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Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Digenean trematode species in t...
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Digenean trematode species in the cockle Cerastoderma edule: identification key and distribution along the north-eastern Atlantic shoreline
Xavier de Montaudouin (a1), David W. Thieltges (a2), Mériame Gam (a3), Manuela Krakau (a4), Suzana Pina (a5), Hocein Bazairi (a3), Laurent Dabouineau (a6), Fernanda Russell-Pinto (a5) and K. Thomas Jensen (a7)...
1Université de Bordeaux, UMR EPOC 5805, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 2 rue du Pr Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France
2Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
3Université Hassan II Aïn Chock, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Départment de Biologie, Km 8 Route El Jadida, BP 5366 Maârif, 20100 CasablancaMorocco
4Foundation Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List/Sylt, Germany
5Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical SciencesLg. Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4009-003 Porto, Portugal
6Campus de la Tour d'Auvergne BP 90431, Université UCO Bretagne Nord, 22 204 Guingamp, France
7Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Finlandsgade 14, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 March 2009
We describe the digenean fauna of one of the dominant intertidal hosts, the common cockle Cerastoderma edule, in terms of biomass, off north-eastern Atlantic shores. Using published and unpublished literature we have prepared an identification key and provide an up-date of the large-scale distributional patterns of digenean species of the common cockle. At least sixteen digenean species, belonging to seven families, use cockles as intermediate host. Among these species two utilize cockles as first intermediate host only, whereas two species utilize cockles as both first and second intermediate host. The remaining eleven species have cockles as their second intermediate host. Water birds and fish are the definitive hosts to twelve and four species, respectively.
Cockles are infected with digeneans along the latitudinal gradient from southern Morocco to the western region of the Barents Sea often with high infection levels. Whereas some of these digenean species occur along most of the latitudinal gradient others show a more restricted northern or southern distribution mostly caused by an underlying latitudinal gradient of host species.
Knowledge of digenean species and their large-scale distribution pattern may serve as a baseline for future studies dealing with the effects of climate change on parasite–host systems. For such studies the cockle and its digenean community could be an ideal model system.
COPYRIGHT: © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2009
Correspondence should be addressed to: X. de Montaudouin, Université de Bordeaux, UMR EPOC 5805, Station Marine d'Arcachon 2 rue du Pr Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France email: x.de-montaudouin@epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr
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latitudinal patterns
Cerastoderma edule
identification key


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Almost overnight, sometime in November, high streets came to life as retailers dressed their stores in festive decorations, inviting us in from the cold outdoors to browse through shelves of sparkles, lights and Christmas wares. It can mean only one thing…Christmas is nigh! And for many of us, that means dashing (sometimes in the snow!), to getting everything bought and ready for the big day.
It's easy to get caught up in the massive spending sprees, especially with days like 'Black Friday' and 'Cyber Monday', pulling us in with a bargain. But is spending really a joyful Christmas experience? The world as it is today, with the increasing pressures of social media, brings with it a need to be 'on trend' and up to date with all the latest gadgets and fashions, perhaps more so than ever. As a result, expectations of gifts can be high, and people face increasing pressure to spend money that they don't have, on excessive and expensive purchases. Not only can it be stressful for us, but it also puts increasing strain on our waste services and our planet, as we see a surge in food and packaging waste, much of which can end up in our environment.
But fear not! We're certainly not suggesting we cancel Christmas.
In fact, our office elves have been busy discovering all the amazing ways that you can save more, and waste less, this Christmas.
Be kind to your wallet and to your food bin this Christmas by planning ahead! If you're hosting a Christmas party or family gathering, work out how many people are coming to help cut down on any excess waste and spending. Think about the number of adults vs. children and look online for party portion guides that can help estimate the quantities of food and drink you might need.
Once you've made your decision, make sure to write it down and make a shopping list. Using your phone is a great way to do this, as most note-taking apps will shift items from your list once you check them off. It's is a really easy way of saving you both time and money as you wander the aisles.
If you're worried about running out of food, especially as the shops will be closed over the Christmas period, then make sure any extra supplies that you stock up on are both filling and can either be kept for a while once opened, or used up in a 'leftover' dish. For easy and cheap ideas, potato based dishes or pastas are an excellent shout for this. By buying jars of sauce, you can even whip up a batch on demand in minutes should the need arise!
It's all about the leftovers!
Even with all of the planning in the world, there is still the possibility that you might end up with a fridge of uneaten food in a confusing mass of plates, bowls, tin foil and containers, stacked in Jenga like fashion on the shelves. It can be a bit of a daunting and despairing sight, in fact the thought of rummaging through it will probably drive most of us to close the door and try to forget about it. It can be a problem for another day, right?
Unfortunately, all this does is lead to nasty smells in the fridge and the dread of opening up any containers for fear of what may have grown inside. Inevitably, with this approach, most of the food will end up in the bin. In fact, according to RUR3, we throw away £64million in wasted food, including 1,000 wheelie bins of sprouts, enough carrots to stretch from London to Munich and enough gravy to fill and Olympic-sized swimming pool.
So, aside from planning our food purchases better, how can we deal with the challenge of food waste?
It all starts with how you organise your leftovers to begin with. No one is asking you to whip up a leftover meal whilst digesting Christmas lunch, so the food needs to be put away, ready for another day. Here is where you can get smart. Aim to organise the food as you put it away, label it with what it is and when it was boxed. If possible, dedicate a shelf space to your leftovers to make them easier to keep tabs on. If you are planning to use leftovers for a future meal, say so to avoid any sneaky nibbles! For food that wants to be nibbled, make these leftovers the easiest to access and keep them in containers that can be handed out or set down on the table for future lunches.
When it comes to the leftover meals, research the different options in advance to get the most out of your ingredients. An online search will bring up plenty of recipes for just about any leftovers you might have, so don't think you have to stick with turkey sandwiches!
Above all, and perhaps a resolution to continue into the new year, check your fridge regularly for items reaching their use-by date (remember the best-before and sell-by are just guidelines). If your struggling to find a way to use them, the freezer works wonders with most foods or you could even see if there is anyone you could donate them to.
Buying gifts can be great fun, especially when you find that 'perfect' present, but when looking out for gifts this Christmas, try and be conscious of the packaging that comes with them. Plastic packaging booms at Christmas, with gift sets bundling together what would normally be individual items, from toiletries to food sets. Simply being aware of this next time you browse the aisles could make a huge difference in how you decide to buy.
If the packaging seems excessive or pointless, ask yourself if there is an alternative, perhaps you could try out a market or even have a go at something homemade? If you like the idea of a gift set, why not buy the items separately and make your own? Spices and oils, or soaps and skincare products can often be bought at a fraction of the price elsewhere. Decorated with twine or ribbons, these can easily replace the plastic packaged gift sets that line the shelves, and by choosing your own products, they can be personalised too!
Not only will this save on wasteful packaging, but it will likely save the pennies too.
According to Global Action Plan, each year UK adults are given £2.6BN worth of unwanted presents. This seems like an awful big waste of money, so Global Action Plan are encouraging people to join them, and use their imagination this Christmas in their campaign for 'Elfless Acts'.
What exactly is an Elfless Act?
The campaign came about in response to the results of studies, which found that often, the things that cost no money at all, are the very things that make us the happiest. So, an Elfless Act isn't something you can purchase in a shop, it is a personal gift that inspires us to use our imaginations, get creative, and really think about what we can do, not buy, to put a smile on our loved ones faces. The other positive is that it is pretty much guaranteed to save on the pennies too!
Ideas range from days out and home cooked meals to creative treasure hunts and personalised playlists. There is a whole list of ideas to inspire you on their site, be it for work colleagues, family, friends or partners. As these can be a bit difficult to wrap, once you have chosen or invented your 'Elfless Act' their website allows you to turn it into a 'gift voucher' to be printed, or sent online!
This last piece of advice tackles the one thing left to do once you have chosen all of your gifts, the gift wrapping! Every year the UK alone throws away enough wrapping paper to be able to stretch out to the moon. If you agree that this is a pretty shocking statistic, or if you simply fancy saving some money, the great news is that there are lots of simple ways to either cut the amount of wrapping paper you buy, or at least find better ways of reusing it.
First off, wrapping paper can be expensive, so try reusing other items as wrapping paper before you buy it. Brown paper is commonly used to package deliveries, so next time you open a parcel, save the paper and reuse it. You could even spend some time decorating it with drawings, stamps or paintings to personalise it!
If you are going to buy wrapping paper, aim for those which are made of recycled paper. The process uses 50% fewer chemicals to make than virgin paper, so is a lot less polluting. Also try to steer away from anything shiny or glittery. These types of wrapping paper can't be recycled and will either end up in landfill, or if disposed of incorrectly, could end up contaminating batches of recycling. Plus, they are usually more expensive too.
On the topic of recycling, make sure you are clued up on your local recycling facilities, find out what can and cannot be recycled at home to make sure you get it right! Every year around 40% of the extra waste we produce at Christmas comes from products that could be recycled and aren't.
WRAP describe a simple 'scrunch' test for anyone unsure, simply crunch the wrapping paper in your hand and if it holds its shape then it is recyclable, if it starts to spring back, it isn't. For even more advice on recycling at Christmas, WRAP feature an excellent article here.
If your wrapping paper can't be recycled, you can always reuse it to wrap future gifts, as part of a craft project or even by popping it in the shredder to use as protective packaging for future parcels.


This post is related to my Tokyo and Seoul trip but I'll also tie in my experience in Taipei as well.
When I first arrived in Tokyo, I took the rail to my hotel because it was pretty convenient with my hotel being by Shinjuku Station and that being one of the stops. However, leaving from the Shinjuku area to go to Haneda Airport, the metro was not as direct so I took what they call an Airport Limousine Bus. These aren't like school buses but more like the big buses you might use on a tour. The seats are usually pretty comfortable and can recline. The nice thing about using the bus, especially if you're staying at a known hotel is that they pick up directly from the hotel or you can probably find a stop at a nearby hotel. In my case, they picked up directly at the hotel so I only had to get my luggage to just outside the hotel.
In Tokyo, the buses run to and from both Narita and Haneda Airport and in between. Just make sure when you're leaving you're hotel you're taking the bus to the right airport. I also used it returning to Tokyo from Narita Aiport since I was staying at the Park Hotel Tokyo which would require me to transfer by metro and I had a really have suitcase with me. At the airport, you can find their booth near the exits and can pay cash or card. From the hotel, you can buy the ticket from the hotel concierge or front desk usually and also with cash or card. I believe you do have to reserve beforehand or they might not stop at the hotel. When you alight at the airport, you are dropped off right at the airport doors so it's a quick walk to the airline counters. You can find the routes, timetables and bus numbers here. From Hotel Sunroute Plaza Shinjuku to Haneda Airport it was ¥ 1230 or about USD $12 and from Narita Airport to Park Hotel Tokyo it was ¥ 3100 or about USD $29. As you can see, Narita Airport is a lot further so it's more costly.
The system in Seoul is pretty similar to that in Tokyo. From my knowledge, there are two bus companies: the Airport Limousine and the KAL Limousine. The only difference is that they service different stops.
On previous trips, I stayed in Gangnam and used the KAL Limousine which I believe are now ₩16,000 each way to/from Incheon. On this trip, I stayed in Myeongdong so we took the Airport Limousine from Gimpo Airport and to Incheon Airport. From Gimpo it was ₩7,000 and to Narita Airport it was ₩15,000. I remember for the KAL Limousine at Incheon, I was able to buy tickets at a counter but for the Airport Limousine you pay at the bus so it's important to have cash on you. Also, the first time I took the Airport Limousine, I only had large bills since I just exchanged money and the driver wouldn't take such a large bill. I was lucky the worker loading the bags was willing to change money with me since that was the last bus of the night. So if you're taking the Airport Limousine, make sure you have cash and it would be best to have smaller bills or just have the exact amount ready.
You can also take and Airport train but if you stay in Myeongdong, you would have to transfer at Seoul Station and with the excess luggage, it was easier to take the bus.
In Taiwan, I've only ever flown in or out of Taoyuan Airport so I really don't know about Songshan Airport. However, at Taoyuan Airport, there is an area you can find by following the signs where you'll find a few bus counters. It's not quite as obvious as Tokyo or Seoul since the area is a little hidden away. If I remember correctly, there are multiple companies running buses to different locations so you may need to find the one going to the area you are trying to reach. You pay at the counter and I've only used cash so I'm not sure if they take card or not.
Last time I took the bus, I was staying at the W Taipei so I took the bus to the Taipei City Hall Bus Station which was just around the corner from the hotel. The one-way trip was NT$ 145 which is only about USD $5. The buses are also those large tour buses so it's a pretty good deal. You can find information on the routes and schedules here. I've never actually taken the bus from the city back to the airport so I'm not sure how it works but I would guess you would pay cash for a ticket.
I believe in the last year, Taoyuan Airport is now connected by rail so you can take the train to Taipei Main Station and then connect from there to your destination but transferring in Taipei Main Station can be a bit of an inconvenience but it is faster since Taoyuan Airport is quite a distance from central Taipei.


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Current Release Apotheosis NOVEMBER 5, 2021 / Napalm Records Order
Sahsnot – Guitar/Vocals
Agarez – Guitar
Charun – Bass
D – Drums
With over 20 years of experience and five studio albums under their belts, Hungarian black/pagan metal outfit BORNHOLM are no longer strangers to the scene. Now, the band is ready to present their exciting Napalm Records debut and brand-new, fifth studio album, Apotheosis, out November 5, 2021.
Ever since bursting onto the scene in 2000, BORNHOLM has been an unstoppable force in the black and pagan metal realms, touring with household names like Ex Deo, Varg, Arkonaand many more. With their upcoming offering, Apotheosis, the unit is ready to take its career to another level and set the stage with sinister first single "I Am War God". Mixing significant, ground-shaking black metal elements, ruthless growling and heroic pagan accents, the band absolutely showcases their variety and sonic progression.
BORNHOLM on "I Am War God":
"The song is about the ancient instinct of war and destruction of human kind, like a chisel in the hand of the sculptor forming the world when the time comes from century to century. We live hard and historical times and it's gonna be harder than we could ever imagine. The wheels are turning by giant and ancient powers and this is what the lyrics are about. The will is the only thing that really creates, that moves the events forward… the will against will."
BORNHOLM add:
"So the day has come, the new album is coming! Its title is Apotheosis, which is a Greek originated word meaning deification, divinization and the glorification of a human to a divine level. It contains 11 tracks and drives deeper into our musical world and soul than ever before.
We had to deal with a lot of difficulties both in the studio and in our private life during the making, but somehow something was always guarding the birth of the record. Nothing stopped, not even for a single moment, no matter what happened. It was a great experience to go through this uprising while the world is going into another direction. We didn't lack anything; fate was with us – so the birth of the record was a sort of magical experience. Step by step, everything was in place in time and, without tolerating the outside world, we built another one for ourselves."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Haus Küchen ist eine historische Unternehmervilla im Waldgebiet Uhlenhorst zwischen Mülheim an der Ruhr und Duisburg.

Das Landhaus wurde 1913 durch den Kommerzienrat Gerhard Küchen, einem Enkel von Mathias Stinnes, errichtet. Das Landhaus wurde nach Plänen des Mannheimer Architekten Rudolf Tillessen erbaut.

Das dreigeschossige, quergelagerte Hauptgebäude hat eine Nutzfläche von 3800 m². Im Erdgeschoss befinden sich rund um einen gewölbten Korridor eine Reihe der zur damaligen Zeit üblichen Repräsentationsräume: Halle, Herrenzimmer, Salon, Musikzimmer und Speisesaal. Diese Räume befinden sich heute noch im Originalzustand. Der Wirtschaftsflügel ist leicht versetzt hinter dem Turm angeordnet und hat einen eigenen Personaleingang.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war Haus Küchen als sogenanntes "Haus Kreutzberg" Sitz des Britischen Hohen Kommissars im Rheinland. Anschließend wurde es ab 1952 durch die Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland genutzt, die das Gebäude zur Akademie Haus der Begegnung umbaute. Aus dieser Zeit stammen der im ehemaligen Rosengarten gebaute Wintergarten, die Kapelle sowie der Saal an der Schmalseite des Gebäudes.

Ab 2003 stand das Gebäude leer und wurde 2006 von der Teutonia Grundbesitz AG erworben, restauriert und interimsweise bis Ende 2015 als Hotel und Restaurant Residenz Uhlenhorst betrieben. Inzwischen ist die Nutzung nochmals geändert worden. Wohnungen sollen hier künftig vermietet werden. Auch auf dem weitläufigen Gelände entstehen Luxuswohnungen und Einfamilienhäuser, das historische Kutscherhaus wird ab 2016 ebenfalls restauriert.

Literatur
 Barbara Maas: Im Hause des Kommerzienrats. Villenarchitektur und großbürgerliche Wohnkultur im Industriezeitalter. Das Beispiel Mülheim an der Ruhr. Edition Werry, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1990, S. 80–91.
 Antje A. Kraft: Erfassung historischer Garten- und Parkanlagen im Stadtgebiet Mülheim an der Ruhr. Diplomarbeit am Fachbereich Landespflege der Universität-GHS-Essen, 1992.
 Katrin Gems: Die Broich-Speldorfer Wald- und Gartenstadt AG. In: Zeugen der Stadtgeschichte. Baudenkmäler und historische Orte in Mülheim an der Ruhr. Hrsg. vom Geschichtsverein Mülheim an der Ruhr. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2008, ISBN 978-3-89861-784-0, S. 103–104.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Die Villen der Broich-Speldorfer Wald- und Gartenstadt AG
 Residenz Uhlenhorst, Internetauftritt der heutigen Nutzer

Kuchen
Erbaut in den 1910er Jahren
Wohngebäude in Mülheim an der Ruhr
Route der Industriekultur (Mülheim an der Ruhr)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home > System-Level Design > The Changing IP Ecosystem
The Changing IP Ecosystem
Can the smaller IP providers keep up and afford the requirements of delivering what is needed for 20nm and below?
August 21st, 2014 - By: Ann Steffora Mutschler
Is a larger IP company better suited to deliver what users need – from hardware to software to PDKs and reference designs – with larger and more diverse teams to draw upon, as well as deep foundry relationships? Or does it pay to small, quick and nimble?
The answer to that question appears to be playing out in real time. As design complexity has increased, so has the reluctance by big chipmakers to bet the farm on smaller providers—at least at the most advanced process geometries.
"The notion that a chip designer could source seven different pieces of IP from seven different smaller IP providers and integrate them all into one 28nm or 20 or 16 finFET kind of design – that's much more problematic and challenging than trying to do it at, say, 65nm," said Steve Roddy, Xtensa product line group director at Cadence. "A single provider brings to the table a whole portfolio of IP with a consistent method of delivery with a consistency of implementation. Having integration-ready commonality is a useful thing. It can be physical and software layer APIs, it can be metal stacks and bump pitches that are homogenized, it can be characterization reports that are consistently written on physical IP so that you can look at the characterization of a PCI and a DDR and a MIPI PHY and see in one place, here's the sensitivity to sheet row resistance and therefore I can figure out whether or not this fab is going to be able to stay within the manufacturing tolerances, and I can compute my yields."
Roddy noted that more advanced and complex nodes vary more over time than some of the earlier nodes did. "Even now, is 28nm stable or are there changes afoot in terms of design kits and PDKs and what are the most favored process variations, etc.? It's been several years that people have had 28nm. It's still not locked and loaded and ready to go, so there's some drift there."
The situation is even more unstable at 16/14nm and 10nm. Moreover, because of the investment in time and effort, foundries want to limit the number of EDA partners they have while working with only one or two lead-edge customers.
"A particular fab wants to get business from that particular customer – a big chip company that's going to do 200 million units of some apps processor or an OEM that's going to do it," Roddy said. "And they are going to bet the farm on that one lead customer, and then tweak things – whether it be in design rules or process controls – in a way that satisfies that customer bringing up that high volume part, shaking out the line and so forth. You're unlikely as a foundry to want to engage with seven smaller IP vendors on specialty individual cores and deal with seven companies to say, 'I tweaked the rule deck or PDK, your models and layout need to be changed. I'll quickly respin that test chip for you in order to get you the updated silicon.' You'd rather deal with one partner rather than seven. It's just the nature of things as a fab. You don't want to have to deal with that much complexity."
So if the ecosystem had to work closely together before, it has to work even more closely at the most advanced nodes.
"It's earlier and it's basically the combination of the design tools, the technology parameters that come from the foundry, and then the design expertise that the designers are providing," said Johannes Stahl, director of product marketing for system-level solutions at Synopsys. "It's a very close collaboration and, of course, like in the semiconductor world, fewer and fewer companies can do the big chips. In the IP world, fewer and fewer providers can afford this type of collaboration and get the access and the ability to do it."
What this means for the IP provider landscape is that for the advanced technology nodes, the number of providers will be shrinking, he said. "The supply chain will organize in the very same way as the semis will organize—fewer companies can do the complex things and fewer IP providers can supply to the lowest, most advanced nodes. Then, there will be a number of nodes – like 28nm and above, where there will be design starts that have a lesser volume, not as critical, where more players can still be active."
This also supports the notion of 28nm having a particularly long life.
"It's a pure game of the cost involved for any given node and the requirement of the market to either have extremely high volume or not being able to demonstrate the volumes and living with a less aggressive node," Stahl explained.
For smaller IP providers, there is a balancing act between how many resources are put toward IP development versus integration services that needs to come along with the IP.
Fabless IDM business model?
Given the changes afoot, does this mean the industry is leaning back toward a 'fabless IDM" business model? Jean-Marie Brunet, product marketing director for DFM and Place-and-Route Integration at Mentor Graphics, observed that for the leading-edge semiconductor companies in the most demanding markets, the pendulum is indeed swinging back toward an integrated model where more of these fabless companies are developing IP internally. "This is how they maintain their competitive advantage and achieve the highest levels of optimization within their designs.
"Doing those IPs and validating that those IPs, at a hard IP level, will be integrated correctly within the company is a lot of work. There's a lot of process knowledge that is built into this and density, coloring, litho-type of knowledge and contextual-type of knowledge. It makes a big difference for a company that understands that. That process knowledge is what enables the best optimization in the design and allows that company to differentiate themselves."
IP shops vs. IP factories
Things are getting more challenging for the smaller IP companies in other ways, too. "A lot of the IP shops that were looking at bootstrapping their way into the IP business are going to be prohibited from being able to do a thorough job and get access to some of these things," said Patrick Soheili, vice president and general manager for IP Solutions at eSilicon. "There's just way too much risk involved with PDK 0.5 or with the number of tools that you need or the farms that you need in order to do that validations, simulations and characterizations on the back—or the type of scopes that you need to do the complete testing."
He explained that sometimes, "those IP shops will try to find a customer first to sponsor all of the work. That's not easy to do because they look at them and say, 'Hmmm, this is a small guy. Maybe he's not going to be in business a couple of years from now, let alone me trusting my next generation products to him.' But those guys would like to use a fabless guy or a potential customer's infrastructure or tools or scopes or labs to reduce some of it own overhead and costs. This was a lot easier to do at 28, 40 and 65nm than it will be at 20, 16 and 14nm."
While some of the challenges may outweigh the benefits for some smaller IP providers to play the game, the semiconductor suppliers are ultimately calling the shots once again, as more integrated approaches appear to be their ace in the hole.
Tags: 14nm 16nm 20nm 28nm Cadence eSilicon fabless IDM IDM business model IP ecosystem Mentor Graphics semiconductor foundry Synopsys Tensilica
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US AIR FORCE COMMUNICATION SERVICE Sew On Patch 3.25 in. x 3.125 in.
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21 Harley Street, Ferndale, Randburg, 2194 [email protected]tched.online
Crash Bandicoot Developer Toys for Bob is Teasing a New Game
by Sam Aberdeen
Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time and Spyro Reignited Trilogy developer Toys for Bob is teasing a new game. The studio recently posted an image on social media showing all of its past projects in a glass frame. In total, 17 are shown with the 18th frame covered in question marks, suggesting that it's gearing up to make an announcement soon.
Toys for Bob and publisher Activision notably worked on Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, Spyro Reignited Trilogy and created the popular Skylanders franchise. Past works also include video game adaptations of the Madagascar animated movies, Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam and Pandemonium.
READ MORE Cancelled Iron Man Game from Just Cause Studio Revealed
In addition to developing several family-friendly games, Toys for Bob also assisted in the development of Overwatch as well as the Tony Hawk's and Call of Duty franchises, among others. Last year, Activision denied claims that Toys for Bob had suffered any layoffs. Instead, the studio was shifted to a new role developing content for Call of Duty: Warzone.
However, previous reports suggested that the company was quietly working on its next major game, which many fans believe could be Crash Bandicoot 5. The Crash Bandicoot series was originally developed by Naughty Dog for the original PlayStation before the IP was purchased by Activision and made multi-platform. Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time aimed to create a more direct sequel to Naughty Dog's last title in the series, Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped.
In related news, Activision Blizzard will release two anticipated games later this year. Overwatch 2 will arrive as a free-to-play title in October, while Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is also scheduled to release in October.
As for when we can expect the new game announcement from Toys for Bob, the most logical upcoming event would be Gamescom Opening Night Live. It's possible that the game could also be announced at a PlayStation event or possibly at The Game Awards later this year.
NOW READ Celebrate The Crash Bandicoot 25th Anniversary With This Awesome Story Recap
Source: Toys for Bob
ActivisionActivision BlizzardCrash BandicootToys for Bob
Sam Aberdeen
Editor-in-Chief of Nexus Hub, writer at GLITCHED. Former writer at The Gaming Report and All Otaku Online. RPG addict that has wonderful nightmares of Bloodborne 2.
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Acquired hypernatremia in a general surgical Intensive Care Unit: Incidence and prognosis
Mariam A Alansari1, Ahmed Abdulmomen2, Mohammed Hussein3, Ahmad Mohmmad Zubaidi4, Jalal T Alswaiti5
1 Department of Adult Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Critical Care, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Quality Management, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Surgical, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Dr. Mariam A Alansari
Department of Adult Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (95), Riyadh 11461
Date of Web Publication 21-Sep-2016
Purpose: Intensive Care Unit (ICU)-acquired hypernatremia (IAH) is a serious electrolyte disturbance that recently was shown to present an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients. IAH has not been widely investigated in Surgical ICU (SICU) patients. No study has specifically investigated IAH epidemiology in the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in general SICU. The objectives of this study are to assess the epidemiological characteristics and prognostic impact of IAH on SICU mortality and outcome in KSA and compare it with international figures.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study on a prospectively collected data of patients (14 years of age or older) admitted to SICU over 2 years, with normal serum sodium on admission and who developed IAH (serum sodium above 145 mmol/L) from day two of admission. Traumatic brain injury patients with therapeutic target sodium level above 145 mmol/L were excluded.
Results: Over 2 years study period, 864 patients were admitted to SICU. A total of 50 (5.8%) developed IAH and were included in the study. Twenty-eight ( 56%) patients were male. The median age was 47 (14-84) years. The mean (± standard deviation) Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 17 ± 6.5. The incident density (the rate of occurrence of IAH per 100 days care for SICU admission for the first episode) was 0.71. Risk factors include mechanical ventilation, male sex, age ≥50 years, postgastrointestinal surgeries, weekend and night admission. SICU mortality was 40%. The SICU and hospital median (range) length of stay was 8.3 (2-53) and 28.8 (3-95), respectively.
Conclusions: IAH is not uncommon in SICU patients and is associated with increased risk of SICU as well as hospital mortality.
Keywords: Fluid replacement; hypernatremia; Intensive Care Unit; quality of care
Alansari MA, Abdulmomen A, Hussein M, Zubaidi AM, Alswaiti JT. Acquired hypernatremia in a general surgical Intensive Care Unit: Incidence and prognosis. Saudi J Anaesth 2016;10:409-13
Alansari MA, Abdulmomen A, Hussein M, Zubaidi AM, Alswaiti JT. Acquired hypernatremia in a general surgical Intensive Care Unit: Incidence and prognosis. Saudi J Anaesth [serial online] 2016 [cited 2022 Jan 19];10:409-13. Available from: https://www.saudija.org/text.asp?2016/10/4/409/177327
Hypernatremia is a disorder of water metabolism and is usually defined as a plasma sodium concentration above 145 mEq/L.[1],[2] The various physiological consequences of hypernatremia are life-threatening.[3] The clinical consequences of hypernatremia include but are not limited to cardiac dysfunction, neurologic consequences, and insulin resistance in addition to impaired gluconeogenesis. Osmolality is regulated within narrow ranges in the healthy individual, and even slight elevations in osmolality lead to the development of thirst and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Under normal conditions, thirst is the major defense mechanism against the development of hypernatremia.[4] As a result, and in any case, it can only develop secondary to sodium gain or free water loss or a combination of both along with poor access to water.[1]
In a general medical-surgical population of noncritically ill patients, the prevalence of hypernatremia has been estimated at up to 1%.[5] Because of nature of their serious underlying diseases, patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) are at the higher risk of developing ICU-intensive acquired hypernatremia (IAH).[6] The incidence ranges from 8% in neurosurgical to 10-12% of cardiothoracic SICU patients.[7],[8],[9]
In the single study available on dysnatremia in a cohort of general SICU patients, the incidence of IAH was found to be 18.6%.[10] Major risk factors are mechanical ventilation, coma, and sedation.[11] Inability to express thirst and inadequate fluid management by ICU physicians along with water loss, appear to be the causative triad, which make IAH largely preventable.[2]
Although previous studies on IAH are important contributions to the literature, few focused on the critically ill general surgical patient. The incidence of IAH in such patients, as well as its effect on mortality, is not well described. We therefore undertook this study to describe the incidence of IAH and assess its effects on outcome among this cohort of patients admitted to SICU in a large university hospital. Because IAH is frequently preventable, it has been regarded as an indicator of the quality of ICU care by some authors.[12],[13] Since IAH is considered a preventable problem that is found to be an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients (40-70%).[8],[14],[15] We intended to have a simple description of incidence of IAH and its outcome in the SICU rather than looking at a detailed diagnosis of the group studied nor causes of the hypernatremia.
Data sources and study design
The study was approved by the institutional review board at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH)-Riyadh. We conducted a retrospective observational study on a prospectively collected data to assess the epidemiological characteristics and prognostic impact of IAH in an SICU.
Critically ill medical and surgical patients in KKUH are cared for in separate units. The SICU in KKUH is a closed unit and can accommodate up to 14 patients. In addition to emergency surgery and elective high-risk noncardiac surgery admission to the SICU, it serves as the regional neurosurgical, trauma referral center as well vascular surgery center. All critically ill adult patients in our SICU are managed by qualified, dedicated critical care staff.
For this study, we utilized a population of patient who were identified as consecutive adults (14 years of age or older) admitted between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013, with IAH defined as a change in serum sodium concentration from normal level on admission to a level above 145 mmol/L following day one in the SICU.
Patient characteristics were identified (age, sex, admission location, weekend admission, night admission, and clinical admission diagnosis). The severity of illness at inception (within the 1st day of ICU admission) was assessed using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score.
Patients with IAH were classified into three categories, mild (serum sodium 145-149 mmol/L), moderate (serum sodium 150-154 mmol/L), and severe (serum sodium >155 mmol/L). Persistent hypernatremia was defined as serum sodium >145 mmol/L for longer than 48 h.
Collected data have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests. Descriptive tests expressed as counts and percentages. Continuous variables of the study population characteristics were described as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (range, interquartile range [IQR]) depending on data distribution. Comparison between two categorical variables was made using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate, and continuous data have been tested with ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis depending on its distribution. A P< 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Statistical analysis has been done using IBM Corporation Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA).
During the 2 years study period (January 2012–December 2013), 864 patients were admitted to SICU. Patients with hypernatremia on admission and eight patients with traumatic brain injury, who received hypertonic and/or mannitol therapy to keep their sodium level above 145 mmol/L, were excluded. The most abnormal (maximum) laboratory values in each 24-h period (00:00-23:59 h) were recorded. Fifty patients (5.8%) were documented to have hypernatremia after 24 h of SICU admission (mild 27 (54%), moderate 13 (26%), and severe hypernatremia 10 (20%) patients). Twenty-eight (56%) patients were male, with 1.3:1 as a male to female ratio. The median (range) age was 47 (14-84) years; twenty-four (48%) patients had age ≥50 years. The mean (± SD) APACHE II score was 17 ± 6.5. The incident density (rate of occurrence of IAH per 100 days of care) for the first episode of SICU acquired hypernatremia was 0.71/100 days of admission, based on a total of 7061 admission days. Study population characteristics are summarized in [Table 1].
Table 1: Characteristics of patients with surgical Intensive Care Unit acquired hypernatremia
The most common admission diagnosis was postgastrointestinal surgeries (44%). Ten (20%) patients were postemergency surgery. Admission time was tracked, twelve (24%) patients were admitted during weekend and night time admission occurred in 36% of the time (18 of 50 patients). Out of all study population, 33 (66%) patients were ventilated at admission time; two of which had a "do not resuscitate" order in place, who died in the SICU.
Hypernatremia was persistent in 18 (36%) patients; of which 16 (89%) had sodium level ≥150 mmol/L. Nine out of 18 patients who had persistence hypernatremia died in SICU (P = 0.37). The redevelopment of hypernatremia after sodium correction did not have an effect on mortality (16 out of 50, 32%) compared to those who did not develop a second episode of IAH (P = 0.48).
The median (range) time from SICU admission to the development of hypernatremia was 71 (range (24-541), IQR (38-146)) h. [Figure 1] illustrates the distribution of occurrence of IAH in the SICU 24 h after admission. Fifty percent of cases occur on day 2 and 3 of SICU admission. The remaining 50% of IAH cases span over the next 6 days. Median (range) time taken for hypernatremia correction was 24 (5-180) h. The average of the highest serum sodium level in hypernatremic patients who died was 158 mmol/L, which differ significantly (P ≤ 0.001) compared to IAH group who survived (average serum sodium was 148 mmol/L).
Figure 1: Time from Intensive Care Unit admission to onset of hypernatremia
Compared to mild and moderate IAH, severe IAH had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on SICU mortality and has had the longest correction time needed (P < 0.03). The SICU outcome, hypernatremia development time, correction time needed, incident of hypernatremia redevelopment, and the mean of hypernatremia between these three levels are summarized in [Table 2].
Table 2: Characteristics of Intensive Care Unit acquired hypernatremia based on the degree of hypernatremia
SICU mortality was 40% (20 patients), and the overall hospital mortality was 46% (23 patients); thus, 3 patients died post-SICU discharge, all of them were not hypernatremic at discharge time. The SICU and hospital median (range) length of stay was 8.3 (2-53) and 28.8 (3-95), respectively. Out of 20 patients who died, 15 (75%) patients were hypernatremic at the time of death. Two patients were re-admitted to SICU within 48 h of discharge, both died while in the ICU.
Our study is one of very few studies that focused on IAH in critically ill surgical patients. In this study, we showed that IAH can occur in general SICU patients early in the course of their critical illness and is associated with increased mortality. However, the incidence of 5.8% is lower than previous reports, 8% in neurosurgical, and 12% in cardiothoracic SICU patients. The striking result of our study is the strong association between level of IAH and ICU mortality of critically ill surgical patients. The average highest serum sodium level in hypernatremic patients who died was 158 mmol/L, which differ significantly (P ≤ 0.001) compared to the IAH group who survived (average sodium 148 mmol/L). This is in consistence with previously published papers which support that IAH has an effect on mortality, independent of the underlying disease, or disease severity.[14] IAH is strictly a hyperosmolar condition caused by a decrease in total body water relative to electrolyte content. It is a "water-problem," not a problem of sodium homeostasis. Critically ill surgical patients are often unconscious, intubated or sedated, and receive large volumes of infusions. Their "water intake" is mainly managed by the physician. As a result, this special cohort is prone to develop IAH. Although IAH from the use of hypertonic saline, mannitol, or bicarbonate solution in SICU patients is possible, it is more likely to occur from routine use of isotonic saline for replacement of the free water deficit in patients with excessive renal or nonrenal fluid losses and for medication administration.[16] Several previously published studies have shown the relationship between inadequate intravenous (IV)-fluid therapy and the development of IAH indicating the suboptimal quality of care.[11],[15],[17],[18]
Of note, in this study, 50% of patients developed IAH within their 2nd and/or the 3rd day of SICU stay. Time taken for hypernatremia corrections differs significantly according to the degree of hypernatremia; longer time was needed for more severe IAH (P< 0.004). Despite a slightly lower incidence of IAH in our study, it persisted in 18 (36%) patients; of which 16 (89%) had sodium level ≥150 mmol/L. Nine patients (50%) of those who had persistence hypernatremia died before discharge from SICU. It is worth mentioning that the crude mortality rate in our SICU during the study period was 16%.
Prevention of hypernatremia would be a more advisable strategy than its treatment. Rising serum sodium should be considered a relative contraindication for further administration of saline and should prompt treatment with water either via a feeding tube or as a hypotonic IV solution.[18] Likewise, in the SICU, it should be possible to recognize a trend toward hypernatremia and prescribe more hypotonic solutions. Use of hypotonic fluids is sometimes avoided by physicians because of the fear of hyponatremia.[19] Developing strategies to prevent IAH could be more challenging than it first appears. The most effective way to reduce this risk is to allow patients to resume control and regulation of their own fluid and electrolyte balance as soon as it is safely possible. Although strict control by more frequent sodium measurements (for example every 6–8 h) may elucidate trends in serum sodium levels that then can be corrected easily, further studies are needed to establish optimal strategies for prevention of IAH in SICU.
Our study provides few important contributions to the epidemiology of IAH in critically ill surgical patients in addition to the previously published work. First, our study extends the general applicability of the literature to a broader population of nonselect population of SICU patients compared with the previous studies on neurosurgical and cardiothoracic ICUs.[7],[8] Second, we identified certain patient characteristics that are associated with IAH in SICU. Identifying patients at risk may be difficult for clinicians preoccupied with more acute medical issues or other laboratory investigations. A single abnormal serum sodium level may be lost in a long list of laboratory values. Characteristics like mechanical ventilation, male, age ≥50 years, postgastrointestinal surgeries, and weekend and night admission were more common in those who had IAH. These could potentially be used to help clinicians identify patients at increased risk. Third, few IAH papers have reported their incidence density (ID) of IAH. ID is the most appropriate measure of the frequency of new development of any morbidity in a particular population over a period of time. It refers to a number of new cases per population in a given time period.[20] This implies that the ID is constant over time. It assumes a single figure for the entire population over defined period of follow-up. When the follow-up period varies from person to person in a dynamic population (which is the case in any SICU) an epidemiological tool for calculating risk and incidence (like ID) is the most appropriate.[21] In this study, our ID was 0.71/100 days of SICU admission, compared to 1.3/100 (in cardiothoracic ICU), and 7.4/100 (in combined medical and SICU) in a recent paper.[9],[10] Fourth, the association of IAH with SICU readmission within 48 h was not previously reported.
As such our observational study is valuable for generating hypotheses; no causal inference can strongly be made. It has several limitations. First, the design of our study, retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected data, implies limitation of factors (like the use of diuretics or fluid balance) available for further analysis. However, earlier studies showed that inadequate fluid management was the main cause of IAH.[17] Similarly, hyperglycemia was not included in the factors analyzed.[22] As a result, it was not included as one of the potential confounding factors when evaluating the association between mortality and IAH. Finally, we cannot determine from our data whether the association between IAH and mortality reflects direct physiological effects of IAH or constituted a marker for suboptimal quality of care. It could be a contributing factor for that. Additional studies are needed to investigate this issue.
Our results confirm that the development of IAH is a common event early in the course critically ill surgical patients requiring SICU admission and is independently associated with prolonged SICU stay and mortality, making careful monitoring for and treatment of IAH an imperative action. It is interesting to find that increased mortality rate is associated with increasing degree of hypernatremia, however because the number are relatively small, hard conclusions are hard to make.
Since it is largely preventable complication in the SICU, efforts should focus on the prevention of IAH. Prompt identification of patients at risk for IAH and early adaptation of the fluid balance may diminish the risk. The efficacy of this approach and its impact on mortality remain to be determined. In hospitals that use any type of computer databases containing patient data and laboratory results, the incidence of IAH can be monitored periodically to assess the progress in the quality of care provided over time.
Arora SK. Hypernatremic disorders in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med 2013;28:37-45.
Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hypernatremia. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 1493-9.
Lindner G, Funk GC. Hypernatremia in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2013;28:216.
Halperin ML, Kamel KS, Goldstein MB. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-base Physiology: A Problem Based Approach. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
Liamis G, Tsimihodimos V, Doumas M, Spyrou A, Bairaktari E, Elisaf M. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of hypernatraemia in an internal medicine clinic. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:136-43.
Arieff AI. Acid-base, electrolyte, and metabolic abnormalities. In: Parrillo JE, Dellinger RP, editors. Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. p. 1169-203.
Aiyagari V, Deibert E, Diringer MN. Hypernatremia in the neurologic intensive care unit: How high is too high? J Crit Care 2006;21:163-72.
Lindner G, Funk GC, Lassnigg A, Mouhieddine M, Ahmad SA, Schwarz C, et al. Intensive care-acquired hypernatremia after major cardiothoracic surgery is associated with increased mortality. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:1718-23.
Stelfox HT, Ahmed SB, Zygun D, Khandwala F, Laupland K. Characterization of intensive care unit acquired hyponatremia and hypernatremia following cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2010;57: 650-8.
Sakr Y, Rother S, Ferreira AM, Ewald C, Dünisch P, Riedemmann N, et al. Fluctuations in serum sodium level are associated with an increased risk of death in surgical ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2013;41:133-42.
Hoorn EJ, Betjes MG, Weigel J, Zietse R. Hypernatraemia in critically ill patients: Too little water and too much salt. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:1562-8.
Bagshaw SM, Townsend DR, McDermid RC. Disorders of sodium and water balance in hospitalized patients. Can J Anaesth 2009;56:151-67.
Polderman KH, Schreuder WO, Strack van Schijndel RJ, Thijs LG. Hypernatremia in the intensive care unit: An indicator of quality of care? Crit Care Med 1999;27:1105-8.
Lindner G, Funk GC, Schwarz C, Kneidinger N, Kaider A, Schneeweiss B, et al. Hypernatremia in the critically ill is an independent risk factor for mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:952-7.
Palevsky PM, Bhagrath R, Greenberg A. Hypernatremia in hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:197-203.
Lindner G, Kneidinger N, Holzinger U, Druml W, Schwarz C. Tonicity balance in patients with hypernatremia acquired in the intensive care unit. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54:674-9.
Milionis HJ, Liamis G, Elisaf MS. Hypernatremia in hospitalized patients: A sequel of inadvertent fluid administration. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1541-2.
Liamis G, Kalogirou M, Saugos V, Elisaf M. Therapeutic approach in patients with dysnatraemias. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1564-9.
Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Hospital-acquired hyponatremia — Why are hypotonic parenteral fluids still being used? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007;3:374-82.
Mosby Medical Dictionary, 8th ed. United States: Elsevier; 2009.
Haneuse S, Schildcrout J, Crane P, Sonnen J, Breitner J, Larson E. Adjustment for selection bias in observational studies with application to the analysis of autopsy data. Neuroepidemiology 2009;32:229-39.
Milionis HJ, Liamis G, Elisaf MS. Appropriate treatment of hypernatraemia in diabetic hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome. J Intern Med 2001;249:273-6.
1 Loss of Potential Donors Due to Hemodynamic Maintenance
Pamela da Silva Bento, Alessandra Duarte Santiago, Letícia Sandre Vendrame Saes, João Luís Erbs Pessoa, Thalyta Larissa Ockner Silva, Janine Schirmer, Bartira de Aguiar Roza
Transplantation Proceedings. 2020; 52(5): 1226
Alansari MA
Abdulmomen A
Hussein M
Zubaidi AM
Alswaiti JT
Fluid replacement; hypernatremia; Intensive Care Unit; quality of care


text:
Q: Как в Winforms запретить нажатие одной кнопки до нажатия другой? Господа, изучая С#, не осознаю, как реализовать такую задачу. У меня есть форма с двумя кнопками. Пусть нажатие на button1 определяет N = 2, а на button2 определяет N = 10.
Вопрос: как запретить пользователю нажимать на кнопку button2, пока хотя бы один раз не нажата кнопка button1?
Вообще, задумка такая.
Программа запускается: пользователю доступна для нажатия только button1. Нажать на button2 изначально нельзя, потому что она "вдавлена". Пользователю ничего не остается, кроме как нажать на button1. После нажатия на button1, "вдавливается" button1, а button2 "оживает", и нажать на нее уже можно.
namespace WindowsFormsApp1
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form
    {
        public
            int N;

        public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }

        private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            N = 2;
            button1.Enabled = false;
        }

        private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            N = 10;
            button2.Enabled = false;
        }
    }
}

A: Button.Enabled управляет активностью кнопки, такое же свойство есть и у других контролов.
public Form1()
{
    InitializeComponent();
    button2.Enabled = false;
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    button1.Enabled = false;
    button2.Enabled = true;
    N = 2;
}

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    button2.Enabled = false;
    button1.Enabled = true;
    N = 10;
}

Таким образом для нажатия будет доступна только одна из 2 кнопок. Но если вам нужно больше кнопок, я не рекомендую использовать этот метод выбора значения для переменной, лучше использовать RadioButton (ссылка).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home > Opinion > Hands off but eyes on
Hands off but eyes on
Portents of 'White man's burden' in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Bhopinder Singh27 Nov 2018 3:45 PM GMT
Sent as the Administrator responsible for the Relief-and-Rehabilitation in the immediate aftermath of nature's fury following the 2004 Tsunami that had claimed over 2000 lives and led to an unaccountable trail of destruction, my soldiers-instinct had made me marvel at the better-faring of the tragedy by our indigenous tribes. The Andaman and Nicobar is an anthropologist's delight, a curious quirk of nature that accounts for an unmatched diversity of four 'Negrito' tribes i.e., Jarawas, Great Andamanese, Onge, Sentinelese, and the two 'Mongloid' tribes i.e., Shompen and Nicobarese. Though living in relatively close proximity by modern standards, these groups are ethnically, linguistically, and culturally very independent of each other with virtually no inter-mingling, spare the 'mainstreaming' of the Nicobarese, the still-shy Shompens, a small number of Great Andamanese and Onges. The Jarawas still retain their hunter-forager-fishermen ways of existence, the building of the Andaman Trunk Road led to an inadvertent interaction as it cut through their settlement jungles – but, the 'uncontacted' Sentinelese estimated at around 100-200 numbers, on the 14700 acre Sentinel Island have maintained a historically unbreached isolation, that often elicits curiosity, myths, and concerns by not having reached the Paleolithic advancements.
Living cheek-by-jowl with the later-day settlers or 'civilians' (many of whom are progeny of freedom fighters incarcerated to the infamous Kala Paani, pre-Independence), within which the potpourri of diversities include Bengalis, Tamils, Biharis, Punjabis, etc., the utopian ideal of 'Mini India' is alive and kicking with a quaintly antiquated dialect of Hindustani becoming the lingua franca of the mainstream. Infrequent fissures, intrusions, and instances of hostile-foraging on the fringes of the 'buffer-zone' separating the protected zone of the Jarawa settlement do lead to occasional civic disturbances, but nothing serious. The isolation is accepted as a reality and evolutionary 'modernity' of metallurgy, medical care, and semi-permanent habitations have crept in the Jarawa realm – no such natural, enforced or collateral connect with civilisation was established with the Sentinelese. The local administration has since enforced the 'hands off but eyes on' approach. Undoubtedly and unfortunately, an occurrence of the abhorrently voyeuristic phenomenon of 'Human Safaris' has occurred despite the official notifications regarding the tribal affairs and their lands. Though the principle and spirit of ensuring their protection were, and are, never in doubt.
To engage further or not to engage with our vulnerable tribals is not a simple question to answer, with compelling reasons on both sides of the argument. A sudden and forced engagement can indeed be catastrophic, as indeed, a complete 'disengagement' given the natural and man-made vulnerabilities in today's day and age. There are other complexities pertaining to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands emanating from its strategic location that overlooks the 'chokepoint' of the Chinese juggernaut (Malacca Straits) that hosts the only Tri-Services Command of the Indian Armed Forces, as also, the civic-political-socio-economic interest of the nearly 400,000 Islanders who seek to improve their quality of life. Pressures on the limited lands are also inevitable given the 94 per cent forest cover, the highest in the country. Often the interests of the NGO's, Social Workers, Tribals, Agencies and the bulk of the Islanders is at cross-purposes given the conflicting aspirations and priorities – the Administration has the onerous task of taking a holistic view on the development, progress, protection and 'inclusion' of its citizenry, including it most vulnerable tribals.
Records of Portuguese, Danish, German, French and later the English missionaries, since the seventeenth century are documented. Before the penal settlement of the British Raj, these indigenous tribes with their own ethnological practices as opposed to any formal religion, made them attractive to these missionaries as sanctified by the various European colonisers (especially in the Nicobar Islands). Unbeknownst to many, Port Blair was the first place to be declared 'Independent' from the British Rule in 1943, as Subhash Chandra Bose (in alliance with the Japanese who occupied it briefly in WWII) flew the national flag and called the Islands Shahid and Swaraj. Later Andaman and Nicobar Islands became the 'Shining Outpost' of the Indian mainland that was at least 1200 kilometres away.
Since then, constitutional provisions made to protect our vulnerabilities, diversities, and fragilities have been enforced in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with local specificities and rulings. A protective and inclusive impulse of India has managed the unmatched complexity and diversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with a calibrated mix of governmental, societal and NGO-led initiatives. The various domains, limitations, and restrictions are defined and often recalibrated after deliberations with all stakeholders, however, the final sovereign edict is respected. Sadly, the recent case of the US national and missionary John Aleen Chau, who violated multiple laws and regulations to reach the protected Sentinel Island, ended up getting killed by its wary and hostile Sentinelese. Chau was clearly aware of contravening the laws of the land and had bribed the local fishermen to take him to the Island, out of a clearly misplaced sense of religious righteousness and missionary zeal that can never justify overriding the laws. Portents of the modern 'white man's burden' are obvious in Chau's admittance of his mission to convert the Sentinelese to Christianity, by describing the place as 'Satan's last stronghold'. His diary notings are full of religious invocations and allusions to morally contextualise his mission – this, unfortunately, undoes the good work that missionaries have undertaken in these remote places, albeit, in accordance with the laws of the land. Such actions also feed the restive political narrative that is susceptible to the religious angularities that were relatively unknown in these Islands.
The sovereign has its own noble agenda and approach of protecting its citizenry – often these need further debate and even 'course-corrections', however that right cannot be surrendered to vested interests who may have their specific and limited agendas that can militate against the foundational and constitutional spirit and tenets of India. Such regrettable incidents are a wake-up call to readdress our concern of protecting our vulnerable tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with their own interest and that of the nation, solely and above-all considerations.
Lt General Bhopinder Singh (Retd) is a former Lt Governor of Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Puducherry. Views are strictly personal.
Bhopinder Singh


There's at least one angel in this photo. Jim ended up with a charming angel poster during the gift exchange. Don't let the smile fool you. He was not exactly overwhelmed by the gift. (Underwhelmed might be a better way to describe it).