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The story of post-hardcore in 14 songs
From the Washington DIY scene of the '80s to Sweden's new noise to the basements of Bridgend, this is the (still ongoing) evolution of post-hardcore…
David McLaughlin
Like emo, trying to explain what does and doesn't constitute post-hardcore can be a highly subjective and fairly thankless task. It should be easy – it's the hardcore that came right after the original hardcore, right? Yeah, sure…
In some cases it's shorthand for bands who are a little emo, but not really. In others it identifies a sound that's thick and crunchy yet melodic, by artists trying to reconcile the natural tension forged by a misspent youth listening to metal and their love of punk rock. Sometimes it does just refer to bands who formed in the wake of the 1980s hardcore boom, boasting more depth, vulnerability and smarts in their armoury. Within all of that you have splinter strands that shoot off into other sub-genres such as metalcore, screamo, indie rock and pretty much every point on the alternative musical spectrum. Your definition is also likely determined by geography and which era you mean when you use this most nebulous of terms. Even still, no time or place offers a clarity of definition, only echoes and hints of history. Frankly, it's a minefield.
For the sake of ease, we're concentrating on a group of bands who feel like they best exemplify the, er, core of post-hardcore's lineage, sharing some sonic similarities yet straddling disparate musical bases and bearing little relation to one another, other than the fact that none of them ever comfortably landed in any one genre. Except post-hardcore, of course. Which you will hopefully understand a little better after reading through this…
1. Fugazi – Waiting Room (1988)
You could make a case for Hüsker Dü, Naked Raygun or Minutemen being the first post-hardcore bands, expanding what could be done within the scene's somewhat limiting initial remit, but the first real sonic domino to fall was probably Fugazi. Ian MacKaye's none-more-DIY charges added an intriguing sophistication into their songwriting, while retaining the bite that brought people to the party in the first place. Waiting Room – the opening track on the Washington, D.C. legends' debut EP – is a brilliantly elastic and gleefully boorish song, striking like a lightning bolt on the underground. Suddenly, a world of possibilities seemed to open up.
2. Jawbox – Savoury (1994)
Jawbox should have been huge. In a better world they would have been, but fate determined otherwise, instead shuffling them off to the margins of rock history, notable for their influence on bands like Deftones who'd later take some of their sensitivity and muscular heft to create something new, fresh and absolutely vital. The DC quartet made a big noise, drawing inspiration from the likes of Helmet (again, technically post-hardcore, but too 'metal' to truly qualify) and adding a vulnerability and suggestive sensuality. Jawbox might not have made the big leagues, but frontman J. Robbins at least went on to produce countless great records, and when the band reformed in 2019, some of their overdue credit was at least finally recognised.
3. Hum – Stars (1995)
Despite influencing everyone from Weezer to the latest nu-gaze wannabes treading the boards, Illinois quartet Hum are another band who feel like they've never truly gotten the recognition they deserve. Go back and listen to their records today, though, and you can draw a line straight through the core of their expertly crafted quiet/loud set-ups, thick, washy guitars and melancholic melodies to styles and sounds regularly hailed as something special today. Their one proper mainstream hit, Stars, showcases their mastery of the art perfectly, but as 2020's album Inlet (their first in 22 years) proves, they've very much still got it.
4. Quicksand – Thorn In My Side (1995)
It's a toss-up between this or Fazer from the NYC quartet's debut album Slip, released two years previous, but Thorn In My Side saw Quicksand attract the attention of MTV, and the genre as a whole was suddenly being looked upon with curious interest from people with dollar signs in their eyes. What better band to lead that overground charge than one whose members had roots in the hardcore scene itself, holding steadfast to the integrity that defined their early experiences, while dipping a tentative toe in the waters of trying to spread their music to a much wider audience. Besides everything else, it's a major tune.
5. Snapcase – Caboose (1997)
The greatest snare sound in all of post-hardcore? Good luck finding a better one. Charging at speed like the freight train carriage it's named after (assuming it's not what would instead be an admittedly oblique reference to the slang term for buttocks), this slappy ode to being yourself, forging your own path and taking no shit is the definition of invigorating. A great example of the fine line between metalcore and straight-up hardcore, we're putting Snapcase squarely in the post-hardcore bracket due to their influence on the bands who'd follow next, each and every one owing something of their impact and sonic aesthetic to the blueprints drafted by the New York progenitors.
6. Refused – New Noise (1998)
Given its uber familiarity, the fact that it's been used in videogames, movies, sports montages and played at every rock clubnight you've ever been to, it's easy to forget just how utterly powerful this song once was. And if it hits at just the right mood and moment, New Noise can still make the skin-bristle, so perfectly rendered is the song's mix of aggression, restraint and revolutionary zeal. The dysfunctional Swedes infamously split soon after and it was only in their absence did Refused get their dues, but better late than never. As recent output shows, despite mellowing in their personal relations, the fire in their bellies has not dulled.
7. Far – Mother Mary (1998)
In retrospect, Sacramento's Far were likely too strange, too sensitive and too singular to really succeed in the big machine of the corporate rock world, but that's where they found themselves in 1998. This standout single from their now-classic Water And Solutions album belies the tensions the band were experiencing at this point in their first phase together, and it never did make them the stars someone in a record label office probably hoped it would, but like so many of these artists, their influence was sewn into the sounds and spirit of those who came next and did attain that elusive stardom.
8. At The Drive-In – One Armed Scissor (2000)
As with Refused, time has somewhat soured the memory of just how special and incendiary these fiery Texans felt when they first crashed into the spotlight. For a brief moment, they looked like the force who'd finally make good on all of the unfulfilled promise of those bands they grabbed the baton from, but as with all things this glorious yet flawed it was not to be. What a song though, and whatever your feelings about everything that's happened since, what a band At The Drive-In were.
9. Rival Schools – Used For Glue (2001)
We should probably crown Walter Schreifels as the unofficial king of post-hardcore, really. He does appear on this list twice after all. He'd likely baulk at that kind of idolatry or at least find it reason enough for a wry smile, as despite everything, he's still just doing his own thing with no care for labels, categorisation or what anyone thinks, as the softer touch of latter day solo material attests. Back in 2001 however, he and Rival Schools were fixtures on music television and enjoying the spotlight being shone on bands of a post-hardcore persuasion. It helped that he'd saved his most commercially-minded material for that very moment.
10. Thursday – Understanding In A Car Crash (2001)
Unfairly lumped in with the turn-of-the-century's raft of emerging 'emo' bands who didn't really stand up to much musical scrutiny, New Jersey's Thursday actually came from a hardcore background, knew their history and brought something far more nuanced to the table. In frontman Geoff Rickly they had a talent, a voice and a character who could capture feelings and express them with an anguish that was rare, and it was that which helped them outlive initial assumptions, culminating in recent victory lap live celebrations of their impact all those years ago.
11. Glassjaw – Mu Empire (2002)
Yet another band who initially felt like they could become a once-in-a-generation phenomenon, but it just didn't happen. Glassjaw had the swagger, the style, the songs and they talked the talk as much as they could walk it, but a combination of frontman Daryl Palumbo's well-documented health issues, straight-up bad luck and the moment passing meant they're more likely to be considered 'great, but…' in the history books. No matter, though, as the reverence they're still regarded with in certain circles, particularly among other bands, counts for a whole lot more than widespread but fleeting fame.
12. The Blood Brothers – Burn Piano Island, Burn (2003)
Pure unadulterated chaos. A kind of fucked-up disco song being torn apart like jackals fighting over a fresh kill, Burn Piano Island, Burn sounds like it's on the edge of total collapse at any moment. It's that tension underpinning the adrenalised fury that makes it such a compelling and head-spinning experience. Post-hardcore was through the looking glass here and although nobody has really sounded like The Blood Brothers since, their searing, explosive take on what could be done set creative imaginations aflame.
13. Funeral For A Friend – Juneau (2003)
It wasn't just North Americans who were creating post-hardcore, despite its origins. Welsh lot Funeral For A Friend were unquestionably the UK's best exporters of it (with apologies to Hundred Reasons, whose Silver could just as well have been on here) and in 2003 Juneau landed them a Top 20 chart hit and helped to bag opening slots supporting Iron Maiden in Europe and Linkin Park in the States. The Bridgend boys would enjoy an even bigger breakthrough on the band's second album, Hours, expanding on their sound in the years that followed, but it was with that first flurry of excitement where they sparked inspiration among a generation of young fans on this side of the Atlantic, helping to spawn a host of others who'd take things off in all kinds of interesting directions.
14. letlive. – Muther (2010)
There's a lineage within post-hardcore that's tricky to chart, but unmistakable when you hear it, and the last band who truly felt like they embodied all that the genre held dear were letlive. The term still applies to new acts today, but Jason Aalon Butler's lot were the last ones to instil the level of belief that they could take on the world and change it. Although everyone involved – band and audience – probably knew deep down it wasn't going to happen, every night that they stepped onstage (or into the pit, climbed the bar, hung from the rafters…) it felt possible, and in the memory of that something special lives on.
Post-2010, bands like La Dispute, Touché Amoré and others have carried the torch (while doing wildly different things too), but post-hardcore has never been about huge stars or major success. Without the fuss of the spotlight or short-lived scene expectations to contend with, it'll likely continue to exist in some form for years to come yet…
Relationship Of Command: The breakthrough and breakdown of At The Drive-In
11 American post-hardcore labels that established the genre
New Noise: The story of Refused and The Shape Of Punk To Come
post-hardcoreletlive.At The Drive InRefusedGlassjawQuicksandRival SchoolsFugaziSnapcaseFarJawbox
10 of the best independent American metal records of the 21st century
In celebration of the United States' Independence Day this weekend, we revisit 10 of the greatest heavy records dropped outside the major label system this century…
From Avenged Sevenfold and My Chemical Romance to letlive. and Deftones, we rank the best albums released in 2010
letlive. Announce 10 Years Of Fake History Vinyl Release
letlive. have announced a vinyl edition of their 10 Years Of Fake History demos release.
letlive. Have Released The Demos From Fake History
letlive. have released the recordings to mark Fake History's 10th anniversary...
13 Albums To Kickstart The Revolution
Because as the saying goes, if you're not feeling angry, you're not paying attention!
FEVER 333's Jason Aalon Butler On Family, Fatherhood And Fighting The Good Fight
Since the release of STRENGTH IN NUMB333RS, FEVER 333's Jason Aalon Butler has been on a mission to capture hearts, minds and so much more…
A Brief History Of The Kerrang! Tour
With the Kerrang! Tour just around the corner, we take a look back at some highlights from past years...
The Kerrang! Staff's Top 10 Songs Of The Year 2016
And the awards go to…


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► SOUTH AFRICA: Airlink resumes Skukuza ops from June 2014; rebuffs SA Express' recent route launch announcement.
South Africa's Airlink (4Z) has delayed the launch of flights to Skukuza from the previously announced March, to June 2, 2014. According to the carrier, it will commence direct daily flights between Johannesburg and Skukuza as well as Cape Town and Skukuza from Monday 2 June 2014 using an Embraer 135.
Skukuza Airport in 1999 (MGoodwan)
Regarding the upgrade of Skukuza Airport, the Skukuza Airport Management Company has completed detailed discussions and site visits with the SAN Parks technical team, the various contractors and the specialist project team members who have been appointed to bring the project to finality.
A detailed critical path plan has been drawn up with input from all involved in the project and Airlink is comfortable that all works will be completed, with the necessary facilities and licensing in place to assure this start date for its schedule.
Airlink(4Z): Johannesburg - Skukuza
-Eff 02JUN
SA/4Z8861 JNB 1000 - 1050 SKZ ER3 D
SA/4Z8862 SKZ 1135 - 1240 JNB ER3 D
Cape Town - Skukuza
SA/4Z8651 CPT 1035 - 1305 SZK ER3 D
SA/4Z8652 SZK 1030 - 1305 CPT ER3 D
Meanwhile, Airlink has objected to SA Express' recent announcement that it will commence three new domestic South African flights with effect from November 1: Cape Town - George, Johannesburg (ORTIA) - Kruger/Mpumalanga and Johannesburg (ORTIA) - Pietermaritzburg, saying that "it feels strongly about being taken on by a technically insolvent State Owned airline using taxpayer's funds to compete with Airlink on the routes, albeit unequally.
"Airlink is in its own right a taxpayer contributing more than ZAR400million in taxes (VAT, PAYE, and Corporate Tax) annually to the Fiscus, and it is ironic that the State sees it fit to use taxpayer's funds to compete with its bona-fide taxpayers. We note that the SAX flights will operate using intellectual property owned by SAA, which places SAA in breach of its agreements with Airlink. The State owns a small stake in Airlink (3% held by SAA), with the balance of Airlink's shares being privately held. Airlink is 32.5% broad based black owned with the beneficiaries of this ownership being more than 300,000 black families. Airlink supports over 1,000 families directly, with an additional 5,000 families being supported downstream."
SA Express has yet to issue a response.
Posted by Ivan Nadalet at 10:00
Labels: Cape Town, Johannesburg, Launch, Route, SA Airlink, SA Express, Skukuza, South Africa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He's Behind You! The AspireTwitterPanto – join in here!
The Aspire Christmas Panto this year will be a new form of Christmas entertainment as it will be composed entirely through contributions from Twitter.
It's devastatingly simple: send your thoughts and contributions for title, plot, characters and audience to us at Aspire via Nowen.aspire@btconnect.com – and we will edit, shape and collaborate with all and every one of you.
It's working title is 'He's Behind You'. Further directions on how to generate your contributions will be forthcoming in the weeks up until Christmas.
We aim to produce the final piece through a twitter feed on Friday 23 December at 12.00hrs GMT. We hope all our collaborators will be able to participate in that event either through tweeting in character, providing images for the production or perhaps even audio tweets through Audioboo or other appropriate channels.
All you have to do is tweet in!
This entry was posted in Performance and tagged Christmas, Pantomime, twitter by drnicko. Bookmark the permalink.


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NIMASA: Only Inter Agency Collaboration Can Combat Piracy, Says Peterside
Posted by African Examiner Featured, Latest News, News Thursday, April 28th, 2016
Ayodele Afolabi, Abuja
ABUJA, NIGERIA (AFRICAN EXAMINER) – The Director General of the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Dr. Dakuku Peterside has called for the deployment of inter Agency resources including the use of advanced technology to secure Nigeria's maritime domain.
The DG said this when he led a delegation of the Management of the Agency to the Air Force Head Quarters to seek collaborative ways of dealing with the rising cases of piracy in the Nigerian waters.
Dr. Peterside requested the immediate review of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) the Agency has with the Nigerian Air Force with a view to strengthening the Agency's capacity to deal with maritime crimes as well as reduce the response time for Search and Rescue (SAR) operations.
He commended the Nigerian Air Force and indeed the military for the successful prosecution of the war against insurgency in the North East saying that "now Nigeria can begin to discuss developmental issues for the good of all its citizens".
While emphasising that maritime security needs a multi sectoral and inter Agency collaboration, Dr. Peterside called on relevant stakeholders to pool national resources together to defeat piracy and other maritime crimes for the economic prosperity of Nigeria.
He pledged the commitment of the Agency to partner with the Nigerian Air Force in order to fight this economic crime and reposition Nigeria as a major hub for maritime activities in the West and Central African sub region.
Responding, the Chief of Air Staff (CAS), Air Marshal Sadique Abubakar said the Air Force can deploy Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) attached with cameras in addition to its fleet of Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) to enhance the surveillance of the Nigerian maritime domain.
Air Marshal Abubakar who said that the Air Force has several senior officers with competence in aeronautic engineering informed the NIMASA delegation that the Force has produced a prototype that is already in use and that they are ready to build capacity of some NIMASA personnel to handle UAVs.
While calling on the assistance of NIMASA and other relevant stakeholders for the mass production of these UAVs, the Air Chief also pledged the support of the Nigerian Air Force to partner with the Agency to deal with maritime crimes.
It will be recalled that NIMASA and the Nigerian Air Force had endorsed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Nigerian Air Force where the Force is expected to provide air surveillance of the maritime domain as well as provide support to the Agency's search and rescue operations amongst others.
OPINION – 2019 Presidency: Who is this Olawepo-Hashim?
Driver arraigned for stealing Nestle Product Worth N41M
OPINION: The Lagos of Adeniji-Adele, By Owei Lakemfa
National Assembly Lacks Power To Summon Buhari, Says Malami
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When the temperature plummets outdoors most of us want to be in hibernation mode! Relaxing indoors by a fire with a nice cup of tea and a book is a lovely treat BUT don't spend all your downtime seated. We need to keep moving even during the coldest days – so – have a brisk walk, head to your local gym for a sweat session OR add infrared sauna treatments to your schedule. Did you know we have an infrared sauna right here at Clear Medicine? Book an appointment today and get your sweat on!
If you are also one of those partaking in "Dry January" or participating in a New Year Detox or Cleanse then infrared sauna treatments are perfect. Sweating will help you feel even better.
Why infrared sauna compared to regular saunas?
80 % of the heat goes directly to your body instead of the air – so you will sweat a lot but might not feel as hot as in a traditional sauna.
Because the skin is the largest organ in the body, regularly sweating in an infrared sauna can help decrease the toxic load and contribute to better health and vitality. A growing body of evidence suggests that bio-accumulated toxic load in the human body is responsible for fatigue, disease and weight gain. Saunas have also been used successfully to detoxify the body, but research shows that saunas using infrared light instead of convection heat have the best prognosis. In a study performed by Seattle-based neurologist Dr. Dietrich Klinghardt, he found that the sweat of people using a conventional sauna was 95-97% water while the sweat of those using an infrared thermal system was 80-85% water, the non-water portion consisting of toxins including heavy metals.
Infrared saunas are an advantage for individuals that want to benefit from a sweat session but can't exercise or are injured. We always want to promote an active lifestyle but for some this is difficult and an infrared sauna session every few days or once a week can benefit those that are unable to hit the gym!
If you are attempting to have an alcohol-free January – the infrared sauna is great for assisting with the temptation for the wrong drinks or food.
Sauna packages are available. Call Clear Medicine today for pricing or to make an appointment. We have shower facilities here also if you want to shower post-treatment.


Business company HSC PROPERTIES, LLC is a legal entity registered under the law of State Nevada. Company is located in the register with the Company number E0443052007-1 and with the national number of State Nevada NV20071268280. This legal entity was firstly registered on 26th June 2007 under the legal form of Domestic Limited-Liability Company. Its registered agent is SAGEBRUSH CORPORATE SERVICES LLC with the seat at 1810 E SAHARA AVE STE 214, LAS VEGAS, 89104, NV licensed as Commercial Registered Agent - Limited-Liability Corporation. Business activities of this company are managed by Managing Members. Current company's status is Revoked.
The company HSC PROPERTIES, LLC is managed by 2 persons in total. The persons responsible for business activities are MATHEW ERNESTO HYUNSUK CHUNG with the seat at 8624 WHITE RD, PHELAN, 92371, CA as Managing Member , MATTHEW CHUNG with the seat at P.O. BOX 93301, LAS VEGAS, 89193, NV as Manager .
LA INSURANCE AGENCY NV 33, INC.


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Daniel Ortega Calls For Negotiations With Opposition
February 24, 2019 Mike International Relations Leave a comment
Venezuela is not the only Latin American country dealing with concurrent economic and political crises. Nicaragua has been in the midst of its gravest national crisis since the country's civil war. Unfortunately, Nicaragua's issues have been greatly overshadowed by the drama taking place in Venezuela. Now, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega is taking steps he hopes will help his cause. On Thursday Ortega announced his government is working to resume negotiations with opposition leaders sometime next week. He made the announcement at a ceremony commemorating the death of guerrilla leader Augusto Sandino 85 years ago.
Ortega's motivation for moving to ease the crisis has more to do with economic realities than it does healing the national rift. The government is facing a $315 million deficit at the moment. The funding, and loans from multilateral organizations which Nicaragua needs to contend with the deficit, and deficit-related issues is no longer available. Protests that broke out last April, and May following Ortega's aborted pension reform turned deadly when the government launched a major crackdown. Over 300 Nicaraguans lost their lives and hundreds more were arrested on vague 'terrorism' charges. Shortly thereafter the multilateral money, which has been like mother's milk for Nicaragua, dried up.
If negotiations begin, the opposition is almost guaranteed to want Ortega's resignation, and new elections to be held as its main demands. The Nicaraguan leader is accused by his opponents of establishing, along with his wife and Vice President Rosario Murillo, a corrupt dictatorship since 2007. The opposition negotiators will include representatives of university students, businessmen, and politicians, a cross-section of Nicaraguan society.
At this point there are no official preconditions for the two sides to engage in dialogue. However, a handful of reliable sources have indicated the opposition will likely demand the release of political prisoners before talks get underway. There has been no official word on this by the Civic Alliance for Justice and Democracy (the official name of the Nicaraguan opposition) and it is not very likely Ortega would agree to such a move before talks have even started. On the other hand, Ortega needs these negotiations to produce results, and help jump start funding for the economy. Nicaragua's president could be more flexible than he's been in the past if it means achieving his goals.
Central AmericaDaniel Ortegaeconomic crisisInternational RelationsLatin AmericaManaguaNicaraguaNicolas Maduropolitical crisisVenezuela
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Testimony of a consumer who was victim of a cryptocurrency trading platform
As indicated in its warning of 22 February 2018, the FSMA receives increasing numbers of complaints about trading platforms that claim to be active in the cryptocurrency sector. By way of illustration, we are providing this testimony of a consumer who invested on one of these platforms.
'Following a request for information sent by email to a cryptocurrency trading site named AAA, I received a phone call (from a number in France) on 6/12/17 at 13:47 from a certain Mr XXX, Desk Manager at AAA. Since I was busy, I asked him to email me more information about their company, which he did the same day.
I then opened an account on their site in my name. Thereafter, I received several phone calls, always from this person who spoke French with a Parisian accent, vaunting the advantages of investing in cryptocurrency. He told me that his company employs almost 300 people and has been active since 2009 in providing advice on investing in cryptocurrencies.
He wanted me to invest between 1 to 3 Bitcoins, whose value was EUR 12,500 at that point. I agreed, after a great deal of pressure, to invest 5000 euros, which sum they asked me to transfer to an account in England (the account of the owner of the Bitcoins), given that the head office is in England and their subsidiary in France (still according to Mr XXX). He stated that once the funds have been received, I will be contacted again by a certain Mr YYY, which was indeed the case a few days later.
He phoned me on 11/12/17 at 19:15. We agreed to transform the investment of 5000 euros into fractions of Bitcoin, and the following day I received an email from a certain Mr ZZZ from the financial service, confirming my investment. A few days later, Mr YYY phoned me to ask if I wished to keep the investment in Bitcoin or if I preferred to invest in a different currency. I agreed to convert my fraction of Bitcoin (0.389 BTC) into Ethereum, and the next day I saw a sum of 12.21 Ethereum on my online account, the price of which was then 426 euros. I recalculated the sums and noted that 500 euros went missing in the process of conversion. I mentioned this to him by email, and the next day I saw my account showed 13.25, that is, a bit more than what I was entitled to???
However, I did not receive any confirmation from the financial service of the conversion of the Bitcoin into Ethereum. A few days later, Mr YYY called me back to see if I wanted to invest any more. I said no, and since Ethereum was now above 700 euros each, I asked him to sell it all and pay the funds out to me in full. He was surprised, but in the end agreed. On the same occasion, I also asked him to contact me again to let me know the unit price of the final sale, since he was asking me for a day's time to carry out the transaction.
The next day, he phoned me and gave me the unit price, which he claimed was sold at three different times (...). By now it was 20//12/2017 and I asked him how much time it would take for me to receive the funds, since I wished to reinvest them. He told me it would take 72 hours, plus the holiday on Christmas Day. To date, on 25/01/2018, I have still not received the funds. Mr YYY has meanwhile changed phone numbers twice. I was able to reach him one last time in early January 2018, asking him, as well as his colleague Mr WWW, for the nth time, for the proof of the transfer of funds.
Since that day, other than to replies to my emails that were no longer written by him (with spelling mistakes), I have had no further news. The last contact with Mr XXX dates from Thursday, 17 January. I first got a woman on the line who introduced herself, at my request, as his mother, and handed the phone to her son. He told me all sorts of nonsense, such as that Mr YYY can no longer be reached because he had an accident, but he nevertheless tried to get me to invest in a different currency. Since I naturally refused, he told me not to phone him any more, as he was "leaving on holiday for a week", and he could not do anything for me.
I therefore asked him to put me through to the financial service, which he refused to do. I asked him for the name of the financial director; he didn't know. I asked him to give me another financial analyst; he again refused. During this conversation he also confirmed that the company is indeed based in England, at the address shown on their website.
I then sent some more emails to both persons, but received no reply.
After my initial research online, the address referred to on the site of AAA proved to be situated in an office tower in London dating from the 1970s which rents out office space to very small companies with a shared secretariat, central switchboard, internet access and kitchens. In other words, nothing like a company that supposedly employs 300 people.
I do not have the encryption keys, and so have no access to my investment. The receipt for my purchase that they forwarded to me has no VAT number or authorization number of a credit institution. Although they use phone numbers based in France, these are not connected to any physical address and no address for them is known in France. So why do they use phone numbers from the Paris region?
Their website does not have any general terms and conditions.
And most of all, they are not returning my money.'
More than ever, then, prudence is necessary. In case of any doubt, feel free to contact the FSMA directly via the consumer contact form on its website.


Manufacturer and exporters of high security electronic safes, electronic lockers, etc.
We are leading service provider of security systems, dg sets, cabeling, testing equipments.
We are leading supplier of Automatic boom barriers with anti-crush safety sensors crash rated bollards & traffic bollards, road blockers, automation for swinging & sliding gates, automation for garage doors & motion sensor glass doors, sectional garage doors, rapid & high speed doors, central motors for rolling shutters etc.
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Sensinova is one of leading and trustworthy brand in sensor technology based in Ahmedabad, India. It involved in designing of a sensor which is used in residential, commercial and industry. Sensinova designs different types of sensor like PIR Motion Sensor, Microwave Motion Sensor, Light Control Sensor and Sensor Alarm and Socket. Our mission is to give reliable and top class quality products to our valuable client. We work for Be Smart and Live Better.
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CHINO Corporation India Pvt. Ltd is manufacture, suppler of recorders, temperature sensors, temperature controller, measuring/controlling instruments and instrumentation system.
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We are leading manufacturer and exporter face recognition, bio-metric attendance system, access control, finger scanner, guard patrol.
We supply for sensors and transducers, providing innovative and practical sensing solutions for a wide range of applications and industries.


The cities of Plauen, Greiz and Gera are also referred to as the "gems of the Vogtland". The region's beauty can literally be best discovered from here.
Those who set up their 'base camp' here are only a stone's throw from the most beautiful places in the Vogtland.
The capital city of Germany's smallest principality.
Saxon State Bath as well as cultural and festival city.


RootX® makes it easy to kill roots in residential sewer lines, storm pipes and septic systems. Root intrusion may be the single most destructive element facing your home's wastewater collection system. Left untreated, roots will spread throughout the pipe. Material passing down the drain gets trapped in the roots, restricting the flow or even causing a complete blockage.
Root intrusion can eventually destroy a sewer or septic system, costing thousands of dollars to repair or replace. We recommend annual RootX treatments to keep your system root free and avoid costly sewer and septic tank repairs.


Submit your non-refundable deposit and signed contract, and your date is secured.
If another couple requests the same date and time and you have not yet sent in your non-refundable deposit and contract, Dawn will contact you first to see if you still need her services. If, after 24 hours, she has not heard from you by phone or email, your date and time will be given to the other couple.


Looking for a natural, inexpensive way to beat the heat this summer in the Pocono Mountains? Take a walk to a waterfall!
You're never far from falls in the Pocono Mountains. Cascades can be found in each of our four counties. Most waterfalls are easy to access and free or almost free to view. Find your way to water using downloadable park maps, or choose your target from our list of Pocono waterfalls below.
Plunging 130 feet, Dingmans Falls is the second-highest waterfall in the state of Pennsylvania. Reach the falls from the visitors center via boardwalk platform, and keep an eye out for Silverthread Falls along the way. The viewing platform at the base of Dingmans Falls is handicap accessible and a great place to catch some cooling mist.
The George W. Childs Recreation Site is a former state park with three waterfalls along Dingmans Creek. Factory Falls, Fulmer Falls and Deer Leap Falls can all be seen from the site's short hiking loop.
Located on the southern end of Lehigh Gorge State Park, the Glen Onoko Falls Trail is among the best known and most challenging treks in the Pocono Mountains. Recommended for experienced hikers only, this rugged path leads to multiple waterfalls and scenic vistas.
Hickory Run State Park is where you'll find Hawk Falls, a 25-foot natural waterfall. From the parking lot on Route 534, take the 0.6-mile Hawk Falls Trail. This route is challenging with rhododendron thickets.
Neighboring Dingmans Falls in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (DWGNRA), Raymondskill Falls is the tallest waterfall in the state. The three-tiered cascade is only a few feet shorter than Niagara. See it from two viewing platforms, but use caution when hiking along the trails.
In the State Game Lands just off Route 6 is a stunning lake-fed waterfall. Shohola Falls is wide and mighty. Its roaring waters were featured in a recent episode of Facing Waves on Outside Television.
Find Tanners Falls in the State Game Lands north of Honesdale. The two-tiered cascade runs for about 20 feet before emptying into a wide, rocky pool. Above the falls, an old bridge crosses Dyberry Creek. The wood, stone and metal structure is no longer open to motorists, but hikers can cross it to look at the falls.
An architectural gem in the Northern Pocono Mountains, the Ledges Hotel overlooks a series of natural waterfalls. Its multiple decks provide superior vantage points, but it's important to note they're for guests only. Why not book a room with a view, or check out the onsite restaurant?
Find more falls in the Pocono Mountains! Explore National, State and Local Parks in our area.
Are you following us on Snapchat? Each week, we share exclusive stories from Pocono Mountains attractions. The clips contain insider tips, free backgrounds, discount codes and fun facts just for followers. Watch the video below to see our waterfall stories, and add us (@PoconoTourism) to have snaps sent straight to your phone.


KTWDigital, for us, is the start of a natural progression. As new technologies emerge, the way we absorb information is changing – the digital age is upon us. With the rapid rise of the internet as a publishing platform, we've decided as a company that the time is right for us to expand the services we offer our clients.
With our talented team, we will be designing for the 21st century – Web Design, Web Development, Search Engine Optimization, Web Advertising, Social Media, and more. All these are part of our changing creative landscape. So we invite you to join us in our quest to embrace modern content and design – come see what the future has in store for you and your business.
We strive to do business with the highest possible integrity. Our business dealings are always approached with honesty and practical advice.
We approach all of our business dealings with a goal of clear understanding – all our work is explained, itemized and documented to ensure our clients understand the services they are receiving.
The digital sphere is a vast and diverse environment from which to work. We approach every job with creativity and a fresh perspective, ensuring that what we offer is both unique and effective.
When we provide a service to our clients, we are making a promise to deliver. We believe in the services we offer, which is why showing results is a key piece of our ethos.
KTWDigital is pleased to welcome Chris from his Business Marketing career, where he has enjoyed over a decade of success and experience in marketing, advertising, radio and web. When he is not living his alter-ego as a semi-professional disc golfer, he is helping our clients set and achieve their online goals to stay relevant in todays advanced world of digital marketing.
Invite him in and feed him coffee and you will certainly learn something about your online presence – and maybe a thing or two about your competitors.
KTW Digital is excited to have Max, a top graduate of the TRU marketing program. He has had remarkable contributions in various community events such as TEDxTRU and TRU Business Gala '18 and he continues to pursue new challenges. He enjoys helping business owners achieve their business goals by providing the best digital marketing advice which is what makes this role such a great fit. When not at work he enjoys his time in nature and is always up for an adventure!
Invite Max in, and you might just leave with a better understanding about current digital marketing trends and where your business fits in a Digital Age.
KTWDigital is excited to welcome Bonnie to the team. She brings with her 20 years of experience in traditional mediums like print and radio, with a little bit of new media experience in digital to top that off. She has a passion for helping business owners increase their revenues and achieve their business goals.
Buy her a coffee and Bonnie can explain to you how the digital landscape can benefit your business.
KTWDigital welcomes Sean from the dark scary world of print advertising, where he has enjoyed a successful design career. With years of industry experience, Sean brings his unique aesthetic and creativity to the web with enthusiasm and aplomb. He works directly with our Web Master and Sales Team to ensure the best possible experience for our clients, while bringing maximum impact to our designs.
Buy him some donuts, because he's the guy who makes sure your teeth aren't yellow in your headshot.
KTWDigital is pleased to welcome Todd as the team's new writer. He's been slinging words for more than 20 years, most recently for The Mix Kamloops, and before that at The Stew Magazine in Williams Lake. He's the guy who gets your quotes right and makes sure your stories sound as compelling and entertaining as possible before they take to the web.
You're welcome to buy him a coffee, but all things considered he'd probably prefer a beer. Whichever it is, he'll probably end up telling you his position on the Oxford comma debate.
KTWDigital welcomes Alex from his position as Web Manager for Aberdeen Publishing. He has proven his mettle through his astounding work managing the massive network of Aberdeen Publishing websites. With 18 plus years of web management and development experience, Alex has successfully brought our company out of the dark ages of the web and into the glory of HTML5 and CSS3. It is only through his skill that our work is possible, as he deals with all the bells and whistles and keeps our digital footprint humming.
Buy him some coffee, because he's the guy who exterminates the pesky web gremlins.


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Q: How to assign an array a different index value in C++ So I have been able to perform this action in C# and Java, but am unable to do it in C++. Below is the code, it is short and simple, I am simply searching to see how to perform an action like this using c++. Update It seems that this is not possible in C++ as you must use a vector instead. If I am not mistaken, a vector and array are two different things therefore the puzzle I am solving will only work with Java, C#, and I am yet to try PHP, or JS.
    //Java
    double[] x = new double[15];
   //C++ Not Working :(
   double x[3];
   x = new double[15];

A: C-style arrays are no fun to use  at all. A C++ dynamic array is an std::vector, which is used as follows:
std::vector<double> x(3);    // A dynamic array of 3 `double`s
x.resize(15);                // Keep the three values at the beginning, or...
x = std::vector<double>(15); // ... discard them.

A: a variable length array in c++ is modelled by the template class std::vector:
#include <vector>

int main()
{
    auto x = std::vector<double>(3);

    // now working
    x = std::vector<double>(15);

    // or
    x.resize(15);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tag: fujifilm
Fujifilm X100V Camera Review
Gadget Review for Fujifilm X100V. Fujifilm X100V Website.
The Fujifilm X100V camera specs are really noteworthy. It offers 11fps persistent shooting, which can take upwards of 38 casings in JPEG mode. It is additionally fit for catching up to 17 casings in lossless packed RAW configuration. As the Fujifilm spec says, it is feasible to expand the cushion limit by diminishing the burst rate to 8fps. The most reduced burst rate will provide you with a sum of 18 casings in lossless RAW. Regardless of this, the X100V has a limitless JPEG cradle.
Fujifilm X100V
The Fuji X100V offers a wide assortment of settings. The f/3.5 focal point, for example, is incredibly sharp at totally open gaps. The camera likewise has great unique reach and low shading clamor. The X100V's ISO range goes from ISO 320 to ISO 6400, which is a decent security net when shooting in low-light circumstances. Despite the settings you pick, it's not difficult to get an incredible image of anything with the X100V.
The X100V offers an incredibly sharp picture at each setting, particularly totally open at f/2. It is likewise outstandingly contrasty at close-center distances. The X100V has a decent central length, and no blaze. While there are many benefits to this camera, it doesn't have an exceptionally excessive cost tag. It's a phenomenal camera for novices and professionals the same.
For the X100V, it has two kinds of glimmer. The first is a fill-streak inside and a totally open f/2 open air shooting mode. It likewise has an implicit mouthpiece for recording video. The second is a totally open f/4 at 1/60 at Auto ISO 250. Both of these modes offer a high velocity association. The X100V has a 100% auto-center choice, and it can shoot up to 420 pictures for every accuse of its optical viewfinder.
The X100V has a touchscreen show that is tiltable. In contrast with the X100F, the upgraded screen has no touch usefulness, and is fixed set up. Contrasted with the previously mentioned Fujifilm YX100V, the X100V additionally has a sound system mic jack. This makes it a fantastic camera for recording recordings. Its battery life is superb. It can likewise be utilized for video altering.
The X100V's battery is significantly more remarkable than its archetype. Its battery is over three hours of consistent shooting. The X100V has over two times as numerous pixels than the comparing models from different makers. The X100V has a higher megapixel goal than its archetype. While this camera has a great sensor, it isn't worth the effort. The X100V likewise has an extraordinary camera.
The EVF on the X100V is refreshed. The EVF springs up when the camera is pointed at the eye, and it stays there. This works on the convenience and exactness of close-center photography. Its 23mm f/2 focal point is refreshed also. Another picture adjustment framework decreases obscure when the focal point is shifted. Further, it has a refreshed electronic shade that can reach up to 20 casings each second.
Author BudPosted on December 19, 2021 December 29, 2021 Categories TechnologyTags best fuji camera, camera review, fuji x100v, fuji x100v review, fuji x100v video, fuji x100v vs x100f, fujifilm, fujifilm camera, fujifilm x100, fujifilm x100f, fujifilm x100v, fujifilm x100v 1 year review & camera settings, fujifilm x100v camera, fujifilm x100v long term review, fujifilm x100v nd, fujifilm x100v new lens, fujifilm x100v review, fujifilm x100v review 2020, fujifilm x100v video, fujifilm x100v vs, fujifilm x100v vs x100f, review, x100v, x100v reviewLeave a comment on Fujifilm X100V Camera Review
Fujifilm X-S10 Camera Review
Gadget Review for Fujifilm X-S10. Fujifilm X-S10 Website.
The Fujifilm X-S10 has similar sensor as its two archetypes, yet is somewhat more modest. The camera conveys nitty gritty, tidy documents up to ISO 800. It shows some luminance clamor when taking shots at ISO 1600, yet is satisfactory at ISO 3200 and 6400. It likewise upholds Eterna and has an underlying receiver. The X-S10 additionally has an implicit USB-C dongle and supports remote charging.
Fujifilm X-S10
The X-S10 has various progressed highlights. It is extremely simple to utilize, and surprisingly experienced Fujifilm clients will think that it is instinctive. It has a major grasp that is agreeable to hold, and its point of interaction is amicable. Assuming you're new to Fujifilm cameras, you'll think that it is not difficult to get everything rolling with the X-S10. Its easy to understand configuration makes it an extraordinary camera for starting picture takers, just as prepared photographic artists.
The Fujifilm X-S10's self-adjust framework is truly outstanding in its group, yet it misses the mark regarding the UHS-I standard. The Fujifilm Y-S10 additionally needs Animal Eye AF, a component normal on better quality cameras. Luckily, the camera's self-adjust is sufficient for general shooting. The X-S10 is the ideal decision to involve your camera for videography.
The Fujifilm X-S10 has a 26MP goal and a F-Log picture processor. The camera likewise has a wide scope of excellent focal points. The Fujifilm X-S10 camera specs incorporate a 3.5mm mouthpiece attachment, a USB dongle, and a breeze channel. You'll have the option to utilize the X-S10 in low-light conditions easily.
With its 6.0-stops of picture adjustment, the Fujifilm X-S10 is a preferred decision for videography over its archetypes. The camera additionally offers an in-body adjustment system that is 30% more modest than that of the X-S10. This settles pictures in a hurry. It can make up for the camera shake when strolling with a camera, as well. This empowers you to make an all the more consistent effort.
The Fujifilm X-S10 has two buttons on the back. One of these controls gets to the drive mode choices and the other one controls the playback. The X-S10 has four film recreation modes, which it naturally picks dependent on the scene. When shooting, the camera utilizes F-Log to choose the ideal film recreation mode. Nonetheless, it is feasible to involve any AF region in a scene.
The camera has a double sensor plan. The X-S10 utilizes a similar X-Trans CMOS 4 sensor and gives a similar figuring power. It has a committed film recording button, and it can record recordings simultaneously as you shoot stills. It has an assortment of AF modes, including half breed and multi-shot AF. For an expert picture taker, the X-S10 is an incredible choice for the people who need to catch top notch photographs without a ton of issue.
Author BudPosted on December 16, 2021 December 29, 2021 Categories TechnologyTags best fujifilm camera, fuji x-s10, fuji x-s10 review, fujifilm, fujifilm x-s10, fujifilm x-s10 camera, fujifilm x-s10 ibis, fujifilm x-s10 ita, fujifilm x-s10 review, fujifilm x-s10 specs, fujifilm x-s10 unboxing, fujifilm x-s10 video, fujifilm x-s10 video test, fujifilm x-s10 vs sony a6400, fujifilm x-s10 vs x-t4, fujifilm xs 10, fujifilm xs10, fujifilm xt4, new fujifilm x-s10, x-s10, x-s10 fujifilm, обзор fujifilm x-s10Leave a comment on Fujifilm X-S10 Camera Review
Fujifilm X-T4 Camera Review
Gadget Review for Fujifilm X-T4. Fujifilm X-T4 camera website.
The Fujifilm X-T4 has numerous upgrades, including further developed shading and shape following. It likewise has better self-adjust execution and is more steady in dull conditions, and offers another center lock button. The camera's self-adjust following is consistent, and it works north of five tomahawks. Also, it can twofold the screen speed of a focal point's centering range. The X-T4 has a 18-work contact screen, making it simpler to utilize.
The Fujifilm X-T4 camera has an overhauled, climate fixed camera body. It additionally includes a sensor-shift picture adjustment unit and another photograph/video switch. The X-T4 additionally has a vari-point 3-inch screen and a D-cushion regulator. The new X-T4 has two high velocity SD card spaces and a reconsidered control board. This camera additionally has a devoted AF switch on the highest point of the camera.
The camera has a bigger battery than the X-T3, which is useful assuming that you shoot a great deal of video. The X-T4 is additionally outfitted with in-camera charging, which is valuable assuming that you really want to go after once or have to shoot a ton of 4K video. You will not be compelled to trust that your camera will re-energize while shooting. You can even re-energize your batteries while utilizing different capacities, which is an incredible component assuming you're continually in a hurry.
Regardless of its new highlights, the X-T4 is generally unaltered from its archetypes. This camera is as yet a superb decision for video lovers, as it records FullHD recordings at up to 240 edges each second. Dissimilar to its archetype, the X-T4 is climate fixed, and its sensor-shift picture adjustment unit implies you'll improve pictures from low-light circumstances.
The X-T4's battery is additionally water-safe. Its new upward grasp can hold up to 1,700 pictures. It can charge the battery in 3 hours utilizing the charger furnished with the camera. It likewise upholds a USB-C association and can be charged in the actual camera. The X-T4 is viable with both USB-C and HDMI links. While the freshest X-T4 may not be pretty much as tough as its archetype, it merits considering.
The X-T4 offers similar highlights as the Y-T3 camera. The Y-T4 camera additionally has a huge battery contrasted with the X-T3. The Y-T4 camera has double rapid SD card spaces. It is less expensive than CFExpress cards and has two extra batteries. It additionally has a vari-point screen. In any case, the Y-T4 has a 2.7-inch LCD.
The X-T4 camera has another camera sensor and handling motor. It additionally has in-camera picture adjustment. It has a 15-fps consistent shooting speed. Its LCD screen is vari-point and the shade unit is another expansion. Despite the fact that it is somewhat costly, the X-T4 has been on advancement for some time. On the off chance that you're searching for a decent arrangement on a Fujifilm Y-T3 substitution, you've come to the perfect locations!
Author BudPosted on December 12, 2021 December 26, 2021 Categories TechnologyTags best fujifilm camera, best fujifilm camera 2020, best fujifilm camera for video, best fujifilm camera for youtube, camera, camera review, fuji camera, fujifilm, fujifilm camera, fujifilm camera settings, fujifilm cameras, fujifilm digital camera, fujifilm latest camera 2020, fujifilm x series, fujifilm x-t4, fujifilm x-t4 review, fujifilm xt 4 camera review in hindi, fujifilm xt3, fujifilm xt4, fujifilm xt4 review, fujifilm xt4 video, x-t4 fujifilmLeave a comment on Fujifilm X-T4 Camera Review


I have created membership level called 'Level2' in the membership levels. I want a member with a that membership level to be granted the role 'author' so I have added that role to the associated membership in the advanced levels tab.
When I add a member to that level I expected the role for that member to change but it isn't.
you could use a plugin such as user role editor.
I added the user to the role.
What exactly is the 'associated role' selection for - if it doesn't assign the role then what does it do?
Thank you for your answer but since I'm paying for this support I hope that someone who is sure can provide a more complete answer.
Sorry, I meant to say I added the user to the level (I am hoping the membership plugin can allocate the role). They did not go through the subscription process.
OK, so installed membership on a completely new WP install and the 'associated role' selection worked the way I expected, so that's great.
On the other installation I had had other plugins that effect roles so I expect there was a conflict.
I'm glad you got this to work on a fresh installation.
:slight_smile: Glad to hear this has been resolved.


In the early morning gloom of Wednesday 8 HIMs assembled to some mid week shenanigans!
Shuffle…. Keep… Shuffling… as 0530 hit and the disclaimer was shared we shuffled in place hoping more of the PAX would find us there. The movements of the shuffle were as YHC felt lead and repeated at random for minutes.
BAND SWAP: YHC genius idea to pass the heavy handed band to Crossgrain!
Follow the White Guy…. Spotlight decided to wear the brightest white shirt on an especially dark morning in the gloom. All park lights were off. So, YHC thought it would be CSAUP to run into the even darker woods following the guy in white.
We continued to the end of the path where we did a session of MARY MERKINS.
We ended with a session pulling ourselves up by our boot straps.
Ended in Ball o Man with some good heart felt love from the remaining 6.
F3 Columbus continues to grow in it's comrodery and footprint i am humbled to be a part of what you men are accomplishing every morning. As of the first week of January F3 Columbus will be running 6 days a week M-S at 6 AO's and even more workouts per week. Look for what is to come as we designate AO-Qs for first 1/2 2018 and really take this to the next level!


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The Impact of NAFTA: The Economics of the Embattled Trade Deal
By Berke GursoyPublished April 2, 2017
Why then is NAFTA under such attack? The answer is due in part to the very nature of trade agreements. The benefits of trade are dispersed and appreciable only over time while its costs are sometimes ideating and are highly concentrated in specific industries such as auto manufacturing. As such, attacking trade agreements is politically very easy, since the vast majority of people whose standard of living has been improved are unaware of it while those who have bared the cost care very much.
By Berke Gursoy, 4/2/17
President Trump has consistently attacked the free trade deals that have defined economic policy in this country for decades. The major targets of this rhetoric have been the unpassed and now abandoned TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) and NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement.
NAFTA is a three country trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States that entered into force in January 1994. In the 24 years since, the pact has fundamentally reshaped the economies of the three members by bringing them into an unprecedented state of integration. This integration now defines the US economy, allowing the survival of industries that without it would have perished. (1) Despite this reality, President Trump has consistently railed against the agreement, referring to it as "… the worst trade deal maybe ever signed anywhere, but certainly ever signed in this country." (2) Since taking office, Trump has continued to state his desire to either renegotiate the terms of the agreement, or withdrawal the United States from NAFTA completely.
This potential withdrawal would represent an economic Armageddon, as the economies of the three nations are inseparable. Over the past twenty years, the US, Canada, and Mexico has for practical purposes become a single integrated economy. According to the Wilson Center, "twenty-five cents out of every dollar of goods that are imported from Canada to the U.S. is actually "Made in USA" content, as are 40 cents out of every dollar for goods imported into the U.S. from Mexico." (3) This quote describes the specializations of labor across borders enabled by NAFTA. In key industries like food production and manufacturing, the production process are divided amongst all three countries allowed the industry of North America to remain competitive on the global stage. Withdrawing from the trade deal would destroy the trans border production infrastructure built in the last twenty years and would seriously undermined U.S. competitiveness. Withdrawing from NAFTA would see the re-emergence of previously eliminated tariffs. NAFTA created a single free trade zone that united the North American continent, the largest such zone in the world. Freed from tariff duties, since NAFTA's inception, trade between the three nations has increased in nominal terms by 258.5%, nearly triple what it once was. (4) Canada and Mexico are the two largest destinations for U.S. exports, accounting for more than a third of the total. Leaving NAFTA would mean the United States would abandon all of these trade benefits. Overall, most economists credit NAFTA with a modest positive impact on the American GDP. (5) To reverse this process would be to cripple US trade globally.
Beyond these numbers, however, is the conversation on jobs. Despite the fact that the US. Chamber of Commerce has estimated that 14 million US. Jobs are dependent on trade with Mexico and Canada, critics of NAFTA always point out the decline in US manufacturing since the agreement was made. (6) The loss of manufacturing workers is an undeniable phenomenon, per the Labor Department there are now are about 12.2 million manufacturing workers, down from 17 million in 1994, but it is patently false to hold NAFTA purely at fault for this trend. (7) Many factors have conspired to the decline of US manufacturing, with the increased integration of China into the world economy and the rise of automation having had the most influence. This is not to say NAFTA has had no impact on employment. A 2014 Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) found that about 15,000 jobs net are lost each year due to the pact, but for each job lost, the US economy gains roughly $450,000 through higher productivity and lower consumer cost. (8) This is the key point. It is a nearly unanimous consensus amongst economists that the jobs lost because of NAFTA would have been lost regardless and that the effects of the agreement have allowed US manufacturing to remain competitive in the world market. A supply chain was created allowing for the specialization of labor across the three countries resulting in lowered costs, increased productivity, and increased U.S. competitiveness. To quote UC San Diego economist Gordon Hanson," Without the ability to move lower-wage jobs to Mexico we would have lost the whole industry." American manufacturers today are more productive today than they were in the year 2000. Even adjusted for inflation, manufacturing output in the US totaled 5.9 trillion in 2000 and 5.94 trillion in 2016. (9)
Why then is the agreement under such attack? The answer is due in part to the very nature of trade agreements. The benefits of trade are dispersed and appreciable only over time while its costs are sometimes ideating and are highly concentrated in specific industries such as auto manufacturing. As such, attacking trade agreements is politically very easy, since the vast majority of people whose standard of living has been improved are unaware of it while those who have bared the cost care very much. Attacking free trade is an issue that polls well, but what is good politics is not always good economics. (10) Trying to reject a free trade deal between America and its neighbors would upend major industries and 30 years of economic integration for the imagined gain of jobs that are simply not competitive on the world market. NAFTA has had its flaws but it has created a structure that is integral to the US economy, and to tear it down would be a mistake, and as a result, the United States would find poorer and isolated within the world economy.
1)https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/02/15/what-is-nafta-and-what-would-happen-to-u-s-trade-without-it/?utm_term=.933f6d5f0d54
2)http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/27/news/economy/donald-trump-nafta-hillary-clinton-debate/
3) http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/naftas-impact-u-s-economy-facts/
4)http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/north-american-free-trade-agreement.asp
5)http://www.cfr.org/trade/naftas-economic-impact/p15790
6)http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/naftas-impact-u-s-economy-facts/
10)http://fortune.com/2017/01/23/trump-nafta-protectionism-tariffs-politics/
Berke Gursoy