text:
\section{Introduction}

Weinberg realized that one could secure strangeness and charm conservation within a gauge theory, and yet have  explicit CP violation while imposing discrete symmetries on a three-Higgs-doublet model \cite{Weinberg:1976hu}. His proposal amounts to imposing a $\mathbb Z_2 \times \mathbb Z_2$ symmetry on the theory allowing for complex coefficients in the potential. The most general renormalizable potential for three doublets $\phi_i$, invariant under $\mathbb Z_2 \times \mathbb Z_2$, is $V = V_2 + V_4$, with\footnote{We follow the notation of Ivanov and Nishi \cite{Ivanov:2014doa}.}
\begin{align}
  V_2&=-[m_{11}(\phi_1^\dagger \phi_1)+m_{22}(\phi_2^\dagger \phi_2)+m_{33}(\phi_3^\dagger \phi_3)]
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
V_4 &= V_0 + V_\text{ph},\\
V_0 &=\lambda_{11}(\phi_1^\dagger\phi_1)^2+\lambda_{12}(\phi_1^\dagger\phi_1)(\phi_2^\dagger\phi_2)
  +\lambda_{13}(\phi_1^\dagger\phi_1)(\phi_3^\dagger\phi_3)+\lambda_{22}(\phi_2^\dagger\phi_2)^2 \nonumber \\
  &+\lambda_{23}(\phi_2^\dagger\phi_2)(\phi_3^\dagger\phi_3)+\lambda_{33}(\phi_3^\dagger\phi_3)^2 \nonumber \\
  &+\lambda^\prime_{12}(\phi_1^\dagger\phi_2)(\phi_2^\dagger\phi_1)
  +\lambda^\prime_{13}(\phi_1^\dagger\phi_3)(\phi_3^\dagger\phi_1)
  +\lambda^\prime_{23}(\phi_2^\dagger\phi_3)(\phi_3^\dagger\phi_2)\\
V_\text{ph} &= \lambda_1(\phi_2^\dagger\phi_3)^2+\lambda_2(\phi_3^\dagger\phi_1)^2
+\lambda_3(\phi_1^\dagger\phi_2)^2 + \text{ h.c.}
\end{align}
With real coefficients CP is explicitly conserved by the potential. However there is a
region of parameter space \cite{Branco:1980sz} where the potential $V$ admits a CP violating vacuum. In this work we always assume the potential to be real while natural flavour conservation is achieved by letting the doublets and right-handed fermions have the following $\mathbb Z_2 \times \mathbb Z_2$ charges
\begin{subequations} \label{eq:yukawa-structure}
\begin{align}
\phi_1 : (+1,+1) & & \phi_2 : (-1,+1) & & \phi_3 : (+1,-1) \\
u_R : (+1,+1) & & d_R : (-1,+1) & & e_R : (+1,-1).
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
This choice is not unique. The important point is to allow each set of right-handed fermions to couple to only one Higgs doublet.

\section{CP content of the neutral scalars}
In a CP violating model such as the one considered here, the physical neutral scalars are in general not CP eigenstates. Nevertheless, their CP content, i.e., how close they are to being CP odd or CP even, can be probed by studying certain couplings, of which two examples are presented below. In this analysis, the Higgs basis $5\times5$ diagonalization matrix of the neutral scalars mass matrix denoted $O$, plays a central role.

\subsection{Gauge couplings: $h_ih_jZ$}
\subsubsection{General features}

The trilinear gauge couplings involving the Z boson and two neutral scalars probe the relative CP content of the two scalars. Indeed, in a CP conserving theory, this coupling vanishes unless the two scalars have opposite CP. Letting the $h_ih_jZ$ coupling, in units of $g/(2\cos\theta_W)$ be denoted $P_{ij}$, it is given in terms the Higgs basis diagonalization matrix as \cite{Plantey:2022jdg}
\begin{equation} \label{eq:P_ij}
P_{ij}=(O_{i2}O_{j4}+O_{i3}O_{j5})-(i\leftrightarrow j).
\end{equation}
We will refer to this quantity as the "Z affinity" $P_{ij}$.
A value of unity would correspond to the strength of the $HAZ$ coupling in the CP-conserving 2HDM, whereas a value of zero corresponds to the vanishing $hAZ$ and $hHZ$ couplings in that model.
On the other hand, in the CP non-conserving 2HDM it is given by linear expressions in the rotation matrix \cite{Grzadkowski:2014ada}, here $P_{12}=e_3/v$, $P_{23}=e_1/v$,  and P$_{31}=e_2/v$,  with $e_1^2+e_2^2+e_3^2=v^2$.

For the 3HDM, it satisfies a similar sum rule. By orthogonality, it follows that
\begin{equation}
\sum_j P_{ij}^2=\sum_{j\neq i} O_{j1}^2=1-O_{i1}^2,
\end{equation}
and thus $\sum_{ij} P_{ij}^2=5-1=4$. By antisymmetry, the 5 diagonal elements $P_{ii}$ vanish, and for a random $O$ matrix the non-zero values of $P_{ij}^2$ would have an average of $4/20=0.2$.

The quantity $P_{ij}$ can be either positive or negative. We have performed scans over the potential parameters \cite{Plantey:2022jdg} and studied the "average" Z affinity as the following root-mean-square
\begin{equation}
\Prms{i}{j}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum_1^N P_{ij}^2},
\end{equation}
where the sum runs over the $N$ points of the scan.
When the affinity $\Prms{i}{j}$ is large, the $h_ih_j$ pair has a strong coupling to the $Z$, i.e., they have rather different CP content. On the other hand, when the affinity $\Prms{i}{j}$ is low, the two states are close in their CP profiles and have a suppressed coupling to the $Z$. It should be noted however that the affinities $P_{ij}$ are not transitive: If $P_{ab}=P_{ac}$, that is, $h_b$ and $h_c$ are equally ``far'' from $h_a$ in terms of CP content, then it does {\it not} follow that $P_{bc}=0$, i.e., $h_b$ and $h_c$ do not necessarily have the same CP content. The origin of this property lies in the fact that $P_{ij}$ consists of terms each involving both $i$ and $j$.

\subsection{The regime of $U(1)\times U(1)$ symmetry}

When the rephasing sensitive part of the potential $V_\text{ph}$ vanishes, the $\mathbb Z_2 \times \mathbb Z_2$ symmetry is enhanced to a $U(1) \times U(1)$ symmetry. Whenever this symmetry is broken by the Higgs vacuum expectation values (VEVs), there are two massless states in the scalar spectrum, as expected from the Goldstone theorem \cite{Goldstone:1961eq,Goldstone:1962es}. Moreover, when the $U(1)\times U(1)$ symmetry is exact, at the Lagrangian level, the phases of the VEVs can be rotated away and therefore spontaneous CP violation does not occur.
This model has the interesting property that close to this limit, in general it is controlled by only one parameter, $\lambda_1$, since the other couplings in $V_\text{ph}$, $\lambda_2$ and $\lambda_3$, can be related to $\lambda_1$ by using the minimization conditions for the potential.

If the $U(1)\times U(1)$ symmetry is only approximate, i.e., if $\lambda_1$ is small, but finite with respect to all other quartic couplings, then the spectrum contains two light states corresponding to two pseudo-Goldstone bosons. The phenomenology of the model can be conveniently analysed using $\lambda_1$ since it controls both the masses of the $U(1)\times U(1)$ pseudo-Goldstone bosons and the strength of the CP violating effects coming from the Higgs sector.

In Fig.~\ref{Fig:affinity} we compare Z affinities for all pairs of neutral scalars, and for two cases. In the left panel, we impose the ``near $U(1)\times U(1)$ symmetry'' condition
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:low-lambda}
\max(|\lambda_1|, |\lambda_2|, |\lambda_3|)=0.01,
\end{equation}
whereas in the right panel we impose no such constraint, i.e., we do not restrict the scan to the regime of near $U(1)\times U(1)$ symmetry. The left panel shows a clear separation into two sets of states, $h_1$ and $h_2$ have low affinity to the $Z$, meaning they have similar CP content, as does the other set, $h_3$, $h_4$ and $h_5$. It is natural to interpret this as follows:
{\it Near the $U(1)\times U(1)$ limit we have two neutral states that are approximately odd under CP, and three that are approximately even.} This is fully compatible with the expectations from the Goldstone theorem \cite{Goldstone:1961eq,Goldstone:1962es}, since the Goldstone bosons in the $U(1)\times U(1)$ limit will be CP odd.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{fig-HHZ-aff-lo-lam-0.01}
\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{fig-HHZ-aff-all-lam}
\end{center}
\vspace*{-4mm}
\caption{Average Z affinity $\Prms{i}{j}$ of states $h_i$ and $h_j$. Left: the $U(1)\times U(1)$ limit, as defined by Eq.~(\ref{Eq:low-lambda}); Right: no restriction on the lambdas.}
\label{Fig:affinity}
\end{figure}

We note that this limit also secures an upper bound on the amount of CP violation in the scalar sector.

\subsubsection{Alignment}
In order to make contact with experimental reality, we have to make sure one scalar has a coupling to the electroweak gauge bosons $W^+W^-$ that is close to unity, in units of $gm_W$. This amounts to requiring $|O_{k1}|$ being close to unity, for some $k$.
Let us first note that in the exact alignment limit, with $|O_{k1}|=1$, then, by unitarity, all $O_{kj}=0$, for $j\neq1$, and all $O_{i1}=0$ for $i\neq k$. Thus,
\begin{equation}
\text{Exact alignment: }\quad P_{ik}=P_{kj}=0, \quad
\text{for all } i \text{ and all }j.
\end{equation}
In this exact alignment limit, the row and column referring to $h_k$ in the $\Prms{i}{j}$ plot would thus be zero, reflecting the fact that $h_j h_k$ would not couple to $Z$ for any $j$.

We shall relax the alignment condition, replacing it by the experimental one \cite{Zyla:2020zbs}, obeyed at the $3\sigma$ level:
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:SM-constraint}
\kappa_V-3\sigma<O_{k1}^2<\kappa_V+3\sigma,\quad \text{for some }k.
\end{equation}
Imposing this constraint on $h_2$ and $h_3$, the scan \cite{Plantey:2022jdg} yields the average Z affinities shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:affinity-SM}. Qualitatively, the features described above are verified. Couplings of the $Z$ to the ``SM state'' are strongly suppressed, whereas there can be strong couplings to $h_i h_j$, provided $i$ and $j$ both differ from $k$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{fig-HHZ-aff-sm-2}
\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{fig-HHZ-aff-sm-3}
\end{center}
\vspace*{-4mm}
\caption{Average Z affinity $\Prms{i}{j}$ of states $h_i$ and $h_j$. Left: $h_2$ is assumed to satisfy the SM constraint, Eq.~(\ref{Eq:SM-constraint}); Right: $h_3$ satisfies the SM constraint.}
\label{Fig:affinity-SM}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Neutral mass spectrum}
In the Weinberg potential with an SM-like Higgs boson state, there is a strong tendency for one or two additional bosons to be lighter than $125$~GeV. In the parameter scan performed in Ref.~\cite{Plantey:2022jdg} the SM state $h_k$ is the second lightest in 38\% of the cases, and the third lightest in an additional 28\% of the cases.
However, this does not necessarily rule out much of the parameter space of the model as the light states may have escaped detection at LEP where the dominant production channel would be the Bjorken mechanism. Indeed, the cross section for this channel is proportional to the $h_iZZ$ couplings $O_{i1}$ which are suppressed for the BSM scalars by the orthogonality of the mixing matrix.

\subsection{Yukawa couplings}
Even though this model would not generate a complex CKM matrix,
for real Yukawa couplings there would still be CP violation in the Yukawa sector coming from Higgs interactions. Indeed, the neutral scalars $h_i$ do not have definite CP and have both CP-even and CP-odd couplings to fermions. Hence their Yukawa interactions are given by
\begin{align}
\mathcal L_{h_iff} = \frac{m_f}{v}h_i(\kappa^{h_iff}\bar f f + i\tilde\kappa^{h_iff} \bar f \gamma_5 f).
\end{align}
One can define the angle $\alpha^{h_iff}$ through
\begin{equation}
\tan \alpha^{h_iff} = \frac{\tilde \kappa^{h_iff}}{\kappa^{h_iff}}.
\end{equation}
which measures the relative strength of the CP-even and CP-odd coupling of $h_i$ to a fermion $f$ and hence also measures the CP profile of $h_i$.
In this model, when $f$ couples to the doublet $\phi_k$, $\alpha^{h_iff}$ can be computed in terms of the matrix $\tilde{\cal R}$  \cite{Plantey:2022jdg} which rotates the doublets to the Higgs basis and the rotation matrix $O$ which diagonalizes the neutral mass-squared matrix in the Higgs basis
\begin{align}
\alpha^{h_iff} = \arg(Z_i^{(k)})
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
Z_i^{(k)}&=\left(\tilde{\cal R}^T\right)_{k1}O_{i1}+\left(\tilde{\cal R}^T\right)_{k2}(O_{i2}+iO_{i4})
+\left(\tilde{\cal R}^T\right)_{k3}(O_{i3}+iO_{i5}) \nonumber \\
&=\tilde{\cal R}_{1k}O_{i1}+\tilde{\cal R}_{2k}(O_{i2}+iO_{i4})
+\tilde{\cal R}_{3k}(O_{i3}+iO_{i5}).
\end{align}
However, it  should be pointed out that a real CKM matrix is already ruled out by experiment \cite{Botella:2005fc,Charles:2004jd}. The simplest way to fix this problem is to allow for complex Yukawa couplings.

\section{Conclusion}
In most of the parameter space of the Weinberg potential, the scalar spectrum contains at least one neutral scalar lighter than the observed Higgs boson. This is not necessarily a problem for the model because the main production channel for these light states would have been suppressed due to the orthogonality of the scalar mass mixing matrix. In fact there has been recent interest in light Higgs bosons due to observed excesses in Higgs searches around $95$ GeV \cite{LEPWorkingGroupforHiggsbosonsearches:2003ing, CMS:2018cyk, CMS:2015ocq, Biekotter:2022jyr}. It would be interesting to explore if a model based on Weinberg's 3HDM potential could fit these excesses, while obeying current experimental constraints.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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It's always the ultimate test when trading oil stocks – what to believe and what not to believe. Normally, you take earnings season with a grain of salt – never really sure what realities will come from the fantasies of CEO pronouncements and targets on conference calls. But this season has added other noise to make trading stocks more difficult – this time from the Iranian and Saudi oil ministers.
From the Iranian side, I have no doubts that an increase of another 1m barrels a day is precisely what they hope will happen, but the reality will surely be different. For all oil production, whether it is from an independent oil company or a sovereign nation, capital expenditures will determine the increase or decrease that can be achieved. Iran has a decidedly arthritic oil infrastructure, slowed by the lack of Western technology and the impact of a decade of sanctions. Their own economy is too weak to generate anywhere near the capex required to increase another 1 million barrels in the next year, and their overtures to foreign oil companies for leases inside Iran has been met cooly by prime contenders Total (TOT) and Eni (E). There is a lagged amount of already developed barrels that Iran can push onto the global market – perhaps 300,000 barrels a day; but by my reckoning, already 150,000 of those barrels have been added – making their ultimate targets very unlikely indeed to be reached.
But the strategy the Saudis have pursued has been clear – they have been working towards full production and an aggressive fight for market share since the failure of the Vienna OPEC meeting in November of 2014. It is very difficult to believe that the Saudis have had much, if any, remaining capacity to easily put on the market since that time, or if any spare capacity could be developed at all. It wouldn't be consistent to believe that for the last year and a half, the Saudis have been capable of increasing their production by another 20 percent, but have so far kept that potential under wraps. Instead, I am fully of the opinion that the Saudis are near, if not at their full production potential right now.
All of this, combined with an accelerating rollover in U.S. production figures, a continued restraint of capex from oil companies being reported in this quarter's earnings, an increasing list of E+P bankruptcies (Ultra Petroleum and Midstates Petroleum being the latest) and continued debt burdens points to a very opportune time to continue accumulating survivor oil stocks for the long haul.
Knowing what to believe and when to believe it has always been a big part of figuring out the oil game – and never more so than today.
Excellent article. I don't know much about Iranian oil but am pretty skeptical about Saudi oil. Their big field, Ghawar I think, has got to be in decline by now. And another big field, Shaybah which apparently finished an expansion, already seems to be employing EOR with nat gas injection. Noticed on a news item for 2010 bids on a Shaybah NGL project. Given it seems a very light oil field and not that old, might not be evidence of a strong long term producer.
Maybe Saudi can juice what they have shorter term but longer, it might be a good idea to have a plan for a future less dependent on oil sales.
How would you know if they were lying? Are their lips moving?


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The present invention relates to systems and methods for assisting a user when interacting with a graphical user interface by combining eye based input with input for e.g. selection and activation of objects and object parts and execution of contextual actions related to the objects and object parts. The present invention also relates to such systems and methods in which the user can configure and customize specific combinations of eye data input and input that should result in a specific contextual action.
The invention generally relates to computer implemented systems and methods for utilizing detection of eye movements in connection with interactive graphical user interfaces. In particular, the present invention relates to systems and methods for assisting a user when interacting with a graphical user interface by combining eye based input with e.g. mechanical input, input from an IR-sensor, voice activated input, detection of body gestures or proximity based input for e.g. selection and activation of objects and object parts and execution of contextual actions related to the objects and object parts.
The present invention also relates to such systems and methods in which the user can configure and customize specific combinations of eye data input and other input (e.g. mechanical input, input from an IR-sensor, voice activated input, detection of body gestures or proximity based input) that should result in a specific contextual action.
Human computer interaction has been revolutionized by the introduction of the graphical user interface (GUI). Thereby, an efficient means was provided for presenting information to a user with a bandwidth that immensely exceeded any prior channels. Over the years the speed at which information can be presented has increased further through colour screens, enlarged displays, intelligent graphical objects (e.g. pop-up windows), window tabs, menus, toolbars, etc. During this time, however, the input devices have remained essentially unchanged, i.e. the keyboard and the pointing device (e.g. the mouse, track ball or touch pad). In recent years, handwriting devices have been introduced (e.g. in the form of a stylus or graphical pen). Nevertheless, while output bandwidth has multiplied several times, the input bandwidth has been substantially unchanged. Consequently, a severe asymmetry in the communication bandwidth in the human computer interaction has developed.
In order to decrease this bandwidth asymmetry as well as to improve and facilitate the user interaction, various attempts have been made to use eye-tracking for such purposes. Monitoring or tracking eye movements and detecting a person's gaze point (as used herein, the point in space at which the person is looking) can be an important information source in analysing the behaviour or consciousness of the person. It can be used both for evaluating the object at which the person is looking and for evaluating the respective person. By implementing an eye tracking device in e.g. a laptop, the interaction possibilities between the user and the different software applications run on the computer can be significantly enhanced.
Hence, one interesting idea for improving and facilitating the user interaction and for removing the bandwidth asymmetry is to use eye gaze tracking instead or as a complement to mouse input. Normally, the cursor is positioned on the display according to the calculated point of gaze of the user. A number of different techniques have been developed to select and activate a target object in these systems. In one example, the system activates an object upon detection that the user fixates his or her gaze at a certain object for a certain period of time. Another approach is to detect an activation of an object when the user's eye blinks.
However, there are problems associated with these solutions using eye tracking. For example, the humans use their eye in perceptive actions instead of controlling. Therefore, it may be stressful to carefully use eye movements to interact with a computer, for example, to activate and select an object presented on the display of the computer. It may also be difficult to control blinking or staring in order to interact with objects presented on a display.
Thus, there is a need within the art for improved techniques that enable user interaction with a computer provided with an eye tracking device allowing the user to control, select and activate objects and parts of objects presented on a display of the computer using his or her eyes in a more intuitive and natural way. Furthermore, there is also a need within the art for techniques that in a more efficient way takes advantage the potential of using eye tracking for improving and facilitating the user interaction with a computer.
One such attempt is presented in US pat. Appl. No. 2005/0243054 to Keymer et al. in which a technology for selecting and activating a target object using a combination of eye gaze and key presses is disclosed. More specifically, a user looks at a target object, for example, a button on a graphical user interface and then presses a selection key of the keyboard. Once the selection key is pressed, a most probable target is determined using probability reasoning. The determined target object is then highlighted and the user can select it by pressing the selection key again. If the highlighted object is not the target object, the user can select another target object using additional keys to navigate to the intended target object.
However, this technology is limited to object selection and activation based on a combination of eye gaze and two sequential presses of one dedicated selection key.
Consequently, there still remains a need within the art of an improved technique that in a more efficient way takes advantage of the potential in using eye tracking for improving and facilitating the user interaction with a computer and in particular user interaction with graphical user interfaces.
An object of the present invention is to provide improved methods and systems for assisting a user when interacting with a graphical user interface by combining eye based input with other input, e.g. mechanical input, input from an IR sensor, voice activated input, detection of body gestures or proximity based input, for selection and activation of areas of a screen or display, objects and objects parts presented on the display and execution of contextual actions related to these areas, objects and object parts.
Another object of the present invention is to provide methods and systems for user friendly and intuitive interaction with graphical user interfaces.
In the context of the present invention, the term "GUI" (Graphical User Interface) refers to a graphics-based user interface with pictures or images and words (including e.g. signs and figures) on a display that incorporate, for example, movable windows and icons.
Further, in the context of the present invention the terms "object of interest" or "object part of interest" refer to an interactive graphical object or GUI object such as a button or a scroll bar hyperlink, or non-interactive objects such as a text or a word in a text that the user desires to select or activate through an eye gaze.
The term "contextual action" refers, in the context of the present invention, to an action than can be executed with respect to an object or object part based on eye data input and input from e.g. mechanical input devices such as a mouse or keys or buttons, input from an IR-sensor, voice activated input, or detection of body gestures or proximity based input. For example, the user gazes at a certain window displayed on the display and presses a certain key may result in the contextual action that the certain window is maximized. Another example is that when a user gazes at a web-link in a window and makes a certain gesture with her hand, the linked web page is opened.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manipulating objects or parts of objects and performing contextual actions related to the objects presented on a display of a computer device associated with an eye tracking system. The method comprises displaying objects on the display of the computer device and providing an eye-tracking data signal describing a user's gaze point on the display and/or relatively said display. Activation input may be received from an input device (e.g. pressing a key of a keyboard or pressing a joystick button associated with the computer device. Further, activation input may be received from an IR-sensor, or may be voice activated input, or may be detection of body gestures or proximity based input. Thereafter, an object or a part of an object on which the user is gazing is determined by using the determined gaze point and/or the activation input. The object or object part is determined to be an object or object part of interest if current gaze conditions fulfil predetermined gaze conditions and/or the activation input fulfils predetermined conditions. A specific contextual action is determined based on the received activation input and the object or object part of interest. Finally, the specific contextual action is executed.
According to second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for assisting a user in manipulating objects or parts of objects and performing contextual actions related to the objects presented on a display of a computer device associated with an eye tracking system. The system comprises a display adapted to display objects. An input module is adapted to receive activation input from, for example, at least one key of a keyboard associated with the computer device, or a foot pedal, mechanical switch, joystick button, gamepad etc. Alternatively, the activation input may be received from e.g. an IR-sensor, or may be voice activated input, or may be detection of body gestures or proximity based input. Further, an object identifier is adapted to receive an eye-tracking data signal describing a user's gaze point on the display and/or relatively said display, to identify an object or a part of an object on which the user is gazing at using the determined gaze point and/or the activation input, and to determine the object to be an object of interest if current gaze conditions fulfil predetermined gaze conditions and/or the activation input fulfils predetermined conditions. An action determining module is adapted to determine a specific contextual action based on the received activation input and the object or object part of interest, and providing instructions for execution of the specific contextual action.
The present invention offers several advantages over known techniques. For example, the user can select and activate objects and execute contextual actions related to these objects in a user friendly, reliable and accurate way due to the intuitive way of function of the present invention. Commands and execution of contextual actions that traditionally requires a sequence of hand and/or finger manipulations can now efficiently and effortlessly be effected based on the user's eye activity and customized input. This is of great use and interest for ordinary computer users, for example, at work or at home. Furthermore, this is also desirable in a broad range of more specific applications such as, for example, support operators in a call-center environment (e.g. when entering/editing data in a customer relationship management application) and users of advanced computer aided design (CAD) tools. The invention may also be useful to improve the ergonomics and reduce the risk of e.g. repetitive strain injuries.
Moreover, because, according to a preferred embodiment, the user can define or configure which specific actions that should result from a specific combination of eye data input (e.g. selection of a certain object and detection of a dwell time of the gaze) and input (e.g. press of a specific key), a very user friendly and intuitive interaction environment based on that user's preferences and requirements can be created.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, eye gaze data and input in combination is used to enable a user to select, zoom and activate objects and object parts of interest. The user can magnify or enlarge an object or object part of interest or an area around a gaze point by gazing at the object or object part or at an area on a screen or display and delivering input, e.g. pressing a certain key of the keyboard. During a maintained mechanical input signal, e.g. maintained pressure on the key, the object or object part is gradually enlarged, and, thus, a zooming effect is achieved. By delivering a second mechanical input signal, e.g. by releasing the press of the key, the user may manipulate, click or activate the magnified object or object part. The user may adjust the gaze if necessary to adjust for e.g. inaccuracy of the eye tracker. The enlargement of the object or object part can be enlarged enough to cater for the average inaccuracy or offset error of the eye tracker.
In one example, the most probable object or object part can be zoomed or enlarged and centered on the determined gaze point. If it is the correct object or object part, the user may activate the object or object part by delivering the second input, e.g. by releasing the press on the key. To assist the user, a visual cue can be shown indicating which object or object part the user gaze rest upon. Alternatively, the determined gaze point can be shown to indicate for the user which object or object part that will be subjected to the contextual action will be performed after the enlargement (or zooming action), for example, where a click will be performed.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will be discussed below by means of exemplifying embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the general principles of a method according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the general principles of a method according to the present invention.
The following is a description of exemplifying embodiments in accordance with the present invention. This description is not to be taken in limiting sense, but is made merely for the purposes of describing the general principles of the invention. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
With reference first to FIGS. 1 and 2, and 4, embodiments of a computer system according to the present invention will be described. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a computer system with integrated gaze and manual control according to the present invention. The user 110 is able to control the computer system 10 at least partly based on an eye-tracking signal DEYE, which described the user's point of regard x, y on a display 20. The display 20 may be any type of known computer screen or monitor, as well as combinations of two or more separate displays. For example, the display 20 may constitute a pair of stereoscopic screens, a heads-up display (HUD), or a head-mounted display (HMD).
Furthermore, the present invention may also be implemented in handheld devices with small keyboards and displays such as personal digital assistants, cell phones, portable music players (e.g. iPods), laptop computers, computer games, electronic books and similar other devices. The present invention may also be implemented in "intelligent environment" where, for example, objects presented on multiple displays can be selected and activated.
In order to produce the eye-tracking signal DEYE, an eye-tracker unit 40 is included in the display 20 or computer 30, or is associated with the display 20 or with the computer 30. A suitable eye-tracker is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,008, titled "Method and Installation for detecting and following an eye and the gaze direction thereof", by the same applicant, which hereby is incorporated in its entirety.
The software programming associated with the eye tracking unit 40 may be included with the eye tracking unit 40 itself. The specific example shown in FIG. 2 illustrates the associated software implemented in an eye tracking module, which may be included solely in the computer 30, in the eye tracking unit 40, or in a combination of the two, depending on the particular application.
An object identifier 34 is adapted to determine an object or part of objects displayed on the display 20 at which the user 110 gazes based on the eye-tracking signal DEYE received from the eye-tracker unit 40.
By watching a representation of a GUI component 120 e.g. an interactive object such as a button, the user may generate commands to a computer 30. This manipulation is enabled since the GUI component is adapted to be, at least indirectly, influenced by the eye tracking signal DEYE. According to the present invention, the user 110 is able to manipulate, for example, select and activate objects, parts of objects presented on the display 20 by means of a combination of the eye-tracking signal DEYE (generated by the gaze of the user) and user input or manual user action using the user input device 50, for example, by pressing a key or a key combination on the keyboard 51.
Thus, the computer system 10 comprises a computer 30, an eye-tracking unit 40, a display 20, and a user input device 50. The computer 30 may, for example, be any one from the group of a personal computer, computer workstation, mainframe computer, or a handheld device such as cell phone, portable music player (such as e.g. an iPod), or a laptop. Such a computer comprises several other components in addition to those illustrated in FIG. 2 but these components are omitted from FIG. 2 in illustrative purposes.
The user input device 50 comprises elements that are sensitive to pressure, physical contact or other manual control by the user, for example, a computer keyboard, a mouse, a "track ball", a touch-screen or any other device, for example, input from an IR-sensor, voice activated input, or detection of body gestures or proximity based input can be used. However, in the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a keyboard 51 and a mouse 52 is included in the user input device 50.
An input module 32, which may be a software module included solely in the computer 30 or in the user input device 50, or in both, is adapted to receive signals from the user input device 50 representing manual user actions, for example, pressing a button of the keyboard 51. The input module 32 is also adapted to interpret the received signals. For example, electrical signals are received from the keyboard 51 and the input module 32 provides an output as a specific letter on the display 20. As in another specific example, the input module 32 provides an output for use in the determination of a specific contextual action to be executed. The output represents the received electrical signal caused by the manual activation input (e.g. the press of a predetermined key, a combination of keys, or multiple presses of a key). As will be explained in more detail below, the specific contextual action to be executed is determined in an action determining module 35 based on the determination of that the user gazes on an object or part of an object and the manual activation input via the user input device 50. Such a contextual action could, for example, be, as will be discussed further below, to bring a window to the front and into focus. Thus, the user is able to select an unfocused window for focus by gazing at it in combination with a press of a certain key or a combination of keys.
The action determining module 35 is adapted to determine the contextual actions based on the object of interest or the part of the object of interest in combination with the manual activation input. For example, the action determining module 34 may include a library comprising list of contextual actions to be executed for each combination of object or part of object and manual activation input.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 4, the user 110 may manually configure the combination of manual activation input and object or part of object. Like parts, modules and components shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 are denoted with the same reference numerals and description thereof are omitted below. By allowing the user to manually customize or configure the combinations, it is possible to determine which specific combination of manual activation input and of object of interest or part of object of interest that should result in a contextual action. The manual activation input may consist of any kind of input or any combination of input, for example, in case of two eye tracker function buttons, each button may be associated with separate actions (in combination with the gaze on an object or part of object), but pressing of two buttons simultaneously may be associated with a third action. The actions may also be triggered by multiple clicks of the eye-tracker function button. For example, double-click or single click, where double clicking could trigger a different action than single clicking in combination with that the user gazes at the same object or part of object. As mentioned above, the eye tracker function button or buttons could be configurable. Hence, even if they depend upon the same object or part of object the user gazes at it is possible to associate different actions with the object or part of object. For example, by gazing at a window title bar, the user could configure the eye tracker function button to maximize the window. But the same eye tracker function button could also be configured to drag the window with the gaze. For this purpose, the system 100 includes a configuration module 37, which may be a software module included in the computer 300, is configured to receive input signals from the user input device 50 containing instructions regarding the user configuration of the eye tracker function buttons and to deliver output to the action determining module 35 containing the user defined configuration of the eye tracker function buttons.
The action determining module 35 may also be adapted to use the current state of the object in the determination of the contextual action to be executed, for example, if the object is disabled the contextual action can be inhibited. In addition, the action determining module 35 may use historical state of the operating system of the computer 30 and/or the historical state of the computer 30 and/or the current state of the operating system and/or the current state of the computer 30 and/or the current state of the user when determining the contextual action to be executed.
A GUI component module 38 is adapted to be manipulated based on user generated commands and/or instructions from the action determining module 35. The GUI component module 38 may include a video unit that generates signals representing images for presentation on the display 20.
Further, a hardware unit 39 comprising, for example, a loud speaker, and a web camera is included in or associated to the computer 30. The hardware unit may be manipulated based on user generated commands and/or instructions from the action determining module 35. In addition, other devices and components (not shown) such as a printer may be connected to the computer 30 and may be manipulated based on user generated commands and/or instructions from the action determining module 35.
A non-exhaustive list of possible contextual actions executed based on a combination of input and eye data will now be given below.
By gazing at a background window while pressing the eye tracker function button, the user may bring the window to the front. In this case, the manual activation input is the press of the eye tracker button. The object of interest is the window the user wishes to bring to front. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. bringing the window to the front at the display 20.
By gazing at a window in the foreground with focus, the user may drag the window with head movement, by holding the eye tracker function button down. In this case, the manual activation input is the press and the maintained press of the eye tracker button. The object of interest is the window in the foreground with focus. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. dragging the window over the display 20.
By gazing at a window title-bar and pressing the eye tracker function button, the user may maximize the window. In this case, the manual activation input is the press of the eye tracker button and the part object of interest is the window title-bar. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. maximizing the window presented on the display 20.
In one embodiment of the present invention, an eye tracker function button can be configured to act as a left mouse click. By gazing at a GUI component on the display 20, a press of the eye tracker function button may result in a click of the GUI component at the gaze point. The manual activation input is in this case the key press and the object of interest is the GUI component. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the GUI component of interest, the action determining module 35 may output instructions to execute a mouse click on the GUI component.
In one embodiment of the present invention, an eye tracker function button can be configured to act as a GUI component selector. By gazing at a GUI components on the display 20, a press of the eye tracker function button may highlight or select the GUI component at the gaze point. The manual activation input in this case is the key press and the object of interest is the GUI component. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the GUI component of interest, the action determining module 35 may output instructions to highlight/select the GUI component.
During display of a movie, the user may pause or resume the movie with the eye tracker function button. In this case, the manual activation input is the press of the eye tracker button and the object of interest is the movie. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. pausing or resuming the display of the movie on display 20.
By gazing at the upper part of a vertical volume control and pressing the eye tracker button, the user could increase the volume, and by gazing at the lower part of the volume control and pressing the button the volume could be lowered instead. The manual activation input is the key press and the object part of interest is the upper part or the lower part of the volume control. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the hardware unit 39 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. increasing or lowering the volume.
By gazing at a large image, the user could smoothly pan the image by centering the part of the image that is at the gaze-point by pressing an eye tracker function button. The manual activation input is the key press and the object of interest is the image. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. smoothly panning the image over the display 20.
By gazing at a large image, the user could smoothly pan the image by gazing at the image and pan it with a body gesture such as hand movements. The manual activation input is the hand movements. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. smoothly panning the image over the display 20.
By gazing at an image, the user may zoom into the image at the gaze point by pressing of one eye tracker function button and zoom out by pressing another eye tracker function button. The manual activation input is the key presses and the object of interest is the image. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. zoom in or zoom out on the display 20. Alternatively the position of the eyes' distance to display 20 (in effect the distance of the head to display 20) could be used to determine whether one eye tracker function button should zoom or not. If the distance to display 20 is below a given threshold it could zoom in, with a particular speed. If it is above a given threshold it could zoom out, with a particular speed.
By gazing at a web-link and pressing an eye tracker function button, the user may be given a preview of the webpage without leaving the current page. The preview could be shown in a popup window. The manual activation input is the key press and the object of interest is the web-link. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. display a preview of the webpage in a pop-up window on the display 20.
By gazing at a web-link and pressing an eye tracker function button, the user may navigate to the page of the web-link. The manual activation input is the key press and the object of interest is the web-link. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. navigate to the page to which the web-link links and show the page on the display 20.
By gazing at a foreign word in a text and pressing the eye tracker function button a translation of the word can be shown in a popup window. The manual activation input is the key press and the object part of interest is the foreign word. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. the translation of the word is shown in a popup window on the display 20.
By gazing at an application icon on the desktop displayed on the display 20, the user may start that application by also pressing the eye tracker function button. The manual activation input is the key press and the object of interest is the icon. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. starting the application and show the application window on display 20.
By gazing at a contact list and pressing the eye tracker function button, the user may scroll the contact list, by e.g. one whole contact (as opposed scrolling line by line that a normal or traditional mouse wheel does). This is also different to automatic scrolling methods, where unintentional scrolling may occur. The activation input is the key press and the object of interest is the contact list. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object or object part of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display, select, or activate the object in accordance with the determined contextual action, i.e. scroll the contact list on display 20.
If no object is determined or no object of interest can be found, a press of the eye tracker function button may move the mouse cursor to the gazepoint at the display 20. The manual activation input is the key press and the object of interest is in this case no object. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining that no object is of interest, the action determining module 35, output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to display the mouse cursor at the gazepoint on the display.
By gazing at a number input field and pressing a first eye tracker function button may increase the number in the field while pressing a second button may decrease the number in the field. The manual activation input is the key presses and the object part of interest is the number input field. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object part of interest, the action determining module 35 output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to increase or decrease the number in the field depending on the specific key press.
By gazing at a reminder window or alarm and pressing the eye tracker button the user may snooze or mute the alarms. The manual activation input is the key press and the object part of interest is the reminder window or alarm. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object part of interest, the action determining module 35 output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to mute or snooze the alarm depending on the gaze data.
By gazing away from the computer display and pressing the eye tracker function button the user may turn off the display. The manual activation input is the key press and in this case no object is of interest. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining that no object is of interest, the action determining module 35 output instructions to display 20 to turn off, or enter a power save mode.
In a 3D application, the user may rotate an object at which the user gazes at by pressing an eye tracker function button. The user may rotate the object in an opposite direction by pressing another eye tracker function button. The manual activation input is the key press and the object part of interest is the object the user gazes at. At receipt of the manual input and the gaze data defining the object part of interest, the action determining module 35 output instructions for the GUI component module 38 to rotate the object of interest.
As indicated above, this is only a non-exhaustive list of conceivable contextual actions the may be executed by a combination of eye gaze and other input and, of course, there a large number of other contextual actions that can be executed by means of the present invention.
With reference now to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the method according to present invention will be discussed. The method for manipulating objects or parts of objects and performing contextual actions related to the objects is preferably performed using a computer system, for example, in accordance with the system described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4. A number of objects are presented on the display 20 and, at step S100, an eye-tracking data signal DEYE describing a user's point of regard x, y on the display 20 is provided by the eye tracking unit 40 and may be delivered to the computer 30. In FIG. 1, the user's point of regard is a point of the object 120. Input may also be received from the user input device 50, for example at least one key of a keyboard 51 may be pressed or a combination of keys may be pressed.
Thereafter, at step S110, a gaze point of the user on the display 20 using the eye-tracking data is determined. This can be performed in the eye tracking unit 40 or in the object identifier 34. At step S120, an object or a part of an object on which the user is gazing is identified using the determined gaze point and/or the input from e.g. the keyboard, and, with reference to FIG. 1 the user gaze is determined to fall on object 120. That is, it is determined whether the eye tracking data signal DEYE indicates that the user's point of regard falls within a GUI components representation on the display 20. In embodiments, the input from e.g. the keyboard is also used to determine the object or object part of interest, for example, a specific eye function button may be associated with windows (i.e. the combination of a gaze on a window and the press of the key associated with windows identifies that window as the object of interest). Another key may be associated with images and the combination of a gaze on an image, which resides in a window, and the press of the key associated with windows identifies that window as the object of interest even though the user is gazing upon the image.
Thereafter, at step S130, it is checked whether the object or object part is an object or object part of interest. This is made by checking if current gaze conditions fulfil predetermined gaze conditions and/or if the input from e.g. the keyboard fulfils predetermined conditions. For example, it may be checked whether the user's gaze has fallen on the object or object part for a predetermined period, or, in other words, whether the so called dwell time exceeds a predetermined limit. The dwell time is defined as the difference between the gaze-enter point of time, which is the time instance when the eye tracking data signal DEYE indicates that the user's point of regard falls within a GUI components representation on the display 20, and the gaze-leave point of time, which is the time instance when the eye tracking data signal DEYE indicates that the user's point of regard falls outside this representation. Thus, if the gaze falls upon an object or object part during a sufficiently long period of time it is judged that the user is interested in that particular object or object part. As mentioned above, input from e.g. the keyboard may also be used in the determination whether an object or object part is an object or object part of interest.
If it is judged that the user is interested in that particular object or object part, it is checked, at step S140, whether activation input from the user input device 50 has been received, for example whether at least one key of the keyboard has been pressed or a combination of keys have been pressed. This may be checked at the input module 32 or the action determining module 35. It may also be checked whether this manual input has been received in connection to the user selection of an object or object part (i.e. that it has been determined that the user gazes at an object or object part) or sufficiently close in time with the user selection. Thereby, it can be verified that a received manual user input actually is intended for the user selection or activation of contextual action related to a specific object or object part.
Then, at step S150, a specific contextual action to be executed is determined based on the received activation input and the object or object part of interest in the action determining module 35. Above, a non-exhaustive number of possible contextual actions resulting from different combinations of input from e.g. the keyboard and eye data input. Further, the decision which contextual action to execute may also be based on a state of the object of interest, and/or a historical and/or a current state of the operating system, and/or determining a historical and/or a current state of the computer 30. This, in effect, also includes the state of the current user since e.g. an eye tracker or an EMG detection device can be used to input the user's state to a computer. For example, eye gaze movements or eye blinks might be used to detect if a user is feeling tired, is falling into sleep or is distracted. The user may configure a manual activation input including selecting which input or combination of input in combination with which eye-tracking data input that should result in a specific contextual action upon selection of a specific object of interest or part of object of interest. For example, the user may select that the combination of gazing at a window in the background at an unfocused window and pressing the eye tracker function button (which the user may select to be e.g. the "R" key or which may be a dedicated "eye function" button or key of the keyboard) shall result in that the window is brought to front. Moreover, the user may configure the predetermined gaze conditions including selecting which gaze conditions to be fulfilled to result in a specific contextual action. For example, the user may determine that a certain dwell time is required in order to determine that the gaze of the user falls on an object and that object is an object of interest. At step S160, the action determining module 35 sends instructions to the GUI component module 38 to execute the determined contextual action.
With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, further aspects and embodiments of the present invention will be discussed. In principle, eye gaze data and input from e.g. the keyboard in combination is used to enable a user to select, zoom and activate objects and object parts of interest.
The user can magnify or enlarge an object or object part of interest or an area around a gaze point by gazing at the object or object part or at an area presented on the display 20 and delivering user input, e.g. pressing a certain key of the keyboard. During a maintained user input signal, e.g. maintained press of the key, the object or object part is gradually enlarged, and, thus, a zooming effect is achieved. By delivering a second input signal, e.g. by releasing the press of the key, the user may manipulate, click or activate the magnified object or object part. The user may adjust the gaze if necessary to adjust for e.g. inaccuracy of the eye tracker. The enlargement of the object or object part can be enlarged enough to cater for the average inaccuracy or offset error of the eye tracker.
In one example, the most probable object or object part can be zoomed or enlarged and centered on the determined gaze point. If it is the correct object or object part, the user may activate the object or object part by delivering the second input, e.g. by releasing the press on the key. To assist the user, a visual cue can be shown indicating which object or object part the user gaze rests upon. Alternatively, the determined gaze point can be shown to indicate for the user which object or object part that will be subjected to the contextual action that will be performed after the enlargement (or zooming action), for example, where a click will be performed.
With reference to FIG. 5, an embodiment of a computer system according to the present invention will be described. Like or similar parts, modules and components of the system shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 5 will be denoted with the same reference numerals and the description thereof will be omitted in the following.
The system 200 according to this embodiment, includes a computer 310 comprising an action determining module 350 adapted to receive a first activation input from the input device 50 via the input module 32. The first input may be a maintained press of a certain key of the keyboard 51. The action determining module 350 is adapted to determine whether a zooming action should be performed and, in such a case, which area, object, or object part that should be enlarged based on the received input and the gaze point. In one embodiment, an area centered on the gaze point is enlarged. In another embodiment, an object or object part of interest is enlarged, wherein an object or object part of interest is selected as the object or object part upon which the gaze of the user rests. Accordingly, the action determining module 350 may receive the gaze point from the eye tracking unit 40 or may receive an object or object part of interest from the object identifier 34. The action determining module 350 sends instructions to the GUI component module 38 which area, object, or object part displayed on the display 20 that should be enlarged. The enlargement can be performed in sequential steps or in a continuous manner at a predetermined enlargement rate. The action determining module 350 is further adapted to, upon receiving second activation input from the input device 50, via the input module 50, determine a specific contextual action based on the received second activation input and said enlarged area or object or object part of interest. In one embodiment, the second input is release of the pressed key and the contextual action is, for example, click of the object or object part of interest. The action determining module 350 is adapted to send an instruction to the GUI component module 38 to execute the specific contextual action.
Referring now to FIG. 6, an embodiment of the method according to present invention will be discussed. The method for manipulating objects or parts of objects and performing contextual actions related to the objects is preferably performed using a computer system, for example, in accordance with the system described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 5. A number of objects are presented on the display 20 and, at step S200, an eye-tracking data signal DEYE describing a user's point of regard x, y on the display 20 is provided by the eye tracking unit 40 and may be delivered to the computer 30. In FIG. 1, the user's point of regard is a point of the object 120.
At step S210, input is received from the user input device 50. In a preferred embodiment, one key of the keyboard 51 is pressed and the press is maintained. Thereafter, at step S220, a zooming action is performed, wherein an area around the gaze point or an object or object part of interest is gradually enlarged. The user 110 may adjust for the eye-tracker unit's inaccuracy by moving around his/her gaze or head. Since the area around the gaze point or the object or object part of interest is gradually enlarged, the adjustment of a gaze point will be easy. In an alternative embodiment, the most probable object or object part of interest may be enlarged and centered on the gaze point. Which object or object part to enlarge can be determined by probability calculation, for example, the object or object part being geometrically closest to the gaze point may be selected. The object or object part may also be selected on basis of stored user patterns, for example, the previously most used object or object part within an area surrounding the gaze point may be selected. In addition, the selection may be based on a state of the object or object part of interest, and/or a historical and/or a current state of the operating system, and/or a historical and/or a current state of the computer. If the enlarged object or object part is the correct object or object part (i.e. the object or object part the user actually desires to activate), the user may release the pressure of the key to activate the object (step S230 and S240, see below). However, if it is not the correct object or object part, the user may adjust his/her gaze. A visual cue may be shown to assist the user indicating the object being selected for enlargement after an adjustment. Alternatively, the gaze point may be indicated or shown to show the user where the gaze point is.
When the correct object, object part or area has been enlarged, the user can activate or click on the object, object part or area, at step S230, by delivering second activation input using the input device 50. Preferably, the activation input is release of the pressure of the key of the keyboard 51. At step S240, a specific contextual action is determined in the action determining module 350 based on the received activation input and the enlarged area or object or object part of interest. In one embodiment, the contextual action is activation or click of the object or object part, for example, click on a web-link. At step S250, instructions is sent to the GUI component module 38 to execute the contextual action, e.g. to navigate to the page to which the web-link links and show the page on the display 20.
While the invention disclosed herein has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the inventions, which is defined by the appended claims.
executing the specific contextual action.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific contextual action is determined by a list identifying contextual actions to be executed for each combination of object or object part and activation input.
configuring which specific contextual action should result from a specific combination of object or object part of interest on which the user is gazing and received activation input.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a specific contextual action is further based on a historical or current state of the object or object part of interest.
showing the user's gaze point on the display to indicate for the user which object or object part that will be subjected to the contextual action.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said contextual action is determined by a probability calculation.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said probability calculation selects the object or object part geometrically closest to the user's gaze point.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein said probability calculation is based on stored user patterns.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein said probability calculation is based on a state of an object or of an object part of interest.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein said probability calculation is based on a historical or current state of the computer device.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical input device is a keyboard.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical input device is a mouse button.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical input device is a touch pad.
execute the specific contextual action.


Sprigeo Parent Education - Parent Course, "Bullying & Cyberbullying"
1. The course has four learning modules. Each module has a video and a list of learning objectives.
2. Watch each video and review the learning objectives.
3. You have the option to test your knowledge by taking the short quizzes after each video. You can also choose to watch the videos without taking the quizzes.
4. Complete the final test with a score of 80% or better and you will gain access to the certificate of achievement, which can be printed and presented to the administrator at your child's school or community organization.


The Infant-Parent Court Project is a program of the Center for Babies, Toddlers and Families at the RFK Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine that works in conjunction with the Bronx Family Court. The Project provides trauma-informed care for families through the, Group Attachment Based Intervention (GABI) (Murphy et al., 2015) which includes: Child-parent psychotherapy, parent support and child social-emotional and developmental screening, monitoring and treatment for parents and their infants and toddlers under age 3. GABI has been a source of treatment for several hundred families, where the need for intensive (optional 3 times per week) treatment is offered. GABI addresses the issues of trauma and attachment that are vital to improving parenting, securing permanency, preventing recurrence of maltreatment. The overarching goal of the Infant-Parent Court Project is to establish children's secure attachment to a primary caregiver, preferably the biological parent, as a critical foundation for family reunification and the child's subsequent developmental competencies. The intervention seeks to target the specific parent behaviors that have generated concern and to improve and promote positive parenting interactions for parents of young children who have been removed, or are at risk for removal, from their parents. Project staff work closely with judges and other family court personnel, foster care and child welfare staff, and attorneys to provide clinical information to inform decisions on permanency. Project clinicians also connect parents and children with the necessary services to address the child's developmental needs and help parents access the services and supports they need to strengthen their ability to care for their child.
The Project accepts referrals from Bronx Family Court judges, attorneys and child welfare caseworkers of infants and toddlers who have been placed in foster care or who are at risk of removal from their parents. The Project seeks to receive referrals as early as possible, so that the attachment relationship between child and parent can be facilitated.
All families are seen for an initial assessment as a first step for program participation. Parents and their babies are then seen up to three times weekly for six months. Project clinicians appear as needed in family court proceedings and participate in foster care agency family team conferences as well as advocate for developmental services.
In addition to dyadic work with parents and infants, project staff provides training to the child welfare community on infant brain development, attachment, trauma, and infant-parent relational intervention. Staff also work with the child welfare community on best practices for and policy issues related to young children in the child welfare system.
Parents who are engaged in services with the Infant Parent Court Project at CERC and are motivated to take steps and build skills to achieve economic and family stability may be referred by their ECC or Infant Parent Project clinician to the Mobility Mentoring Project. ECC's Mobility Mentoring project provides a trained professional to guide parents through self-assessment and goal setting, coach them to build the skills and capacities needed to improve their economic and family stability. This service is modeled on a program operated by Crittenden Women's Union in Boston, MA that is moving homeless mothers out of poverty. Mobility Mentoring is a long term intervention that focuses on improving "executive functioning" -- the critical thinking and self-regulation skills that are required to solve problems, set and attain goals, prioritize, delay gratification and problem solve -- all of the skills needed for adults to work their way out of poverty and provide stability and guidance for their children.
The Infant-Parent Court Project is located at the Rose F. Kennedy Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Van Etten Building at 1225 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461. Accessible by public transportation with parking available on site. Transportation to appointments can be arranged for parents or foster parents who are transporting young children.


At McKenzie Orthodontics, we provide a set of removable, clear retainers for every patient after their treatment is complete. Our retainers are made from a thin, clear material and fits snugly over the teeth to keep them in place.
During your orthodontic treatment, your teeth are being held in position by your braces. When your braces are removed, your teeth try to move back to their original position — called "orthodontic relapse." Orthodontic retainers are used after the braces are removed for a period of time, to prevent the teeth from shifting out of position.
For Two-Phase Orthodontics, the continued growth of the jaws encourages the teeth to move once Phase One treatment has been completed. To help avoid this, a fixed retainer or the braces may be used to hold the teeth position until phase two of treatment begins.
Fixed retainers also include a thin wire that may be bonded behind the teeth to hold them in place after your braces are removed. The type of retainer used will depend on certain factors.
At McKenzie Orthodontics, we provide patients with follow-up care to monitor your teeth during the retention phase and will repair your fixed and removable retainer as required.


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Red Sox fan hilariously trolls Correa by pointing to his wrist after strikeout
/ by Nick Goss
Carlos Correa celebrated his clutch home run in Game 1 of the American League Championship Series against the Boston Red Sox by pointing to his wrist and yelling "It's my time" to his teammates.
The homer gave the Astros a 4-3 lead, and they ultimately held on for a 5-4 win at Minute Maid Park in Houston.
The Red Sox evened the series in Game 2, and when the action shifted to Fenway Park for Game 3 on Monday night, Boston fans trolled Correa after he struck out in the second inning.
One fan in particular went viral for pointing to his wrist and yelling at the Astros shortstop. Check out the hilarious moment in the tweet below:
💀💀💀 pic.twitter.com/9FpMObix7a
— FOX Sports: MLB (@MLBONFOX) October 19, 2021
The Red Sox responded by scoring six runs in the bottom of the second inning, highlighted by Kyle Schwarber's grand slam.
Correa and the Astros' offense needs to wake up or Houston's time in October will soon run out.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Urdu name meaning dictionary
Category: Urdu name meaning dictionary
Archive for Urdu name meaning dictionary
Add Urdu to one of your lists below, or create a new one. Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. Follow us. Choose a dictionary. Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English.
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Hawan meaning in english
Tell us about this example sentence:. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. The sentence contains offensive content. Cancel Submit. Your feedback will be reviewed. Language names. Translations of Urdu in Chinese Traditional. Need a translator? Translator tool. What is the pronunciation of Urdu? Browse urbanized. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes. Image credits. Word of the Day mobile learning.
Read More. New Words half-tourist. January 18, To top. English Translations. Get our free widgets. Add the power of Cambridge Dictionary to your website using our free search box widgets. Dictionary apps.
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Browse our dictionary apps today and ensure you are never again lost for words. Sign up for free and get access to exclusive content:. Free word lists and quizzes from Cambridge. Tools to create your own word lists and quizzes.We're sorry this word is not available at this time. This can be solved immediately with your help. Click on the green button below and suggest us the missing word. Log in. Search Type: Containing Starting with Ending with.
Word Ashwagandha. Meaning in Roman Urdu Asgandh Nagori. Asgandh Nagori.
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Meanings in Arabic will be added soon. Meanings in Punjabi will be added soon. Meanings in Pashto will be added soon. Meanings in Sindhi will be added soon. Meanings in Balochi will be added soon. Meanings in Saraiki will be added soon. Meanings in Hindi will be added soon. Meanings in Spanish will be added soon. Meanings in French will be added soon. Meanings in German will be added soon.
Meanings in Turkish will be added soon.
Meanings in Persian will be added soon. Meanings in Greek will be added soon. Meanings in Bengali will be added soon. Meanings in Gujarati will be added soon. Suggest an edit. Definition: Ashwagandha is a plant.UrduWire Dictionary — Urduwire. Words can also be browsed by alphabets. Urduwire dictionary is updated according to the any change in words and usage globally in order to provide the right meaning of the best language conversion.
You may also check the most viewed words in order to know the most frequently use words. Dictionary has been very useful for ages in order to learn any particular language across the world, it also helps to increase your writing, speaking and listening power for that language.
It is updated with new words addition and subtraction in Disclaimer: Urduwire. If you are a general user or webmaster, and want to know how it works? Read More. Last Searches Subscribe. Most Viewed Words mammiferous satisfier Off Specific chamber hangings lowly Superstitions gazzette paraleipsis re-stem bight elbow eunuch venison reducible hearten nihil carbonic acid Appeal untravelled overwork catlike materially indifferently cacao dissembling flagrant Favor destructibillity wayless guiltiness Accidentally imputableness aerated Few unpack Collect Gain oriflamb facetious.One language group, for example, included the most common languages spoken in India, including Bengali, Hindi, Tamil, and Urdu.
It remains one of the few internet businesses in the country that supports Urdu language in its app, for instance. In its place came something which, striving to fuse Urdu and Telugu, seemed to devalue both. The order came again, in Arabic and Urdualong with a warning that otherwise access would be achieved with explosives. To the left was West Pakistan, where they ruled, and spoke Urduand wrote in an alphabet that flowed like water under wind.
Imran Khan speaks in Urdu to his Pakistani-American audience.
Then to the mahout she continued in Urdu"Gul Dad, are you hurt? He blundered out almost into the Englishman's arms, and was bad-worded in clumsy Urdu. He told the jamadar, in Urduthat his mistress and the chota bibi would remain at his house for the night.
Bishtra—a seat, means also a bedding like the Persian bistar and Urdu bistara derived from the root str to spread. It was noticeable he spoke far clearer Urdu than long ago, under Zam-Zammah; but the father would allow no private talk. Are you learning Spanish? Or do you just have an interest in foreign languages? Either way, this quiz on Spanish words for animals is for you.
Example sentences from the Web for Urdu One language group, for example, included the most common languages spoken in India, including Bengali, Hindi, Tamil, and Urdu. Imran Khan Talks U. The Jungle Girl Gordon Casserly. Kim Rudyard Kipling.
In Clive's Command Herbert Strang. The Yoga-Vasishtha Maharamayana of Valmiki, vol. The script derives primarily from Persia. It belongs to the Indic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closely related to Hindi but containing many Arabic and Persian loan words. Need Homework Help?Top definition. A language popular throughout Pakistanlarge parts in Muslim communities of India, and parts of Afghanistan.
Urdu Names
Similary to Hindi, except strong influence from Farsi and Arabic vocabulary. Writing structure based on Arabic and Farsi. Urdu: Salammera nam Abdullah heh. English: Hi, my name is Abdullah.
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Jan 20 Word of the Day. A derangedpoorly-planned attempt to seize power; particularly if an election does not turn out in your favor. A mixed language spoken by Muslims of northern India and Pakistanan official language in both countries. Considered by most linguists to be a dialect of Hindi.
Urdu has been vaguely described as combining Arabic scriptPersian vocabulary and Hindi grammar.
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Hindi's cooler cousin. Falsely believed to be a language of Muslims. If you consider French one of the most beautiful European languages, Urdu can be considered one of the most beautiful Indian languages. Eee-o eleven UrbDic Rush B Cyka Blyat Pimp Nails Backpedaling Anol Urdu names are used in Pakistan and India.
More Filters. Sort default alphabetic by length random Display default detailed compact very compact. This was the name of the Prophet Muhammad 's uncle. It was also borne by a son of Alithe fourth caliph. This name was borne by several sultans of Bijapur. According to tradition, Adnan was an ancestor of the Prophet Muhammad and the northern Arabian tribes. This was the name of three Ottoman sultans.
This was the name of Muhammad 's third wife, the daughter of Abu Bakr. Some time after Muhammad's death she went to war against Alithe fourth caliph, but was defeated. This name is used more by Sunni Muslims and less by Shias. This was the name of a 16th-century Mughal ruler who expanded the empire to include most of India. Ali ibn Abi Talib was a cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad and the fourth caliph to rule the Muslim world.
His followers were the original Shia Muslims, who regard him as the first rightful caliph. This was the name of the sixth Abbasid caliph. This was originally a title, which has come into English as the Arabic loanword emir. This name was borne by Egyptian president Anwar Sadatwho was assassinated three years after being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
This was the name of a slave and later companion of the 11th-century sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. A notable bearer of the name was Al-'Aziz, a 10th-century Fatimid caliph.
This was the name of a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. This was the name of a 13th-century Persian poet. This is the name of the 25th chapter surah al-Furqan of the Quran. It is often used as the first part of compound names. This name is typically feminine in Iran and Armenia, but masculine in Pakistan. This was the name of a daughter of the Mughal emperor Babur.
This was the name of a wife of the Mughal emperor Babur. Hasan was the son of Ali and the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. He was poisoned by one of his wives and is regarded as a martyr by Shia Muslims.
This was also the name of two kings of Morocco. It is sometimes transcribed as Hassanthough this is a distinct name in Arabic. This was the nickname of a great-grandfather of the Prophet Muhammad.
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He acquired this nickname because of his practice of crumbling bread and giving it to pilgrims. Hassan ibn Thabit was a 7th-century poet who was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. This name is sometimes transcribed as Hasanthough the two names are spelled distinctly in Arabic.As a person living in Pakistan, chances are that you do know how to speak English. And local Pakistanis tend to focus more on learning how to speak English in a better way.
For this, they need a reliable source from where they can learn the Urdu to English Translation free of cost. Enter Urdu words using the Urdu keyboard made available at Darsaal and get results in the blink of an eye.
The results include the perfect and the most appropriate meanings, translations, pronunciations, definitions, and thesaurus as well. For any individual who has a passion for Urdu poetry and desires to obtain a deeper understanding, the use of the Online Urdu to English Dictionary will be of a massive help, as it contains more than 90, satisfactory translations with meanings.
So, the poetry lovers can translate the difficult Urdu words into simple English to have a better understanding. Urdu speakers can further improve their vocabulary with synonyms and antonyms that are available in the thesaurus which is present in the Urdu to English Dictionary.
For any odd reason, if the results fail to show up, make sure to send us your precious feedback to help us maintain and improve the quality standards of Darsaal.
30 Muslim Baby Boy Name with Urdu Meaning
A common problem faced by the people is that if they learn how to speak English, they cannot really learn how to speak with the same accent. The dictionary generates a voice which pronounces the word at the touch of a button, allowing you the comfort to hear the accent. Darsaal believes that there is always a room for improvement.
So it has taken the initiative to spread this facility to a wider audience and make it even better. Use this authentic dictionary to help resolve the language issues.
It is a multi purpose dictionary filled with countless authentic meanings, definitions, pronunciations, synonyms, antonyms and numerous other features. Ramadan Timing Namaz Timing. So, there is no more a barrier now, as the problem is resolved by Darsaal: Enter Urdu words using the Urdu keyboard made available at Darsaal and get results in the blink of an eye.
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Does Top GOP Xenophobe Cash in on Undocumented Labor? /
Does Top GOP Xenophobe Cash in on Undocumented Labor?
Roberto Lovato
New America Media
When President Bush signed into law on Oct. 4 a bill authorizing the construction of a 700-mile wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, the man who stood to reap the greatest political profits did not join the president in Arizona. Instead, Congressman James Sensenbrenner is back in his Milwaukee district fending off a growing chorus of local critics who claim he is also reaping financial profits from the very immigration policies he has championed.
Immigration rights advocates, the congressman's Democratic opponent and some constituents are pointing to Sensenbrenner's investments in companies they say are generating profits from the labor of undocumented immigrants. They also say the congressman stands to benefit from investments in companies contracted by the federal government to provide services he has proposed as part of his immigration reform legislation -- such as building massive immigrant detention centers or providing surveillance systems to monitor immigrants near the border.
An analysis of companies identified in Sensenbrenner's most recent financial disclosure forms (2005) reveals that the congressman has invested in companies that have directly hired or subcontracted with employers who hire undocumented workers.
Drawing especially strong criticism are the $86,500 in stocks Sensenbrenner holds in the construction and infrastructure colossus Halliburton. The Texas-based giant has been the subject of Senate hearings into its labor practices in the Gulf Coast following Hurricane Katrina. News reports and several panelists at Senate hearings have stated that Halliburton used subcontractors hiring hundreds, perhaps thousands of undocumented workers as part of no-bid federal contracts to cleanup Belle Chasse Naval base and other military facilities in the devastated region. Halliburton has also secured a $385 million Department of Homeland Security contract to build gigantic immigrant detention centers near the U.S.-Mexico border and stands to secure further contracts from proposals to reopen closed military bases to house deportees and detainees.
Halliburton has also been mentioned as one of the main contractors to build increased security infrastructure, security roads and improved employment verification systems at ports of entry.
Sensenbrenner owns more than $563,536 in General Electric stocks. GE's Security Unit has been a Pentagon subcontractor, providing video surveillance and other electronic security systems at the border. and contributed to Sensenbrenner through its employee PAC. Boeing, which recently secured a $2.5 billion contract order to install sensors, radar and cameras along the U.S. borders, is among the top contributors to Sensenbrenner's PAC.
Sensenbrenner's filings showed a total net worth in excess of $10 million in 2005, with just under $1 million in stock investments in Kimberly-Clark, maker of tissues and personal care products.
The multibillion dollar federal contracts and proposals to build the physical and virtual walls at the border -- which were signed into law on Oct. 4 -- were first proposed in Sensenbrenner's now historic immigration bill, HR 4437.
As November elections draw near, Sensenbrenner, like other elected officials, is spending more time in his district. But the immigration issue may not be giving him the political traction it once did. Usually predictable Town Hall meetings with constituents are increasingly becoming more heated. A June 25, 2006, town hall held in Thiensville, Wis., is revealing. Sensenbrenner was confronted by constituent Lester Schultz, who asked the congressman about the "moral and ethical" implications of investing in companies like Halliburton, which hire undocumented workers.
Sensenbrenner said the investments in question were "bequeathed to me before I began my public service." When pressed he insisted that his portfolio didn't affect his votes. "We don't believe it," some audience members responded.
Asked about Schultz' and others' criticisms of the congressman's investments in companies hiring undocumented workers and benefiting from immigration policies, Sensenbrenner spokesperson Jeff Lungren said, "I'm unaware of these complaints."
Sensenbrenner's HR 4437 calls for "systematic surveillance of the international land and maritime borders of the United States through more effective use of personnel and technology, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, ground-based sensors, satellites, radar coverage, and cameras."
Sensenbrenner's Democratic opponent in the upcoming Congressional race in Wisconsin's fifth district, Bryan Kennedy, has publicly asked Sensenbrenner to divest himself of Halliburton and other companies he believes benefit by hiring undocumented workers.
Sensenbrenner has criticized companies that profit from exploitative working conditions that, he recently said, make it "cheaper to hire an illegal alien than a citizen or a legal alien who is present in this country with a green card."
Other investments raising flags in Milwaukee include the $44,179 in shares Sensenbrenner holds in Darden Restaurants Inc. Darden operates chains like The Olive Garden and Red Lobster, which have been reported to employ undocumented workers. "Jose," a cook at a Red Lobster restaurant in the Milwaukee suburb of Wauwatosa in Sensenbrenner's district, was unaware that he was working for a company that made the Congressman that proposed "el Muro" (the wall) richer. "I don't have papers and had to cross the border from Mexico," Jose said. "Is he schizophrenic? Does he like our work and hate us?"
Cristina Neumann Ortiz, a Sensenbrenner constituent who organized the largest marches in Milwaukee history in response to HR 4437, finds typical the alleged contradiction between the congressman's anti-undocumented immigrant policies and rhetoric and his pro-undocumented stock portfolio. "This is a classic case of exploiting workers. He (Sensenbrenner) is for their work while doing everything he can to make sure that they don't get any rights. I see this among exploitative employers. I see it in Congress."
After finishing his shrimp scampi at the Red Lobster restaurant in Wauwatosa, Sensenbrenner constituent Jim Rehtman defended the congressman. Rehtman was joined by his nephew, John, a tattooed trucker who stood in the restaurant lobby wearing a T-shirt with a large American flag that read "Welcome to America…NOW LEARN ENGLISH."
"I support what he's doing to try to stop those illegals," said Rehtman, a 73-year-old retired welder.
Asked how he felt about the fact that his food may have been prepared by one of the undocumented workers interviewed for this story, a cook in the back kitchen, Rehtman leaned his head sideways, raised his shoulders and said, "I don't like it. Not one bit. They shouldn't be back there. That's why we need to change the laws." When told that Sensenbrenner, who recently referred to employers of the undocumented as "21st-century slave masters," was also an investor in the company that owned Red Lobster, Rehtman shook his head.
"Car salesmen and politicians, they both..." He then stopped short. "I don't want to insult car salesmen that way."