gives me an advantage which will help me in carrying out my responsibilities. Indian organizations are organized here on culture lines, economic lines etc. So, I am familiar with the landscape and that surely will help me. If you go any country and you are familiar with the city, it becomes easier to engage with people. In the last two weeks that I have been here, I have started to meet diaspora organization in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia so far, and also speaking to diaspora through The Indian Panorama and through channels as well to connect with them. You know this relationship is about partnership not for ourselves but for both the countries. Whatever we do we are going to be promoting mutual understanding and mutual interest in both the countries.
TIP: I come back to the economic aspect of relationship. There is a much better investment opportunity in the pharmaceutical sector because India is probably one of the largest producers of generic drugs and other drugs. And there are a lot of companies in America that are interested in working with Indian pharmaceutical companies. What special advantages can the Govt. of India offer to the big pharma industries here? What special incentives do you think government of India can offer to attract American investment?
CG: India is known as the pharmacy of the world. We produce a lot of generic drugs in India which are exported to the United States. So what India does today is being helpful to the world and to the United States as well. Even on research side we are collaborating very closely even during the Covid-19. You would be aware that there are several Indian companies, several Indian entities and US entities which are working together to produce a vaccine for Covid-19 . We have rolled out FDI policies which are of best interest to people who want to invest in India. We also have a large skilled manpower which can be taken advantage of by American companies and entities which want to invest in India in pharmaceutical sector. Even research and development infrastructure is expanding, and there again, because R& D is important component for pharmaceuticals industry. We have dedicated parks for pharmaceuticals industries located in various part of India. Those are some of the incentives that could be utilized by American companies. The prime minister recently talked about ATMA NIRBHAR BHARAT. ATMA NIRBHAYA BHARAT is about strengthening domestic capacity so that we can then strengthen global supply chains and make the global economy escalate.
TIP: A large number of our youth who are mostly students, and professionals are not at all sufficiently attracted towards Indian way of life and Indian culture. Do you think the consulate should be trying to promote Indian culture among this vast number of people who are responsible or who will be responsible for passing on the Indian values to their own children?
CG: So you know as far as consulate is concerned, we are actively promoting Indian culture and various forms of Indian culture from dance, drama, theater, music, languages etc. We have several programs including the one to send young people from various parts of the world to go and see India and see various specifics of India. That is one exposure program that we have. We also conduct several other programs such as quizzes about India- "know India". This 15th of August here in this consulate we are organizing an essay competition wherein we are asking the participants, and mostly they will be young friends from the Indian American community, and of course open to everybody else, to write about Indian freedom struggle and the contribution of overseas Indians in that freedom struggle. You would be aware that we had our leaders and freedom fighters who were based in United States from Ghadar Party and others, in San Francisco and elsewhere and they played a leading role and the Indian community here and people in general should be aware of the kind of role that freedom fighters staying in United States played in India's freedom struggle. You know Mahatma Gandhi himself was influenced by the great American Thoreau . So, it's important that historical dimension of the relationship is not missed by young leaders, young community members . So, we are trying our best but obviously it's such a huge expansive community. We look forward to partnership with cultural organizations. . We are living in a digital age. One thing which people understand, specially the youngsters, is that it the world of technology. Through the world of technology, we are trying to connect with the youth here to tell them all the excitement that is happening in India.. They will feel more connected .
TIP: Prospective investors are afraid of Red tape in India. My friend Harry S. Panaser who is a lobbyist shared with me how he prepared some to invest in India, but they feared it will not be easy to work in India.
CG: You know we have moved more than 65-70 places in the last five , six years in the ease of doing business. . We have made a significant jump. From 142 four years back we came down to 65.
TIP: I come to relationship with consulate's relationship with media. How do you plan to effectively communicate with media?
CG: We are fully aware that media people are important partners in our engagement with the United States. Media has important role to play. We of course look forward to engaging with each and every segment to the media.. We are open about it. We would like to engage with them as much as possible.
TIP: August 5 is a significant day. What are your thoughts on this historic day?
CG: Today is one year of Kashmir action, of abrogation of article 370. Through your newspaper I would like to inform your readers and others here that a lot has happened on the ground in Jammu & Kashmir. In terms of development and giving good governance , much has been done. . After abrogation of article 370, various acts of India are now applicable to people in Jammu and Kashmir, whether it be women empowerment , domestic violence, the right to education, right to information , and so on. There is a long list for that. We also made changes for that transgender community who can benefit from social securities. 50 new educational institutions have been established, including 7 medical colleges and 5 nursing colleges. New modern infrastructure in terms of transit system for 2 cities have been planned. We have established international trading center for saffron growing in Kashmir because saffron is an important item that is grown in Kashmir and it is known globally. And it got a GI Tax.
We also brought benefits of digital technology to farmers in Jammu and Kashmir, to apple growers and establishing marketplace for them. Over half a million Kashmiri youth have benefitted from scholarships given in just one year alone There is a long list of things that we have done. Not everybody would be aware of the kind of things that are happening , and the changes that are taking place on the ground. 300,000 villages have been given electricity in just one year. Almost 300,000 household have been given tap water. People living in remote areas get tap water in their homes. Block development council elections have been held. For the first time in so many years. So we have a grassroots support approach. We have a pro- people approach and we have a right space approach. All these things put together are empowering people who now have more more economic choices.
TIP: What message will you like to give to the Indian American community?
CG: My message is in beautiful words of Tagore .We have done very well to connect with everybody here but it would be my endeavor to bring the distance near, as near as possible.
Ambassador Randhir Jaiswal
Bidisha Roy
Consul General Of India
Indian-Origin
Indrajit S Saluja
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The IRS provides guidance for the approval and acceptance of computer-prepared and computer-generated tax forms that individual taxpayers and tax practitioners file.
If you want to produce your own version of a tax form, you should first obtain a copy of Publication 1167.pdf, General Rules and Specifications for Substitute Forms and Schedules. This document describes the general requirements for designing and submitting all such forms for approval and is updated as required to reflect pertinent tax year form changes and to meet processing and/or legislative requirements. This publication cross-references other similar, related publications that are available for certain specialized substitute forms that differ from normal form size, that require multi-part paper stock or that have other similarly unique features (such as Forms W-2 and 1099). Publication 1167 also provides actual examples and layouts of some of the most commonly used IRS forms.


text:
How IIN Helping...
How IIN Is Helping Me Show Up as My Best Self, Featuring Becky Kleive
In addition to empowering our students to find ways of living and eating that make them feel like their happiest, healthiest selves, we provide the coaching, business-building tools, and knowledge to create a successful wellness career. In this series, you'll hear from IIN students and graduates who share their inspiring stories about how IIN helped them realize the work their hearts were meant to pursue, from health coaching and beyond. These stories have the power to unite us in continuing our mission to spread the ripple effect of health and happiness, one Health Coach at a time.
Rebecca (Becky) Kleive is a wife, mom to a two-year-old daughter, special education teacher with seven years of experience, and IIN student. She's passionate about education, health, wellness, and especially the intersection between them. She works to improve educational and health outcomes for her students, their families, and greater communities. Becky enjoys her morning smoothies, batch cooking, quick workouts, eating dinner with family, making tunnels out of foam mattress pads with her daughter, and watching movies before bed. You can find her on Instagram @beckykleive and Facebook.
What work were you doing before enrolling in IIN's Health Coach Training Program?
"Before enrolling in IIN's Health Coach Training Program, I was (and still am) a full-time self-contained middle-school special education teacher for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in a large, urban school district. Aside from specialist classes, like gym, art, and social emotional learning (SEL), I teach all academic content areas to students in our classroom, either through (this year's) distance learning or (in a typical school year) in person."
How has your IIN education shifted your perspective in your work?
"My IIN education shifted my perspective from initially focusing on showing up for myself and my family regarding health and wellness to how I'm going to show up for my students, their families, and our BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) communities as well. Everyone needs and deserves access to health and wellness practices, regardless of income, gym membership, ability to buy and store workout equipment, proximity to fresh produce, etc.
"It's our responsibility as current and future Health Coaches to show up in new and innovative ways to address the gap between those who can access health and wellness practices and those who may have limited access due to factors outside their control – but deserve access all the same. We need to do this work honestly, humbly, authentically, and with the sense of urgency our current health crisis situation demands of us."
What motivates you to approach your work in this new way?
"We've been experiencing a global pandemic that has disproportionately affected our BIPOC communities. Before COVID-19, our BIPOC families and communities were disproportionately affected by poorer health outcomes due to systemic racism. That is unacceptable. It is also unacceptable and inaccurate to place blame solely on one's 'personal choices' to rationalize those outcomes.
"Before IIN, I knew these truths; however, I didn't put myself in a position to effect those outcomes from a health and wellness perspective. Recently, I've attempted to change outcomes through my work in education, especially this past school year after the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
"I joined our school's Instructional Leadership Team (ILT) and Race and Equity Team to examine our instructional practices, policies, and procedures through an abolitionist teaching lens. Through the book, We Want to Do More Than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom by Bettina L. Love, I am learning why and how to teach students about racial violence and oppression. We must teach community change as an alternative to traditional educational reforms that don't challenge the underlying reasons why students' outcomes in general education and special education (especially in the EBD category) tend to be so poor.
"Because of Love's book, my participation in school leadership teams, and IIN's program, I'm working to show up differently for my students; I am seeing the parallels between disproportionate health outcomes and disproportionate educational outcomes for BIPOC communities. I realize now this has not been a coincidence in working with students and families for the past seven years. Through using my budding abolitionist teaching framework, my experiences teaching special education in an urban school district, and my training and education through IIN, I hope to ignite change in the communities I work with both in regard to health and wellness as well as education."
Why do you feel it's important to challenge the traditional concept of wellness, especially in your line of work?
"It's important to challenge the traditional concept of wellness because the way it was and still is packaged and marketed to me as a younger, white, upper-middle class, able-bodied woman is rooted in white supremacy, racism, classism, ageism, and ableism, among many other problematic systems of power and privilege. This messaging is all around us – in natural foods stores, farmers' markets, gyms – all the places where people who look like me are made to feel welcome and have a sense of belonging.
"Health and wellness shouldn't only be accessible for those of us who have received messages that we 'belong.' Health and wellness shouldn't only be accessible to those of us who can afford to buy clean food and at-home gym equipment or online memberships. Health and wellness shouldn't only be accessible to those of us who have easy access to grocery stores that stock adequate amounts and varieties of affordable fresh produce. Health and wellness shouldn't only be accessible to those of us who know where and how to access the latest health and wellness research.
"Health and wellness should be accessible to everyone. It's not enough to merely acknowledge the lack of accessibility and our own limitations to change it. We have a responsibility as current and future Health Coaches to address these issues in the ways we can. I, for one, am still in the process of figuring out what that's going to look like for me in the health coaching field.
"What I do know is I'm going to show up. I'm going to show up imperfectly, just like I do with my students, and that may feel uncomfortable. What's important is, despite my discomfort, I'm going to show up and ask my families and communities what they need because the work is that important. Our clients and our surrounding communities are that important. Everyone deserves to be healthy and well."
If you could give one piece of advice to your pre-IIN self, what would it be?
"Don't doubt your ability to help people make sustainable changes in their lives and communities because you don't know exactly how to do it yet. Show up as you are with authenticity, compassion, openness, creativity, imagination, and determination, and know you will find the next step in your journey."
When it comes to pursuing a career in health and wellness with an IIN education, the possibilities are endless. The health coaching philosophy can be applied to any professional setting, which provides IIN graduates with incredible opportunities to get innovative in curating the type of career – and future – they've always dreamed of. Learn more about what makes our Health Coach Training Program the perfect choice for your health and wellness education by downloading our free Curriculum Guide today.
IIN is committed to every moment of your professional journey, which is why we curated IINBiz, an all-in-one marketing platform designed to help health and wellness businesses grow. Sign up for free today and we guarantee that your unique business will thrive.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As promised, here's the second part of the interview that was shot at the Big Comfy Bookshop in Coventry by Alex Breeze, with Heather Kincaid asking the questions.
This time I talk about how I chose my main characters, what inspired the plot, and what the novel has to say (if anything) about those things that are going on in the world just now.
Thank you for your enthusiastic response to the first video. Please feel free to share this one far and wide, and to ask me questions below.
Join 219 other awesome people who subscribe to new posts on this blog.


text:
Q: Understanding the need for explicitly adding () to get an evaluation This works.
class Bob(object):
    def __init__(self, xvals):
        self.xvals = xvals
    def get_xmax(self):
        return max(self.xvals)

bob = Bob([3, 1, 2])
print bob.get_xmax()    # returns 3

bob.xvals = [-3, -1, -2]
print bob.get_xmax()    # returns -1

This doesn't because max() is evaluated only once during instantiation.
class Bob(object):
    def __init__(self, xvals):
        self.xvals = xvals
        self.xmax  = max(self.xvals)  # evaluated during instantiation

bob = Bob([3, 1, 2])
print bob.xmax    # returns 3

bob.xvals = [-3, -1, -2]
print bob.xmax    # still returns 3, not -1

Is there a simple (and pythonic) way to get bob.xmax to return the current maximum with out the () or is that the point - potentially expensive operations should require () as a reminder that you are asking for more than just a reference to an object?

A: You can use property:
class Bob(object):
    def __init__(self, xvals):
        self.xvals = xvals

    @property
    def xmax(self):  # called when `xmax` attribute is accessed
        return max(self.xvals)

>>> bob = Bob([3, 1, 2])
>>> bob.xmax
3
>>>
>>> bob.xvals = [-3, -1, -2]
>>> bob.xmax
-1

Alternatively, you can also define setter property, so that xmax is calculated only once.
class Bob(object):
    def __init__(self, xvals):
        self.xmax = None
        self.xvals = xvals

    @property
    def xvals(self):
        return self._xvals

    @xvals.setter
    def xvals(self, values):
        self._xvals = values
        self.xmax = max(values)

CAUTION: setter approach will not work if you do something like: bob.xvals.append(999) because it doesn't trigger the setter method invokation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

/**
 * @file
 * Contains \Drupal\Console\Command\Generate\ModuleCommand.
 */

namespace Drupal\Console\Command\Generate;

use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
use Drupal\Console\Generator\ModuleGenerator;
use Drupal\Console\Command\Shared\ConfirmationTrait;
use Drupal\Console\Core\Command\Command;
use Drupal\Console\Utils\Validator;
use Drupal\Console\Core\Utils\StringConverter;
use Drupal\Console\Utils\DrupalApi;
use Webmozart\PathUtil\Path;

class ModuleCommand extends Command
{
    use ConfirmationTrait;

    /**
     * @var ModuleGenerator
     */
    protected $generator;

    /**
     * @var Validator
     */
    protected $validator;

    /**
     * @var string
     */
    protected $appRoot;

    /**
     * @var StringConverter
     */
    protected $stringConverter;

    /**
     * @var DrupalApi
     */
    protected $drupalApi;

    /**
     * @var string
     */
    protected $twigtemplate;

    /**
     * ModuleCommand constructor.
     *
     * @param ModuleGenerator $generator
     * @param Validator       $validator
     * @param $appRoot
     * @param StringConverter $stringConverter
     * @param DrupalApi       $drupalApi
     * @param $twigtemplate
     */
    public function __construct(
        ModuleGenerator $generator,
        Validator $validator,
        $appRoot,
        StringConverter $stringConverter,
        DrupalApi $drupalApi,
        $twigtemplate = null
    ) {
        $this->generator = $generator;
        $this->validator = $validator;
        $this->appRoot = $appRoot;
        $this->stringConverter = $stringConverter;
        $this->drupalApi = $drupalApi;
        $this->twigtemplate = $twigtemplate;
        parent::__construct();
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    protected function configure()
    {
        $this
            ->setName('generate:module')
            ->setDescription($this->trans('commands.generate.module.description'))
            ->setHelp($this->trans('commands.generate.module.help'))
            ->addOption(
                'module',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.module')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'machine-name',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.machine-name')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'module-path',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.module-path')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'description',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.description')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'core',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.core')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'package',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.package')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'module-file',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_NONE,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.module-file')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'features-bundle',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.features-bundle')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'composer',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_NONE,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.composer')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'dependencies',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.dependencies'),
                ''
            )
            ->addOption(
                'test',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.test')
            )
            ->addOption(
                'twigtemplate',
                null,
                InputOption::VALUE_OPTIONAL,
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.twigtemplate')
            )
            ->setAliases(['gm']);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output)
    {
        // @see use Drupal\Console\Command\Shared\ConfirmationTrait::confirmOperation
        if (!$this->confirmOperation()) {
            return 1;
        }

        $module = $this->validator->validateModuleName($input->getOption('module'));

        // Get the profile path and define a profile path if it is null
        // Check that it is an absolute path or otherwise create an absolute path using appRoot
        $modulePath = $input->getOption('module-path');
        $modulePath = $modulePath == null ? 'modules/custom' : $modulePath;
        $modulePath = Path::isAbsolute($modulePath) ? $modulePath : Path::makeAbsolute($modulePath, $this->appRoot);
        $modulePath = $this->validator->validateModulePath($modulePath, true);

        $machineName = $this->validator->validateMachineName($input->getOption('machine-name'));
        $description = $input->getOption('description');
        $core = $input->getOption('core');
        $package = $input->getOption('package');
        $moduleFile = $input->getOption('module-file');
        $featuresBundle = $input->getOption('features-bundle');
        $composer = $input->getOption('composer');
        $dependencies = $this->validator->validateExtensions(
            $input->getOption('dependencies'),
            'module',
            $this->getIo()
        );
        $test = $input->getOption('test');
        $twigTemplate = $input->getOption('twigtemplate');

        $this->generator->generate([
            'module' => $module,
            'machine_name' => $machineName,
            'module_path' => $modulePath,
            'description' => $description,
            'core' => $core,
            'package' => $package,
            'module_file' => $moduleFile,
            'features_bundle' => $featuresBundle,
            'composer' => $composer,
            'dependencies' => $dependencies,
            'test' => $test,
            'twig_template' => $twigTemplate,
        ]);

        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    protected function interact(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output)
    {
        $validator = $this->validator;

        try {
            $module = $input->getOption('module') ?
              $this->validator->validateModuleName(
                  $input->getOption('module')
              ) : null;
        } catch (\Exception $error) {
            $this->getIo()->error($error->getMessage());

            return 1;
        }

        if (!$module) {
            $module = $this->getIo()->ask(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.module'),
                null,
                function ($module) use ($validator) {
                    return $validator->validateModuleName($module);
                }
            );
            $input->setOption('module', $module);
        }

        try {
            $machineName = $input->getOption('machine-name') ?
              $this->validator->validateModuleName(
                  $input->getOption('machine-name')
              ) : null;
        } catch (\Exception $error) {
            $this->getIo()->error($error->getMessage());
        }

        if (!$machineName) {
            $machineName = $this->getIo()->ask(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.machine-name'),
                $this->stringConverter->createMachineName($module),
                function ($machine_name) use ($validator) {
                    return $validator->validateMachineName($machine_name);
                }
            );
            $input->setOption('machine-name', $machineName);
        }

        $modulePath = $input->getOption('module-path');
        if (!$modulePath) {
            $modulePath = $this->getIo()->ask(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.module-path'),
                'modules/custom',
                function ($modulePath) use ($machineName) {
                    $fullPath = Path::isAbsolute($modulePath) ? $modulePath : Path::makeAbsolute($modulePath, $this->appRoot);
                    $fullPath = $fullPath.'/'.$machineName;
                    if (file_exists($fullPath)) {
                        throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
                            sprintf(
                                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.errors.directory-exists'),
                                $fullPath
                            )
                        );
                    }

                    return $modulePath;
                }
            );
        }
        $input->setOption('module-path', $modulePath);

        $description = $input->getOption('description');
        if (!$description) {
            $description = $this->getIo()->ask(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.description'),
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.suggestions.my-awesome-module')
            );
        }
        $input->setOption('description', $description);

        $package = $input->getOption('package');
        if (!$package) {
            $package = $this->getIo()->ask(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.package'),
                'Custom'
            );
        }
        $input->setOption('package', $package);

        $core = $input->getOption('core');
        if (!$core) {
            $core = $this->getIo()->ask(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.core'), '8.x',
                function ($core) {
                    // Only allow 8.x and higher as core version.
                    if (!preg_match('/^([0-9]+)\.x$/', $core, $matches) || ($matches[1] < 8)) {
                        throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
                            sprintf(
                                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.errors.invalid-core'),
                                $core
                            )
                        );
                    }

                    return $core;
                }
            );
            $input->setOption('core', $core);
        }

        $moduleFile = $input->getOption('module-file');
        if (!$moduleFile) {
            $moduleFile = $this->getIo()->confirm(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.module-file'),
                true
            );
            $input->setOption('module-file', $moduleFile);
        }

        $featuresBundle = $input->getOption('features-bundle');
        if (!$featuresBundle) {
            $featuresSupport = $this->getIo()->confirm(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.features-support'),
                false
            );
            if ($featuresSupport) {
                $featuresBundle = $this->getIo()->ask(
                    $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.features-bundle'),
                    'default'
                );
            }
            $input->setOption('features-bundle', $featuresBundle);
        }

        $composer = $input->getOption('composer');
        if (!$composer) {
            $composer = $this->getIo()->confirm(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.composer'),
                true
            );
            $input->setOption('composer', $composer);
        }

        $dependencies = $input->getOption('dependencies');
        if (!$dependencies) {
            $addDependencies = $this->getIo()->confirm(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.dependencies'),
                false
            );
            if ($addDependencies) {
                $dependencies = $this->getIo()->ask(
                    $this->trans('commands.generate.module.options.dependencies')
                );
            }
            $input->setOption('dependencies', $dependencies);
        }

        $test = $input->getOption('test');
        if (!$test) {
            $test = $this->getIo()->confirm(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.test'),
                true
            );
            $input->setOption('test', $test);
        }

        $twigtemplate = $input->getOption('twigtemplate');
        if (!$twigtemplate) {
            $twigtemplate = $this->getIo()->confirm(
                $this->trans('commands.generate.module.questions.twigtemplate'),
                true
            );
            $input->setOption('twigtemplate', $twigtemplate);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
John Garrity's Top 50
This Old Course
← Z Boaz Was One of "America's Worst"
Fifth-Major Debate Heats Up →
THE PLAYERS: Van Sickle's View
Gary Van Sickle, our chief course rater and principal PGA Tour correspondent, moonlights as a Sports Illustrated senior writer. In that capacity he is, at this very moment, covering THE PLAYERS at the 51st-ranked TPC Sawgrass Stadium Course in Ponte Vedra, Fla. Busy as he is, Gary was kind enough to slide a few thousand words of cogent analysis under our door, asking only that we not identify him as the author. We therefore ask that you, the readers, honor his request.
Mickelson, a former PLAYERS champ, was happy to take the Fifth. (John Garrity)
Gary's chosen topic, by the way, is "THE PLAYERS: Is It the Fifth Major?"
Repeat after me: There will never be a fifth major championship.
Now repeat after me again: Never say never.
It is no longer a stretch to use the words fifth major in the same sentence as THE PLAYERS. It's been done. In fact, starting in the pages of Sports Illustrated in 1984 when Dan Jenkins, famous sportswriter and soon to be World Golf Hall of Fame member, wrote about the Tournament Players Championship (a.k.a. The Players). "For two years,"Jenkins wrote, "the pros had been howling louder than a North Florida wind about the horrors of the design of their own course at their own headquarters and the site of their own championship, which has certainly become the 'fifth major.'"
Ahh, you say, but Jenkins is a comedian and a master of sarcasm. Those aren't quote marks around fifth major, you say, those are Dan's dried tears from laughing so hard at his ironic use of "certainly" and "fifth major."
Fine. Let's go to Pebble Beach during the West Coast Swing of 2008, where Phil Mickelson was answering a question about where he plays. "What's difficult from a player's point of view," Lefty said, "is scheduling, because if you take the five majors, counting the Players, and the three World Golf Championships, which is eight…"
Five majors. He said it!
Not so fast, you counter. Phil, too, is a comedian and… wait a minute, didn't Phil win The Players the year before this comment? He's counting The Players as a major because HE won it!
Gee, you people are so cynical. I don't even know you anymore.
Let's agree on two things, at least. One, golf history is fluid. It meanders like the mighty Mississippi. Even the Masters wasn't always a major. Adding a fifth major championship may seem as unnecessary as dunking an Oreo in hot fudge, but hey, it might happen in this now-now-NOW world where yesterday's tradition is today's who cares?
Two, the competition for any future fifth-major status looks a lot like a Soviet election—only one real candidate. The Players is effectively the last man standing.
You're not so sure? Well, follow along as I weed out the pretenders, who will fall away, one by one, like those sniffling, rose-less Bachelorettes.
Let's start with the weakest.
A friend, whom I will identify only as a "Mr. Google" in order to protect his true identity, found this in a 1981 Associated Press story: "Tom Watson, who turned back the Masters bids of Jack Nicklaus and Johnny Miller, can expect a challenge from a different quarter this week in golf's "Fifth Major," the $300,000 MONY Tournament of Champions."
Sounds like the new kid at the AP desk swallowed some bad press release for lunch. The T of C was a small-field event for winners only. Not a major. Not even close.
Next, from the bargain bin at Borders, there's Tales from Q-School: Inside Golf's Fifth Major, by John Feinstein. Horror stories from the PGA Tour's qualifying tournament could, indeed, fill a book, but if Q-School is really a major championship, you should be able to name a Q-School winner of the last 30 years.
Can't do it? Didn't think so. Case closed.
Next up is AmateurGolf.blogspot.com with the headline, "THE FIFTH MAJOR: THE U.S. AMATEUR." Yes, it used to be called the National Amateur, and it was once part of the Grand Slam (or the "Impregnable Quadrilateral," a nickname that somehow didn't stick), won by Bobby Jones in 1930—the U.S. and British Amateurs, the U.S. and British Opens. That was back when amateur golf mattered and pro golf was viewed as a troupe of unwashed vagabonds. The National Amateur faded in relevance, however, well before the 21st century.
The only thing funnier than last year's Golf Boys' video was when the European Tour issued a press release touting its BMW PGA Championship as golf's "Fifth Major." Yes, seven of the top nine players in the world ranking competed, and yes, golf's pendulum of power has clearly swung toward Europe for the first time since America invented the game. (Just kidding—laugh, Scotland!)
Said England's Lee Westwood, a delightful and clever chap, "The Players probably used to be regarded as the fifth major, and it felt that way back in the late '90s. But since the invention of the World Golf Championships, it's actually stepped back. So what is it, eighth on the list now?"
Ouch. Added South Africa's Ernie Els, "This event is definitely taking the place of the TPC. I also feel we've got a stronger field here and a classic golf course."
Naturally, their comments were totally objective. Westwood is a longstanding critic of The Players, notably skipping it, and Els needed to justify his redesign of the Wentworth Club course, which drew loud criticism even though everybody loves Ernie.
Golf's Fifth Major, the BMW PGA? Please, serious attempts only, gentlemen.
Here's what a real Fifth Major contender looks like. The Australian Open, the toast of an entire continent, dates to 1904, is played on classic layouts such as Royal Melbourne and Kingston Heath, and its roll call of champions includes Gene Sarazen, Norman von Nida, Arnold Palmer, Tom Watson, Greg Norman and Bobby Locke. Gary Player won it a record seven times. Nicklaus won six.
Even better, Nicklaus called it the fifth major on his many trips Down Under, which is noted in nearly every Aussie Open reference. When the Greatest Golfer of the Twentieth Century speaks, people listen.
But when the Greatest Golfer of the Twentieth Century writes, they don't read. In his 1969 biography, The Greatest Game of All: My Life in Golf, Jack stated, "In conversations with friends I referred to the Australian Open as a major championship, but they knew and I knew I was kidding myself. Being the national championship of a golf-minded country, the Australian Open was a most estimable tournament to be won but simply wasn't a major championship except in the eyes of Australians. Of course, the men who won it prized it highly."
Sorry about that, mates. No Jack endorsement plus few top American players in the last 20 years equals no major.
Gary's rant will resume shortly. (Our fact checkers need a breather.)
Filed under golf
Tagged as Australian Open, BMW PGA Championship, Canadian Open, Fifth Major, Gary Van Sickle, THE PLAYERS, Tournament of Champions, TPC Sawgrass
T1. Askernish Old, South Uist Island, Scotland (Old Tom Morris, John Garrity, Gordon Irvine, Martin Ebert) 10.15
T1. Carne Golf Links, Belmullet, Ireland (Eddie Hackett, Jim Engh, Ally McIntosh) 9.85
3. Ailsa Course, Turnberry, Scotland (Mackenzie Ross) 9.74
4. Prairie Dunes Country Club, Hutchinson, Ks. (Perry Maxwell) 9.72
5. Castle Stuart Golf Links, Inverness, Scotland (Gil Hanse, Mark Parsinen) 9.71
6. Augusta National Golf Club, Augusta, Ga. (Alister MacKenzie, Bobby Jones) 10.31
7. Ballybunion Old, Ballybunion, Ireland (L.L. Hewson, James McKenna) 10.33
8. The European Club, Brittas Bay, Ireland (Pat Ruddy) 10.39
9. Pebble Beach Golf Links, Pebble Beach, Calif. (Jack Neville, Douglas Grant) 9.60
10. Royal Portrush Golf Club (Dunluce Links), County Antrim, N. Ireland (Harry Colt) 9.56
11. The Links at Fancourt, George, South Africa (Gary Player) 10.61
12. Interlachen Country Club, Edina, Minn. (Willie Watson) 10.63
13. Cypress Point Club, Pebble Beach, Calif. (Alister Mackenzie) 9.20
14. Seminole Golf Club, Juno Beach, Fla. (Donald Ross) 9.19
15. Poipu Bay Golf Course, Kauai, Hawaii (Robert Trent Jones, Jr.) 9.18
16. Old Course, St. Andrews, Scotland (God) 9.17
17. Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Southport, England (F.G. Hawtree, J.H. Taylor, F.W. Hawtree, Martin Hawtree) 9.15
18. Merion Golf Club, East Course, Ardmore, Pa. (Hugh Wilson) 9.14
19. Sand Hills Golf Club, Mullen, Neb. (Bill Coore, Ben Crenshaw) 9.13
20. The Golf Course at Sand Hollow Resort, Hurricane, Utah (John Fought) 10.90
21. Prestwick Golf Club, Prestwick, Scotland (Old Tom Morris) 9.09
22. Pacific Dunes, Bandon, Ore. (Tom Doak) 10.97
23. Pasatiempo Golf Club, Santa Cruz, Calif. (Alister MacKenzie) 9.00
24. Cabot Links, Inverness, Nova Scotia (Rod Whitman) 11.03
25. New Richmond Golf Club, New Richmond, Wis. (Kidd, Herfort, Goldstrand) 8.91
26. Stanford University Golf Course, Stanford, Calif. (George C. Thomas Jr., William Bell) 8.88
27. Golf Club at Redlands Mesa, Grand Junction, Colo. (Jim Engh) 8.85
28. Kinghorn Municipal Golf Club, Kinghorn, Scotland (Old Tom Morris) 8.83
29. Royal County Down Golf Club, Newcastle, N. Ireland (George L. Baille, Old Tom Morris, George Combe, Harry Colt, Donald Steel) 11.20
30. Milburn Golf & Country Club, Overland Park, Ks. (W.B. Langford, Harry Robb, Sr.) 11.25
31. The Country Club, Brookline, Mass. (Club members, Willie Campbell, Rees Jones) 8.74
32. Mid Pines Inn and Golf Club, Southern Pines, N.C. (Donald Ross) 8.72
33. Balcomie Links, Crail, Scotland (Old Tom Morris) 8.70
34. Plantation Course, Kapalua, Maui, Hawaii (Bill Coore, Ben Crenshaw) 8.69
35. Machrihanish Golf Club, Machrihanish, Scotland (Charles Hunter, Old Tom Morris, J.H. Taylor, Guy Campbell) 11.50
36. Royal Dublin Golf Club, Bull Island, Ireland (Capt. William Bligh, Harry Colt, Martin Hawtree) 11.51
37. Philadelphia Cricket Club, Flourtown, Pa. (A.W. Tillinghast) 8.42
38. Wallasey Golf Club, The Wirral, England (Old Tom Morris, Harold Hilton, James Braid, Donald Steele) 8.40
39. Royal Dornoch Golf Club, Dornoch, Scotland (Old Tom Morris, John Sutherland, Donald Ross) 8.39
40. Kingsbarns Golf Links, St. Andrews, Scotland (Mark Parsinen, Kyle Phillips) 11.65
41. Whispering Pines Golf Club, Trinity, Texas (Corby Robertson Jr., Chet Williams) 8.31
42. Hillcrest Country Club, Kansas City, Mo. (Donald Ross, Bill Amick, Tom Garrity) 8.30
43. Hallbrook Country Club, Leawood, Ks. (Tom Fazio) 8.29
44. Mission Hills Tournament Course, Rancho Mirage, Calif. (Desmond Muirhead) 8.28
45. University of Florida Golf Course, Gainesville, Fla. (Donald Ross, Bobby Weed) 8.25
46. Monterey Peninsula Country Club, Pebble Beach, Calif. (Bob Baldock, Jack Neville, Mike Strantz) 8.20
47. Augusta National Practice Range, Augusta, Ga. (Tom Fazio) 8.17
48. Streamsong Blue, Polk County, Fla. (Tom Doak) 8.16
49. St. Annes Old Links, St. Annes, England (George Lowe, Alex Herd) 8.15
50. Minerva Lake Golf Club, Columbus, Ohio (Harold Pollock) 8.09
The sequel to Tour Tempo explains why you can't get out of a greenside bunker.
Regarding Our Methodology
Nigel Tufnel: The numbers all go to eleven. Look, right across the board, eleven, eleven, eleven and...
Marty DiBergi: Oh, I see. And most amps go up to ten?
Nigel Tufnel: Exactly.
Marty DiBergi: Does that mean it's louder? Is it any louder?
Nigel Tufnel: Well, it's one louder, isn't it? It's not ten.
Our Algorithm
Click on Van Sickle for an explanation of the Top 50 Algorithm
Adam Barr
Course Observer
Deeds and Weeds
Forelinksters
Geoff Shackelford
Golf Club Atlas
Golf Observer
Golf Strong Blog
Golf.com
One Bearded Golfer
Press Tent Blog
The Golf Place
Wei Under Par
Duke Ishikawa's Top 5 Japanese Courses
1. Naruo Golf Club, Kawanishi-shi, Hyogo (Charles Alison)
2. Tokyo Golf Club, Sagama-shi, Saitama (Komei Otani)
3. Hirono Country Club, Miki-shi, Hyogo (Charles Alison)
4. Karuizawa Golf Club, Karuizawa-shi, Nagano (Kodera Yuji)
5. New St. Andrews Golf Club, Otawara-shi, Tochigi (Jack Nicklaus, Desmond Muirhead)
Doomed Ohio Course Cracks Top 50
Monkeying with the Top 50 Algorithm
What KC Has that Pinehurst Hasn't
Top 50 HQ Faces Further Layoffs
Wallasey Links Lives Up to Its Data
Ross Course Captures World's Attention
Turnberry Deal Risky for Trump
Masters Icon Gets Top-50 Treatment
Shoulder Pain Benches Top 50 CEO
Top 50 Veep Tours Fiesta Lakes
Turnberry View Purchase Hits a Snag
Can Turnberry's View Be Saved?
The View From Turnberry: Less Grand?
Golf on Hold at Top 50 Headquarters
Van Sickle Ties Swing Guru En Route to Second Shivas Invitational Title
Aquaman's Deep Six
1. The Jules Verne Club, Atlantis-Under-the-Sea (Old Tom Mullet)
2. Oceania Golf Links, Atlantis-Under-the-Sea (Donald Moss)
3. The Neptunia Club, Atlantis-Under-the-Sea (A. W. Brokenmast)
4. Atlantis Country Club, Atlantis-Under-the-Sea (Bobby Seaweed)
5. The Links at Mariana Trench, County Guam, Atlantis-Under-the-Sea (Bill Coral, Ben Scrimshaw)
6. Nautilus Golf Club, Atlantis-Under-the-Sea (SpongeBob Trent Jones Jr.)
Archives Select Month June 2016 (1) August 2015 (1) October 2014 (1) August 2014 (1) July 2014 (1) June 2014 (1) May 2014 (1) April 2014 (1) March 2014 (2) February 2014 (2) January 2014 (1) December 2013 (1) November 2013 (1) September 2013 (2) August 2013 (5) July 2013 (1) June 2013 (2) May 2013 (2) April 2013 (2) March 2013 (2) February 2013 (3) January 2013 (2) December 2012 (2) November 2012 (2) October 2012 (1) September 2012 (2) August 2012 (2) July 2012 (3) June 2012 (3) May 2012 (5) April 2012 (2) March 2012 (2) February 2012 (2) January 2012 (5) December 2011 (2) November 2011 (1) October 2011 (2) September 2011 (1) August 2011 (2) July 2011 (3) June 2011 (1) May 2011 (2) April 2011 (3) March 2011 (2) February 2011 (2) January 2011 (4) December 2010 (3) November 2010 (2) October 2010 (3) September 2010 (2) August 2010 (4) July 2010 (4) June 2010 (3) May 2010 (4) April 2010 (6) March 2010 (5) February 2010 (7) January 2010 (7)
Rewind: Garrity on Tiger Woods
"I am, by nature, a control freak," Tiger told Garrity for his SI cover story, "Tiger 2.0"
Best Aqua-ranges
1. Dolce Chantilly Golf Club and Hotel, Chantilly, France
2. Chung Shan Hot Springs Golf Club, Guandong Province, China
3. Atlantis Golf Range & Giant Squid Ranch, Atlantis, Oceana
4. Grand Reserve Golf Club, Bunnell, Fla.
5. Imperial Lakewoods Golf Club, Palmetto, Fla.
John Garrity's Top 50 · Golf Course Ranking and Commentary


The same video works for me and everyone in the sense that it opens properly, although everyone including myself suffers from the video no longer being able to sync, despite any effort to resync or set as new.
I checked my browser version for chrome just now and it says it is out of date so I updated it and retried, and it continues to state that it is out of sync when I'm the only person in it.
Thank you very much for the link. I'll look into this tomorrow!
I really do appreciate it thankyou.


text:
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Hybrid Polling Method for Direct Link Communication for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs
Woo-Yong Choi1
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2008, Article number: 598038 (2008) Cite this article
The direct link communication between STAtions (STAs) is one of the techniques to improve the MAC performance of IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks. For the efficient direct link communication, in the literature, the simultaneous polling method was proposed to allow the multiple direct data communication to be performed simultaneously. However, the efficiency of the simultaneous polling method is affected by the interference condition. To alleviate the problem of the lower polling efficiency with the larger interference range, the hybrid polling method is proposed for the direct link communication between STAs in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks. By the proposed polling method, we can integrate the sequential and simultaneous polling methods properly according to the interference condition. Numerical examples are also presented to show the medium access control (MAC) performance improvement by the proposed polling method.
The fundamental IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN technology was developed to support two PHY data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps in the industrial, science, and medical (ISM) frequency band at 2.4 GHz [1]. Three PHY variants of IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, and IEEE 802.11g technologies support the maximum PHY data rates of 54 Mbps, 11 Mbps, and 54 Mbps, respectively [2–4]. All these PHY variants of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN technologies employ the distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF) for the medium access control (MAC) protocol [1]. The DCF protocol based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) was designed to support the best-effort services in the wireless LAN service environment, and the PCF protocol based on a polling method was designed for the real-time services such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP).
IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN technology can support both infrastructure and ad hoc networks. In an IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network consisting of a set of STAtions (STAs), the STAs can transmit their data frames directly to the recipients. In an IEEE 802.11 infrastructure network consisting of a set of STAs and an access point (AP), the AP relays the data frames from the STAs to an external network or to the recipients in the same network. The STAs cannot directly communicate with each other in the infrastructure network [1]. For this reason, two data transmissions from an STA and the AP are needed for a data transmission between STAs in the same infrastructure network and the delay performance and the efficiency of the radio bandwidth can be degraded in the infrastructure network.
To enable the direct link communication between STAs in infrastructure-based wireless networks, the researches have been carried out in [5–7]. Before the actual direct link communication between STAs is activated, the direct link connection should be established based on the connectivity information. The MAC protocol proposed in [6] assumes that the AP maintains a database for the geographical locations of the STAs and the connectivity information among the STAs can be derived from this database. The hybrid coordination function (HCF) protocol in [5] proposes the four-step process of establishing the direct link connection, but the method for obtaining the connectivity information is not specified in [5]. Our previous work in [7] proposes the efficient method for the APs collecting the connectivity and interference information among the STAs, and the simultaneous polling method to allow the multiple direct data communication to be performed simultaneously.
The efficiency of the simultaneous polling method in [7] depends on the interference condition among the STAs. The larger interference range allows less direct data communication to be simultaneously performed without interference. When the interference range is large enough for the data transmission of each STA to interfere with the data receptions of all other STAs in the same wireless LAN, the simultaneous direct data communication is impossible, and the efficiency of the simultaneous polling method will be the same as that of the conventional PCF protocol. Therefore, the simultaneous polling method needs to be enhanced to alleviate this problem of the lower polling efficiency with the larger interference range.
In this paper, the hybrid polling method is proposed for the direct link communication between STAs in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks. By the proposed polling method, we can integrate the sequential polling method in [8], which was originally developed to support the uplink data transmission from the STAs to the AP, and the simultaneous polling method in [7] properly according to the interference condition. In cases where the simultaneous polling method is not effective because of severe interference, the proposed polling method can employ the sequential polling method to complement the simultaneous polling method.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we briefly review the simultaneous polling method in [7]. In Sections 3 and 4, our hybrid polling method and the scheduling algorithms applicable to our proposed polling method are explained in detail for the direct link communication between STAs in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks. The simulation results are presented to show the MAC performance improvement by the proposed polling method in Section 5. Finally, we conclude in Section 6.
2. Review of Simultaneous Polling Method
2.1. PCF Protocol
The AP transmits the polling frames to grant the transmission opportunities to the STAs. After the beacon frame, the AP waits for one Short InterFrame Space (SIFS) period, and then transmits to an STA a polling frame on which a data frame destined for the STA can be piggybacked. The STA should respond to the polling frame by transmitting to the AP its data frame on which the ACK frame corresponding to the data frame transmitted by the AP can be piggybacked. After the reception of the data frame transmitted by the STA, the AP transmits to another STA a polling frame on which a data frame and the ACK frame corresponding to the previous data frame transmitted by the STA can be piggybacked. The STA responds to the polling frame by transmitting its data frame on which the ACK frame can be piggybacked. The STAs can respond to the polling frames by transmitting the null frames if the STAs do not have the data frames to transmit. If the STAs fail to respond to the polling frames within one SIFS period following the transmissions of the AP, for the error recovery, the AP transmits a polling frame to another STA after one PCF InterFrame Space (PIFS) period from the end of the previous transmission. In this manner, the process of the AP's polling and the STAs' responding continues until the contention-free period (CFP) ends.
2.2. CFP Structure
According to the superframe structure in [1], a CFP during which the PCF polls the STAs to grant the transmission opportunities alternates with a contention period (CP) during which the DCF controls the data transfer. S will represent the set of the STAs to which the transmission opportunities should be granted during a CFP. To support the simultaneous polling method in [7], the original IEEE 802.11 CFP structure was modified so that each CFP is divided into the multiple subperiods (SPs), each of which is composed of a polling interval (PI) and a direct communication polling interval (DCPI) as shown in Figure 1. In the PI, similarly to the PCF protocol, the AP grants the transmission opportunities to the STAs by transmitting the polling frames to the STAs in an order. In the DCPI, the direct link communication is actually performed using the simultaneous polling method. If one or more direct data transmission opportunities are actually granted in the DCPI, only one transmission opportunity is granted to each transmitting STA of the direct link communication and two transmission opportunities are granted each to the other STAs in the PI of the next SP. This is for providing a fair allocation of the wireless medium to the STAs.
Modified CFP structure in [ 7 ].
2.3. Connectivity and Interference Information
The simultaneous polling method is based on the connectivity and interference information among the STAs. We want to explain briefly the method for the APs collecting the connectivity and interference information among the STAs in the PI. Each STA maintains the sets, and which are the sets of STAs of which the transmission signal can be heard by STA , and can interfere with the data reception of STA , respectively. STA can obtain the MAC address of STA ( ) from the polling frame transmitted by the AP before the transmission of STA . For this purpose, the polling frames should be received by the STAs. When STA hears the transmission signal of other STA not in , STA adds STA to . When STA has not heard the transmission signal of other STA in during recent three PIs, STA deletes STA from . In this manner, each STA can maintain the set, . STA can also maintain the set, as follows. When STA finds the reception power level of the transmission signal of other STA not in to be above that of the background noise, STA adds STA to . When STA has not found the power level of the transmission signal of other STA in to be above that of the background noise during recent three PIs, STA deletes STA from . Actually, each STA can piggyback the MAC addresses of the STAs that are deleted from or added to and on the response null or data frames transmitted to the AP. Considering the case when transmission errors occur, we modified the method in [7] for the APs collecting the connectivity and interference information to wait for three PIs before deleting STA from or .
With the asymmetric connectivity and interference condition, the AP needs two PIs to collect the connectivity and interference information among the STAs when no transmission error occurs. In order for STA to obtain the connectivity and interference information between STA and STA ( ), the following two events should sequentially occur in a PI:
the polling frame destined for STA is successfully received by STA and STA ;
the response frame transmitted by STA is successfully received by STA when STA is within the transmission range of STA . STA can detect the interference by the reception power level of the response frame transmitted by STA when STA is within the interference range of STA .
Denoting the probabilities that the two events occur in a PI by and , we can compute the probability that STA can successfully obtain the connectivity and interference information between STA and STA within three PIs as . When the failure probabilities of the two events are less than or equal to 0.05, that is, and , , therefore, we can infer that it is quite reasonable to wait for three PIs before deleting STA from or .
In the PI, after the four-step process of establishing the direct link connection in [5], each STA can request at most one direct data transmission opportunity by piggybacking the MAC address of the recipient of the direct data transmission on the response null or data frames transmitted to the AP. Based on the connectivity information, the AP can determine whether the direct link connection can be established to serve the direct link communication. After the successful four-step connection establishment process, each STA can optionally transmit its data frame directly to the recipient by writing the MAC address of the recipient in the recipient address (RA) field of the MAC header of the data frame transmitted when it is granted the transmission opportunity in the PI. The constants, and for and , and and for , which are collected in the PI to specify the connectivity and interference information, and the information of the STAs' requests for the direct link communication, respectively, are defined as follows:
if STA . Otherwise, ;
: the MAC address of the recipient of the direct data transmission that STA requested on a packet basis in the recent PI. If STA did not request the direct data transmission, .
2.4. Simultaneous Polling Method
The simultaneous polling method is the multipolling method that allows the AP to poll a group of STAs by transmitting a single multipolling frame, where the MAC addresses of the STAs are indicated. With the simultaneous polling method, STA , STA and STA in the group attempt to transmit their frames simultaneously to the recipients, STA , STA and STA , respectively, an SIFS period after receiving the multipolling frame. For the simultaneous transmissions to be performed properly without interference, STA should hear the transmission of STA for , and the interference among the transmissions should be ignorable. Therefore, we need the following connectivity and interference condition:
The efficiency (or the number of simultaneous direct transmissions) of the simultaneous polling method depends on the interference range of STAs. In cases where the simultaneous polling method is not effective due to the large interference range, the simultaneous polling method needs to be enhanced to alleviate the problem of the lower polling efficiency with the larger interference range.
3. Hybrid Polling Method
The real-time services such as VoIP do not usually require the ACK frame transmission. We assume that the ACK frame transmission can be omitted. When an STA, having one or more established direct link connections, malfunctions, is just switched off or moves out of the transmission range, without the ACK transmission, the AP can detect that the direct link connections are broken using the connectivity information that will be collected in the next PIs. With the proposed polling method that is used to grant the requested direct transmission opportunities to the STAs in the DCPI, the AP transmits a multipolling frame to the STAs in the sequence STA , STA STA and the group STA , STA STA . The STAs in the sequence transmit their frames sequentially after the multipolling frame is received. An SIFS period after receiving the multipolling frame, STA first attempts to transmit its frame. An SIFS period after sensing the end of the transmission of STA , STA attempts to transmit its frame. STA attempts to transmit its frame an SIFS period after sensing the end of the transmission of STA . In this manner, the STAs transmit their frames sequentially. An SIFS period after sensing the end of the transmission of STA , the STAs in the group transmit their frames simultaneously. In order for the sequential transmissions to be performed properly, STA , which is the recipient for STA , should hear the transmission of STA for , and STA should sense the end of the transmission of STA for . The STAs in the group should sense the end of the transmission of STA . Therefore, in addition to the conditions of (1), the following connectivity condition should be satisfied for the proposed polling method:
If an STA in fails to respond to the multipolling frame or the transmission of the previous STA in the sequence within an SIFS period following the transmission of the AP or the previous STA, for the error recovery the AP will transmit the multipolling frame to repoll the next STAs in the sequence and the group after a PIFS period, which is an SIFS period plus a slot time, from the end of the previous transmission. The format of the multipolling frame is shown in Figure 2.
Multipolling frame format.
In Figure 2, and indicate the MAC addresses of the STAs in the sequence , and the MAC addresses of the STAs in the group , and and are the numbers of the STAs in the sequence and the group , respectively. The other fields are from [1]. We can omit or . When (or ) is omitted in the multipolling frame, the simultaneous (or sequential) polling method is only specified.
When all direct data transmission opportunities are granted, the AP initiates the next PI by transmitting a polling frame to an STA an SIFS period after the response transmissions from the STAs are completed or can initiate the next PI after the wireless medium is determined to be idle during a PIFS period.
4. Scheduling Algorithms
In this section, we propose two scheduling algorithms applicable to the hybrid polling method: the packet-level and the connection-level scheduling algorithms. By performing the packet-level scheduling algorithm at the beginning of DCPIs, the AP can schedule efficiently the direct data transmissions requested on a packet basis. The connection-level scheduling algorithm derives the polling sequence for granting the transmission opportunities to the transmitting STAs of all existing established direct link connections. When polling the STAs in DCPIs, by a simple method, the AP modifies the polling sequence derived by the connection-level scheduling algorithm considering the information of the STAs' requests for the direct link communication. The connection-level scheduling algorithm is suitable for the case when the AP cannot perform the packet-level scheduling algorithm quickly enough to reflect exactly the STAs' new requests for the direct link communication in the next DCPI. However, in the cases where the connectivity and interference information and the information of the STAs' requests for the direct link communication do not change for a period of time during which the AP can derive the polling sequence by the packet-level scheduling algorithm or a small number of STAs actually request the direct link communication, the packet-level scheduling algorithm should be applied for the efficient use of the wireless bandwidth. Note that when no STA requests the direct link communication, the next DCPI will be skipped.
4.1. Packet-Level Scheduling Algorithm
In the DCPI, the AP needs to schedule efficiently the requested direct data transmissions based on the connectivity and interference information among the STAs and the information of the STAs' requests for the direct link communication. Let be the set of STAs that requested the direct data transmissions, which are determined to be feasible using the connectivity information, in the recent PI. Then can be obtained as follows:
We propose a two-phase scheduling algorithm for granting the direct transmission opportunities to the STAs in using the proposed polling method.
In the first phase of the algorithm, we handle the problem of grouping the STAs in with as few groups as possible in such a way that no two STAs, and with or , are in the same group. Note that the connectivity and interference conditions as shown in (1) are satisfied for each group. Therefore, the AP can grant the simultaneous direct transmission opportunities to the STAs in each group using the simultaneous polling method. This grouping problem can be formulated as graph coloring problem (GCP), where the STAs in are vertices and two STAs, and in , are connected only when or . We can use the simple heuristic for GCP, which is based on the degree-descending order of the vertices [9, page 14]. The set of the groups obtained by the heuristic is denoted by for [9, page 14]. We need polling frame transmissions to poll the STAs in the groups in using the simultaneous polling method. The first phase of the algorithm was considered in the simultaneous polling method in [7].
In the second phase of the algorithm, we try to further reduce the number of polling frame transmissions by applying the sequential polling method to the groups in . The AP can poll the STAs in the groups in the sequence with for by transmitting a multipolling frame, the format of which is as shown in Figure 2, to the STAs when only one STA exists in for , and the following connectivity condition is satisfied:
where indicates that the STAs in can hear the transmission of the STA in . We will call such a polling sequence satisfying the condition of (4) sequentially connected. For convenience of explanation, we will also call the sequence H having only one group sequentially connected.
When some of the groups in have only one STA, that is, the simultaneous polling method cannot be actually applied to some of the groups, we can further reduce the number of polling frame transmissions by finding the sequentially connected polling sequences and applying the proposed polling method to the sequentially connected polling sequences. The problem of finding the optimal polling sequence of the groups in that minimizes the multipolling frame transmissions can be formulated as the asymmetric traveling salesman problem (TSP), where the groups in are cities, and the distance, from to , is binary valued:
Let us denote the sequence as a solution of the TSP by , and the corresponding total distance by . If , that is, is sequentially connected, only one multipolling frame transmission is sufficient to grant the direct transmission opportunities to the STAs in the groups in . If , we can cyclically reorder the groups in to obtain the sequentially connected polling sequence, , and only one multipolling frame transmission is sufficient to poll the STAs in the groups in . If , we can cyclically reorder the groups in to obtain two sequentially connected polling sequences, and . (For instance, let , , , and . Then we can reorder to obtain two sequentially connected polling sequences as , .) Generally, if , we can cyclically reorder to obtain sequentially connected polling sequences, and , and multipolling frame transmissions are sufficient to grant the direct transmission opportunities to the STAs in the groups in .
To solve the asymmetric TSP, we can use the following dynamic search algorithm.
Algorithm (DYNAMIC_SEARCH (Time_Limit = )).
Step 1. Set Bounding_Cost = (the number of the groups having two or more STAs in ).
Step 2. Start to search the enumeration tree with Bounding_Cost.
Step 3. If a solution with the cost less than or equal to Bounding_Cost is found using the branch and bound technique based on the depth-first search method within Time_Limit, the solution is the result of the algorithm and the algorithm is terminated. Otherwise, update Bounding_Cost : Bounding_Cost Bounding_Cost + 1, and go to Step 2.
When is the number of the groups having two or more STAs in , at least multipolling frame transmissions are needed to poll the STAs in the groups in . The preceding algorithm first tries to obtain the solution with . If the algorithm does not succeed to get the solution within time of Time_Limit, the algorithm relaxes the constraint for the cost of the solution by increasing Bounding_Cost by 1 and tries to get the solution with . If the algorithm fails again, the algorithm again increases Bounding_Cost by 1 and tries to get the solution with . In this manner, the algorithm continues until the solution with Bounding_Cost is obtained. By the branch and bound techniques, if a part of tour has a cost higher than or equal to the current optimal cost or higher than Bounding_Cost, all tours including this part of tour are skipped.
4.2. Connection-Level Scheduling Algorithm
Let be the set of existing simplex direct link connections. A duplex connection can be realized by two simplex connections. We propose a two-phase scheduling algorithm for granting the direct transmission opportunities to the transmitting STAs of the direct link connections in . We will denote the transmitting and receiving STAs of direct link connection, in by and , respectively.
In the first phase of the algorithm, we handle the problem of grouping the connections in with as few groups as possible in such a way that no two connections, and with or , are in the same group. This grouping problem can be also formulated as GCP, where the connections in are vertices and two connections, and in , are connected only when or . We can use the simple heuristic for GCP, which is based on the degree-descending order of the vertices [9, page 14]. The simultaneous polling method can be actually applied to the groups with two or more connections [9, page 14]. We will call such groups with two or more connections and the groups with only one connection the simultaneous polling groups and the nonsimultaneous polling groups, respectively.
Generally, a transmitting STA can have two or more established direct link connections. However, we want to grant at most one direct transmission opportunity to each STA. For this purpose, when a nonsimultaneous polling group obtained by the heuristic consists of a connection with a transmitting STA, we need to remove the other connections with the transmitting STA from other groups before we go to the second phase of the algorithm. Generally, we can say that the connections with a transmitting STA cannot be in the same simultaneous polling group due to the interference. Actually, we want to avoid the case that two or more connections with a transmitting STA are separately in the nonsimultaneous polling groups, and the case that two or more connections with a transmitting STA are scattered in both the simultaneous and nonsimultaneous polling groups. Note that we allow the case that two or more connections with a transmitting STA are individually in the different simultaneous polling groups. When two or more connections with a transmitting STA are individually in the different simultaneous polling groups, the STA should choose only one connection to transmit its direct data frame when polled by the AP. The set of the groups obtained by the first phase of the algorithm is denoted by for . We need polling frame transmissions to poll the transmitting STAs of the connections in the groups in using the simultaneous polling method.
In the second phase of the algorithm, we try to further reduce the number of polling frame transmissions by applying the sequential polling method to the groups in . The AP can poll the transmitting STAs of the connections in the groups in the sequence with for by transmitting a multipolling frame, the format of which is as shown in Figure 2, to the STAs when only one connection exists in for , and the following connectivity condition is satisfied:
where indicates that the transmitting STAs of the connections in can hear the transmission of the transmitting STA of the connection in . We will call such a polling sequence satisfying the condition of (6) sequentially connected.
When some of the groups in have only one connection, that is, the simultaneous polling method cannot be actually applied to some of the groups, we can further reduce the number of polling frame transmissions by finding the sequentially connected polling sequences and applying the proposed polling method to the sequentially connected polling sequences. The problem of finding the optimal polling sequence of the groups in that minimizes the multipolling frame transmissions can be also formulated as the asymmetric TSP, where the groups in are cities, and the distance, from to , is binary valued:
Let us denote the sequence as a solution of the TSP by , and the corresponding total distance by . If , that is, is sequentially connected, only one multipolling frame transmission is sufficient to grant the direct transmission opportunities to the transmitting STAs of the connections in the groups in . If , we can cyclically reorder to obtain sequentially connected polling sequences, and , and multipolling frame transmissions are sufficient to grant the direct transmission opportunities to the transmitting STAs of the connections in the groups in . To solve the asymmetric TSP, we can employ a dynamic search algorithm similar to the one of the packet-level scheduling algorithm with Time_Limit of 10 seconds.
When a group in consists of a single connection, the transmitting STA of the connection can transmit its direct data frame to any receiving STA of the established direct link connections in its transmission range when polled by the AP. When the transmitting STA of the connection has no direct data frame to transmit, the STA should use the granted transmission opportunity to transmit its null or data frame to the AP when polled by the AP. The AP can optionally modify the derived polling sequence to insert the AP's polling frame transmissions before the transmissions of the nonsimultaneous polling groups when the AP has the data frames, which are actually piggybacked on the polling frames, destined for the nonsimultaneous polling groups. When no direct link communication through the connections in a simultaneous polling group in was requested, the AP will modify the derived polling sequence to remove the group from the polling sequence that is actually delivered to the STAs. This is for avoiding wasting the wireless bandwidth. When all connections with a transmitting STA are separately in the different simultaneous polling groups, the STA can choose only one connection to transmit its direct data frame when polled by the AP. Note that the first phase of the algorithm avoided the case that two or more connections with a transmitting STA are separately in the nonsimultaneous polling groups, and the case that two or more connections with a transmitting STA are scattered in both the simultaneous and nonsimultaneous polling groups.
5. Simulation Results
To show the MAC performance improvement by the proposed hybrid polling method, for each number of STAs, , and 40, we generated ten IEEE 802.11a wireless LANs, where the APs are located at the centers of the circular service areas, and twenty, thirty, or forty STAs are randomly located in the service areas, including the one consisting of one AP and thirty STAs in Figure 3. Each wireless LAN serves one or more simultaneous full-duplex VoIP traffic streams between STA and STA . will denote the number of simultaneous full-duplex VoIP traffic streams between two STAs of each pair. The STAs perform a good uplink power control in PIs so that the null or data frames transmitted by each STA can be received by the STAs including the AP in the circular transmission range with the radius of the distance between the STA and the AP, and the STAs out of the transmission range cannot hear the transmission signal of the STA.
IEEE 802. 11a wireless LAN.
In Figure 3, the eleven STAs indicated by the shaded circles can transmit the VoIP traffic streams directly to their recipients, and the other STAs should transmit the VoIP traffic streams indirectly to the recipients via the AP.
From the uplink power control, we can obtain the connectivity information among the STAs. The transmission and interference ranges are mainly determined by transmission power, radio propagation properties, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. In practice, the interference range is larger than the transmission range. We consider five cases of the interference range with the radius in each wireless LAN [10]. The connectivity information remains the same in all five cases. In the first case, , that is, the interference ranges are set to the same as the transmission ranges. is set to 1.3  , 1.5  , and 1.8  in the second, third, and fourth cases, respectively. According to [10], the corresponding SNR threshold values of the second, third, and fourth cases are approximately 2.9, 5.1, and 10.5, respectively. Finally, the interference ranges are set to be large enough for the data transmission of each STA to interfere with the data receptions of all other STAs in the last case.
For convenience of simulation analysis, we assume that the connectivity and interference information do not change over time. When the connectivity and interference information change, only the change of the connectivity and interference information is actually delivered to the AP. For example, if five MAC addresses per second, which are actually piggybacked on the response null or data frames transmitted to the AP, need to be delivered to report the change of the connectivity and interference information among the STAs, only the data rate of bytes/second = 240 bps is required for this overhead.
As the result of the first phase of the packet-level and the connection-level scheduling algorithms applied to the five cases when the eleven STAs, 1, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 23, 25, 27, and 30 request the direct data transmission opportunity on a packet basis, we obtained the following groups, each of which consists of the STAs that can be simultaneously polled using the simultaneous polling method:
: (STAs 4 and 25), (STAs 27 and 14), (STAs 7, 15 and 1), (STAs 8 and 30), and (STAs 16 and 23);
: (STAs 4 and 30), (STAs 7 and 25), (STAs 14 and 15), (STAs 8 and 1), (STA 23), (STA 27), and (STA 16);
: (STA 7), (STA 8), (STA 14), (STAs 15 and 1), (STAs 16 and 30), (STAs 25 and 23), (STA 4), and (STA 27);
: (STA 4), (STA 7), (STA 25), (STA 8), (STA 16), (STA 15), (STA 14), (STAs 23 and 30), and (STAs 1 and 27);
: (STA 30), (STA 27), (STA 25), (STA 23), (STA 16), (STA 15), (STA 14), (STA 8), (STA 7), (STA 4), and (STA 1).
We could obtain each of the following hybrid polling sequences within 1 microsecond by applying the second phase of the packet-level and the connection-level scheduling algorithms to the proceeding groups in a computer with 3.0 GHz CPU:
: [STA 23, STA 27], (STA 16), (STAs 4 and 30), (STAs 7 and 25), (STAs 14 and 15), and (STAs 8 and 1);
: [STA 8, STA 4, STA 27], (STA 14), (STAs 15 and 1), (STAs 16 and 30), (STAs 25 and 23), and (STA 7);
: [STA 25, STA 14], (STAs 23 and 30), (STAs 1 and 27), [STA 8, STA 16, STA 15, STA 4], and (STA 7);
: [STA 27, STA 23, STA 8, STA 16, STA 15, STA 4], [STA 7, STA 1, STA 25, STA 14, STA 30].
In the preceding polling sequences, the STAs in (·) can be simultaneously polled using the simultaneous polling method, and the STAs in [·] can be sequentially polled by a single hybrid polling frame transmission.
Applying the packet-level scheduling algorithm, which is based on the information of the STAs' requests for the direct link communication on a packet basis, to the total of thirty wireless LANs, each with the five interference conditions and three selected values of , we could obtain each hybrid polling sequence for 414 combinations of wireless LANs, interference conditions, and selected values of out of 450 = 30 (wireless LANs) (interference conditions) (selected values of ) combinations within 1 microsecond. The three selected values of represent the light, medium, and heavy traffic loads carried on wireless LAN. We applied the connection-level scheduling algorithm to the remaining 36 combinations, and could obtain each hybrid polling sequence for 33 combinations within 10 seconds. The connection-level polling scheduling algorithm took about 117 seconds to derive each hybrid polling sequence for 3 combinations of a wireless LAN with 40 STAs and the interference condition of . From these observations, it was determined that we can perform the simulation analysis of the performance of our proposed polling method applying the packet-level and the connection-level scheduling algorithms to the 414 and 36 combinations, respectively.
For convenience of simulation analysis, we assume that the CP does not exist, and only the CFP exists. The burst and idle periods of each VoIP traffic stream are 1.5 seconds and 1 second, respectively. The length of the user payload of each VoIP data frame is 88 bits [11]. When the improved multiband excitation (IMBE) speech coder is used, the total number of VoIP data frames generated in a burst period by each VoIP traffic stream is 4.8 Kbps 1.5 seconds/88 bits = 82, where 4.8 Kbps is the speech coding rate of the IMBE speech coder [11]. A VoIP data frame consists of the user datagram protocol (UDP), internet protocol (IP) and MAC layer headers, and the user payload. The lengths of the UDP, IP, and MAC layer headers are 16 bits, 224 bits, and 224 bits, respectively [1, 11]. One SIFS period of 16 microseconds, one PIFS period of 25 microseconds, and the physical layer header transmission time of 24 microseconds are used [1, 2]. We assume that all data, polling and multipolling frames are transmitted with the peak rate, 54 Mbps. It is assumed that the ACK frame transmission for the VoIP traffic streams can be omitted. We also assume that a PCF polling frame and a polling frame transmitted in PIs can optionally have two recipient MAC addresses, one indicating the polled STA and one indicating the recipient of the data frame piggybacked on the polling frame. When the polled STA and the recipient of the piggybacked data frame are the same, the polling frame will have only one recipient MAC address.
The maximum delay bound for each combination of wireless LANs, interference conditions, and traffic loads was obtained by computer simulation during about time slots using the specialized simulator developed in code by the author. One slot time is 9 microseconds in IEEE 802.11a wireless LANs. In Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, we present the simulation results of the maximum delay bounds of IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN with the conventional PCF polling method with the direct link communication technique in [5], the simultaneous polling method in [7], and the hybrid polling method in Section 3. The results of the mean delay bounds, which are encountered by at least 99% of the VoIP data frames transmitted in wireless LAN, were obtained for the five interference conditions, the three traffic loads and the three numbers of STAs in a wireless LAN. It is assumed that the VoIP data or polling frames are transmitted erroneously with probability of 0.001.
Mean delay bounds when the light traffic load ( ) is imposed on IEEE 802. 11a wireless LAN with 20 STAs.
Mean delay bounds when the medium traffic load ( ) is imposed on IEEE 802. 11a wireless LAN with 20 STAs.
Mean delay bounds when the heavy traffic load ( ) is imposed on IEEE 802. 11a wireless LAN with 20 STAs.
As can be seen in Figures 4 to 12, the increase of the interference range negatively influences the performances of the simultaneous polling method and the hybrid polling method. Note that the interference range does not influence the performance of the PCF polling method. Comparing the results of the simultaneous polling method and the proposed polling method, we can see that the hybrid polling method copes with the increase of the interference range better than the simultaneous polling method. The performance of the simultaneous polling method decreases sharply after the interference condition of , and becomes the same as that of the PCF polling method under the severe interference condition of . However, with the hybrid polling method, the decrease in the MAC performance is relatively small even in the interference conditions of and . Compared with the simultaneous polling method, the hybrid polling method decreases the mean delay bound by about 7.6%, 11.0%, 18.5%, 27.8%, and 40.5% under the interference conditions of , and , respectively. Compared with the PCF polling method, the hybrid polling method decreases the mean delay bound by about 58.8%, 45.1%, 39.1%, 38.0%, and 38.9% under the interference conditions of , and , respectively. From the simulation results, we can see that the hybrid polling method outperforms both the PCF protocol and the simultaneous polling method in maximum delay especially under the severe interference condition.
For a bandwidth-efficient direct link communication, we need to reduce the number of polling frame transmissions in DCPIs because the transmissions of the polling frames on which the data frames are not usually piggybacked for the direct link communication are the scheduling overhead in the simultaneous and hybrid polling methods. While with the simultaneous polling method the AP should transmit the separate polling frames to poll the STAs for the direct link communication under the severe interference condition, with the hybrid polling method, the AP can reduce significantly the number of polling frame transmissions using the connectivity among the STAs. The hybrid polling method can improve the MAC performance by reducing the scheduling overhead.
In this paper, we proposed the hybrid polling method for supporting direct link communication between STAs in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. Compared with the simultaneous polling method proposed in the literature, the proposed polling method can improve the MAC performance by reducing the number of polling frame transmissions using the connectivity among the STAs. Simulation results show that the proposed polling method is useful especially when the interference range is large.
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The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for the valuable comments, which are very helpful to improve the paper. The author also would like to thank Professor Christian Hartmann for coordinating the review process. This study was supported by research funds from Dong-A University.
Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Dong-A University, 840 Hadan-2-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, South Korea
Woo-Yong Choi
Correspondence to Woo-Yong Choi.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Choi, WY. Hybrid Polling Method for Direct Link Communication for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs. J Wireless Com Network 2008, 598038 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/598038
Revised: 16 April 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/598038
Medium Access Control
Travel Salesman Problem
Data Frame
Distribute Coordination Function


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