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Home > Archives > Vol 101, No 2 (2020) > Approaches to antithrombotic modification of vascular implants
Approaches to antithrombotic modification of vascular implants
Authors: Sevostyanova VV1, Krivkina EO1, Antonova LV1
Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
Section: Reviews
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ2020-232
Vascular implants in contact with blood must have high thrombotic resistance. However, in some cases, their implantation is associated with thrombosis and subsequent impaired patency of the blood vessel. Most often, this problem affects implants intended for reconstruction of small diameter vessels, which is associated with hemodynamic features in this part of the bloodstream. These include blood vessel prostheses, tissue-engineered vascular grafts, and endovascular stents. The features of the implant material are of great importance when choosing a method for its modification in order to improve biocompatibility and thromboresistance. The review analyzes current experience in using various methods of immobilizing drugs to the surface of vascular prostheses and endovascular stents made from stable and biodegradable polymers. The prospects of creating thromboresistant vascular grafts and stents by joint immobilization on the surface of the polymer material of drugs with antithrombogenic activity and biologically active molecules that regulate the reaction to a foreign body and implant remodeling were evaluated. Numerous studies in the review demonstrating a wide range of ways to modify blood vessel prostheses, tissue-engineered vascular grafts, and endovascular stents with antithrombotic drugs to increase their thrombosis resistance. The main approaches of antithrombotic modification include conjugation of drugs and biologically active molecules on the implant surface. At the same time, new technologies are aimed not only at inhibiting the process of thrombus formation, but also at reducing the intensity of the inflammation process and stimulating the reparation of vascular tissue.
vascular prostheses, vascular grafts, endovascular stents, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thromboresistance, biodegradable polymers.
Stenosis and occlusion of blood vessels are associated with or cause several cardiovascular diseases and pathological conditions, for instance, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accident, and internal vein thrombosis [1]. Surgical treatment of these conditions consists of replacing a damaged blood vessel with an autologous vein or artery, or a prosthesis [1]. In some cases, the vessel lumen can be restored using minimally invasive procedures, namely by balloon dilatation and stent placement [2]. In situations requiring replacement of a blood vessel, autologous vessels are the gold standard of the implant; however, due to atherosclerotic damage or previous surgery to the vessel, this option may be unavailable [1].
Synthetic vascular prostheses made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Dacron) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) serve as an alternative to autovein and autoarteria [3]. These prostheses demonstrate high efficiency in large vessels with an inner diameter of more than 6 mm. The high blood flow velocity in large vessels and the relatively inert properties and strength of PTFE, and PET contribute to maintaining patency and wall integrity of these synthetic implants under high pressure. Vascular prostheses of small diameter (<6 mm) made of PTFE and PET are highly prone to thrombosis, which is due to the low blood flow velocity in these vessels and the compliance in conformity of the implant material and compliance of the blood vessel tissues, which also causes neointimal hyperplasia in the zone anastomosis followed by vascular stenosis [3].
An alternative type of vascular prosthesis that is currently beginning to demonstrate positive and promising results in clinical trials is tissue-engineered vascular grafts [4]. Significant progress in the field of vascular tissue engineering has enabled us to obtain a small-diameter vascular graft that has the necessary mechanical properties, imitates the extracellular matrix structure, and can be remodeled to form blood vessel tissues with the involvement of body cells. However, implant remodeling and endothelial formation are time-consuming; therefore, graft material that comes into contact with blood should also have a high thrombotic resistance [5].
When restoring the lumen of blood vessels with minimally invasive surgical methods, stents based on biocompatible metals and/or polymers are used, which are delivered to stenosed vessels through a small opening in the femoral artery [2]. Endovascular stents should have an ultra-thin wall thickness, mechanical strength, and a surface with anti-thrombotic properties.
One of the primary requirements for all vascular implants is high hemocompatibility, including thrombotic resistance. There are currently three main strategies used to increase thrombotic resistance of surfaces in contact with blood. These include the creation of a bioactive surface using anti-thrombotic agents; treating the implant surface with passivation using hydrophilic and zwitterionic polymers, which in turn prevents contact of the primary material of the product with blood and prevents non-specific adhesion of the protein; as well as endothelialization of the internal implant surface [5–7]. The creation of the endothelial layer is required mainly in the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts, while the first two strategies are applicable in the modification of all types of vascular implants.
This article discusses the main approaches to surface modification of vascular prostheses, stents, and tissue-engineered vascular grafts using anti-thrombotic drugs and biocompatible polymers.
Anti-thrombotic drugs used to modify the implant surface. Anti-thrombotic agents, such as anticoagulants and antiplatelets, which are immobilized on the product surface, are widely used to increase the hemocompatibility of implants in contact with the blood. Anticoagulants represent a group of drugs that inhibit the activity of the blood coagulation system and prevent blood clot formation.
Heparin is the most used anti-thrombotic agent for the modification of vascular implants and tissue-engineered vascular grafts. It is a direct-acting anticoagulant, endogenous sulfated glycosaminoglycan, which is contained in mast cells [8]. The anticoagulant effect of heparin is due to its binding to antithrombin III, which inhibits activated coagulation factors, in particular thrombin (factor II), Xa, XIIa, and IXa. The binding of heparin to antithrombin III causes conformational changes that open the reactive site of antithrombin III, increasing its ability to inhibit blood coagulation factors [9, 10]. Additionally, heparin interacts with a large number of growth factors that have a heparin-binding domain. Delivery systems based on this anticoagulant can prevent the enzymatic degradation of related growth factors, thereby enhancing their biological functions [11].
Other anticoagulants have significant prospects for use in anti-thrombogenic modification. Hirudin is a 65 amino acid peptide, which is a highly selective direct thrombin inhibitor; it is independent of antithrombin III or cofactors and is not inactivated by platelet factor 4 [12, 13]. There are equivalents such as lepirudin, which was obtained by recombinant technology from a medical leech and used to treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and which is a 65 amino acid polypeptide capable of binding firmly to both the catalytic site and the expanded site for recognition of thrombin substrate [14]. Another similar polypeptide is bivalirudin, a synthetic polypeptide of 20 amino acids that directly inhibits thrombin by a mechanism similar to that of lepirudin [15].
When vascular implants are modified with antiplatelet agents, an increase in thrombotic resistance is also indicated, primarily when used in combination with anticoagulants. The most widely known drug that inhibits platelet activation and aggregation is acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). The mechanism of its action consists in suppressing the biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 located in platelets; acetylsalicylic acid is also used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent [16, 17]. Iloprost is of great interest to researchers as an anti-thrombotic agent for the treatment of vascular prostheses, as it not only inhibits platelet functions, but also prevents vascular spasm, contributing to their expansion, and also protects the endothelium [18, 19].
The listed anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are used actively in the development of vascular implants such as prostheses, stents, and tissue-engineered grafts. However, there are various approaches to the immobilization of drugs on the surface of products.
Vascular implants with thromboresistant properties. The implantation of any vascular prosthesis or device causes proteins to adhere to its surface, activation of the complement system and platelets, and also causes a foreign body reaction [6]. The nature of the implant interaction with the blood is determined mainly by its type, material properties, blood flow parameters, and the implantation site. Also, in order to improve biocompatibility and thrombotic resistance, the features of the implant material are of great importance when choosing the method of its modification.
Synthetic vascular prostheses. Synthetic blood vessel prostheses based on PTFE and PET have high strength and demonstrate high efficiency in prosthetics of large vessels, for example, in the reconstruction of the aortoiliac segment. However, small-diameter prostheses that are implanted into vessels with slow blood flow and high blood flow resistance in coronary artery bypass grafting, infrainguinal, and other reconstructions have poor patency as a result of early thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia; this necessitates additional anti-thrombotic modification of the inner surface of synthetic prostheses.
To increase thrombotic resistance of vascular PTFE prostheses, Lin et al. covered the inner surface of the implants with heparin using CARMEDA® Bioactive surface technology (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. and Berlin Heart GmbH) [20]. This technology consists of preliminary partial depolymerization of non-fractionated heparin by deamination of nitrous acid, resulting in heparin molecules with a reduced molecular weight, which contains an individual chemically reactive aldehyde group. On the surface of the prosthesis, a basal layer is formed, consisting of alternating layers of the anionic polysaccharide dextran sulfate and the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine. The resulting substrate contains functional amino groups used for the covalent binding of heparin through its aldehyde group.
The functioning of the modified prosthesis was evaluated in vivo in a bilateral dog femoral artery shunt model. PTFE with heparin was implanted on one side in each animal, and as a control, unmodified PTFE was implanted on the opposite side. The study showed that on the surface of prosthesis containing an anticoagulant, platelet adhesion after 24 hours was 72% lower compared to the control. The patency of the heparin-coated implants was 89% versus 44% in control samples; immobilized heparin contributed to a significant reduction in neointimal hyperplasia [20]. The results were confirmed in a similar long-term experiment with the implantation of the prosthesis for 2 years [21].
In succession, Al Meslmani et al. immobilized heparin in combination with collagen on the inner surface of PET (Dacron) prostheses [22]; collagen was used to increase the biocompatibility of the implants. Two types of PET prostheses, woven and knitted, were modified in several stages. First, carboxyl functional groups were applied onto the PET surface; the material was then subjected to aminolysis using ethylenediamine to obtain amino groups. Heparin and collagen were covalently linked to the surface of an amino group containing PET, using glutaric aldehyde; this attachment technology enables us to keep active heparin centers accessible for binding to antithrombin III. Modification with an anticoagulant inhibited platelet adhesion, as well as the formation of a fibrin clot on both the PET (Dacron) tissue prosthesis and the knitted prosthesis. The additional application of collagen on the inner surface of the implants stimulated the adhesion of fibroblasts [22].
Another approach to creating medicinal coatings is the use of biocompatible polymers as a carrier [23]; the possibility of heparinization of a PTFE vascular prosthesis using chitosan was established. In order to bind the polymer to the implant, a photosensitive azide group was introduced into the chitosan molecule; the azide group containing chitosan was applied to the PTFE prosthesis and secured using ultraviolet radiation. Heparin was immobilized on a chitosan coating due to the complexing ability of these substances. The chitosan and heparin complex interfered with the adhesion of platelets and other cells on the inner surface of the prosthesis, demonstrated in an in vitro experiment after the implants were in contact with blood. In the modified PTFE prosthesis implanted in the saphenous vein of the dogs, there were no blood clots in the lumen, but an active process of remodeling to the walls of the conduits, especially on the inner surface, involving cells, their proliferation and vascularization of new tissues was registered. This approach was primarily aimed at the gradual degradation of the chitosan and heparin complex and its replacement with the endothelial layer [23].
The level of PTFE prosthesis thrombosis was decreased when modified with iloprost in combination with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which converts plasminogen into a plasmin fibrinolytic enzyme [24]. Iloprost and tPA were secured on the inner surface of the implants using the surfactant tridodecylmethylammonium chloride, which provides non-covalent binding of drugs with a negative charge. The week-long implantation period of the modified prosthesis in the abdominal portion of the rat aorta revealed a significant decrease in the probability of early thrombosis compared with conventional PTFE conduits [24].
Heise et al. used a combination of an anticoagulant, PEG-hirudin, and iloprost antiplatelet agent to create an anti-thrombotic coating [25]. The drugs were introduced into a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer solution, polylactide acid (PLA); the vascular PTFE prosthesis was treated twice with the resulting mixture to obtain a dense coating. As a result of the 6-week implantation of the modified conduits in the femoral artery of pigs, their complete patency was demonstrated, while maintaining the volume of blood flow at the preoperative level and insignificant neointima in the distal anastomosis. This result was achieved due to the PLA's slow degradation and the gradual local release of drugs.
Attention is also drawn to the fact that hirudin serves as an optimal replacement for heparin in the anti-thrombotic modification of implants since heparinized prostheses themselves have several disadvantages. Heparin performs its function by activating antithrombin III, which in turn can inhibit thrombin, but heparin is not effective against thrombin associated with a fibrin clot. Prolonged release of heparin from the prosthesis can provoke the development of thrombocytopenia in some patients and, as a result, can lead to bleeding and thromboembolic complications [25].
The scientific development of coatings with anti-thrombotic agents for modification of synthetic vascular prostheses resulted in several commercial technologies that currently exist on the medical device market, such as BIOLINE Coating (Maquet Cardiovascular, LLC), CARMEDA® Bioactive surface (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. and Berlin Heart GmbH), Flowline Biopore® Heparin (Jotec GmbH), PM® Flow Plus Heparin (Perouse Medical) [26].
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts currently represent a promising alternative to synthetic blood vessel prostheses. When developing useful vascular grafts and creating a thromboresistant surface, the complexity of the combinations of various materials used in their manufacture and a structure that mimics the native extracellular matrix should be taken into account. The primary materials for tissue engineering grafts are biocompatible, biodegradable polymers with high strength and optimal stress-related properties such as polycaprolactone (PCL), PLA, polyglycolic acid (PGA) and their copolymers, for example, a poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) [5].
The development of vascular grafts generated by electrospinning from PCL bound covalently to heparin molecules was demonstrated by Duan et al. [27]. Heparin was attached to PCL using a reaction mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) before graft manufacture; this binding of the drug is much more durable and more effective than a simple introduction into the polymer or adsorption on the surface of the finished product. In vitro studies have shown the presence of excellent anticoagulant properties in vascular graphs of heparin-bound PCL, as well as a higher biodegradation rate and hydrophilic property compared to PCL alone. The implantation of grafts with heparin in the femoral artery of dogs exhibited the positive effects of these properties on the patency, and regeneration of the vascular wall [27].
A more complex tissue-engineered vascular graft was proposed by Norouzi and Shamloo [28]. The inner implant layer was created using the co-electrospinning of PCL and gelatin to obtain two fiber types. The outer layer was formed by lyophilization of a gelatin hydrogel, which enabled material to be obtained that has large pores for efficient cell infiltration into the graft wall from surrounding tissues. In order to impart anti-thrombotic properties to this structure, heparin was introduced into PCL and gelatin solutions, and then emulsion electrospinning was performed. Due to this approach, the anticoagulant molecules were sealed inside the fibers; their release occurred during the polymer degradation and contributed to a decrease in platelet adhesion on the implant surface [28].
Successful immobilization of heparin through ionic bonds has also been shown on vascular grafts created by co-electrospinning of PCL and chitosan [29]. Accumulating natural biodegradable polymers, such as chitosan, gelatin, or collagen, to synthetic ones (PCL, PLA, PGA, and PLGA), enables the increase of biocompatibility of implants, while maintaining their strength. Relatively strong ionic bonds ensured a stable release of heparin from the surface of the graft polymer fibers into the environment. An in vitro hemocompatibility assessment revealed a decrease in platelet adhesion, a prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and thrombin time (PT) tests, as well as prevention of thrombogenesis in vivo after heparin graft modification [29].
To increase the biocompatibility of tissue-engineered PLA grafts, also obtained by electrospinning, Aslani et al. applied the human amniotic membrane lysate to the implant surface, since it is rich in structural and functional extracellular matrix proteins, collagen, elastin, laminin, and proteoglycans [30]. Additionally, to ensure thrombotic resistance of the implant, acetylsalicylic acid was introduced into the PLA solution during electrospinning. PCL biodegradation ensured a slow release of the drug from the graft; anti-thrombotic treatment and coating with extracellular matrix elements contributed to the elevated hemocompatibility of the implant, which was confirmed by in vitro studies of hemolysis and blood coagulation [30].
Joint immobilization of heparin and other biologically active molecules on the polymer material surface that can regulate the reaction to a foreign body and implant remodeling have shown promising results on the creation of a successful thromboresistant vascular graft. Gao et al. used layer-by-layer self-assembly technology to create a coating of heparin and selenium-modified polyethyleneimine on fibrous PCL grafts [31]. Modified polyethyleneimine was selected as the catalyst for the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endogenous NO-donors, S-nitrosothiols; NO can reduce the inflammatory response and the growth of neointima, as well as stimulate the formation of the endothelium, which serves as a natural thromboresistant lining of blood vessels [31].
In order to accelerate the formation of the endothelial layer in vascular grafts, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is commonly used, since it can stimulate the migration of endothelial cells. The combination of VEGF with heparin should provide anti-thrombogenic properties to the surface in the early stages of implantation before the formation of a monolayer of endothelial cells. Consequently, in the manufacture of a vascular graft, heparin and VEGF were introduced into the polymer fiber from a mixture of PLPCL, collagen, and elastin using coaxial electrospinning [32]. The wall of the implant obtained consisted of bilayer fibers, the inner layer of which contained bioactive substances. The release of VEGF and heparin during degradation of the outer fiber layer ensured their dosed delivery prevented excessive entry into the blood flow and possible complications as a result of an overdose. These grafts showed excellent patency and the absence of thrombogenesis during implantation in the abdominal aorta of rabbits [32].
Chemoattractants are another bioactive molecule used in conjunction with anti-thrombotic agents. Heparin can be used not only as an anticoagulant but also as a molecule that binds chemoattractant molecules to the implant surface. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated by Wang et al. [33]. They created a tissue engineering matrix from a mixture of PLA, PLGA, and PLCL using thermally induced phase separation. This method enables the creation of polymer matrices with micro- and nanostructures. Heparin was conjugated on the matrix surface using a mixture of EDC/NHS and a linker, diaminopolyethylene glycol. A solution of stromal cell-derived factor-1 α (SDF-1α) was included in the heparinized matrix; due to the ability of SDF-1α to bind to heparin on the matrix surface, a coating having anti-thrombotic properties and attracting endothelial cells was obtained [33].
In addition to the introduction of anti-thrombotic agents directly into the polymer or their covalent conjugation on the material surface, nanoparticles can also be utilized as delivery vehicles. A recent study presented the development of a composite tissue-engineered graft containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles with high biocompatibility, a large specific surface area, and an ordered pore system [34]. The heparin on the nanoparticle surface was immobilized through an ethylene glycol molecule. Ethylene glycol acts as a linker and also can enhance the anti-thrombotic effect of heparin due to its ability to inhibit protein adhesion. Nanoparticles loaded with ethylene glycol and heparin were introduced into the graft wall inner layer made of PLGA with collagen by electrospinning. The outer graft layer was formed from polyurethane to provide long-term mechanical support. The release of nanoparticles with bioactive substances contributed to an increase in the anticoagulant properties of the graft material and decreased platelet adhesion on its surface. Furthermore, when implanted in the carotid artery of rabbits, the modified grafts showed high patency, and the inner layer was completely biodegraded after 8 weeks, preventing thrombogenesis and stimulating the regeneration of vascular wall tissues [34].
In general, a wide range of manufacturing techniques for tissue-engineered vascular grafts, as well as the materials used and their combinations, allows the creation of implants with various anti-thrombotic modifications. In this case, both anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, as well as non-thrombogenic materials, for example, elastin and ethylene glycol, can be introduced into the structure [5].
Endovascular stents. The need for anti-thrombotic modification of endovascular stents is associated with a high risk of thrombosis upon contact with blood; this is due to thrombogenicity of the stent itself, the peculiarity of its installation, and damage to the vessel wall at the site of the implant placement [35]. Currently, the primary approach to preventing thrombosis of a vascular stent is the use of polymer coatings loaded with anti-thrombotic agents.
In 1996, Wiktor (Medtronic, Inc) published the results of a study of 5 types of coatings made of biodegradable polymers (PLGA, PCL, polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate, polyorthoester, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene terephthalate) and 3 types of coatings of non-degradable polymers (PET, polyurethane, and silicone) applied on balloon-expandable coronary stents. The implantation of stents in the coronary arteries of pigs revealed the processes of thrombogenesis, inflammation, and hyperplasia of fibrous tissue in implants with both biodegradable and non-biodegradable coatings [36].
Later Alt et al. suggested using PLA with anti-thrombotic drugs administered for application to coronary stents. Palmaz-Schatz stainless steel stents (Johnson & Johnson) were coated with a PLA solution containing PEG-hirudin and iloprost to obtain a 10 µm thick polymer layer and implanted into the coronary arteries of sheep and pigs [37]. The results of the study in both animal models were similar; the bioactive coating reduced the inflammatory response to a foreign body significantly and contributed to maintaining the lumen and patency of the stented vessel.
Coronary stents coated with acetylsalicylic acid have great potential for clinical use since patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis have endogenous platelet inhibition, which causes their increased susceptibility to agonists released from endothelium inflammation and activation. The electrospinning method was used in order to modify the stainless steel stents, to expand the stents, a balloon with acetylsalicylic acid is employed; PLGA was utilized as the drug storage [38]. The electrospinning of the polymer containing the dissolved antiplatelet agent was conducted directly on the stent surface, obtaining an implant coated with nanofibres with acetylsalicylic acid. The placement of stents in the abdominal aorta of rabbits revealed the ability of the drug coating to inhibit the platelet adhesion effectively and accelerate re-endothelization.
Several studies have shown the possibility of combining anti-thrombotic agents with other drugs and growth factors to reduce inflammation and regulate the healing process of a damaged vessel wall. Choi et al. developed a strategy for modifying the surface of coronary stents with heparin, VEGF, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which, like VEGF, can stimulate endothelial cell division [39]. Hyaluronic acid was used to create a simple biocompatible stent coating, which also functioned as heparin storage. Stents made of a cobalt-chromium alloy were coated with hyaluronic acid conjugated with dopamine and loaded with heparin molecules. VEGF and HGF were immobilized on the coating due to the presence of the heparin-binding domain in growth factors. This coating accelerated the formation of a monolayer of endothelial cells [39].
A combination of heparin with VEGF has been applied to the development of stents for the treatment of aneurysms [40]. The metal stent was coated with PLCL nanofibres made by emulsion electrospinning with the incorporation of bioactive molecules. A study of the functioning of a drug-coated implant on a model of subclavian artery aneurysm in rabbits revealed the separation of the aneurismal dome from the blood flow and complete patency of the artery. The release of heparin and VEGF prevented platelet adhesion, thrombosis, and neointimal hyperplasia in a mounted stent [40].
Similar results of implantation in the development of stents for the treatment of aneurysms were explained by Liu et al., who used heparin with a lipid-lowering drug rosuvastatin calcium to create an anti-thrombotic coating [41]. Rosuvastatin, a statin that, in addition to lowering blood cholesterol, can inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and the activation of platelets, stimulate endothelization, and suppress the inflammatory response. The coating, as in the previous study, was made from PLCL nanofibres. However, the nanofibres were obtained by coaxial electrospinning, which resulted in a structure of a drug-containing core with a polymer shell. This method of introducing bioactive substances enables a prolonged release from polymer fibers compared to emulsion electrospinning [41].
The possibility of using heparin with rosuvastatin was uncovered when creating coatings for various types of commercial stents, such as cobalt-chromium (Medtronic Hellas), nitinol Сomplete SE (Medtronic Hellas), and stainless steel Visi-Pro (Bard PV Hellas) [42]. Stents were coated with two layers of nanofibres obtained by emulsion electrospinning of biodegradable cellulose acetate. The first layer consisted of polymer fibers with rosuvastatin, and the second layer contained heparin. Studies demonstrated a steady release of drugs from the coating within 4 weeks; however, about 50% of the injected drugs were released during the first 8 days [42].
The creation of anti-thrombotic coatings is also relevant for non-metallic stents. A group of Chinese scientists developed a seamless bifurcation tissue endovascular stent based on PET and silk fibroin for the reconstruction of the abdominal aorta [43]. The stent surface was modified with heparin, because, despite its high biocompatibility, silk fibroin, like PET, does not have sufficient thrombotic resistance. Heparin was conjugated using an NHS/EDC reaction mixture after pre-coating the implant with polyethyleneimine. The authors proposed a variant of this stent with a woven base of PET coated with silk fibroin with heparin injected for prolonged delivery of the drug to the implant site [44].
Despite the successful use in clinical practice of endovascular stents, including those with drug coatings, the development of the most effective methods for their anti-thrombotic modification to reduce the risk of possible complications in patients is implemented.
Use in clinical practice. Currently, most of the anti-thrombotic modified medicinal products on the market are manufactured using the CARMEDA® BioActive Surface technology. This technology enables the creation of coatings with non-releasing heparin immobilized on the implant surface [26].
Gore Propaten vascular PTFE prostheses (W.L. Gore & Associates) are heparinized using this technology; they demonstrated patency similar to autologous grafts during short-term follow-up after femoral-popliteal bypass grafting [45]. An analysis of 5-year implantation by Samson et al. showed significantly better patency of heparin-modified PTFE prostheses (85.2%) compared with uncoated PTFE prostheses (53.9%) also with femoral-popliteal bypass surgery [46]. In a recent multicenter retrospective study of the long-term implantation of 1,401 Gore Propaten prostheses, the primary implant patency was 67%, which was superior to the value for PTFE prostheses, which according to various sources does not exceed 35% [47].
CARMEDA® BioActive Surface technology has also been utilized to modify coronary stents with heparin until successful vascular implants with coatings that provide release of antiproliferative drugs are widely available. HEPACOAT (Cordis, Johnson & Johnson Interventional Systems) is an example of a heparinized stent that has shown positive results in reducing platelet adhesion and lowering the risk of early thrombosis in experimental studies [26]. However, in an international multicenter prospective study on 3,098 patients, there were differences in the number of thromboses between heparin-modified and unmodified stents [48].
Conclusion. Numerous studies presented in this review demonstrate a wide range of methods for modifying blood vessel prosthesis, tissue-engineered vascular grafts, and endovascular stents with anti-thrombotic drugs to increase their thrombotic resistance. The main approaches of anti-thrombotic modification include conjugation of drugs on the implant surface and the use of biodegradable polymers, which function as a storage and provide prolonged local delivery of drugs, to create a coating. New technologies are aimed not only at inhibiting the process of thrombogenesis but also at reducing the intensity of inflammation and stimulation of the vascular tissue restoration. The combined use of anti-thrombotic agents with biologically active molecules involved in the regulation of vessel wall regeneration is the primary vector for the development of successful vascular implants.
This work was supported by the complex program of fundamental research of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences withing the following research theme: "Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems No. 0546-2015-0011; Pathogenetic substantiation of the development of implants for cardiovascular surgery based on biocompatible materials, with the implementation of a patient-oriented approach, using mathematical modeling, tissue engineering, and genomic predictors."
V V Sevostyanova
Email: leonora92@mail.ru
SPIN-code: 6536-6068
Russian Federation, Kemerovo, Russia
E O Krivkina
Author for correspondence.
L V Antonova
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Al Meslmani B., Mahmoud G., Strehlow B. et al. Development of thrombus-resistant and cell compatible crimped polyethylene terephthalate cardiovascular grafts using surface co-immobilized heparin and collagen. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl. 2014; 43: 538–546. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.059.
Zhu A.P., Ming Z., Jian S. Blood compatibility of chitosan/heparin complex surface modified ePTFE vascular graft. Applied Surf. Sci. 2005; 241 (3–4): 485–492. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.07.055.
Greco R.S., Kim H.C., Donetz A.P., Harvey R.A. Patency of a small vessel prosthesis bonded to tissue plasminogen activator and iloprost. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 1995; 9 (2): 140–145. doi: 10.1007/BF02139655.
Heise M., Schmidmaier G., Husmann I. et al. PEG-hirudin/iloprost coating of small diameter ePTFE grafts effectively prevents pseudointima and intimal hyperplasia development. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2006; 32 (4): 418–424. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.002.
Biran R., Pond D. Heparin coatings for improving blood compatibility of medical devices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2017; 112: 12–23. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.12.002.
Duan H.Y., Ye L., Wu X. et al. The in vivo characterization of electrospun heparin-bonded polycaprolactone in small-diameter vascular reconstruction. Vascular. 2015; 23 (4): 358–365. doi: 10.1177/1708538114550737.
Norouzi S.K., Shamloo A. Bilayered heparinized vascular graft fabricated by combining electrospinning and freeze drying methods. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl. 2019; 94: 1067–1076. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.016.
Yao Y., Wang J., Cui Y. et al. Effect of sustained heparin release from PCL/chitosan hybrid small-diameter vascular grafts on anti-thrombogenic property and endothelialization. Acta. Biomater. 2014; 10 (6): 2739–2749. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.042.
Aslani S., Kabiri M., Kehtari M., Hanaee-Ahvaz H. Vascular tissue engineering: Fabrication and characterization of acetylsalicylic acid-loaded electrospun scaffolds coated with amniotic membrane lysate. J. Cell Physiol. 2019; 234 (9): 16080–1609. doi: 10.1002/jcp.28266.
Gao J., Jiang L., Liang Q. et al. The grafts modified by heparinization and catalytic nitric oxide generation used for vascular implantation in rats. Regen. Biomater. 2018; 5 (2): 105–114. doi: 10.1093/rb/rby003.
Hu Y.T., Pan X.D., Zheng J. et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a small-caliber coaxial electrospun vascular graft loaded with heparin and VEGF. Int. J. Surg. 2017; 44: 244–249. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.077.
Wang W., Liu D., Li D. et al. Nanofibrous vascular scaffold prepared from miscible polymer blend with heparin/stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha for enhancing anticoagulation and endothelialization. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 2019; 181: 963–972. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.065.
Kuang H., Yang S., Wang Y. et al. Electrospun bilayer composite vascular graft with an inner layer modified by polyethylene glycol and haparin to regenerate the blood vessel. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2019; 15 (1): 77–84. doi: 10.1166/jbn.2019.2666.
Mori H., Gupta A., Torii S. et al. Clinical implications of blood-material interaction and drug eluting stent polymers in review. Expert Rev. Med. Devices. 2017; 14 (9): 707–716. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2017.1363646.
Van der Giessen W.J., Lincoff A.M., Schwartz R.S. et al. Marked inflammatory sequelae to implantation of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 1996; 94: 1690–1697. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.7.1690.
Alt E., Haehnel I., Beilharz C. et al. Inhibition of neointima formation after experimental coronary artery stenting: a new biodegradable stent coating releasing hirudin and the prostacyclin analogue iloprost. Circulation. 2000; 101 (12): 1453–1458. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.12.1453.
Lee C.H., Lin Y., Cjhang S. et al. Local sustained delivery of acetylsalicylic acid via hybrid stent with biodegradable nanofibers reduces adhesion of blood cells and promotes reendothelialization of the denuded artery. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2014; 9: 311–326. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S51258.
Choi D.H., Kang S.N., Kim S.M. et al. Growth factors-loaded stents modified with hyaluronic acid and heparin for induction of rapid and tight re-endothelialization. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 2016; 141: 602–610. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.028.
Wang J., An Q., Li D. et al. Heparin and vascular endothelial growth factor loaded poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone) nanofiber covered stent-graft for aneurysm treatment. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2015; 11 (11): 1947–1960. doi: 10.1166/jbn.2015.2138.
Liu P., Liu Y., Li P. et al. Rosuvastatin and heparin-loaded poly (l-lactide-co-caprolactone) nanofiber aneurysm stent promotes endothelialization via vascular endothelial growth factor type A modulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2018; 10 (48): 41012–41018. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b11714.
Janjic M., Pappa F., Karagkiozaki V. et al. Surface modification of endovascular stents with rosuvastatin and heparin-loaded biodegradable nanofibers by electrospinning. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2017; 12: 6343–6355. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S138261.
Liu Z., Li G., Zheng Z. et al. Silk fibroin-based woven endovascular prosthesis with heparin surface modification. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2018; 29 (4): 46. doi: 10.1007/s10856-018-6055-3.
Liu Z., Zheng Z., Chen K. et al. A heparin-functionalized woven stent graft for endovascular exclusion. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 2019; 180: 118–126. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.027.
Daenens K., Schepers S., Fourneau I. et al. Heparin-bonded ePTFE grafts compared with vein grafts in femoropopliteal and femorocrural bypasses: 1- and 2-year results. J. Vasc. Surg. 2009; 49 (5): 1210–1216. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.009.
Samson R.H., Morales R., Showalter D.P. et al. Heparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene femoropopliteal bypass grafts outperform expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts without heparin in a long-term comparison. J. Vasc. Surg. 2016; 64 (3): 638–647. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.414.
Piffaretti G., Dorigo W., Castelli P. et al. Results from a multicenter registry of heparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for above-the-knee femoropopliteal bypass. J. Vasc. Surg. 2018; 67 (5): 1463–1471. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.09.017.
Mehran R., Nikolsky E., Camenzind E. et al. An Internet-based registry examining the efficacy of heparin coating in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. Am. Heart J. 2005; 150 (6): 1171–1176. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.01.027.
PDF (English) - 23
© 2020 Sevostyanova V.V., Krivkina E.O., Antonova L.V.


text:
package com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.module.home.bangumi;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBar;
import android.support.v7.widget.GridLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;

import com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.R;
import com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.adapter.BangumiIndexAdapter;
import com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.base.RxAppCompatBaseActivity;
import com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.entity.bangumi.BangumiIndex;
import com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.network.RetrofitHelper;
import com.hotbitmapgg.ohmybilibili.widget.CircleProgressView;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import butterknife.Bind;
import rx.android.schedulers.AndroidSchedulers;
import rx.schedulers.Schedulers;

/**
 * Created by hcc on 16/8/4 14:12
 * 100332338@qq.com
 * <p/>
 * 番剧索引界面
 */
public class BangumiIndexActivity extends RxAppCompatBaseActivity
{

    @Bind(R.id.recycle)
    RecyclerView mRecyclerView;

    @Bind(R.id.toolbar)
    Toolbar mToolbar;

    @Bind(R.id.circle_progress)
    CircleProgressView mCircleProgressView;

    private String month = "4";

    private String year = "2016";

    private List<BangumiIndex> bangumiIndexList = new ArrayList<>();

    @Override
    public int getLayoutId()
    {

        return R.layout.activity_bangumi_index;
    }

    @Override
    public void initViews(Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {

        mRecyclerView.setHasFixedSize(true);
        mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new GridLayoutManager(BangumiIndexActivity.this, 3));

        getBangumiIndex();
    }

    @Override
    public void initToolBar()
    {

        mToolbar.setTitle("番剧索引");
        setSupportActionBar(mToolbar);
        ActionBar actionBar = getSupportActionBar();
        if (actionBar != null)
            actionBar.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item)
    {

        if (item.getItemId() == android.R.id.home)
            onBackPressed();

        return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
    }

    public void getBangumiIndex()
    {

        RetrofitHelper.getBangumiIndexApi()
                .getBangumiIndex(year, month)
                .compose(this.bindToLifecycle())
                .doOnSubscribe(this::showProgressBar)
                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
                .delay(2000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
                .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
                .subscribe(bangumiIndices -> {

                    if (bangumiIndices != null)
                    {
                        bangumiIndexList.addAll(bangumiIndices);
                        finishTask();
                    }
                }, throwable -> {

                    hideProgressBar();
                });
    }

    private void showProgressBar()
    {

        mCircleProgressView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
        mCircleProgressView.spin();
    }

    private void hideProgressBar()
    {

        mCircleProgressView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
        mCircleProgressView.stopSpinning();
    }

    private void finishTask()
    {

        BangumiIndexAdapter mAdapter = new BangumiIndexAdapter(mRecyclerView, bangumiIndexList);
        mRecyclerView.setAdapter(mAdapter);
        hideProgressBar();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: meteor mobile app does not work on android 9 and 10 I made a mobile app from a meteor project.
The app works well on Android 7 and 8.
But it does not work on Android 9 and 10. The login page is displayed on the mobile but I can not login.
It seems that the request is not sent to the server and after clicking on the login, the loading mode remains.

I have installed version 29 of the SDK on the system. And here is my mobile-config.js.
App.info({
  id: 'com.marco.android.karname',
  name: 'karname',
  description: 'Debug mode',
  author: 'Matt Development Group',
  email: 'contact@example.com',
  website: 'http://example.com',
  version: "0.0.3"
});

App.icons({
  'android_xxhdpi': 'resources/icons/en-logo.png',
});

App.launchScreens({
  'android_mdpi_portrait': 'resources/icons/sample.png',
});

App.setPreference('BackgroundColor', '0xff0000ff');
App.setPreference('HideKeyboardFormAccessoryBar', true);
App.setPreference('Orientation', 'default');
App.setPreference('Orientation', 'all', 'ios');

App.setPreference('android-targetSdkVersion', '30');
App.setPreference('android-minSdkVersion', '24');

App.appendToConfig(`
  <universal-links>
    <host name="http://192.168.0.66" />
  </universal-links>
`);

and here is my logcat:
..
2020-10-07 19:08:03.096 2157-3396/? E/aofp: Phenotype API error. Event # bybz@5dc8807f, EventCode: 12 [CONTEXT service_id=51 ]
    aoeg: 29503
        at aofv.b(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):23)
        at aofp.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):92)
        at aofp.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):79)
        at aale.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):19)
        at bkdz.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):2)
        at squ.b(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):37)
        at squ.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):21)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1167)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:641)
        at swz.run(Unknown Source:7)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:919)
2020-10-07 19:08:03.099 2157-3396/? E/AsyncOperation: serviceID=51, operation=GetCommittedConfigurationOperationCall
    OperationException[Status{statusCode=unknown status code: 29503, resolution=null}]
        at aofp.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):100)
        at aofp.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):79)
        at aale.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):19)
        at bkdz.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):2)
        at squ.b(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):37)
        at squ.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):21)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1167)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:641)
        at swz.run(Unknown Source:7)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:919)
2020-10-07 19:08:03.100 2157-3786/? E/NetRec: [88] alcj.a: Could not retrieve server token for package com.google.android.apps.gcs
    java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: rjk: 29503:
        at avgu.b(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):3)
        at avgu.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):20)
        at alcj.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):1)
        at alcj.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):4)
        at alce.getHeaders(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):2)
        at com.android.volley.toolbox.HttpClientStack.performRequest(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):9)
        at sjg.performRequest(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):1)
        at byj.executeRequest(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):1)
        at com.android.volley.toolbox.BasicNetwork.performRequest(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):5)
        at sjj.performRequest(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):13)
        at com.android.volley.NetworkDispatcher.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):7)
        at com.android.volley.NetworkDispatcher.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):2)
     Caused by: rjk: 29503:
        at rpj.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):4)
        at aodi.b(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):2)
        at aofv.a(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):6)
        at aale.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):30)
        at bkdz.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):2)
        at squ.b(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):37)
        at squ.run(:com.google.android.gms@17786022@17.7.86 (040700-256199907):21)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1167)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:641)
        at swz.run(Unknown Source:7)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:919)
2020-10-07 19:08:03.100 2157-3786/? W/NetRec: [88] alcj.a: No server tokens extracted.
2020-10-07 19:08:03.107 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 1 (1) 1 6
2020-10-07 19:08:03.111 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 0 (0) 1 2
2020-10-07 19:08:03.128 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 1 (1) 1 6
2020-10-07 19:08:03.131 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 0 (0) 1 2
..

..
2020-10-07 19:10:58.926 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 1 (1) 1 6
2020-10-07 19:10:58.933 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 0 (0) 1 2
2020-10-07 19:10:58.936 1747-2376/? E/GnssHAL_GnssInterface: gnssSvStatusCb: a: input svInfo.flags is 8
2020-10-07 19:10:58.936 1747-2376/? E/GnssHAL_GnssInterface: gnssSvStatusCb: b: input svInfo.flags is 8
2020-10-07 19:10:58.983 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 1 (1) 1 6
2020-10-07 19:10:58.986 12822-12869/com.marco.android.karname D/eglCodecCommon: setVertexArrayObject: set vao to 0 (0) 1 2
..

A: According to this answer, I reduced the targetSdkVersion version from 30 to 27 in mobile-config.js. And now it is working.
App.setPreference('android-targetSdkVersion', '27');
App.setPreference('android-minSdkVersion', '24');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Commission on Judicial Conduct
Public Actions
Open Cases
Supreme Court Filings
Governing Provisions
Washington Constitution
RCW Chapter 2.64
Code of Judicial Conduct
Ethics in Public Service Act
Search Discipline
Members' Policies
Rules and standards of conduct for Commission Members.
Show all Members' Policies.
An independent and honorable judiciary is indispensable to justice in our society. As the Commission on Judicial Conduct is charged with maintaining the integrity and independence of the judiciary, a member should participate in establishing, maintaining, and enforcing, and should personally observe, high standards of conduct.
These rules apply equally to members and alternates of the Commission on Judicial Conduct. The use of the term "member" in these policies includes "alternate", unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
SECTION 1. GENERAL POLICIES
Policy 1.1 Attendance
Participation. Decisions by the Commission are enhanced by the participation of all members and alternates at all Commission meetings. Although alternate members may vote on a matter only when their designated regular member does not vote on that matter, alternate members are encouraged to participate in all Commission discussions.
Attendance and Absence. While circumstances may not permit attendance by every member and every alternate member at every meeting, in the interest of case consistency and procedural integrity all members and alternate members are strongly encouraged to attend all Commission meetings. All members and alternate members should make every effort, especially during the first 12 months of their Commission membership, to attend all regularly scheduled meetings, and, during their term of office never to miss more than two consecutive meetings. All members and alternates should also make every effort to attend the annual member education/training session.
Policy 1.2. Meeting Dates
The regular Commission meeting date will be the first Friday of every other month, commencing in February of each year, unless otherwise scheduled by the Commission or the Chair, with the business meeting scheduled at 11:00 a.m. Prior to the beginning of the calendar year, the Chair shall set a full schedule of meetings.
Policy 1.3. Commission Retreat
After consultation with the members, the Chair may schedule an annual retreat for the purpose of reviewing Commission policies, philosophy and rules.
Policy 1.4. Minute Keeping
The secretary of the Commission will maintain two separate sets of minutes, one for the business meetings of the Commission and one for meetings involving the consideration of complaints.
Policy 1.5. Amendment of Policies
Adoption. These policies may only be amended or rescinded, or new policies adopted, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the Commission.
Notification. Notice of any Commission action on these policies shall be given to all members of the Commission at least 30 days before the meeting at which such action will be taken, unless the time period is shortened by unanimous vote of the Commission.
Public Disclosure. Upon adoption, these policies and any amendments shall be made available for public inspection and shall be forwarded to:
SECTION 2. COMMISSION MEMBERSHIP
Policy 2.1. Member Obligations
Notification. When an individual is appointed to the Commission, the member must notify the Washington Public Disclosure Commission (PDC).
Orientation. When a new member is appointed to the Commission, the member shall attend an orientation conducted by the staff.
Financial Disclosure. Members are subject to the financial disclosure requirements of the PDC. A Personal Financial Affairs Statement must be filed annually with the PDC pursuant to Chapter 42.17 RCW.
Policy 2.2. Representation by Members
Representation before Commission. No member may represent or counsel a judge in a matter before the Commission during the member's term on the Commission or within two years after the member's term has expired.
Communications with Media. Commission members shall not communicate on behalf of the Commission with the news media regarding Commission business, except as provided in this policy. Inquiries about the Commission's official position in all matters may be responded to only by the Executive Director, the Chair of the Commission, or any Commission member designated by the Chair to represent the Commission.
Policy 2.3. Recommendations
The Executive Director may respond to an inquiry regarding a member's length of service with the Commission. Inquiries regarding a member's performance on the Commission, for the purpose of recommendation, are not appropriate for response from the Executive Director, members, or staff, except that the Executive Director or the Chair may, in their discretion, provide comment on a member's performance, but only to that member's appointing authority. Any such comment shall not identify any particular disciplinary matter nor shall it disclose the substance of any deliberations as to any disciplinary matter.
Policy 2.4. Removal of a Member
No member may otherwise be removed from the Commission before the end of his or her term except upon good cause found by the appointing authority.
Policy 2.5. Enforcement of Policies
While members and alternates are expected to comply with all member policies, and while most member-policy noncompliance issues can likely be resolved informally and collegially without recourse to the appointing authorities, ultimate enforcement of these policies is in the hands of each member's respective appointing authority. Pursuant to RCW 2.64.030, members may be removed from the Commission before the end of their term only if they cease to hold the position that qualified them for appointment or upon good cause found by the respective appointing authority. Thus, the procedures set forth in this section are not mandatory but are merely voluntary guidelines for a possible course of action.
As used in these policies, the word "should" denotes a preferred, but not mandatory course of conduct, while the words "shall," "will," and "must" denote a mandatory course of conduct.
If a member or alternate fails to comply with a policy stating a mandatory course of conduct, or fails regularly to attend Commission meetings, the Chair or the Executive Director may consult the member or alternate as to the cause of such failure and may, as they may deem appropriate under the circumstances, report thereon to the other members. Depending on the nature and extent of the noncompliance, the Chair or Executive Director may engage in further consultation with the non-complying member or alternate member, and/or may refer the matter to the Commission as a whole, which may, by majority vote of regular members, recommend appropriate further corrective action, which may include a recommendation to that member's appointing authority that such member or alternate be removed from office.
Any recommendation made to an appointing authority to remove a member or alternate member from office should state the basis for the recommendation, list the member conduct policies allegedly violated, and describe the conduct in question. Before the Commission forwards such recommendation to the non-complying member's (or alternate member's) appointing authority, the Commission should notify the non-complying member or alternate member of such recommendation and should give that member or alternate member 10 calendar days to submit to the Commission a written statement agreeing or disagreeing with the Commission recommendation, which statement should then be submitted by the Commission, along with its own recommendation, to the appointing authority.
Unless and until the appointing authority removes a member or alternate member, or that member or alternate member resigns their membership in the Commission, that member or alternate shall retain all powers, and shall be obligated to perform all duties, of regular or alternate membership as the case may be.
SECTION 3. RULES OF CONDUCT
Policy 3.1. Confidentiality
General Application. All disciplinary proceedings before the Commission are confidential. The fact that a complaint has been made, or a statement has been given to the Commission and all papers and matters submitted to the Commission together with the investigation and initial proceedings conducted pursuant to the CJCRPs, shall be confidential.
Applicability to Member's Staff. Commission members and their personal staff must maintain the confidentiality of disciplinary proceedings.
Gag Rule. A Commission member shall not speak publicly about a confidential disciplinary proceeding, or about a public disciplinary proceeding before the Commission until the matter is final (i.e., no appeal has been filed and the time for appeal has expired, or if there is an appeal, until the mandate of the Supreme Court has issued.)
File Destruction. Members shall ensure that all confidential documents in their possession are secured. Members shall return their complaint files of closed matters or matters in which the member is disqualified. Members are advised periodically as to which ongoing files they should have in their complaint notebooks.
Former Members, Disciplinary Counsel, Investigative Counsel and Staff. These confidentiality rules also apply to former Commission members, disciplinary counsel, investigative counsel and staff with regard to information they had access to while serving the Commission.
Policy 3.2. Appearance of Impropriety
Private Conduct. A member should respect and comply with the law and should conduct the member's personal and professional business at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the Commission.
Independent Judgment. In discharging responsibilities, a member should not allow the member's family, social, or other relationships to influence the member's conduct or judgment.
Prestige of Office. A member should not lend the prestige of the member's office to advance the private interests of others, nor convey or knowingly permit others to convey the impression that they are in a special position to influence the member.
Testimony before Commission. A member should not testify voluntarily as a character witness in a Commission proceeding.
Financial Dealings. A member should refrain from financial and business dealings that directly or indirectly reflect adversely on the member's impartiality, interfere with the proper performance of Commission duties, or exploit the person's position as a member.
Policy 3.3. Political Activity
Judicial Campaigns. No member shall participate in any state or local judicial campaign, except where the member is a candidate for judicial office. Members shall not endorse, nor contribute to campaigns for state or local judicial office or state or local judicial appointment. When a member is a leader of an organization that endorses or rates judicial candidates, the member shall not participate in that process.
Non-Judicial Campaigns. A member who is involved in any other political campaign shall not make reference to the member's affiliation with the Commission or act in any way that may indicate support for the candidate by the Commission.
Policy 3.4. Use of Electronic Resources
Purpose. The purpose of this policy is to communicate to Commission members and employees their limitations and responsibilities for proper use of state resources in general, information technology resources in general, and specifically computers, E-mail and Electronic Communications Resources, Systems and Services, and the Internet.
State Resources Generally. Commission members and employees who use state-owned resources for any purpose are responsible for using the resources in an ethical, legal, and conservative manner. There are three distinct uses of state resources: (1) uses necessary to a member or an employee's conduct of official duties; (2) uses for a purpose other than the conduct of a member or an employee's official duties; and (3) uses which are prohibited.
Uses Necessary to a Member or an Employee's Conduct of Official Duties. Commission on Judicial Conduct members and employees may, within their own discretion and as directed by their supervisor, use state resources to conduct their official duties.
Uses for a Purpose Other Than the Conduct of a Member or an Employee's Official Duties. So long as the use does not involve one of the prohibited uses described below, Commission members and employees may make de minimus use of state resources for a purpose other than the conduct of official duties if the use:
results in little or no cost to the state;
is infrequent;
is brief in duration;
is the most effective use of time and resources;
does not interfere with the performance of official duties;
does not disrupt other members or employees;
does not obligate other members or employees to make a personal use of state resources; and
does not compromise the security or integrity of state property, information, or software
Uses Which Are Prohibited. The following non-official duty uses are strictly prohibited and no de minimus use is allowed. Commission members and employees are strictly prohibited from using state resources where that use involves:
any campaign or political use;
conduct of an outside job or business;
supporting, promoting, or soliciting for an outside organization or group, unless provided for by law or authorized by the Executive Director or
illegal or inappropriate activities, including, but not limited to, activities that violate any Commission policy. This includes accessing pornographic or otherwise inappropriate sites that could bring the Commission into disrepute.
Commission members and employees are not to allow others, such as family members and friends, to use state resources under their control. State regulations prohibit commission members and employees from using state resources for personal purposes and then reimbursing the state for the cost incurred. If a violation of these regulations occurs, the member or employee will be required to reimburse the Commission, but the reimbursement does not cure the violation.
Computers. All Commission-owned computers, including without limitation desktop, laptop, and iPad personal computers as well as Commission servers and other platforms, are provided to Commission members and employees for conducting state business. Commission members and employees are not to install or use on Commission computers or iPads any software that does not further state business purposes, such as games software. Valuable items (i.e. iPads, laptop computers, cellular phones, blackberry devices, digital cameras, etc.) must be secured and not left in plain sight when unattended. Loss, theft, or damage to any state owned equipment must be immediately reported to the Commission office.
Use of State Computer Equipment at Home. Commission members and employees may use agency computer and iPad equipment at home or elsewhere to conduct Commission business. Recognized uses of state computer equipment include but are not limited to: preparation for Commission meetings, remote access to a state network for employment-related purposes, such as network maintenance, trouble-shooting or repair, and supervisory functions. Prior to receiving an iPad or other state computer equipment, members and employees shall sign a written use agreement.
E-mail and Electronic Communications Resources, Systems and Services. Commission email is maintained in a closed system by the agency IT Manager. Commission members should, so far as possible, exclusively use the Commission email system for Commission-related emails. This helps ensure the security of the system and the confidentiality of Commission materials; and allows Commission emails to be maintained and researched efficiently in the event of public records requests, without the need to review personal or work email accounts of members or employees. Commission members and employees may not download software from the Internet without the permission and assistance of the IT Manager or his/her designee.
No Expectation of Privacy. The Commission has the right to access, inspect, or monitor any Commission-owned State Resource and any Commission member or employee's use of a Commission-owned State Resource. Commission members and employees cannot expect privacy in their use of Commission-owned State Resources, whether that use is one made in their conduct of official duties or is a use made for a purpose other than the conduct of official duties. This applies to all Commission-owned State Resources, including, but not limited to, offices, desks, cabinets, telephones, voice mail, electronic mail, computer hard drives, storage lockers, network storage, and the Internet.
Sanctions. Violations of this policy may result in disciplinary action up to and including termination of employment or membership on the Commission. In addition, there may be separate actions against the employee for violation of the state's ethics law, criminal prosecution, and civil action.
SECTION 4. COMMISSION PROCEEDING
Policy 4.1. Abstention
A member qualified to vote at a meeting of the Commission must vote in favor of or in opposition to each motion brought to a vote during that meeting, unless grounds exist for that member's disqualification.
Policy 4.2. Public Statements
After a judge has been served with a Statement of Charges, the Commission shall issue a public statement to the major wire services and to the local news media where the judge serves, and subsequently issues a public statement when a fact-finding hearing is set and when a final decision is filed.
Policy 4.3. Functions of Presiding Officer
Role. The Commission or its Chair may select a presiding officer for a disciplinary proceeding. The role of the presiding officer includes making preliminary procedural rulings regarding discovery and other deadlines, and various issues of protocol as they may arise. Issues regarding more substantive or potentially dispositive matters shall be considered by the Commission hearing panel.
Rulings. The presiding officer shall make interim rulings, which may be discussed and considered by the other members of the panel. When there is disagreement with a ruling by the presiding officer during a hearing, any other participating member may request a recess.
Policy 4.4. Questioning of Witnesses
Members may question witnesses during a hearing at the conclusion of counsel's interrogation, under the direction of the presiding officer.
Policy 4.5. Confidentiality of Proceedings
Staff Contact. After the Statement of Charges is served on the respondent judge, members shall cease to have contact with the investigative staff concerning substantive matters in that proceeding. Any further interaction between members and investigative staff in that proceeding is limited to logistical matters, where necessary. Members may continue to contact the Executive Director and non-investigative staff in logistical and other collateral matters, such as scheduling of the hearing, the distribution of materials, and other duties. The Commission may direct the Executive Director to facilitate appropriate communications between the Commission, respondent, and disciplinary counsel.
Member Deliberations. After the Statement of Charges is served on the respondent judge and prior to the commencement of the public hearing pursuant to CJCRP 24 in a matter, members shall not discuss testimony or evidence or the merits of the case with anyone other than Commission members and Commission counsel. Because member deliberations require the full participation of all hearing panel members, members are encouraged to limit discussions on a case to discussions with the full panel. If members discuss a case with other members other than with the full panel, however, they are encouraged to summarize those discussions for the full panel so that other members may benefit from those discussions. After the commencement of the public hearing under CJCRP 24 in a matter, members shall not discuss testimony or evidence or the merits of the case with anyone, including other members, until deliberations in that matter have commenced, at which time they may, as a panel, have such discussions with one another and with Commission counsel. After the Statement of Charges is served on the respondent judge, members shall not seek or consider information relating to a case except as presented to them in the proceeding or pursuant to the Commission's Rules of Procedure.
Policy 4.6. Recording of Proceedings
During disciplinary proceedings, recordings shall be allowed in facilities which permit such recordings (as cost and availability make it practical to reserve such facilities), provided the media personnel do not distract from the proceedings or impair the dignity of the proceedings. To keep the proceedings from becoming disrupted, media personnel are to observe the following:
Equipment shall be mechanically quiet;
Television and radio coverage should be pooled;
No additional lights or flash shall be used;
Once the proceeding has commenced, cameras should remain stationary until the proceeding has recessed;
Equipment shall be located at a reasonable distance from subject(s) being photographed or video taped; and,
No interview shall be conducted in the hearing room until the proceeding has recessed.
SECTION 5. MEMBER DISQUALIFICATION
Policy 5.1. Policy Disqualification - General
Conditions for Disqualification. Members shall disqualify themselves when they cannot participate in a fair and reasonable manner or where their ability to do so might reasonably be questioned, including, for example, where the member:
has a fixed bias or prejudice for or against the judge or complainant, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts relating to the matter or proceeding;
is a lawyer or judge, and served as a lawyer or judge in connection with any events relating to the matter or proceeding which is the subject of the complaint;
is a lawyer and has a present or past substantial business association with the lawyer who is representing a party;
has been a material witness in a matter before the Commission;
has a spouse, child, or other immediate family member who has a financial interest in any events relating to the matter or proceeding, individually or as a fiduciary.
Subject of Complaint. No member shall participate in a proceeding in which the member is the subject of the complaint, a party, or a material witness,
Disqualification by Other Members. If a member is the subject of a complaint, remaining members should disqualify themselves if they have a manifest disqualifying interest or if they doubt their ability to function impartially, as provided in CJCRP 3(e)(1), unless such disqualification would result in a lack of a quorum under CJCRP 3(c).
Unavailability of Member. Members who are not disqualified under CJC member policies from participating in a matter, but who are otherwise unable or unavailable to participate in a particular matter or proceeding, should disqualify themselves on the basis of their unavailability and should notify the Executive Director and the member's alternate member as promptly as possible. Members shall make all reasonable efforts to be available to participate in Commission work.
Policy 5.2. Disqualification by Lawyer - Members
Prior Representation. If respondent's attorney has represented a member in the recent past, that member should disqualify himself or herself to avoid the appearance of impropriety. Disqualification based on prior representation for matters in the more distant past is discretionary, and depends on the circumstances of the representation, the agreement of the parties, and the genuine belief of the member as to whether he or she can serve impartially. Such member should disclose the date and nature of the prior representation to the parties and other members.
Appearance before Respondent. When a lawyer-member is appearing before a judge for pretrial or trial proceedings and learns the judge is the subject of a complaint or investigation by the Commission, the lawyer-member shall disqualify himself or herself from participating in that matter.
Request for Respondent's Disqualification. If a lawyer-member is representing a client in a matter which is assigned to a judge against whom the Commission has filed a Statement of Charges, the lawyer-member must seek the judge's disqualification, and, if disqualification is refused, the member shall disqualify himself or herself from participating on matters involving those charges before the Commission.
SECTION 6. PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION
Policy 6.1. Annual Evaluations
The Commission will evaluate the Executive Director and investigative officer(s) annually. The Commission may, at its discretion, consult staff and personnel consultants.
Policy 6.2. Compensation
Staff. Commission staff shall receive any salary increases that are accorded to employees of State government by the Legislature.
Executive Director. The Commission shall establish the salary range for the Executive Director. From time to time, the Commission's Personnel Committee shall review and make recommendations regarding any changes to the range. After considering the annual performance appraisal conducted by the Personnel Committee, the Executive Committee shall set the salary for the Executive Director. Based upon the performance appraisal, the Executive Committee shall also determine any Cost of Living Adjustments established by the Legislature.
Policy 6.3. Complaints Concerning Staff
If a member receives a complaint (written or oral) from a complainant, judicial officer or any other person, about a Commission staff member, other than the Executive Director, the member shall refer the complaint either to the Executive Director, the Chair, or the acting Chair.
If a member receives a complaint about the Executive Director, the member shall refer the complaint to the Chair or acting Chair, who shall inform the Executive Committee. The Chair, Acting Chair or the Executive Committee may initiate an investigation. If the Chair, Acting Chair or Executive Committee is recused or unavailable for a significant period of time, then the complaint shall be referred to the Personnel Committee for a decision on further action or investigation. The Commission members shall be informed of investigative actions taken by the Chair, Acting Chair, Executive Committee or Personnel Committee.
SECTION 7. FINANCIAL RULES
Policy 7.1. Witness Fees
Pursuant to CJCRP 14(e) and WAC 292-09-150, witnesses appearing for the Commission will be paid in the same amount as the Superior Court pays in the judicial district in which the Commission hearing is being held.
Policy 7.2. Contracted Attorney Services
Policy 7.3. Expense Reimbursement
Lodging. Reimbursement for lodging expenses within 50 miles of an employee's or member's official residence or station is prohibited unless: 1) an overnight stay is necessary because of back-to-back evening/early morning meetings, or 2) an overnight stay is necessary to avoid driving in severe inclement weather, or 3) it is necessary to accommodate a health/safety issue or disability. An exception to this policy for other conditions, on a case-by-case basis, must be requested from the director of the Office of Financial Management (OFM). Any exception to this policy will be submitted to OFM through the Executive Director.
Meal Reimbursement. Members will be reimbursed up to the state meal allowance if the following conditions are met:
A member is in travel status during the entire meal period for the applicable meal allowance: Breakfast (7:00 a.m. - 8:00 a.m.); Lunch (12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.); and, Dinner (5:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m.) AND,
A member is in travel status for at least three (3) hours beyond what is considered a regularly scheduled work day (8 a.m. to 5 p.m.). This is referred to as the three-hour rule. The three hours may consist of hours occurring before, after, or a combination of both before and after what is considered a regularly scheduled work day. NOTE: If a member qualifies for meal reimbursement under the three-hour rule and does not stay overnight, such reimbursement is considered a taxable fringe benefit, OR,
A member incurred a cost for a meal that was an integral part of a meeting or training session (See Meals with Meetings below).
Meals with Meetings. In accordance with regulations of the Office of Financial Management (OFM), the Executive Director may authorize expenditures for meals, coffee, and/or light refreshments at meetings or formal training sessions regardless of travel status and without regard to the three-hour rule when the purpose of the meeting is to conduct official state business or to provide training to state employees or state officials and the meals are an integral part of the business meeting or training session.
Airfare. All airline reservations shall be made through the CJC office to ensure all legally mandated state contracts are adhered to. An exception to this rule would be if a flight was canceled and it was necessary for the traveler to purchase another ticket with personal funds in order to return home. Under this exception, the most economical flight should be chosen and reimbursement would be approved.
Rental Cars. All reservations for rental cars shall be made through the CJC office to ensure that the state contract is adhered to. Rental cars should be used for official state business only. State regulations and other applicable laws strictly limit liability coverage to authorized state uses. Original receipts are necessary for gas purchases in order to claim reimbursement.
Mileage Reimbursement. When a member drives a personal vehicle on agency business, he/she may claim mileage reimbursement at the current state per mile rate. The mileage shall be determined either by an actual odometer reading, from mapping software or from the official state mileage map.
Combining Personal Travel with Business. Members may combine vacation or other personal travel with a legitimate CJC-related trip when; (1) the primary purpose of the trip is official state business; AND, (2) the agency does not incur any extra expenses beyond the normal expenses had the trip occurred without any personal time combined with the trip. Approval for reimbursement must be received from the Executive Director prior to the beginning of the trip.
Policy 7.4. Commission Member Compensation
Members shall be compensated at the rate allowed for 'class four' boards and commissions pursuant to RCW 43.03.250(2), for attending meetings of the Commission. The Chair shall designate official meetings or delegate the Executive Director to do so. Additionally, the Chair or his/her delegate, the Executive Director, may authorize compensation for members who attend other meetings, conferences, or conventions as bona fide representatives of the Commission. Members shall notify staff if they are ineligible for the compensation provided by RCW 43.03.250, or if they elect to waive receipt of compensation. A government-employed member may accept compensation only if the member is not employed full time by a government entity or does not receive compensation from such government-employer for that day. Any member may waive, in writing, in whole or in part, compensation for which the member is otherwise eligible on any given occasion.
For those members eligible to receive compensation for meeting attendance, there is a presumption that compensation is waived if the time to attend the meeting is less than two hours, including travel to and from the meeting. Members should consider the following nonexclusive factors in requesting compensation for meetings requiring less than two hours to attend:
loss of income in order to participate;
expenses undergone to participate such as care taking costs;
any other expense that the commission should reasonably offset for the member's participation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Jon Keeley
Senior Scientist, ST
Western Ecological Research Center
Email: jon_keeley@usgs.gov
Dr. Keeley is currently a research scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, stationed at Sequoia National Park. Prior to this appointment, he served one year in Washington, D.C. as director of the ecology program for the National Science Foundation. He was professor of biology at Occidental College for 20 years and spent a sabbatical year at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He has more than 350 publications in national and international scientific journals and books. His research has focused on ecological impacts of wildfires as well as other aspects of plant ecology, including rare plants, rare habitats such as vernal pools, and plant physiology. In 1985 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and is a Fellow of the Ecological Society of America and an Honorary Lifetime Member of the California Botanical Society. He has served on the Los Angeles County Department of Regional Planning Environmental Review Board, and the State of California Natural Communities Conservation Program (NCCP) Board of Scientific Advisors.
Ph.D. (Botany) University of Georgia, Athens, 1977
M.S. (Biology) San Diego State University, 1973
B.S. (Biology) San Diego State University, 1971
Chaparral Ecology
Coastal Sage Ecology
Ecotone
Endangered habitat
Fire ecology
Grassland Ecology
Historical Reconstruction
Invasive species ecology
Landscape patterns
Physiological plant ecology
Species interactions
Species introduction
Species inventory
Species/Population management
Vegetation classification
Vernal Pool Conservation
Vernal Pool Ecology
U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Research Scientist
(ST Scientist), 2015–present
(GS series 0408), 1998–present
University of California, Los Angeles, Adjunct Full Professor, 2001-present
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Research Associate, 1997–present
National Science Foundation, Program Director 1997–1998
Occidental College,
Professor 1988–1998
Department Chair 1982–1988
Assist/Assoc Professor 1977–1988
University of Cape Town, Visiting Professor 1990
Fellow, Ecological Society of America, 2014
Distinguished MEDECOS Fellow, 2011
USGS Performance Award, 2011
USGS Star Award, 2008
Honorary Lifetime Member, California Botanical Society, 1998
Fellow, Southern California Academy of Sciences, l994
Guggenheim Fellow, l985–l986
Sterling Award for Outstanding Teaching, l985
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 204
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Biogeochemical legacy of prescribed fire in a giant sequoia - Mixed conifer forest: A 16-year record of watershed balances
The effects of prescription burning on watershed balances of major ions in mixed conifer forest were examined in a 16-year paired catchment study in Sequoia National Park, California. The objective was to determine whether fire-related changes in watershed balances persist as long as estimated low-end natural fire-return intervals (???10 years),...
Engle, D.L.; Sickman, J.O.; Moore, C.M.; Esperanza, A.M.; Melack, J.M.; Keeley, J.E.
Attribution: Western Ecological Research Center, Ecosystems
Biogeochemical legacy of prescribed fire in a giant sequoia - Mixed conifer forest: A 16-year record of watershed balances; 2008; Article; Journal; Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences; Engle, D. L.; Sickman, J. O.; Moore, C. M.; Esperanza, A. M.; Melack, J. M.; Keeley, J. E.
Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?
The perception is that today's large fires are an ecological catastrophe because they burn vast areas with high intensities and severities. However, little is known of the ecological impacts of large fires on both historical and contemporary landscapes. The present paper presents a review of the current knowledge of the effects of large fires in...
Keane, Robert E.; Agee, James K.; Fule, Peter; Keeley, Jon E.; Key, Carl H.; Kitchen, Stanley G.; Miller, Richard; Schulte, Lisa A.
Fire severity and ecosytem responses following crown fires in California shrublands
Chaparral shrublands burn in large high-intensity crown fires. Managers interested in how these wildfires affect ecosystem processes generally rely on surrogate measures of fire intensity known as fire severity metrics. In shrublands burned in the autumn of 2003, a study of 250 sites investigated factors determining fire severity and ecosystem...
Keeley, J.E.; Brennan, T.; Pfaff, A.H.
Fire severity and ecosytem responses following crown fires in California shrublands.; 2008; Article; Journal; Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America; Keeley, J. E.; Brennan, T.; Pfaff, A. H.
It's the land use not the fuels: fires and land development in southern California
Pincetl, Stephanie; Rundel, Philip W.; Clark De Blasio, Julie; Silver, Dan; Scott, Tom; Keeley, Jon E.; Halsey, Richard W.
Chaparral and fire
Large wildfires are an inevitable feature of chaparral. The moderate temperatures during winter promote growth of extensive stands of shrublands with contiguous fuels covering massive portions of the landscape. The summer-fall drought makes these fuels highly flammable over a relatively lengthy portion of the year. Because of widespread human...
Keeley, Jon E.
The Role of Fuel Breaks in the Invasion of Nonnative Plants
Executive Summary Fuel reduction projects have become an increasingly important component of state and federal fuels management programs. However, an unintended result of some pre-fire fuel manipulation projects may be the introduction of nonnative invasive plants. The establishment of nonnative plants within fuel breaks is a serious concern...
Merriam, Kyle E.; Keeley, Jon E.; Beyers, Jan L.
Attribution: , California Water Science Center, Water Resources
The Role of Fuel Breaks in the Invasion of Nonnative Plants; 2007; SIR; 2006-5185; Merriam, Kyle E.; Keeley, Jon E.; Beyers, Jan L.
Taxonomic revisions in the genus Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae)
Changes are made in the nomenclature of species and subspecies in the genus Arctostaphylos(Ericaceae). In this study, the focus is on species found in the coast ranges of California. Changes are made in A. nortensis from the area around the Oregon border with California, in the A. nevadensiscomplex in the North Coast Ranges, in...
Parker, V. Thomas; Vasey, Michael C.; Keeley, Jon E.
A critical assessment of the Burning Index in Los Angeles County, California
The Burning Index (BI) is commonly used as a predictor of wildfire activity. An examination of data on the BI and wildfires in Los Angeles County, California, from January 1976 to December 2000 reveals that although the BI is positively associated with wildfire occurrence, its predictive value is quite limited. Wind speed alone has a higher...
Schoenberg, F.P.; Chang, H.-C.; Keeley, J.E.; Pompa, J.; Woods, J.; Xu, H.
A critical assessment of the Burning Index in Los Angeles County, California; 2007; Article; Journal; International Journal of Wildland Fire; Schoenberg, F. P.; Chang, C. -H.; Keeley, J. E.; Pompa, J.; Woods, J.; Xu, H.
Appropriate postfire management for the 2007 Griffith park Fire
Calibrating a forest landscape model to simulate frequent fire in Mediterranean-type shrublands
In Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs), fire disturbance influences the distribution of most plant communities, and altered fire regimes may be more important than climate factors in shaping future MTE vegetation dynamics. Models that simulate the high-frequency fire and post-fire response strategies characteristic of these regions will be...
Syphard, A.D.; Yang, J.; Franklin, J.; He, H.S.; Keeley, J.E.
Calibrating a forest landscape model to simulate frequent fire in Mediterranean-type shrublands; 2007; Article; Journal; Environmental Modelling and Software; Syphard, A. D.; Yang, J.; Franklin, J.; He, H. S.; Keeley, J. E.
Human influence on California fire regimes
Periodic wildfire maintains the integrity and species composition of many ecosystems, including the mediterranean-climate shrublands of California. However, human activities alter natural fire regimes, which can lead to cascading ecological effects. Increased human ignitions at the wildland-urban interface (WUI) have recently gained attention, but...
Syphard, A.D.; Radeloff, V.C.; Keeley, J.E.; Hawbaker, T.J.; Clayton, M.K.; Stewart, S.I.; Hammer, R.B.
Human influence on California fire regimes; 2007; Article; Journal; Ecological Applications; Syphard, A. D.; Radeloff, V. C.; Keeley, J. E.; Hawbaker, T. J.; Clayton, M. K.; Stewart, S. I.; Hammer, R. B.
Impact of prescribed fire and other factors on cheatgrass persistence in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest
Following the reintroduction of fire Bromus tectorum has invaded the low elevation ponderosa pine forests in parts of Kings Canyon National Park, California. We used prescribed burns, other field manipulations, germination studies, and structural equation modelling, to investigate how fire and other factors affect the persistence of cheatgrass in...
Keeley, J.E.; McGinnis, T.W.
Impact of prescribed fire and other factors on cheatgrass persistence in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest; 2007; Article; Journal; International Journal of Wildland Fire; Keeley, J. E.; McGinnis, T. W.


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The mission of The Axelson Center for Nonprofit Management at North Park University is to enhance performance and effectiveness of organizations and individuals in the nonprofit sector through education, service and resources.
The Center for Scandinavian Studies (CSS) at North Park University has firmly established itself as a major focal point for Scandinavian academic and cultural interests in Chicago
The Center for Christian Ministries Studies and Practical Theology is a unique partnership of North Park University, North Park Theological Seminary, and the Department of Christian Formation of the Evangelical Covenant Church.
This multi-directional venture brings the resources and connections of Covenant World Mission into the Seminary, and shares the resources of the Seminary with our global network of partner churches and organizations.
Office of Diversity
The Office of Diversity and Intercultural Programs oversees the Collaboratory for Urban and Intercultural Learning and the International Office.
Funded by the Lilly Endowment, The Academy of Church Leadership at North Park University is dedicated to equipping religious leaders with the skills needed for effective congregational growth. Programs focus on professional development in finance, management, and leadership for religious leaders.