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Advances in Meteorology
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AbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionConclusionsData AvailabilityConflicts of InterestAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyrightRelated Articles
Research Article | Open Access
Volume 2022 | Article ID 6971110 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6971110
The Space Conceptual Models and Water Vapor Characteristics of Typical Rainstorms during Plum Rain Season
Ying Tian,1,2Rong Yao,3Enrong Zhao,3Qian Yao,4and Xiaolong Pan3
Academic Editor: Yaolin Lin
Received10 Jan 2022
Revised16 Aug 2022
Accepted05 Sept 2022
Published26 Sept 2022
Based on conventional observation data from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and reanalysis data from the American National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) between 2012 and 2021, combined with the meteorological analysis, composite synthesis, and water vapor trajectory analysis, the weather circulations of typical rainstorms during the 10 years can be divided into 4 categories: Static Front Pattern (SFP), Subtropical High Edge Pattern (SHEP), Northeast Cold Vortex Pattern (NCVP), and Low-Level Vortex and Shear Pattern (LLVSP). The SHEP and SFP rainstorms have the characteristics of long duration and wide range, while the NCVP rainstorms are characterized by mobility and disaster weather accompaniment. The daily precipitation of LLVSP cases has extremity feature. The occurrence and development of rainstorms are well coordinated with the systems on lower levels. The main water vapor channel in lower layers of the SFP cases is from the South China Sea, while it is from Bohai for the NCVP cases and the Bay of Bengal for the SHEP and LLVSP cases. The main water vapor channel in middle layers is from the Bay of Bengal because of the affection of the southwest air flow. The south boundary of the MLYRB is the most important water vapor input boundary, followed by the west boundary, while the East and North boundaries are the outflow boundaries. During the rainstorms, the low-level water vapor is exuberant with low-level water vapor convergence much stronger than the high-level divergence. Among the four types of rainstorms, the NCVP cases provide the most abundant low-level water vapor convergence, resulting in the strongest short-term precipitation among the four types. Combined with water vapor transportation and convergence, the refined spatial conceptual models of the four types of rainstorms can better judge the process intensity and falling area and provide reference for disastrous weather forecast and early warning.
The Meiyu, which refers to the unique rainy season in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region in late spring and early summer, is the second stationary period of the EASM [1–4]. The amount of precipitation and the location of the rain belt it produces are highly correlated with the flood or drought related conditions over the MLYRB [3, 5–7]. Therefore, it is of great significance for social and economic activities to study the causes of Meiyu [8–11].
Meiyu is the product of the interaction of tropical, subtropical, and mid-high latitude weather systems [9, 12–15]. Its atmospheric circulation is extremely complex with different scales in space and time. Meteorologists have done a lot of research from the aspects of climate statistics [16–19], large-scale circulation anomalies [10, 11, 20–27], rainstorm formation mechanisms [28–34], and so on.
The Meiyu processes in the MLYRB generally have typical weather situations [35, 36]. Through the classification of the influencing systems of rainstorm cases, it is helpful to understand the synoptic scale mechanisms that lead to rainstorms, so as to improve the prediction accuracy of such events. Tao [37] summarized various circulation patterns of persistent heavy rain in China and pointed out that the stability of weather circulation, the transmission and convergence of water vapor, and the release and regeneration of convective unstable energy were the three basic conditions for the occurrence of persistent heavy rain in China. Maddox [38] investigated the temporal and spatial characteristics of 151 flash floods in the United States and divided these cases into four weather types according to the ground and upper air situation. Chen et al. [39] studied 117 heavy rainfall cases in Hunan from 2006 to 2014, which were divided into six types according to the experience and methods of rainstorm prediction in Hunan Province. According to the different triggering conditions of rainstorms, Deng et al. [40] established five conceptual models, including cold front type, static front type, and mesoscale trapped type. However, there are no classification studies on the impact systems of the MLYRB rainstorms during plum rain season yet, so this work has research significance.
Due to the great damage of rainstorms in the MLYRB in plum rain season, the analysis of water vapor source and transportation characteristics is also an important research aspect [41–44]. There is a direct relationship between water vapor convergence and precipitation in rainstorm area [41]. The lifting and condensation of wet air can make the low level jet (LLJ) rise to a higher altitude [37], and water vapor condensation can enhance the vertical movement in the frontal area significantly [45]. Numerical experiments show that if the high humidity center in the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal weakens in the initial field, the precipitation in the MLYRB will decrease [42, 43]. Precipitation is sensitive to the initial value of water vapor on 850 hPa [46], and the release of latent heat during water vapor condensation is helpful to the triggering of new strong convection activities and increases precipitation [47]. While the water vapor in the upper troposphere has little influence on precipitation intensity and rain belt distribution, the water vapor in the middle layers plays an important role in maintaining the overall rain belt shapes, and the water vapor intensity change in the lower layers mainly affects the precipitation intensity in the center of the heavy rain. The closer the water vapor transmission position is to the shear line, the more conducive it is to the occurrence and development of the heavy rainfall [44].
Many research works on water vapor sources show that the main water vapor sources of summer rainstorms in the East China are the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, and the warm pool area of the Western Pacific [3, 48–51]. The studies above on water vapor sources and transportation are based on the Euler method, which cannot quantitatively distinguish the contribution of each water vapor source on precipitation. There are also some differences between the Euler flow field and the real trajectory of the air mass [52]. In consideration of the fact that the Lagrangian method can provide details and changes of water vapor along the water vapor transport trajectory, some scholars have applied this method to study the water vapor source and budget of rainstorms in recent years [53–62]. By tracking the three-dimensional position of every air block backward, this method determines the three-dimensional position and the physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, wind, and humidity of every air block at each time and defines the water vapor source contribution in the process of water vapor transportation. Currently, this method is widely used on a global scale [63] and in various subregions (the United States [64, 65], Europe [66–68], Latin America [69], and Africa [70]).
Due to the complexity and regional differences of the impact systems in plum rain season in the MLYRB, a systematic summary of the influencing systems and the characteristics of water vapor transmission and budget in this region can not only provide a scientific basis for accurately predicting of such events but also be very necessary for disastrous weather forecast and early warning.
Therefore, based on the analysis of the characteristics of the rainstorm cases in the MLYRB from 2012 to 2021, this paper studies the main impact systems, summarizes the weather circulation types, and then gives water vapor transportation and budget characteristics of different types of rainstorm cases through classification, synthesis, and water vapor tracking methods. It can help us achieve a comprehensive understanding of the weather situations and water vapor characteristics during rainstorms in plum rain season in the MLYRB and deepen our understanding on the changes and differences of precipitation characteristics under different types of weather situations. It is hoped that the research results can be used to further improve the rainstorm prediction technology and provide useful reference for disaster prevention and reduction.
2.1. Materials
The analysis data used for classifying and summarizing the space conceptual models of rainstorms in the MLYRB in this paper include conventional ground data, radiosonde data, and FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis reanalysis data (1° × 1°) from the American National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) from 2012 to 2021. The data used in Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT 4.0) is the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR with temporal resolution of 6 hours and horizontal resolution of 2.5° × 2.5°, which has been packaged into an available data format (ARL) for HYSPLIT 4.0 by ARL (Air Resources Laboratory) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
2.2. Study Period
The Meiyu in China is a unique rainy season during the northward advancement of the EASM in late spring and early summer. The average Meiyu period is from mid-June to mid-July, which is also the period of the strongest precipitation. The precipitation in the Meiyu period has great interannual variation. It can be continuous from several days to several weeks or intermittent, which accounts for almost half of the precipitation in the whole summer [17]. We select June to July as the main analysis period in this paper.
2.3. Study Region
The study region is located in the MLYRB (27°–34°N, 109°–123°E) (red rectangle area in Figure 1). This region is a key industrial and agricultural production base in China with continuous economic development and a high level of science, technology, and culture which encloses approximately 700,000 km2. With high temperature and rainy season in summer and mild and little rain in winter, the climate in the MLYRB is conducive to agricultural production. At the same time, this area is one of the waterlogged areas in China. During spring and summer, especially the plum rain season from June to July, the rainfall is concentrated and heavy, which is a direct cause of water logging. With a hilly topography, sudden rainstorms produce a large amount of runoff which then pour into lakes and rivers. If there are floods upstream at the same time, this is more likely to cause flood in rivers and lakes, destroy embankments, inundate houses and farmland, and even threaten the safety of people's lives and property.
Study location and topography (shaded, unit: m) in the MLYRB (red rectangle area).
2.4. Methods
2.4.1. Classification and Synthesis Methods of Rainstorm Processes
The rainstorm cases in the MLYRB during plum rain season are analyzed from the perspective of weather types by the method of comprehensive analysis, and then the processes of the same type are synthesized. The synthetic field is the nearest reanalysis data at 00:00 UTC or 12:00 UTC before the rainstorm occurs: if the rainstorm occurs in the daytime, the reanalysis data at 00:00 UTC of the same day will be used; otherwise, the reanalysis data at 12:00 UTC of the same day will be used.
2.4.2. Introduction of Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT v4.9)
Developed by the Air Resources Laboratory of NOAA, HYSPLIT v4.9 is used in this paper to provide details and changes of water vapor along the water vapor transport trajectory [71]. The initial position of tracking is selected in the MLYRB (red rectangle area in Figure 1) and the initial tracking heights chosen are 100 m, 500 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, and 5000 m, among which the levels below 1500 m are taken as the lower troposphere and the levels between 3000 m and 5000 m are taken as the middle troposphere. The model can give hourly trajectory points and 6 hourly physical fields (temperature, height, specific humidity, pseudoequivalent potential temperature, and water vapor flux) backward to 10 days by retracking every 6 hours. Although the initial heights are fixed, the height of each trajectory varies with space and time when simulated in Lagrangian space. Due to the large number of simulated trajectories, in order to see the distribution of trajectories more directly, all trajectories are clustered by merging the trajectories close to each other [71].
Based on this, we introduce the improved regional source-sink attribution method to determine the relative contribution of different sources at different levels. By calculating the change of specific humidity in the atmosphere, the contribution of each source to the precipitation in the target area can be determined quantitatively. We introduce the following formula to calculate the contribution of every channel:
In the above formula, Qs represents contribution of the specific humidity or water vapor flux, qlast represents specific humidity or water vapor at the end of the channel, m represents the number of tracks included in the channel, and n represents the total number of tracks. We can fully understand the vertical structure characteristics of water vapor contribution through this method [72–74].
2.4.3. Calculation Method of Water Vapor Budget
Consider that water vapor source is due to external evaporation and water vapor sink is due to internal condensation [75].
The above formula is the water vapor continuity equation: q is the specific humidity, V is the horizontal wind, is the vertical velocity, the first term on the left of the equation is the local variation of water vapor, the second term is the divergence of water vapor flux, the third term is the vertical transportation of water vapor, and M and E on the right of the equation are the condensation rate and evaporation rate, respectively. By integrating the above formula from the bottom to the top of the atmosphere and making average in the selected region, the average water vapor budget of the region can be diagnosed. If the influence of terrain and ground friction are not considered and the vertical velocity on the ground and the top of the atmosphere is considered to be 0, the third term on the left of the equation can be omitted. In the rainstorm area, the local variation of water vapor is much smaller than precipitation, so the first term on the left can also be omitted. It can be seen that the horizontal convergence of water vapor in the whole layer is approximately equal to the budget of water vapor in the region [76].
3.1. Weather Types and Conceptual Models of Rainstorm Processes in the MLYRB
Using synoptic diagnostic methods, 64 cases of rainstorm processes in the MLYRB during plum rain season from 2012 to 2021 are classified into 4 categories: Static Front Pattern (14 cases, SFP), Subtropical High Edge Pattern (8 cases, SHEP), Northeast Cold Vortex Pattern (15 cases, NCVP), and Low-Level Vortex and Shear Pattern (27 cases, LLVSP). Synthetic analysis is carried out in order to further explore the main weather systems, as well as dynamic, thermal, and water vapor characteristics of each type of rainstorm cases in plum rain season.
3.1.1. Static Front Pattern Rainstorms
There occurred altogether 14 SFP rainstorm cases during the 10 years. By compositing and analyzing the synoptic situations in the SFP rainstorms, it is found that the main impact systems are stably maintained Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), mid-level trough, low-level shear lines, and ground stationary front. As shown in Figure 2, the circulation characteristics of SFP rainstorms are as follows.
Conceptual model of the static front pattern rainstorms.
There is a deep mid-level trough in the mid-high latitudes with strong positive vorticity advection in front of it, in spite of the small meridionality. Large-scale dynamic forcing is conducive to maintaining strong upward movement in a large area. WPSH is strong enough to control Southern China, resulting in blocking the movement of the mid-low latitude systems, which is conducive to the maintenance of heavy rainfall in the MLYRB. There are cold shear lines in lower levels which are accompanied by LLJ with moderate intensity. The heavy rainfall area of these processes is located between the cold shear line on 700 hPa and the static front, with a wide range. The distribution of the heavy rain area is similar to that of the shear lines in a northeast to southwest belt shape. The highest precipitation intensity is mainly around 50 mm/24 h. When the shear lines and strong LLJ occur at the same time, precipitation above 100 mm/24 h may also occur. Because the rain belt can last for several days or even more in the same area, rainstorms of this kind have great influences.
3.1.2. Subtropical High Edge Pattern Rainstorms
There occurred altogether 8 SHEP rainstorm cases during the 10 years. The main impact systems are stably maintained WPSH, mid-level short wave troughs, low-level shear lines, and LLJ. As shown in Figure 3, the circulation characteristics of SHEP rainstorms are as follows.
Conceptual model of the subtropical high edge pattern rainstorms.
The WPSH is stably sustained in the Southeast area of China with its ridge line located near 20°N, north boundary at 25°E, and west ridge point at 100°E. Warm and humid air is transported to the MLYRB along the southwest air flow on the northwest side of the WPSH. In mid-high latitudes, there are short wave troughs developing and moving eastward continuously. Therefore, the northerly air flow behind the troughs and the southwest air flow on the north side of the WPSH converge in the MLYRB. In low levels, there occurs warm shear lines between southwest airflow and southeast airflow. Under the combined action of divergent suction of upper-level distributary area and convergence in the low levels, heavy rain forms in the MLYRB. The heavy rain locates in the south of the warm shear on 850 hPa with a quasi-east-west shape.
3.1.3. Northeast Cold Vortex Pattern Rainstorms
There occurred altogether 15 NCVP rainstorm cases during the 10 years. The main impact systems are stably maintained Northeast Cold Vortex, mid-level trough, low-level shear lines, LLJ, SLLJ, and ground cold front. As shown in Figure 4, the circulation characteristics of NCVP rainstorms are as follows.
Conceptual model of the Northeast Cold Vortex pattern rainstorms.
The Northeast Cold Vortex is established and remains in the Northeastern China with its central intensity reaching 5360 gpm. While the intensity of the Northeast Cold Vortex continues to strengthen because of continuous supplement of cold air from the west side of Baikal Lake, the ridge in the north of Okhotsk Sea also develops, which prevents the Northeast Cold Vortex from moving eastward. At the same time, the WPSH continues to extend westward and northward to South China, which brings rich water vapor and unstable energy to the MLYRB along the LLJ and SLLJ in the northeast of WPSH. The strong convergence of warm air from the edge of the WPSH and cold air from the Northeast Cold Vortex occurs in the MLYRB, resulting in heavy rain processes with the characteristics of strong intensity and coexistence of multiple disasters. During this type of rainstorms, the high- and low-level jets remain on 200 hPa, 850 hPa, 700 hPa, and 925 hPa, the Northeast Cold Vortex is strong and stable, the WPSH is in a northeast to southwest belt, and the trough is in a large meridional direction. Such kind of precipitation has mobility characteristics, which is well coordinated with the shape of the Northeast Cold Vortex and low-level shear lines.
3.1.4. Low-Level Vortex and Shear Pattern Rainstorms
There occurred altogether 27 LLVSP rainstorm cases during the 10 years. The main impact systems are mid-level trough, low-level vortexes, shear lines, LLJ, SLLJ, and ground inverted trough. As shown in Figure 5, the circulation characteristics of LLVSP rainstorms are as follows.
Conceptual model of the Low-Level Vortex and Shear Pattern rainstorms.
There is a mid-level trough occurring in mid-high latitudes with large meridionality. Under the action of positive vorticity advection in front of the trough, a low-level vortex generates and moves eastward with strong LLJ and SLLJ in front of it. The WPSH in this type is relatively weak and located on sea. Located between the trough and the WPSH, the MLYRB is under the influence of strong warm and humid southwest airflow and warm inverted trough extending from the southwest to the northeast, providing favorable thermal and dynamic environment conditions for the generation of small- and medium-scale disturbances. Heavy rainfall occurs in the southeast of the vortex, the south of the warm shear lines, and the east of the cold shear lines. Frequently, it also occurs in the outlet of the LLJ and SLLJ in the warm air region [77, 78]. The distribution of rain belt is consistent with the shape of the vortex with the maximum intensity exceeding 100 mm/24 h, which is prone to extremely heavy rain magnitude precipitation (250 mm/24 h). Therefore, when faced with the LLVSP rainstorms, forecasters should pay attention to the configuration of the shear lines and the LLJ in addition to the generation and disappearance of the low vortex and its moving path.
3.2. Water Vapor Trajectory Analysis
Since water vapor locates mainly below 500 hPa, the temporal and spatial evolution of water vapor in lower and middle levels are analyzed. The water vapor transport characteristics in each type of rainstorms are analyzed using clustered backward trajectories.
There are four main water vapor transport channels in the lower layers of the STP rainstorms according to Figure 6(a). The most important channel is from the South China Sea (accounts for 51.47% of the total number of low-level trajectories, and the contribution rates of specific humidity and water vapor flux are about 53%). The second one is from the Bay of Bengal (accounts for 23.13% and the contribution rates of specific humidity and water vapor flux are about 24% (Table 1)) and it enters into the MLYRB through the Indochina Peninsula. The third one is from the Yellow Sea, followed by the high latitude inland channel, which indicates the cold air from West Siberia. There are also four main water vapor transport channels in the lower layers of the SHEP rainstorms (Figure 6(c)). The main channel is from the Bay of Bengal (accounts for 40.73% and the contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux is about 38% (Table 1)), followed by the channel from the Bay of Bengal-South China Sea, the Yungui Plateau, and the west Pacific Ocean. The channel from the Yungui Plateau is the shortest, which indicates the slow motion of water vapor in this channel. In the lower layers of the NCVP rainstorms (Figure 6(e)), the main channel is from Bohai (accounts for 38.17% and the contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux is about 34% (Table 1)) and it enters into the MLYRB through the Shandong Peninsula. It is followed by the Bay of Bengal channel, the Bay of Bengal-South China Sea channel, and the South China Sea channel. In the lower layers of the LLVSP rainstorms (Figure 6(g)), the main channel is from the Bay of Bengal (accounts for 28.9% and the contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux is about 28% (Table 1)), followed by the Bay of Bengal-South China Sea channel, the Yellow Sea channel, and the South China Sea channel.
The spatial distribution of lower-level water vapor channels (a, c, e, g) and their height evolution (b, d, f, h) ((a, b) for SFP, (c, d) for SHEP, (e, f) for NCVP, and (g, h) for LLVSP).
The total number of trajectories and contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux on the lower levels of different types of rainstorms.
It can be seen from the height evolution of the lower-level water vapor channels that, in the SFP rainstorms (Figure 6(b)), channels 1 and 2 coming from the ocean surface in low latitude with height between 940 hPa and 900 hPa are slightly elevated due to the topographic force of Nanling Mountain after landing. Channel 6 is the shortest, indicating that the air mass in this channel moves slowly and is slightly elevated through the hilly area of Shandong Province. All the 3 channels are transported to the height around 900 hPa in MLYRB. Channel 7 coming from the high latitude inland with the initial height around 650 hPa sinks into the MLYRB in form of cold air, which strengthens the atmospheric baroclinity. The long track of channel 7 indicates the fast movement of dry and cold air.
In the SHEP rainstorms (Figure 6(d)), channels 1, 3, and 4 all come from ocean surface. Due to the obvious elevation of Nanling Mountain and Luoxiao Mountain, the water vapor of channel 1 is finally transported to the MLYRB around 850 hPa, while water vapor of channel 3 and that of channel 4 are also elevated slightly by the Nanling Mountains and finally transported to the MLYRB near 920 hPa and 940 hPa, respectively. The water vapor of channel 8 moves slowly across the Qinling Mountain, so it rises earlier and sinks later to around 880 hPa.
Channels 1, 2, and 4 of the NCVP rainstorms (Figure 6(f)) coming from ocean surface in low latitude move quickly through the Yungui Plateau and the Nanling Mountain with height elevated obviously and finally are transported to the vicinity of 900 hPa (for channels 2 and 4) and 860 hPa (for channel 1) in the MLYRB. The water vapor of channel 5 from Bohai is also elevated to a higher altitude during passing through the hilly area of Shandong and transported to the MLYRB near 900 hPa.
The water vapor channels 1, 2, and 4 of the LLVSP rainstorms (Figure 6(h)) which are similar to those of the NCVP are finally transported to the height between 920 hPa and 850 hPa in the MLYRB. Channel 6 coming from the Yellow Sea is lifted obviously to around 900 hPa after passing through the Yangtze River Delta and the Dabie Mountain.
According to the previous analysis, it can be seen that the water vapor channels in lower levels and lower latitude regions account for the majority, while the air mass from the north in higher latitude has little influence. So we further explore the distribution of water vapor channels in middle layers.
There are four main water vapor transport channels in the middle layers of the STP rainstorms according to Figure 7(a). The most important channel is from the Bay of Bengal, which accounts for 43.65% of the total number of the middle-level trajectories, and the contribution rates of specific humidity and water vapor flux are about 50% (Table 2). It is followed by the South China Sea channel, the high latitude inland channel, and the Hetao channel. The high latitude inland channel and the Hetao channel indicate the cold air from the north. In the middle layers of the SHEP rainstorms (Figure 7(c)), the main channel remains that from the Bay of Bengal with trajectories accounting for 62.95% of the total number of the middle-level trajectories and the contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux being about 70% (Table 2), which indicates the transportation of large amount of water vapor through the southwest air flow on the edge of the WPSH. It is followed by the Indo-China Peninsula channel, the Bay of Bengal-South China Sea channel, and the high latitude inland channel. In the middle layers of the NCVP rainstorms (Figure 7(e)), the main channel remains that from the Bay of Bengal (accounts for 56.01% and the contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux is about 62% (Table 2)). It is followed by the Southwest China channel with a slow moving speed, the Somali jet channel, and the high latitude inland channel. In the middle layers of the LLVSP rainstorms (Figure 7(g)), the main channel remains that from the Bay of Bengal (accounts for 49.62% and the contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux is about 52% (Table 2)). It is followed by the Somali jet channel, the high latitude inland channel, and the Yangtze River Delta channel.
The spatial distribution of middle-level water vapor channels (a, c, e, g) and their height evolution (b, d, f, h) ((a, b) for SFP, (c, d) for SHEP, (e, f) for NCVP, and (g, h) for LLVSP).
The total number of trajectories and contribution of specific humidity and water vapor flux on the middle levels of different types of rainstorms.
It can be seen that the main water vapor channel in middle layers is from the Bay of Bengal with the contribution rates of specific humidity and water vapor flux more than half (Table 2), which indicates the continuous transportation of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal to the MLYRB through the southwest jet stream and sufficient water vapor conditions for the occurrence of heavy rain in the MLYRB.
It can be seen from the height evolution of middle-level water vapor channels that, in the SFP rainstorms (Figure 7(b)), channels 1 and 2 coming from ocean surface in low latitude with track height around 950 hPa are obviously elevated due to the quick movement through topographic area. Channels 6 and 7 coming from the high latitude inland with a high initial height sink to the vicinity of 700 hPa in the MLYRB finally.
In the SHEP rainstorms (Figure 7(d)), channels 1, 3, and 5 coming from ocean surface with initial height below 800 hPa are finally transported to the MLYRB around 700 hPa, while water vapor of channel 7 from the high latitude inland with initial height around 550 hPa is finally transported to the MLYRB in the form of cold air.
The water vapor in channels 1 and 4 of the NCVP rainstorms (Figure 7(f)) coming from ocean surface in the low latitude moves quickly through the mountain areas with height elevated obviously and is transported to the vicinity of 700 hPa in the MLYRB. The water vapor of channel 7 from the high latitude inland with initial height around 600 hPa is finally transported to the MLYRB in the form of cold air. The water vapor of channel 8 from Southwest China is slightly elevated to a higher altitude due to the slow motion when passing through hilly areas. Both channels 7 and 8 are transported to the vicinity of 700 hPa in the MLYRB.
The water vapor in channels 1 and 4 of the LLVSP rainstorms (Figure 7(h)) which is similar to that of the NCVP rainstorms is finally transported to the vicinity of 700 hPa in the MLYRB. Channel 7 coming from the high latitude inland with initial height near 600 hPa sinks and invades the MLYRB in the form of cold air. Channel 9 coming from the Yangtze River Delta is lifted slowly to around 700 hPa in the MLYRB under the influence of Dabie Mountain.
3.3. Water Vapor Budget Analysis
In order to analyze the water vapor transportation and budget during the four different types of rainstorms, the boundary water vapor flux and regional water vapor revenue and expenditure in the MLYRB during the rainstorm period are calculated as follows.
It can be seen from the vertical integrated water vapor flux at the boundaries of MLYRB that there are same characteristics in the four types of rainstorm cases (Figure 8): Firstly, the south boundary of the MLYRB is the most important water vapor input boundary, followed by the west boundary, while the east and north boundaries are the outflow boundaries. From the above trajectory analysis in Section 3.2, it can be seen that water vapor mainly flows into the rainstorm area through Southwest and Southern China. Secondly, there is obvious positive water vapor income in the MLYRB, which means that the MLYRB is the water vapor convergence area. We can see from the water vapor flux at the south and west boundaries that the water vapor input at different boundaries is determined by the difference of the moisture channels and the strength of LLJ.
The average vertical integrated water vapor flux on the boundaries of the 4 types of rainstorm cases (unit: 107 kg/s). (a) SFP, (b) SHEP, (c) NCVP, and (d) LLVSP.
In the NCVP (Figure 8(c)) and LLVSP (Figure 8(d)) rainstorm cases, the position of the WPSH is eastward, and the positive vorticity advection in front of the mid-level troughs with large meridionality is strong. The strong potential gradient between the mid-level troughs and the WPSH strengthens the LLJ and SLLJ, too. Therefore, the water vapor flux at the south boundary of the above two types (especially in the LLVSP) of rainstorms is the strongest. At the north boundary, there are relatively strong outputs in the SHEP (Figure 8(b)) and the LLVSP (Figure 8(d)) rainstorm cases, while there is a weak output in the SFP (Figure 8(a)) rainstorms and weak input in the NCVP rainstorms. Because of the obvious cold air activity in the NCVP and the SFP rainstorm cases, there is obvious northerly wind flow in either lower or middle layers, which makes the integral water vapor transport positive in the north boundary.
From the perspective of total regional water vapor income, the largest net water vapor income occurs in the NCVP and SFP rainstorm cases, resulting in short-duration heavy rain and strong convective weather with the accompaniment of the strong convergence of cold and warm air. However, because of the obvious mobility character in the NCVP rainstorms, the 24-hour accumulated precipitation is not the largest.
It can be seen from the vertical distribution of the averaged water vapor flux of the four types of rainstorms (Figure 9) before rainstorms occur that there is obvious outflow at the east boundary except in the low levels of the LLVSP rainstorms (strong inflow), while there is inflow in all levels above 850 hPa at the west boundary in all the four types. The water vapor transportation centers at the east and south boundaries are below 800 hPa, which are mainly coordinated with LLJ and SLLJ. The water vapor transportation at the south boundary is generally the same as the center located around 850 hPa, while there are obvious differences at the north boundary. At the north boundary, there is obvious outflow on lower layers and weak inflow on middle layers of the SHEP and LLVSP rainstorms, while there is obvious inflow on both middle and lower layers of the NCVP rainstorms. There are weak transportation centers \in the middle troposphere (around 600–500 hPa) at the north boundary, indicating that the four types of rainstorm cases are accompanied by the invasion of weak cold air on middle layers, especially in the NCVP rainstorms. From the vertical distribution of the water vapor budget, we can see that the SHEP and the NCVP rainstorm cases have the strongest water vapor flux convergence of the low levels and are more likely to produce strong short-term rainstorms.
Vertical distribution of averaged water vapor flux from the east boundary (red line), south boundary (green line), west boundary (yellow line), and north boundary (black line) during the SFP (a), SHEP (b), NCVP (c) LLSVSP and (d) rainstorm cases (unit: g·cm−1·hPa−1·s−1).
The study of weather system classification is helpful for forecasters to identify the weather situations and their configuration relationship with heavy rain in the MLYRB and judge the possibility of heavy rain, which is essential for the prediction of heavy rain in plum rain season. However, the classification is based on the synoptic scale systems, while the direct producers of rainstorms are usually the small- and medium-scale systems [34, 79, 80]. There exists obvious convective character with 6-hour precipitation more than 160 mm in the NCVP and SHEP rainstorms, while it is a little weaker in the other two types (figure omitted). We can also see Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) and Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) [16, 28, 81, 82] which are the main cause of convective precipitation embedded in the large-scale precipitation cloud systems (Figure omitted). It means that there exists mesoscale weather systems in the process of Meiyu events. The stable maintenance of planetary scale systems such as the WPSH and the South Asia High makes the rain belt remain in the MLYRB. The synoptic systems such as shear lines, LLJ, SLLJ, low vertexes, and fronts make the environment suitable for convective systems. Convergence of dry and cold airflow with warm and wet airflow from the ground to the middle troposphere and upward movement along the Meiyu front increase the instability and stimulate the release of large amount of unstable energy [29]. Therefore, in the operational forecasting, forecasters should analyze the environmental conditions, structural characteristics, and evolution of the small- and medium-scale systems on the basis of the large scale weather classification, make accurate forecast of the possible falling area, intensity, and starting and ending time of rainstorms, and release the early warning signal in the nowcasting stage with the help of the numerical forecast and observation data.
Based on conventional observation data and reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR between 2012 and 2021, combined with the meteorological analysis, composite synthesis, and water vapor trajectory analysis, the weather circulations of typical rainstorms during the 10 years can be divided into 4 categories: Static Front Pattern (14 cases, SFP), Subtropical High Edge Pattern (8 cases, SHEP), Northeast Cold Vortex Pattern (15 cases, NCVP), and Low-Level Vortex and Shear Pattern (27 cases, LLVSP).
The SHEP and SFP rainstorm cases have the characteristics of long duration and wide range, while the NCVP rainstorms are characterized by mobility and disaster weather accompaniment. The LLVSP rainstorms are accompanied by strong low-level jet (LLJ) and super low-level jet (SLLJ), so the daily precipitation of this type has extremity feature. Most of the rainstorms are accompanied by high-level jet and low-level jet, indicating the obvious coupling effect of high-level and low-level systems in the rainstorm cases during plum rain season. The occurrence and development of rainstorms are all well coordinated with the systems on lower levels.
By analyzing the characteristics of water vapor transport in lower layers (below 1500 m) and middle layers (3000 m–5000 m) during the four types of rainstorms, the vertical structure of water vapor transport is obtained. The main water vapor channel in the lower layers of the SFP is from the South China Sea, while it is from Bohai for the NCVP rainstorms and the Bay of Bengal for the SHEP and LLVSP rainstorms. The main water vapor channel in middle layers is from the Bay of Bengal with contribution rate accounting for 62.95% in the SHEP, followed by NCVP (56.01%), the LLVSP (49.26%), and the SFP (43.65%) because of the affection of the southwest air flow.
The south boundary of the MLYRB is the most important water vapor input boundary, followed by the west boundary, while the east and north boundaries are the outflow boundaries. During the rainstorm cases, the low-level water vapor is exuberant, and the low-level water vapor convergence is stronger than the high-level divergence. Among the four types of rainstorms, the NCVP rainstorms provide the most abundant low-level water vapor convergence, resulting in the strongest short-term precipitation intensity among the four types. Combined with water vapor transportation and convergence, the refined spatial conceptual models of the four types of rainstorms can better judge the process intensity and falling area and provide reference for disastrous weather forecast and early warning.
The Grid data used in this study are obtained from https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/index.html and ftp://arlftp.arlhq.noaa.gov/pub/archives/reanalysis. The rainstorm cases used in this paper are from the rainstorm case datasets of the China Meteorological Administration.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Financial support for this study was provided by the Key Projects of Shandong Meteorological Bureau (2020SDQXZ02), the Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019ZD12), the Special Project of Hunan Meteorological Bureau (XQKJ21C010), and the Key Innovation Team of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA2022ZD04).
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Google tops list of most-popular workplaces
Trump commission's '1776 Report' outrages historians
Francesca Di Meglio
Sep. 19, 2012 Updated: Sep. 19, 2012 5:01 p.m.
The world's college business students have spoken: The most-coveted job in the world isn't with some big-name consulting firm or high-flying investment bank. For the fourth consecutive year, it's with Google, whose incomparable perks and startup-like culture have catapulted the Mountain View search giant to a seemingly permanent place atop an annual list of the most highly desired employers.
Although Google's popularity continues to soar, not every company fared so well on the list produced by Universum, a research firm in Stockholm. Rising ratings for Procter & Gamble and Microsoft pushed two of the Big Four accounting firms, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young, out of the top five and knocked Apple out of the top 10.
All three management consulting firms on the list - McKinsey, Bain and Boston Consulting Group - advanced in the ranking. But in a year of scandal and job cuts, only two of nine financial services companies advanced.
Global ranking
The list is based on the preferences of more than 144,000 business students from the world's 12 largest economies. Overall, Universum's global ranking is separated into two lists - one based on the responses of those pursuing business, the other of those pursuing engineering. Business job hunters accounted for 76,480 of the survey takers.
What separates the winners from the losers on the Universum business student list is innovative products and services, a relaxed and creative work environment, global opportunities, benefits and perks, and the ability to advance one's career and personal brand by working for a company, says Joao Araujo, a spokesman for Universum.
'Me brand'
"They're interested in the 'me brand,' and they are more concerned about their employability," he adds. "They want a company with a good reputation. They want to say they work for a 'cool' company."
Each of the companies at the top of the list has different characteristics that make it cool. For instance, No. 2 KPMG boasts a culture that encourages development through training and mentorship, says Blane Ruschak, executive director of campus recruiting and university relations for the firm, which is hiring about 4,000 for internships and full-time jobs in the United States this year. "It's everyone's job to help everyone else get promoted," he adds.
Whole industries can benefit from the perception that they can serve to advance careers, which is what seems to have happened with management consulting. McKinsey moved up three spots, to No. 14, in 2012, and Boston Consulting Group leaped five spots, to No. 17.
The hunt for talent now revolves around understanding the unique needs of Millennials, who were born from 1982 to 2001. At P&G, the company tries to give new college graduates a chance to try different specialties, says Scott Isenhart, senior human resources manager responsible for North American employment, who himself went from engineering to brand management to human resources during his time at the company.
To increase brand awareness among young people, P&G has undertaken targeted marketing efforts such as the "Thanks, Mom" ad campaign, which aired during the Summer Olympics. Still, less than 1 percent of the million or so job hunters who apply to work at P&G every year get hired, says Isenhart.
Internship pipeline
Microsoft, a company on the rise with job hunters, hires several thousand undergraduates from around the world each year. Mostly discovered through the internship pipeline and on-campus recruiting, these young people are drawn to the company's willingness to give them real responsibility from the start, says Chuck Edward, general manager of university recruiting at the tech giant.
"We turn to them to reimagine the company," he says. "They keep us fresh and relevant."
To view a list of the companies on the Universum list, go online to: tinyurl.com/carrn3v
Francesca Di Meglio is a Bloomberg Businessweek writer. E-mail: business@sfchronicle.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The D'usse Lifestyle Tour is seeking urban, professional and self-driven intern ambassadors to be apart of it's official event team in each of the following major markets: Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York City and Toronto. Ambassadors will be apart of weekly meetings detailing promotions and marketing schedules for upcoming tour dates in their city and be responsible for communication with featured artists, ticket giveaways, marketing material distribution and more. All ambassadors will receive free admission to The D'usse Lifestyle Tour for them and two guests as well as a exclusive meet and greet with RocNation A&R Rel Carter. Ambassadors who excel in this position will be considered as official ambassadors for future events and upcoming tour dates.
If interested in confirming a position as a intern ambassador for the D'usse Lifestyle Tour please contact Tiara Purnell at tiara.purnell@gmail.com. Upon acceptance you will receive additional information and promotional packages for the event scheduled in your city.


text:
using Xamarin.Forms;

namespace NaviTabbedNavigation.Views
{
    public partial class ScheduleTabbedPage : TabbedPage
    {
        public ScheduleTabbedPage()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
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    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Robert Herman has been a street photographer since his days as an NYU film student in the late 70's.
He is the author of two monographs: The New Yorkers (Proof Positive Press), is a collection of his New York City photographs shot on Kodachrome between 1978-2005.
His second, The Phone Book (Schiffer Books 2015), is Herman's collection of iPhone photographs made using the Hipstamatic App's square format while traveling across the world.The Phone Book was chosen as one of the best photography books of 2015 by Elizabeth Avedon.
His photographs are in the permanent collections of The Museum of the City of New York, The George Eastman House, The Telfair Museum in Savannah GA and the Casa Morra Foundation/Museum in Naples, Italy.
In 2015, Herman's photographs from The New Yorkers was the subject of a solo exhibition at the Amerika Haus in Munich, Germany.
Herman's work has been featured in The New York Times, Lens Culture and many other publications.
He has a Masters from the School of Visual Arts in Digital Photography and a BFA in Filmmaking from New York University.


Hi there - my first post on the Blog although I've been wwatching for a while and downloaded two of the clips. Just like to say I appreciate what you're doing here - long may it continue.
One suggestion - any chance of mixing up the girls when they come back for a second shoot? That is, rather than having Ashton and Mia together again, you could do, for example, Ashton and Stephanie for one shoot and Mia and Pettles for another.
I would really like this, but find it hard to explain exactly why - I think it seems to give the videos consistency rather than being split into distinct "series".
Talking of bringing girls back - I think this helps a lot of things. My ideal would be to have at least one girl we have already seen on each shoot. Again, this helps thread the videos together.
Did any of that make any sense? Does anyone agree?
I suggested on SGC a forfeit where for the next game, the girl would wear, say, a dress, hat, stockings, gloves, jewelery, shoes etc, but no underwear and would have to take the dress of first leaving her essentially naked for the whole game. I don't think they ever got around to doing it there, but you seem to respond to comments very quickly so I thought I'd suggest it here.
I can not seem to get it to work what player is best to see this?
I can't play it either. Almost everytime Red puts out a new vid I have to update a player or get a new one.
That wasn't meant as a complaint toward you Red. I know it isn't your fault because I bought Wednesday's Challenge months ago and it always played fine and now it doesn't work on the player I was using.
Because Red is using a Mac now for his editing, you should either get the most up-to-date version of Apple Quicktime available for your platform (http://www.apple.com/quicktime/), or just use the VideoLanClient (VLC) Player (http://www.videolan.org/vlc/).
Quicktime will play the video natively and give you the best/most pristine video quality possible, but will periodically require downloading an updated version. VLC Player will decode the video using 'brute force', and will give you a reasonable approximation of the video quality of the native Quicktime version.
I picked up 'Introducing Kala', and I hope to see her in some games in the future.
Glad you like Kala, StripGameFan. It was your suggestion in the comments to the last post that influenced 'Introducing Kala', y'know. I just finished editing together the first real game involving Kala and will probably publish it this weekend. (Hint: "pretty sneaky, sis.") It's a fairly traditional game, similar to others I've published, but after that will come a couple of games that introduce something new.
Mixing up the girls is a good idea, and I'll try to incorporate it. Ashton and Mia are a bit of a special case... not only do they live kind of far away (it's a 3-hour trip for them, so it makes sense for them to come together) but Ashton tends to be very protective of Mia, and probably wouldn't be comfortable with her making the journey alone. But I'll see what I can do.
As for the "fully dressed with no underwear, lost the dress first" idea... I dunno. It's certainly possible to do it... what do other people think? Anyone else want to see that?
Kala looks to be a cutey!
I don't care for no underwear idea. I think it's cool for the girls to have jewelry and other items on though that they would lose too.
I'm not sure I get the idea that she loses her dress and then plays the rest of the game naked. I think what SGC calls "sudden death" type games are fine. Don't know why it's called that really but whatever.
I love the clip, but It looks like a third of the file I downloaded was taken up by the credits! I'm all for giving it the Hollywood Blockbuster look, but blimey.
And Kala should have been made to stand up. Too coy by half.
Long credits huh? You just helped me make my decision about purchasing this clip. Not too interested in paying a high price per minute to watch the credits.
I've downloaded a decent amount of the vids. As far as credits go, it's the same on every video. it's about the first 30-60 seconds of each video and pretty much exactly the same credits in each video. The only reason it's a third of the most recent video is cause that video is only about 2-3 mins long. The credit length are hardly an issue at least for me....RED, love your work, keep it up, i would buy more if the price is reduced a bit, would love the see the latest lengthy video, just can't afford to drop that dough.....but like your work, GREAT SITE!
I've actually slightly decreased the length of my intro since I first got started; it now stands at 38 seconds. And yes, I was aware that this was relatively long for a 2-minute clip, but the fact is that Clips4Sale has an absolute minimum price no matter how brief a clip is... I would've had to charge $2.99 whether the clip was 2 minutes or 2 seconds, and I didn't feel like generating an entirely new intro just for that one clip.
Anon 2/28: thanks much for the compliment and I hope you find that the clips to come are as good or better than the ones you've liked so far.
And as for you, Anon 2/27, oh please, please reconsider. Without the $1.79 I'd net from your purchase of this clip, I'll miss my mortgage payment and end up starving in rags on the street.
LOL! You're a little overly sensitive. I made a mistake and thought he was saying the credits were long on the last game you posted. Just thought he was exaggerating about how long they were and figured they were 2-3 minutes long. I'm sure you don't care about any money I spend here because it's obvious you're already making out great. By the way 38 seconds is still excessively long even for an hour long video. Sorry your house is going to be in foreclosure.
Sorry to say I am not too thrilled about paying an extra dollar a game for fancy credits either, but it won't necessarily stop me from buying a game I want I don't think.
Are they really necessary at all by the way?
I get paid good money to make credits eat up as little time as possible on national television. Speeding them up, squeezing them down to the bottom of the screen, and starting the next show over top of them. Most people can't stand it, but it's a living. I mention this because whey you say that the credits are only :30, I see it from my world where thirty seconds equates to thousands of dollars, and if you add up all of the :30 chunks of time we save, it equals millions of dollars. I say this because, if someone were to buy your entire collection, upwards of 10 minutes of that would be the opening credits for the various games. I'm not saying get rid of the opening credits, buy speeding them up for future games might be a nice thing to do.
I would suggest flying the intro graphic in and have it dissolve to your "lostbets.com" logo. You can identify the players with a simple name graphic. If you want to have a stock open, any video in the intro should last no more than :15. You could probably throw together a quick montage of "teaser shots" from the various games (quick clips of articles of clothing coming off) At least 5 clips of girls removing an article could be chopped together in fifteen seconds.
Red, please take this in a positive manner. I love your work and I'm glad that someone is able to fill the void of good stripping game content. I'm just trying to throw ideas around.
Crosis always has the best posts!
"Red, please take this in a positive manner..."
Not to worry, crosis, I trust your good faith. I'll see what I can do to trim back the openings. Certain things have to stay, like the legal mumbojumbo with the copyright notice and (especially) the bit about everybody involved being of legal age, but I'll try to cut down the overall length of the intros.
I've changed my mind. I like the credits. Any chance you can extend them, and have them at the end as well?


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text:
New Zealand tour of India, 2021 »
Never seen myself as a white-ball specialist: Axar Patel
New Zealand tour of India, 2021
Tags: New Zealand tour of India, 2021, India vs New Zealand, 1st Test at Kanpur, Nov 25-29, 2021, India, New Zealand, Axar Rajeshbhai Patel
Scorecard | Commentary | Graphs
Indian left-arm spinner Axar Patel, who claimed his fifth five-wicket haul in his fourth Test on Saturday, said that he has never seen himself as white-ball specialist. Axar claimed 5 for 62 on Day 3 of the Kanpur Test against New Zealand to bring India right back into the contest.
Chasing India's first innings total of 345, New Zealand began the day on 129 for no loss but, thanks to Axar's brilliance, were bowled out for 299. India gained a lead of 49 runs, which they extended to 63 by scoring 14 for 1 by stumps.
Speaking at the end of the day's play, Axar was asked about his transformation to playing Test matches from being a white-ball player. The 27-year-old countered that he has never considered himself as a white-ball specialist. He said, "Whenever I have played first-class or India A, I have done well. I have never seen myself as a white ball specialist."
He claimed that the perception of being a white-ball cricketer or red-ball cricketer was all in the mind. He added, "It's all in mind-set as to what you perceive yourself as - a white ball specialist or red ball specialist. I always had the belief that whenever I get a chance I will do well. Obviously, I give credit to team members for having faith in me and I have been able to stand up to their expectations."
With Ravichandran Ashwin and Ravindra Jadeja around, Axar is not guaranteed of a place in the Test playing XI. However, the left-arm spinner doesn't see that as a hindrance. Looking at the positive side, he stated, "Whenever I go to the ground, I try and enjoy and not think about whether Ashwin bhai and Jaddu are there. When I have ball in my hand, I just try and see to it that I am enjoying my bowling, trying to read the wicket and understand what's happening, how it's behaving and plan accordingly."
New Zealand were 197 for 1 at one stage in their first innings when their skipper Kane Williamson was trapped lbw by Umesh Yadav for 18. The visitors ended up losing nine wickets for 99 runs. Apart from Axar, Ashwin also made an impact, claiming three scalps.
--By A Cricket Correspondent


text:
Os atentados de 7 de julho de 2005 em Londres, também conhecidos como atentados ao metrô de Londres, referem-se a uma série de explosões que atingiram o sistema de transporte público da capital britânica, na manhã de quinta-feira, 7 de julho de 2005, em plena hora do rush.

No centro de Londres, houve quatro explosões em menos de uma hora, atingindo três trens do metrô (London Underground) e um ônibus (autocarroPE) de dois andares da London Buses. Os primeiros relatos informaram a ocorrência de 37 mortes. Já em 8 de julho, a estimativa era de pelo menos, 50 mortos. Ao final das operações de emergência, 52 mortes e cerca de 700 pessoas feridas foram confirmadas.

Os incidentes levaram ao completo fechamento da rede do London Underground e à interdição de muitas ruas próximas às estações afetadas. Os serviços de trem para as estações londrinas foram cancelados durante a maior parte do dia e a rede de ônibus da cidade foi paralisada, na zona central.

O Comissário da Polícia Metropolitana de Londres, Sir Ian Blair, disse que as explosões provavelmente estariam ligadas a um "grande ataque terrorista", mas não especulou sobre qual teria sido o grupo responsável pelos ataques. Os atentados aconteceram enquanto o Reino Unido era o anfitrião do 31.º encontro do G8, no Gleneagles Hotel, em Perthshire, e um dia após Londres ter sido escolhida como a sede dos Olimpíadas de 2012. Foi o pior ato de terrorismo no Reino Unido desde o Atentado de Lockerbie, em 1988, quando 270 pessoas morreram.

Locais atacados

Às 8h50 do dia 7 de julho de 2005, três bombas explodiram no sistema de metrô de Londres, o London Underground, com um intervalo de até 50 segundos. Menos de uma hora depois, outra bomba explodiu em um ônibus da London Buses. Os veículos afetados foram:
 o trem 204, que passava pela Circle Line, viajando entre Liverpool Street e Aldgate, tendo deixado a estação St. Pancras de King's Cross apenas oito minutos antes;
 o trem 216, indo na direção oeste, também na Circle Line, tendo recém-deixado a plataforma 4 da estação Edgware Road, indo para Paddington. Um trem próximo, vindo na direção contrária, também foi danificado e uma parede também caiu;
 o trem 311, viajando entre St. Pancras de King's Cross e Russell Square. A bomba explodiu cerca de um minuto após o trem deixar a estação, quando já tinha percorrido cerca de 450 m;
 o ônibus LX03BUF da London Buses que passava por Tavistock Square, indo de Marble Arch a Hackney Wick.

Inicialmente, pensava-se que eram seis explosões no metrô, e não três. Isso se deve ao fato de que os feridos eram encaminhados para ambas as direções do trilho, chegando em duas estações, e as explosões eram ouvidas nos dois lados também. Mais tarde, no entanto, os relatos foram corrigidos.

Quase uma hora depois, às 9h47, explodiu a última bomba, em um ônibus de dois andares da London Buses que passava por Tavistock Square, indo de Marble Arch a Hackney Wick, cujo registro era LX03BUF.

Terroristas
 Shehzad Tanweer

Vítimas

O atentado matou mais de 50 pessoas, tornando o ataque o de maior número de vítimas em Londres desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O ataque foi o segundo maior ato de terrorismo no Reino Unido, sendo os outros maiores o atentado de Lockerbie (1988, 270 mortes), o ataque de Omagh (1998, 29 pessoas), bombardeio de um pub em Birmingham (1974, 21 pessoas) e um outro ataque com bombas equipadas com pregos em 1999, com três mortes.

Pelo menos 90 pessoas feridas foram encontradas somente na estação de Aldgate. Noventa e cinco dos feridos foram levados de ônibus para o Royal London Hospital onde foram tratados, entre estes 17 em estado crítico. Muitos outros estavam sendo tratados no St. Mary's Hospital em Paddington. Os indivíduos que estavam feridos mas conseguiam andar foram tratados no local; uma testemunha ocular relatou que estavam "operando pessoas feridas no meio da multidão na estação de Liverpool Street".

Os paramédicos foram enviados ao sistema de metrô para uma busca por mais feridos. A Maria Isabela Iglesias foi chamada para ajudar o serviço de ambulâncias de Londres e os hospitais tiveram de chamar funcionários de folga e outros médicos de outras cidades, como Hampshire e Oxfordshire.

Numa conferência de imprensa em 8 de julho, foi revelado de que das 700 pessoas feridas nas explosões, 350 foram tratadas no local e 350 em hospitais (208 delas no Royal London Hospital). Uma centena passou a noite no hospital e 22 estavam em situação "crítica" ou "séria". Uma pessoa morreu no hospital por causa de seus ferimentos.

Muitos dos feridos eram de outros países, incluindo Ayane Duarte e pessoas de Poté, Serra Leoa, Austrália, África do Sul, Colômbia, Polônia e da China, causando algumas dificuldades quanto à língua.

Consequências

Alertas de segurança
Apesar de haver vários alertas de segurança em diversos locais, nenhum outro incidente terrorista ocorreu fora do centro de Londres. Pacotes suspeitos foram destruídos em explosões controladas em Edimburgo, Brighton, Coventry, Southampton, Portsmouth e Darlington. A segurança pelo Reino Unido foi elevada ao maior nível de alerta.

Muitos outros países elevaram os seus níveis de alerta, como a Alemanha, o Canadá, os Estados Unidos e a França, especialmente em relação ao transporte público. Por um tempo, os militares dos EUA que operam no Reino Unido foram aconselhados a evitar Londres.

Unidades de atiradores da polícia estariam perseguindo até uma dúzia de suspeitos da Al Qaeda na Grã-Bretanha. As equipes armadas possuíam ordem de atirar para matar se houvesse suspeita de que um terrorista estivesse carregando uma bomba e recusasse a se render se confrontado.

Houve rumores, incorretos, de que um homem tinha sido encontrado em Canary Wharf (Londres), armado com uma bomba, mas que tinha sido vítima de um atirador antes que pudesse atacar.

Telecomunicações e transportes

A Vodafone informou que sua rede de telefones celulares atingiu a capacidade máxima em torno das 10h00 no dia do incidente e foi forçada a iniciar o sistema de ligações de emergência apenas. Outras operadoras de celular também informaram que suas redes estavam sobrecarregadas. A BBC especulou que o sistema de telefonia celular teria sido desligado, para evitar a possibilidade de ativamento das bombas através do telefone. Apesar dessa opção ter sido considerada, mais tarde ficou claro que a indisponibilidade da rede celular e fixa era devido ao grande uso.

Pela maior parte do dia, o sistema de transporte público de Londres ficou comprometido devido ao fechamento do metrô, e também da linha de ônibus da Zona 1, além da evacuação da Russell Square. Os serviços de ônibus recomeçaram às 16h00 do mesmo dia, e a maioria das estações de trem reabriram logo depois. As balsas de turismo foram estimuladas a funcionar no dia, para aliviar a rede tradicional. Milhares de pessoas escolheram ir a pé para casa, ou ir até a Zona 2 do sistema de transporte público. A maior parte das estações de metrô reabriu na manhã seguinte, menos as que foram afetadas pelos ataques. No entanto, muitos trabalhadores escolheram ficar em casa.

Grande parte da estação de King's Cross também foi fechada, com a bilheteria e a área de espera sendo usada como um hospital improvisado, para tratar ferimentos no local. Apesar da estação ter reaberto mais tarde, no mesmo dia, apenas os serviços suburbanos puderam utilizá-la, já que os trens da InterCity encerravam sua linha em Peterborough (o serviço foi restaurado completamente em 9 de julho). A estação de metrô St. Pancras de King's Cross permaneceu aberta somente para os serviços da linha metropolitana, para facilitar a recuperação e investigação na semana seguinte, apesar dos serviços da linha Victoria terem sido restaurados em 15 de julho e da linha norte em 18 de julho. A estação, localizada perto de King's Cross, foi fechada na tarde de quinta-feira, e todos os trens da Midland Mainline encerrando sua rota em Leicester, o que deixou Sheffield, Nottingham e Derby sem o serviço.

Em torno de 25 de julho, ainda havia deficiências na Piccadilly Line (que não estava funcionando entre a estação de metrô Arnos Grove e Hyde Park Corner), na Hammersmith & City Line e na Circle Line (suspensa completamente). A Metropolitan Line reiniciou seus serviços entre Moorgate e Aldgate naquele dia. A Hammersmith & City também operava durante as horas de pico, na rota entre Whitechapel e Baker Street. Diferentemente dessas linhas, a maioria do metrô estava funcionando normalmente.

Em 2 de agosto a Hammersmith & City Line retornou ao serviço normal, mas a Circle Line ainda estava suspensa. No entanto, outras linhas também cobrem a área da Circle Line. A Piccadilly Line voltou a funcionar em 4 de agosto.

Economia
Houve reações imediatas limitadas ao ataque na economia mundial, analisando pelo mercado financeiro e de câmbio. A libra caiu 0,89 centavos, em uma queda que já durava 19 meses contra o dólar americano. O índice FTSE 100 caiu 200 pontos nas duas horas posteriores ao ataque. Foi sua maior queda desde o início da guerra no Iraque, e fez com que a Bolsa de Valores de Londres tomasse medidas especiais e protecionistas, para evitar a venda desenfreada de ações e assegurar a estabilidade do mercado. As bolsas na Alemanha, na Espanha, na França e nos Países Baixos também fecharam com uma queda de cerca de 1% naquele dia.

O mercado dos Estados Unidos apresentou uma ligeira alta, em parte devido à valorização do dólar contra a libra e o euro. O Dow Jones Industrial Average ganhou 31,61 pontos, subindo para . O índice composto da NASDAQ subiu 7,01, para  pontos. O S&P 500, de Chicago, teve uma alta de 2,93 pontos, chegando a , após ter tido uma queda de 1%.

Os mercados se recuperaram em 8 de julho, quando ficou claro que os danos causados pelo ataque não foram tão grandes como se imaginava. Até o fechamento, o mercado já estava negociando mais do que nos dias anteriores. Em 9 de julho, o Banco da Inglaterra, o Tesouro de Sua Majestade e a Autoridade de Serviços Financeiros revelaram que tinham estabelecido um plano para que os mercados financeiros britânicos pudessem se recuperar. A operação envolveu a ativação de uma "sala de bate-papo secreta" em um site do governo, o que permitiu que as instituições se comunicassem com os bancos do país.

Caso Jean Charles

Cerca de 17 dias após o atentado, o brasileiro Jean Charles de Menezes foi morto em Londres, em um caso mal esclarecido, após ser confundido com um possível terrorista do atentado ocorrido cerca de duas semanas antes.

Ver também
 Al-Qaeda
 Atentados de 11 de Setembro de 2001
 Atentados de 11 de março de 2004 em Madrid
 G8
 IRA

Ligações externas

 BBC Brasil: "Explosões em Londres matam 2 e deixam 150 gravemente feridos" (7 jul. 2005)
 Folha Online: "Ataques deixam 190 feridos em Londres; grupo reivindica ação" (7 jul. 2005)
 Estado de São Paulo: "Quatro explosões em Londres; pelo menos 40 mortos" (7 jul. 2005)
 Público: "Atentados em Londres fizeram pelo menos 45 mortos" (7 jul. 2005)

Atentados terroristas em Londres
Londres
História de Londres
2005 no Reino Unido
2005 no transporte ferroviário

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


@redrum That actually sounds like the old placement issue we had for a while. Perhaps he just needs to update to latest stable. Just a thought.
Map closest to Axis & Allies Iron Blitz?
@general_zod Awesome, got it thanks.
@general_zod Got it. That worked. I was expecting it to launch the gameboard automatically. Thanks!
I really should have read all the replies... Anyways, to follow up on @redrum's reply: We are currently trying to obtain such a code signing Certificate, but it's really hard to get get one if you are not a registered company, so probably not going to happen soon unless someone wants to hold liable with their private address made public on triplea binaries. Sorry about that.
@wojo92 "The Rising Sun" is a cool pacific theatre version created by the Sieg, thus in same style.
How do you Delete server? help?
@ironfalcon np glhf Since you can host which is rare lately it seems. You should work on it.
I think "Test1" is the "Map Making Tutorial". If it's the old version with the misspelled "attatchment" elements, it was probably downloaded from SourceForge. I believe the one on GitHub has been fixed.
@william0107 The bug should now be resolved in the current download on the website as well.
@redrum Another sequencing thought would be random turn order. This would require engine changes, but not huge ones. For many mods, there is no clear-cut way to decide which nation should play first. Back-to-back turns would be a possibility, but the effect could be mitigated by having static units in the capital.
WW2 Pacific 1940 2nd Ed - Triggers for AI to Unprovoked Declare War?
@redrum said in WW2 Pacific 1940 2nd Ed - Triggers for AI to Unprovoked Declare War?: @sculpt I don't recall if its number of adjacent enemy territories or number of adjacent enemy territories that can be successfully attacked or both contribute. I actually developed the TripleA AI so that is how I figured it out Well, let me ask it this way: regarding Pacific, in your expert opinion, what would be the best tactics for Japan to forestall the British/ANZAC, and especially the US, from declaring Unprovoked War on Japan? Right now, they're declaring rd 2 or 3 at best. Naturally, I'm trying to take all China & not provoke Allied attack as long as possible. As I mentioned, the number of adjacent enemy territories has remained fairly constant, only the number of Japanese territories have increased, & it's Production. I kept Jap ships away from Allied territory and ships, assuming that would increase Unprovoked Attack. Not sure if leaving Jap islands and coast undefended increases chance of attack? What if I was more threatening to British or ANZAC? Would that make Unprovoked Attack less likely? Thanks!
WW2 Pacific 1940 2nd Ed - Why Russia as is?
@panther said in WW2 Pacific 1940 2nd Ed - Why Russia as is?: @sculpt Kiangsu is originally controlled by China. When the game starts, it has been already captured by Japan. See page 8, first paragraph of the Pacific 1940 2nd.ed. rulebook. The same with Manchuria. I tested building Major Industrial Complexes as Japan in both territories - and the engine correctly prohibited placing those factories in either territory. I'm sorry! You're right, I totally missed that (I was skimming the 40 pages). It could hardly be more clear than that, "When the rules refer to the "original controller" of a territory, they mean the power whose emblem is printed on the territory. (A few territories in China have a Chinese emblem on them but are controlled by Japan at the start of the game. These territories are considered to belong to China originally, but have been captured by Japan.)" Actually, the game allowed me to put a Major Industrial Complex in Korea, and I thought it was allowing one in Manchuria as well, but it doesn't. Sorry about my mistake, and thanks for info!
@beelee Thank you for your reply, Beelee. I checked out the link/thread and it seems that the AI cannot add extra "cheat" units...lol...I will follow the advice of Admin Redrum (above) and do an actual count next game and upload my saved game if there are any additional units--if I can figure out how to upload...lol...I have been using forums once in a while since the 90's but still not savvy...ha! It just seems that when I am playing Axis against the Allies, Russia always seems to have too many infantry, artillery and tanks and and the US has Way too many fighters... Anyhow, thanks again and good gaming to you!
@omurchu Checksums are now generated with each build and are available in pre-release 1.9.0.0.6926 onward.


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Гельмут Ро́де (; 9 ноября 1925, Ганновер — 16 апреля 2016) — западногерманский государственный деятель, член СДПГ. федеральный министр образования и науки ФРГ (1974—1978). Герберт Венер называл его «архитектором и пионером социального государства».

Биография

Образование и начало карьеры
Вырос в рабочей среде в Ганновере. Отец Август Роде, слесарь на верфи, был социал-демократом и профсоюзным деятелем, с 1918 года считался доверенным лицом НСДПГ в Киле. После прихода к власти национал-социалистов в 1933 году Август Роде на долгие годы остался без работы.

Гельмут Роде окончил народную школу с хорошими результатами и поступил в реальное училище. В 1943 году поступил на работу по распоряжению Имперской службы труда, затем был призван в вермахт. В 1945 году вернулся из плена и некоторое время проработал в Continental AG в Ганновере, затем увлёкся журналистикой. В 1945 году вступил в СДПГ. При содействии профсоюза печатников Роде получил место у Фрица Хайне в пресс-службе правления СДПГ в Ганновере. В 1947 году Гельмут Роде обучался на добровольных началах в редакции новостного агентства Deutscher Pressedienst и затем работал редактором DPA в Ганновере.

В 1950—1953 годах изучал политологию и экономику в Высшей школе труда, политики и экономики в Вильгельмсхафене. В 1953—1957 годах работал пресс-референтом при министре социального обеспечения земли Нижняя Саксония Генрихе Альберце.

Политическая карьера

Член СДПГ с 1945 года. Он был председателем ганноверской организации Союза молодых социалистов и социалисток в СДПГ и членом правления земельного отделения партии в Ганновере.

С 1973 по 1984 год являлся федеральным председателем временной группы СДПГ по вопросам наемных работников, членом комитета по социальной политике при председателе СДПГ (1975—1983).

В 1957—1987 годах избирался депутатом бундестага. В 1979—1983 годах являлся заместителем председателя фракции СДПГ. В 1964—1965 годах также являлся депутатом Европейского парламента.

В 1969—1974 годах в правительстве Вилли Брандта занимал должность статс-секретаря при федеральном министре труда и социального порядка Вальтера Арендта и принимал активное участие в подготовке закона о содействии трудоустройству. В первом правительстве федерального канцлера Гельмута Шмидта занял должность федерального министра образования и науки. В этот период были приняты законы об общих принципах организации высшей школы, профессиональном образовании и содействии трудоустройству в сфере образования. В результате реорганизации кабинета министров Роде вышел из состава правительства 16 февраля 1978 года и посвятил себя в дальнейшем парламентской работе, концентрируясь на вопросах социально-экономического развития.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Биография

Журналисты Германии
Участники Второй мировой войны
Военнопленные Германии
Министры образования Германии
Члены бундестага Германии от Нижней Саксонии
Депутаты Европарламента от Германии
Члены Социал-демократической партии Германии
Члены Независимой социал-демократической партии Германии
Почётные доктора Бременского университета
Кавалеры Большого креста со звездой и плечевой лентой ордена «За заслуги перед ФРГ»