In this encore message, Pastors Ray and Jan ask, "Was the cross enough for our salvation? Can you be saved from hell while still living in sin?" A look at the words of Jesus, Paul, and John answer, "Absolutely not!" The cross opened the way for total salvation now, but we must appropriate that gift by being crucified with Christ and born again as a new creature. Is this the gospel that you believe? Are you walking free from sin today?


The camp-site Les Gorges de la Méouge, 95 places, is located in a privileged environment which will enable you to pass an accessible and tempting stay in a still intact nature. Come to take part in our many sports activities and of relaxation, or to traverse the Throats of Méouge. Welcome in our beautiful area !
In the camp-site, you will profit from a site of 100 m ² shaded, clearly delimited. Concurrently to your tent or caravan, in addition to your vehicle, you will be able to install Canadian children, or friends.
At your disposal, a service area for motor home was also equipped.
You can find water : on almost all the pieces, but always close to you, a draw-off faucet and an oil collecting tray of worn water. Moreover, on the camp-site you are at your disposal: lava linens, a room of sharpening, a public call box, wifi, 3 operators of mobile telephony, socket-outlets (2 to 10 amps), and a bathroom reserved to the babies. The installations are equipped with hot water.
In the village at 300m, there is a restaurant and a post office.
In the Camp-site, on a part reserved to this end, 12rental houses can receive families from 4 to 6 people of 30 with 40m ². They are built with traditional materials, according to safety requirements' in force, each one is equipped with equipment necessary to a pleasant stay. Each one of them has 1 or 2 separated rooms, bed linen into 140 and 90 cm, a kitchenette equipped (cooking surface, refrigerator, microwaves) a bathroom WC, covered terrace and living room of garden, barbecue.


text:
445 N 1st St, Pulaski, TN, 38478
Courtesy of: Weichert, REALTORS - The Lampley Group
Square Footage: 10,086 Sq ft
Address: 445 N 1st St
County: Giles County Tn
City: Pulaski
Listing is for real estate in Pulaski. Pulaski includes real estate, equipment, trucks & trailers. Business has been in operation for over 30 years. There is another business in Chapel Hill that can also be bought.
Courtesy of: Weichert, REALTORS - The Lampley Group © 2022 RealTracs. All rights reserved. Information Deemed Reliable, but Not Guaranteed. The property information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the participating Brokers. Updated: 30th January, 2023 2:23 AM (UTC)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Home Traveling Blog How To Plan A Solo Backpacking Trip?
Backpacking solo provides you with an immense sense of freedom, regardless of your destination. This is also the cheapest solution to visit many countries and destinations. However, if you are a woman traveling also, then you should pay attention to a specific situation.
Your safety comes first, and many women are scared to travel alone. Sure it can be a daunting experience, but if you are well organized, then you should be able to overcome every obstacle. After all, you are your own boss. So, here are a couple of thing on how to plan a solo backpacking trip.Let's get into details and help you organize your first backpacking trip.
Your budget determines your destination. Even though backpacking is promoted as an affordable option, you still need money for basic needs, like food and accommodation. Regardless of the country, you have in mind, or what inspired to visit that palace, you will require financial means to get there.
On the other hand, if you lack inspiration, then you can always check out the Internet. Various destinations are suitable for solo backpacking travelers. But, once you know the magic number, you will keep track of your projected spending.
It all comes to planning, and before the trip, you should research the destination and gather as much information as you can. In this case, you should create a folder on your computer where you'll store all the tips you find.
It should contain hostel bookings, food expenses, and train ticket prices. This will help you create a general picture of your entire adventure. You can even save money when you have all the information in front of you. Make sure to find exciting and new places to visit. Don't be afraid to ask for a recommendation or advice.
Also, make a list of thing you plant to bring with you. Do a first trial pack at least a week before you plant to go.
This will be affected by the length of your trip. For instance, I would recommend you three nights in one location. Of course, if you can stay longer, the better it is. Also, make sure to explore all the favorite activities, but you need to research them in advance.
Every location has something new to offer. So, don't miss an opportunity to do something you have never done before. The single backpacking experience is exciting, and you should leave lots of room to be spontaneous.
On this journey will meet new people, with some of them, you will click instantly, while other will give your creeps. Take your time to get to know them, until you are sure you can trust them. This is a hard thing to balance but trust your inner instinct.
Do this trip your way and don't let anyone tell you what to do. Sure, they can provide you advice, but if you aren't comfortable with it, don't accept it. We are all different, and we all have different needs.
Previous articleIs Thailand Safe To Travel Alone As A Female?
Next articleWhat Are Your Peru Itinerary Tips?


text:
Q: Is there anyway to sort data after union two queries? $query = $queryOne->unionAll($queryTwo)->order(['Headers.id' => 'desc']);

this is not working.

A: You can try making View in Mysql to sort after UNION.
Otherwise there is no way to do that in Cake structure.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Iowa Wesleyan University said it will remain open following a Board of Trustees vote to determine the college's future. The announcement comes about two weeks after its president said it was in danger of closing due to financial difficulties.
The small, private liberal arts university is able to stay afloat after receiving donations from alumni and the community, the Des Moines Register reported. A professor at the university donated $500,000 and a local chamber of commerce donated $120,000 toward the $2.1 million the college said it needed to stay open for the spring 2019 semester.
To help secure the financial future of the college, which has been struggling for at least the past five years, the board launched a team to seek out partnerships. Although the college has doubled its enrollment in the past five years to about 570 students, the figure is roughly one-third of what is was in 2008.
Iowa Wesleyan isn't the only small private college in the area that's fought to stay open — some unsuccessfully. In Des Moines, the Iowa Center for Higher Education will close in December after a failed venture as an arm of the University of Iowa. The center was opened on the campus of the former AIB College of Business acquired by the university in 2015.
Instead, Iowa Wesleyan may follow a similar pathway taken by Sweet Briar College and Antioch College, both of which were rescued by donors after it appeared they may permanently close due to financial difficulties. However, it remains to be seen if Iowa Wesleyan can achieve a sustainable financial model.
Small colleges face unique headwinds that make it more difficult to endure enrollment declines. For one, a larger share of their revenue often comes from tuition than at bigger universities. In addition, these institutions often don't have the same hefty endowments that larger universities have to lean on to make up for lost revenue.
Because the pool of high-school graduates is shrinking, many colleges and universities have turned to expanding their online offerings to tap into a larger audience. This could help small colleges remain competitive and stem revenue losses, though setting up online programs has its own set of challenges such as upfront costs and resistance from faculty.
Maryville University, for example, is working with Pearson to grow its online footprint. The small private college in Missouri hopes to double its number of online students, which currently hovers around 4,000, through 10 new undergraduate degrees. However, one expert told Inside Higher Ed it faces a crowded market. And in Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg College said it was able to move some of its instruction online while maintaining its liberal arts focus.
Other colleges are looking online as a way to come back from extinction. Such is the case with Knoxville College, a small historically black college in eastern Tennessee, which is reopening online after closing its doors in 2015. It hopes to eventually reopen for on-campus classes.


UST116R UTP CAT5 Video Receiver is an active (amplified) device that allows the extension of real-time monochrome or color video on up to 4000ft ,using Category-5 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) CAT5 networking wire. Baseband (composite, PAL/NTSC/SECAM) signals of any type are supported.
The unparalleled interference rejection and low emissions of the Model UST101T UST104T & UST104R UST104R-2 UST108R UST108R-2 UST116R allows long run video signals to co-exist in the same wire bundle as telephone, datacom, or low-voltage power circuits. This allows the use of shared or existing cable plant. Ground-lifting ensures no annoying "hum-bars" when ground potential differences exist. With built-in lightning protection,transient protection, ESD protection,damaging voltage spike problems are eliminated.
Cable Distance:Up to 4000ft, UST101T(or UST104T)+UST108R UST116R/UST116R-F UTP CAT5 or better.
Image figure enhanced in output of UST116R/UST116R-F Receiver.
Dimensions no excluding BNC: Standard 19" 1U Metal Rack Housing.
UTP, Terminal Block/RJ45Jack 100 ohms.
16Channel Active Receiver: 220V/50Hz, 1A .
1:Put the video signals you need in the VIDEO IN of UST101T (or UST104T).
3: Connect with the mains following instructions shown in the sketch map, make sure that the power should be 220V/AC power range (Can be designed as 110V/AC).
4: Set the position of ADJ (or Potentiometer - UST116R-F) correctly according to the distance table in UST101T(or UST104T) & UST116R or UST101R UST101R-2 UST104R UST104R-2 UST108R UST108R-2 and UST116R/UST116R-F sub-surface.
5: After the four steps, the each channel of VIDEO output of UST116R/UST116R-F is ready to work.
Dimensions no excluding BNC: Standard 19"1U (UST116R/UST116R-F) .


text:
Q: How to detect a (very) small change in the position of a needle? I am very sorry if my question is too basic (or odd), but I do not know anything about electrical engineering.
I would like to mimic the motion-sensing filiform hairs in spiders and insects:

The hair is loosely suspended in a socket, and as it moves, it stimulates a nerve. Basically, it comes down to detecting a very small change in the position of a needle.
My intention would be to use the results to measure air flow in an HVAC vent, so a carpet of these hairs would be dropped into a vent, which would then give readings on flow across the surface.
The constraints would be rough handling (it would be rolled/unrolled, bent, etc). It should also be easy to clean.
My ideal answer would be a link to a device, tool, or circuit that does a very similar thing, or a (very simple) explanation of what you would do to mimic this measurement. I am trying to find the most cost-effective means possible.
Thank you!
PS. I've already looked at this question, but I do not understand the diagrams.
PPS. Here is an article on the biology.

A:
I would like to mimic the motion-sensing filiform hairs in spiders and insects.

I think you have unwittingly stated the reason your project may not be practical. I suspect that you will find that the insects and the piezos respond to changes in position and don't report position. In other words, a signal is given on and proportional to the change intensity or velocity but in the steady-state no signal is given. Run a finger along your arm with a light touch: you will sense the motion easily but not the steady touch. (This avoids nervous system overload otherwise every part of your body would be reporting constantly.)
In the same way a piezo crystal will give an output during change but if we draw the charge off by measuring it the voltage will drop to zero. To track position we would need to integrate the signal over time. This would not be an easy task with small signals and high impedances.

As a simple workable alternative I offer the following.
Standard industrial technique is mass flow measurement by hot wire. A quick web search gives the following from TiePie Automotive:

he Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor measures the amount of passing air going through the air intake system. The sensor measures the amount of passing air with a resistive platinum wire that is placed in the air stream of the air intake system. The resistive wire has a positive temperature coefficient: the higher the temperature the higher the resistance of the wire. Electronics in the air flow meter sends an amount of current through the wire to warm it up. The wire temperature is kept constant. When more air passes the wire, more current is needed to keep the wire at a constant temperature. The current that flows though the wire is a measure for the amount of passing air. The current is measured by the electronics in the sensor and converted to a voltage at the output of the sensor. The engine control unit (ECU) calculates the amount of air going into the combustion chambers from this voltage.

Source: DieselNet.

The hot wire air flow meter is the oldest type of anemometer, introduced into commercial automotive technology around 1985. The hot wire air flow meter (HLM) by Bosch proved highly popular. While no longer used in automotive applications, hot wire sensors are still installed in aeroplanes with piston engine drives.

The hot wire sensor has a simple functional principle and can operate without any moving parts. An electrically-heated wire (hot wire) is placed in the intake pipe after the air filter, transverse to the flow direction, Figure 1. A temperature sensor is installed upstream of the hot wire. The hot wire is then heated to a temperature higher than the air temperature determined by the temperature sensor. As the hot wire is cooled by the incoming air, the heating current must be increased to maintain a constant wire temperature. In this method, the heating current represents a direct measurement for the incoming air mass, independent of the air density. Thus, the reduced air density at high altitudes is elegantly compensated for.


There are a variety of autumn car care tips that you will want to follow in Illinois. It can get very cold and road conditions can get very harsh towards the end of autumn as well as into winter. What you do now to care for your car can provide you with peace of mind later on.
Get your battery checked. This is critical because cold weather can be harsh on batteries. You want to ensure the connections are tight and corrosion free. If you cannot remember the last time you replaced your battery and it has been several years, it is advisable to replace it now.
Have your brakes inspected. The last thing you want is for your brakes to be unable to stop when you hit bad road conditions. The shop should check drums, rotors, and brake linings.
Schedule an HVAC inspection. This is when you will have your heating and ventilation system checked to ensure that everything is working properly. You want the heating for interior comfort and you want the ventilation to work properly to defrost your windshields. It may also be a good time for your air filter to be replaced inside the cabin.
Find out if your tires are in good condition. You may want to upgrade to special winter tires for better grip. You may also want to make sure that the tread depth is sufficient so that you don't have to worry about sliding around on icy or snowy roads.
Bring your car into a local mechanic and find out if it's in good condition for autumn so that you can make any necessary repairs now.
At the Bob Korvas Agency Inc. we have the agents to help you find coverage in Niles that is affordable and works for your needs. We will go over the options, get quotes from various insurance companies in Illinois, and more. Call now to get started.


On Monday, Dec. 10, 2018, Jerry Kinner, the brother of long-missing Larry Baker is "catching his breath," after learning that a human skull had been found at the end of the same road that his brother went missing from.
The address posted on BlueBonnet News was FM1010 at CR325 in Cleveland, Texas. This road is right off of Plum Grove Road that is in the news often. I know it well because of the time I spent there while doing the Missing Texas Forty video segment on missing Rodney Stokley and Larry Baker.
Rodney Stokley was last seen on Plum Grove Road in 2008 and Larry Baker was last seen on CR325 in 2010.
According to BlueBonnet News it was "the resident's dog [who] found the skull in a wooded area that surrounds the home," on Fri. Dec. 7. Only the top part of the skull has been found at this time. Also, another bone was found earlier, but the owner of the property stated he thought it was an animal bone and threw it back into the woods.
Kinner has always believed his brother would be found near where he was last seen. Not only is the location close to where Larry was last known to be (see map above) there is also the fact that no teeth have been recovered. According to Kinner, Larry had no teeth.
Hopefully, a rush will be put on by the authorities, so that Kinner will know whether this is his brother or not. And if not, some other family will know what happened to their missing loved one.


Anyone who knows me or has attended one of my workshops/watched me on Facebook Live has heard me say it time and time again… Twitter chats are the golden egg of social media marketing. It's an underused method to get in touch with your customers, see real-time changes in the landscape of your industry, promote your content or reference, build visibility and recognition for your brand, and countless other benefits… And the craziest part? Other than your time, it's completely free!
But… What IS a Twitter Chat?
I'm so glad you asked! As explained by the always amazing Chelsea Krost, "A Twitter Chat is an hour-long social media focus group that crowdsources information by engaging a targeted audience." Neat right?
This is actually a perfect example because for the last Twitter Chat she held (when this post was written) Chelsea really pulled out all the stops!
It's incredibly important that you promote your Twitter chats otherwise your followers won't know you're hosting one until it's happening! Sure, you can mention certain influencers on the spot to participate but it's just better to put it on their radar beforehand!
So, you're thinking about hosting a Twitter Chat? Awesome! What's next? You'll want to make sure you follow this checklist below to ensure that you're not only doing it right but taking it to its full potential!
First thing's first, you need to set a goal. Are you adding Twitter chat's to your social media marketing strategy for the purpose of growing your following and building a community? Great! Twitter chats can do that for you! Are you looking to use Twitter chat's to reach more customers and hit your sales targets? Cool! Twitter chats make sense for that too! Once you got all that figured out, you can start planning!
You'll want to pick a hashtag to promote so A) your followers can search it and see past chat's you've hosted and decide if they want to participate. And B) so you can measure the growth of your community. I personally recommend Hashtagify to track any and all hashtags you use to promote your brand.
If you're stuck on what to call your Twitter chat, you're probably over thinking it! It should be simple and easy — most end in "chat" such as #HootChat, #LinkedinChat, #ContentChat, and etc but feel free to get extra creative!
Okay so you have a name to promote for your Twitter chat and the location is kinda obvious — so next you want to make sure your audience knows WHEN they can find you! You'll want to do your research to see if there are any existing Twitter chats on your specific topic to make sure you don't schedule them at the same time and lose your audience. Picking a day of the week can be the most challenging part of starting your own chat. Social Media Examiner provides this calendar showcasing a few of the Twitter chats they like to attend and you'll notice that Tuesday and Wednesdays are particularly heavy days, whereas earlier and later the week dies off.
In this case, if you were starting a chat related to social media and marketing I might take a look at Monday, Thursday, or even Friday.
One thing that I've noticed some people can forget is the time zone details. Most of your market might be local but Twitter is a global community and should you recruit some fans from Alaska, it'll be helpful for them to know if they need to adjust!
3. Come up With a Topic!
You'll notice she reiterates the official hashtag in her tweet copy, as well as a secondary one (which we'll get into in a minute). Chelsea created question cards for each one of her 11 questions, keeping them on brand and reiterating important information about the chat — she knows that a potential participant might see one of these cards before they see her original promo material and wants to give them as much information as possible. Chelsea is smart!
Each question will be intriguing your audience to think and engage more around the topic you've chosen. Twitter chat hosts usually give about 5 to 10 minutes before sending out the next question and will send out warning tweets to keep things moving. You'll want to make sure that your topics are relevant and as current as possible in order to keep engagement up!
4. Who's Your Ryan Seacrest?
Every great Twitter chat needs a host! Feel free to host the chat yourself if you're the expert! But, Hootsuite does a great job at recruiting the best of the best in the industry to tweet on certain topics!
Now Hootsuite is a well-established brand and has been hosting their weekly chat, #HootChat, for as long as I've been in the game, so their promo is pretty low key, but still a great example! They usually announce their next topic at the end of every twitter chat along with who the host/sponsor is going to be. Get creative with how you announce/promote this to attract more participants!
The last and my personal favorite part of launching a Twitter chat is finding influencers! Find those popular tweeters in your space and make sure your chat is on their radar! Getting them to attend will attract their followers and so on and so forth. This is where coming up with a co-host who is an industry expert can be particularly helpful. You'll be able to tag influencers while live tweeting during your chat but if you really want to have a big impact, make sure they're aware ahead of time so they can put it on their calendar. Feel free to tell them you're on their list of top influencers you want to attend, nothing wrong with a little bit of ego stroking to get the ball rolling!
And I mean if that doesn't work you can always just resort to begging.
Congrats! Now you're ready to launch your very own Twitter chat! Done properly, this social media marketing strategy can be ultra powerful for your brand. Just be sure to set your goals first, and make sure you're clear about when you'll be hosting, discuss relevant topics, and engage, engage, engage! I have no doubt you'll be a success and if reading this blog post inspires you to host your own — hit me up on Twitter at @jaredgoodmaninc and I'd be GLAD to participate and help you out with your first go!


The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) recently confirmed that the ability of rightholders to apply for an injunction against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right does not apply only in the online environment but extends to the physical world and can be used for example against a landlord who is letting sales points in a market hall.
The relevant judgment, which was handed down in C-494/15, Tommy Hilfiger Licensing LLC and others versus Delta Center a.s., clarified that an operator who provides services to third parties relating to the letting or subletting of pitches in a marketplace, thanks to which such third parties have access to that marketplace and offer for sale in that marketplace counterfeit branded products, necessarily falls within the concept of an 'intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right' within the meaning of the so-called Enforcement Directive. Such operator may therefore be subject to an injunction, provided that the injunction is effective, dissuasive, equitable and proportionate, as set out by the Court in its L´Oréal judgment.
Delta Center is the tenant of a marketplace known as 'Pražská tržnice' (Prague market halls) and sublets various sales areas within the market halls to traders. The applicants, who manufacture and distribute brand products, established that certain traders were selling counterfeits of their goods in the Prague market halls.
Is a person with a lease of premises in a market, who provides stalls and pitches on which stalls may be placed to individual market traders for their use, an intermediary whose services are used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right within the meaning of Article 11 of Directive 2004/48?
Is it possible to impose on a person with a lease of premises in a market, who provides stalls and pitches on which stalls may be placed to individual market-traders for their use, measures as provided for in Article 11 of Directive 2004/48 under the same conditions as those formulated by the Court of Justice with regard to the imposition of measures on the operators of an online marketplace?
The CJEU stated that an operator who provides services to third parties relating to the letting or subletting of pitches in a marketplace, thanks to which they have access to that marketplace and offer for sale in that marketplace counterfeit branded products, must be considered an "intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right" within the meaning of Article 11 of the Enforcement Directive. The CJEU emphasized that it is irrelevant in this regard whether the provision of sales points concerns an online marketplace or a physical marketplace, because the scope of the Enforcement Directive is not limited to electronic commerce. According to the CJEU, limiting the possibility to issue injunctions against intermediaries to electronic marketplaces would substantially weaken the objective of the Enforcement Directive to ensure a high, equivalent and homogenous level of protection of intellectual property in the internal market.
The Court confirmed that the criteria for an injunction against an intermediary who provides services related to the letting of sales points in market halls are identical to those for injunctions that may be addressed to intermediaries in an online marketplace – namely, the injunctions must be effective, dissuasive, equitable and proportionate. They must not be excessively expensive, must not create barriers to legitimate trade and must not impose on the intermediary an obligation to exercise general and permanent oversight over its customers. The injunction can only be pronounced if it ensures a fair balance between the protection of intellectual property and the absence of obstacles to legitimate trade.
The decision discussed above has given intellectual property rightholders in the European Union further ammunition in their fight against infringers. It is reasonable to expect that the same reasoning by which the Court put the subletting of pitches in a market hall on the same level with services used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right will eventually be applied to a landlord renting out a store to a tenant who sells counterfeit branded products. The ability to preclude the extension of the lease agreement or to force the landlord to terminate the lease as a result of the infringement of an intellectual property right by the tenant may prove a powerful weapon in the arsenal of rightholders trying to defend their intellectual property against counterfeiting.
Vaclav Jerman, Of Counsel at White & Case, assisted in the development of this publication.


text:
Das Maréorama war ein monumentales, auf der Pariser Weltausstellung von 1900 gezeigtes Mittelmeer-Panorama des Plakat- und Spezialeffektkünstlers Hugo d'Alési.

Es handelte sich dabei um kein statisches, feststehendes Panorama, das von den Besuchern der Weltausstellung wie ein Bild in einem Museum betrachtet wurde, vielmehr betrat der Betrachter ein Gebäude auf dem Champ de Mars, in dem die Decksaufbauten eines 70 m langen Dampfschiffes nachgebildet waren. Diese Schiffsnachbildung war kardanisch gelagert und konnte durch einen hydraulischen Mechanismus bewegt werden, so dass durch Wellengang erzeugte Schiffsbewegungen wie Rollen, Stampfen und Gieren realistisch nachgebildet werden konnten.

Sowohl auf Steuerbord als auf Backbord wurde jeweils ein riesiges, auf eine Rolle gespultes Panoramabild vorbeibewegt, das die Höhepunkte einer Schiffsreise durch das Mittelmeer von Nizza und die Riviera, über Sousse, Neapel und das Kap Posillipo bis Konstantinopel zeigte. Teergerüche, Beleuchtungseffekte und als Bordstewards gekleidetes Personal verstärkten die Illusion, an Bord eines Dampfers auf hoher See zu sein, so dass auch für die Möglichkeit, dass Besucher seekrank werden könnten, werbewirksame Vorsorge getroffen wurde. Die Vorführung dauerte eine halbe Stunde und bis zu 700 Besucher konnten so bequem und sicher einen seinerzeit als realistisch empfundenen Eindruck einer solchen Reise gewinnen.

Die beiden Panoramabilder waren jeweils 750 m lang und über 12 m hoch. Zu ihrer Fertigstellung hatte ein großes Team von Malern 8 Monate gebraucht, um entsprechend den Skizzen des Künstlers die fast 20.000 m2 große Bildfläche zu füllen. Die Zylinder, auf denen die Bilder aufgerollt wurden, waren extrem schwer und daher auf Schwimmern gelagert. Beim Abrollen hing die Leinwand an Haken, die auf einem Laufband befestigt waren.

Für seine Arbeit erhielt der Künstler das Kreuz der Ehrenlegion.

Literatur

 The Mareorama at the Paris Exposition. In: Scientific American Bd. 83 (1900), S. 198, .
 Bernard Comment: The Panorama. Reaktion Books, London 1999,168, ISBN 1-86189-042-7, S. 74.
 Thomas Kuchenbuch: Die Welt um 1900: Unterhaltungs- und Technikkultur. J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-476-00829-0, S. 6–7.
 Stephan Oettermann: The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. Zone Books, New York 1997, ISBN 0-942299-83-3, S. 179–181.
 Jakob Schmitz: Aufbruch auf Aktien, Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen GmbH, Düsseldorf, 1986, ISBN 3-87881-101-2, S. 282.

Einzelnachweise

Panoramabild

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Nigeria, DRC, Ethiopia among top global contributors to pneumonia deaths
Pneumonia killed more than 800,000 babies and young children last year – or one child every 39 seconds – despite being curable and mostly preventable, global health agencies said on Tuesday.
In a report on what they described as a "forgotten epidemic", the United Nations children's fund UNICEF, the international charity Save The Children and four other health agencies urged governments to step up investment in vaccines to prevent the disease and in health services and medicines to treat it.
"The fact that this preventable, treatable and easily diagnosed disease is still the world's biggest killer of young children is frankly shocking," said Seth Berkley, chief executive of the GAVI vaccines alliance.
Pneumonia is a lung disease that can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Its victims have to fight for breath as their lungs fill with pus and fluid.
It can be prevented with vaccines, and treated with antibiotics and – in severe cases – with oxygen, but in poorer countries, access to these is often limited.
Nigeria, India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia accounted for more than half the children who died of pneumonia last year – most of them babies who had not reached their second birthday.
"Millions of children are dying for want of vaccines, affordable antibiotics and routine oxygen treatment," said Kevin Watkins, chief executive of Save the Children. "This is a forgotten global epidemic that demands an urgent international response."
The report said pneumonia causes 15% of deaths in under-5s, but accounts for only 3% of spending on research into infectious diseases, lagging far behind other diseases such as malaria.
Health crisis
Schools in Ghana reopen as covid-19 cases surge
DR Congo: 20th anniversary of Laurent Désiré Kabila's assassination


-Strong phone contact handling skills and active listening.
-Customer orientation and ability to adapt/respond to different types of characters.
-Ability to multi-task, prioritize, and manage time effectively.
-Positive attitude, detail and customer oriented with good multitasking, organizational ability and excellent communication skills.
-Responsible for maintaining a high level of professionalism with clients and working to establish a positive rapport with every caller.
-Update customer information in the customer service database during and after each call.
-Work with the management team to stay updated on product knowledge and be informed of any changes in company policies.
-Managing large amounts of incoming calls and customer service inquiries.
-Identifying and assessing customers- needs to achieve satisfaction.
-Build sustainable relationships and trust with customer accounts through open and interactive communication.


text:
The First Phase of the Transition is About Electricity, Not Primary Energy
This article first appeared in the January 2020 edition of Papeles de Energia with the title "Perspective on the Energy Transition". It was published alongside two contrasting visions – the first from Vaclav Smil, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Manitoba, and the second from Spencer Dale & Jorge Blazquez, Chief Economist & Lead Economist at BP plc.
By Seb Henbest
Often we hear that wind and solar might be great and growing fast, but despite years of deployment and government support they are still just 1% of primary energy and so can't possibly replace fossil fuels in the world energy economy.
Primary energy might be the right lens through which to think about energy when there are few alternatives to fossil fuels, or if you're an oil, gas, or coal company, for which primary energy describes the product you sell. However the world economy does not run on primary energy, it runs on final energy. That's the energy we consume to heat and light our buildings, run our vehicles, and power industry. The major difference between primary and final energy is waste heat, though there are also some losses from energy transport. Altogether, around a third of primary energy is lost before it can do anything useful.
Thinking about the world in terms of primary energy also masks the important role of electricity where heat losses are highest at around 63%. It can also help to explain why many of the world's most eminent energy experts have underestimated the growth to date of renewable energy, and its future potential. If we consider that the electricity sector consumes about 38% of fossil fuel production; and that renewables make up 25% of electricity, and wind and solar PV make up 25% of that, it easy to see how these technologies can get lost in the noise of a much larger primary energy analysis.
Renewables are certainly not the one-size-fits-all solution that enthusiasts sometimes claim. However if we think of the energy transition in phases, then we need to think of wind, PV and lithium-ion battery storage as "Phase I" decarbonization technologies that, if deployed to their full potential, can make a big dent in greenhouse gas emissions and buy us time to develop something else for "Phase II".
The world has been adding more renewable power capacity than fossil fuel power capacity since 2015. Today, renewables (excluding large hydro) account for almost 68% of new additions, and make up 21% of total installed capacity and 13% of generation. In 2018 a record 108GW of PV was deployed worldwide, as well as 50GW of wind power. In 2019 the industry is on track to beat all records with 121GW of PV and 67GW of wind. Looking forward to 2020 we estimate another 138GW of PV and 70GW of wind. But how might this continue?
The New Energy Outlook (NEO) is BloombergNEF's annual long-term analysis of the future of energy. It draws together the work of over 65 in-house analysts across the world to describe a future, least-cost, electricity system. The headline conclusion is that a combination of cheap renewables, batteries, and other new sources of flexibility grow worldwide to reach almost 50% wind and PV in the electricity supply by 2050, with solar growing from around 2% to 22% of electricity, and wind from 5% to 26%. In contrast, the share of fossil fuels in power declines to 31% from 63% today while hydro and nuclear see modest growth or remain flat, the former constrained by resource availability, the latter by a combination of high costs and a lack of flexibility.
At its core, NEO is a story of technology disruption and nothing reflects this better than solar PV. Since 1976 we have seen a rapid fall in the price of crystalline silicon PV modules, down from $80/W to $0.27/W in 2018, and around $0.25/W in 2019. Just since 2010 PV module prices have fallen 85%. Driving this are manufacturing scale and ongoing deployment. The relationship between price and volume can be represented by an experience curve. For PV, the experience curve describes a 28.5%, decline in cost for every doubling of capacity. That's perhaps not as steep as equivalent curves seen in the semi-conductor industry, but it's of a similar order of magnitude. How long this relationship will hold is unknown, but bottom-up analysis looking at innovation in PV manufacturing on a component-by-component basis makes us confident that the industry won't hit technical limitations anytime soon. Looking out to 2025 and 2030, we expect all-in cost of energy from new solar PV to drop another 14% and 22% respectively.
Wind technology has also been getting cheaper. The price of wind turbines is down 40% since 2010 on a per megawatt basis with an experience curve of around 11%. But while unit declines are less impressive than PV, wind remains competitive with solar energy because each MW of wind yields more energy. This improvement in capacity factor comes from taller turbines that can access faster wind speeds, and bigger swept-area-to-power-output ratios that increase the energy captured where the wind is weaker. Newer turbine models are also widening the range of locations where wind parks can be developed economically. Overall, onshore wind energy has a 15% learning rate. Recent years has also seen the cost of offshore wind come down faster than most expected. This is the combination of larger turbines that offer better park layouts as well as fewer foundations, less cabling and less maintenance; larger projects pushing the 1GW mark that offer economies of scale; growing global supply chains and developer experience; as well as better policy design.
Both solar PV and wind are the product of large-scale modular manufacturing industries that find continuous micro-innovations in production efficiency, materials and energy use. The cost of these technologies declines with every unit deployed. And this is fundamentally different to large, fuel-based power plants which are pieces of complex system engineering, and where 50% of the lifetime cost of a coal plant and 70% of that for gas plants are due to fuel prices, themselves subject to commodity cycles.
By taking technology costs, balance of plant, operations, maintenance and financing costs into account, we can calculate the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for new renewable and fossil fuel assets alike. The LCOE is the average offtake price needed across a project lifetime for a developer to meet its equity hurdle rate of return. When we do this, we find that the cost of renewable projects have now fallen to such an extent, that today two-thirds of the world population live somewhere where wind or PV, or both, are the cheapest new-build electricity option. And in Japan, Poland or Turkey where coal remains cheaper, or in Russia where gas remains cheaper, this first tipping point in the economics is imminent.
We are also seeing firm downward pressure on new wind and PV project costs from more and more capacity being awarded via tender or auction. Here, competition between developers continues to reveal incredibly low prices, which in turn has squeezed margins all along the supply chain. Most recently, on November 21, the Dubai Energy and Water Authority awarded a contract for 800MW of PV to Saudi-based ACWA Power and Kuwait-based Gulf Investment Corporation with an impressively low bid of $16.95/MWh. This followed the lowest bid on record of $16.30 (€14.80/MWh) from French developer Akuo Energy which won 150MW in Portugal's first solar auction in August.
Already this year we have seen 63GW of new renewable capacity awarded via auction – more than ever before – with a further 97GW announced for future rounds. The lowest bid for new onshore wind energy to date is in Mexico where Italian utility Enel won a total of 593MW, including a bid of $17.70/MWh. These prices need to be read cautiously as they hide a long list of contract particularities that obscure the full lifetime cost of the projects. For example, some bids are for delivery in future years and developers can bake-in an expectation of cheaper equipment; projects also usually have a longer life than the length of contracts awarded; and some include inflation factors or differential tariffs. However, even if we levelize these bids, they remain incredibly cheap and the costs are generally much lower than those of new coal or gas plants.
If we expect renewable technology costs to continue to decline along their experience curves, then it's a matter of when, not if, new-build wind or PV drops below the cost of running existing, commissioned coal and gas plants. This second "tipping point" happens at different times in different countries, depending on the quality of renewable resources and fuel prices, but it happens sooner than most people might think. In China, our calculations suggest new onshore wind will be cheaper than running existing coal-fired power as early as 2024. And in the U.S., which has the cheapest gas in the world, new-build wind and PV look likely to be cheaper than running most existing combined-cycle gas plants by 2030. As these critical points are reached, renewables can start to take market share from commissioned coal and gas plants, which consequently see lower capacity factors and higher generation costs.
But there is an obvious problem – wind and PV are not always available, so looking at the LCOE alone is not enough. Ultimately what's needed is additional flexibility, both on the supply and the demand side to help support variable renewables and ensure security of supply. Demand response, including both capacity turn-down and time-of-use load shifting; large reservoir hydro and pumped hydro; network interconnection; and gas peaker plants that run on-call for a small number of hours per year, can all offer flexibility. However the most compelling technology story is lithium-ion batteries. Batteries can shave peaks and can help PV meet demand when the sun has gone down, and wind meet demand when it's not blowing. However most importantly, like PV and wind, lithium-ion batteries are getting cheaper, fast.
The price of a lithium-ion battery pack is down 87% since 2010 on a volume-weighted basis from $1,160/kWh, to $156/kWh according to BNEF's December 2019 annual survey. At the same time, battery energy density and cycle life continue to improve – the former up more than 67% since 2011. Like PV and wind, this decline in costs is the result of manufacturing scale and innovation, with battery pack demand rising 100-fold from 2010 to 2018. The relationship between price and volume here describes an 18% learning rate, so as manufactured volume increases over time, we expect costs will continue to fall to around $94/kWh in 2024 and $62/kWh in 2030. Right now there is 366GWh per year of commissioned lithium-ion battery manufacturing capacity worldwide, and based on manufacturer commitments, by 2022 that number is set to rise more than three-fold, to 1,239GWh. To give a sense of future scale-up, in 2018 demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles overtook demand for lithium-ion batteries for consumer electronics, and in most markets EVs currently only make up 2% or less of the on-road fleet.
While lithium-ion battery chemistries aren't always a perfect fit for stationary energy storage applications in the power sector, they have a significant cost advantage over other technologies. Today, a four-hour lithium-ion battery system charging from the grid has an average levelized cost of around $167/MWh, and as battery costs decline we expect this to fall to $79/MWh by 2030. Today most business cases for large-scale batteries rely on stacking revenues from a combination of energy, capacity and ancillary service markets, depending on what's available. They are also being used in some markets by large energy users to lower demand charges, and grid operators to avoid costly network upgrades.
However, in the future we expect most batteries will find value in load shifting – that is, charging when renewables are abundant and prices low, and discharging during high value hours when renewables are offline and prices spike as more expensive generation ramps up. We can already see a pipeline of co-located renewables-plus-storage projects. If the battery is small enough, these can be competitive today, with lower costs, larger batteries start to look in the money. Our calculations suggest the cost of co-located wind-plus-storage and PV-plus-storage projects with larger four-hour storage systems will fall over 40% by 2030. That means renewable energy can reach more high-value hours when they would otherwise be unavailable, competing directly with new coal or gas projects for capacity by the mid-2020s. In India, for example, we think these co-located systems will look more economic than new pithead coal-fired generation by 2024. And by the mid-2030s batteries charging either from the grid or from a co-located coal asset could be cheaper then running existing coal or gas plants.
The fall in battery prices is the result of growing demand from the electric vehicles industry. EVs sales growth has slowed a little in 2019, but we still expect a record 2.2 million vehicles, up from 1.9 million in 2018, and just over 1 million in 2017. At the end of Q3 2019 there were 6.5 million EVs on the road, over half of those in China. The uptake is being driven in part by tighter tailpipe emissions standards in U.S., China and Europe that require auto manufacturers to sell more EVs to balance sales of their internal combustion engine (ICE) models. There are currently 370 battery-electric and plug-in hybrid EV models on the market worldwide, and by this time next year there will be 428. More models means more choice, and more likely a buyer will find an EV option that suits their needs. On the other side of the ledger, purchase subsidies, tax breaks and scrappage schemes are helping drive consumer uptake. Governments are also starting to send longer-term signals to the market. So far 13 national governments, as well as 30 states and municipal governments, have announced phase-out plans for internal combustion engine vehicles. Norway is the most ambitious country-level target, aiming to ban ICEs by 2025, other European countries such as Denmark, Sweden and Netherlands are aiming for 2030, and the U.K., France and Canada at 2040. Cities tend to be more ambitious, with Madrid, Rome, Athens and Mexico City aiming to be ICE-free in six years. Los Angeles, Cape Town and Brussels are some of those aiming for 2030.
Around 30% of the cost of a battery electric vehicle is the battery pack, so cheaper batteries means cheaper EVs which, according to our analysis, should reach upfront price parity with equivalent ICE models as soon as 2023. From that point we expect uptake to accelerate, reaching 30% of new vehicle sales worldwide by 2030, and 57% by 2040, up from just 3% today. By 2040 around 42% of cars on the road in the U.S. are expected to have a plug. In Europe its 38%. Worldwide there are set to be around 576 million EVs on the road in 2040. All these EVs do two things: they add electricity demand, and they reduce oil demand.
Growth in electric vehicles accounts for 3,950TWh, or 9%, of electricity demand in 2050. Again, this differs by region. In the U.S., EVs draw 16% of electricity in 2050, in Europe 15%, in Australia 13%, and in China 10%. However the hours of the day when EVs charge will ultimately be as important as how much load they add. Many energy suppliers in the U.S. and Europe already offer EV-specific rate structures that provide a strong incentive for off-peak charging at night. If an EV can be plugged in during the 95% of the time a normal car is stationary, whether that's at home, at work, or out-and-about, then owners can charge at the cheapest times, and the power grid benefits from greater demand-side flexibility. With the growth of close-to-zero marginal cost PV and wind, we expect these tariffs to shift more vehicle charging to the middle of the day when solar generation is at its best.
Growth in EVs, and fuel economy improvements, means we think oil demand from road fuels should peak in around 2030, with the combination of alternative drivetrains and growth in shared mobility displacing around 15 million barrels of oil per day by 2040.
Consumers are not just starting to buy EVs, they are also changing the energy system by installing their own PV, and in some places they are also now adding batteries. Small-scale PV deployed on rooftops and commercial buildings has grown strongly in markets with good solar resources and high, or rising, retail electricity prices. In Australia one in five households already has rooftop PV. In the state of South Australia where I'm from, it's one in four and rooftop PV accounts for more than half the system load at certain times. As solar gets cheaper more households and commercial facilities will add PV to offset their retail electricity bills. And as the cost of lithium-ion batteries continues to fall, adding storage alongside PV also starts to look more and more attractive. Consumer uptake can be rapid when price and market penetration meet critical thresholds and a copycat effect drives steep adoption s-curves where uptake accelerates from early adopters to the mass market, before reaching saturation. Our diffusion modelling for consumer PV, and PV-plus-battery products, shows that by 2050, 10-30% of power capacity assets could sit behind-the-meter in major markets, highlighting a massive shift in system value downstream.
Looking at the New Energy Outlook results at a regional and country level to 2050 shows that Europe transitions furthest towards renewables, and does so fastest. The combination of low cost bulk renewables, carbon pricing, and competitive batteries, propel wind and PV to over 80% penetration by 2050 in some European states. Those where nuclear, hydro or biomass can play a major role get close to 100% zero-carbon. An 80% variable renewable energy system looks very different to the power systems with which we are familiar. No longer do large coal or gas plants run around-the-clock at high capacity factors, supported by smaller peakers. Instead, cheap variable renewables form the backbone of the system, supported by batteries and conventional plants running at low capacity factors. This configuration is characterized by large amounts of PV during the day, supported by wind in the evenings and batteries that charge and discharge over short timeframes. In this new system, back-up and curtailment are a feature, not a bug.
Firstly, there are limits to what wind, PV and batteries can do together. This is because there are days and weeks during the year when wind and PV simply can't produce enough electrons to meet demand, no matter how many batteries are installed. Some of the peakiest parts of the load might be met with demand response, but that's limited. That means these systems need to call upon dispatchable back-up.
Secondly, there are weeks and months when renewables are running flat out producing more electricity than is needed in real time and more than the battery fleet can store. At these times we have too much capacity and get curtailment. But this is still least-cost, because as PV and wind get cheaper, they remain competitive despite not producing useable electricity during every hour of operation, that is, at lower and lower capacity factors.
Ultimately, we think almost every country could technically get to around 80% wind and PV before reaching seasonal limitations, but most would need to deploy new renewables much faster to do so this side of 2050.
For example, the U.S. energy transition is dominated by cheap natural gas which grows to 45% of generation in 2030 as it replaces aging coal infrastructure. Once new gas plants are commissioned, they are cheap to run and tend not to face strong competition from battery systems for their dispatchable hours this side of 2050. Wind and PV grow too but more slowly, making up just 35% of electricity by mid-century. In China, coal generation grows with electricity demand in the short to medium term, but we think China will build its last coal plant by 2025 and sees peak coal generation in 2027. After which, coal declines at around 2% per year, and by 2050, wind and PV makes up 48% of China's electricity supply.
Coal-fired power is the first fossil fuel casualty of the transition, according to our modelling – peaking globally in 2026 and falling to just 12% of electricity in 2050, from around 37% today. This transition is most stark in Europe and the U.S., where coal-fired power continues its recent decline, down 90% to 2050 in the U.S. where it's undercut by cheap natural gas and renewables, and down 97% in Europe where coal-phase out plans, cheaper renewables and batteries, as well as carbon pricing, force it out of the mix. Coal continues to grow in China and South East Asia into the mid-2020s, and India until the late 2030s.
The outlook for gas-fired power remains relatively flat, as growth in the U.S. is offset by longer-term decline in Europe where it is increasingly beaten on cost by the combination of renewables plus batteries. In Asia gas is beaten by cheap coal and renewables. Gas grows 0.6% per year, supplying system back-up and flexibility rather than bulk generation in most markets. However, gas capacity doubles to help ensure security of supply, with combined-cycle plant up 37%, and peaker units that can ramp quickly to meet daily and seasonal extremes up 350%.
From a climate perspective, the New Energy Outlook is somewhat optimistic. It concludes that a least-cost deployment of renewable energy would keep power sector emissions on track for a 2-degree trajectory, but only until around 2030. Beyond that, decarbonization would need to be hastened by policy intervention. To achieve a 1.5 degree trajectory as envisaged by the Paris Agreement will need much more rapid transition than economics alone can deliver.
Achieving net-zero emissions by the second half of the century means there is nowhere to hide for those slow on the uptake, and no room for unabated fossil fuels. In particular, net-zero emissions targets ask serious questions about energy transition pathways for industry and buildings. One pathway is to switch to electricity to hitch a ride on the back of the renewable energy juggernaut. As discussed, this is already well established for road transport, even some of the commercial vehicle segments. It is also possible to use more electricity for space heating in buildings, as well as low- and medium-temperature industrial processes.
However, going electric isn't a universal solution. Yes, there is interesting progress being made in short-haul electric aviation and shipping, but moving heavy loads long distances is going to need something with better energy density than a battery. Heating is also highly seasonal which means a lot of energy demand is concentrated in a few months of the year. It also has a particular intraday pattern, ramping up in the morning as people wake up and turn on their heating, and again in the evening when they arrive home. If a country like the U.K. were to shift to 100% electric heat, the coldest days might drive a three-fold increase in winter peak power demand, right at the time when solar generation is at a nadir. In industry, high temperature heat is required for iron and steel production, chemicals, cement, aluminum and glass, among others. While electricity can technically provide high temperature heat, most technology options are still at early stages of development. Furthermore, in chemicals manufacturing, for example, fossil fuels also provide the raw materials, and in iron and steel production, they are chemically involved in the process itself. Even in the power sector, we've seen that around 20% of electricity demand is going to be very difficult to supply with wind, PV and batteries – our "Phase I" decarbonization technologies – alone. To get to net zero we are going to need a "Phase II".
Perhaps the answer is nuclear, hydro or solar thermal? Perhaps it's carbon capture with permanent sequestration? Or perhaps we are going to need a clean molecule such as hydrogen? What we know for sure is that right now, all the options we can list have limited potential or are far from commercially viable.
The good news is that "Phase I" can buy us time. But only if PV, wind, batteries and EVs are deployed as fast, or faster, than the New Energy Outlook suggests. At the same time, government needs to start making a market for the "Phase II" decarbonization technologies. And let the private sector start investing.
Wind and Solar Propel Net-Zero Power Supply Investment
Africa Clean Energy Investment Sees No Post-Pandemic Rebound


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Q: How to display arraylist in jtable dynamically I am new to Java so please bare with me :).
I created a function that fetch the records from the table.
public ArrayList<Object> getAll() {
    try {
        ArrayList<Object> resultList = new ArrayList<>();
        query = this.conn.prepareStatement("select * from " +
                this.currentTable + this.tableClass.getWhere());
        ResultSet result = query.executeQuery();
        ResultSetMetaData meta = result.getMetaData();
        int totalColumn = meta.getColumnCount();
        while(result.next()) {
            ArrayList<Object> obj = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int x = 1; x < totalColumn; x++) {
                obj.add(result.getObject(x));
            }
            resultList.add(obj);
        }
        result.close();
        query.close();
        return resultList;
    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.out.println("Error : " + e.getMessage());
    }
    return null;
}

Now, I want to display the ArrayList above in my JTable.
 DefaultTableModel model = new DefaultTableModel();

 ArrayList<Object> obj = this.getAll(); //call the method above

 // How to insert the records above.

 tableResult.setModel(model);

The problem is, there is an error while inserting an ArrayList in a JTable. I tried to cast ArrayList to Object[] but it has also an error.
Does anybody know?


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Management of abdominal tuberculosis in a community-based hospital in a high-income developing country
Hussam Mousa1,
Saleh Abdel-Kader1 &
Fikri M. Abu-Zidan ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0143-85682
The delayed diagnosis and management of abdominal tuberculosis increases its mortality. We aimed to study the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of patients who had abdominal tuberculosis and were treated at Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain City, United Arab Emirates.
All patients who had abdominal tuberculosis and were treated at Al-Ain Hospital between January 2011 and December 2018 were studied. Data were collected retrospectively using a structured protocol including demography, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, management, and outcome.
Twenty-four patients having a median age of 30 years were studied with an incidence of 0.6/100,000 population. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (95.8%) and malaise (79.2%). Fever was present only in nine patients (37.5%). Laboratory investigations, except for polymerase chain reaction immunoassay, were not helpful. Chest X-ray was abnormal in three patients (12.5%). Ultrasound and abdominal CT scan were non-specific. Thirteen patients needed surgical intervention for diagnosis or therapy. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology in 15 patients (62.5%), immunological assays in 7 patients (29.2%), microbiological culture in 1 patient (4%), and therapeutic trial in 1 patient (4%). The most common type of abdominal tuberculosis was gastrointestinal in 13 patients (54.2%) followed by free wet peritonitis in 5 patients (20.8%). All patients had quadruple anti-tuberculous therapy for a minimum of 6 months. The median hospital stay was 6.5 days. None of our patients died.
Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis remains challenging despite advances in medical technology and diagnostic tools. The limited need for diagnostic therapy in our study supports the benefit of PCR assay. Surgery was mainly indicated as the last option to reach the diagnosis or to treat complications.
Tuberculosis is one of the 10 leading causes of death globally, being responsible for the highest mortality caused by a single bacterium. Latent tuberculosis occurs in about one quarter of the world population. In 2019, 10 million people had tuberculosis of whom 1.2 million died [1, 2]. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for 20% of tuberculosis [3]. Abdominal tuberculosis is the second most common type after pulmonary tuberculosis and accounts for 10–15% of all extrapulmonary cases [4, 5].
It is a misconception that abdominal tuberculosis is a disease of poor communities because it may occur in developed countries, especially in immunocompromised patients [5]. This disease can be transmitted to the gastrointestinal tract by swallowing the infected sputum to the lymph nodes and solid organs by lymphatic and hematogenous spread; and to the internal organs, such as the fallopian tubes and adnexa in females, from adjacent infected foci [6,7,8]. Abdominal tuberculosis is a great mimicker for many diseases, such as malignancy and Crohn's disease, and this may present a major challenge for diagnosis if it is not suspected [7,8,9]. Delayed diagnosis and treatment increase mortality by about 10% [10]. We aimed to study the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcome of patients who had abdominal tuberculosis and were treated at Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain City, United Arab Emirates.
Ethical approval was given by Al-Ain Hospital Research Ethics Committee, Al-Ain, UAE, (Ethical approval number: AAHEC-04-20-009). Patients' informed consent was not required as the study was retrospective. Personal patient identifiers were protected during data collection.
Study setting and population
Al-Ain Hospital was the main acute care surgery center in Al-Ain City, having 550 beds until March 2021 when it was designated the COVID-19 care hospital of the city during the COVID-19 pandemic. The population of Al-Ain City was estimated to be around half a million during the study period [11].
All patients who had abdominal tuberculosis and were treated at Al-Ain Hospital between January 2011 and December 2018 were included.
Data were collected retrospectively. A special protocol was developed, tested, and refined before collecting the data. Data were collected by an experienced surgeon (S A-K) who was instructed and trained by the senior author (FAZ) to assure the accuracy of data collection. Collected data included demographics (age, gender, nationality), clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, type of abdominal tuberculosis, management, and clinical outcome.
Data were presented using summary descriptive statistics including median (range) for continuous or ordinal data and number (%) for categorical data. Missing data were not imputed, and percentages were calculated from available data. Incidence was calculated by dividing the annual number of cases by the city population during the study period and was expressed as cases per 100,000 inhabitants. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS version 26, Chicago, IL) for statistical analysis.
History and clinical findings
Twenty-four patients having a median (range) age of 30 (19–59) years were studied. Thirteen (54.3%) were females (Table 1). The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis was 0.6 per 100,000 population. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (95.8%), malaise (79.2%), and loss of appetite (79.2%). Fever was present in only nine patients (37.5%). The median duration of symptoms prior to seeking medical care was 2 months. Five patients had a comorbidity or previous disease (20.8%): one had previous lung tuberculosis, one had lung tuberculosis and diabetes, one had lung tuberculosis and colonic adenocarcinoma, one had a desmoid tumor of abdominal wall, and one was hypertensive with chronic renal disease. HIV test was done in 14 patients and was negative in all. The most common clinical findings were abdominal tenderness (75%) and distension (37.5%) (Table 2). Only two patients presented with a clear picture of peritonitis (8.3%). The most common type of abdominal tuberculosis was gastrointestinal (54.2%) followed by free wet peritonitis (ascites) (20.8%) (Table 3). Abdominal tuberculosis was suspected in only 13 patients (54.2%) on admission (Table 4).
Table 1 Demography of 24 patients with abdominal tuberculosis treated at Al-Ain Hospital during the period January 2011 to December 2018
Table 2 Symptoms and signs of 24 patients with abdominal tuberculosis treated at Al-Ain Hospital during the period January 2011 to December 2018
Table 3 Type of abdominal tuberculosis in 24 patients treated at Al-Ain Hospital during the period January 2011 to December 2018 and their diagnostic workup
Table 4 Suspected diagnosis of 24 patients with proven abdominal tuberculosis treated at Al-Ain Hospital during the period January 2011 to December 2018
C-reactive protein (CRP) was raised in 16 patients (80%), leukocytosis was present in 3 patients (13.63%), and thrombocytosis in 8/22 patients (36.3%) (Table 5). Immunoassay was performed in 14 patients and was diagnostic in 7 of them.
Table 5 Blood investigations of 24 patients with abdominal tuberculosis treated at Al-Ain Hospital during the period January 2011 to December 2018
Radiological workup
Chest X-ray was abnormal in only three patients (12.5%). Two had pleural effusion while the third had left apical pleural scarring. Ultrasound was done in 14 patients and showed abnormal non-specific findings in 11. These findings included free intraperitoneal fluid in 4 patients, intraperitoneal soft tissue masses in three patients, intraperitoneal lymph nodes in three patients, thickened bowel in two patients, thickened omentum in two patients, encysted ascites in one patient (Fig. 1), and abdominal wall mass in one patient. Abdominal CT scan was done in 16 patients. Abdominal tuberculosis was suggested only in three patients: one had an omental cake and adenopathy, the second had a mass suggestive of necrotic tuberculous adenopathy (Fig. 2), and the third had a thickened bowel with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Other findings from abdominal CT were non-specific, and included lymphadenopathy in four patients, ileocecal mass in three patients, thickened bowel in three patients, free intraperitoneal fluid in two patients, abdominal cocoon in one patient, thickened omentum in one patient, and iliopsoas abscess in one patient (Fig. 3).
A 29-year-old man presented with shortness of breath, generalized abdominal pain, and fatigue. Abdominal ultrasound scan showed ascites (A, yellow arrow heads) with loculations (A, white arrows) in the pelvis and the left iliac fossa. The peritoneum (B, white arrow heads) and omentum (B, empty arrow heads) were thickened. Peritoneal and pleural fluid cytology were suggestive of an inflammatory tuberculous process. The patient responded to the anti-tuberculous therapy
A 29-year-old woman presented with epigastric and lower abdominal pain, fresh vaginal bleeding, and weight loss. Coronal CT scan of the abdomen with intravenous contrast revealed a non-enhanced complex mass lesion measures 4 × 2.5 cm anterior and to the right of the IVC at the level of L3-L4 vertebrae suggesting matted lymph nodes (arrows). Acid Fast Bacilli smear from the mass was positive
A 31-year-old woman presented with right iliac fossa and right-sided back pain for 1-month duration. She was afebrile, had no cough or night sweats but was anemic. Abdominal CT scan with intravenous contrast showed an inflammatory mass in the right iliac fossa (yellow arrow heads) with sinus tracts communicating to a right iliopsoas abscess (white arrow heads). The patient was from an endemic area of tuberculosis and was treated with anti-tuberculous drugs
Colonoscopy was performed in 6 patients having ileocecal pathologies. Four had ulcers and two had masses. Biopsies were taken in all 6 patients and were diagnostic in only 2.
Thirteen patients had surgery. Five had laparoscopy, one had an elective cholecystectomy and biopsy, one had a diagnostic biopsy, three were converted to open surgery of whom two had right open hemicolectomy, while the third had cocoon abdomen which was released. Six patients had laparotomy as the initial procedure. Two needed only a biopsy, two had small bowel resection anastomosis, and two had right hemicolectomy. Two patients had abdominal wall surgery: one had an incision and drainage of an abscess, and one had an excision of a mass. Table 3 shows the summary of the diagnostic workup of the different types of abdominal tuberculosis in our study.
Final diagnosis
Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology showing caseating granuloma in 15 patients (62.5%). Two of these patients had acid-fast bacilli on the slides. Immunological assays were diagnostic in 7 patients (29.2%). One patient grew mycobacterium tuberculosis (4%). The workup of one patient was non-conclusive and a therapeutic trial was used to confirm the diagnosis (4%).
Three patients had postoperative complications (12.5%): one patient had wound infection, another had pleural effusion, and a third had a sinus formation. All patients had quadruple anti-tuberculous therapy which included Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide for a minimum of 6 months. The patients stayed in the hospital for a median range of 6.5 (0–21) days and were followed up for a period of 6–12 months. One patient needed readmission complaining of vomiting which resolved. None of our patients died.
Our study has shown that the clinical diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis remains challenging despite advances in medical technology and diagnostic tools. Our patient group was mainly adults in their thirties with equal male to female distribution; abdominal tuberculosis was suspected in only half of our patients: this is similar to other studies [5, 12]. The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis was 0.6 per 100,000 population. The majority of our cases were low-income expatriate workers. Peritonitis, which is a late manifestation of the disease [7,8,9,10], occurred in less than 10% of our patients. The speedy development of a well-funded health care system in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the diversity of its population make it an ideal setting for studying abdominal tuberculosis. The UAE has a population of 10 million including more than 200 nationalities [13] as shown in Table 1.
Tuberculosis remains a challenging global disease. This paper serves as a reminder for acute care surgeons about the difficulties which may be encountered in its management. Acute care surgeons may find their patients in difficult situations of severe sepsis associated with unresolved bowel obstruction or peritonitis that cannot be explained by the non-specific biochemical and radiological findings. Aiming to help these patients, they may perform emergency laparoscopy or laparotomy only to be surprised by the unfamiliar and unexpected operative findings of abdominal tuberculosis. This can be easily missed as malignancy even by experienced surgeons who are unfamiliar with this disease, which delays the diagnosis of tuberculosis and increases its mortality [10].
Fever was present in less than 40% while leukocytosis was present in less than 15% of our patients. If intra-abdominal pus is found by aspiration or surgery in a healthy-looking patient who does not have fever and leukocytosis, abdominal tuberculosis should be suspected.
The laboratory and radiological workups were not very useful. Anemia and inflammatory markers, although alarming, are not specific [10]. Nevertheless, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immunoassay tests suggested the diagnosis in seven patients (29.2%). Chest-X-ray was normal in most of our patients. Only 15–25% of abdominal tuberculosis patients have associated pulmonary tuberculosis [14]. Similarly, sonographic findings are nonspecific although they may show ascites, lymphadenopathy, and focal organ lesions [15]. Abdominal CT Scan is more accurate than ultrasound and may indicate the need for further diagnostic measures such as percutaneous aspiration or direct biopsy [15, 16]. It is useful in defining the type and the extent of abdominal tuberculosis [14, 17, 18]. CT scan findings include ascites, peritoneal thickening, lymph node enlargement, bowel wall thickening, and mesenteric fat stranding. These are difficult to differentiate from lymphomas, peritoneal carcinomatosis, and inflammatory bowel diseases [19, 20].
Fine needle aspiration cytology may demonstrate granulomatous cells necessitating the start of early medical therapy which will avoid laparoscopy or laparotomy [12]. In our study, the diagnosis was established histologically in 15 cases (62.5%). The decision to use laparoscopy or laparotomy as a diagnostic method depends on the laparoscopic experience of the surgeon and the type of abdominal tuberculosis. Diagnostic laparoscopy is useful in obtaining tissue samples [21] especially in ascitic peritonitis. Open surgery is indicated in cases of tuberculous abdominal cocoon in order to peel off the fibrous tissue encasing the bowel and hence avoid bowel injury: this procedure was done in one of our patients [22].
Therapeutic diagnosis has a role where there is a high index of suspicion of abdominal tuberculosis and a negative workup [9]. This is especially important when abdominal tuberculosis cannot be differentiated from Crohn's disease [6]. Treating abdominal tuberculosis with steroids on the assumption that it is Crohn's disease is very risky and may lead to death [4, 10]. Therapeutic diagnosis was used in around 25% (16–29%) of abdominal tuberculosis in old studies [23,24,25,26]. We used this approach only in one patient (4%) which indicates improvements in the diagnostic accuracy. The new immunoassay tests suggested the diagnosis in 7 patients (29.2%). It is possible that 8/24 (33%) would have needed a therapeutic trial if the PCR immunoassay tests had not been available. Accurate PCR results, as reported by advanced tuberculosis research laboratories, cannot be assumed to be reproduced by community-based hospitals. Sampling errors, technical errors, or contamination of the samples in community-based hospitals may give false results [27]. Our results are very encouraging and possibly can be reproduced by other general hospitals. Although PCR is useful in supporting the clinical diagnosis, it cannot differentiate between dead and living mycobacterium because it gives positive results for a long time after the death of the bacteria. Accordingly, PCR should not be used for follow-up [27, 28].
In principle, abdominal tuberculosis should be treated medically, and surgery should be performed only when indicated, which is usually as the last option to reach a diagnosis or to treat complications. Globally, 20–40% of abdominal tuberculosis cases present acutely and need emergency surgery. Indications for surgery include bowel obstruction, perforation, and bleeding [5, 7, 10]. In our study 13 out of 24 patients (54.2%) needed surgery. The median duration of hospital stay in our study was 6.5 days which is less than that reported by others [5]. Despite the presence of comorbidities and associated disease in one fifth of our patients, none of them died, possibly because they were relatively young. The UAE has generally a young working population with very low mortality of severe sepsis at less than 1% [29].
We must acknowledge that our study has certain limitations. First, the sample size is relatively small. Nevertheless, it represents all patients treated over 8 years in a major referral hospital for treating tuberculosis with a catchment population of half million inhabitants. Second, the study is retrospective in nature which carries the risk of missing data. Finally, we could not locate the source of infection which is important for infection control. The majority were expatriate workers suggesting that the infection was carried from overseas although we cannot be sure about that.
Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis remains challenging despite advancements in medical technology and diagnostic tools. The low percentage of the need for diagnostic therapy in our study supports the benefit of PCR assay. Surgery was mainly indicated as the last option to reach the diagnosis or to treat complications.
Data will be available to the Editor on request.
ESR:
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Abu-Zidan FM, Sheek-Hussein M. Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis: lessons learned over 30 years: pectoral assay. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-019-0252-3.
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Abu-Zidan F, Al-Hilaly M, Diab S. Abdominal tuberculosis in Kuwait. In: Montorsi M, Zennaro F, editors. Proceedings of the Second World Week of Professional Updating in Surgery and Oncological Disciplines of the University of Milan. General Surgery, vol. VII. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore; 1990. p. 41–6.
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Abdel-Kader S, Sartelli M, Abu-Zidan FM. Complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective validation study of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score. Singapore Med J. 2019;60(6):317–21. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018120.
The authors thank Ms. Geraldine Kershaw, Lecturer, Medical Communication and Study Skills, Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, for her professional linguistic and grammar corrections.
Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain, UAE
Hussam Mousa & Saleh Abdel-Kader
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, UAE
Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
Hussam Mousa
Saleh Abdel-Kader
Conceived and designed the experiments: HM and FAZ. Retrieved and coded the data: HM, SA-K. Analyzed the data: FAZ. Wrote the paper: HM and FAZ. Critically read the paper: HM, SA-K, and FAZ. Approved the final version: HM, SA-K, FAZ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Fikri M. Abu-Zidan.
Ethical approval has been given by Al-Ain Hospital Research Ethics Committee, Al-Ain, UAE, (Ethical approval number: AAHEC-04-20-009). Patients' informed consent was not required as the study was retrospective. Personal patients' identifiers were protected during data collection.
Mousa, H., Abdel-Kader, S. & Abu-Zidan, F.M. Management of abdominal tuberculosis in a community-based hospital in a high-income developing country. World J Emerg Surg 16, 25 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-021-00370-3
Extrapulmonary


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Енисейские (красноярские) казаки — являлись частью царской служилой рати — сибирских казаков, образовались так же, как и эти последние, то есть из остатков дружины Ермака и различных выходцев из Московского государства, из части местных инородцев и некоторых категорий пленных.

Своё название они получили от городков или острожков на реке Енисей, служивших главным местом их жительства; находясь в подчинении воеводам, управлявшим городами по наказам Сибирского приказа, енисейские казаки в первое время, то есть во 2-й половине XVI века, состояли под командою голов, сотников, пятидесятников и десятников, назначавшихся воеводами из их же среды.

Освоение Сибири

Памятной датой для енисейских казаков является 1619 год, когда сибирские казаки из Тобольска Пётр Албычев и Черкас Рукин «со товарищи» заложили Енисейский острог. Число их было невелико (100 человек), и выступали они под предводительством московского воеводы. Главной их обязанностью был сбор ясака с местных тунгусов, который поступал в амбар. Для улучшения сбора ясака была введена система заложников-аманатов. Спустя 9 лет казаки построили второй острог, Красноярский, первым воеводой которого стал Андрей Дубенский. Енисейская земля стала плацдармом для дальнейшего освоения Русским государством огромных территорий Сибири, однако её административным центром оставался Тобольск, откуда посылались воеводы. Казаки передвигались группами вдоль сибирских рек. В 1621 году был основан Ачинск, а в 1631 году Братск (атаман Максим Перфильев) и Илимск (Иван Галкин). Отсюда енисейские казаки под предводительством Петра Бекетова предприняли походы в Якутию (1632) и Забайкалье (1649). Вскоре от енисейских (красноярских) казаков отделились якутские казаки, а в 1661 году появляются первые иркутские казаки. Енисейским казаком числился донской казак Семён Дежнёв, достигший в 1648 году берегов Берингова пролива. Красноярские казаки постоянно расширяли границы Российского государства: в 1675 году ими был построен первый Абаканский острог, в 1717 году Саянский острог. В 1741 году был разработан план постройки новых казачьих форпостов на юге Сибири: Таштынского и Монуцкого. К 1759 году на реке Абакан возникла Южно-Сибирская пограничная линия, которая простиралась от  Шедатской крепости на востоке - Саянский острог-  до станицы Таштыпской на западе. Казаки 2-го Абаканского( с. Арбаты), Монуцкого ( с. Манок) и Таштыпского форпостов до 1864 года включительно несли пограничную службу на Абаканском участке Русско-китайской границы.

Организационные мероприятия
В 1822 году енисейские казаки, согласно «Уставу о Сибирских городовых казаках» перешли в разряд городовых казаков, из них был образован Енисейский городовой казачий полк. Тогда же казаки были разделены на полковых и станичных. К первым, вошедшим в состав полка, были отнесены казаки, не успевшие обзавестись прочным хозяйством, или те, которые должны были отправлять службу в местах, отдалённых от постоянного места жительства. Те же, которые обзавелись хозяйством, были зачислены в разряд станичных, отбывавших различные повинности только в местах своего проживания. Те и другие были оставлены в ведении гражданского начальства и причислены к составу губернской полиции.

Общее начальство над енисейскими казаками было вверено гражданским губернаторам; непосредственное управление полковыми казаками принадлежало полковому атаману. Станичные казаки были подчинены ведению земских исправников. Служебные обязанности казаков состояли, помимо охранения спокойствия и безопасности в местах, ими занятых, в выполнении различных поручений гражданского начальства по части земской полиции. В награду за эту службу, заканчивавшуюся только при полной неспособности к ней, казакам было определено отвести земельные наделы по 15 десятин на человека. Полковым казакам, сверх того, полагалось солдатское провиантское довольствие и фураж, a при дальних командировках — и жалованье. Станичным казакам жалованье не было определено, но зато они получили освобождение от всех государственных податей, денежных земских сборов и, сверх того, право беспошлинной меновой торговли с пограничными народцами. Наконец, за теми и другими казаками были сохранены земельные участки, отведённые им ранее в собственность. В каком положении находились енисейские и другие казаки Восточной Сибири в 1833—1837 годах, можно видеть из отчёта генерал-губернатора Броневского:

Результатом этого доклада были передача енисейских городовых полков в военное ведомство. В 1822 году был образован Енисейский казачий полк. В 1851 году из казаков Енисейского городового полка и станичных казаков Саянской и Абаканской станиц был составлен Енисейский казачий конный полк. На усиление его состава были обращены несколько местных поселений казённых крестьян, вместе с проживавшими в них отставными солдатами. На полк было возложено содержание караулов и разъездов в городах и около заводов, конвоирование арестантов и казённых транспортов, поимка беглых и другие обязанности полицейского характера и несение пограничной службы на линии: от Каратуза до Таштыпа. В то же время Енисейский казачий конный полк был объединен с Иркутским казачьим конным полком в бригаду. В 1864 году, для улучшения организации караульной и этапной службы в Иркутской и Енисейской губерниях были учреждены местные команды регулярных войск. Однако это не могло удовлетворить особых потребностей местной службы, требовавшей, наряду с пешими, конных войсковых частей. Ввиду этого, хотя с учреждением местных команд и возник вопрос об упразднении Енисейского казачьего полка, местное начальство находило возможным предоставить казачьему населению, с переходом в гражданское ведомство, сохранить за собой свой исконный способ отбывания воинской повинности путём выставления ежегодно конных казаков или милиционеров.  19 мая 1871 года Енисейский казачий конный полк был упразднён, и весь состав его, за исключением урядников и казаков, находившихся в это время на военной службе, был обращён в  статус государственных (или-"кабинетных", т.е. кабинета его Величества)  крестьян, лица же, оставшиеся в казачьем сословии Енисейской губернии, продолжали формировать отдельную Красноярскую казачью сотню. В 1900 году издано положение о мерах к завершению поземельного устройства чинов и населения упразднённого Енисейского казачьего конного полка. В Русско-японскую войну 1904—1905 годов казачьим населением Енисейской губернии выставлен отдельный Красноярский казачий конный дивизион в составе трёх конных сотен. Одна из сотен дивизиона принимала участие в Русско-японской войне 1904-05 г.г. Шесть казаков этой сотни получили георгиевские кресты 4-ой степени. В первой мировой войне принимали участие около 300  енисейских казаков-добровольцев, ранее служивших в составе Красноярского казачьего дивизиона. В 1915 г. 110 казаков-добровольцев убыли из Красноярска на германский фронт. Они были зачислены в состав Уссурийского казачьего полка Уссурийской конной дивизии. Около сотни красноярских казаков погибли в боях с неприятелем. Среди них несколько офицеров  войсковой старшина Сипкин, сотник Гамбурцев, зауряд-прапорщик Байкалов и др. В 1917-18г. г. казаки-красноярцы принимали участие в т.н. "мятеже Керенского-Краснова" в районе Петрограда.

25 мая (8 июня) 1917 года на Первом съезде енисейских казаков в Красноярске было принято решение об образовании административно- территориальной и военной единицы- Енисейского казачьего войска. На съезде были образованы военный, статистический, административный и др. отделы. Атаманом ЕКВ был избран офицер А.А. Сотников ( 1894-1920 г.г.) Вскоре Совет Союза Казачьих войск принял Енисейское казачье войско своим полноправным членом. 6-м Чрезвычайным Большим кругом Енисейских казаков, состоявшимся в августе 1919 года в  Красноярске, было установлено гражданское управление Енисейским казачьим войском, утверждённое войсковым атаманом ЕКВ  генералом Поповым в октябре 1919 года. В 1920 году Енисейское казачье войско, как и все казачьи войска, было упразднено советским правительством.

Современное состояние
В 1989 г. на территории Красноярского края, Хакасии и Тувы началось возрождение енисейского казачества. В 1991 году образованы: Красноярский, Ачинский, Минусинский и Верхне-Енисейский казачьи округа. Первым атаманом был избран И.М. Рычков. Затем его сменил А.Т. Ветров. В 1997 году был одобрен устав реестрового Енисейского казачьего общества атаман Н.М. Шульпеков и П.И. Платов. К настоящему времени казаки представлены несколькими общественными и реестровыми структурами: атаманы Артамонов, Кривоногов, Никифоров, Некрасов и др. Штаб-квартиры ЕВКО и ЕЕКВ СКР находятся в Красноярске. Общая численность потомков казаков составляет около 7 тыс. человек, которые неравномерно расселены распределяются по всей территории Красноярского края и соседних с ним Хакасии и Тувы.

Примечания

Литература

 Столетие военного министерства, том XI, Главное управление казачьих войск, исторический очерк А. И. Никольского
 История казачества азиатской России. В 3 томах. — Екатеринбург: Уральское отделение РАН, 1996.

Ссылки
 Енисейские казаки
 ЕНИСЕЙСКОЕ КАЗАЧЬЕ ВОЙСКО

Сибирское казачество
История Красноярского края


text:
Is incident rheumatoid arthritis interstitial lung disease associated with methotrexate treatment? Results from a multivariate analysis in the ERAS and ERAN inception cohort
Kiely P1,2, Busby AD3, Nikiphorou E4, Sullivan K3, Walsh DA5, Creamer P6, Dixey J7, Young A3. BMJ Open. 2019 May 5;9(5):e028466. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028466.
1 Department of Rheumatology, St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
2 Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's , University of London, London, UK.
3 Center for Health Services and Clinical Research and Post Graduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
4 Department of Academic Rheumatology, King's College, London, UK.
5 Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
6 Department of Rheumatology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
7 Department of Rheumatology, The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Shrewsbury, UK.
To assess predictive factors for rheumatoid arthritis interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) in two early rheumatoid arthritis(RA) inception cohorts with a focus on methotrexate (MTX) exposure.
Multicentre prospective early RA inception cohort studies; the early RA study (ERAS) and the early RA network (ERAN).
Secondary care, ERAS nine centres, ERAN 23 centres in England, Wales and Ireland.
Patients with new diagnosis of RA, n=2701. Standardised data including demographics, drug therapies and clinical outcomes including the presence of RA-ILD were collected at baseline, within 3-6 months, at 12 months and annually thereafter.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:
Primary outcome was the association of MTX exposure on RA-ILD diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were the association of demographic, comorbid and RA-specific factors on RA-ILD diagnosis and the association of MTX exposure on time to RA-ILD diagnosis.
Of 92 eligible ILD cases, 39 occurred in 1578 (2.5%) MTX exposed and 53 in 1114 (4.8%) non-MTX exposed cases. The primary analysis of RA-ILD cases only developing after any conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment (n=67) showed MTX exposure not to be associated with incident RA-ILD (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.49, p=0.578) and a non-significant trend for delayed ILD diagnosis (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.06, p=0.072). In an extended analysis including RA-ILD cases present at RA diagnosis (n=92), MTX exposure was associated with a significantly reduced risk of incident RA-ILD (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.79, p=0.004) and longer time to ILD diagnosis (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.75, p=0.004). Other independent baseline associations with incident RA-ILD were higher age of RA onset, ever smoking, male gender, rheumatoid nodules and longer time from first RA symptom to first outpatient visit.
MTX treatment was not associated with an increased risk of RA-ILD diagnosis. On the contrary, evidence suggested that MTX may delay the onset of ILD.


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