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Andrew Contiguglia
Tara Rismani
US Supreme Court adapts the 4th Amendment into the digital age.
by Andrew Contiguglia | Jun 27, 2014 | 4th Amendment Issues, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Internet Law, Trial Issues | 0 comments
In Riley v. California, the US Supreme Court reached a unanimous decision concerning cellphone privacy cases, bringing the Fourth Amendment into the digital age. Chief Justice Roberts wrote the Opinion outlining a simple truth: "Cell phones differ in both a quantitative and a qualitative sense from other objects that might be kept on an arrestee's person." Following the text of the 4th Amendment, the Opinion reinforces the primary ideology to "get a warrant" before searching a cell phone seized after an arrest.
Riley involves two cases, consolidated for the opinion.
In the first case, Riley was stopped for a traffic violation, which eventually led to his arrest on weapons charges. An officer searching Riley incident to the arrest seized a cell phone from Riley's pants pocket. The officer accessed information on the phone and noticed the repeated use of a term associated with a street gang. At the police station two hours later, a detective specializing in gangs further examined the phone's digital contents. Based in part on photographs and videos that the detective found, the State charged Riley in connection with a shooting that had occurred a few weeks earlier and sought an enhanced sentence based on Riley's gang membership. Riley moved to suppress all evidence that the police had obtained from his cell phone.
In the second case, Wurie was arrested after police observed him participate in an apparent drug sale. At the police station, the officers seized a cell phone from Wurie's person and noticed that the phone was receiving multiple calls from a source identified as "my house" on its external screen. The officers opened the phone, accessed its call log, determined the number associated with the "my house" label, and traced that number to what they suspected was Wurie's apartment. They secured a search warrant and found drugs, a firearm and ammunition, and cash in the ensuing search. Wurie was then charged with drug and firearm offenses. He moved to suppress the evidence obtained from the search of the apartment.
Riley, id. at 1. Based on these facts, along with a strong 4th Amendment analysis, the US Supreme Court held the police generally may not, without a warrant, search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested. The state of California attempted to argue that exigencies existed allowing officers to search the phones without obtaining a warrant in the first place or that officers could search the phone incident to the arrest.
The Supreme Court rejected those arguments stating
Modern cell phones, as a category, implicate privacy concerns far beyond those implicated by the search of a cigarette pack, a wallet, or a purse. A conclusion that inspecting the contents of an arrestee's pockets works no substantial additional intrusion on privacy beyond the arrest itself may make sense as applied to physical items, but any extension of that reasoning to digital data has to rest on its own bottom. …
Cell phones [have the] capacity with the ability to store many different types of information: Even the most basic phones that sell for less than $20 might hold photographs, picture messages, text messages, Internet browsing history, a calendar, a thousand-entry phone book, and so on. …
a cell phone search would typically expose to the government far more than the most exhaustive search of a house: A phone not only contains in digital form many sensitive records previously found in the home; it also contains a broad array of private information never found in a home in any form—unless the phone is. …
Riley at. 14-16.
When debating the exigency of circumstances exception to the warrant requirement, the Supreme Court elaborated "The critical point is that, unlike the search incident to arrest exception, the exigent circumstances exception requires a court to examine whether an emergency justified a warrantless search in each particular case." Riley at 19.
Read the opinion here!
Scotusblog has a great review of the case here!
Andy was not only one of the best attorneys I have worked with he and his team are simply the best! Andy and his team know exactly what they are doing when it comes to the law and making me as a client not only feel comfortable about my situation but confident about getting the best possible resolution,with his knowledge and experience I Jesus would recommend Andy and his team to any person seeking legal representation.
— Criminal Defense client
I am a former client of attorney Andrew Contiguglia and am happy to say that, in my opinion, Andy provides, hands down, the absolute best legal services out there: He is extremely intelligent, well versed, and definitely knows what he is doing; He's passionate and self-driven to do the best, seeking out and utilizing every possible resource; He remains engaged and always kept me updated.
— Kristen
Andy represented me in a high conflict divorce. Coupled with this civil case was a major criminal case as my ex-wife attempted to murder me. Andy provided great counsel and kept the costs down to a reasonable level. He did this by advising me what battles to pick and how to just let some things go.
— Jon, a Divorce client


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Home › The Land Beyond: A Thousand Miles On Foot Through The Heart Of The Middle East
The Land Beyond: A Thousand Miles On Foot Through The Heart Of The Middle East
Leon McCarron
There are many reasons why it might seem unwise to walk, mostly alone, through the Middle East. That, in part, is exactly why Leon McCarron did it.
From Jerusalem, McCarron followed a series of wild hiking trails that trace ancient trading and pilgrimage routes and traverse some of the most contested landscapes in the world. In the West Bank, he met families struggling to lead normal lives amidst political turmoil and had a surreal encounter with the world's oldest and smallest religious sect. In Jordan he visited the ruins of Hellenic citadels and trekked through the legendary Wadi Rum. His journey culminated in the vast deserts of the Sinai, home to Bedouin tribes and haunted by the ghosts of biblical history.
McCarron's journey led him back through time, from the quagmire of current geopolitics to the original ideals of the faithful, through the layers of history, culture and religion that have shaped the Holy Land. Along migration and trade routes, pilgrimage trails and Bedouin paths, he found connection rather than division, hope instead of hatred and, ultimately, a shared humanity that borders and politics will never diminish.
The Six-Day War (War and Conflict in the Middle East)
Sale price 4000 NIS 40.00 NIS Regular price 6000 NIS 60.00 NIS
Islam and Politics in the Middle East : Explaining the Views of Ordinary Citizens
Occupied Lives : Maintaining Integrity in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in the West Bank
The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptations of Violence
Palestine and World War I: Grand Strategy, Military Tactics and Culture in War

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are mainly two distinct parts in localization for Ryzom. The first part (and the easiest) concerns the static localization on the client side (eg interface names, error messages). The second part is for dynamically generated text from servers.
As you can see in the diagram, there are four kind of file that makes the localization system to work. Each of this file must come in each localized language. In bold, you can see that each file contains the language code in its name.
File formats are discussed below.
Language in Ryzom are identified by there language code as defined in ISO 639-1 plus a country code defined in ISO 3166 if necessary.
ISO 639-1 is a two character language code (e.g. 'en', 'fr'). This is enough for most of the language we want to support.
But there is some exception, like Chinese written language.
Chinese can be written in two forms: traditional or simplified. Nonetheless, there is only one language code for Chinese: 'hz'.
So, we must append a country code to indicate witch form of written Chinese we discuss. The language code for simplified Chinese become 'hz-CN' (i.e. Chinese language, Chinese country), and for traditional Chinese, it is 'hz' only because all other Chinese speaking country (Taiwan, Hong Kong, ? ) use the traditional Chinese.
Translated strings are associated to identifier. Identifiers are textual string that must follow the C identifier constraint with a little difference.
A C identifier must consist only of the following caracteres: 'A-Z', 'a-z', '0-9', '@' and '_'. Real C identifier can't start with a number, string identifier can.
This format is used for client side static text and for server side clause text.
The file is a list of identifiant to string association (also called value string). Identifiant must conform to C identifier constraint and value string is delimited by '[' and ']'.
Text layout is free; you can jump line and indent as you want.
- Textual value can be formatted for readability. New line and tab are removed in the final string value.
- If you need to specify new lines or tabulations in the value string, you must use C style escape sequence '\t' for tab and '\n' for new line. To write a '\' in the string value, double the backslash: '\\'. To write a ']' int the string, escape it with a backslash: '\]'.
- You can split the original file in multiple small file, more easy to maintain and work with.
This feature is achieved by using a C like preprocessor command "#include".
You can have any number of include command. Included files can also contains include commands.
The path can be either an absolute path or a path relative to the location of the master file.
This format is used for phrases translation files.
As in format 1, you can include C style comment in the text and indent freely and use the include command.
This format is the result of a Unicode text export from Spreadsheet.
Encoding should be unicode 16 bits. Columns are tab separated and rows are new line separated.
You should not write this file by hand, but only edit it with Spreadsheet.
The first row must contain the columns names.
If a column name start with a '*', then all the column is ignored.
This is useful to add information column that can help translation.
It is possible to insert a 'delete' command in the field: '\d'. This is useful for article translation.
This file contains all static text available directly to the client. The text must conforms to format 1 described above.
There is an additional constraint: you MUST provide as a first entry the language name, as spelled in the language (eg 'English' for English, 'Français' for French).
Server side translation is a bit more complex.
We will learn how to write server side translation in four steps (guess what: from simple to complex problem!).
For this, you only need the phrase file.
Let's say we want a string saying "hello world!" identified by HelloWorld.
Note that only the text value has changed. The phrase identifier MUST remain the same in all the translations files.
In step 4, we will see that the phrase file will become very complex. Thus, this file is not well fitted for giving it to a professional translator with no skill in complex grammar file. More, the complexity of the file can hide the work to do for translation.
So, you can split phrase grammar in phrase file and text value in clause file.
To do this, you must assign a unique identifier to each text value.
Let's rebuild the previous example with indirection.
We just have put an identifier in the phrase block. This means that the phrase refers to a string identified as "Hello" in the clause file.
As in the first step, you must do this task for each language.
TIPS: in order to facilitate translation work, it is possible to specify the string identifier AND the string value. This can be helpful for automatic building of translation file from the original one.
In such case, the translation system always look first in the clause file and fallback to string value in the phrase file only if the string is not found in the clause file.
The other advantage is that the person who wrote the phrase file can give a simplistic version of the string that a professional translator will improve.
Here we are entering in the complex stuff!
Each phrase can receive a list of parameter.
Each parameter is given a name (or identifier) when declared. We will call it paramName.
Each type of parameter CAN be associated with a 'word' file. This file is an excel sheet (in unicode text export form) that contain translations for the parameter: its name, undefined or defined article (e.g. 'a', 'the', etc), plural name and article and any useful property or grammar element needed for translation.
The first column is very important because it associate a row of data with a particular parameter value.
Let's begin with an example: we want to build a dynamic phrase with a variable creature race name.
First, we must build an excel sheet to define the words for creature type. This will be saved as race_words_<lang>.txt in unicode text export from excel. As always, you must provide a version of this file for each language.
NB: The first column MUST always be the association field and you should have a 'name' column as it's the default replacement for parameter. Any other column is optional and can vary from language to language to accommodate any specific grammar constraint.
As stated in the note above, the first column give the race identifier as defined in the game dev sheets. The second column is the 'highly advisable' column for the name of the race. The 'p' column if the plural name. 'ia', 'da' stand for indefined article and defined article.
As you can see, after the phrase identifier KILL_THIS_CREATURE we have the parameter list between the braket. We declare a parameter of type race named crea. Note that you choose freely your parameter name but each parameter must have a unique name (at least for one phrase).
As you can see, it's not too complex. $crea$ will be replaced with the content of the field from the words file in the 'name' column and at the row corresponding to the race identifier.
? Some parameter type have special replacement rules: int are replaced with their text representation, time are converted to ryzom time readable format, as well as money.
Last but not least, the identifier and indirection rules see in step 1 and 2 are still valid.
It's time now to unveil the conditional clause system.
Let's say that the identifier and string value we put in a phrase in the previous step is a clause. And let's say that a phrase can contains more than one clause that can be chosen by the translation engine on the fly depending on the parameter value. This is the conditional clause system.
Let's start a first example. As in step 3, we want to kill creature, but this time, we add a variable number of creature to kill, from 0 to n.
What we need is conditions to select between three clause: no creature to kill, one creature to kill and more than one.
We have written down three version of the text with very different meaning and gramatical structure.
Now, add the conditions. Conditions are placed before the identifier and/or string value and are marked with bracket.
Now, a more complex case: we want the phrase to speak differently to male or female player. This is the occasion to introduce the self parameter. Self parameter if a 'hidden' parameter that is always available and that represent the addressee of the phrase.
Self parameter support name and gender property. You can provide a self_words_<lang>.txt file to handle special case (admin player with a translatable name for example).
We have six clauses now. Three case on number of creature multiplied by two cases on the gender of the player.
As you can see, conditional test can be combined with a '&' character. This means that all the tests must be valid to select the clause.
You can use any parameter as left operand for the test. You can also specify a parameter property (coming from words file) as operand.
On the other hand, right test operand must be constant value (either textual or numerical value).
Available operators are =, !=, <, <=, >, >=.
A valid clause is a clause where the conditional combination are true with a given set of parameter value.
Clauses are evaluated in the same order as they are written in the phrase file. The first valid clause will be selected.
If the first clause doesn't have condition, it is used as a fallback clause when none of the conditional clauses are selected.
If there is no fallback clause and none of the clauses are selected, then the first clause is selected.
For the same phrase, each language can provide its own set of condition and clause to accommodate its gammatical needs.
Here you file find an exhaustive list of harcoded parameters properties.
These properties are always available even if no words files are provided.
Futhermore, the harcoded property can't be substituted by a word file specifying a column of the same name.
Only != and test available. Mainly to compare parameter with 0.
NB : use the creature_words translation file !
== 0, != 0: test if the entity is Unknown or not.
name : name of the creature or name of the player.
gender : gender of the creature from the model or gender of the player (from the player info).
In the following translation workflow, we consider that the reference language is English.
There is a series of tools and bat file to help in getting translation in sync. Here is a step by step description of how to work on translation file, what tool to use and when.
Only addition to existing translation file is supported by the translation tools. If you need to modify or remove existing translation string or phrase structure, this must be done 'by hand' with a maximum of attention to all the languages versions.
In most case, it is better to create a new translation entry instead of dealing with a modification in all the translations files and it's almost safe to leave old unused string in the files.
At least, you should NEVER make modification when there are pendings diff file.
*It is highly advisable to strictly respect the described workflow *in order to avoid translation problems, missing strings and other weird problems that can arise from working with many language version of a set of file.
Translation work is done in cooperation between the publisher who is doing the 'technical' part of the task and a profesionnal translator contractor who only translate simple string into a very high quality and rich string with respect to the context.
The tools that generate diff file for translation keep the comments from the reference version. This can be helpful to give additionnal information to the translator about the context of the text.
Moreover, for phrase files, the diff file automaticaly include comments that describe the parameter list.
All files to translate are stored in a well defined directory structure called 'the translation repository'. All translation work is done in this repository.
Tools are provided to install the translated file in the client and server repository after a translation cycle is done.
languages.txt A simple text file that contains all the language code (ISO 639-2) that we are working on (eg : en, fr, etc…).
work/ This is the starting point for addition of new content. This directory contains any files that can be edited for addition.
diff/ Contains all diff files generated by tools. This is where most of the work is done. After the merge operation is applied to integrate translated diff into translated file, the diff file are moved to the history directory.
When diff files are generated, they are prefixed with a version number automaticaly computed from the current Unix time. This permits to generate new diff file without waiting for diff translation to be done. More, when you generate new diff file with existing none merged diff, new diff only contains the new difference (is it clear or what? ? ).
history/ Contains all the diff files that have been translated and merged. This is for backup and security reason.
translated/ Contains all translated file. The content of this directory is installed into client and server repository when translation cycle is done. You should never change anything by hand in this directory unless you now exactly what you are doing.
Creates the reference file en.uxt in the work directory, fill in the required first string 'LanguageName' then add any number of string for the English version.
Generates static string diff files with the command make_string_diff.bat. This will create diff files for each language in the diff directory.
Send the diff files to the Translator.
Send them back to the Publisher.
Put the translated diff files in the diff directory (this will overwrite non translated diff files with translated one).
Merge the translated diff files with the command merge_string_diff.bat. This will create the <lang>.uxt files for each language in the translated directory and move the diff in the history directory.
After the initial task is done, the workflow enters the in incremental mode.
Add string in the reference file en.uxt in the addtion directory.
Merge the translated diff files with the command merge_string_diff.bat. This will apply the diff files to the <lang>.uxt files for each language in the translated directory and move the diff in the history directory.
Creates the reference file phrase_en.uxt in the addition directory and add any number of phrase entries for the English version.
Generates phrase diff files with the command make_phrase_diff.bat. This will create diff files for each language in the diff directory.
Translate the phrase diff file. This implie good knowledge of gramatical structure of each language to accommodate clause selection rules.
Merge the translated diff with the command merge_phrase_diff.bat. This will create all the phrase_<lang>.txt in the translated directory from the translated diff then move diff files to history directory.
Generates clauses diff file with the command make_clause_diff.bat. This create clause diff file in the diff directory for all language.
Translate the clause diff files.
Put the translated clause diff files in the diff directory (this will overwrite non translated clause diff files with translated one).
Merge the translated clause diff files with the command merge_clause_diff.bat. This will create the clause_<lang>.txt files for each language in the translated directory and move the diff in the history directory.
Add new phrase in phrase_en.uxt in the addition directory.
Merge the translated diff with the command merge_phrase_diff.bat. This will append the diff to there repective phrase_<lang>.txt file in the translated directory then move diff files to history directory.
Generates clauses diff file with the command make_clause_diff.bat. This create clause diff file in the diff directory.
Merge the translated clause diff files with the comment merge_clause_diff.bat. This will append the diff file to there repective clause_<lang>.txt files for each language in the translated directory and move the diff in the history directory.
NB: 'words' has nothing to do with the microsoft program Word!
Words files are always updated by hands because they are rarely updated by the publisher (and generaly, this will be for big update). Moreover, when new phrase are translated, it can be necessary to create and fill new column in one of the words file to accommodate the translation.
So, there is only a workflow but no tools.
Build the initial sheet for each type of parameter with all the possible identifier in the reference language in the translated directory.
Create and fill the default 'name' and 'p' columns.
Create the sheets for all languages by copying the reference language sheets.
Create and fill any basic column depending on languages.
Sends all the sheets to the Translator.
Translate all the sheets in all language, eventualy, create any needed columns.
Send back the translated sheets to the Publisher.
Keep a copy of the translated sheets as reference for phrase and clause translation.
Put the translated sheets in the translated directory, overwriting old ones.
While translating phrase or clause diff, it comes that one or more new columns are needed for some language and parameter type.
Contact Publisher to check that no sheets updates are pending. If yes, first apply the 'new sheets content' workflow.
Add and fill the new columns into the concerned sheets/langs.
Send the sheets to the Publisher.
Put the new sheets in the translated directory, overwriting old ones.
New game content is to be integrated in the game.
Contact Translator to check that no sheets updates are pending. If yes, first apply the 'new column(s) needed' workflow.
Create new sheets for the reference language and containing only the new content.
Add and fill the default columns in the new sheets (see 'Initial task').
Create new sheets for all the languages by copying the reference languages sheets.
Add but DON'T FILL all the columns to repect the current sheet format for each type, each language.
Send the new sheets to the Translator.
Append the new sheets at the end of the existing sheets.
Send the merge result to the Pushisher.
Keep the merge result as reference for phrase and clause translation and futur content addition.
After a cycle of translation is terminated, you must install the translated files into the client and servers directory strucure.
This is done via the command intall_translation.bat.
The <lang>.uxt file are copied into the client strucure in Ryzom/gamedev/language.
All the other files are copied in Ryzom/data_shard.
To apply client side translation, Publisher needs to make a patch.
To apply server side translation, just enter the command 'reload' on the InputOutputService.
As a NeL/Ryzom programmer, you can use the translation system with a very few calls.
To obtain a unicode string from a string identifier, you use the NLMISC::CI18N class.
First of all, you must ensure that the translation file *.uxt are available in the search path.
Then, you can load a language string set by calling NLMISC::CI18N::load(languageCode).
The parameter languageCode is the language code as defined in chapter 2 "Language code".
After that, call the method NLMISC::CI18N::get(identifier) to obtain the unicode string associated to identifier.
Dynamic string requires a bit more work and a complete shard infrastructure.
Dynamic string management involves a requesting service (RQS), the InputOutputService (IOS), the FrontEnd (FE), the ryzom client plus the basic services to run the other (naming, tick, mirror).
RQS is a service that wants to send a dynamic string to the client.
RQS also send the dynamic string identifier to the client by using the database or any other way.
The proxy is a small piece of code that builds and sends the PHRASE message to IOS service.
IOS make the big task of parsing parameter, selecting the good clause and building the resulting string then sending a minimum amount of data to the client.
The client receives the phrase and requests any missing string element to the IOS.
To access the proxy function, you need to include game_share/string_manager_sender.h and link with game_share.lib.
You first need to build the parameters list. This is done by filling a vector of STRING_MANAGER::TParam struture. For each parameter, you must set the Type field then write the appropriate member data.
You MUST exactly respect the phrase parameter definition in the phrase file.
destClientId is the entity id of the destination client, phraseIdentifier is the indentifier like writen in the phrase file, parameters is the vector of parameter you have build before.
This function returns the dynamic ID that is assigned to this phrase.
bot_name: Fill Identifier with the bot name without function.
literal: Fill Literal with the Unicode literal string.
On the client side, accessing the dynamic string is pretty easy. You only need to take care of transmission delay in certain case.
Once you get the dynamic string id from anyway (eg database), you just need to pol the getDynString method of STRING_MANAGER::CStringManagerClient.
The method return false until the requested string is incomplete or unknown.
Even when the method return false, it could return a partial text with missing replacement text.
Dynamic strings are dynamicaly stored, and if your code is smart enough, it could release the dynamic string memory when they are no more needed by calling releaseDynString.
In order to be efficient, one can call each frame the getDynString method until it return true, then store away the string and call the releaseDynString.
STRING_MANAGER::CStringManagerClient is based on the singleton pattern so you must call STRING_MANAGER::CStringManagerClient::instance() to get a pointer to the singleton instance.
Here is a simple code sample.
* and print the dynamic string in the log.
* Call it each frame until it return true.
There are many place for text in Ryzom, this page will clarify the text identification conventions, the available context for text insertion and contextual text parameters.
These identifiers are written lower case with capital at start of each new word.
These identifiers are written in capitals, words are separated with an underscore.
These identifiers are written like strings identifiers in en.uxt.
But, as they are inside a phrase definition, they must contains the name of the phrases as base name. The phrases name is lowered to respect the string identifiers convention.
Furthermore, when there is more than one clause for a given phrase, the clause identifier must be followed by some tags that give clues to the translator about the meaning of each clause.
Chat context cover any texts that come from an NPC through the chat windows and text bubbles.
There is only one parameter available: the npc entity that say/shout.
Two parameters: the bot that talk and the player.
Two parameters: the bot clicked and the player.
Botchat cover any texts that come in the interactive NPC dialog.
All phrase name related to mission have of root defined by the name of the mission as placed in the world editor mission node.
_END for the mission end text.
Les paramètres des textes d'étapes du journal dépendent de la nature de l'étape (voir avec Nicolas Brigand).
Le premier est le texte standard, le second est affiché quand on doit donner quelque chose au bot.
It is possible to add simple 'informational' entry in the bot contextual menu. This item is composed of two phrases: the menu entry display name and the text content displayed after clicking the menu entry.
Two parameters: the bot supporting the context menu and the player.
!!! Don't forget to revert file before use translation tools for client !!!
Launch 1_make_phrase_diff : Server side dynamic string / Initial & Incremental / Publisher => This will create diff files for each language in the diff directory.
Launch 2_merge_phrase_diff : Server side dynamic string / Initial & Incremental / Publisher => This will create all the phrase_<lang>.txt in the translated directory from the translated diff then move diff files to history directory.
Launch 3_make_clause_diff : Server side dynamic string / Initial & Incremental / Publisher => This create clause diff file in the diff directory for all language.
Launch 4_merge_clause_diff : Server side dynamic string / Initial & Incremental / Publisher => This will create the clause_<lang>.txt files for each language in the translated directory and move the diff in the history directory.
Launch 5_make_words_diff to create all *words<language>.txt diff files in diff directory for all languages.
Launch 6_merge_words_diff to update *.txt files in translated directory.
7 install_translation : Installing the translated files / Publisher => install the translated files into the client and servers directory structure.


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Vanessa Boubryemm (* 16. Januar 1982 in Tourcoing) ist eine französische Ringerin. Sie wurde 2006 in Moskau Europameisterin und 2005 in Budapest Vize-Weltmeisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg Körpergewicht.

Werdegang

Vanessa Boubryemm begann als Jugendliche 1990 in Tourcoing mit dem Ringen. Sie gehörte zunächst dem Lutte-Club (LT) Tourcoing und wechselte später zum Club Elceba Boulogne. Ihre Trainer waren bzw. sind Richard Chelmovski, Didier Favori, Gerard Santoro, Nodar Bokaschwili und Benoit Schuller. Die 1,66 Meter große Athletin ist Sekretärin bei der Stadtverwaltung Tourcoing.

Ihre erste internationale Meisterschaft bestritt sie im Jahre 1998, als sie bei der Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft der Altersgruppe "Kadetten" in Manchester der Gewichtsklasse bis 49 kg den 4. Platz belegte. Den größten Erfolg in ihrer Juniorenzeit feierte sie im Jahre 2001, denn sie wurde in diesem Jahr in Martigny/Schweiz in der Gewichtsklasse bis 54 kg Junioren-Weltmeisterin. Dabei verwies sie Kostantina Katerina Tsibanakou, Griechenland, Wiktoria Satschdimowa, Russland und Melanie Bechtel, Deutschland auf die Plätze.

Nach dem Übertritt in die Seniorenklasse blieben auf der internationalen Ringermatte die großen Erfolge zunächst aus. Immerhin erreichte sie bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2001 in Sofia in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg einen guten 6. Platz. 2002 kam sie aber bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Chalkida/Griechenland nur auf den 13. Platz und 2004 belegte sie bei der Europameisterschaft in Haparanda den 7. Platz. Für die Olympischen Spiele 2004 in Athen konnte sie sich nicht qualifizieren.

Ein für sie sehr erfolgreiches Jahr wurde dann 2005. Sie belegte zunächst bei der Europameisterschaft in Warna in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg den 3. Platz und gewann damit eine EM-Bronzemedaille. Sie verlor dabei im Halbfinale gegen Irina Melnik-Merleni aus der Ukraine und besiegte im Kampf um diese Bronzemedaille Alena Karejtscha aus Belarus. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft dieses Jahres in Budapest war sie noch erfolgreicher, denn sie wurde dort Vize-Weltmeisterin. Auf dem Weg zu diesem Erfolg besiegte sie dabei mit Oleksandra Kohut, Ukraine und Tsogtbadsaryn Enchdschargal aus der Mongolei zwei absolute Weltklasse-Ringerinnen. Im Finale war sie allerdings gegen die vielfache japanische Weltmeisterin Hitomi Sakamoto chancenlos.

Im Jahre 2006 stand Vanessa Boubryemm dann bei einer internationalen Meisterschaft auf dem obersten Siegertreppchen. Sie wurde nämlich in Moskau Europameisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg. Auf dem Weg dahin besiegte sie Georgiana Mihaela Radoi, Rumänien, Natalia Budu, Moldawien, Oleksandra Kohut und im Finale Alexandra Engelhardt aus Deutschland.

Ihr nächster Start bei einer internationalen Meisterschaft war der bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2007 in Baku. Im Hinblick auf die Olympischen Spiele 2008 hatte sie dabei in die Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg abtrainiert, weil die Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg nicht olympisch ist. In Baku verlor sie aber nach zwei gewonnenen Kämpfen gegen Li Xiaomei aus China. Da diese den Endkampf nicht erreichte, schied sie aus und belegte den 9. Platz.

2008 wurde sie in Tampere in der Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg Vize-Europameisterin. Sie bezwang dabei u. a. Iwona Matkowska aus Polen, verlor aber im Endkampf gegen Maria Stadnik aus Aserbaidschan. Bei den Olympischen Spielen in Peking besiegte sie Mayelis Caripá aus Venezuela und die russische Meisterin Samira Rachmanowa, schied aber dann nach einer Niederlage gegen Clarissa Chun aus den Vereinigten Staaten aus und kam auf den 7. Platz. Im Jahre 2008 erkämpfte sich Vanessa Boubryemm dann aber bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Tokio, wieder in der Gewichtsklasse bis 51 kg antretend mit einem 3. Platz eine WM-Bronzemedaille. Nach einer Niederlage gegen Hiromi Sakamoto erkämpfte sie sich diese Medaille durch einen Sieg über Jessica MacDonald, Kanada.

Diese Medaille war die letzte Medaille, die Vanessa Boubryemm bei einer internationalen Meisterschaft gewann. Im Jahre 2012 versuchte sie sich in der Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg wieder für die Olympischen Spiele zu qualifizieren. In den Turnieren in Taiyuan/China und Helsinki gelang ihr das aber nicht.

Vanessa Boubryemm wurde von 2004 bis 2010 sechsmal in Folge französische Meisterin und in den Jahren 2001, 2002, 2003, 2011 und 2012 französische Vizemeisterin in den Gewichtsklasse bis 48 51 oder 55 kg Körpergewicht.

Internationale Erfolge

Französische Meisterschaften

Vanessa Boubryemm wurde 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009 und 2010 französische Meisterin und 2001, 2002, 2003, 2011 und 2012 französische Vize-Meisterin in den Gewichtsklassen bis 48 kg, 51 kg oder 55 kg Körpergewicht.

Erläuterungen

 alle Wettbewerbe im freien Stil
 OS = Olympische Spiele, WM = Weltmeisterschaft, EM = Europameisterschaft

Quellen

 Fachzeitschrift Der Ringer
 Website "Foeldeak Wrestling Database"
 Website des französischen Ringerverbandes

Weblinks

Ringer (Frankreich)
Europameister (Ringen)
Mittelmeerspielesieger (Ringen)
Französischer Meister (Ringen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Frankreich)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Franzose
Geboren 1982
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Max Jakob Friedländer (Berlín,  – Ámsterdam, ), más tarde también Max Julius Friedländer o Max Israel  fue un historiador del arte y un experto artístico, director de museos en Berlín entre 1929 y 1933.

Trayectoria
Este berlinés estudió en Múnich, Leipzig y Florencia. Tras concluir sus estudios, regresó a su ciudad donde fue colaborador de una figura capital, Wilhelm von Bode, en los Museos estatales de Berlín. De hecho, la relación fue tan estrecha y tan reconocida que en 1929 sería nombrado él mismo como director.

Friedländer se mantuvo en ese puesto hasta que, en 1933, la llegada del nazismo le obligó a dimitir. A continuación se refugió en Ámsterdam (era experto en arte neerlandés), ciudad en la que fallecería en 1958.

Fue nombrado "Geheimrat" (consejero) del Imperio Germánico. Hoy se le considera un historiador del arte de referencia.

Obras
 Meisterwerke der niederländischen Malerei des 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, 1903
 Von Jan van Eyck bis Bruegel, 1916
 Albrecht Dürer, 1923
 Die altniederländische Malerei, 1924-37 (trad. al inglés como "Early Netherlandish painting")
 Echt und unecht, 1929
 Von Kunst und Kennerschaft, 1946
 Essays über die Landschaftsmalerei, 1947
 Early Netherlandish Painting, vol. VII, Leiden y Bruselas, 1972, póstumo.

Bibliografía
 Friedrich Winkler, "Friedländer, Max". En: Neue Deutsche Biographie, tomo 5, p. 455 y ss.
 Annick Born, "Antwerp Mannerism: a fashionable style?". En: Extravagant. A forgotten chapter of Antwerp painting 1500-1530, Maastricht and Antwerp 2005, pp. 10-19. Catálogo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Dictionary of Art historians: "Friedländer, Max Jacob"

Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XIX
Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XX
Nacidos en Berlín


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text:
As currently used, the terms Chapter Mass (for chapters of canons) and Conventual Mass (for most other houses of religious) refer to the Mass celebrated by and for a community of priests or for a community of priests and brothers or sisters.

Such Masses are normally concelebrated by most or all of the priests in a house in the case of a house of an order or other religious community that includes priests. The conventual Mass is therefore the daily "community Mass" for a local religious family – whether a convent, monastery or other house. It is normally linked with the Liturgy of the Hours, at which the community gathers to worship as a body: there are special norms in the rubrics for combining any one of the hours of the Divine Office with the celebration of Mass. The Mass and Office celebrated are those of the day, according to the rubrics and ordo of the order or house. The modern concept of the conventual Mass is laid out in the General Instruction of the Roman Missal.

Historical use of the term
Before the reform of the Missale by Pope Paul VI, concelebration was not permitted, and so each priest in a monastery or other house celebrated his own Mass privately, and then participated "in choir" in a conventual Mass celebrated by one of the priests of the house. The system of feasts and requirements of liturgical celebrations were also far more complicated than they are today.

Prior to the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), as a general rule, churches in which the Divine office was to be said publicly every day also had to have Mass said daily. This Mass was the "conventual" Mass (missa conventualis); it completed, with the canonical Hours, the official public service of God in such a church. A conventual Mass then was to be sung or said in all cathedrals and collegiate churches that had a chapter; in this case it was often called the "chapter" Mass (missa capituli), though the official books constantly used the general name "conventual" for this Mass too. A conventual (not chapter) Mass also had to be celebrated daily in churches of regulars who had the obligation of the public recitation of the office, therefore certainly in churches of monks and canons regular.

Whether mendicant friars had this obligation is disputed. Some authors consider them to have been obliged by common canon law, others admit only whatever obligation they may have had from their special constitutions or from custom. Some extended the obligation even to churches of nuns who say the office in choir. That friars celebrated a daily conventual Mass according to the rule of monastic churches is admitted by every one (de Herdt., I, 14). A chapter Mass then was a kind of conventual Mass, and falls under the same rules.

The obligation of procuring the conventual Mass rested with the corporate body in question and so concerns its superiors (Dean, Provost, Abbot, etc.). Normally it should be said by one of the members, but the obligation is satisfied as long as it is said by some priest who celebrates lawfully.

The conventual Mass was always, if possible, a high Mass; but if this was impossible, low Mass was still treated as a high Mass with regard to the number of collects said, the candles, absence of prayers at the end and so on. It was not to be said during the recitation of the office, but at certain fixed times between the canonical Hours, as is explained below. The general rule was that the conventual Mass should correspond to the office with which it forms a whole. It was not allowed to sing two high Masses both conformed to the office on the same day. On the other hand, there were cases in which two different conventual Masses were celebrated. The cases in which the Mass did not correspond to the office were these: on Saturdays in Advent (except Ember Saturday and a vigil), if the office was ferial the Mass is of the Blessed Virgin; on Vigils in Advent that were not also Ember days, if the office was ferial the Mass was of the Vigil commemorating the feria; on Maundy Thursday and Holy Saturday; on Rogation Tuesday, if the office was ferial the Mass was of Rogation; on Whitsun Eve the office was of the Ascension, but the Mass a Whitsun Mass. When a Vigil, an Ember day or Rogation Monday fell within an octave (except that of the Blessed Sacrament) the office was of the octave and the Mass of the feria commemorating the octave. Except in Advent and Lent, on Ember days, Rogation days and vigils, if the office was ferial and the Sunday Mass had already been said that week, the conventual Mass could have been one of the Votive Masses in the Missal appointed for each day in the week. Except in Advent, Lent and Paschal time, on the first day of the month not prevented by a double or semi-double, the conventual Mass was a Requiem for deceased members and benefactors of the community.

On doubles, semi-doubles Sundays and during octaves, the conventual Mass was said after Terce, on simples and ferias after Sext, on ferias of Advent and Lent, on Vigils and Ember days after None. There were also occasions on which several conventual Masses are said on the same day. On ferias of Lent, on Ember days, Rogation days and Vigils when a double or semi-double occurs, or during an octave or when a Votive office was said, the Mass corresponding to the office is said after Terce, that of the feria after None. On Ascension eve, if a double or semi-double occurs, the Mass of the feast was said after Terce, that of the Vigil after Sext, that of Rogation after None. In the case of the conventual Requiem mentioned above, if a simple occurs or if the Mass of the preceding Sunday had not yet been said, the Requiem was celebrated after the Office of the Dead, or if that was not said, after Prime, the Mass of the simple or Sunday after Sext. On All Souls' day (2 November) the Mass of the octave (or feast) was said after Terce, the Requiem after None. When an additional votive Mass had to be said (for instance for the Forty Hours or for the anniversary of the bishop's consecration or enthronement, etc.) it was said after None. On the Monday of each week (except in Lent and Paschal time) if the office was ferial the conventual Mass was permitted to be a Requiem. But if it were a simple or a feria with a proper Mass, or if the Sunday Mass had not been said, the collect for the dead (Fidelium) was added to that of the day instead.

These rules concerning the celebration of two or more conventual Masses applied as laws only to chapters. Regulars were not bound to celebrate more than one such Mass each day (corresponding always to the office), unless the particular constitutions of their order imposed this obligation.

Notes and sources

Mass in the Catholic Church


text:
Breaking the Silence: Wounds That Won't Heal
Hawa, a Haitian refugee, pictured here with her doctor, had to undergo 24 reconstructive surgeries after her husband poured acid on her.
Photo Credit: Elizabeth Ames
Julia Rist
Her abuser in Haiti nearly killed her, now Hawa is worried she won't be able to save her children
Scrolling through old pictures on her phone, Bronx resident Hawa finds it hard not to get emotional.
Hawa asked that we not use her last name in writing for fear of legal repercussions. The old photos that's she's looking at on her phone were taken a little over a year ago, but she looks virtually unrecognizable now.
Everything changed the night her husband threw acid on her. Her face is covered in burn scars and her right ear is missing. A small metal rod held up by scotch tape are in the place of where her nose used to be. Looking back on that night, Hawa said she thought she was going to die.
"I didn't know I could make it but I'm here," She said. "My body as you can see is ruined. It's burned. I lose my nose. This nose was glued up. I lose my ears."
Hawa had to be taken from her home of Haiti and transferred to the U.S. for emergency medical care, 24 surgeries later, she said she's still struggling with how everything changed. However, she said her looks are the least of her problems.
Hawa has three kids ages 6, 8 and 11. They couldn't come with her to the U.S. The children are still with her husband, and she said knowing her children are still with her abuser is the worst thing in the world.
"There's days that I can't even sleep. I can't sleep. I don't even know whether my kids know if I'm alive or not. What did [my husband] tell them, 'your mother is dead or she's alive.' I don't know," Hawa said.
Hawa said once she gets her kids, she's scared she might not be able to give them a home in the U.S. after the Attorney General Jeff Session's decision that domestic violence and gang violence survivors shouldn't be eligible for asylum.
Her husband abused her for several years before the night he poured acid on her.
"If [Attorney General Jeff Sessions] can see my face or see my body, he will not make this decision," Hawa said.
She is still waiting for a court date for her asylum hearing.
A person helping Hawa is Dr. Elizabeth Ames, the president of the Northern New Jersey Sanctuary Coalition. The organization helps applicants while they're trying to get asylum in the U.S., including finding a job and a place to live.
Dr. Ames is helping Hawa while she awaits her hearing, and said it would be inhumane to send Hawa back to Chad, Africa where she is from originally.
"I mean really, she almost died, and I'm sure the intent was to kill her," Ames said. "I can't imagine even [Attorney General Jeff Sessions] would force her back."
But, Attorney General Sessions has been firm on the issue. In June, he overruled a 2016 case involving a woman who was a survivor of domestic violence, saying she had no claim to asylum.
In the announcement of the decision, Sessions said he wanted immigration judges to have a uniform policy.
"Asylum was never meant to alleviate all problems, even all serious problems that people face everyday all over the world," Sessions said in front of immigration judges.
The attorney general stressed the Trump administration's zero-tolerance policy, and said that 80% of all asylum applications are without merit.
Dr. Elizabeth Ames said she's concerned Hawa might be sent back to her home country without ever getting an asylum hearing.
"Her asylum hearing hasn't even been announced yet," Ames said. "Some of these hearings take years to take place. Others happen rather quickly, and I don't know the rhyme or reason for why."
Amanda Doroshow, an immigration attorney at Her Justice, has an inkling. Doroshow said immigration courts are extremely difficult to navigate and have massive backlogs.
"Fighting a case in immigration court is like fighting a death penalty case in traffic court because the stakes are so high, but the court is so disorganized," Doroshow said. "It's chaos."
For Doroshow, Sessions ruling is simply a way to keep people from even trying to come to the U.S. in the first place. She argues survivors of domestic violence will continue to come to America and take the risk, especially if their life is in jeapordy.
At this moment, it's estimated that tens-of-thousands of domestic violence survivors are in the United States awaiting the fate of asylum hearings.
Julia Rist // Mon, 24/09/2018 - 5:00am
asylum Breaking The Silence Bronx domestic violence Haiti Her Justice Jeff Sessions Northern New Jersey Sanctuary Coalition Refugees
with Julia Rist


Waterstones Islington invites you to join us in welcoming Patrick Langley for an evening of discussion about his new novel, Arkady, published by Fitzcarraldo Editions.
Patrick is a contributing editor at The White Review, and is an art critic for frieze and Art Agenda. Arkady is his debut novel.
Patrick will be signing copies of his book after the event. Refreshments will be provided.
Brothers Jackson and Frank live on the margins of a big urban sprawl. From abandoned tower blocks to gleaming skyscrapers, their city is brutal, beautiful and divided. As anti-government protests erupt across the teeming metropolis, the brothers sail in search of the Red Citadel and its promise of a radical new way of life. A striking portrait of the precarity of modern urban living, and of the fierce bonds that grow between brothers, Patrick Langley's debut Arkady is a brilliant coming-of-age novel, as brimming with vitality as the city itself.


The following story originally appeared in EXTRA News, a bi-lingual community newspaper in Chicago, IL, on Sept 10, 2015.
Mayor Rahm Emanuel at the town hall meeting at Wilbur Wright College on Sept. 3rd.
Residents, activists and teachers shouted and booed as Mayor Rahm Emanuel held his final of three budget meetings this past Thursday, Sept. 3, at Wright College on the Northwest Side under heavy security.
The mayor's proposed budget would see homes valued at $250,000 pay an extra $500 per year, as well as $7.17 tax on smokeless tobacco products, and $1 tax on popular ridesharing services like Uber and Lyft.
Currently, the city of Chicago is facing a $500-million budget gap, leaving many weary that the city may not be able to pay its bills or pension obligations to police, fire and rescue workers. The city's financial woes are only growing as Chicago Public School is to balance its own separate $6.4-billion budget.
"This will be, obviously, difficult. And I don't underestimate the difficulty. That's why it's going to be done in the most fair and progressive manner," said Emanuel.
The mayor's final budget is expected to be made public Sept. 22.


to give the reader a sense of completion. The Help not only touches on a racist time era but a sexist one as well. Make emphasis on the ways in which these elements bestow to the entire quality of the book. Do not use the conclusion to introduce a new topic.
That brings us to types of literature analysis. It must include the authors full name and the title of the work you focus. Authors use many different techniques to create meaning. Stockett wrote this book so that people could speak about race in general, people avoid the topic because its a sensitive subject that many individuals find uncomfortable or better left unsaid. Having that done, move to the next bold step, to write it down as an analytical essay. It should point out the organization and major part of the argument. However, it is always best to make your own observations.


The growing dependence on software and the increasing complexity of such systems builds and feeds the attack surface for exploitable vulnerabilities. Security researchers put up a lot of effort to develop exploits and analyze existing exploits with the goal of staying ahead of the state-of-the-art in attacks and defenses. The urge for automated systems that operate at scale, speed and efficiency is therefore undeniable. Given their complexity and large user base, web browsers pose an attractive target. Due to various mitigation strategies, the exploitation of a browser vulnerability became a time consuming, multi-step task: creating a working exploit even from a crashing input is a resource-intensive task that can take a substantial amount of time to complete.


Please browse through the Napkins below. If you are interested in a Napkin click the 'Request Quotation' link next to each Napkin product. A customer service consultant will contact you with a quote. Price estimate excludes branding, VAT and volume discounts apply.


Brazil's new government has announced a multibillion dollar privatization plan in an attempt to pull the country's economy out of the worst recession in eight decades.
It plans to auction off operating licenses for oil and gas, electricity and infrastructure projects.
Four airports in the cities of Porto Alegre, Salvador, Florianópolis and Fortaleza are expected to be sold by March, along with two port terminals.
The government aims to raise US$ 24 billion from the concessions program, and will also offer contracts to private firms for a wide range of projects from building new roads to running mines.
The program includes the concession of an already built railway as well as the long-delayed auction of rights to oil fields and hydroelectric dams in the first and second half of 2017.
President Michel Temer, who took charge of the country two weeks ago following the impeachment of predecessor Dilma Rousseff, said the privatization plan will boost growth and jobs.
"We need to open up to the private sector because the state cannot do everything," Temer told ministers.
The concessions will offer "realistic" rates of return and have guaranteed long-term financing from state banks or will be raised on capital markets through bond sales, said Wellington Moreira Franco, who is responsible for boosting private sector involvement in Brazil's infrastructure.
"We will restore confidence by expanding the legal security for investors," he said.
According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Brazil's economy contracted 3.8 percent in 2015, and is expected to shrink a further 4.3 percent this year. Unemployment in the country is in double digits and inflation is nearly 10 percent.


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You will find it hard to leave the quiet, relaxing and very private ambiance of this tasteful home, which flows effortlessly from the grand entrance, through the living and dining rooms, and onto the covered terrace where you will spend hours relaxing in the warm Caribbean breeze, mesmerized by endless sea views. There is also an exceptional sun terrace with plunge pool, as well as access to a small tidal beach with lovely snorkeling and swimming.


text:
Aspen Health Education
» Clinical Trials
Experimental Models of Addiction
Last Updated on Mon, 22 Sep 2014 | Clinical Trials
Sobriety Success
In order to identify potential medications for the treatment of drug addiction, animal models have been created that allow the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of drug-induced behaviors. By its definition, addiction is a unique and complicated human behavior and a single animal model simply cannot predict medication efficacy in humans. Thus most investigators use an arsenal of in vitro and in vivo tests to study neurochemical mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions and abuse liability of various drugs of abuse, as well as for discovering potential medications. In vitro binding and functional assays are generally used to determine mechanisms of action of test compounds (new compound entities, NCEs) and then those with the desired in vitro profile are further investigated in animal models. Biochemical assessment using in vivo microdialysis is often employed to further delineate NCE effects on neurotransmitter levels in various brain regions. Ultimately, behavioral models, initially in rodents, but ultimately nonhuman primates, have been developed to study drug seeking, taking, reward, reinstatement, and the molecular mechanisms associated with these behaviors that lead to addiction.
There are numerous animal models of the pharmacological actions of drugs of abuse including locomotor activity for psychostimulants and tail flick or the hotplate test for assessing analgesic effects of opioids. In addition, drug discrimination has emerged as a very important paradigm for ascertaining like- or attenuation of discriminative stimulant effects of the training drug.33 However, in this chapter the discussion is limited to animal models that are most commonly used to assess the addictive liability of a drug or the ability of a potential medication to attenuate drug reward or relapse.
6.07.3.1 Self-Administration/Reinstatement Model
Self-administration in animals requires an operant behavior (e.g., lever press) for the intravenous injection of a drug. A drug or NCE is considered to be reinforcing when either the rate of responding on the drug-correct lever exceeds that of the control or vehicle-paired lever, or if the response rate of the drug-receiving animal is greater than that of a yoked-control animal. Once self-administration behavior is established, the experimenter can increase the number of lever presses required for a drug injection and thereby measure the reinforcing properties of the drug. When the number of lever presses required exceeds the 'work' that the animal is willing to do to receive an injection, extinction of lever-pressing/self-administration will ensue. Several schedules of reinforcement can be employed. The fixed ratio (FR) schedule requires the animal to press the lever a fixed number of times before receiving a drug injection. The fixed interval (FI) schedule is used to determine how many presses an animal will make in a fixed interval of time. The most commonly used schedule is the progressive ratio (PR) in which a progressively larger number of lever presses are required to receive the same drug injection. The highest response requirement a drug will sustain is called the 'break point' and this has been used to measure drug reinforcement properties. Furthermore, the attenuation of the break point has been used to evaluate potential medications or other conditions that might decrease the reinforcing effects of the drug.33 Most drugs abused by humans are generally self-administered by animals and laboratory-based self-administration in humans has also been used to study drug addiction.34
In addition, this model can be extended to a reinstatement model of relapse.35 In the reinstatement model, the animal is trained to self-administer the drug of abuse. Once this behavior is established, the drug injections are replaced with saline injections. In time, the animal will no longer press the lever for a drug injection and this is called 'extinction.' Several investigators have demonstrated that drug- or cue-induced reinstatement of drug taking behavior (e.g., lever pressing) can be induced by a single priming injection of the drug of abuse or a cue that had previously been paired with the drug injection, during training. In addition, aversive conditions used as a model of stress, such as foot shock, can also reinstate lever pressing behavior. This test has face validity as a model for relapse to drug use by humans and has been suggested to further model the effects of stress on drug taking behavior.35 Further, the attenuating effects by certain medication candidates in this model have prompted intense interest in particular mechanisms for drug development, such as DA D3 and mGluR5 receptors (see Section 6.07.7).36,37
6.07.3.2 Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)
This model has also been used to investigate rewarding and addictive properties of drugs.38 Rats will press a lever to self-stimulate due to a concomitant passage of a small electrical current into regions in the brain that involve the reward circuitry (e.g., VTA, prefrontal cortex, NAc). All addictive drugs, when acutely administered, will lower the threshold of stimulation required to maintain ICSS. This is interpreted as the ability of these drugs to enhance the stimulating effects of the ICSS. Conversely, acute withdrawal from drugs of abuse will elevate ICSS reward thresholds and is interpreted to reflect a precipitation of a deficit in brain reward function that can be alleviated by increasing ICSS. This observation suggests that ICSS may be a relevant behavioral model of the aversive emotional state associated with drug withdrawal39 further substantiating VTA DA cells as projections that play a key role in perpetuating the addiction cycle.22
6.07.3.3 Conditioned Place Preference (CPP)
This paradigm is a Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which an animal learns to prefer an environment that is paired with a drug of abuse, and has been promoted as modeling the environmental cues associated with drug addiction in humans.40 Indeed drugs of abuse are able to engender conditioned place preference, whereby the animal remains in the drug-paired side of the chamber for a longer period of time than in the other side (Figure 6).6 Thus, in CPP the degree of drug reinforcement and addictive liability is inferred from the degree of preference or
Pump dispensing drug or saline
Drug-tested mouse prefers chamber in which drug was given
Figure 6 Conditioned place preference model in mice used to study the positive reinforcing effects of drugs. (Reprinted with permission from Cami, J.; Farre, M. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349, 975-986, copyright © 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.)
time spent in the drug-paired environment, as compared to the vehicle-paired environment. Conversely, aversion to a drug or condition can be also modeled in this paradigm, and, depending on dose, certain drugs can cause an animal to stay in the nondrug-paired side of the chamber. Motivational (affective) symptoms of drug withdrawal can be measured using this paradigm, even in the absence of overt symptoms of withdrawal. Indeed, studies using CPP for studying nicotine dependence have demonstrated that the reinforcing effects of nicotine can be controlled by environmental stimuli. This can be correlated to the high rates of relapse to cigarette smoking in humans, which in part may be due to the pairing of environments with the reinforcing effects of nicotine, such as home and workplace that are impossible to avoid.41
6.07.3.4 Physical Dependence Models
As described above, chronic drug use leads to neuroadaptations. Cessation of drug use can lead to biochemical, physiological, and behavioral changes that together constitute a withdrawal or abstinence syndrome. This is also described as a state of physical dependence. When an addict discontinues drug use, symptoms of withdrawal can range from dysphoria and anxiety, to paranoia, physical illness, seizures, and death. The withdrawal symptoms depend on the drug of abuse, its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and the nature of the adaptations that have occurred due to chronic drug intake. Physical dependence is especially prominent with opioids, barbiturates, and alcohol. For these drugs, withdrawal symptoms are highly aversive, dangerous, and at times, life-threatening, and are believed to play a major role in relapse.33 In animal studies, subjects are chronically dosed, often continuously via intragastric infusion for a prolonged period of time (e.g., 1 month). Behavioral and observational assessments during this phase of the testing provide documentation of physical and behavioral changes induced by chronic drug taking. Withdrawal can then be assessed either by abruptly stopping the drug administration or by precipitating withdrawal via administering a known antagonist (e.g., naltrexone for opioid-dependent animals). Comparisons of physical and behavioral assessments during this period to before and during drug treatment are then made.33 These tests provide the means to determine the potential of a drug to produce physical dependence, as well as the means to test the ability of NCEs to interrupt the development of physical dependence or to ameliorate the symptoms and signs of withdrawal.
6.07.3.5 Genetic Models of Addiction
Different strains of rats behave differently to various drugs of abuse, and this has been demonstrated, for example, using CPP.40 More recently the use of genetically mutated strains or transgenic mice that have specific receptors or transporters deleted has provided another approach to determining mechanistic correlates to drug abuse and addiction. Successful manipulation of gene expression by homologous recombination has enabled researchers to knockout specific receptors or transporters (e.g., DAT knockout) to ultimately compare these genetically mutated mice to wild-type littermates in various behavioral models of drug abuse and addiction.42 These knockout (ko) mice can provide valuable information, especially when selective drugs are not available to pharmacologically 'knockout' the receptor or transporter. One of the seminal studies using DAT knockout mice in cocaine abuse research demonstrated that these animals were extremely hyperactive and did not demonstrate further increases in locomotor activity when cocaine or amphetamine was administered.43 Subsequently work showed that DAT knockout mice indeed self-administer cocaine, and that only the dual DAT/SERT (serotonin transporter) knockout mice no longer self-administer cocaine, suggesting that additional mechanisms may be involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine.44 Nevertheless, strain, as well as compensatory and developmental differences, in these ko mice requires caution in interpretation of these results in the absence of substantive pharmacological data. Other transgenic mouse strains have also been created for drug dependence research, including, but not limited to, DA D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 receptors, as well as 5HT1B, and nicotine-acetylcholine receptor kos. The production of subtype-specific DA, 5HT, and acetylcholine receptor ko mice as well as dual kos (e.g., DAT/SERT) have provided genetic tools with which to further delineate molecular mechanisms underlying the addictive properties of drugs. When conditional mutation of these genes is achieved concerns about compensatory and development modification that occur upon gene deletion procedures will be reduced.42
6.07.4 Clinical Trial Challenges
Drug dependence is a chronic relapsing medical illness similar in many respects to other chronic medical diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.45 Clinical trials in the drug dependence arena face special challenges. These include high cost, difficulties recruiting patients, the high rate of comorbidities, high dropout rates, poor patient compliance, ambiguous and difficult-to-measure clinical trial endpoints, and a lack of validated biomarkers.46
The high level of comorbidity between psychiatric illness, e.g., depression and bipolar disorder, and drug dependence not only complicates the task of recruiting homogeneous patient populations for clinical trials, but also suggests that any medication that might be found to have some efficacy in treating an 'uncomplicated' group of patients would not work in a more typical community sample of addiction patients with a higher level of psychiatric comorbidity. These considerations indicate the importance of analyzing data from clinical trials to determine the efficacy of the medication on subgroups of patients defined on the basis of their psychiatric history.47 A significant factor that can complicate the design of clinical trials for pharmacotherapeutic agents for cocaine addiction is the fact that chronic cocaine use alters many aspects of brain neurochemistry and circuitry. Thus, testing a medication that works via a single well-defined mechanism of action might be doomed to failure, since a single mechanism agent would 'normalize' just one of many brain mechanisms dysregulated by chronic cocaine. Viewed from this perspective, perhaps it is not surprising that most controlled trials of medications for cocaine addiction have failed to demonstrate efficacy.48 One way of addressing this problem is to conduct clinical trials with two (or more) medications that act via different mechanisms, or alternatively, as suggested for developing medications for schizophrenia and mood disorders, the ideal medications for substance dependence disorder may well be ''selectively nonselective drugs.''49 Finally, given the intrinsic difficulties for developing pharmacotherapeutics for substance abuse disorders, some argue that, rather than defining a successful medication as one that 'cures' drug addiction, which seems unlikely due to its chronic and relapsing nature, a medication that reduces drug use or mitigates the harm produced by a drug of abuse,50 would also be a useful pharmacotherapeutic.
A significant factor that complicates medication development efforts in the drug abuse field is that the most successful therapeutics to date apply the principle of agonist substitution therapy: e.g., nicotine, delivered by various routes, and methadone, a m opioid receptor agonist, for heroin addiction. Despite being clinical practice since the 1960s,7 the use of a potential drug of abuse to treat an addiction to a similar substance remains troubling to many. Not surprisingly, the possible use of stimulants, such as D-amphetamine, to treat stimulant dependence, although promising, is controversial.51 Recent research shows, however, that it is possible to design medications that act in a manner similar to amphetamine or cocaine but which lack their stimulant and reinforcing properties.52,53
Decades of research led to the development of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications for nicotine, alcohol, and heroin dependence (Figure 7). For a variety of reasons, although progress is being made, the effort to develop medications for cocaine and methamphetamine dependence has been slow.
Another significant factor that impacts the development of medications for cocaine dependence, and to a lesser extent for alcohol dependence, is that large pharmaceutical companies do not invest resources into this area. As described by Gorelick et al.,54 market factors that disinterest the large pharmaceutical companies in this endeavor include: the small and uncertain market for cocaine dependence medication, a substance abuse treatment system with limited physician involvement and antimedication attitudes among nonphysician clinicians, poor insurance coverage, and the expectation of low prices by the government entities that fund most substance-abuse treatment programs. Thus, the development of medications for substance dependence indications, and addiction research in general, falls to the public sector.
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Enabled: the device is trusted and can access local services and the Internet.
Disabled: the device cannot easily access external Internet sites, but can still connect to the local network.
Banned: the device isn't allowed to join the local network.
A team member is leaving the company. Banning their personal devices should be part of your standard exit process.
On the Device page, you can set the device's status using the drop-down menu beside each device description.
For new-device alerts, the alert will include a similar drop-down menu.
On the events page, there will be a drop-down menu to quarantine (disable) the device in response to accessing black listed sites.
By default, when a new device is detected on the network, it's state is set to Enabled. In the future, we're going to allow control over this -- for example, you may want all new devices to be disabled or banned until you've had a chance to review/discuss the use case.


LONDON, UK, 2018-Sep-14 — /Travel PR News/ — A former janitor's house, which had lain empty and derelict for seven years, has undergone a six-figure refurbishment and is now providing much needed community space in a Renfrewshire town, thanks partly to British Airways.
The building, which provides after school care and is operated by the social enterprise KLAS Care, has become the hub for a growing number of community groups in the East Fulton area of Linwood.
Lesley Compston, who started KLAS Care in 2010 with another Linwood mum, Kirsty McKenzie, to tackle the chronic shortage of affordable after school care in the area, Hraised £300,000 from public and private sector sources to complete the project, which is housed in the former janitor's house in the grounds of East Fulton Primary School, Linwood.
The installation of the building's energy efficient lighting, heating, hot water system and highly rated insulation was made possible by a £12,000 funding package from the British Airways Carbon Fund, which allows the airline's customers to make a donation to low carbon community initiatives throughout the UK when they purchase flights online.
The money from the fund is then passed by British Airways to UK Charity Pure Leapfrog for allocation to community-based projects throughout the UK and Africa.
A further donation of £5,000 from the British Airways Carbon Fund in the next funding round will see the installation of solar panels on the building, further reducing energy costs and helping the social enterprise initiative become even more financially viable, benefitting the community as a whole.
KLAS Care worked closely with Renfrewshire Local Energy Action Plan (LEAP), an energy charity that helps residents and community-based organisations to save energy, and money, by providing free, impartial advice on a range of matters, including heating and insulation.
LEAP was instrumental in securing the financial contribution from the British Airways Carbon Fund.
The East Fulton project is the first in Scotland to benefit from funding from the British Airways Carbon Fund.
"Not only will the new facility enable KLAS Care to significantly expand affordable child care in the area, the main purpose of our social enterprise efforts, but it has already become a focus for community activity, from parent groups to cycling initiatives and other activities involving members of the community from the youngest to the oldest.
Lesley added, "The new facility is really is an example of the saying 'build it and they will come'".
Adele Fraser, Chief Executive of Linstone Housing Association, who will formally open the new premises, said: "I am honoured to be asked to formally open this wonderful new facility.
British Airways gives all customer donations to the BA Carbon Trust Fund to Pure Leapfrog (Registered Charity Number 1112249).
Pure Leapfrog actively seeks out community-based projects across the UK and in Africa providing low carbon technologies such as solar panels, small wind turbines, energy efficient lighting and heating and insulation.
This entry was posted in Airlines, Travel, Travel & Environment, Travel & Kids, Travel Services, Travelers and tagged Adele Fraser, British Airways, Carbon Fund, house, janitor, Lesley Compston, refurbishment, Renfrewshire town. Bookmark the permalink.


New prints by illustrator James Jean.
You've no doubt by now seen Prada's new ad campaign all over Hong Kong. Prada has hired Los Angeles-based Asian-American artist James Jean to illustrate their new prints that can be seen on handbags and dresses. What is interesting is that, not only has comic book characters have taken over the movies they are now taking over high fashion, as Jean is a notable comic book artist and his work has graced several graphic novels and comic books over the last few years. They evoke a dream-like quality and he is one of the most sought after artists with his original art going for high 6-figures on Ebay.
This is not new ground for Prada as last year they went anime as well.
Check out the full Prada lookbook and ad campaign at their site and see more of James Jean's comic book artwork here.


text:
Digital leaders reflect shift in the notion of Brand China
Two categories represent over half of the brands and the Brand Power
Consumer electronics, a category of established brands, and mobile gaming, a category of Internet-driven brands, lead the BrandZ™ Top 30 Chinese Export Brands in both number of brands represented and Brand Power contributed. Together, these categories account for more than half of the Top 30 brands and 59 percent of the ranking Brand Power.
The consumer electronics brands are scattered throughout the Top 30, although three appear in the Top 5: Lenovo, Huawei, and Xiaomi. The mobile gaming brands are mostly clustered lower in the ranking, although Elex ranks Number 4.
This composition reflects the transformation of Brand China, which consumers abroad increasingly associate with innovative digital devices. Many of these brands are start-ups launched relatively recently by young entrepreneurs. Fewer established categories appear in the ranking, which includes three airlines and one car brand, for example.
Some of the newer brands reversed the usual export process by starting in overseas country markets. Sometimes the brands only conducted business abroad, while in other instances they eventually entered China, but only after achieving overseas success. By following this sequence, many of these brands benefited from the Internet's easy access to overseas markets, and then leveraged their stature as global brands to impress Chinese consumers.
Brand Implication
There is more than one way for Chinese brands to expand internationally. Chinese consumer electronics brands have done a good job of product innovation and international marketing. Some started as OEMs, making products for western brands, and grew both organically and through acquisition in an effort to follow the overseas expansion arc of Japanese and Korean electronics brands. The gaming brands have benefited from easy market entry because of the Internet, and easy access to a global audience of young gamers.


text:
John B Keane
Why match making is the most delicate of businesses
SOME time ago, while dealing with the famous Lyrecrompane matchmaker, Dan Paddy Andy O'Sullivan, there was a reference to grinders, which, as every schoolboy knows, are nothing more and nothing less than ordinary false teeth.
Some of my readers whom I met accidentally in Charlie St George's famed hostelry in Limerick some time ago expressed surprise that teeth should weigh so heavily in the final stages of match-making.
Matchmaking is the most delicate of all trades.
It calls for insight, tact, sensitivity, and compassion also for a wide knowledge and understanding of the follies and flaws of that ever-increasing conglomerate known as humanity.
It calls for insight, tact, sensitivity, and compassion and also for a wide knowledge and understanding of the follies and flaws of that ever-increasing conglomerate known as humanity.
Matchmaking is a form of diplomacy.
The aim of diplomacy is to bring warring states together.
It is the same with match-making.
The aim is to bring two people together, who, previously, may have had a certain amount of dislike and suspicion of each other.
When I was a gorsoon in the Stack's Mountains, Dan Paddy Andy O'Sullivan was in his heyday and was besieged by bachelors and spinsters not to mention widows and widowers from one end of the day to the other.
While outlining the assets of a client Dan might say: "He have his own teeth," or "He's just after getting in grinders," meaning that he had acquired new false teeth.
In those distant days teeth were used mostly for eating and ripping knots and rarely for love-biting and the likes which would seem to be going on all around us at this present time if one is to judge by the molar imprints so evident on the necks, ears, arms, and shoulders of certain women.
I'll grant you there were somewhat similar marks long ago, but these were caused not by amorous love-bites, but by starving fleas now completely exterminated by D.D.T.
I once saw a lady in bathing togs on the beach at Ballybunion, 1936.
She was mottled all over from flea bites.
This is not to say she was untidy or deliberately unclean.
No, indeed.
She was merely the victim of prolonged and scurrilous attacks by fleas.
Some women were never afflicted thus.
It wasn't everyone's blood of the black-haired women and would frequently forego the blood of a fine, plump foxy woman in favour of a feed from the body of a thin, scrawny lady of sultry features.
There are no flea bites now and more's the pity for blood-letting in moderation was a great thing to reduce blood pressure and keep weight.
But what has all this to do with teeth?
Astute and knowledgeable systematiser that he was, Dan Paddy knew precisely how many teeth, parts of teeth and stumps of teeth occupied the mouths of his clients as well as knowing the number of false teeth, upper and lower.
These were essential facts if matrimonial negotiations were to be successfully completed.
The absence of teeth, or worse still, black teeth or gated against the chances of middle-aged chances or middle-aged hopefuls.
Large gaps in the frontal array or that area of the teeth used for smiling were no asset either.
Still, if a man was otherwise presentable or was well-endowed with money and land, the condition of his teeth was often overlooked.
These could be dealt with after the knot was tied and he could be coaxed into going to the dentist in due course, winding up with a mouth so titillated an deranged that looking at it one would be reminded of a miniature gold mine.
Let me say here now and however, that gold teeth are a dead loss for the purpose of love-biting.
You cannot put a proper point on gold teeth and anyway, gold is too soft for an open confrontation with bone.
But let us return to our beginnings.
As readers will have gathered from this and other essays on the subject, extraordinary knowledge is required if one is to be proficient at the business of matchmaking.
A lot of heartbreak can be spared by not entrusting one's business to charlatans and pretenders.
The margin for deceit can be totally eliminated when the matchmaker knows his business and is fully acquainted with the case histories of his clients.
Take the case of Dinny Doodawn, which, of course, is not his real name at all.
Dinny was well into his forties before the way was clear for him to marry.
He had a fine farm, a good house, and money in the bank.
The girl upon whom he cast a favouring eye was a fairly attractive damsel in her thirties who had been in Dan Paddy Andy's books for several years.
Dan had repeatedly advised her against haste, assuring her that the right man would show up if she bided her time.
It looked as if Dinny Doodawn was that man.
He had all the classic points of your true bachelor was allowed things to drift too far and is now so far from the shore of matrimony that it could be said he is completely at sea.
Bachelors who pass their thirties are quietly-spoken, pleasant, withdrawn individuals, who have shed the wild impetuosity of youth and who are now serene in their outlook, having acquired pose, civility and common sense over the years.
In the eyes of mothers, these are the best proposition of all.
They have shed all that rowdyism, thoughtlessness and selfishness that is the hallmark of youth, and therefore, would be less likely to make life unpleasant for the dear and darling daughters of deeply concerned mothers.
Dan Paddy Andy, however, decided to do a spot of investigating.
Dinny Doodawn's neighbours told him nothing except what was favourable.
This made Dan suspicious.
He searched his memory and recalled vaguely that Dinny Doodawn was involved in some sort of household accident when he was a child.
Apparently, his mother was one morning boilings eggs for the breakfast while Dinny played near the doorway with a broken saucepan.
When the eggs were boiled, Dinny's mother threw the water out the door but alas, a spatter or two fell on Dinny's private part.
He was quickly taken to a doctor, and no more was heard of the matter.
For some years afterward, there was considerable speculation in the district as to what exactly happened to Dinny Doodawn and many the whispered conversation was held in an effort to discover was a precise part, if any, of his anatomy was affected.
Two heads
There was much conjecture and speculation, but then, unexpectedly, a bull calf with two heads was born in Tooreensharrive, and that put an end to the theorising about Dinny Doodawn.
Dan Paddy Andy decided to visit a man who worked in the Doodawn household at the time.
The man was somewhat circumspect, but Dan nevertheless deduced that all was not as it should be downstairs with Dinny Doodawn.
He reported his findings to the girl who straight away broke off negotiations.
In despair, Dinny Doodawn went to Dan Paddy Andy and begged him to find a woman, any woman at all, to take the loneliness and despair out of his life.
He recounted to Dan a litany of sorrows and tribulations, which only the company of a loving and understanding wife could dispose of.
There was no hurdle he would not jump nor river he would not cross if he thought he would come upon a lively woman at the end of his travail.
"You have money galore," Dan told him, "and my advice to you is to go to the best doctors who specialise in what ails you."
Dinny Doodawn thought carefully about Dan's proposal for with all his talk, and the last thing Dinny wanted to part with was his money.
They had been together to happily for such a long time that there was a natural reluctance on his part to release a single pound note into the world unless he himself was accompanying it.
Dinny Doodawn took Dan Paddy's advice.
He wound up in London where a successful operation was performed.
The result was that he returned home with a greatly improved undercarriage.
He married the girl of his choice, and they all lived happily ever after, except Dan Paddy Andy who never received as much as a brown copper for the inestimable services he had been rendered.
He had no law to get.
Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum, which means, in Stack's Mountain language;
"Where the law is tricky, you have no law at all," or to put it simpler still: "A pound in a pocket is worth a hundred on the long finger."
This article first appeared in The Leader on November 21, 1976.