text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

In automatic speech recognition (ASR), the problem of building acoustic models that behave robustly in different usage domains is still an open research challenge, despite the emergence of deep neural network (DNN) models. Several approaches have been proposed in recent years to adapt well-trained DNNs from a \textit{source} domain to a new \textit{target} domain, perhaps with limited training data.  Examples include data augmentation strategies \cite{kim17_far_field_generation}; the use of auxiliary features such as i-vectors \cite{peddinti15_reverb_ivectors}, posterior or bottleneck features \cite{thomas10_posterior_features,bell12_mlan} trained on {source}-domain data; adapting selected parameters \cite{yao12_adapt,swietojanski2016lhuc, samarakoon16_factorised}; adversarial methods \cite{shinohara16_adversarial}; as well as simple yet effective approaches such as applying further rounds of training to DNNs initialised on {source} data.

The common ground in the vast majority of these works is that some transcribed data -- even if usually a limited amount --  from the {target} domain is available for adaptation of the acoustic models. This assumption, reasonable for well-resourced languages (WR), may not hold in the case of low-resourced languages (LR) for which even the amount of data available in the {source} domain may be very limited, and it is expensive or impractical to arrange for transcription of data from a new domain.

This is the scenario tackled in the IARPA MATERIAL programme\footnote{https://www.iarpa.gov/index.php/research-programs/material}.  The programme seeks to develop methods for searching speech and text in low-resource languages using English queries. In particular,  ASR systems must operate on diverse multi-genre data, including telephone conversations, news and topical broadcasts. However,
the only manually annotated training data available is from the telephone conversations domain.

One approach to this problem is to collect a corpus of untranscribed data from the {target} domain in the LR language (for example, by web-crawling) and use an ASR system built for the {source} domain to create an automatic transcription, which is then used to train domain-adapted models.  This semi-supervised approach to DNN training has been successfully used eg. \cite{vesely13_semi_supervised, drugman16_semi_active,carmantini19_untranscribed}.  However, the technique requires careful confidence-based data selection, and is very sensitive to the performance of the {source} system on the {target} data.  Another drawback, when rapid deployment to a new domain is required, is the need to run computationally expensive decoding on large quantities of data in order to harvest sufficient quantities of training material.

In this work, inspired by the challenges posed by the \mbox{MATERIAL} programme, we adopt a completely different approach: we explore whether it is possible to transfer a specific domain transform learned in a WR language to a LR language for which no {target} training data is available at all, in other words, is a method for adaptation between two given domains portable across languages?  We thus aim to improve the performance of a LR ASR system in a new \textit{target} domain by using only data of a WR language in both the \textit{source} and \textit{target} domains.
To this end, we propose an adaptation scheme that uses multi-lingual AM training to enable cross-lingual sharing of domain adaptation techniques.
Then, based on the hypothesis that initial layers of a DNN encode language-independent acoustic characteristics, we are able to transfer the adapted layers learned for one {target} domain from one language to another.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering{
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{proposed_method_v2.png}
\caption{Steps of the proposed cross-lingual domain adaptation scheme: 1) multi-lingual training; 2) adaptation of the shared parameters using WR data in the {target} domain; and 3) weight transfer of the domain adapted shared layers to the original LR final, language-dependent layers.}}
\label{fig:approach}
\end{figure*}

For the development of the proposed cross-lingual domain adaptation approach, it is more convenient to
select a pair of languages for which data is available from both source and target domains in each language, enabling oracle
experiments to be carried out.
\added[id=aa]{Hence}, in this work we initially use English as the WR language
and pretend that Spanish is an LR language.  As in the real MATERIAL task, we choose conversational telephone speech (CTS) as the {source} domain and use broadcast news (BN) as the {target} domain.
We then explore the effectiveness of the proposed method on two of the actual MATERIAL target languages: Tagalog and Lithuanian.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{sec:approach} describes the proposed cross-lingual domain adaptation approach. Then, experimental setup, including corpora and details on the architecture of the developed ASR systems, is reported in section \ref{sec:setup}. Finally, experimental evaluation is presented in section \ref{sec:results} before the final concluding remarks.

\section{Cross-lingual domain adaptation}
\label{sec:approach}

The main objective of this work is to propose an adaptation scheme for  DNN-based acoustic models that allows for cross-lingual domain adaptation from a LR language system trained for one \textit{source} domain into a \textit{target} domain using solely adaptation data of a WR language.
Considering that the role of the DNN is to learn a non-linear mapping between the acoustic features (e.g. MFCC) and phoneme-related classes (e.g. senones),
it is a common interpretation that the initial layers of a phonetic network are expected to encode lower-level acoustic information,  while deeper layers codify more complex cues closer to phonetic classes \cite{bengio13_representation}.
Thus, following this interpretation,  we hypothesize that the initial layers of a phonetic network encode basic acoustic information  that is independent of the language and the task at hand, while the later ones are specific to each language. Under this interpretation, we suggest that the modifications that could be applied to the initial layers of a phonetic network in any language to adapt to the specific characteristics of a new domain should be similar (and transferable) among different languages.
To take advantage of this possibility, it is necessary to design a network architecture in which parameter transforms can be meaningfully shared among the LR and WR languages, followed by a set of final language specific layers.  This solution can be attained through multi-task learning and it is the backbone of our proposed scheme. As can be seen in Figure \ref{fig:approach}, the process consists mostly on three steps: 1) a multi-lingual network is trained with data of both the LR and WR language in the {source} domain (left); 2)  shared layers are adapted using WR data of the {target} domain (center); and 3) the adapted shared layers are transferred to the original LR language network resulting in a domain adapted version of the LR network (right).

\subsection{Multi-lingual training}

Multi-task learning \cite{caruana97_multitask} refers to the process of simultaneously learning multiple tasks from a single data set that contains annotations for different tasks. Typically, the network architecture consists of some initial layers that are shared by the multiple tasks and some final task-specific layers, one for each considered task. Back-propagation is applied for each task alternatively using all the training data propagated through both the task-specific and shared layers. This type of learning provides an improved regularization effect of the resulting networks compared to conventional single task learning approaches and has been used successfully in single-language acoustic modelling \cite{ seltzer2013multi, bell2017multitask}.

This type of approach has been also successfully applied in ASR using data from multiple languages to learn multi-lingual networks, in which each task objective corresponds to the phoneme (senone) classification of the different languages \cite{tuske13_multilingual, huang13_mutli_hybrid}.
In general, multi-lingual learning has shown to be particularly beneficial when languages with limited training resources are involved.
In this work, we use multi-lingual learning to train an initial network using data from both the LR and the WR languages in the {source} domain. Hence, the {source} multi-language network has a set of shared layers followed by two language specific (LR and WR) set of final layers.

\subsection{Domain adaptation}

Given the multi-lingual architecture described previously, we adapt the shared components of the network using {target} data of the WR language whilst freezing the remaining language-specific layers. By doing so, our expectation is that the kind of transformations that the new adapted network will learn will be language-independent and will mostly be related with the particular acoustic characteristics of the new data.  Keeping the upper
layers frozen ensures that the newly adapted lower layers of the network will continue to be appropriate as inputs for the layers specific to the LR
language, despite no LR data being used for the adaptation.

In general, one may explore any of the well-researched strategies for network weight adaptation, such as LHUC \cite{swietojanski2016lhuc} or LIN \cite{li10_lin}.
In this work, given that substantial quantities of {target} domain data  are available in the WR language, we simply adapt the weights of a selected subset of layers of the shared network (initialized with the weights learned in the multi-lingual learning stage) through simple backpropagation updates with a varying number of data training epochs and an appropriately chosen learning rate.

\section{Experimental setup}
\label{sec:setup}

\subsection{Corpora}

In all experiments we take conversational telephone speech (CTS) as the {source} domain, for which transcribed training data
is available for all languages.  For English and Spanish, we train on data from the Fisher corpus\cite{cieri2004fisher} (\texttildelow200 hours and \texttildelow163 hours respectively).  Note that for the former, we use only a subset of the full corpus.  For Tagalog and Lithuanian, we use data from the IARPA Babel full language packs (80 hours and 40 hours respectively).
CTS data is all sampled at 8khz.  In the MATERIAL task, the target domain is a mixture of broadcast news (BN) and topical broadcast (TB) domain, both with wideband 16khz audio.  We approximate this target in English and Spanish by using broadcast news (BN) data from HUB4 \cite{graff19971996} with \texttildelow150 hours of English data, used for adaptation, and \texttildelow30 hours of Spanish, used for oracle experiments only.  For each corpus we use the standard evaluation sets: the 1997 HUB4 English Evaluation set is used for English BN; and for the Tagalog and Lithuanian, we use the BN and TB ``Analysis'' test sets provided by the MATERIAL programme.

\begin{comment}
and broadcast news (BN) as the {target} domain.
In all experiments w
The CTS {source} domain data corresponds to the Fisher corpus for both Spanish (\texttildelow163 hours) and English (\texttildelow200 hours) \cite{cieri2004fisher}, comprised of spontaneous speech on directed topics;
the BN {target} domain data is obtained from the HUB4 Spanish (\texttildelow30 hours) and English (\texttildelow150 hours) corpora \cite{graff19971996}, comprised of collected radio and television news broadcasts.  Notice that only a sub-set of the Fisher English dataset has been used in this work (out of the \texttildelow2000 hours) and  that the Spanish BN data is only used in the development of an in-domain baseline system for comparison purposes.
The evaluation test sets of each of these corpora have been used for assessment of each condition and language. In the case of English BN, the evaluation set is the 1997 HUB4 English Evaluation corpus.

In this section we investigate the proposed cross-lingual adaptation approach considering two of the IARPA MATERIAL languages: Tagalog and Lithuanian. These languages are less related to English than Spanish, and the data available present a poorer match between source and target conditions.
For each LR language the training set consists of conversational telephone speech (CTS) sampled at 8 KHz from the IARPA Babel Language packs. This is \texttildelow80 hours for Tagalog and \texttildelow40 hours for Lithuanian AM training.
The lexicon used was provided by IARPA, while the LM is trained on the training data transcriptions.
Evaluation is conducted on the multi-genre MATERIAL test sets, that include
CTS data (only for Tagalog) and
wideband recordings taken from broadcasts and web media, mostly
news (BN) and entertainment topical broadcasts (TB). Like in the previous experiments, the WR language is English, the source domain is CTS and the target domain is BN.
Despite the significant differences among languages and target domain conditions,
results reported in Table \ref{table:material} show that the proposed method is able to effectively exploit English data to improve ASR performance of LR languages in any of the wideband data conditions. The average relative WER improvements for the wideband conditions are 18.3\% and ???\% for the Tagalog and Lithuanian languages, respectively.
}
\end{comment}

\begin{comment}

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|C{0.13\linewidth}|C{0.13\linewidth}|C{0.13\linewidth}|C{0.13\linewidth}|}
\cline{2-5}
 & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{Test condition} \\ \cline{2-5}
 & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{WR} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{LR} \\ \cline{2-5}
 & CTS \newline  {source}  & BN  {target}  & CTS {source} & BN  {target} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{CTS AM} & 23.3 & 19.0 & 32.7 & 38.7 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{BN AM} & --- & 12.4 & --- & 19.1 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{In the first row, WER (\%) of the WR and LR ASR systems trained with CTS {source} domain data and tested with {source} and BN {target} test data. In the last row, WER (\%) performance using matched BN {target} domain acoustic models.
}
\label{tab:baseline}
\end{table}

\end{comment}

\subsection{System description}

The Kaldi toolkit \cite{povey11_kaldi} has been used for the development of all the ASR systems.
To obtain the set of language-specific senones and frame-level phonetic alignments needed for training the DNNs, initial HMM-GMM systems have been built for each language and domain. HMM-GMM  training follows the conventional recipes in Kaldi, consisting on several stages of refinement from monophone to context-dependent models trained on  LDA+MLLT+fMLLR features \cite{Rath2013ImprovedFP}.
\deleted[id=aa]{These  features are obtained  by splicing together 9 frames of 13-dimensional MFCCs, projecting down to 40 dimensions using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normalizing the MFCCs to have zero mean per speaker, applying maximum likelihood linear transform (MLLT) and, finally, applying speaker adaptive training (SAT) using a single feature-space maximum likelihood linear regression (fMLLR) transform estimated per speaker.
More details can be found in  \cite{Rath2013ImprovedFP}.}
\deleted[id=aa]{All t}
HMM-DNN ASR systems share a common input feature representation of 43 dimensions corresponding to 40 high resolution MFCCs components plus 3 additional pitch and voicing related features \cite{pitch_features_kaldi}. Neither side speaker information (i-vector), nor speed perturbation data augmentation have been used in these experiments. Note that all data is downsampled to 8 kHz to match the sampling rate of the CTS {source} domain data. Hence, all the systems reported in this work have been trained and evaluated at 8kHz.

The acoustic models are TDNN networks trained with frame-level cross-entropy loss criterion \cite{tdnn_2015}.
\deleted[id=aa]{The network architecture of the baseline single language systems consists of a first LDA transformation of the input (spliced with 2 left and right additional context frames), followed by 5 TDNN layers of 650 hidden units with RELU activations with different activation context configurations.}
\added[id=aa]{Network architectures consist}
\deleted[id=aa]{The  multi-lingual AM network, consists}
of a stack of 7 TDNN hidden layers, each containing 650 units, with RELU activation functions. These correspond to the shared language-independent layers of the network. For each language, a pre-final fully connected layer of 650 units with RELU activations and a final softmax layer is appended. The size of the output layers correspond to the size of the outputs of the single language networks of the {source} CTS domain. During training, the samples of each language are not scaled, thus no compensation for different training data sizes is performed.

The optimization method used is natural gradient stabilized stochastic gradient descent \cite{povey2014parallel} with an exponentially decaying learning rate. The starting learning rate is set to 0.0015 and decays by a factor of 10 over the entire training. The baseline and multilingual AMs were trained for 3 epochs with a  minibatch size of 256. The parameter change is limited to a maximum of 2 for each minibatch to avoid parameter explosion.
In the adaptation stage of the proposed approach, the network is initialized with the  multi-lingual network weights and the learning rate of the frozen layers is set to 0. The number of adaptation epochs is a varying parameter investigated in the results section.
All the remaining configurations are identical to that of the multi-lingual training stage.

Since the focus of this work is on adaptation of the AM, domain matched language models are always used in decoding. That is, CTS {source} and BN {target} domain test data is decoded with corresponding language-specific CTS and BN LMs.
While this seems to go against the assumption of working with low resource languages, text data is usually much easier to obtain compared to transcribed speech.
CTS LMs are trained on the training transcriptions of the relevant corpora. BN LM for Spanish is also trained only on the training transcriptions, while the BN LM for English is trained using the transcriptions and additional text from the 1996 CSR HUB-4 Language Model and the North American News Text Corpus.
BN LMs for Lithuanian and Tagalog are trained on around 30M words of web-crawled text from CommonCrawl and other online sources.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}

\subsection{English and Spanish baseline systems}

In this and the following two sections, we take Spanish to be the LR language; as always, the WR language is English.
Table \ref{tab:multilang} shows, in the {first} row, word error rate (WER) performance of  single language baseline systems using BN {target} in-domain acoustic models.
In the case of the LR language, this is an oracle experiment, since we assume that in reality, no {target} domain data is available for this language.
The {second} row shows results of
CTS {source}  domain acoustic models evaluated with both CTS and BN test data.
As expected, one observes a large degradation when decoding LR BN {target} domain data with CTS acoustic models: about 20\% absolute WER compared with the matched experiments.
The performance drop can also be  observed in the WR experiments, but it is not so acute, probably due to the increased amount of training data used in the WR system.
Note that the objective of this work is to make the 40.0\% of the LR baseline system when decoding {target} domain data as close as possible to the oracle 19.2\% figure, without using any in-domain LR language training data.

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l|C{0.10\linewidth}|C{0.10\linewidth}||C{0.10\linewidth}|C{0.10\linewidth}|}
\cline{2-5}
 & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{Test condition} \\ \cline{2-5}
  & \multicolumn{2}{c||}{WR} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{LR} \\ \cline{2-5}
  & CTS {source} & BN {target} & CTS {source}  & BN  {target}    \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{mono-ling BN AM} & --- & 11.8 & --- & 19.2 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{mono-ling CTS AM}  & 22.6  & 19.6 & 32.3  & 40.0 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-ling CTS AM} & 23.6  & 19.2  & 32.6  & 32.9  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\added[id==a]{WER (\%) of the mono-lingual matched BN target domain trained systems (first row), the mono-lingual mismatched CTS source domain trained systems (second row) and the multi-lingual ASR system trained with WR and LR CTS {source} data (third row) for the different test domain conditions.}}
\label{tab:multilang}
\end{table}

\added[id=aa]{The last row of} Table \ref{tab:multilang} shows the WER performance of the multi-lingual system trained with LR and WR data of the CTS {source} domain.
\deleted[id=aa]{(second row) in contrast to the single language baselines reported previously (first row)}
For both languages, the performance of the multi-lingual models on the CTS source domain is close to that obtained using the respective mono-lingual model.
\deleted[id=aa]{: slight decrease in the WR case (0.5\% performance drop) and slight increase in the LR case (0.5\% performance improvement).}
However, for the cross-domain test case, there is a remarkable improvement in the LR language performance from 40.0\% to 32.9\%.
This is a 17.8\% relative improvement in the BN {target} domain achieved by using only out-of-domain CTS WR data, thanks to the multi-lingual training scheme.
While the benefits of multi-lingual training for LR were expected,  it is very interesting to observe that these are much more significant in the cross-domain case. This may be partially explained due to the considerably increased amount of data and variation to which this network is exposed compared to the LR baseline.

\begin{comment}
\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|C{1cm}|C{1cm}|C{1cm}|C{1cm}|}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Adapted\\ Layers\end{tabular}}} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{Number of  adaptation epochs} \\ \cline{2-5}
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{} & 0.5 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{1} & 29.0 (15.3) & 29.0 (15.3) & 29.0 (15.2) & --- \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{1-2} & 28.7 (14.9) & 28.8 (14.7) & 28.7 (14.6) & --- \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{1-3} & 28.8 (14.3) & \textbf{28.6} (14.3) & 28.8 (14.2) & --- \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{1-4} & 28.7 (14.2) & 28.7 (14.1) & \textbf{28.6} (14.0) & 28.7 (13.9) \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{1-5} & 28.8 (13.9) & 28.7 (13.7) & 28.7 (\textbf{13.6}) & --- \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{WER (\%) attained in the BN {target} test data set of the LR language (WR results in parenthesis) with the proposed cross-lingual domain adaptation method for a varying number of training epochs and adapted layers.}
\label{tab:proposed}
\end{table}
\end{comment}

\subsection{Cross-lingual network adaptation results}

\deleted[id=aa]{Table \ref{tab:proposed} shows WER performance in the LR BN {target} test set applying}
\deleted[id=aa]{Recall that this approach solely uses WR BN {target} domain data for adaptation of the network.
For each combination of number of epochs and layers, the performance in the WR BN {target} test set is also reported in parenthesis.}
\added[id=aa]{The third row of Table \ref{tab:comparison} reports the  performance of the proposed method in contrast to the mono-lingual (first row) and multi-lingual (second row) baselines.}  \added[id=aa]{The proposed cross-lingual domain adaptation method has been tested for}
a varying number of training epochs (from 0.5 to 3) and adapted shared layers (from 1 to 6); the reported result corresponds to the best adaptation configuration, which is obtained when the 3 first hidden shared layers are adapted using all WR {target} domain data for 1 epoch of training. We observed
in the complete set of experiments that
results on LR data are not particularly sensitive to number of epochs or layers amongst those tested, ranging from 28.4\% to 29.1\% in all cases. However, as expected, this is not the case for the WR language results, in which performance tends to keep improving with increased number of adapted layers and epochs. Hence, an improvement in the WR case does not necessarily imply an improvement in the LR case.
We conclude that there seems to be a limit on the amount of information that is transferable from the WR system to the LR system.
\deleted[id=aa]{Overall, the best results on the LR BN {target} test set are obtained when the 3 first hidden shared layers are adapted using all WR {target} domain data for 1 epoch of training.}
\deleted[id=aa]{Finally, for ease of comparison, we summarize the main results attained}
\added[id=aa]{Overall, we observe that by}
using WR CTS {source} domain data for multi-lingual learning we are able to improve from 40.0\% to 32.9\% and by then using WR BN {target} domain data and the proposed adaptation method, we further increase performance to 28.4\% WER. This is an absolute 11.6\% WER decrease, which is a recovery of around 50\% of the performance loss due to the lack of LR training data in the CTS {target} domain when compared to a system fully trained with BN data (see Table \ref{tab:multilang}).
This is attained by using only WR data and no any additional LR data.

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\resizebox{0.9\columnwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{l|C{0.2\linewidth}|C{0.2\linewidth}|}
\cline{2-3}
  & WR   & LR   \\ \cline{2-3}
  & BN  {target}   & BN  {target}  \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{mono-ling CTS AM (1)} & 19.6 & 40.0 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-ling CTS AM (2)}  & 19.2 & 32.9\\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{proposed CL adapt AM (3)} & {14.5}  & \textbf{28.4} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-task CL AM (4)} & {12.4}  & {29.1} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-task CL + adapt AM (5)} & {12.3}  & {29.1} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-cond CL AM (6)} & {12.5}  & {29.2} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-cond CL + adapt AM (7)} & {12.2}  & {29.1} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\vspace{-2mm}
\caption{\added[id=aa]{WER (\%) of the mono-lingual  AM (1), the multi-lingual AM (2), the proposed adapted AM (3) and alternative cross-lingual  AM (4-7) obtained in the WR and LR BN {target} domain test  sets.}}
\label{tab:comparison}
\vspace{-1mm}
\end{table}

\begin{comment}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering{
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hspace{-0.4cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{multi_task.png}   & \hspace{-0.5cm}\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{multi_condition.png}
\end{tabular}
\caption{\added[id=aa]{NEED TO ADD A CAPTION FOR NEW FIGURE. I will probably need to remove for some space}}\label{fig:alternative}}
\end{figure}
\end{comment}

\subsection{Comparison with similar cross-lingual approaches}

\added[id=aa]{In this section, the proposed approach is compared with two related cross-lingual information transfer methods:
first, with an AM trained in a multi-task fashion, considering  LR source, WR source and WR target as three separate tasks, referred to as \emph{multi-task}; and second, with an AM trained in a multi-task and multi-condition fashion, considering the LR source as one task, and the mix of WR source and WR target as a second task, referred to here as \emph{multi-cond}.
Rows 4 and 6 in
Table \ref{tab:comparison} report  performance  of these two cross-lingual alternative approaches.
For these experiments, the exact same network architecture, training and decoding recipes as previously have been followed.
Notice that, like in the proposed method, it is  possible to use these networks as an initialization for further fine-tuning  using only WR target domain data for a varying number of epochs and shared adaptation layers. Thus, rows 5 and 7 of Table \ref{tab:comparison} report results after fine-tuning adaptation for the best configuration of epochs and number of adapted layers in each case.
For both approaches, the additional fine-tuning does not provide significant improvements. Performance converges already after the initial training.  In fact, we observe that the best adaptation configuration is attained with the minimal number of epochs and adaptation layers. For any other configuration, performance oscillates in absolute differences of $\pm0.1$.
Overall, the cross-lingual proposed scheme outperforms any of the other methods, being able to better leverage  information from the WR data for improved  LR acoustic modelling in the target domain.
}

\subsection{Experiments with MATERIAL languages}
\added[id=aa]{
In this section we investigate the proposed cross-lingual adaptation approach considering two of the IARPA MATERIAL languages: Tagalog and Lithuanian.
For these experiments, we keep the same network architecture and training and decoding recipes as previously, including the set of best parameters found for the proposed cross-lingual method: adaptation of the 3 first hidden shared layers  for 1 epoch.
The new languages are less related to English than Spanish, and the data available present a poorer match between source and target conditions.
Despite the significant differences among languages and target domain conditions,
results reported in Table \ref{table:material} show that the proposed method is able to effectively exploit English data to improve ASR performance of LR languages in any of the wideband data sub-conditions.
As expected, the proposed method is more effective in closer target conditions to those of the WR data: for the BN wideband sub-condition the relative WER improvements are 21.2\% for Tagalog and 30.7\% for Lithuanian; while the  improvements for the TB wideband sub-condition  are 17.4\% for Tagalog and 25.3\% for Lithuanian.
Overall, the average relative WER improvements for the wideband conditions are 18.3\% and 27.5\% for the Tagalog and Lithuanian languages, respectively.
}

\begin{comment}
\begin{table}[]
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
 & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Tagalog} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Lithuanian} \\
 & \multirow{2}{*}{dev\_babel} & \multirow{2}{*}{CTS} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Wideband} & \multirow{2}{*}{dev\_babel} & \multirow{2}{*}{CTS} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Wideband} \\
 &  &  & BN & TB & Avg. &  &  & BN & TB & Avg. \\
mono-ling CTS & 50.6 & 48.1 & 69.2 & 68.5 & 68.7 & 53.5 & --- & 80.0 & 68.8 & 73.1 \\
multi-ling CTS & 49.5 & 47.2 & 65.1 & 64.0 & 64.3 & 50.7 & --- & 74.8 & 63.7 & 67.9 \\
proposed CL adapt & --- & 55.1 & 60.6 & 60.9 & \textbf{60.8} & --- & --- & 69.5 & 59.5 & \textbf{63.3}
\end{tabular}
\caption{\added[id=aa]{NEED TO ADD A CAPTION FOR NEW TABLE WITH MATERIAL RESULTS. Probably we dont need all the numbers/conditions}\label{table:material}}
\end{table}

\end{comment}

\begin{table}[t]
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{l|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\cline{2-7}
 & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Tagalog} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Lithuanian} \\ \cline{2-7}
 & BN & TB & Avg. & BN & TB & Avg. \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{mono-ling CTS (1)} & 53.2 & 58.7 & 57.3 & 45.6 & 43.0 & 44.0 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{multi-ling CTS (2)} & 46.5 & 52.2 & 50.7 & 38.2 & 36.5 & 37.1 \\ \hline
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{proposed CL adapt (3)} & 41.9 & 48.5 & \textbf{46.8} & 31.6  & 32.1 & \textbf{31.9} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\vspace{-2mm}
\caption{\added[id=aa]{WER (\%) of the single language  AM (1), the multi-lingual AM (2) and the proposed adapted AM  in the Tagalog and Lithuanian MATERIAL evaluation sets.}\label{table:material}}
\vspace{-1mm}
\end{table}

\deleted[id=aa]{
In spite of the encouraging results reported in this section, there are some remaining open questions that still need to be explored. For instance, the proposed method needs to be compared with other cross-lingual information transfer methods, such as bottle-neck features trained on multi-lingual multi-domain data. Note that our method can be interpreted as a sort of adaptive posterior-based feature extractor.
Similarly, SAT vector-based approaches (e.g. i-vectors) may indirectly contribute to some domain compensation that needs to be assessed in combination with our approach.
Second, the adaptation approach needs to be evaluated with current state of the art sequence training methods, such as LF-MMI \cite{povey_lfmmi}. Nevertheless, as there is evidence proving the validity of information transfer and multi-task learning for those techniques \cite{ghahremani2017investigation}, we do not foresee any obstacles to the application of the proposed method.
Finally, it might be also necessary to investigate the impact of the closeness of the two selected languages, since Spanish and English are relatively similar, and the similarity of the conditions on both languages in the {source} and {target} domains. Regarding the latter, a promising interesting future direction may consist of the combination of the proposed method together with approaches to cross-lingual unsupervised domain identification.
}
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}

This paper has demonstrated that it is possible to transfer domain adaptation of DNNs from one language to another, enabling adaption of a low-resourced language to be performed with absolutely no data from the {target} domain.
This has been achieved thanks to a multi-lingual network architecture that allows for meaningful share of the parameter transforms among languages. In our experiments, the proposed cross-lingual domain adaptation approach \added[id=aa]{outperforms other similar methods achieving up to a 29\%} relative WER improvement in the {target} domain
\added[id=aa]{when similar languages and source and target domain conditions are considered. Moreover, the proposed adaptation scheme also allows for remarkable WER improvements in the case of less favorable language and domain conditions.
}
Future work will extend the method to sequence-trained models and also investigate
\added[id=aa]{the combination with other cross-lingual information transfer methods, such as bottle-neck features trained on multi-lingual multi-domain data, and SAT vector-based approaches (e.g. i-vectors).}
\deleted[id=aa]{whether the method can be extended to situations when matching domains across languages cannot be precisely identified.}

\vfill\pagebreak

\bibliographystyle{IEEEbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Below I record some notes I made from earlier examinations in 2007 and 2008.
to be VERTICAL, not horizontal - a physical impossibility.
vertical, whereas in the Insert it is seen in its correct horizontal orientation.
correctly oriented as shown in Insert A.
the sunglasses' lens to the background indicated by the arrows in Insert B.
- the edge of the lower pale area corresponds to the slope of the shoulder.
hat, and in shape to the edge of the hat brim.
in that lens of the sunglasses.
rim, i.e. on the skin, in Insert B.
unenhanced, as does the fifth spot on the top rim.
However, although the actual image does appear to be from a photograph, due to the typical low-level pixel- block background lattice (see left), that does not preclude the possibility that it may be a photograph of a printed picture of a created digital image.
process. There are several such areas in the actual image.
the reason why the background appears to be very close to the subjects.
bougainvillea shrubs on the retaining wall.
as that seen in the image.


Annotation: THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF SOCIAL CONTROL WEAKENS INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES AND IMPOSES THE WILL OF THE DOMINANT SOCIAL GROUP ON THE REST OF SOCIETY.
Abstract: PERSUASIVE SOCIAL CONTROL, WHICH EXISTED IN EARLIER TIMES THROUGH CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS, IS YIELDING TO INSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE IN THE FORM OF A PROGRESSIVELY MORE COMPLICATED CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. BY THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY, THE DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS OFFICIAL CONTROL WAS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EMERGENCE OF WORK HOUSES IN WHICH ALL CITIZENS WHO WERE UNABLE OR UNWILLING TO WORK (INCLUDING CRIMINALS, BEGGARS, AND THE POOR) WERE FORCED TO WORK. IN THE MODERN CONSUMER-ORIENTED SOCIETY, THOSE UNWILLING OR UNABLE TO CONSUME (E.G., HIPPIES, THE OLD, AND THE POOR) HAVE BECOME MARGINAL GROUPS AND ARE EXPOSED TO CONTINUAL SURVEILLANCE BY THE ORGANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BELGIAN LAW ALSO INDICATE THAT LEGAL NORMS HAVE BECOME LESS RIGID; MUCH OF THE DECISION TO INTERVENE IS LEFT UP TO THE DISCRETION OF JUDGE, PSYCHIATRIST, OR MEDICAL EXPERT. THE SHIFT FROM PERSUASIVE TO INSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE AND THE GREATER FLEXIBILITY OF LEGAL REGULATIONS LIMIT INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND IMPOSE THE WILL OF THE RULING CLASS ON AN INCREASINGLY COMPARTMENTALIZED SOCIETY. FOOTNOTES ARE INCLUDED. --IN FRENCH.


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text:
September 18, 2016 September 18, 2016 theoxfordculturereview
The Culture of Modernity: Pictures from Calcutta
What does it mean to be modern? The question informs the work of many Bengali artists and writers, who try to confront the challenges posed by modernity. Issues ranging from the emergence of urban life and the new role of women in society, to the country's evolving relationship with its colonizers, have been tackled in many artistic productions since the 19th Century.
Marshall Berman, author of All That Is Solid Melts into Air, maintains that modernity and city life are closely connected:
To be modern is to find ourselves in an environment that promises us adventure, power, joy, growth, transformation of ourselves and the world – and, at the same time, that threatens to destroy everything we have, everything we know, everything we are.
Even though rural areas are equally affected by modernity, it is the city here which comes to encapsulate the most distinctive features of modern life, such as the acceleration of time and the modification of space, new technologies, political struggles, social change, and most recently, globalisation.
In this sense, 'modernity' is not an exclusive characteristic of the global 'north', but a universal experience which involves and challenges the whole contemporary world. You can be modern in Beijing, Nairobi, Mexico City, London, St. Petersburg or Calcutta.
In an attempt to interrogate Calcutta's unique modernity, Bengali intellectuals have examined the city's past and present, history and its geography, and unlocked new ways of looking at its complexities.
Private and Public
In the Arcades Project, Walter Benjamin argued that modernity established, for the first time, a difference between private space and public space. In 19th century Calcutta, theatres, halls, public schools, as well as centres of colonial power become arenas in which the males of the Bengali middle and upper classes lived their public life, organized themselves and thus challenged colonial power. The house remained the dominion of women, who often could not access the public sphere. Traditionally, women were supposed to withdraw into 'purdah'. They were required to cover their bodies, lived in a separate part of the house, and had very limited access to activities outside their home.
Buildings old and new on a Calcutta city street. Photo by author.
Two films by the Bengali director Satyajit Ray, Charulata (1964) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World, 1984), based on two novels by the Nobel-Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore, explore the consequences of the outside world entering the domestic sphere.
Charulata tells the story of a lonely wife, Charu, who lives secluded in her house in 1870s Calcutta. Her husband Bhupati is too busy running a newspaper to keep her company and help with her writing, so he invites his cousin Amal to do so. Amal helps the incredibly gifted Charu, and she even publishes a story in a literary magazine. But the two feel more and more attracted to each other. Amal does not want to start a relationship, and abruptly leaves Charu's house. The woman is left heartbroken, and her husband has to pick up the pieces of their broken marriage.
Ghare-Baire is another story of a love-triangle. Bimala is the wife of a rich Bengali, Nikhil, who happens to host his friend Sandip, one of the leaders of the Swadeshi movement in 1905. Bimala is increasingly fascinated by Sandip's activism and becomes involved in political activities. At the same time, she turns away from her husband, who refuses to be take part in the movement. Nonetheless, Nikhil encourages his wife to discover the outside world, as he believes she cannot live confined to the house, from which the title of both the film and the novel arises. The tragic end of Nikhil and Bimala's story does not question the involvement of women in politics, but the deadly consequences of a blind nationalist position.
Both these stories focus on women. Charu and Bimala are initially encouraged by their husbands, but then venture alone into the outside world, and suffer the consequences. The negative ending of both stories does not necessarily imply, however, that women should refrain from public activities. On the contrary, Charulata and Ghare-Baire have the great merit of confronting women as well as men with the challenges of modernity.
In contemporary Bengali literature in English, the private world of the family home is equally portrayed in contrast to the outside world. For instance, in his novels and short stories, Amit Chaudhuri sketches middle- and upper-class lives with mundane concerns. The realm of the private and the familiar occupies a central space not as an allegory of the nation, as it is often the case in much postcolonial literature, but in contrast to the disorder and disruption of public life.
The question is put differently in the fiction of Amitav Ghosh or Neel Mukherjee. In novels such as The Shadow Lines (1988) or The Lives of Others (2014), it is the modern, external world which enters and disrupts family life. War, politics, communal riots have all the potential to alter abruptly and profoundly the destinies of entire families.
The Bhadraloks
The protagonists and the creators of a discourse on modernity in Bengal were the bhadraloks. The term designated the middleclass (bhadra means 'gentle', lok means 'folk'), in contrast to the chhotoloks, the lower classes, and the zamindars, the landed gentry. In the 19th century, with the Bengali Renaissance, the middleclass started to distance itself from tradition, and to explore new forms of thinking and writing. Not only did they produce a literary and artistic canon, through newspapers, journals, fiction, poetry and the figurative arts, they also created themselves as modern subjects.
Calcutta's cultural life has been dominated by great intellectual and artistic figures like the writer, poet, and painter Rabindranath Tagore, and the director Satyajit Ray. To them, among others, I would like to add the 19th Century social reformer Ram Mohan Roy, the novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, and the poet Jibanananda Das. In the figurative arts, painters such as Abanindranath Tagore and Nandalal Bose; and in the sciences, the physicists Jagadish Chandra Bose and Satyendra Nath Bose. In more recent times, writers and intellectuals such as Mahasweta Devi, Amitav Ghosh, and Amartya Sen, along with directors Mrinal Sen and Aparna Sen, the photographer Raghubir Singh, and the musician Ravi Shankar have been or are still based in Calcutta. It is of course a partial listing, but it gives an idea of the breadth and depth of Calcutta's cultural life.
A street gathering, or adda. Photo by author.
Perhaps the most distinguishing social practice involved in the creation of modernity in Calcutta was adda, extremely common until the 1960s. It involved gathering either in private homes or in street corners to discuss intellectual matters or just gossip, and was a predominantly male and middle-class activity. Though adda was often perceived as a lazy and useless occupation, it promoted intellectual contemplation in the wake of capitalism and materialism in India.
The bhadralok's education comprised both Indian and European traditions. Many bhadraloks were anglophile, read Anglo-European literature, and were fond of imported products. Under the British Raj, they were usually employed in administrative or educational positions. Yet this did not prevent some of them from promoting the first reform and pro-Independence movements, like the Swadeshi struggle in 1905.
Satyajit Ray was perhaps the last great bhadralok intellectual. Nowadays, bhadralok's culture is fading as it is its relevance in Calcutta's social and political life. Nonetheless, contemporary writers such as Amitav Ghosh and Amit Chaudhuri can be defined as the heirs of this culture. In this sense, they often refer to great Bengali intellectuals of the past in their works, and are still interested in similar issues.
Urban violence: The Naxalite movement
As Berman points out in relation to Saint Petersburg, middle-class political activism in contexts of underdevelopment and oppression often resulted in urban violence. Indeed, disorder, change and, ultimately, a Communist revolution, came to be perceived as the only means to achieve social justice also in Calcutta.
Violence has been a disturbing feature of Calcutta's public life, both in colonial and postcolonial times. The city's political struggles have often involved rampant protests, riots, political assassinations, and even sporadic terrorist attacks. During the colonial period, urban violence was connected with the struggle for Independence, whereas in the postcolonial era it has been the expression of political or communal differences. For instance, one reason for moving the capital of the British Raj from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911 was the outburst of urban violence that followed the first partition of Bengal in 1905 and marked the Swadeshi movement. After Independence, the Naxalite movement of the late 1960s was a major cause of urban violence. Inspired by Maoist ideals, the movement wanted to bring a Communist revolution to India as well. In Calcutta, the movement involved mainly middle-class students, who participated in demonstrations and, in some cases, were recruited as active Naxalite members, in guerrilla-style attacks or taking part in political assassinations.
The movement was highly controversial and features in a number of works of art. Contemporary to the events, Louis Malle directed a documentary on Calcutta and included footage of Naxalite demonstrations in the city.
In their trilogies on Calcutta, both directors Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen focused on life during the turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s. As Naxalite activism disrupted daily life, it seemed impossible to keep a distance or not get involved either in politics or in the mechanisms of reciprocal exploitation. Satyajit Ray's Pratidwandi (The Adversary, 1970) is telling in this respect. It deals with the story of a young man caught in the political turmoil. After the death of his father, Siddhartha has to drop out from medical school and look for a job. However, as he cannot conform to his sister's career-oriented life, nor to his brother's political activism, he remains unemployed. Thus, he is finally forced to abandon the city and work in a small provincial town.
In more recent times, two novels have focused mainstream attention back on the Naxalites in Calcutta: Jhumpa Lahiri's The Lowland (2013) and, again, The Lives of Others (2014) by Neel Mukherjee. Both concentrate on how individuals and families are affected by political activism. In The Lowland, two brothers, Subhash and Udayan, are very close growing up, but are separated by their life choices: while Udayan decides to pursue graduate studies in the US, Subhash becomes a Naxalite. When Subhash dies, shot by the police, Udayan decides to take care of his wife and son. Similarly, The Lives of Others deals with a family torn apart by the choice of the eldest grandson, Supratik, to join the Naxalites. The novel is structured along two narrative threads, one which is Supratik's first person account of his life as a Naxalite, the other which follows the intricate family events.
Calcutta, city of light and darkness
In his introduction to the second volume of Calcutta: The Living City, Sukanta Chaudhuri describes Calcutta as a city which breeds myths, both positive and negative. The image of the city as overcrowded by refugees and homeless is well known in the Euro-American world, mainly because of Dominque La Pierre's City of Joy and Mother Teresa's highly-visible activism. Equally, decades of failed governmental policies have contributed to foster the idea of a collapsing and decaying city. Yet Calcutta is still a place where independent editors can survive on publishing only Bengali poetry books, and a city whose cultural heritage and production is still renowned all over the world. As I have briefly attempted to show here, it is exactly this cultural production that can open up new and interesting ways to look at the city and its modernity.
Carlotta Beretta
Carlotta Beretta is a PhD student at the University of Bologna (Italy). Her research interests include postcolonial literatures, especially from the Indian Subcontinent, cultural studies, world literature and geocriticism. Her PhD project concerns the representation of Calcutta in contemporary Indian English literature, and the relationship between the city and modernity.
We are on Twitter @Oxford_Culture, and on Facebook
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text:
Alberto Gonzales Quotes, Sayings, Remarks, Thoughts and Speeches
Alberto Gonzales Quotes and Sayings
Alberto Gonzales (random)
Alberto Gonzales Books & Videos
Similar People: Sandy Berger | Allen Weinstein | Richard V. Allen | Samuel Wilson | ...
But the Congress has made the determination that certain kinds of information can be protected even though the American people may want to have access to information. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I feel very confident that that information should be sufficient for the members of the Senate to make an informed decision about John Roberts' qualifications. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I have fully cooperated with the investigation and before the grand jury, and I'm quite confident at the end of the day that we'll know what facts are in this particular case. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I respect very much the role of the media in our society; I think they can be very, very helpful. They serve as a very useful check, sort of a watchdog over the actions of the government, and I respect that. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I think what we ought to be focusing on is that we are on path for the release of 75,000 pages of documents in connection with John Roberts' work in the White House, as in the counselor's office and as his time working as an assistant in the office of the attorney general. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I want to be clear. No company is too big to be prosecuted. We have zero tolerance for corporate fraud, but we also recognize the importance of avoiding collateral consequences whenever possible. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I will be the first to admit I am not perfect and I make mistakes. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
I'll leave it to others to try to determine whether or not that was unfair or not. I'm not the nominee. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
In this job, you're going to make decisions. You'll say things that some people are going to love them, some people are going to hate them. It's just part of the job. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
Jim, I'm not aware of any formal requests from the Senate Judiciary Committee for these kinds of documents. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
Our hearts and prayers go out to the people in London and in Egypt. We're very concerned about it. We are providing our expertise to aid in the investigation in London. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
There are, for example, exemptions in FOIA in which the government can withhold certain kinds of information, and the courts have recognized that there is certain documentation that do deserve protection, that certain privileges do apply and do deserve protection. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
This is a very highly charged investigation. People are very interested in this, and we've got a prosecutor, a very well respected prosecutor who's been looking at this issue, this investigation for a long time. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
We respect the role of the Senate. We respect the authority of the Senate to look at the qualifications of Judge Roberts, and at the end of the day I'm optimistic that if given a fair hearing and a fair opportunity, that he will be confirmed. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
We're talking about the lawyers for the United States of America. And I think it's very, very important that the lawyers be comfortable being very candid and open about their views on very sensitive issues affecting the United States. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
Well, first of all, let me say that - let me remind your viewers that I am recused from this investigation, and what I said this weekend is not anything new. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
Well, there is an attorney-client privilege here that needs to be respected, and it's a privilege that has been found to be worthy of protection by our courts. Alberto Gonzales | Refcard PDF ↑
Cartoonist Quotes
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text:
East Petersburg is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,591 at the 2020 census.

Geography
East Petersburg is located in north-central Lancaster County at  (40.100079, -76.352649). Pennsylvania Route 72 is the borough's Main Street, leading northwest  to Manheim and southeast the same distance to the center of Lancaster. Pennsylvania Route 722 (State Street) crosses Main Street in the center of town, and leads east  to Neffsville and southwest  to an interchange with the Pennsylvania Route 283 freeway.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,450 people, 1,708 households, and 1,327 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,688.6 people per square mile (1,420.0/km2). There were 1,766 housing units at an average density of 1,463.8 per square mile (563.5/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.03% White, 1.35% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.17% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. 2.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,708 households, out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.3% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $52,222, and the median income for a family was $53,910. Males had a median income of $38,700 versus $25,455 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,979. About 2.0% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Schools in East Petersburg are part of the Hempfield School District. Children are served by the following schools within the district:

Elementary
 East Petersburg Elementary

Middle school
 Centerville Middle School

High school
 Hempfield High School

Government

East Petersburg is governed by a seven-person borough council and mayor. As of January 2018 the council president was Cappy Panus and the mayor was James Andrew Malone.

East Petersburg Borough Council members are elected to four-year staggered terms. The borough council elects from members a president of council and a vice-president. The borough council serves as the legislative body elected by citizens of the borough. It is responsible for establishing policies, enacting by ordinance or resolution laws and regulations to implement approved policies, providing for annual budgets and appropriations of funds for lawful expenditures, appointing members to boards, and commissions established by the borough council. The mayor is responsible for law enforcement and holds a non-voting membership in the council, but with tie-breaking and veto powers per the Pennsylvania Borough Code.

The borough council meets twice per month to conduct business - a formal meeting the first Tuesday and a business meeting the third Thursday.

Community

East Petersburg Day is celebrated annually in September with a parade and community festivities in East Petersburg Community Park. East Petersburg Swimming Pool, which is operated by the Hempfield Area Recreation Commission, is home to the East Petersburg Swim Team. The Penn Legacy Soccer Club operates several playing fields within the borough. The East Petersburg Historical Society and East Petersburg Sportman Association are also located within the borough.

Churches
There are six churches within the borough:

 East Petersburg Mennonite Church
 Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church
 Trinity United Church of Christ
 Grace Evangelical Congregational
 Real Life Church of God
 Open Door Mission Pentecostal

East Petersburg Churches is a community resource website from the pastors and churches in the borough.

Notable people
Christian Strenge, fraktur artist

References

External links

Populated places established in 1812
Boroughs in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1812 establishments in Pennsylvania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Kit Wan is a Hong Kong based independent menswear designer and visual artist whom based in Oslo formerly. Following his BA studies at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in fashion design, he completed his Master's degree at the Oslo National Academy of the Arts in 2016.
Exploring manga, high-tech, sci-fi and mechanical aesthetics, Wan's cult-like body of work navigates the contemporary world through diverse art forms and clothing design. Using his clothing collections as a direct medium to visualise his distinctive motifs on bodies, it branches into concepts of uniform and body armour/ extension. Through dramatically constructed shapes, colours, fabrications and steady development of designs, his clothing collections are articulated with the evolvement of fictional storylines in his manifested universe.
Wan's distinctive multicultural work and vision have been gaining momentum from a wide geographical and creative spectrum, stretching from Hong Kong to Oslo. With his cross-cultural background, he creates an universal visual language that bridges his world to the contemporary cultures. His work has been covered by the likes of GQ Italia, Vogue Italia, Elle Norge, WGSN, Fucking Young!, Highsnobiety, Recens paper and King Kong Magazine, and featured at 'Urban Influence fashion exhibition' at the Spring Studios, New York in 2017. Wan also received recognition from The Arts Council Norway in 2017 for his collective work, by being the first fashion designer to recieve the young artist award. In 2019, Wan becomes the new addition to the list of designers like Richard Quinn and Edda Gimnes to recieve printing sponsorships from Epson Europe.
Chapter 001 第壹章: The clanging beloved Coming soon
info@kitwanstudios.com


On the evening of 31 July 2018, Robert Wood sat down with author, writer, and the Centre's very own head of oral storytelling, Sisonke Msimang, to discuss the inner-workings of her memoir, Always Another Country: A Memoir of Exile and Home.
Copyright © 2018 Sisonke Msimang and Robert Wood.
Simon has devoted his life to environmental activism, but the journey has not been without its challenges. He says that being an activist has meant having to make huge personal sacrifices, including losing the custody of his children.
South African born mineral explorer Miles has built a remarkably successful career for himself in mining.


We know the challenges and joys of parenting in our culture because we are parents too! We want to provide a safe and fun environment - not just so you can enjoy DCC's services knowing your kids are having a blast, but also so you have a partner in the task of character formation.
One of our priorities is to connect your child with a caring adult that will learn their name and make them feel welcomed and cared for. We carefully screen and train all our adult small group leaders because nothing matters more than the safety of our kids.
Our nursery group meets in a quiet space filled with loving volunteers, developmentally appropriate toys and soft music.
Our preschool group meets in fun filled environments that are structured for their age. The morning includes a routine of crafts, dancing, games and interactive stories.
Our elementary group begins the morning by meeting up with their small groups and hang out with them the whole service. Together they participate in engaging large group, fun activities and meaningful discussions.
Please know that if your child needs you for any reason, your special code will appear on the big screen and a volunteer will meet you in the hallway.


Aquatic Access Pool Lift – IGAT-180 Complete is an automatic, water powered lift that meets ADA requirements. It has a 180 degree turning radius and is built to accommodate lateral transfers. Adjustable seat height travels 42″ up and down with upper and lower level controls for independent operation from deck or water.
– Comes complete with foot rest.


text:
WE are Band of Silver
Armed with monstrous riffs, arena-sized beats, and overpowering vocals, Band Of Silver tap into timeless rock 'n' roll tradition. The Nashville quartet—Avery [vocals], Alex [lead guitar, vocals], Nikolas [keyboard], and Evan [drums]—brings a modern and youthful spark, perspective, and unpredictability to the genre.
It's been far too long since a group strapped on instruments and played their hearts out through buzzing amps quite like this…
"We love rock, pop, and eighties," says Avery. "We just want to write songs that have energy."
The moment that Avery began playing music alongside her younger brothers Alex and Evan, they found that energy, drawing on influences spanning everything from Halestorm and The Pretty Reckless to Panic! at the Disco and Weezer. Driven to make a career out of their shared passion, the siblings recruited their friend from a local music school, Nikolas, and got to work.
The group entered Sound Emporium Studios with chief engineer Mike Stankiewicz [Drive-By Truckers, Blake Shelton] to record their 2018 EP, In Space!. Throughout the songs, Band Of Silver seamlessly incorporates moments of hip-hop and even Latin into their singular rock style. "We really pushed to capture the spirit of our live show in the studio," continues Alex.
Ultimately, Band Of Silver possess the power to reinvigorate rock music.
"We dream big," Avery leaves off. "We want to have a career. We want to energize anybody who listens to us."


Housed in a giant shoebox, situated outside the main entrance to the Migration Museum at The Workshop, this brand-new version of A Mile in My Shoes brings together a collection of new audio stories shared by refugees and migrants who have made London their home, from a Nigerian barber to a Syrian dentist.
Come and walk a mile in someone else's shoes – literally – while listening to their story.
Don't miss this opportunity to experience A Mile in My Shoes, complete with new stories and back in London for just three weeks.
Admission is free and no booking is required for individual visits. Group visits are welcomed – please contact hello@empathymuseum.com for more information.
For more information on A Mile in My Shoes and the Empathy Museum, please visit: www.empathymuseum.com.
The Empathy Museum is produced by Artsadmin.
A Mile in My Shoes is supported by the National Lottery through Arts Council England.


A leading member of the KRG's ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) discusses fractures among Kurdish parties and the prospects for unification in Baghdad.
The Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) has dominated politics in the autonomous Kurdistan region for more than a decade, but Iraq's upcoming national elections will present it with new challenges.
Less than a month after the KDP led an independence referendum in September 2017, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi ordered a military operation to re-establish federal control of Kirkuk and other disputed territories.


text:
<?php

namespace Lazychaser\Shopping\Contracts\Commerce;

use Lazychaser\Shopping\Data\Money;

interface Product
{
    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function getUniqueId();

    /**
     * @param int $quantity
     *
     * @return Money
     */
    public function getPriceForQuantity($quantity);

    /**
     * Min quantity that customer can add to cart.
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getMinQuantity();

    /**
     * Quantity is a multiple of this value.
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getQuantityFactor();

    /**
     * Get whether cart item is available for purchase.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function isPurchasable();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: oracle connect by prior,how to indicate the highest score from the path- using sys_connect_by_path I try to use sys_connect_by_path in connect by prior, to create a path for all the model, I want to indicate for any path the highest score that the client gets in the models.
this is my table
the query that  I use to create the paths
select id, sys_connect_by_path(model,';') path,
       sys_connect_by_path(score,';') score_path, max_score
from table
connect by prior id = id

example of result
for any path I get the last score from the path, how can I indicate the highest score from the path?
there is a "max" function?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Windows 10 faces an existential threat. And no, it's not the iPad Pro, at least not yet. Instead, this threat comes from within. And though Microsoft understands the threat, it still refuses to do the one thing that will solve the problem.
I am referring, of course, to crapware.
Buying a Windows PC can be a terrible experience. The last Windows laptop I purchased was for our daughter, it was a Christmas present and I remember spending much of that Christmas morning removing all the crapware that came with it. It was a terrible customer experience. Microsoft really should get this sorted.


text:
Medicago and GSK announce positive Phase 3 efficacy and safety results for adjuvanted plant-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate
December 14, 2021 todi1
Medicago, a biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Quebec City, and GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) announce positive efficacy and safety results from the global Phase 3 placebo-controlled efficacy study of Medicago's plant-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate in combination with GSK's pandemic adjuvant, conducted in over 24,000 subjects (adults 18 years and above) across six countries.
Vaccine efficacy was demonstrated in an environment dominated by SARS-CoV-2 variants, unlike most published Phase 3 efficacy trials for currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines that were conducted when only the ancestral virus was circulating, making direct comparisons impossible. The overall vaccine efficacy rate against all variants of SARS-COV-2 was 71% (95% CI: 58.7, 80.0; Per Protocol Analysis: PP). The corresponding number for people with an initial seronegative status indicating no previous exposure to COVID-19 was 75.6% (95% CI: 64.2-83.7; PP). The vaccine candidate demonstrated efficacy of 75.3% (95% CI: 52.8, 87.9; PP) against COVID-19 of any severity for the globally dominant Delta variant. Efficacy was 88.6% (95% CI: 74.6, 95.6; PP) against the Gamma variant. Although only a small number of severe cases occurred in this study, none occurred in the vaccinated group. No cases of the Alpha, Lambda and Mu variants were observed in the vaccinated group while 12 cases were observed in the placebo group. The Omicron variant was not circulating during the study.
During the study, no related serious adverse events were reported and reactogenicity was generally mild to moderate and transient; symptoms lasting on average only one to three days. To date, the Phase 3 results have confirmed the safety profile is consistent with Phase 2 results. The frequency of mild fever was low (10%), even after the second dose. Full results of the Phase 3 study will be released in a peer-reviewed publication as soon as possible.
Based on these results, Medicago will imminently seek regulatory approval from Health Canada as part of its rolling submission. The vaccine candidate is not yet approved by any regulatory authority.
"This is an incredible moment for Medicago and for novel vaccine platforms. The results of our clinical trials show the power of plant-based vaccine manufacturing technology. If approved, we will be contributing to the world's fight against the COVID-19 pandemic with the world's first plant-based vaccine for use in humans," said Takashi Nagao, CEO and President at Medicago. "I want to thank everyone who participated in our clinical trials, our collaborators at clinical trial sites, our partners at GSK, the Government of Canada and Government of Quebec, all of our employees and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, for their commitment to advancing vaccine science when the world needs it."
Thomas Breuer, GSK's global COVID-19 adjuvanted vaccines lead and Chief Global Health Officer, said, "These are encouraging results given data were obtained in an environment with no ancestral virus circulating. The global COVID-19 pandemic is continuing to show new facets with the current dominance of the Delta variant, upcoming Omicron, and other variants likely to follow. The combination of GSK's established pandemic adjuvant with Medicago's plant-based vaccine technology has significant potential to be an effective, refrigerator-stable option to help protect people against SARS-CoV-2."
Medicago has been developing its plant-based technology for the past 20 years, using unique technology to produce Virus-Like Particles (VLP) for its protein vaccines. VLPs are designed to mimic the native structure of viruses, allowing them to be easily recognised by the immune system. Because the VLPs lack core genetic material, they are non-infectious and unable to replicate. VLP vaccines developed by other technologies have traditionally been used worldwide for more than 30 years.
"I am pleased to see our vaccine candidate moving forward and bringing to the world the first plant-based vaccine against COVID-19, diversifying the pool of vaccines available to help improve public health and protect more people," said Yosuke Kimura, Chief Scientific Officer at Medicago.
Medicago has initiated the regulatory filing process for the adjuvanted plant-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate with the FDA (US) and the MHRA (UK). Preliminary discussion is underway with the WHO for preparation of the submission. Medicago has also initiated a Phase 1/2 trial in Japan where it plans to submit for regulatory approval in combination with the Phase 2/3 global study results next spring.
About the Phase 2/3 study
The Phase 2/3 study has a multi-portion design to confirm that the chosen formulation and dosing regimen of the vaccine candidate (two doses of 3.75 µg of antigen combined with GSK's pandemic adjuvant given 21 days apart) has an acceptable vaccine profile in healthy adults 18-64 years of age, elderly subjects aged 65 and over and adults with comorbidities.
The Phase 2 portion of the trial was a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the adjuvanted recombinant COVID-19 plant-based vaccine candidate in subjects aged 18 and above. It was conducted in multiples sites in Canada and the United States in a population composed of healthy adults (18-64y), elderly adults (over 65y) and adults with comorbidities. Each age group enrolled up to 306 subjects randomized 5:1 to receive the adjuvanted vaccine candidate: placebo and with 2:1 stratification in older adults (65-74 and ≥75). All subjects are being followed for a period of 12 months after the last vaccination for assessment of safety and the durability of the immune responses which will be the final analysis.
The Phase 3 portion of the trial was launched in March 2021 and was an event-driven, randomized, observer-blinded, crossover placebo-controlled design that evaluated the efficacy and safety of the vaccine candidate formulation, compared to placebo, in over 24,000 subjects across Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil.
The data communicated are Per-Protocol, meaning only data from participants who followed the protocol throughout the study are included. A parallel Intention to Treat (ITT) analysis that considers the treatment received by all participants, without regard to protocol adherence yielded very similar results.
The vaccination regimen calls for two doses (3.75 microgram of antigen in combination with GSK's pandemic adjuvant) given intramuscularly 21 days apart. The vaccine is stored at 2 °C to 8 °C, enabling the use of traditional vaccine supply and cold chain channels.
GSK commitment to tackling COVID-19
GSK's response to COVID-19 has been one of the broadest in the industry, with potential treatments in addition to our vaccine candidates in development with partner organisations.
GSK is collaborating with several organisations on COVID-19 vaccines by providing access to our adjuvant technology. We are working with Sanofi, Medicago and SK bioscience to develop adjuvanted, protein-based vaccines, and all are now in Phase III clinical trials. The use of an adjuvant can be of particular importance in a pandemic since it may reduce the amount of vaccine protein required per dose, allowing more vaccine doses to be produced and contributing to protect more people in need.
GSK is also working with mRNA specialist, CureVac, to jointly develop next generation, optimised mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 with the potential to address multiple emerging variants in one vaccine.
GSK is also exploring treatments for COVID-19 patients, collaborating with Vir Biotechnology to investigate monoclonal antibodies that could be used as therapeutic or preventive options for COVID-19.
About Medicago
Medicago is on a mission to improve global public health using the power of plants. Founded in 1999 with the belief that innovative approaches and rigorous research would bring new solutions in healthcare, Medicago is a pioneer in plant-derived therapeutics. We are proudly rooted in Quebec, with manufacturing capacity in both Canada and the US. Our passionate and curious team of over 500 scientific experts and employees are dedicated to using our technology to provide rapid responses to emerging global health challenges, and to advancing therapeutics against life-threatening diseases worldwide.
Medicago is an affiliated company of Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation.
About GSK
GSK is a science-led global healthcare company with a special purpose: to help people do more, feel better, live longer.
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text:
package iso20022

// Sensible data associated with the payment card performing the transaction.
type PlainCardData2 struct {

	// Primary Account Number (PAN) of the card, or card number.
	PAN *Min8Max28NumericText `xml:"PAN"`

	// Identify a card inside a set of cards with the same card number (PAN).
	CardSequenceNumber *Min2Max3NumericText `xml:"CardSeqNb,omitempty"`

	// Date as from which the card can be used.
	EffectiveDate *ISOYearMonth `xml:"FctvDt,omitempty"`

	// Expiry date of the card.
	ExpiryDate *ISOYearMonth `xml:"XpryDt"`

	// Services attached to the card, as defined in ISO 7813.
	ServiceCode *Exact3NumericText `xml:"SvcCd,omitempty"`

	// Magnetic track or equivalent payment card data.
	TrackData []*TrackData1 `xml:"TrckData,omitempty"`
}

func (p *PlainCardData2) SetPAN(value string) {
	p.PAN = (*Min8Max28NumericText)(&value)
}

func (p *PlainCardData2) SetCardSequenceNumber(value string) {
	p.CardSequenceNumber = (*Min2Max3NumericText)(&value)
}

func (p *PlainCardData2) SetEffectiveDate(value string) {
	p.EffectiveDate = (*ISOYearMonth)(&value)
}

func (p *PlainCardData2) SetExpiryDate(value string) {
	p.ExpiryDate = (*ISOYearMonth)(&value)
}

func (p *PlainCardData2) SetServiceCode(value string) {
	p.ServiceCode = (*Exact3NumericText)(&value)
}

func (p *PlainCardData2) AddTrackData() *TrackData1 {
	newValue := new(TrackData1)
	p.TrackData = append(p.TrackData, newValue)
	return newValue
}


my niece and nephew, yesss, João' younger children.
i love youuuuuuu a lot, Kids !!!!
just to give a very special magic star for today and all days to come !!!!!
in internet too we must keep our children Safe !!!!
with his Spiritual Rights denied !!! Darrell was American Indian !!!
my note »» i really doubt the number of American Indians cited here is correct.
USA lists people by "races" and i was truly chocked to see Latinos' one too when i have seen for the first time The American Bureau of Justice.
i didn't know about their existence, it reminds Hitler, isn't it ???
what is race anyway if our blood has the same colour ???
Kill Death Penalty NOW and .... it's all !!!!!
a simple homage to Arthur Rackham, one of the best illustrators i have ever known.
i was and am always in awe by illustrations for children.
my childhood was not really happy and one of my escapes was reading and dreaming of better and magical worlds.
Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away; for now the winter is past, the rain is over and gone. The flowers appear on the earth; the time of singing has come, and the voice of the turtledove is heard in our land. The fig tree puts forth its figs, and the vines are in blossom; they give forth fragrance.
fly Toni fly, it's butterfly time !!!!
do you see my little hands, Dad ??? do you hear the way i talk ???
how i smile walk tuck up my sleeves to eat or .... am a rebel ???
without you i learned the meaning of survival !!!!
dad in the 50's, the one i love and want to remember.
of the sea and was an extraordinary man, like Mom always said.
from him, i kept this fascination by nature, loving animals, collecting flowers …. reading poems writing tender messages and be a romantic dreamer, even if i am a walking disaster for business.
she played piano and with grandpa Hanns they played wonderful duets.
in beautiful porcelain cups with little pink roses.
from her i kept my belief everyone gone lives in a parallel world to ours.
i never knew them, they are gone before i was born.
and, till today, my soul aches for meeting you, Grandpa.
Ich liebe Dich so sehr, Opa !!!!
I love you, Avós !!!
and night and day i dream with home !!! it is where you are !!!!
March, the month of Karma, the one i was conceived on earth.
we know who we are. Our song tells us who we are.
wake up, Toni says to Zéquinha .... you are my sunshine !!!!!


I would urge the thought that the Indian School must build character; that there must be no neglect of the pupil's moral nature; that the highest success of everyone is conditioned upon a discrimination between right and wrong, and that there is nothing more essential to true education than the "ought" and the "ought not" in mental growth. Although comprehensive outlines on manners and right conduct were not given in the tentative course of study, definite time is set apart for such instruction and should be faithfully used.
Every school library has, or should have, reference books for teachers on moral training, and every conscientious teacher will be true to the moral element in personal example and in classroom methods. Moreover, all superintendents should see that the broadly tolerant spirit of the General Regulations for Religious Worship is fully sustained. There should be no curtailment of the impartial privileges therein extended to all Christian denominations whose missionary efforts have become so helpful to our work. The influence of the Sunday school, the facilities to pupils for church attendance, and the moral features of the general assembly must not be overlooked. In our preparation of the Indians for citizenship, we should hold firmly to the prime truth that good men and good women are the safety of society; that in no form of government is civic righteousness so essential as in a democracy where the rulers are the people whose individual rectitude must determine the collective morality of the state and the standards of public ethics.
Quoted in "Signs of the Times"


text:
Tomo P. Oraovac (Oraovo, Principality of Montenegro, 6 October 1853 – Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 3 March 1939) was a Serbian writer, poet, publicist, fighter for constitutional freedoms in Montenegro, Inspector of the Ministry of Finance and Member of Parliament.

Biography
He was born in the village of Oraovo in Kuči, Montenegro, on 6 October 1853 (Julian Calendar).

He belonged to the first generation of Serbs who studied at the School of Theology in Cetinje (1869-1872). After completing his education, he worked as a teacher, in Danilovgrad, then in Cetinje, where he quickly became its principal. Initiated the convening of the first assembly of Montenegrin teachers, in which he advocated uniform instruction and abolition of corporal punishment in schools.

During the Great War, he performed significant duties in the supply of food to Serbian refugees from Herzegovina. In 1876, Prince Nicholas appointed him Chief Administrator for the reception of food and aid from Imperial Russia. He received high honours for his services to the Montenegrin people. He was appointed Chief Intendant at Bar, where he remained until 1881. He initiated the establishment of the Bar Reading Room, supported by the most respected citizens, and, along with other prominent and free-spirited Montenegrins, launched a movement to establish a democratic and parliamentary regime.

Because Oraovac was opposed to the absolutist regime of Prince Nikola, he was expelled from Montenegro in 1883 and was forced to move to the Kingdom of Serbia.

There he served as a clerk in the police and in the Ministry of Finance. He worked as the District Chief, Taxman, Comptroller and Inspector in the Ministry of Finance, and remained in this position until his retirement, after fifty years of civil service.

Between the two world wars he was a member of Radical Parties that was led by Stojan Protić. He was a member of the Society for the Study of the History of Montenegro as its president and lecturer.

He was involved in scholastic and literary activity and publicity. When he was young he began to write lyric and epic poetry. Some of his songs, which were produced during his time in Montenegro, became very popular.

He wrote about the Cetinje Monastery and the centuries-old independence of Montenegro in the Zeta Gazette (Zetski glasnik). Before his death, he prepared to print "Famous Montenegrins", which was published posthumously the following year.

Works

Books
 "Three Famous Herzegovinians", Belgrade (1908)
 "The Arbanassi Question and Serbian Law", Belgrade (1913)
 "The Anathema of Lovčen", Geneva (1918)
 "Duke Tripko Džaković", Cetinje (1935)
 "War on Lake Skadar: Conquering the City of Zabljak", Belgrade (1935)
 "Famous Montenegrins", Zemun (1940)

Articles
 "Property of the Cetinje Monastery, Ivan Beg's Testament", Zetski glasnik, Cetinje 8/1936, no. 33-2.
 "On the Centenary of the Independence of Montenegro", Zetski glasnik, 7/1935, no. 1-4, 4-5.

See also
 Marko Miljanov
 Tripko Džaković

References

Works cited

Montenegrin writers
Montenegrin male writers
Montenegrin activists
1853 births
1939 deaths
People's Radical Party politicians
Kuči
Montenegrin historians
Serbs of Montenegro
Montenegrin politicians


Neuroscientist, author, and science communicator with 10 years of expertise in understanding how emotions and brain chemistry influence decision-making. Caitlin received her PhD from MIT where her work is published in science's top journals— including Nature & Cell. With a goal of connecting to a broader audience, she founded Interstellate in 2016. Currently, Caitlin is freelance science writer, social media strategist, and consultant in New York.
Are you passionate about science communication, social media, and outreach? Interstellate is looking for 2019 fellows for the production of Volume 3. We are seeking an Editor-In-Chief, Assistant Editor, and Consultants in various fields throughout the sciences. Team members will receive training in science writing, visual story telling, fundraising, social media, and personal branding. Send your CV and a brief writing sample to interstellate@gmail.com. Positivity and creativity required.


Spanish households and companies defaulted on their debts in record numbers in August, hurting the country's lenders and highlighting the need for an aid package and bad bank to help the economy out of recession.
A property crash left banks with billions of euros in bad debt from real estate developers on their balance sheets but the problems have spread to small businesses and other sectors. Loans that fell into arrears in August increased by 5.3 billion euros ($7 billion) from July, reaching 178 billion euros, Bank of Spain data showed on Thursday. Spain is setting up a bad bank to siphon property assets off lenders' balance sheets and banks are preparing to receive the first funds from a 100-billion-euro credit line agreed with the European Union.
But the record loan data raises the question of whether consumer loans should also be transferred to the bad bank and if Spain will take too little of the European cash. The government estimates it only needs 40 billion euros.
The setting up of a bad bank is a condition of receiving the European aid, alongside an independent audit of the country's lenders completed in September which pointed to seven banks needing capital in a severe downturn.
Spain is also expected to ask for a sovereign aid package in the next few weeks which would open the door for the European entral Bank to start buying its debt to bring premiums down.
Spain is suffering its worst economic downturn in half a century, marked by high unemployment and deep spending cuts. This has hurt consumers who are now defaulting on their loans in increasing numbers and this also makes the bank problems worse. The country has raised the possibility of including defunct consumer loans in the bad bank, although only in the worst cases, Economy Ministry sources said on Wednesday.
Bad consumer loans will not be transferred into the bad bank in the first instance, a source with knowledge of the matter said, but the bad bank has been designed so that non-real estate assets could be included in the future.
"At some time in the future they may be included, but it may never happen,'' the source said. ``What you need to cut out is the cyst of the real estate sector, that's what the bad bank has been set up for, that's what has destroyed the banking system.'' The bad bank will be designed to hold up to 90 billion euros of assets, but the government expects the final size to be much smaller. It will be up and running by the end of the year.
The Bank of Spain must determine the price at which assets are transferred to the bank, using input from independent auditor Oliver Wyman. The price will be set in the week following Nov. 19 when the legislation governing the formation of the bad bank is passed.
Prices must be low enough to attract private investors, meaning the bad bank will be profitable over its 15 year lifespan, but not so low as to precipitate bigger losses for Spain's banks.
Economists say getting the banks back to a healthy position is crucial to Spain climbing out of recession. Most independent forecasts are looking for a drop of 1.5% in economic output next year, far worse than the government's forecast for a 0.5% contraction.
Spain's lenders have already made massive write downs on their property investments under two government laws passed this year. The government has forced lenders to set aside 137 billion euros on 307 billion euros of real estate exposure.
Write downs on property are expected to continue to squeeze banks' profits in nine-months results. Bankinter, the first Spanish bank to report results this season, posted a halving of 9 month net profit due to writedowns made in the first half. Santander and BBVA, which passed the independent audit with flying colours, still have more writedowns to make to comply with the government legislation.


text:
require "spec_helper"

describe Api::FbosConfigsController do
  include Devise::Test::ControllerHelpers

  let(:user) { FactoryBot.create(:user) }
  let(:device) { user.device }

  describe "#show" do
    it "handles requests" do
      sign_in user
      device.fbos_config.destroy! # Let's test defaults.
      get :show, format: :json
      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
      {
        device_id: device.id,
        auto_sync: true,
        disable_factory_reset: true,
        firmware_input_log: false,
        firmware_output_log: false,
        sequence_body_log: false,
        sequence_complete_log: false,
        sequence_init_log: false,
        arduino_debug_messages: false,
        network_not_found_timer: nil,
        os_auto_update: true,
        firmware_hardware: nil,
        api_migrated: true,
      }.to_a.map do |key, value|
        actual = json.fetch(key)
        expected = value
        correct = actual == expected
        friendly_actual_var = actual || "nil or false"
        fail "#{key} should be #{expected} but got #{friendly_actual_var}" unless correct
      end

      { created_at: String, updated_at: String }
        .to_a.map { |key, value| expect(json[key]).to be_kind_of(value) }
    end
  end

  describe "#update" do
    it "raise integer overflow errors" do
      way_too_big = 123456789013333333332345
      sign_in user
      body = { network_not_found_timer: way_too_big }
      put :update, body: body.to_json, params: { format: :json }
      expect(response.status).to eq(422)
      expect(json[:error]).to include("was too big/small")
    end

    it "handles update requests" do
      sign_in user
      body = { disable_factory_reset: false }
      body.to_a.map { |key, val| expect(device.fbos_config.send(key)).not_to eq(val) }
      put :update, body: body.to_json, params: { format: :json }
      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
      device.reload
      body.to_a.map do |key, val|
        expect(device.fbos_config.send(key)).to eq(val)
        expect(json[key]).to eq(val)
      end
    end

    it "does not enforce row locking if there is only one column change" do
      sign_in user
      expect(device.fbos_config).to be
      body = { updated_at: 2.days.ago, network_not_found_timer: 20 }
      put :update, body: body.to_json, params: { format: :json }
      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
    end

    it "enforces row locking if there is only one column change" do
      sign_in user
      expect(device.fbos_config).to be
      body = {
        updated_at: 2.days.ago,
        network_not_found_timer: 20,
        firmware_hardware: "whatever",
      }
      put :update, body: body.to_json, params: { format: :json }
      expect(response.status).to eq(409)
    end

    it "disallows mass assignment attacks against device_id" do
      sign_in user
      body = { device_id: 99 }
      conf = device.fbos_config
      old_device_id = conf.device_id
      put :update, body: body.to_json, params: { format: :json }
      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
      expect(conf.reload.device_id).to eq(old_device_id)
    end

    it "ignores unknown keys" do
      sign_in user
      body = { blah_blah_blah: true }
      put :update, body: body.to_json, params: { format: :json }
      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
    end
  end

  describe "#delete" do
    it "resets everything to the defaults" do
      sign_in user
      old_conf = device.fbos_config
      old_conf.update(arduino_debug_messages: 23)
      delete :destroy, params: {}
      expect(response.status).to eq(200)
      new_conf = device.reload.fbos_config
      expect(new_conf.arduino_debug_messages).to_not eq(23)
    end
  end
end


Here is a Thank You card using the Cricut Animal Kingdom cartridge that I made for my dad. While we were back home visiting he really planned a lot of activites for us: four-wheel riding, fishing, going to the park, a cook-out. You can see a few pictures of our trip HERE. He took off work the entire week, and I hope he knows how much we appreciate him. FYI, my mom will get a card too! She did a lot of work too. She cooked A LOT!!! I gained 5 pounds! Maybe I won't be thanking HER!!! JK!!
Here's a close up of my "big" buck! An eight pointer!
Other Cardstock / Paper: DCVW Spring Garden Paper Pack cut at 5" X 2 1/4"
Glorious Green strip cut at 5 1/4" X 1"
Great, masculine card! I LOVE the shading on the deer.
Ooh! I LOVE this! Great card!
What a perfect card! I'm glad to hear you had a wonderful time.
Great card and great video! I rarely use my Cricut but used it yesterday and this morning actually!! Thanks for your tips!!
Cute card! Love the plaid!
Great card, it is just so cute.
Thank is really cute! I love that deer, so masculine and the colors are great too!
What a COOL card, I really love the deer and the plaid!
I love your big buck thanks for everything card. You are great at using those die cuts and making them pop!


text:
Q: Why UIButton can not use KVC to change titleLabel let newLabel = UILbael()
let button = UIButton()
button.setValue(newLabel, forKeyPath: "titleLabel")

crash info

setValue:forUndefinedKey:]: this class is not key valuecoding-compliant for the key titleLabel

how do it if use kvc ?

A: Observe that you can't set the title label directly:
mybutton.titleLabel = UILabel(...)

The reason: it's a read-only property. You have no business trying to substitute a different label inside the button!


The iComfort Hybrid Recognition Twin Extra Long Plush Hybrid Quilted Mattress and Pivot iC Adjustable Foundation by Serta at Darvin Furniture in the Orland Park, Chicago, IL area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.