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PILs Give Power to the Judiciary in the Name of the People
An extract from Anuj Bhuwania's book, Courting the People: Public Interest Litigation in Post-Emergency India, which examines how the PIL has become an instrument for the judiciary to micromanage governance.
Delhi high court. Credit: PTI/File
Anuj Bhuwania
Anuj Bhuwania's new book, Courting the People: Public Interest Litigation in Post-Emergency India, published by Cambridge University Press, provides a forensic examination of how the PIL became both ubiquitous, as well as an instrument for the judiciary to micromanage governance as it saw fit. The book is part of a new book series entitled 'South Asia in the Social Sciences,' edited by Partha Chatterjee. As we debate the limits of judicial reach and overreach after the Supreme Court's surprising judgement on standing for the mandatory playing of the national anthem in cinemas, few books could be as timely.
An extract from the 'Introduction' makes for revelatory reading.
Returning to live in Delhi in 2006, after being away for nearly four years, I found that PIL had become ubiquitous in everyday discourses around the city.
Courting 'the People': The Rise of Public Interest Litigation in Post-Emergency India
Cambridge University Press, 2016
The urban fabric seemed torn asunder by PIL cases intervening in almost every part of the administration. The courts gave the impression of governing the city through the instrument of PIL. Newspaper headlines routinely quoted statements by the Delhi high court threatening to shut down the municipal corporation of Delhi (MCD): 'Stop farmhouse weddings or we will shut MCD: HC' or 'Catch monkeys or shut down, HC tells MCD'. Slums labelled 'encroachments' were being demolished all over the city under court orders, the incidents reported with relish by new periodicals like Neighbourhood Flash and local sub-city supplements such as South Delhi Live that had begun to come bundled with major newspapers like the Hindustan Times. The city news became the site of both the demand and supply of the courts' attention. Any political intervention against any of this – or even the intention of an intervention – would be declared 'populist'. In those days, if one followed the city news at all, PIL was inescapable. The legal correspondent for a daily newspaper who reported from the Delhi high court later described the period to me thus: "I would have seven bylines in the first six pages. The government used to function with contempt of court hanging over it." There were PILs pending, related to so many aspects of the city's governance that newspapers would periodically carry random lists of such cases – the case topics in one such list included simian trouble, stray menace, urinals, no-parking zone, tinted glasses, save Yamuna, nursery admissions, Blueline buses, traffic fines, MCD demolitions, plastic ban, India Gate subways, free beds in hospitals, free seats in schools and illicit liquor – all of these were just in the Delhi high court and this was by no means an exhaustive list.
The city was being remade by means of PILs. Indeed, Delhi had already been transformed significantly because of PIL cases over the past decade, as we shall see in chapter 2. Every aspect of Delhi's transport – for example, auto rickshaws, cars, buses, cycle rickshaws – had been reconfigured because of PIL. Urban heritage was another arena of PIL's regular intervention: in November 2006, I was a witness to a well-connected lawyer specialising in heritage conservation cases threatening a local government official with the words "Main toh bas PIL thok doongi (I will just slap a PIL on you).' Later, in December 2007, I heard an environmental scientist heading a new biodiversity park express the worry that the foreign species he had planted would be challenged by a PIL (This actually did happen, a year later.)
PIL procedure had enabled the court to monitor and micromanage every aspect of the city's governance, making the whole city the direct object of its reformative attention. The all-encompassing nature of the court's control over the city through PIL was slowly brought home to me as I began to follow the leads thrown up by newspaper headlines. In 2006, for instance, I was struck by the headline 'Supreme Court chides Delhi government for power muddle'. The story turned out to involve a PIL about the lack of access to adequate electricity in the capital city that had been admitted in 1999 by the Supreme Court at the instance of a senior advocate.
The case came to be legally titled Power Crisis in National Capital Territory of Delhi vs Union of India. The senior advocate in question was made the amicus curiae, meaning 'friend of the court'. The court went on to supervise the privatisation of electricity in Delhi from 1999 onwards. By 2003, when privatisation was complete, the PIL came to focus on transmission and distribution losses attributed to power theft. By 2006, this particular PIL's remit had turned to inadequate power supply in Delhi and the court heard big power-generating companies talk of setting up 1,000 megawatt gas-based power plants. In May 2006, the judges in this case reportedly expressed the worry that if the power situation in the capital did not improve, "how will we organise the Commonwealth Games in the year 2010 here?" More than four years before the scheduled games, the PIL court's worry about the availability of electricity in Delhi was expressed through anxiety about the high-profile event. The court's ire in this case throughout this period was particularly excited by power theft in 'illegal' settlements – unauthorised colonies and especially slum clusters. While ostensibly the court's concern was the city as a whole, it was these communities that had emerged as the most visible symbols of illegality in its eyes. It was this conspicuousness that it wished to erase.
I will illustrate the qualitatively transformed nature of the relationship between the court and the city's heterogeneous publics in this period by discussing three revealing vignettes from three PIL proceedings I encountered during my fieldwork. The first was in March 2007 during the hearing of a case in which a two-judge bench of the Supreme Court was supervising the formulation of the municipal corporation of Delhi's draft scheme for grant of tehbazaari (vending rights) to street vendors in Delhi. The case was Sudhir Madan vs MCD. The MCD scheme had envisaged a process that would require first identifying sites in the city where hawking could be carried out, then inviting applications from interested eligible people and then granting such rights. During the day-long hearing, an alternative was suggested to the MCD scheme by one of the vendors' organisations. They suggested instead that first a census be conducted for the existing street vendors in the city and based on that ground-level mapping, vending rights be formalised at the already existing sites. The judges were livid at such a suggestion. If such a suggestion was accepted, Justice B.P. Singh interjected, Delhi would have to be renamed 'Hawker Nagar ('hawker city')'. There would soon be hawkers selling food in the Supreme Court building, he exclaimed.
Anuj Bhuwania. Credit: Twitter
The second vignette is from a hearing before a two-judge bench of the Delhi high court in 2009, where a PIL against begging on the streets of Delhi was being heard. The presiding judge, Sanjay Kishan Kaul, was particularly agitated about the proliferation of beggars in Delhi. He was specifically concerned about having come across beggars even while being chauffeured around the India Gate roundabout, the heart of the imperial capital. If the situation remained unchanged, he said, the day was not far when there would be beggars in the high court building itself. The bench went on to order the active implementation of 18 'zero tolerance zones' for beggars in Delhi, including road intersections near New Delhi's court complexes as well as all railway stations and bus terminals in the city.
My final vignette is from a hearing in a PIL about traffic congestion in Delhi in 2006, which was narrated to me in an interview by one of the lawyers in this case. As part of this PIL, the high court had ordered the removal of a slum called Nangla Machi, which abutted an arterial road in central Delhi and was allegedly causing traffic jams. When arguments were raised by a lawyer for the slum-dwellers in a court hearing, Justice Vijender Jain pointed out that currently, the slum concerned was less than two kilometres from the high court. If action was not taken immediately, he said, the slum dwellers would soon invade the court premises itself and squat there.
A spectre was haunting the court. The spectre of the unruly masses of the city – street hawkers, beggars and slum dwellers – invading its pristine environs. These were precisely the unwashed masses that PIL had originally invited into the courtroom. But now, PIL seemed to have adopted a path where it wanted to devour its own.
Political commentators Nivedita Menon and Aditya Nigam called the fantasy of 'Delhi-en-route-to-Paris' being played out in the city around 2006, the result of a 'judicial coup d'etat':
Propelled by a judiciary with no accountability and a media that is deeply implicated in this new game, there has emerged a technocratic elite which desires hypermodern cities cleansed of all the 'mess' and 'irrationality' that comes with democracy and the people.
Anuj Bhuwania is a lawyer and an anthropologist. He currently teaches at South Asian University, New Delhi.


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GOLDEN SWORD BY BIENNAIS
THE CABINET OF THE FABLE OF THE PRINCE AND THE BIRD
OEBEN'S "TABLE MÉCANIQUE"
NAPOLEON'S ARMCHAIR
MAURICE DE VLAMINCK'S PORT ENTRANCE
BRAQUE'S BIRD
LOUIS XIV BEAKER
EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF KING LOUIS XIV BY LE HONGRE
GREAT SUNFLOWER VASE FROM THE CASTLE OF CHANTELOUP
SAINT PETER IN IVORY AFTER ZURBARAN
A CHEST OF DRAWERS BY RIESENER
NANBAN CABINET
YOSEGI WRITING DESK
A FRENCH STYLE GARDEN PARTY
JEAN-MARTIN ROCH
EMPEROR MARC-AURÈLE PORTRAIT
Brûle-parfum with chimera
Than-Thaï Recollections
CLOCK OF AFRICA
RATEAU PRIVATE
ORIGINAL COPY OF CRONSTADT CITY
Coming to Cheverny
Mazarin Chest
Janiot at La Thébaïde
Mosaïc of Feather
Orient-Express
François HABERT : Still life with pieces of silverware
Chomo the return of singular
The great gold lacquer mazarin chest
##nobg##DOWNLOAD HD PICTURES
The Great Mazarin Chest
Mazarin Chest Open
Front panel: The Tale of Genji
Top of the Lid: Heigt Views of Ômi
Interior of the Lid: Tale of the Soga Brothers
Back Pannel: Magnolias and Birds
Left Pannel: Palace Scenes
Right Pannel: Garden Scenes
TIgers and Dragons
click on the image to discover the
extensive description and history of the Mazarin Chest (in french)
LA GAZETTE DROUOT INTERNATIONAL, may 2013
by Stephanie Perris
" We now set off for Japan, with this sumptuous cedar wood chest with lacquer decoration on a black background: the star of this springtime event. Without being bombastic or going over the top, we can say that this nagabitsu (long clothes chest) is a particularly fine example of Japanese lacquer, combining all the main techniques in a single object: maki-e, kirikane and hanagai... The refined decoration and high-quality execution place the chest alongside pieces designed for the marriage trousseaus of the Japanese elite, notably the one made for the betrothal of the Princess Chiyohime, daughter of the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu. Now in the Tokugawa Museum in Nagoya, the 75 pieces in this trousseau were made between 1637 and 1639 in the workshop of Nagashige, one of the Köami family of lacquerers, active in Kyoto. The chest here is also inspired by the famous Tale of Genji, a celebrated novel written in the 11th century by Murasaki-Shikibu, who lived at the imperial court during the Heian period. It also features several scenes from the Tale of the Soga Brothers, a folk story from the Edo period based on a real event, written by an anonymous author in the 14th century. Lastly, this chest, like the smaller version now in the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, vaunts a splendid pedigree lovingly detailed by the auction house. It belonged to Cardinal Jules Mazarin, who bought it in Amsterdam in 1658. At the time, Japan had prohibited the export of major lacquer pieces for 17 years. But as luxury objects, they were sold for spanking profits by the Dutch East India Company. After the Cardinal's death, this chest went to one of his nieces, probably Hortense Mancini, then entered the collection of the poet Thomas Beckford, and later that of the Duke of Hamilton (the V & A acquired its own example at the Hamilton sale in 1882), before being bought in 1916 by Sir Clifford Cory. It resurfaced in the collections of Dr. Zaniewski in London, and left England in the 1970s for the Loire Valley in France, not far from the Château de Cheverny… to which all roads lead in the end!"
the daIlY mail: The £6million TV stand: Sold for a fortune, antique chest that cost £100 and 'got lost' for 70 years
Victoria and Albert Museum had been searching worldwide for it since 1941
Put the rare antique was being used as a TV stand just three miles away
The Japanese antique had been expected to sell for just £200,000
By Paul Harris, 11 July 2013
For more than half a century they had scoured the world for it, put out feelers to any likely collector, sent its description to international auction houses.But there was one place the Victoria & Albert museum didn't look in their hunt for the rare antique Japanese chest. It was under someone's telly in a house a few hundred yards away.
Unknown to the museum and a legion of experts who joined the search, the exquisitely decorated 17th century lacquered coffer, one of only ten left in the world, was being used as a TV stand by an owner unaware of its exceptional provenance.Yesterday the 4ft 8in lidded casket, bought for £100 and also used as a drinks cabinet, became a treasure chest in its own right.
It sold at auction for £6.3million – and once again eluded the V&A when it was snapped up by a Dutch museum.
The ornate coffer, fashioned in cedar wood, metal and gold lacquer, is believed to have been made in Kyote by master craftsman Kaomi Nagashige.
It bears intricate depictions of celebrated Japanese myths, including The Tale of Genji, widely acclaimed as the world's first novel.What the illustrations do not reveal, however, is the extraordinary saga of the chest's travels from sought-after artwork to makeshift piece of furniture.
The story begins in 1640 when the head of the Dutch East India Company's Japanese office commissioned an order including 'four extraordinarily fine coffers'. They were sold 18 years later with other lacquerware to French First Minister Cardinal Mazarin, and added to his extensive collection.
Two were later acquired by British poet William Beckford. Beckford's daughter Euphemia married the Duke of Hamilton and the coffers would form part of the Hamilton Palace contents sale of 1882, staged to raise funds for the palace upkeep.The V&A bought one coffer and the other, a larger one, was sold to collector Sir Trevor Lawrence, then to Welsh colliery owner Sir Clifford Cory. When Sir Clifford died in 1941, as one expert phrased it: 'It disappeared off the radar.'
Unknown to the art world, a London-based Polish doctor called Zaniewski had bought it at a bargain price – and later sold it to a French Shell Oil engineer in 1970 for £100. At current values it would equate to roughly £1,250 – around 5,000 times less than the chest is now worth. Trouble was, the Frenchman decided the chest would make a fine base for his television. And for 16 years, that's what he used it for at his house in South Kensington, just a three-minute walk from the V&A. Meanwhile the museum and other interested parties continued their search.
When the engineer retired in 1986 he took it home to the Loire Valley, where he used it as a drinks bar and store cabinet. It resurfaced only after he died, when his family began a clear-out.Auctioneer Philippe Rouillac and his brother Aymeric recognised the chest's likely worth and traced its remarkable history before it sold in France yesterday.Delighted Dutch curator Menno Fitski, head of East Asian art at Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum, said: 'The thing to note about this chest is that it is the best of the best: It was the best when it was made and the same still applies today. It has an incredible back story which makes it all the more special.'
The chest's detailing has been very well preserved... despite having had a television sat on it for years!Worth £6.3million? 'Yes, it was a lot of money, but you have to pay for quality and it is worth every penny.'Julia Hutt, curator of the V&A's East Asian department, said she was relieved the chest had resurfaced.She added: 'It would have been fantastic for us to have been able to bid for the chest but like many museums around the world we didn't have the money.'I was delighted to hear the Rijksmuseum had won the auction – it is a very fitting home for the chest.'
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2359361/Antique-Japanese-chest-cost-100-lost-70-years-sells-6m-auction.html#ixzz2dw2cBaGL
THE ANTIQUE TRADE GAZETTE: Rediscovered Japanese coffer snared by Rijksmuseum at £5m
By Ane Crane, 13 July 2013
AN exceptional piece of 17th century Japanese export lacquer with a provenance to match has produced the highest auction price in France this year when it was sold to the Rijksmuseum for a hammer price of €5.9m (£5.26m). The coffer was discovered by auctioneer Philippe Rouillac in the Loire valley earlier this year, converted into a drinks bar. M. Rouillac's brother Aymeric then traced its remarkable history and it duly featured as the star lot in Rouillac's 25th auction at the Château de Cheverny on June 9.
Measuring a substantial 4ft 8in (1.44m) wide, the coffer was produced in the Edo period c.1640 probably in the Kyoto workshop of Kaomi Nagashige. It is decorated inside and out in various gold lacquer techniques on a black ground with Japanese myths and views including the Tale of Genji. Another craftsman, Goto Kenjo, probably did the metalwork on the cover. It is thought to come from a group of high status Japanese lacquer export pieces, around ten of which have survived, commissioned by François Caron, head of the Dutch East India Company's office in Japan, from the Kyoto lacquer studios. Caron's order included "four extraordinarily fine coffers". Due to the 30 Years War and other factors, these remained in the company's entrepôt until 1658.
The coffer was one of several lacquerwares (including a similar, smaller chest) that were then purchased by the French ambassador in Amsterdam on behalf of Cardinal Mazarin (1602-61) for his extensive works of art collection. Mazarin's coffers passed down by descent and were sold at separate contents sales, both ending up being acquired by the famous English collector William Beckford, in 1801 and 1802. Later owned by Beckford's daughter Euphemia, wife of the Duke of Hamilton, they formed part of the famous Hamilton Palace contents sale in 1882. At that Hamilton sale the small companion coffer was purchased by the Victoria and Albert Museum, while this larger example was purchased first by Sir Trevor Lawrence then Sir Clifford John Cory (1859-1941), after whose death it disappeared off the radar. Its re-emergence at the Rouillac's sale fills in the gaps. It was probably purchased at the Cory auction by a London-based collector, Dr Zaniewski, then went to Zaniewski's friend, a French engineer for Shell Petroleum, ending up in the Loire valley on his retirement in 1986.
At the Cheverny auction, the coffer was offered with a tempting starting price of €200,000 and no reserve but expectations were much higher (€3m-5m). It was the subject of a battle between the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and a major American museum who were the underbidders. The Rijksmuseum's purchase (€7.31m including buyer's premium) was made with sponsorship from the Jaffe-Pierson Stichtung; the BankGiro Loterij and the Vereninging Rembrandt. It is thought to be the second-highest price paid at auction for a Japanese work of art, behind the $12.8m (£6.7m) bid by the Japanese company Mitsukoshi Co Ltd for a late 12th/early 13th century gold lacquered cypress wood of the supreme Buddha Dainichi Nyorai at Christie's New York in March 2008.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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When hunger pangs strike, one tends to opt for readily available chips or namkeen snack, ignoring the fact that most of the snacks contain 30% to 35% fat, are low in protein and may hardly contain fibre. These unhealthy snacks although efficient enough to satiate the taste buds, leave you in a guilt trap owing to the uncontrolled unhealthy binging.
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Il green public procurement (GPP, in italiano appalto pubblico verde o appalto verde oppure acquisto verde) è l'integrazione di considerazioni di carattere ambientale nelle procedure di acquisto della Pubblica Amministrazione, cioè è il mezzo per poter scegliere "quei prodotti e servizi che hanno un minore, oppure un ridotto, effetto sulla salute umana e sull'ambiente rispetto ad altri prodotti e servizi utilizzati allo stesso scopo" (U.S. EPA 1995). "Acquistare verde" significa quindi acquistare un bene/servizio tenendo conto degli impatti ambientali che questo può avere nel corso del suo intero ciclo di vita. Esso è uno dei principali strumenti adottati per mettere in atto strategie di sviluppo sostenibile.

La pratica del Green Public Procurement consiste nella possibilità di inserire criteri di qualificazione ambientale nella domanda che le Pubbliche Amministrazioni esprimono in sede di acquisto di beni e servizi finalizzata da un lato a diminuire il loro impatto ambientale dall'altro possono esercitare un "effetto traino" sul mercato dei prodotti ecologici. Secondo l'Organizzazione per la cooperazione e lo sviluppo economico (OECD), tra i beni con elevato impatto ambientale figurano gli edifici, alimenti, veicoli e i prodotti che utilizzano energia.

Il concetto dell'appalto verde, su scala internazionale, è stato originariamente promosso e confermato dall'Organizzazione per la cooperazione e lo sviluppo economico (OCSE).

Il GPP nell'Unione Europea e in Italia

Il ricorso allo strumento GPP viene incoraggiato da alcuni anni dall'Unione Europea che ne parla diffusamente sia nel "Libro Verde sulla politica integrata dei prodotti" del 1996, sia nel Sesto Programma d'Azione in campo ambientale e sviluppato nella Politica Integrata di Prodotto (IPP - Integrated Product Policy). È però la direttiva 2004/18/CE del 31 marzo 2004, relativa al "coordinamento delle procedure di aggiudicazione degli appalti pubblici di forniture, di servizi e di lavori" che, a livello normativo, riconosce la possibilità di inserire la variabile ambientale come criterio di valutazione dell'offerta.

In Italia il Green Public Procurement inizialmente era facoltativo, però esistevano già alcune norme che ne favorivano l'applicazione stabilendo dei requisiti specifici o degli obiettivi per l'acquisto e/o utilizzo di determinati prodotti o servizi.
Dal Decreto Ronchi (d.lgs. 22/97, art. 19), modificato dalla L.448/01, che stabilisce l'acquisto di almeno il 40% del fabbisogno di carta riciclata, al DM del 27/3/98 in cui una quota del parco autoveicoli deve essere costituito da veicoli elettrici, ibridi o ad alimentazione a gas naturale dotati di dispositivi di abbattimento delle emissioni, la Legge finanziaria del 2002 (L. 448/01, art.52) sancisce l'obbligo di riservare almeno il 20% del totale all'acquisto di pneumatici ricostruiti. Il DM 203 dell'8/5/2003 invita le regioni a definire norme affinché gli enti locali coprano il fabbisogno annuale di manufatti e beni con una quota di prodotti ottenuti da materiale riciclato nella misura non inferiore al 30%. Il decreto prevede inoltre che i destinatari adottino in sede di formulazione di gare per la fornitura e l'installazione di manufatti e beni, e nella formulazione di capitolati di opere pubbliche, criteri tali da ottemperare al rispetto delle quote previste dal decreto.

In Italia la normativa è riassunta nel cosiddetto Piano d'Azione Nazionale per gli Acquisti Pubblici Verdi denominato "Piano d'Azione per la sostenibilità dei consumi nel settore della Pubblica Amministrazione (PAN GPP)", aggiornato con D.M. 10 aprile 2013 pubblicato in Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 102 del 3 maggio 2013. Da tale piano discendono poi dei documenti che contengono dei criteri ambientali minimi (CAM) per diversi settori merceologici o servizi. Questi documenti vengono emanati con decreto ministeriale e pubblicati in gazzetta ufficiale.

L'inserimento dei CAM nei documenti di gara è divenuto obbligatorio in seguito all'emanazione del nuovo codice appalti, d.lgs n. 50 del 18 aprile 2016, che all'art.34 prevede l'applicazione dei CAM nelle gare pubbliche.

Per la pubblica amministrazione italiana diventa quindi obbligatorio effettuare acquisti verdi, per i prodotti e servizi per i quali siano stati emanati i relativi CAM dal Ministero dell'Ambiente, inserendo nella documentazione di gara almeno le specifiche tecniche e le clausole contrattuali contenute nei CAM. Lo stesso articolo 34 del nuovo Codice suggerisce di usare anche i criteri premianti. In pratica la stazione appaltante pubblica interviene nelle 5 fasi previste dalla normativa sugli appalti:

1. Definizione dell'oggetto dell'appalto: le direttive sugli appalti pubblici non contengono alcuna prescrizione riguardo alle caratteristiche degli acquisti, sono quindi "neutrali". Gli enti hanno piena facoltà di decidere cosa serve e cosa e come comprare. Gli enti hanno quindi un'ampia possibilità di tener conto di considerazioni ambientali nella scelta.

2. Definizione di specifiche tecniche (art. 68, 69 e 82 d.lgs 50/16): il capitolato può contenere indicazioni in termini di norme tecniche (caratteristiche, livelli di qualità, processi e metodi di produzione, ecc.) contenute in leggi o normative tecniche di settore. L'allegato VI del Codice riporta un elenco esemplificativo di tali standard tecnici, tra cui vi possono essere anche "i livelli di prestazione ambientale". Nel capitolato possono inoltre essere inserite specifiche tecniche in termini di prestazioni e requisiti funzionali, che "possono includere anche caratteristiche ambientali".

3. Selezione dei candidati (art. 83 e 172 d.lgs 50/16): l'Ente pubblico può motivatamente escludere dalla partecipazione alla gara coloro i quali abbiano subito una condanna, con sentenza passata in giudicato, per reati che incidano sulla moralità professionale o chi abbia commesso errore grave accertato, in materia professionale.

4. Aggiudicazione dell'appalto (art. 95 e 96 d.lgs 50/16): l'aggiudicazione dell'appalto può essere effettuata con il criterio del prezzo più basso o dell'offerta economicamente più vantaggiosa, preferendosi quest'ultima e prevedendola come esclusiva in alcuni casi. In questo secondo caso il bando di gara stabilisce i criteri di valutazione dell'offerta, pertinenti alla natura, all'oggetto e alle caratteristiche del contratto, quali, a titolo esemplificativo: il prezzo, la qualità, ..., le caratteristiche ambientali.

5. Esecuzione dell'appalto (art. 100 d.lgs 50/16): le stazioni appaltanti possono esigere condizioni particolari per l'esecuzione purché prevedano parità di trattamento [...] che attengano in particolare, a esigenze ambientali e sociali.

Programmi italiani di GPP
La Centrale Acquisti Nazionale pubblica, Consip ha attivato dal 2008 e gestisce oggi il più vasto programma di GPP in Italia.
Altri rilevanti programmi di GPP sono attuati dalle Centrali Acquisti Territoriali pubbliche ARCA della Regione Lombardia e IntercentER della Regione Emilia-Romagna.
A partire dal 2010, la Regione Sardegna ha attivato gli Ecosportelli GPP, sportelli di informazione e supporto sui territori provinciali della Sardegna, mirati alla promozione e diffusione delle politiche e delle pratiche di acquisti verdi nelle Pubbliche Amministrazioni.

Normativa generale di riferimento
Libro Verde sulla Politica Integrata di Prodotto (IPP), Commissione delle Comunità Europee, COM (2001) 68def. del 7 febbraio 2001
Comunicazione interpretativa COM(2001)274 "Il diritto comunitario degli appalti pubblici e le possibilità di integrare considerazioni di carattere ambientale negli appalti pubblici"
Decisione N.1600/2002/CE/ del 22 luglio 2002, del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio dell'Unione Europea, relativa al Sesto Programma Comunitario di azione in materia di ambiente "Ambiente 2010: il nostro futuro, la nostra scelta"
Direttiva 2014/24/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 26 febbraio 2014 , sugli appalti pubblici e che abroga la direttiva 2004/18/CE Testo rilevante ai fini del SEE
Comunicazione della Commissione Europea COM(2008)400 " Appalti pubblici per un ambiente migliore"
Strategia d'azione ambientale per lo sviluppo sostenibile in Italia, Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, luglio 2002 approvato con delibera del Comitato Interministeriale della Programmazione Economica, n. 57 del 2 agosto 2002 (G.U. 30 ottobre 2002, n. 225)
Decreto Ministeriale 8/05/2003 n. 203, "Norme affinché gli uffici pubblici e le società a prevalente capitale pubblico coprano il fabbisogno annuale di manufatti e beni con una quota di prodotti ottenuti da materiale riciclato nella misura non inferiore al 30% del fabbisogno medesimo"
Decreto Legislativo 12/05/2006, n. 163, "Codice dei contratti pubblici di lavori, servizi e forniture"
Legge n. 296 del 27/12/2006 (Legge Finanziaria 2007), artt. 1126, 1127 e 1128
Decreto interministeriale 11/04/2008, n. 135 (G.U. serie ordinaria n. 107 dell'8 maggio 2008), "Piano d'azione per la sostenibilità ambientale dei consumi nel settore della pubblica amministrazione"
Comunicato dell'Autorità per la Vigilanza sui Contratti Pubblici di Lavori, Servizi, Forniture (Avcp) del 12 giugno 2012 "Rilevazione degli appalti che rispettano i criteri di sostenibilità ambientale (Green Public Procurement - GPP)"

Note

Bibliografia
Commissione Europea, Acquistare verde! Un manuale sugli appalti pubblici ecocompatibili, Ufficio delle comunicazioni ufficiali delle Comunità Europee, Lussemburgo, 2005
Commissione Europea, Libro verde sulla politica integrata relativa ai prodotti, febbraio 2001
Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Strategia d'Azione Ambientale per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile in Italia, agosto 2002
OCSE, Greener Public Purchasing, Paris, 2000
Provincia di Bologna, I Love Shopping... in verde, manuale ed esperienze pratiche per gli acquisti verdi nelle Pubbliche Amministrazioni, settembre 2006
Provincia di Cremona, Nuovo Manuale GPP, revisione aggiornata del manuale GPPnet, maggio 2008 versione online (PDF, 4 MB)

Voci correlate
 Sviluppo sostenibile
 EMAS
 Green Deal europeo

Collegamenti esterni

 Portale del Ministero dell'ambiente relativo agli acquisti verdi: http://www.minambiente.it/pagina/gpp-acquisti-verdi
 Europarlamento, Commissione per le petizioni: Petizione a sostegno delle Bioplastiche (da Europarlamento)
 http://www.acquistiverdi.it Sito web, patrocinato dal Ministero dell'ambiente, finalizzato a orientare i consumatori verso prodotti e servizi ecologici

Economia ambientale
Sviluppo sostenibile

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


20 Jan How Free Are You?
It seems fitting that this blog post will come out on the day we observe Martin Luther King Jr's birthday. If there was ever a symbol of freedom–it is this great man. Freedom means the difference between breathing deeply and barely being able to breathe.
Martin Luther King, Jr. did everything he could to help others breath deeply. He fought through his own fears, his own suffocating feelings, and took risks to ensure a better life without confinement–for all of us. Confinement = no freedom = stress. When confined, we are unable to express ourselves as desired. We are unable to do what we want. We are unable to live completely, and that is stressful.
My post today discusses another kind of stressful confinement many of us live with: Financial Confinement. We have too much, spend too much, and then suffer because of it–too much. I have asked one of dentistry's financial authorities to provide three key strategies to help ensure more financial freedom is in our future.
Doug Carlsen is a dentist and writer for Dentaltown Magazine. He focuses on financial advice to dentists and dental providers.
1. Have A Family Emergency Fund: This may include the main income producer being unable to work due to illness or injury for an extended period, spouse losing job or being unable to work, or unreimbursed medical or legal expenses for other family members.
How Much, Doug?: Six months of the family budget, not including taxes or savings, normally between $40K and $75K, should be placed aside in a safe account. This needs to be in money market funds as one never knows when it will be needed.
In other words, you need to have a safety net. Accidents happen. Economies change. And the money needs to be readily available in a money market savings account which is considered liquid–easily removed when needed.
2. Have A Personal Liability Umbrella Insurance: About 70% of dentists I work with do not have this coverage. This insurance is necessary when someone gets injured or killed on your property or via a car accident. Your $300K liability coverage will often not cover judgments. $2M in additional coverage added to your homeowners and auto liability costs about $500 per year.
3. Develop A Dentist Illness/Incapacity Coverage Plan with Local Dentists In Your Area: This group has various names. It is a group of local dentists that will come into your practice one-half day per week and see patients for simple procedures and exams to keep your practice alive if you are not able to work for an extended period. This is beyond disability coverage, which won't help much if you return to a practice without patients. (We have to form this amongst ourselves).
Doug's great advice can mean the difference between lying awake at night wondering how everything will turn out and resting easy because forethought and foreplanning already occurred. DO NOT WAIT! Plan for the worst–whether you are a dentist, a hygienist, or any working person. Your family needs a plan, some extra cash, and policies in place to be prepared for the unthinkable.
It really does not matter if you make $25,000 or $250,000 annually, your family needs a plan for an emergency situation. Once you have a safety net, then you can buy a few extras.
I remember first opening up my practice. I literally had negative income–so much debt, so much uncertainty, but I did have a lot of insurance policies to cover everything should I croak or become disabled.
For the first year, when I did not know how much I would make or if I would produce the same amount as the previous dentist, I worried incessantly. Once I saved up enough money to cover my family's 90-day needs, and a little extra to cover any equipment replacement, I felt so relieved. The freedom that came to me via financial security made all of the difference in the world. A broken x-ray unit was not the end of the world. My no-show crown patient did not stress me out (as much).
We have to make sure we save for this type of disaster. I certainly had the option of taking out another loan if needed; that was my double back-up plan. By limiting my spending and not buying every novel piece of equipment on the market, I had my own emergency fund built up within a year and no longer had to rely on the possibility of another loan. And, wow, did I sleep better.
Freedom, no matter what kind–financial freedom, freedom of speech, freedom from discrimination, or freedom to vote for elected leaders– removes the confinements in our lives. Thanks, Dr. Carlsen, for reminding us how to do this better in our dental lives, and thank you, Dr. King, for committing your life to creating less confinement for all of us. Your efforts will not be forgotten.


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Choosing the Best Career
The real problem is I can never break out of this paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don't have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won't be able to pursue a career as an economist.
This paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don't have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won't be able to pursue a career as an economist.
"You have to take care of your family one day" are the words of every parent if their child wants to pursue a career that has, in their opinion, no viability or popularity in society. Boys, in particular, are supposed to choose a career that can support their families one day. My passion and my happiness do not matter more than what society thinks about my career. For society, boys should not try for teaching, fashion designing and cooking because they are 'feminine jobs' and not meant for boys. Ever heard of male nurses? I am sure 'No'.
t of this paradigm and choose subjects that are a combination of different streams. The reason streams are a challenge for us is that they directly affect our career. I cannot pursue economics in a good Delhi University college if I don't have math as one of my subjects in Class XII. Even if I excel in Economics, the math criteria will simply pull me out of the running and I won't be able to pursue a career as an economist.
Studying science means you are stuck in the engineering line, while studying commerce means I am stuck in the box of chartered accountancy,
As a school student, I am afraid to choose such professions because of the stereotypes and repercussions I'd have to face. Even though we are heading towards an egalitarian society, such discriminations prevail in our society. The colour of 'pay scale' affects the choice of career. Women are still paid less and the gender pay gap continues to widen. The career-palette is filled only with the most basic of colours, even though millions of colours exist.
Posted on 27 Feb 2022 by ishikapokhriyal14013Posted in Education
We all require hard work at some point in our lives. It is difficult to reach greatness without putting in the necessary effort. In other words, if an idle individual wishes to sit and wait for something else, they will get nothing. About the other side, someone who works hard all the time will undoubtedly succeed in life, and this is precisely what the essay on hard effort will discuss.
Hard labour pays off, as history has often demonstrated. Edison used to work for many hours each day and would fall asleep on his laboratory table with only his books as a pillow.
Similarly, India's late Prime Minister Pt. Nehru used to labour 17 hours a day, seven days a week. He didn't take any vacations. Mahatma Gandhi, our great leader, laboured tirelessly to bring our country freedom.
Photo by Chevanon Photography on Pexels.com
As a result, we can see that all of these people's hard work paid off. It is necessary to maintain a constant vigilance to work hard in order to achieve one's goals. Man was created to work, as the saying goes. He sparkles in use and rusts in storage, much like steel.
We can achieve anything and overcome any difficulty in life if we work hard enough. Furthermore, knowing that we have given our all and given our best to whatever work we are doing might help us live a happier life.
Hard work is unquestionably the most important factor in achieving success. What we gain by sweating our brow brings us more enjoyment than what we obtain by chance. As humans, we aspire to accomplish a variety of goals.
To become a reality, these things require a lot of effort. Poverty isn't the problem; ideality is. When we squander our time, time squanders us as well. Anyone can attain success with hard work. Great people were born in little houses and died in palaces.
As a result, it demonstrates how outstanding labour may lead to success. You will notice improvements in your life once you begin working hard. You'll become more focused and disciplined in your task.
Furthermore, you will witness benefits in a short period of time. It's proof that when you work hard, qualities like drive, focus, and concentration come naturally. As a result, nothing will be able to stop you from succeeding.
Success is more than just being well-known and wealthy. It is also a success if you work hard and live a nice life filled with love. Hard work should not be limited to the workplace, but should also be applied to your personal life. Life will prosper if you work hard at your job and in your relationships.
Posted on 27 Feb 2022 by Pen2PrintPosted in Education
ALL ABOUT BLOCKCHAIN
What Exactly Is a Blockchain?
A blockchain is a distributed database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain, like a database, saves information electronically in digital format. Blockchains are well recognised for their critical function in cryptocurrency systems such as Bitcoin in keeping a secure and decentralised record of transactions. The blockchain's novelty is that it ensures the accuracy and security of a data record and produces trust without the requirement for a trusted third party.
The way data is organised differs significantly between a traditional database and a blockchain. A blockchain accumulates information in groupings known as blocks, which store sets of data.
Blocks have specific storage capabilities and, when full, are closed and connected to the previously filled block, producing the blockchain, a data chain. All new information that follows that newly added block is assembled into a newly formed block, which is then added to the chain once it is complete. A database typically organises its data into tables, but a blockchain, as the name suggests, organises its data into pieces (blocks) that are connected together. When implemented decentralizedly, this data structure creates an irreversible temporal line of data. When a block is completed, it is set in stone and becomes a part of this timeline. When a block is added to the chain, it is given a specific time stamp.
IMPORTANT TAKEAWAYS
Blockchain is a sort of shared database that differs from traditional databases in the way data is stored; blockchains store data in blocks that are then connected together using encryption. As new data arrives, it is added to a new block. Once the block has been filled with data, it is chained onto the preceding block, resulting in the data being chained together in chronological sequence. A blockchain may hold several sorts of data, but its most popular application to date has been as a transaction ledger. In the case of Bitcoin, blockchain is employed in a decentralised manner, such that no single person or organisation has power—rather, all users keep control collectively. Because decentralised blockchains are unchangeable, the data entered is irreversible. In the case of Bitcoin, this implies that all transactions are permanently recorded and accessible to anybody.
How Does a Blockchain Function?
Blockchain's purpose is to enable digital information to be recorded and disseminated, but not modified. A blockchain, in this sense, serves as the foundation for immutable ledgers, or records of transactions that cannot be changed, erased, or destroyed. As a result, blockchains are often referred to as distributed ledger technology (DLT). The blockchain idea, initially suggested as a research project in 1991, before its first broad use in use: Bitcoin
Since then, the usage of blockchains has grown exponentially, thanks to the development of multiple cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi) apps, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and smart contracts.
Assume a corporation runs a server farm with 10,000 machines that are utilized to manage a database that contains all of its clients' account information. This corporation owns a warehouse facility that houses all of these computers under one roof and has complete control over each of these systems and all of the information they hold. However, this creates a single point of failure. What happens if the power goes out at that location? What happens if its Internet connection is lost? What if it catches fire and burns to the ground? What if a malicious actor deletes everything with a single keystroke? The data is either lost or damaged in either situation.
A blockchain allows the data in that database to be distributed across several network nodes in different places. This not only adds redundancy but also ensures the integrity of the data contained in the database—if someone tries to change a record in one instance of the database, the other nodes are not affected, preventing a bad actor from doing so. If a single user tampers with Bitcoin's transaction record, the other nodes will cross-reference each other and readily identify the node with inaccurate information. This approach aids in the establishment of a precise and visible order of occurrences. As a result, no one node in the network may modify the information contained inside it. As a result, information and history (such as cryptocurrency transactions) are irreversible. Such a record might be a list of transactions (like with cryptocurrencies), but it is also feasible for a blockchain to store additional information such as legal contracts, state identifications, or a company's goods inventory. To validate new entries or records to a block, a majority of the processing power in the decentralised network must agree. Blockchains are protected by a consensus method such as proof of work (PoW) or proof of stake to prevent bad actors from confirming bogus transactions or duplicate spending (PoS). These techniques allow for consensus even when there is no one node in command.
Because of the decentralised structure of Bitcoin's blockchain, all transactions can be transparently watched by owning a personal node or utilising blockchain explorers, which allow anybody to witness transactions taking place in real time. Every node maintains its own copy of the chain, which is updated as new blocks are confirmed and added. This means that you could follow Bitcoin wherever it went if you wanted to. Exchanges, for example, have been hacked in the past, and customers who stored Bitcoin on the exchange lost everything. While the hacker may be completely anonymous, the Bitcoins they obtained are easily traceable. It would be known if the Bitcoins stolen in some of these attacks were relocated or spent someplace.
Of course, the Bitcoin blockchain (as well as the majority of others) stores records that are encrypted. This implies that only the record's owner may decode it and disclose their identity (using a public-private key pair). As a consequence, blockchain users may stay anonymous while maintaining transparency.
Is Blockchain Trustworthy?
In numerous ways, blockchain technology delivers decentralised security and trust. To begin, new blocks are always kept in a linear and chronological order. That is, they are always added to the blockchain's "end." It is exceedingly difficult to go back and change the contents of a block once it has been added to the end of the blockchain unless a majority of the network has achieved a consensus to do so. This is due to the fact that each block has its own hash, as well as the hash of the block before it and the previously mentioned time stamp. A mathematical function converts digital information into a string of numbers and letters to generate hash codes. If that information is changed in any manner, the hash code will change as well. Assume a hacker, who also operates a node on a blockchain network, wishes to change a blockchain and steal bitcoin from everyone else. If they changed their single copy, it would no longer be in sync with everyone else's copy. When everyone else compares their copies to each other, this one copy will stand out, and the hacker's version of the chain will be discarded as invalid.
To be successful in such a hack, the hacker must simultaneously possess and change 51 percent or more of the copies of the blockchain, so that their new copy becomes the majority copy and, thus, the agreed-upon chain. . Such an assault would also need a massive amount of money and resources, since they would have to repeat all of the blocks due to the varied time stamps and hash codes. Because of the scale of many cryptocurrency networks and how quickly they are developing, the expense of accomplishing such a feat would very certainly be unattainable. This would be not only exceedingly costly, but also likely futile. Such an action would not go unnoticed by network members, who would detect such substantial changes to the blockchain. Members of the network would then hard fork off to a new version of the chain that was not impacted. This would lead the value of the attacked version of the token to collapse, rendering the attack ultimately futile because the bad actor now controls a worthless asset. The same thing would happen if a bad actor attacked the next Bitcoin fork. It is designed in this manner so that participating in the network is significantly more economically encouraged than attacking it.
Blockchain vs. Bitcoin
Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta, two researchers who aimed to develop a system where document time stamps could not be manipulated with, proposed blockchain technology in 1991. But it wasn't until nearly two decades later, with the introduction of Bitcoin in January 2009, that blockchain saw its first real-world implementation. A blockchain serves as the foundation for the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin's pseudonymous developer, Satoshi Nakamoto, described the digital currency in a research paper as "a new electronic cash system that's totally peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party." 2
The crucial point to remember here is that while Bitcoin utilises blockchain to transparently record a ledger of payments, blockchain may theoretically be used to immutably store any amount of data items. As previously said, this might take the shape of transactions, election votes, goods inventories, state identifications, deeds to residences, and much more. Currently, tens of thousands of initiatives are attempting to use blockchains in ways other than transaction recording to benefit society—for example, as a secure means of voting in democratic elections. Because of the immutability of blockchain, fraudulent voting would become much more difficult. A voting system, for example, may be designed such that each citizen of a country receives a separate coin or token. Each candidate would then be assigned a unique wallet address, and voters would transmit their token or cryptocurrency to the address of the candidate for whom they wanted to vote.
Posted on 27 Feb 2022 by singhananyaaaaPosted in Education
THE NFT MANIA
NFTs are tokens that may be used to indicate ownership of one-of-a-kind goods. They allowed us to tokenize items such as art, valuables, and even real estate. They can only have one official owner at a time and are protected by the Ethereum blockchain — no one can change the record of ownership or create a new NFT.
NFT is an abbreviation for non-fungible token. Non-fungible is an economical word that can be used to items such as your furniture, a song file, or your computer. Because of their distinct features, some goods cannot be substituted with others.
On the other hand, Fungible goods may be swapped since their worth, rather than their unique features, identifies them. NFTs and Ethereum address some of the issues that plague the internet today. As everything becomes increasingly digital, there is a greater need to imitate physical attributes such as scarcity, uniqueness, and evidence of ownership. Not to add that digital objects frequently only function inside the context of their offering.
Characteristics of NFTs
NFTs are digitally unique; no two NFTs are the same.
Every NFT must have an owner and this is of public record and easy for anyone to verify.
NFTs are compatible with anything built using Ethereum. An NFT ticket for an event can be traded on every Ethereum marketplace, for an entirely different NFT. You could trade a piece of art for a ticket!
Content creators can sell their work anywhere and can access a global market.
Creators can retain ownership rights over their own work and directly claim resale royalties.
Examples of NFT
The realm of NFT is still in its infancy. In principle, NFTs can cover everything that is unique and requires verifiable ownership. Here are some current examples of NFTs to help you grasp the idea:
An original piece of digital art
A one-of-a-kind shoe from a limited-edition fashion brand
An item in the game
A paper
How do NFTs function?
NFTs vary from ERC-20 tokens such as DAI or LINK in that each token is totally unique and cannot be divided. NFTs enable the assignment or claim of ownership of any unique piece of digital data, which may be tracked using Ethereum's blockchain as a public ledger. An NFT is a digital item that is minted as a representation of digital or non-digital assets. An NFT might, for example, represent:
GIFs and Collectibles: Digital Art
Music \videos
Items from the Real World:
Tickets to a real-world event Deeds to an automobile
Invoices with tokens
Documents of legal significance
At any one moment, an NFT can only have one owner. They are not convertible with other tokens on a 1:1 basis. For example, one ETH is the same as another ETH. This is not true of NFTs. Each token has a unique owner, which is easily verified. They are Ethereum-based and may be purchased and traded on any Ethereum-based NFT exchange.
To put it another way, if you own an NFT:
You can simply demonstrate that you own it. Establishing ownership of an NFT is quite similar to proving ownership of ETH in your account. Assume you buy an NFT, and ownership of the one-of-a-kind token is transferred to your wallet through your public address. The token verifies that your digital file copy is the original. Your private key is proof that you possess the original.
The public key of the content producer serves as a certificate of authenticity for that specific digital artefact.
The public key of the originator is basically a permanent part of the token's history. The creator's public key can prove that the token you own was generated by a certain person, adding to its market value (vs a counterfeit).
Another technique to demonstrate ownership of the NFT is to sign messages to demonstrate ownership of the private key underlying the address.
As previously stated, your private key serves as proof of ownership of the original. A signed message may be used to prove that you control your private keys without disclosing them to anyone, as well as that you own the NFT! It cannot be manipulated in any manner. You can sell it, and in some situations, the original inventor will get resale royalties. Alternatively, you can keep it indefinitely, confident in the knowledge that your asset is protected by your Ethereum wallet. In addition, if you build an NFT:
You may simply demonstrate that you are the creator.
Scarcity is determined by you.
You can earn royalties on each sale.
You may sell it on any NFT or peer-to-peer market. You're not tied to any platform, and you don't require someone to act as an intermediary.
The creator of an NFT has the authority to determine the scarcity of their asset.
Consider purchasing a ticket to a sporting event. The author of an NFT can pick how many replicas exist, much as an event producer can choose how many tickets to sell. These are sometimes exact copies, such as 5000 General Admission tickets. Occasionally, numerous tickets that are extremely similar but somewhat different are minted, such as a ticket with an allocated seat. In another example, the designer may choose to make an NFT of which only one is minted as a very rare collectable. In these instances, each NFT would still have a unique identity (similar to a bar code on a typical "ticket") and would be owned by a single person. The desired scarcity of the NFT is important and is entirely up to the designer. A developer may seek to make each NFT fully unique in order to promote scarcity, or he or she may have motives to build thousands of clones. Keep in mind that all of this information is available to the public.
When some NFTs are sold, they will automatically pay royalties to their inventors. This is a new notion, yet it is one of the most powerful. Every time an Euler Beats Original is sold, the original owner earns an 8% royalty. Furthermore, certain sites, such as Foundation and Zora, provide royalties for its artists. This is entirely automated, allowing authors to just sit back and receive royalties as their work is sold from person to person. Currently, calculating royalties is difficult. At the moment, calculating royalties is highly laborious and inaccurate — many creators are not paid what they deserve. You'll never miss out if your NFT has a royalty built in. At the moment, calculating royalties is highly laborious and inaccurate — many creators are not paid what they deserve. You'll never miss out if your NFT has a royalty built in. What is the purpose of NFTs?
Here's additional information on some of the more established use-cases and ideas for Ethereum-based NFTs.
Items of digital gaming content
Names of domains
Items of physical nature
Capital and collateral
Earnings maximisation for creators
The most common use of NFTs nowadays is in the world of digital material. This is because the industry is now broken. Platforms are consuming content providers' income and earning potential. An artist who publishes work on a social network generates revenue for the podium, which sells advertisements to the artist's fans. They receive exposure in exchange, but exposure does not pay the bills. NFTs enable a new creative economy in which producers do not give up control of their material to the platforms that publicise it. Ownership is embedded in the material. Ethereum's carbon footprint will be 99.95% lower once enhanced, making it more energy-efficient than many existing businesses.
To clarify further, we'll have to get a bit more technical, so please bear with us…
Don't blame the NFTs.
Because Ethereum is decentralised and safe, the whole NFT ecosystem functions. Decentralized means that you and everyone else can both confirm that you own anything. All without relying on or providing custody to a third party who may impose their own regulations whenever they choose. It also means that your NFT is adaptable to a wide range of products and markets. Secure means that no one can copy/paste or steal your NFT. Because of Ethereum's characteristics, it is feasible to digitally own unique goods and receive a fair price for your content. When they sell their stuff, the money goes straight to them. If the new owner then sells the NFT, the original developer may be entitled to royalties. Because the creator's address is part of the token's information — metadata that cannot be changed – this is ensured every time it is sold.
NFTs' environmental effect
NFTs are becoming more popular, which means they are being scrutinized more closely, particularly in terms of their carbon footprint.
To be clear on a couple of points:
NFTs have no direct impact on Ethereum's carbon footprint. Ethereum's present method of securing your cash and assets is energy-intensive, but it is going to change. But it comes at a price. Blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum are energy heavy since it requires a lot of energy to maintain these properties. If it were simple to modify Ethereum's past in order to steal NFTs or money, the system would collapse.
The labour involved in minting your NFT
A couple things must happen when you mint an NFT:
It must be verified as an asset on the blockchain.
The owner's account balance must be adjusted to reflect the addition of that asset. This enables it to be exchanged or verifiably "owned" in the future.
The above-mentioned transactions must be added to a block and "immortalized" on the chain.
As a result, the block must be verified by everyone in the network.


adidas Originals Womens Baseball Jersey Stripe T-Shirt in Powder White and Grey White. Full button fastening shirt cut into a loose fit and featuring a V neck, raglan short sleeves and hierarchical texture. Pinstripes and large embroidered branding.


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NYC Corporate Tax Reform – Mayor and Governor Seem To Be In Sync
by: Joseph A. Pizzimenti, Esq., Director
Last month, New York City Mayor de Blasio announced his proposal for "a major reform" of the city's corporate tax regime. Considering that the mayor and New York State Governor Cuomo do not always see eye to eye (they held separate press conferences throughout blizzard Juno, for example), the mayor's proposal appears to closely parallel one already signed into law by the governor.
According to the Mayor's Press Release, the proposed modifications to the city's Corporate Code will result in "modernizing an outdated system, providing vital tax relief to the city's small businesses and local manufacturers, and streamlining City and State corporate tax codes."
An initial read of the proposed modifications set forth in the press release indicates that the Mayor's modifications to the New York City Corporate Tax Code are in line with those adopted by Governor Cuomo that were signed into law last March as highlighted in our New York State Tax "Climate Change" – Higher Taxes Forecast for Multistate Taxpayers .
Key Aspects to Keep In Mind Regarding The Mayor's Proposal
The Mayor's Proposal calls for its changes to be retroactively effective to January 1, 2015.
The Mayor's Proposal does not seek any modifications or modernization of New York City's Unincorporated Business Tax.
As highlighted in the Mayor's Press Release the "de Blasio administration's corporate tax reform will be revenue-neutral on an aggregate basis …".
Significant Elements of the Mayor's Proposal
As outlined in the release, here are some of the significant modifications that the Mayor's Proposal seeks to implement, a number of which closely correlate with those included in New York State's 2014 Corporate Tax Reform:
Conforming the City tax code to State provisions in "the most important areas of tax computation, including updating the City's corporate income tax and minimum tax codes to mirror the State codes."
Adoption of a "new method for determining how corporations attribute net income", "Market Based" sourcing –"based on where a firm's markets are located, rather than the location of the business operations."
Implementation of a "new method for computing net income that broadens the tax base by treating most income as business income."
Merging the bank tax into the corporate franchise tax for corporations.
Adoption of unitary combined reporting rules.
Targeted relief for New York City's small businesses and local manufacturers.
Excluding the first $10,000 of capital tax base.
Reducing the tax rate for small non-manufacturers with less than $1 million in allocated net income from 8.85 percent to 6.5 percent.
Reducing the tax rate for small manufacturers with less than $10 million in allocated net income from 8.85 percent to 4.425 percent.
Proposal's Notable Distinctions
It should be noted that the Mayor's Proposal will retain the alternative tax base on capital. The Mayor's Press Release indicates that the retention of the alternative tax based on capital "will help stabilize revenues in years of low profits for large corporations."
The release further indicates that the "[R]emaining eligible banks and corporations will be subject to a capital base with a $10 million tax cap." This reflects an increase from the current New York City Corporate capital tax base.
The Press Release indicates that the Mayor's Proposal will closely parallel the recently enacted New York State Corporate Tax amendments. There are several potential modifications that may have significant corporate tax ramifications.
Market Based Sourcing
The release indicates that Mayor's Proposal contains a Market Based Sourcing provision. Market Based Sourcing will most likely increase a corporation's New York City receipt factor and New York City corporate tax if:
The corporation derives revenue from services
The corporation performs the services for which it is paid from location(s) based outside of New York City; and
The corporation has a significant portion of its customer base in New York City,
Unitary Combined Filing
The release indicates that the Mayor's Proposal contains a mandatory unitary combined filing provision. This provision will affect corporations that may be a member of a unitary group that previously were filing on a separate return basis or filing on a limited combined group basis that did not include all of the members of the combined group.
Retroactivity
The release indicates that the Mayor's Proposal will be retroactive to January 1, 2015. Therefore, any potentially affected corporation should consider the ramifications of the Mayor's Proposals in the calculation of its New York City corporate tax estimates as well as its tax provision.
Mayor's Proposal Warrants Multistate Corporate Taxpayers Preparedness
Last week, Mayor de Blasio issued repeated warnings regarding the potential dangers arising from the imminent arrival of Winter Storm Juno. Both Mayor de Blasio and Governor Cuomo acted quickly to minimize the potential harm Juno could wreak on the City and State – including shutting down New York City's subway.
After New York City was largely spared the wrath of the powerful storm, some expressed dismay of the Mayor's conservative approach to preparation. I, for one, thought that Mayor de Blasio's and Governor Cuomo's actions were wholly justified and prudent. Their actions were evidence of their thoughtful leadership given the potential havoc and danger Juno posed to the City and State.
The preparedness reminded me of British statesman and novelist Benjamin Disreali, who wisely wrote "I am prepared for the worst but hope for the best."
Posted in State & Local Strategies, Corporate Income Tax
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JOE PIZZIMENTI,
Joe is a Tax Director specializing in State and Local Tax Services. He joined MWE in February 2012. Prior to joining the firm, Joe was the Multistate Tax Coordinator for Deloitte Growth Emerging Service ("DGES"). MORE>
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Hard work is one of the top skills to hold dear. Advertising industry is a competitive field, and unless you can work hard enough, then you will be out looked. It requires you to prove yourself a top notch in the industry for you to get clients. In some occasions you will be required to finish assignments and jobs from clients within a very tight schedule and what you do is ensure you do not fail the customers. Time matters big time if you want to make it here. Have resilience and you will maneuver well. You might face some tough things within the industry that makes you want to give up. It can be very tough for you to experience pressure from both the managers and clients. Only resilience can keep you progressing in such situations. The other instance is when criticism becomes too much at you, and you still want to remain productive.
Ensure you have a passion for computer learning and prospering in it. Technology is number one thing to help you progress well in your advertising career the best way possible. You should be in a position to utilize such skills and bring up wonderful adverts in the market. The way things are carried out today is not the same way they will be done in the future and so you should keep checking the best way possible to advance more. That is why you need to be passionate about embracing the techniques that come up and everything that happens so that you may not be underprivileged in your career. Always keep advancing your skills so that you can always keep your customers.
In summary, advertising career is a great thing to pursue. You will enjoy going through learning and also working because it is something that you are passionate about. The crucial aspect is that you need to choose the best advertising school that will equip you as you step out to enjoy working in this field.


JALANDHAR: Over 90 acres of wheat crop got destroyed today at Deepewal village in Sultanpur Lodhi, Kapurthala, and other villages after some persons threw a cigarette in the fields at a village near Lohian, due to which adjoining fields also caught fire.
Over 90 acres of wheat crop got destroyed today at Deepewal village in Sultanpur Lodhi, Kapurthala, and other villages after some persons threw a cigarette in the fields at a village near Lohian, due to which adjoining fields also caught fire.
Over 20 farmers got affected and suffered losses in the fire.
Officials said the fire started from a Jalandhar village which shares its boundary with Deepewal village of Kapurthala.
Eyewitnesses said the fire had spread in all fields in a fraction of a second and destroyed the entire crop.
A farmer, Manjit Singh, while talking to mediapersons said his 30 acres of fields got destroyed and he had suffered a loss of around Rs 10 lakh.
He said no government official reached the spot on time and it were farmers along with other residents who tried to doused the flames.
MLA Navtej Singh Cheema also reached the spot and said it was sad that such an incident took place. He said the the crop was matured and thus, they have suffered huge losses. He also assured the farmers that the governement would help them. Navneet Kaur Bal, SDM, Sultanpur Lodhi, said the moment the SDM office got the information, the fire brigade was called.
Residents of the village said before the fire brigade could reach the place, they doused the flames. The SDM said it would take around 15-20 minutes for the fire brigade to reach the spot. But it was made sure that every help be given on the spot.
She also said the report of losses incurred had been reported to the Deputy Commissioner, Kapurthala, and the required compensation would be provided.
JALANDHAR: Unseasonal rain and high-velocity winds that troubled farmers for two days in the previous week continue to trouble them now as procurement agencies in the district have written to Deputy Commissioner Varinder Kumar Sharma that it was not possible for them to procure wheat that is arriving in mandis across the district due to its high-moisture content.
JALANDHAR: Scheduled Caste (SC) and backward classes students of the CT Group of Institutions, Shahpur Campus, under the banner of the Punjab Students Union have staged a protest against the university authorities here today near bus stand for allegedly demanding a "blank cheque" against their pending fees.
JALANDHAR: Having badly lost the three Assembly elections in 2007, 2012 and 2017, CPI (ML) New Democracy leader Kashmir Singh Ghugshore (40) again came in the fray today for his fourth elections and this time as the Jalandhar Lok Sabha candidate.
PHAGWARA: With the announcement of the BJP high command to allot the BJP ticket to Phagwara MLA Som Prakash from the Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha seat on Tuesday evening, the infighting in the BJP could be accelerated as the BJP is being seen divided in two different factions led by Som Prakash and Union Minister Vijay Sampla.
JALANDHAR: A day after having formally submitted his nomination papers for the Jalandhar Lok Sabha seat, sitting Congress MP and candidate Chaudhary Santokh Singh today put up a fresh set of papers making a correction in his affidavit.
JALANDHAR: Cleanliness at the city railway station has been hit due to the absence of the sanitation workers. Waiting rooms, washrooms and platforms have been extended over the area with filth and garbage.
JALANDHAR: As per the directions issued by the Deputy Commissioner (DC) Jalandhar Varinder Kumar Sharma, to check the sale of artificial ripening of fruits, especially mangoes, at the local fruit and vegetable market, a team of mandi board officers, led by District Mandi Officer Varinder Khera, inspected the fruit and vegetable markets in the morning here today.
JALANDHAR: "Nadhoo Khan", a periodic romantic drama movie is all set to hit the silver screen on April 26. The movie stars Harish Verma and Wamiqa Gabbi in the lead roles, who were here in the city today to promote the film. The movie has already received lakhs of views on the social media.
PHAGWARA: Five persons, including four members of a family, were seriously injured in a collision that took place between a truck and a car near Chiheru on the national highway here this morning.
JALANDHAR: Jaspreet Kaur of Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, bagged the 1st position in the university exams of MSc, Physics (Sem III) with 451/ 600 marks. Priyanka Dadwal of the same class bagged the 3rd position with 429/600.
JALANDHAR: SAD MLA Pawan Kumar Tinu today filed a complaint against Bhogpur block development programme officer Ram Lubhaya for violating the model code of conduct.
PHAGWARA: The house of Sukhwinder Singh, a resident of Chahal Nagar locality, was reportedly burgled on Monday night.


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La strada nazionale 8 (in spagnolo: Ruta Nacional 8) è una strada statale argentina che unisce la capitale Buenos Aires e la sua provincia con quelle di Santa Fe, Córdoba e San Luis.

Percorso
La strada nasce nel partido di Malvinas Argentinas, nel nord-ovest dell'area metropolitana bonaerense, dall'intersezione con l'autostrada Buenos Aires-Rosario.

Il tratto compreso tra l'intersezione con l'autostrada Buenos Aires-Rosario e la località di Solis è costituito da due carreggiate separate. È prevista il prolungamento del raddoppio sino a Pergamino.

Note

Altri progetti

Strade dell'Argentina


The title says it all; Ashamed, embarrassed, disgusted, these are just some of the emotions I felt last night after watching the game. I shouldn't have tofeel this way supporting my team but because of the actions of a few, and yes I mean a few and I'll explain why soon, I went to bed last night feeling this way.
I have been supporting Leeds for over 40 years so I've seen the mindless violence of the 70's and 80's when fighting on the terrace, ripping up seats and pitch invasions were the norm. But I thought all that was behind us. I thought we as a society had moved on from that. But what I saw last night shook me to the core. It just gives the media another stick to beat us with. We at Leeds have taken a lot of flak down through the years for our fans and teams behaviour but I felt of late, especially since relegation from the top flight, that our fans had earned respect for the way we have supported our team through the bad times and the vast support we bring to away games in particular. But all that progress we have made has been well and truly kicked to touch by the actions of some fans last night.
Yes we all have seen the footage of that Moron, as Warnock rightly labelled him after the match, and it's been beamed around the world and is currently trending on Twitter. Many better writers than me will print stories about him and I'm glad he has been named on some site's (I won't do the same here because I refuse to mention his name in the same breath as my beloved LEEDS. But he wasn't alone, other fans came on to the pitch and if you watch the footage you will see another so called fan kick the microphone behind the Wednesday net. Is this behaviour acceptable? If this happened on the street it would be Criminal Damage.
We had 5000 fans there last night and yes there was chanting but that was from both sides so Dave Jones needs to get his own house in order before labelling us all vile animals but today he can take the moral high ground because of those few who entered the pitch and committed crimes, because no matter what way you look at it that's what they were, CRIMES. 99.9% of Leeds fans and in particular those that spend their hard earned cash to travel to away games are top class genuine supporters who lift the team when we are down and who get behind the boys no matter what. But the actions of those few who entered the pitch last night have dragged the name of Leeds United and football as a whole through the gutter and brought it back to the dark days of the 70's and 80's.
So instead of celebrating a fantastic strike by Michael Tonge that earned us a vital point when we didn't play particularly well we are on the front pages of every newspaper with our reputation tarnished and it'll take more than a statement from the club and condemnation from the Manager to repair that.
Leppings Road end of the ground where 23 years ago 96 fans lost their lives and all the advances in safety and behaviour of fans since then have led to a situation which allows a mindless THUG to do what he did to Chris Kirkland last night.I will still support Leeds but it is with a heavy heart and a head hung in shame that I do so today.
Totally agree with everything you say. I too am a long term Leeds fan, almost 60 years, and always will be, but last night I felt utter disgust, not only towards the cretin who assaulted Chris Kirkland, but also the insane idiots who were applauading him and slapping him on the back as he went back into the crowd. If I were involved in the potential take-over I would be looking long and hard at last night's footage and asking myself whether I really wanted to be associated with such mindless low lifes.
Again, I totally agree. I've supported Leeds for over 45 years and today I feel ashamed, embarassed, disgusted, I can't describe it any other way. That bloody idiot has now spoilt thousands of true Leeds fans for not last night or today but for many years to come! Whereever we go now we are tarnished with that vile and hate that had slowly worn away from home supporters. Thanks you total prat. And you know what, yes for the first time I will be ashamed to wear my Leeds shirt, which I normally wear with such pride. Absolutely gutted true Leeds fan.
I could not agree more with what you said I hope he's arrested and jailed for a long time. If I had been there I would have been tempted to get him by the scruff of the neck and handed him over to the police. He and the other so called supporters who invaded the pitch should be band immediately band from all football stadiums in the country. I was not at the match but I watched it on Sky and I have said there is no excuse for what happen but the goalkeeper did make a meal of it. The idiot did not hit him he grabbed hold of his face and pushed him and he dropped like he had been hit by Mike Tyson.