text:
Prior Visions of Star Flight
by Paul Gilster on December 29, 2011
by Marc Millis
Here is a holiday gift from Tau Zero as compiled by TZF's founding architect Marc Millis. It's part of Marc's continuing effort to find earlier references to the interstellar concepts — many of them in fiction — that we routinely ponder today. Some of these go back to the early 20th Century and in some cases the 19th. Compilations like this are always works in progress, as we found when putting together a list of interstellar propulsion concepts for the first chapter of the book Marc and Eric Davis edited, Frontiers of Propulsion Science, where one memory triggered another and the list kept growing. Readers are encouraged, then, to add other references to older material, as those of us who delight in prowling through old science fiction magazines have access to a mother lode of fictional precedents. I'll also mention that this post will be the last of 2011 — as I did last week, I'll skip the Friday and Monday posts in honor of the holiday, with the next post appearing on Tuesday, January 3.
I am indebted to the following volunteers who helped me finish these lists of inspirational starflight visions, both fictional and engineered: Brandon Vernon, Curtis Wilbur, Tatiana Covington, Yusif Nurizade, and Geoff Landis.
These lists of noteworthy fiction and engineered interstellar ships are not complete lists, but rather those that had more influence than the rest. In some cases I've added my personal reactions. Enjoy!
Year, Concept / "term" / "Ship name," Author / Designer, Name of reference.
1880, "Antigravity" term coined, Percy Greg, Across the Zodiac.
1928, Faster-than-light first mentioned, E.E. 'Doc' Smith, Skylark series.
1931, "Hyperspace" term coined, John Campbell, Islands of Space.
1932, "Space Drive" term coined, John Campbell, "The Electronic Siege," Wonder Stories.
1935, "Space Warp" term coined, N. Schachner, "The Son of Redmask," Astounding Stories.
1941, First colony ship (multi-generation), R. A. Heinlein, "Universe" / "Common Sense" / Methuselah's Children.
1950, "FTL" as acronym coined, Fritz Leiber, "Enchanted Forest," Astounding Science Fiction.
1951, "Warp Drive" term coined, M. Gibbs, Letter in Marvel Science Stories.
1951, "Klaatu" saucer, Harry Bates, Edmund North, Robert Wise, The Day the Earth Stood Still.
1956, "United Planets Cruiser C57-D," Irving Block & A. A. Adler, C. Hume, F. M Wilcox, Forbidden Planet.
Millis comment: I did not see this movie until long after Star Wars had been out (some time in the 1980s). When I did finally see it and knowing its creation date, I was seriously impressed. Even the opening narrative makes sense. The ship dealt with the differences in FTL and slower flight well, and I was delighted that it did NOT use rockets. Landing scene done well (image courtesy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer).
1956, "Twin Paradox" used in literature, "Torchship," Robert Heinlein, Time for the Stars.
1958, "Matter Transmitter," Poul Anderson, The Enemy Stars.
1963, "TARDIS" (Time And Relative Dimensions In Space), Sydney Newman, D. Wilson, C. E. Webber, Dr. Who.
Millis comment: To me, the most stimulating part of this vehicle is that it is larger on the inside than outside – good fodder for pondering. I did not discover Dr. Who until the late 1980's.
1966, "Starship Enterprise NCC-1701," Matt Jefferies and Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek.
Millis comment: I grew up watching Star Trek after the Apollo Moon landings when I was at that impressionable age. This was the fiction that provoked much of my early thinking about physics and star flight. The occasional logical inconsistencies (e.g "Wink of an Eye") fueled as much thought as the unknowns that needed to be to solved. I remember being frustrated by not being able to find out which parts of the ship's technology were just fiction and which were based on extensions of works in progress. That unfulfilled desire led me to some of the thoughts behind Tau Zero.
1967, "Galileo Seven" shuttle, Matt Jefferies (interior) and Gene Winfield (exterior), Star Trek.
Millis comment: This specific vehicle has an even fonder place in my memory than the starship Enterprise, since this ship was on the scale I could imagine owning and operating myself. And even more than that, this ship was THE major icon for my childhood ponderings for how to make such a vehicle real. In my early teens I would imagine this ship hovering over my driveway, and then I would imagine throwing rocks at it and poking it with a stick to try and decipher how it might be hovering (typical boy way of analyzing things, eh?) The trajectory of the rocks would vary depending on the levitation method. These mental exercises led me to realize what I would have to study in school to figure these things out on my own. I have yet to write down and share such ponderings in open publications, but look forward to doing so some day.
1970, Runaway relativistic speed and collapse of time, (via Bussard Ramjet), Poul Anderson, Tau Zero.
1971, "Valley Forge," Deric Washburn, Michael Cimino, Steven Bochco, Douglas Trumbull, Silent Running (PG note: Be sure to read Larry Klaes' essay on this movie in The Space Review).
1971 "Boom Tube" (interdimensional portal/transporter), Jack Kirby, Waves of the Mind.
1977, "Millennium Falcon," George Lucas, Star Wars.
Millis comment: When this vehicle hit the screens it helped reenergize my enthusiasm, but I was not impressed by its operations. Unlike Star Trek, which hit me in my impressionable years, Star Wars emerged when I was already studying physics in college. It became clear after a few minutes of watching the movie that Star Wars was more about entertainment than speculation, and was absent the kind of provocations of Star Trek, the Outer Limits, and the Twilight Zone. As much as that Falcon looked cool, it was NOT thought-provoking. I was entertained and energized, but it did not stimulate my imagination.
1978, "Infinite improbability drive" / "Heart of Gold," Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
Millis comment: Finally, a different space engine than the ubiquitous warp drives and hyperspace! In addition to the great humor of the Hitchhiker series, I really like this propulsion concept. It was fun, funny, and intellectually provocative.
1984, "Laser-pushed sail," Robert Forward, Rocheworld.
1984, "3-man thermal pod," Earl Mac Rauch and W. D. Richter, The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai.
Millis comment: I am one of the few people who love this movie because of its delightful, complex absurdity. Regarding inspirations, there is a moment near the end of the movie when our hero, Buckaroo Banzai, connects jumper cables to a car battery to get the "thermal pod," in which he is plummeting to suddenly start levitating. That cause-effect moment hit me hard. The notion of a car battery powering the levitation propulsion on a little pod was heart warming, in a delightfully absurd way.
1985, Bubble of isolated inertial space, Eric Luke and Joe Dante, Explorers.
Millis comment: There was a scene where a pre-teen is riding inside a transparent-invisible sphere that flies around in all directions and goes right through objects (like the ground) while the pre-teen remains protected. Although not explained in the movie, the behavior of that device was as if the internal inertial and gravitational environment is disconnected from the external inertial and gravitational environment. It matched several of my prior imaginative sessions.
1985, Wormhole Generator, Carl Sagan [Kip Thorne], Contact.
1986, "Trimaxian Drone,"(morphing spacecraft) Mark H. Baker, Michael Burton Disney, Flight of the Navigator.
1994, "Wormhole networks," Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin, Stargate.
Image: A screenshot from the science fiction television series Stargate Atlantis, one of several TV spinoffs from the film.
1999, "Planet Express," Matt Groening, Futurama.
1999, "Protector," Howard, Gordon, Dean Parisot, Galaxy Quest.
Millis comment: I thoroughly enjoyed this parody, in particular the role of the enthusiastic, believing fan, and the contrast between fiction fandom and reality (albeit the movie's 'reality' is fiction too).
2009, "ISV Venture Star," (It's noteworthy for having thermal radiators), James Cameron, Avatar.
ENGINEERED INTERSTELLAR SPACECRAFT
Year, "Ship Name" Ship Type, Author/engineer, name of reference, Publisher.
1958, "Project Orion" using nuclear detonation propulsion, S. Ulam, T. Taylor, & F. Dyson, "Nuclear Pulse Space Vehicle Study," General Atomic.
1960, "Bussard Ramjet" using on-the-fly-fusing of indigenous space protons, R. Bussard, "Galactic Matter and Interstellar Flight," Astronautica Acta.
1977, "Voyager 1 & 2" using a chemical rocket, JPL et al (http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/index.html), Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1978, "Project Daedalus," using a nuclear fusion rocket, Alan Bond, et al, British Interplanetary Society.
1984, Laser-beamed sail, Robert Forward, "Roundtrip Interstellar Travel Using Laser-Pushed Lightsails," Journal of Spacecraft & Rockets.
1985, "Starwisp" using beamed microwave energy to sails, R. Forward, "Starwisp: an Ultralight Interstellar Probe," American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
1987, "VISTA" using a nuclear fusion rocket, Charles D. Orth, "VISTA – A Vehicle for Interplanetary Space Transport Application Powered by Inertial Confinement Fusion," Lawrence Livermore National Lab.
1987, "TAU (Thousand Astronomical Units)" using nuclear-electric ion propulsion, JPL, et al, "Tau — A Mission to a Thousand Astronomical Units," Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1988, "Project Longshot" using nuclear pulse propulsion, Beals, K. A., M. Beaulieu, F. J. Dembia, J. Kerstiens, D. L. Kramer, J. R. West and J. A. Zito, "Project Longshot: An Unmanned Probe To Alpha Centauri," U. S Naval Academy.
1999, "AIMStar" using antimatter catalyzed nuclear propulsion, Raymond A. Lewis, Kirby Meyer, Gerald A. Smith and Steven D. Howe, "AIMStar: Antimatter Initiated Microfusion For Pre-cursor Interstellar Missions," Pennsylvania State University.
2003, "Innovative Interstellar Explorer" using nuclear electric rocket, Ralph McNutt, "Mission Design for the Innovative Interstellar Explorer Vision Mission" NASA (ongoing).
2009, "Project Icarus," using nuclear fusion rocket, Icarus Interstellar (numerous papers, ongoing).
Marc G Millis December 29, 2011, 11:54
Note: This is deliberately an incomplete list. I only included items that were significant in some way, even if only on a personal level of how they struck me. Complete lists become too long to digest. If you want to add an item to these lists, please state why you think it is important to you.
Thanks! ~ Marc
Ed Reed December 29, 2011, 15:55
Hmm…, I'd have included 2001 – A Space Odyssey (1969) and its monolith-provided inter-stellar passage ways as an earlier example of wormhole networks than Stargate, although I agree the later mechanisms were interesting in their own right.
Connie McManus December 29, 2011, 17:44
Man oh man did you take me down memory lane with your list of books/movies! What a good read that was! Thanks!
I would like to suggest the starship in Star Gate Universe. It refueled/rejuvinated itself by passing through the corona of a star. I don't know what kind of drive that would be, but I was blown away. Keep in mind, I'm a biologist, not a physicist. Happy New Year!
A. A. Jackson December 29, 2011, 18:17
Though not exactly science fiction , generation ships in SF were immensely influenced ty J. D. Bernal's 1929 essay The World, the Flesh & the Devil. An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul.
A remarkable exposition , futurism before the name existed.
Sean the Sorcerer December 29, 2011, 18:25
Your mention of Boom Tubes and Stargates got me thinking: if we're going to speculate freely about ideas for interstellar travel, why are we always thinking in terms of rockets and other objects physically traversing vast distances, versus ways to "fold space" where we are? Aren't spaceships a rather primitive, slow way to get around, and for cosmic scale exploration aren't they going to be fairly useless? A trip to Alpha Centauri is barely a step beyond a moon landing or a walk to the corner store, on the scale of the accessible universe! So I'd like to see more discussions of radical, paradigm-shattering ideas for galactic and intergalactic exploration that stretch the mind to the breaking point (and beyond). Perhaps I should register the domain andromedadreams.org, or bootesvoiddreams.org?
Alex Tolley December 29, 2011, 19:10
Iconic starships from movies and tv that I would include are:
Fireball XL5 (from the Gerry Anderson's puppet tv show of the same name)
Spacecraft capsule (with hibernation capsules) from Planet of the Apes (1968) – loved the simplicity of the conical shape.
Jupiter II (Lost in Space tv series) – the most famous saucer shape?
Liberator (Blake's Seven)
Nostromo (Alien) – especially liked the escape capsule Narcissus
I also like the craft in the Solaris remake.
And almost any of the ships painted by Chris Foss for SF covers – e.g. Asimov's Foundation trilogy:
http://www.isfdb.org/wiki/images/b/b1/SCNDFNDTNZ1975.jpg
Ron S December 29, 2011, 22:03
"Cavorite" from Wells' "First Men in the Moon" ~1900. This was 20 years before general relativity became widely known so it was understandable to think it plausible that gravity could be shielded against in a manner similar to electromagnetism. Although his description of its properties and application is a bit fanciful, he does try to show how difficult it is to control and avoid a variety of mishaps.
ljk December 29, 2011, 23:21
Happy 47th Birthday to the original Starship Enterprise!
On December 29th, 1964 – forty-seven years ago today – the original filming model of the U.S.S. Enterprise was delivered to the Howard Anderson Company. Model maker Richard C. Datin, Jr., who worked for the company and oversaw the efforts of craftsmen Mel Keys, Vernon Sion, and Volmer Jensen, constructed the 11-foot "miniature" from a 1-foot prototype Datin himself built. The prototype and the larger model were of course based on the design created by Star Trek production artist Walter M. "Matt" Jefferies.
After taking possession of the model, Datin would make a few minor adjustments prior to its use during the filming of the original Star Trek series' first pilot, "The Cage." He subsequently would make alterations to the model for the second pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before," and again once the show sold to NBC and filming began on the series' first season.
http://daytonward.wordpress.com/2011/12/29/happy-47th-birthday-to-the-original-starship-enterprise/
Stan December 30, 2011, 2:23
We mustn't forget the most fun sci-fi movie ever made: 1974's Dark Star. Dealing with boredom is the main problem, until a planet-killing bomb gets stuck in the bomb-bay and the crew has to have a philosophical discussion with it, trying to convince it not to detonate right there.
Tim December 30, 2011, 2:45
Surely Miguel alcubierre's 1995 warp drive paper deserves a mention? It prompted further research, and was inspired by the enterprise listed up there.
Christopher Phoenix December 30, 2011, 3:44
I'd like to add the spindizzy from James Blish's Cities in Flight series, otherwise known as the Dillon-Wagner Gravity Polarity Generator. The spindizzy is an antigravity device that grows more efficient with the amount of mass it is lifting, making it possible to lift entire cities and hurl them into space. This device was an early influence on my notions of antigravity and starflight.
The spindizzy is based on principles contained in an equation coined by P.M.S Blackett, a mid-20th century British physicist. Blackett attempted to correlate the rotation and magnetic fields of large rotating bodies, such as the Earth, Sun, and a star in Cygnus. It brought Isaac Newton's gravitational constant and Coulomb's constant together. Blackett's equations have been disproved by more accurate measurements and the discovery of magnetic field reversals on the Earth and Sun.
James Blish's extrapolation was that if rotation+mass produces magnetism via gravity, than rotation+magnetism could produce antigravity. The spindizzy produced a field that altered the magnetic moment of all the atoms within its influence.
The effect of a spindizzy was to encase a city or ship in a shimmering globe which behaves as if its inertial and gravitational environment is disconnected from the external inertial and gravitational environment. In fact, one of the characters states that a spindizzy ignores all the gravitational fields around it, does not suffer from inertia, and does not obey the speed of light limit. Not only that, but spindizzy fields hold in the atmosphere of a flying city and deflect meteors. How convenient…
Securis December 30, 2011, 6:53
I couldn't agree more. My personal favorite especially because of it's dark matter engine which do not move the ship, but instead move the universe around the ship, allowing it to go faster than light.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Express_Ship
Jump Drive thoughts.
For Warp drives, it was that remarkable SF writer Jack Williamson in The Legion of Space , 1934, who just flat gives us , without a lot of technobabble , the first reactive drive that acts on curved space time! Sound familiar?
I can only guess, but some scientist/engineer such a Asimov, Clarke and Heinlein, and really smart nonscientist SF writers had become familiar with Einstein's general relativity. Someone, I would not be surprised if it was some physicist science fiction fan, in the 1930's , having fun with extrapolations, leveraged off the idea of curved space time and mathematical topology, a well-developed field at the time, thinking somehow someway with an advanced technology it might be possible to manipulate space-time, I am not sure we will ever know who that physicist was.
By the time John W Campbell took over the editorship of Astounding Science Fiction in 1938, there was not only his "Space Drive" , but 'hyperdrives' , 'hyperspace', 'jump drives' (that one came to have another meaning !), hyperdrive, a whole plethora of names for FTL were invented.
By about 1940 SF writers had become tired of the solar system as a stage (not that it went away, interplanetary adventures continued and still do today). One could do so much more on a larger vista. I suppose the best example from the 1940s is Asimov's Foundation Series, all completed before 1950. Asimov never really cared to technobabble about his FTL it was a facilitator for constructing a vast narrative on a huge canvas.
There was a huge explosion of stories that used FTL in the 1940s. I think the kicker that stuck with us old time SF readers was A.E. Van Vogt's "Far Centaurus", 1944, almost a shaggy dog story. A. E. was a wry and clever short story writer of SF, I can't say as much for his novels.
I think my most 'wow' moment with FTL occurred in about 1954, and as is easy to guess it was Robert A Heinlein. My favorite so-called 'juvie' by Heinlein is Starman Jones (1953). It happens near the end of chapter 7 called Eldreth. Our young hero Max using the Ms Eldreth's scarf . Here is the passage:
Max: "…we're heading out to a place where space is really flat, not just mildly curved the way itis near a star. Anomalies are always flat, otherwise they couldn't fit together — be congruent."She looked puzzled. "Come again?"
"Look, Eldreth, how far did you go in mathematics?"
"Me? I flunked improper fractions. Miss Mimsey was very vexed with me…But you told me that all you went to was a country high school and didn't get to finish at that. Huh?"
"Yes, but I learned from my uncle. He was a great mathematician. Well, he didn't have any theorems named after him — but a great one just the same, I think." He paused. "I don't know exactly how to tell you; it takes equations. Say! Could you lend me that scarf you're wearing for a minute?"
…It was a photoprint showing a stylized picture of the solar system….
"Here's Jupiter. to go from Mars to Jupiter you have to go from here to here, don't you?"
"But suppose I fold it so that Mars is on top of Jupiter? What's to prevent just stepping across?"
"Nothing, I guess. Except that what works for that scarf wouldn't work very well in practice. Would it?"
"No, not that near to a star. But it works fine after you back away from a star quite a distance. You see, that's just what an anomaly is, a place where space is folded back on itself, turning a long distance into no distance at all." —- Starman Jones – R.A. Heinlein
If that is not the sui genius of storyteller's verisimilitude I don't know what is.
That is without ever saying it, the description of FTL travel using a 'wormhole'. How Heinlein knew about it is probably not a mystery but I have never found out.
Einstein and Rosen's paper in Physical Review , 1935, is called The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity. Einstein was by this time in pursuit of a unified field theory. The idea was to thread a 'massless' Schwarzschild like solution of GR with an electric field. Actually the word 'bridge' is indeed used in the paper, though if one were strict it should be called the Weyl-Einstein-Rosen bridge, or heck just flat the great Hermann Weyl – wormhole, since he had proposed this model in 1921!
The wormhole solution was not taken up again until the 1950s when John Wheeler started a long, the rest of his life, embrace of general relativity. The beautiful embedding diagram we know today is a result of one of Wheeler's students Martin Kruskal and independently by Hungarian-Australian mathematician. George Szekeres.
However, in 1962 John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller showed that this solution was unstable, the same is true of rotating wormholes too.
In 1985, CIT physicist Kip Thorne was asked by Carl Sagan to devise a hypothetical traversable wormhole. Thorne and his collaborators then created what was a remarkably simple solution that would in theory connect two distant places in the universe. This wormhole would not rip its occupants apart, would stay open for the duration of a trip, however, it would require a never-observed form of exotic matter whose total energy is negative.
Since that time there is a whole new field of study for traversable wormholes. However ,as Leonard Susskind says, " It's one thing to argue that theory gives rise to many possibilities for the Laws of Physics , but quite another to say that nature actually takes advantage of all the possibilities."
Reply to Sean the Sorcerer's notion of ships being primitive and slow:
You are probably right about that, but rockets with their propulsion technology and the ships that will transport us are where our cultural/technological history has led us. Rocket science is what will enable us to acheive space flight sooner than learning how to fold spacetime. As intriguing as that idea is, it's impossibly far, far away from our current abilities. But who knows? On our way to discovering how to acquire FTL engines, we may discover how to fold spacetime – or use multidimensional jumping to get from one place to another. Perhaps FTL and spacetime folding go hand in hand – who knows. Rober Jordan used the folding of spacetime in his series, The Wheel of Time, but it wasn't by way of technology, it was through special abilities possessed by certain characters.
So, Sean the Sorcerer – I, for one, would like to hear your ideas on the folding of spacetime- Inquiring Minds Want To Know!
Tony P December 30, 2011, 22:36
Can't believe no one has mentioned the ships from Dune that fold the space between 2 points so the ship can transverse great distances. They were basically big cigar shaped arks that held other ships that would either stay on board awaiting the next jump or descend to the planet.
NS December 31, 2011, 5:36
In the original "Dune" space folding was done by machines, but required Guild Navigators (mutated humans who could see the future) to execute it at at time when it would result in a safe completion of the journey.
The first non-fiction discussion of interstellar travel I read was "Journey to Alpha Centauri" by John Macvey (written I believe in the mid-1960s). The first part of the book was (IIRC after 40+ years) a discussion of the problems of interstellar flight, and concluded with a fictional journey by a generation starship.
Bill Christensen December 31, 2011, 11:38
You might want to check out my site Technovelgy.com. I've accumulated about 2,100 science fiction "inventions" which may be viewed alphabetically in the Glossary of SF Inventions or in historical order in the Timeline of SF Inventions. Each entry has a text quote.
I haven't had time to go through this entire post and comments, but I'll start with the first couple of entries. As far as I know, the word "antigravity" does not appear in Greg's 1880 novel; however, he does describe the concept in his discussion of "apergy".
As far as I know, the first use of the word "antigravity" in science fiction is in a 1932 story by J.M. Walsh (see the entry for antigravity).
The phrase "faster-than-light" does not appear in Smith's 1928 Skylark story. However, he does describe a vessel that travels at many times the speed of light. As far as I know, the first use of the phrase "faster-than-light" is in John W. Campbell's 1931 story Islands of Spac (see the entry for faster-than-light).
Paul Gilster December 31, 2011, 12:05
I second Bill's comment. His site is excellent and should be a regular stop for Centauri Dreams readers interested in the interplay of science and science fiction.
Under ENGINEERED INTERSTELLAR SPACECRAFT…..
I do believe that from a technical point of view I do believe that Eugen Sänger
may been the first to envision the engineering physics for interstellar flight in a 1953 paper:
. Zur Theorie der Photonenraketen. (Vortrag auf dem 4. Internationalen Astronautischen Kongreß in Zürich 1953).- Ing. Arch. 21 (1953), S. 213-226.- Probleme der Weltraumforschung, Verlag
Laupscher, Biel 1954, S. 32-40.
The is anecdotal evidence that Sänger proposed the idea of photon propulsion as far back as 1933.
He did publish two extensive monographs on photon propulsion:
Sänger, Eugen (1956). Zur Mechanik der Photonen-Strahlantriebe. München,: R. Oldenbourg. pp. 92.
Sänger, Eugen (1957). Zur Stahlungsphysik der Photonen-Strahlantriebe und Waffenstrahlen. München: R. Oldenbourg. pp. 173.
Yes this is the same Eugen Sänger, who along with his engineer wife Irene Bredt invented the Silbervogel, the basic physics of which came to be used in the Space Shuttle Orbiter. (By the by they did this in the 1930's using slide rules!)
Interstellar flight in the visual media.
Unless someone knows different I think the first appearance of interstellar flight in film was The Day the Earth Stood Still, it is all implied, I don't think Klaatu ever says explicitly he came over interstellar distance, but it's the only logical deduction.
1951 also brought us The Thing from another World, implicit again, but seems ol James Arness, as the Thing, could not have come from the solar system, given 1950's state of planetary knowledge. (Arness never wanted to talk about his involvement with that film.)
Interstellar flight is more explicit in This Island Earth (1955), I think this is the first use of a hyper-drive in a SF film, all be it done a little silly. (Odd film, follows SF writer Raymond F Jones novel for the first half, and deviates into a goof ball story.)
The 1956 Forbidden Planet came out of left field as far as we SF fans were concerned. It is the first Space Opera in the modern SF prose sense ever made. (I don't count the rather clunky comic book Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers serials , which belong to a branch of SF that John W Campbell banished.)
Forbidden Planet borrows lock stock and barrel every bit of of the more sophisticated SF space opera nomenclature from the prose form. It's a bit of mystery since there is no science fiction writer associated with the film. Rumor I have heard is that Irving Block and Allen Adler, the creators of the story were ardent reader of modern SF prose. The coloring added using William Shakespeare's The Tempest has always seemed a little too hyped by me.
Then a 10 year break before we get SF space opera again with Star Trek.
I think I related elsewhere how I got into a long conversation with Gene Roddenberry in 1966, long before he was a celebrity , and how he related to me his fondness and use of modern SF prose in the TV series.
Alas if only more of our great SF prose would be used as source material for film and TV, not sure I'll live to see the day.
As far as I know, the first use of the term "matter transmitter" occurs in the 1931 story The Conquest of Gola by L.F. Stone (see the entry for matter transmitter for details).
The idea of a laser-pushed sail does belong to Robert L. Forward (and not Niven and Pournelle, authors of the 1974 classic Mote in God's Eye). However, Forward published the idea much earlier, in a paper in 1961; see my discussion in Technovelgy entry on laser cannon.
John Q December 31, 2011, 22:04
I thought I would attempt a New Year's message to the readers of Centauri dreams. I was reading Robert Crossley's wonderful biography of Olaf Stapledon and on p. 254 came across the following. It concerns H. G. Wells's "allegorical novel The Brothers," published early 1939. Wells apparently wrote the novel in a "foul," "pessimistic" mood, understandable given the circumstances at that time. In the novel, one of the titular brothers prophesies an unknown distant date "when the monstrous discrepancy between the the scale of our lives and the starry intervals will cease to be a disharmony."
We are now once again in a period of "monstrous discrepancy" and the odds of future harmony are not looking good. Gloomy as I get at times, I never doubted that humanity could do it, that whole stellar harmony thing, but it is nevertheless difficult to be optimistic given human frailty and its penchant for self-destruction. I think of that failed Russian Mars probe, set to re-enter spectacularly early January. One doesn't want to look upon the failure (there have been so many of them after all) as an omen, and yet the temptation is there.
A lot of first-rate, visionary thinking has occurred in the past, as this fine article demonstrates, and the Centauri-Dreams site has been a continual encouragement to all that good thinking will continue in the future. May next year, if not happy, remain promising.
Earth of the Present ~~> And then a miracle happens ~~> The Stellar Future.
ljk January 1, 2012, 16:46
In the 1951 version of The Day the Earth Stood Still, Klaatu said he came from "250 million miles" away. That would be roughly halfway to Jupiter from Earth. If they meant 250 million light years, that might be ridiculous. Maybe he meant 250 light years, which would make sense for an interstellar civilization. Obviously the filmmakers did not think the audiences of the day would understand a light year, so they made Klaatu speak what sounded like a really distant number of miles.
Reminds me of the tag line for E.T., the Extraterrestrial, where he came from over 3 million light years away. That would put E.T.'s home world past the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy. And if they meant 3 million miles, that wouldn't even get him to Venus. And if they meant 3 billion miles, that would put our little alien friend aroun Pluto.
So few general audience SF productions have ever gotten such things right, referring to what they mean as other solar systems as other galaxies. I remember the original Battlestar Galactica series was a king of that error. Star Trek at least knew what the Milky Way galaxy was.
A. A. Jackson January 1, 2012, 19:18
Lyrical FTL:
Can't let it go by without mention of poetic interstellar flight.
First I want to note James Blish. Someone has already mentioned the Spindizzy from Cites in Flight. Let me add Blish was always trumping his own fiction.
Communication in Cites in Flight was done ordinarily done with the FTL ultra-phone, but if one was really in a hurry Blish had (the more expensive to use) instantaneous 'Dirac'. Lord who but Blish could have thought of that!
Let me mention, in between Alfred Bester's, THE STARS MY DESTINATION…. where teleportation is used for interstellar transport, only use I know of, but that may not be true.
But there is nothing , but nothing to compare with Cordwainer Smith's Instrumentality of Mankind with it's various odd technologies.
Of importance here is the Planoform drive .
I can't do any better than the Wiki description so I will quote it:
"As its name implies, the Planoform drive unit 'collapses' spacetime from its conventional 4-dimensional form into 3 dimensions. As time is considered a constant of experience, effectively space 'loses' a dimension.
The Planoform ship has two modes of operation: Go and Stop. The Stop Captain is responsible for turning the power on and off for the ship. The Go Captain navigates through Planoform space by interpreting the stellar patterns captured by sensors during a Planoform space-fold.
During the Space Fold, the view forward of the ship 'collapses' as Third Dimension of Space, Depth, is subtracted. The Go-Captain is thus able to direct the ship by picking (much as user picks a point on a computer screen with a mouse pointer) the course of the ship. In the manner of star charts, he uses what are known as Lock Sheets.
The Planoform clearly operates by meson-tachyon inversion. Ships that imperfectly Planoform are said to 'Go Milky' and disappear from loss of molecular cohesion."
When a writer can incorporate such into stories such as:
"Scanners Live in Vain"
"The Ballad of Lost C'Mell"
"Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons"
"Think Blue, Count Two"
and it goes on and on…..
you know you are in the realm of science fiction such as no author has ever written.
Sean the Sorcerer January 2, 2012, 0:31
Well Connie I would say that sending a ship to Alpha Centauri is also, for practical purposes, impossibly far, far away from our present abilities.
As for how to fold space, we already do it in a crude way every time we read a story or play a video game about space travel. I suspect at some point we'll realize that since we can simulate the laws of physics arbitrarily in our computers, there will be no meaningful difference between visiting other star systems and simply generating them in the Matrix. That may not technically be "folding space," but it could amount to the same thing.
Marc G Millis January 2, 2012, 8:12
Wow! Thanks to Bill Christensen for the corrections and for pointing our readers to his extensive references. Thanks to the rest of you for introducing me to many things I had not thought about… and reminding me of ones I forgot to mention… and cringe that I forgot them (eg. Sänger and Blish).
Looks like I need to make a corrected list!
@ljk
Yeah I had forgotten the particulars of Day the Earth Stood Still and E.T.
Not to forget George Lucas's ignorance in the first Star Wars film:
"It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs."
―Han Solo, referring to the Millennium Falcon[src]
Since that time George and his hordes of apologists have tried paper over this one with some double think, and I don't know why.
A goof is a goof.
Film and TV makers , seem to have , why I don't know!, an outstanding misunderstanding of interstellar distances and interplanetary.
I don't think Roddenberry was a technical guy, but he read so much SF prose the facts has soaked in by osmosis.
Issac Asimov used to write a column for TV guide about SF on TV.
Boy did he give em hell.
I remember his review of the first episode of Lost in Space.
Someone on the show says something like "Just now passing Pluto approaching Alpha Centauri"
The good doctor said, "That's like a bus driver saying , if you look out your left window you will see we are pulling into El Paso Texas, out your right window is Beijing China."
Winchell CHung has developed an extensive (and I mean extensive) Web site on various aspects of science fiction and how they relate (or should relate) to real science and technology.
Check out his section titled Atomic Rockets, as one relevant example:
http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/index.php
Adam January 2, 2012, 22:44
Doc Smith's space drives can't be beat for ludicrous speed. His Skylark Three upgraded from copper to uranium and accelerated at 20 c/s/s to chase the Fenachrone into the Intergalactic Void. Hammered by disembodied Intelligences the crew escape into hyperspace in the Skylark Two, popping out near Valeron, billions of light-years away. They then build the Skylark of Valeron which is 1000 km wide so they can navigate back to our Galaxy.
A. A. Jackson said on January 2, 2012 at 12:11:
LJK replies:
Their Jupiter 2 starship took off for a habitable planet circling Alpha Centauri on October 16, 1997, so what's 25 trillion miles between friends? :^)
ljk January 3, 2012, 0:05
Time Travel and Warp Drives
A Scientific Guide to Shortcuts through Time and Space
Allen Everett and Thomas Roman
280 pages | 33 halftones, 9 line drawings | 6 x 9 | © 2011
Sci-fi makes it look so easy. Receive a distress call from Alpha Centauri? No problem: punch the warp drive and you're there in minutes. Facing a catastrophe that can't be averted? Just pop back in the timestream and stop it before it starts.
But for those of us not lucky enough to live in a science-fictional universe, are these ideas merely flights of fancy—or could it really be possible to travel through time or take shortcuts between stars?
http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo8447256.html
A review here:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/physicists-check-out-warp-speed/2011/12/21/gIQAyMbmWP_story.html
Rob Henry January 3, 2012, 0:13
ljk, when I saw The Day the Earth Stood Still, I thought that they were telling us that they came from an observation post in the asteroid belt by that "250 million mile" phrase. The alternative is that this something dated the setting of the film to a rare time when Martian aphelion occurred when it was furthest from the Earth.
Also it would have shown ignorance on the part of an ETI of the time to use the word billion, whose meaning at the time was mathematically ambiguous. Unambiguous is milliard and, for those Americans who don't listen carefully (or perhaps actors that don't read scripts carefully), can sound like million. However, as you mentioned, 250 milliard miles is in the middle of nowhere. 250 billion miles would have been perfect as an interstellar distance, and had they said that in a film of that era I hope you Americans would have had the nous to realise that it could only have been meant in the British sense.
Rob Henry said on January 3, 2012 at 0:13:
Though I am almost 100% certain that the film makers implied that Klaatu had come from another solar system with the 250 million miles line, he also mentioned that his people had been monitoring them for a long time (that is how Klaatu learned to speak English), so an observation post in the Main Planetoid Belt would not be unreasonable. Several SETI folks have said in the past that this band of space rocks between Mars and Jupiter would be a good place for an alien intelligence (via probe) to monitor Earth virtually unnoticed.
Rob Henry then said:
Rob, I can pretty much assure you that most Americans do not use the term milliard or even have a clue what that word means. It definitely would not have been used in the 1951 film, either. Just say lots of millions or billions or even trillions of miles (no kilometers, please) and to the masses, that's pretty darn far out there.
And parsecs is a unit of speed, of course. :^) Yes, I know the fan "excuse" is that the Kessel Run is a measurement of how far one can get their hotrod starship across interstellar space in a specific amount of time. Well, they are from a galaxy far, far away, so being essentially a bunch of aliens, they might measure their races differently.
While I am thinking about it, would it be wise for Han Solo to participate in a public race if he has various bounties on him across their galaxy? Ah, he could probably out-hyperdrive any pursuers with ease.
Marc G Millis January 3, 2012, 15:31
I agree that Winchell Chung has an extensive and delightful Web site ! I've used it many times for scale model reference info too.
Adam January 4, 2012, 6:37
On the parsecs thing, Doc Smith's Lensmen flew around at 60 light years an hour, but high speed starships could hit 90 parsecs per hour. Perhaps the Kessel Run is a speed trial?
Yusif January 5, 2012, 14:08
I would add the space folder technology from the Dune series: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heighliner#Heighliner.
Rogerio Penna January 9, 2012, 15:33
The movie Explorers starts very well, and then, when they arrive at the alien spaceship and find those clownish alien children, its down the slope.
You want the secret of FTL travel? Here are the schematics:
http://www.cygnus-x1.net/links/lcars/blueprints/star-trek-blueprints-sheet-13.jpg
Andrew Lang January 9, 2012, 23:26
First use of 'warp drive'? http://books.google.com/books?id=5JEIAQAAIAAJ&q=warp+drive#search_anchor
ljk January 10, 2012, 23:57
The Dreams of Space:
http://dreamsofspace.blogspot.com/
And the Visions of Tomorrw, Yesterday, and Today: On to the Stars:
http://antarcticaedu.com/visionsprime.htm
Andre Cavalcante March 5, 2012, 0:41
I loved this post, but I noticed the omission of Babylon 5 TV series (1993-1998).
The Babylon 5 itself is not a space ship, but a O'Neill cylinder based space station. There are specific sectors in the space station adapted to its habitants (races): gravity, atmosphere, pressure, etc. The artificial gravity is achieved by space station rotation.
The series also presents the most complete notion about hyperspace until then: a alternative dimension in the universe that shorten the travel between planets in different solar systems. The ships themselves do not travel faster than light in the hyperspace and use existing jump points to enter or exit the hyperspace. The big ones are capable of open its own jump point to hyperspace.
Interesting, too, is the existence of the organic space ships (the most advanced ships in the series), mind controlled by psychics.
The series also presents the notion of thirdspace, another dimension akin hyperspace, but beyond that. Thirdspace is used by intergalactic and interdimensional travels.
Next post: A Future History
Previous post: New Work on FTL Neutrinos


text:
Allied (automobile)
Allies of World War II
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called allies. Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances, military alliances, and business alliances. When the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called allied powers, especially when discussing World War I or World War II.
A formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally—co-belligerence, fighting alongside someone, is enough. According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war.
When spelled with a capital "A", the word "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I (the Allies of World War I), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II (the Allies of World War II). The term has also been used by the United States Army to describe the countries that gave assistance to the South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Alliance
The Allied automobile was a taxicab built in Elkhart, Indiana, by the Allied Cab Manufacturing Co. The company started production in 1932, using the factory of the Elcar automobile, which had ended production in 1931. Several former Elcar employees who had been involved with Elcar taxicab production joined the new company. Production of the Allied taxicab ended in 1934, followed by small production of the Super Allied taxicab in 1935.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Allied_(automobile)
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression.
The anti-German coalition at the start of the war (1 September 1939) consisted of France, Poland and Great Britain, soon to be joined by the British Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa). Poland was a minor factor after its defeat in 1939; France was a minor factor after its defeat in 1940. After first having cooperated with Germany in partitioning Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. As of 1942, the "Big Three" leaders of the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States controlled Allied policy; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close. China had been already at war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 but officially joined the Allies in 1941. The Big Three and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful", then were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations and later the "Four Policemen" of "United Nations" for the Allies. Other key Allies included British India, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia as well as Free France; there were numerous others. Together they called themselves the "United Nations" and in 1945 created the modern UN.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Allies_of_World_War_II
Latest News for: Allied enterprises
Rupee appreciates by 9 paise to 81.52 in opening trade
Expectations of FII inflows into Rs 20,000 crore FPO of Adani Enterprises also bolstered the local currency ... The Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee of OPEC will meet next week to take a call on the output and full meeting of the cartel and allies. Also, the 20,000 crore FPO of Adani Enterprises opened on Friday ... .
QC Ally Appoints Nicole Booth as Chief Executive Officer to Support Long-Term QC Innovation and ...
Eagle-Tribune 25 Jan 2023
QC Ally today announced that Nicole Booth is taking on the role of Chief Executive Officer after previously serving as Chief Marketing Officer for the company ... "I'm thrilled for Nicole in her new role as CEO of QC Ally ... About QC Ally. QC Ally is your partner in tech-enabled enterprise loan quality and audit services ... QC Ally.
The Galveston Daily News 25 Jan 2023
Prior to Comerica she served as Chief Technology Officer for Ally Bank where she led the firm's technology strategy, enterprise architecture and infrastructure operations, and served as Chief Information Officer for the Auto Finance & Insurance businesses prior to her tenure as CTO.
Georgia judge hears arguments on releasing grand jury report on Trump and the 2020 election aftermath
CNN 24 Jan 2023
Willis has previously said she could pursue Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) charges in this case, which would allow prosecutors to bring charges against multiple defendants and make the case that Trump and his allies were part of a criminal enterprise.
The private sector thrust to India's global space leadership
... as per 2011 census, more than 54% of the population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities, where micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) sector continue to be a huge contributor to the economy making up about 30% of the country's GDP, it is a big responsibility.
Cable Ties Market to Garner $2.6 Billion, Globally, By 2031 at 6.4% CAGR, Says Allied ...
Allied Market Research (AMR) is a full-service market research and business-consulting wing of Allied Analytics LLP based in Portland, Oregon. Allied Market Research provides global enterprises as well as medium and small businesses with unmatched quality of 'Market Research Reports' and 'Business Intelligence Solutions' ... Allied Market Research Blog.
How citizens are using kattas to reflect afresh on the Constitution
So, we have looked at this from the perspective of what the Constitution says about free and fair elections, involvement of courts in electoral matters and allied topics," said Jathar, emphasising that no one is here to preach. The genesis of Jathar's enterprise was an incident ...
PREP WRESTLING ROUNDUP: Three Enterprise sophomores advance to finals
Dothan Eagle 20 Jan 2023
Three Enterprise girl wrestlers advanced to the finals and Northside Methodist's Tristin Robinson finished in third place at the Alabama State Championships Thursday at Thompson High School. Evelyn Holmes-Smith, Mackenzie Schultz and Mallory Ladd of Enterprise all went unbeaten to reach Friday's finals ... Other Enterprise wrestler results were.
The U.S. Is Already Preparing for the Next War
and its allies should devise a coherent plan of "economic statecraft" against China as soon as possible. Elisabeth Braw of the Carlyle Group-funded American Enterprise Institute proposes that the U.S. and its allies secure control over the information airwaves to ensure citizens ...
Root out tax evasion
Business Line 19 Jan 2023
bringing agricultural income beyond a level under income tax, plugging GST evasion, increasing the share of income tax among non-salaried classes, curbing tax abuse by multinational enterprises (MNEs), and plugging tax evasion due to illicit trade and smuggling.
Disruptive Behavior Disorder Treatment Market Predicted to Reach USD 1.9 Billion, Globally, by 2031 at ...
AVENUE- A Subscription-Based Library (Premium on-demand, subscription-based pricing model) Offered by Allied Market Research. ... About Allied Market Research. ... Allied Market Research provides global enterprises as well as medium and small businesses with unmatched quality of "Market Research Reports" and "Business Intelligence Solutions."
Academics should claim their place in social media
Now, it is happening between the Marcos loyalists and some diehard Duterte supporters, both coming from a cohort who are actually former allies. Indeed, revolutions tend to devour their own children, except that in this case, success in elections led to former allies now devouring each other.
India among countries evolving food systems for bigger gains for farmer-allied SMEs: WEF study
Your Story 17 Jan 2023
... unlocking the potential of small and medium-sized enterprises, a new WEF report said on Monday ... In the time it evolved to cultivate a domestic industry that has a number of successful, tech-enabled, vertically integrated enterprises with farmer-allied sourcing models," it added.
IT Ally Launches SMB Modernize™ in Partnership with CAST to Accelerate Application Modernization, Increase Enterprise ...
17, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- IT Ally, a 2022 Inc ... We're thrilled to partner with IT Ally ... About IT Ally ... View original content to download multimedia.https.//www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/it-ally-launches-smb-modernize-in-partnership-with-cast-to-accelerate-application-modernization-increase-enterprise-value-and-reduce-risk-301722729.html.
Algeria among 'early movers' tackling food crisis: WEF report
Arab News 17 Jan 2023
DAVOS ... Algeria has "more than doubled its per capita food production since 2020" through government programs and farming innovations, the report said ... The report said that Ghana, India and Vietnam had unlocked and supported small and medium-sized enterprises, particularly those that are farmer-allied and operating in local food chains ... ....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: how to insert multiple rows not at the same time in one column in php i need your help for my graduation project
the system is for students and the admin
if the admin wants to send a violation to a specific student he will choose the id of student (records in the students table in phpmyadmin)
then he write the violation.
when the admin click the submit button how i write that i need to record the violation under the student id that i choose?
and how to record another violation under the same student (not at the same time) without cancel the first one?
the idea that i think about is insert multiple row under one column but i dont know how to do it.
this is the violation page

  New Violation

<form action ="includes/addviolation.inc.php" method="POST", enctype="multipart/form-data">

<input type="hidden" name="size" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<?php

$sql = "SELECT student_id FROM students";
     $records = mysqli_query($conn,$sql);

echo "<select name= 'student_id'>";
echo '<option value="">'.'--- Please Select student ---'.'</option>';

while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($records))
{
    echo "<option value='". $row['student_id']."'>".$row['student_id'].'</option>';
}
echo '</select>';
?>

violation:

<textarea id="violation" class="text" cols="80" rows ="5" name="violation" required></textarea>

<input type="submit" name ="vupload" value="Submit">

A: You will need to create a student_violation table with id (int), student_id (integer), violation (text) and timestamp (datetime) columns, and insert each violation in a row with the student_id and timestamp, and now you will have one_to_many relationship between students and violations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
What is AT?
Learning The Alexander Technique
About STAT
Why become a STAT member?
Find a Teacher Member Portal
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MetalStorm is a flight combat simulation game that was developed by Z2Live Games who attempted to use the moment of popularity of free online games by creating and releasing this game. Just like many other similar games, this game also uses in-play purchase system.
The important thing with this game is that you will not be able to play the game without first purchasing the jet. There are three game modes that you can play in and you will be able to select the one you like the best.
With each finish game you will get experience points and tokens that you can later use in order to buy better and stronger jets. The controls for this game are very simple and it does not take a long time for a player to understand them. Although in the beginning it might be fun to play this game in a single player mode, however, this game was created to be played online together with other people so the multiplayer mode is the best option to play in.
This game is free-to-play so there are no requirements that you need to fulfill in order to play. However, constant demands for upgrades and updates might make the experience of playing this game bad.
Play Metal Storm Head to Head match.


text:
Q: Binary tree for strings c I'm trying to implement a binary tree capable of holding strings in c. After having the code to work for ints, I tried altering it slightly to handle char arrays. Now I seem to have totally broke the code and don't know how. Any help appreciated.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

//struct for node
struct node {
    void *value;
    struct node *p_left;
    struct node *p_right;
};

//use typedef to make calling the compare function easier
typedef int (*Compare)(const void *, const void *);

//inserts elements into the tree
void insert(void* key, struct node** leaf, Compare cmp)
{
    if( *leaf == NULL )
    {
        *leaf = (struct node*) malloc( sizeof( struct node ) );
        (*leaf)->value = key;
        (*leaf)->p_left = NULL;
        (*leaf)->p_right = NULL;
        printf(  "\nnew node " );
    }
    else if( cmp(key, (*leaf)->value) < 0)
    {
        printf(  "\ngoing left " );
        insert( key, &(*leaf)->p_left, cmp);
    }
    else if( cmp(key, (*leaf)->value) > 0)
    {
        printf(  "\ngoing right " );
        insert( key, &(*leaf)->p_right, cmp);
    }
    //else {free(key);}
}

//compares value of the new node against the previous node
int CmpInt(const int *a, const int *b)
{
    if(*a < *b){return -1;}
    else if(*a > *b){return 1;}
    else return 0;
}

char *input( void )
{
    char line[10];
    printf("Please enter a string : ");
    if( fgets( line, sizeof line, stdin ) )
    {
        char *ret;
        ret = line;
        return ret;

    }
    return NULL;
}

//recursive function to print out the tree inorder
void in_order(struct node *root)
{
    if( root != NULL )
    {
        in_order(root->p_left);
        printf("%d ", *(char*)root->value);
        in_order(root->p_right);
    }
}

//searches elements in the tree
void search(void* key, struct node** leaf, Compare cmp)
{
    if( *leaf != NULL )
    {
        if( cmp(key, (*leaf)->value) == 0)
        {
            printf("\n%d found!\n", *(char*)key);
        }
        //else if( cmp(key, (*leaf)->value ) < 0)
        else if( key < (*leaf)->value )
        {
            //printf(  "\nnot here \n" );
            search( key, &(*leaf)->p_left, cmp);
        }
        else if( cmp(key, (*leaf)->value) > 0)
        {
            //printf(  "\nor here \n" );
            search( key, &(*leaf)->p_right, cmp);
        }
    }
    else printf("\nNot in tree\n");
    return;
}

void delete_tree(struct node** leaf)
{
    if( *leaf != NULL )
    {
        delete_tree(&(*leaf)->p_left);
        delete_tree(&(*leaf)->p_right);
        free( (*leaf) );
    }
}

//displays menu for user
void menu()
{
    printf("\nPress 'i' to insert an element\n");
    printf("Press 's' to search for an element\n");
    printf("Press 'p' to print the tree inorder\n");
    printf("Press 'f' to destroy current tree\n");
    printf("Press 'q' to quit\n");
}

int main(void)
{
    struct node *p_root = NULL;
    void *value;
    char option = 'x';

    while( option != 'q' )
    {
        //displays menu for program
        menu();

        //gets the char input to drive menu
        option = getchar();
        getchar();

        if( option == 'i') //if 'i' then get an integer input
        {
            value = input();
            insert(value,  &p_root, (Compare)CmpInt);
        }
        else if( option == 's' ) //if 's' then get input value and call the search function
        {
            value = input();
            search(value, &p_root, (Compare)CmpInt);
        }
        else if( option == 'p' ) //if 'p' then call the print table function
        {
            in_order(p_root);
        }
        else if( option == 'f' ) //if 'f' destroy the tree and initailse new one
        {
            delete_tree(&p_root);
            printf("Tree destroyed");
            p_root = NULL;
        }
        else if( option == 'q' )
        {
            printf("Quitting");
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

A: OP only did half a job converting to string keys. I have commented where changed, but two main points are a) the input string was local to the input() function and so not available elsewhere, b) changed all the void* pointers to char*, there is absloutely no reason to work with void pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAXLEN 9

//struct for node
struct node {
    char *value;            // all void* types replaced by char*
    struct node *p_left;
    struct node *p_right;
};

//use typedef to make calling the compare function easier
typedef int (*Compare)(const char *, const char *);

//inserts elements into the tree
void insert(char* key, struct node** leaf, Compare cmp)
{
    int res;
    if( *leaf == NULL ) {
        *leaf = (struct node*) malloc( sizeof( struct node ) );
        (*leaf)->value = malloc( strlen (key) +1 );     // memory for key
        strcpy ((*leaf)->value, key);                   // copy the key
        (*leaf)->p_left = NULL;
        (*leaf)->p_right = NULL;
        //printf(  "\nnew node for %s" , key);
    } else {
        res = cmp (key, (*leaf)->value);
        if( res < 0)
            insert( key, &(*leaf)->p_left, cmp);
        else if( res > 0)
            insert( key, &(*leaf)->p_right, cmp);
        else                                            // key already exists
            printf ("Key '%s' already in tree\n", key);
    }
}

//compares value of the new node against the previous node
int CmpStr(const char *a, const char *b)
{
    return (strcmp (a, b));     // string comparison instead of pointer comparison
}

char *input( void )
{
    static char line[MAXLEN+1];       // where to place key
    printf("Please enter a string : ");
    fgets( line, sizeof line, stdin );
    return ( strtok(line, "\n" ));    // remove trailing newline
}

//recursive function to print out the tree inorder
void in_order(struct node *root)
{
    if( root != NULL ) {
        in_order(root->p_left);
        printf("   %s\n", root->value);     // string type
        in_order(root->p_right);
    }
}

//searches elements in the tree
void search(char* key, struct node* leaf, Compare cmp)  // no need for **
{
    int res;
    if( leaf != NULL ) {
        res = cmp(key, leaf->value);
        if( res < 0)
            search( key, leaf->p_left, cmp);
        else if( res > 0)
            search( key, leaf->p_right, cmp);
        else
            printf("\n'%s' found!\n", key);     // string type
    }
    else printf("\nNot in tree\n");
    return;
}

void delete_tree(struct node** leaf)
{
    if( *leaf != NULL ) {
        delete_tree(&(*leaf)->p_left);
        delete_tree(&(*leaf)->p_right);
        free( (*leaf)->value );         // free the key
        free( (*leaf) );
    }
}

//displays menu for user
void menu()
{
    printf("\nPress 'i' to insert an element\n");
    printf("Press 's' to search for an element\n");
    printf("Press 'p' to print the tree inorder\n");
    printf("Press 'f' to destroy current tree\n");
    printf("Press 'q' to quit\n");
}

int main()
{
    struct node *p_root = NULL;
    char *value;
    char option = 'x';

    while( option != 'q' ) {
        //displays menu for program
        menu();

        //gets the char input to drive menu
        option = getch();           // instead of two getchar() calls

        if( option == 'i') {
            value = input();
            printf ("Inserting %s\n", value);
            insert(value,  &p_root, (Compare)CmpStr);
        }
        else if( option == 's' ) {
            value = input();
            search(value, p_root, (Compare)CmpStr);     // no need for **
        }
        else if( option == 'p' ) {
            in_order(p_root);
        }
        else if( option == 'f' ) {
            delete_tree(&p_root);
            printf("Tree destroyed");
            p_root = NULL;
        }
        else if( option == 'q' ) {
            printf("Quitting");
        }
    }
return 0;

}


Luxury Shaker with practical grid for perfect mixing your drinks.
A high-quality shaker for making your drink is made of hygienically safe material and is easy to wash. The volume of the shaker is 600 ml, with a practical grid that ensures good blending. The thread cap provides anti-leakage content. The top cap of the shaker is firmly attached to the top and is only threaded, non-threaded.
First, pour the desired amount of liquid into the shaker, then fill in the required amount of powder and strain the filter. Close the Shell with your forefinger, hold the white lid cap, and mix with sharp movements.
Do not use carbonated drinks!
The volume is 600 ml shaker.
Herbalife Miniblender is powered by AA batteries and certainly appreciate his assistance in the preparation of cocktails.


There are lots of challenges now on FB and they give an image for us to play with. Newest of challenges is the Sasayaki FB Challenge and the image is Fantasy Angelina.
Posted by Unknown at 11:26 AM 0 "kind encouraging and inspiring words"
Enjoyed making a card for the September FB Cute as a Button challenge. Image for the men. Since one of my dogs and me are the only minority gender in this house I love any digi's which are for men.
Image colored with copics. Loved playing with sentiment danger high voltage.
If you want to learn coloring using copics or pencils do check out kitandclowder .
Either their techniques classes or monthly classes. One of the monthly classes had as a freebie class coloring metals and also timber. You can also join the FB group and get lots of inspiration. ALyce Keegan is so helpful and wonderful.
From the time I saw this explosion card on youtube by Karen Burniston I had to give it a go.
And the ArtbyMiran FB Challenge goddess image was just perfect for this.
I have used various dies. The circle behind which the image sits on is the beautiful tattered lace pearl die which after waiting for so long for it to come out again I got at last from hixxysoft. Awesome place to get dies from if you want those available in UK.
The flourish heart is a retired tattered lace die. I think this is the negative of the die. That too looks beautiful as the positive. The banner is from lalaland crafts. Some flowers and lace and a butterfly complete the card. The butterfly sits on a magnet. I used basic grey magnetic snap closure.
The image is colored with copics. Mainly the YR2's and R2's for dress ; E5's YR2's for hair and for face and skin E13, E11, E00, E000. Bit of blue for flower and eyes - B23 and B00. Sentiment just typed in photosop.
Posted by Unknown at 6:52 PM 2 "kind encouraging and inspiring words"
Posted by Unknown at 11:22 AM 0 "kind encouraging and inspiring words"
I am loving the challenges in FB group to create and make projects.
I made this card for the Orange and Aqua challenge using Jenn Nilsson digi for their FB group .
Used this cute teddy bear image. You can buy their digis either in their etsy shop or at Miss daisy stamps. The image is colored using copics.
I have used tattered lace embossing folders for border and background. The love die cut is from Cheery Lynn die. Ek success punch and buttons complete the embellishments added. The buttons are clear acrylic buttons embossed with white embossing powder and then colored using copics and again embossed with clear embossing powder. They look like wooden buttons don't they? This way they are always the right color for the project.
Posted by Unknown at 11:29 AM 0 "kind encouraging and inspiring words"
Made this card for my kids to give to their dad on his birthday.
I liked this wise owl from Scrapper's delight.
The frame is using photoshop .
Posted by Unknown at 10:28 AM 0 "kind encouraging and inspiring words"
This is the 2nd card I made this week.
I wanted to try out parchment crafting. Need to use a magnifying glass though I think.
I have used moonlight mermaid image by Artbybarb.
The sand dollar, sea shell and starfish were drawn freehand and then embossed perforated and cut using parchment/pergamano tools. The image colored/tinted a bit using copics.
Made a couple of cards and enjoyed playing with my craft supplies.
This one is a card for Scrappers Delight FB september challenge.
I printed the image on a free background. The circus tent and the ticket and word die cut are all cut using cricut explore. the word and ticket wee all cut on white cardstock and then colored using copics as I did not feel like loading cutting mat many times for each layer. I gave the girl a clown look so decided to leave her face white and give her a clownish nose and cheeks.
Posted by Unknown at 7:32 PM 0 "kind encouraging and inspiring words"


Ahead 2-up after the front nine of his Round of 32 match in Thursday's U.S. Junior Amateur Championship, David Pastore of Greenwich was in perfect position to take the next step in the prestigious event.
But Wyndham Clark of Greenwood Village, Colo., recorded three birdies on the back nine to overtake Pastore, 3 and 2, at the 62nd annual tournament at Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, N.J.
Clark, the No. 9 seed, then lost to eighth-seeded Yaroslav Merkulov of Penfield, N.Y., 7 and 6 in the Round of 16 Thursday. Merkulov will face top-seeded Jordan Spieth of Dallas, Texas, in this morning's quarterfinals.
Pastore, an incoming senior at Greenwich High School, and Clark matched each other shot for shot and the match was all squared after six holes. Greenwich High's No. 1 golfer took a 1-up advantage, parring the par-3 seventh hole, while Clark had a bogey. Clark bogeyed the par-5 eighth hole, while Pastore made par to seize a 2-up edge.
Pastore, who was seeded No. 24, maintained his 2-up lead until he bogeyed the par-4 11th hole. Clark squared up the match with a birdie on No. 12, then went ahead 1-up by parring the 13th hole. Both players parred the par-3 14th hole, but Clark birdied No. 15 (par-5) and No. 16 (par-2) to close out the match. Pastore made par on Nos. 15 and 16.
It has been an impressive summer for Pastore, who won the 92nd Met Junior Championship, the oldest junior golf tournament in the nation. Besides claiming the Met Junior Championship, he recently finished a strong second at the AJGA Lessing Classic and was the runner-up at the Greenwich Men's Town Golf Tournament two weeks ago. He was edged by George Tischler on the second playoff hole.
Pastore, who was named the FCIAC's MVP, advanced to the Round of 32 by defeating Joe Toland of White River Jct, Vt., 3 and 1 Wednesday. He helped power Greenwich to its fourth FCIAC championship of the decade back in June.
The match play quarterfinals and semifinals are scheduled to take place today. The 36-hole match play final will be held Saturday.


text:
Q: Reinstantiate custom class from string whats the best way to re-instantiate a class from a persisted datastructure?
currently when storing I JSON.stringify() it then parse that string when re instantiating like so
 module.exports = class Player {
  constructor(str, isExistingInstance=false, rsn) {
    if(isExistingInstance) {
      try {
        parsedObject = JSON.parse(str)
        this.rsn = parsedObject.rsn
        this.skills = parsedObject.skills
        this.kc = parsedObject.kc
      } catch (err) {
        console.log("Error instantiating object from exisiting instance. Expected JSON.stringify'd version of Player, Received: ", str)
      }
  } else {
    if(!rsn) throw new Error("Expected type of string for rsn, received: ", typeof(rsn));
  }
}

i'm not a fan of this method because you have to supply str even when its not an existing instance. Does anyone have any suggestions on how it could be improved?
My current thought is "builder" functions similar to this:
function buildNewPlayer(rsn) {
  new Player(null, false, rsn);
}

function buildExistingPlayer(str, rsn) {
  new Player(str, true, "");
}

This method just seems messy or dirty, I feel like there must be a cleaner way to handle the re-instantiation.

A: the constructor should be used for creating the instance, move the parsing and building to a method and call it after instantiating the class :

class Player {
  constructor() {
    this.rsn = null;
    this.skills = null;
    this.kc = null;
  }

  build(str, rsn) {
    if (rsn) {
      try {
        const parsedObject = JSON.parse(str);
        this.rsn = parsedObject.rsn;
        this.skills = parsedObject.skills;
        this.kc = parsedObject.kc;
      } catch (err) {
        console.log(
          "Error instantiating object from exisiting instance. Expected JSON.stringify'd version of Player, Received: ",
          str
        );
      }
    } else {
      throw new Error("Expected type of string for rsn, received: ", typeof rsn);
    }
  }
}

const str = '{"rsn": 123, "skills" : "a lot", "kc": "kc"}';

const playerOne = new Player();
playerOne.build(str, 123);

console.log(playerOne.skills);


Marketers love email—it's an overperforming channel with great return on investment (ROI) that's often inexpensive to execute. For years, marketers have become accustomed to sending one message to their entire mailing list. But those days are coming to an end.
eMarketer's Jillian Ryan spoke with eight experts from email service providers (ESPs) and email marketing agencies about why less is more for email marketing, and why brands are struggling to change their high-volume approach.
Are the marketers you work with still sending blast email messages to their audience?
When a consumer gives a brand the privilege of getting in their inbox, marketers shouldn't abuse that. Unfortunately, too many brands do exploit the email addresses they have acquired.
They see email as an inexpensive channel to deploy where they can send the same single thing to their entire list. The goal is to just get as many emails out as possible. This is the wrong approach and marketers need to recognize the responsibility of having that access to a person's inbox and send their subscribers more relevant messages.
The push for more revenue from leadership often leads the marketers we work with to just email, email, email. A lot of our clients' leadership believe there is a positive correlation between gross revenue numbers to emails sent, but that isn't necessarily the case.
The conundrum is that doing personalized, data-driven email is hard and frankly, more expensive. Marketers run the risk of investing more time, resources and budget and potentially not seeing the same return they get from their weekly blasted promotional code.


Here's a couple from Emma & scott's brilliant Lusty Glaze Wedding Photography – cannot wait to share more of this one! Thanks for a brilliant day Mr & Mrs Beasley!
Here's a little taste of Victoria & Quentin's enchanting Devon Wedding at the incredible Howell Temple on The Castle Hill Estate in Devon. Such a beautiful day guys!
I am so pleased to share Sam and Beth's Trevenna Barn's wedding photography. It was such a pleasure to capture their wedding day, the weather was amazing and they had so many really lovely people to celebrate with. Many congratulations ladies!
Shoes – The Bridal House of Cornwall & VANS.
Here's a preview of Samantha and Bethany's Trevenna Barns Wedding Photography! They had a brilliant day – the weather was amazing, no April showers in sight! Can't wait to share more soon – many congratulations girls – I hope you're having a fabulous honeymoon!


text:
Susan Katzman retired from the St. Louis Public Schools as divisional director for Career & Technical Education in 2005. During her 36 years with the school district, she had management responsibilities for such areas as career education, summer school, curriculum writing and revision, technical education, career academies and high school reform. She also provided oversight for a variety of special projects including magnet and alternative school development, college, dual credit and articulation agreements, corporate relations, opening of school events, district reports to the community, development of grants from federal, state and local entities (federal magnet and smaller learning community, National Science Foundation, etc.) and the design, construction and programmatic development of a new $30M state-of-the-art academic and technical high school.
Over the years, while serving as the Director for Career Education, she and her staff developed a comprehensive preschool-grade 12 program that included classroom curricula and over 15 experiential programs for students with the corporate community. The classroom curricula is still sold nationally and the staff has helped over 26 cities, including Paris, France, replicate the yearly Career Awareness Fair held for over 11,000 area eighth graders and 900 businesspersons. The Career Education program received national recognition over the years, including designation as a model youth employment/training program through the Council of the Great City Schools and the national Planning for Life Award through the U.S. Army and USA Today. Susan and her staff introduced the implementation of 14 Career Academies into the district high schools.
Nationally, Susan is the recent past-president of the National Career Academy Coalition (an umbrella organization for career academies). She has keynoted or presented at over 75 national conferences, written curriculum guides, developed college and career programs that are now used as national models, designed and conducted training on national standards, project-based learning, long range/strategic planning and corporate involvement. She has written articles including The Role of Career Education in School-to-Work Transition through the ERIC Clearinghouse and, most recently, wrote a major chapter for the new book, The History of Career Education. Susan currently serves as a consultant to school districts and corporations.
Outside of the academic setting, Susan serves as a private training consultant in such areas as communications, diversity, racism, strategic planning, conflict resolution and business-education relationships. She serves on the board of the St. Louis Community Credit Union, chair of the Credit Union Foundation, and as vice-president of leadership for the National Council of Jewish Women. Susan earned both her bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Wisconsin/Madison.


The James Aronson Awards for Social Justice Journalism honor original, written English-language reporting from the U.S. media that brings to light widespread injustices, their human consequences, underlying causes, and possible reforms.
Whether writing in lucid prose about the deferred dream of Barack Obama, his own identity as a black Briton in a predominantly white society, or the prevalence of guns and violence in American life, Gary Younge's award-winning work has been probing, illuminating and insightful. An editor-at-large for The Guardian, Younge has received numerous awards, including the David Nyhan Prize from Harvard University, and was an Alfred Knobler Fellow at the Nation Institution.
Ryan Gabrielson is a reporter for ProPublica covering the U.S. justice system. Previously, his stories for the Center for Investigative Reporting on violent crimes at California's board-and-care institutions for the developmentally disabled were a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. In 2009, as a reporter at the East Valley Tribune in Mesa, Ariz., he and colleague Paul Giblin won a Pulitzer Prize for stories that exposed how immigration enforcement by the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office undermined investigations and emergency response.
Topher Sanders covers racial inequality for ProPublica. Prior to joining ProPublica in 2015, he reported on education, city government and criminal justice for The Florida Times-Union. His data-driven reporting on juvenile plea deals and the time Jacksonville juveniles spend in pre-trial detention facilities was a finalist for an Investigative Reporters and Editors award in 2015. His reporting on questionable behavior by Jacksonville's elected public defender prompted Florida Gov. Rick Scott to order an investigation of the office in 2013.
The reporting began as a search for stories that would illuminate the plea deals that dominate our criminal justice system, to explore what role evidence plays in the courts when more than 90 percent of convictions come by guilty plea. We were checking the National Registry of Exonerations regularly, which includes very few plea deal cases. But suddenly, by mid-2015, that was changing. Dozens of overturned drug convictions out of Texas joined the database. Reading through the case summaries, it seemed to us the unifying characteristic was inaccurate police field tests. Again and again, innocent people pleaded guilty with only the officers' results as evidence identifying illegal drugs.
Sarah Ryley is a staff writer at The Trace covering gun violence and a John Jay/ Harry Frank Guggenheim criminal justice reporting fellow. Previously, she was an investigative reporter at The New York Daily News, where she primarily covered policing and the intersection of civil and criminal law. Her work at The New York Daily News triggered numerous reforms, including the passage of the Criminal Justice Reform Act and the Nuisance Abatement Fairness Act.
I came across a lawsuit that mentioned that the city tried to evict a woman from her home based on criminal charges that were dismissed because the lab test came back negative for narcotics. I was shocked that an entire family could be rendered temporarily homeless, and a son banned from his mother's home for life, over such flimsy allegations. I wanted to see if this was systemic or an anomaly.
Brian Bienkowski serves as editor of Environmental Health News and its sister site, The Daily Climate. He reports on the intersection of the environment and human/wildlife health, including environmental justice, endocrine disruption, and climate change and water quality. Bienkowski holds a master's degree in environmental journalism and a bachelor's degree in marketing from Michigan State University. He lives with his girlfriend, Dani, and their five (!) four-legged friends in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.
I was gathering data for a story on the Crow Reservation's water quality and realized their fight for clean water all too common and that tribes across the country are locked in struggle to protect their water, their environment, and their future. Dwindling or contaminated water not only sickens tribes but also taints traditions and squeezes spiritual connections to a breaking point. These are stories of environmental injustice and they needed to be told.
The Texas Tribune is the only member-supported, digital-first, nonpartisan media organization that informs Texans — and engages with them — about public policy, politics, government and statewide issues. The Texas Tribune and its destination website were launched in November 2009, thanks to $4 million in private contributions as seed funding, a small band of talented computer programmers and some of the most accomplished journalists in the state. Now with a staff of nearly 50 dedicated reporters, editors, technologists, designers and business leaders, the Tribune has continued to advance its mission of bringing greater transparency and accountability to public policy, politics and government through news, data and events.
From the time Donald Trump announced his run for the White House until the brash billionaire prepared to take the oath of office late last year, a team of reporters at The Texas Tribune went deep on the issues that would fuel his rise more than any other: border security and immigration. Over the course of the yearlong project, the Tribune traveled to violence-torn Central America, to the most heavily crossed patch of the U.S.-Mexico border, and to the U.S. worksites where so many immigrants find low-paying jobs and exploitation. All our stories had something in common: They were about people caught up in a giant international smuggling ecosystem that's being constantly nourished by the insatiable U.S. demand for illegal drugs and undocumented laborers.
Jay Root is a native of Liberty. He never knew any reporters growing up and has never taken a journalism class in his life. But somehow he got hooked on the news business. It all started when Root walked into the offices of The Daily Texan, his college newspaper, during his last year at the University of Texas in 1987. He couldn't resist the draw: it was the biggest collection of misfits ever assembled. After graduating, he took a job at a Houston chemical company and soon realized it wasn't for him. Root applied for an unpaid internship at the Houston Post in 1990, and it turned into a full-time job that same year. He has been a reporter ever since. Root has covered natural disasters, live music and Texas politics — not necessarily in that order. He was Austin bureau chief of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram for a dozen years, most of them good. He also covered politics and the Legislature for The Associated Press before joining the staff of the Tribune. Root is the author of Oops! A Diary From The 2012 Campaign Trail, an insider's account of Texas Gov. Rick Perry's dramatic collapse in the 2012 presidential race.
Nancy Cambria joined the staff of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in Sept. 2005. Cambria was the runner up for the Annie E. Casey Medal for Meritorious Journalism, in 2012, for her special report on the high rate of child deaths in unlicensed and illegal day cares in Missouri. A New Jersey native who grew up in Montclair, Cambria graduated from Skidmore College and received a master's in creative writing from Ohio University, Athens.
Laurie Skrivan has worked at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch since 1997. A St. Louis native and graduate of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, she was part of the team that won a Pulitzer Prize in 2015 for covering the unrest in Ferguson. Her work has been recognized by Pictures of the Year International and by the National Press Photographers Association.
Nancy Cambria and Laurie Skrivan were among more than two dozen reporters and photographers at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch sent to cover the continuing protests and unrest in the aftermath of the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by a Ferguson Police officer. Cambria, the newspaper's children and families reporter, was struck by the number of toddlers and young children she saw on the often volatile protest lines. Skrivan was interested in documenting the daily lives of families living within yards of the protests and a highly militarized police presence. Cambria decided to explore the issue of trauma and toxic stress more deeply in the community after she had discussions with therapists at a nearby Red Cross emergency drop-in center. They told her residents weren't just traumatized by Brown's death and the ensuing unrest. They were also re-living past trauma from growing up and living in impoverished, often violent neighborhoods.
With the help of a National Center for Health Journalism fellowship, Cambria learned about brain development and "toxic stress" and its relationship to poverty and poor adult health outcomes. Not long after Skrivan and Cambria formally began their reporting in the neighborhood for the project, Jamyla Bolden, 8, was fatally shot through a window while doing her homework. Jamyla lived just blocks away from where Brown was killed a year earlier. Cambria and Skrivan followed children and families who knew Jamyla for seven months to create their special report.
Originally from Chicago, Ernest Owens is an award-winning multimedia journalist and editor of G Philly for Philadelphia Magazine. Owens, 25, has reported on a range of social issues connected to race, LGBTQ, politics, and pop culture. His work has been featured in USA Today, BET, The Huffington Post, The Advocate and many other national publications. The University of Pennsylvania alum currently serves as the board treasurer of the nation's oldest press club, The Pen & Pencil Club, and as board secretary of Philadelphia Community Access Media.
Investigating the decades-long issue of racism in Philadelphia's LGBTQ community was simultaneously a personal and professional liberation. Being an openly black gay man who have seen how the intersectionality between race and sexual orientation isn't always as harmonious as one imagines, reporting on the diverse activists who pushed forward their demands for a more inclusive community reinforced why I chose to enter this field in the first place.
The editorial cartoonist for The Salt Lake Tribune for 38 years, Bagley is a popular commentator on the comic politics of Red State Utah. One of the most reprinted syndicated cartoonists with politicalcartoons.com, Bagley has won prestigious cartooning awards, including the 2009 Herblock Award, co-winner of the prestigious Prix de l'humor Vache in France, and was a finalist for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize.
I remember learning about politics from editorial cartoons when they helped me puzzle out what Nixon was up to and what Watergate was all about. They were my Rosetta Stone to the world of politics. I can easily imagine some girl or boy today furrowing their forehead over a cartoon done by me, or by one of my colleagues. I can also see a light suddenly going on and the gift that was given to me is passed to another generation.
THREE TOURS, produced and directed by Betty Yu, is a documentary that captures the lives of three U.S. military veterans, Nicole Goodwin, Ramon Mejia and Ryan Holleran, as they work to heal their wounds and battle with PTSD resulting from their deployments in Iraq. The film follows their transformation from U.S. military trained soldiers to agents of change advocating for proper mental health treatment of veterans and an end to unjust wars.
Betty Yu graduated from the IMA MFA Hunter College program in 2016. She is a Chinese-American interdisciplinary, multi-media artist, educator and community activist. Her documentary and multi-media work is shaped and influenced by her direct experience as a daughter raised by garment worker parents who toiled in sweatshops after arriving from Hong Kong over 37 years ago. This upbringing undoubtedly frames who she is as an artist today. In her artwork she approaches social issues through personal story, family narrative and community history. Her work explores issues ranging from labor rights, immigrant justice, and gender equity to militarism.


text:
Фумоне () — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Лаціо,  провінція Фрозіноне.

Фумоне розташоване на відстані близько 70 км на схід від Рима, 13 км на північний захід від Фрозіноне.

Населення —   (2014).
Покровитель — San Sebastiano.

Демографія

Сусідні муніципалітети

 Алатрі
 Ананьї
 Ферентіно
 Тривільяно

Див. також
 Список муніципалітетів провінції Фрозіноне

Примітки

Муніципалітети провінції Фрозіноне

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
LA Mayor Urges Mask Use as US Coronavirus Toll Tops 5,000
As the United States passed 5,000 coronavirus deaths, the mayor of the Los Angeles urged people in the country's second-largest city to wear masks in public.Mayor Eric Garcetti said people should not use scarce medical-grade masks that are needed by health professionals but said utilizing cloth masks would help reduce the spread of the virus.U.S. federal health officials have so far not recommended people wear masks.Garcetti also said wearing a mask is not an invitation for people to "suddenly all go out," and that they should be staying home except for essential tasks such as shopping for food.Worldwide cases are on the verge of eclipsing 1 million, with 50,000 deaths. World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said he was deeply concerned about the rapid escalation.Hindu priests wearing face masks perform rituals during the Ram Navami festival at a temple closed for devotees as part of lockdown to curb the spread of new coronavirus in Hyderabad, India, April 2, 2020.He also highlighted concerns about extra pressures felt by the poorest and most vulnerable people in areas put under lockdown orders and called for help to developing countries that may not have the resources to scale up social welfare programs.The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned Wednesday that anyone can be a coronavirus carrier even if they aren't showing any symptoms.The CDC affirmed a study from Singapore that says 10 percent of new cases were spread by people who showed no signs of being sick. The agency says the study reinforces the need for social distancing.Italy has been the hardest-hit country in terms of deaths, with more than 13,000. Its leaders announced Wednesday an extension of lockdown orders in hopes of continuing trends of fewer new infections to control the outbreak there.In Mexico, the country's foreign ministry urged Mexicans residing in other countries – particularly the United States – not to travel home to visit family right now due to the risk of importing cases.Israel's health ministry announced Thursday that its leader, Yaakov Litzman, has tested positive for coronavirus and is in isolation.
Former US Federal Judge Duffy Dies From Coronavirus
US Delivers 128 Anti-Tank Javelin Missiles to Estonia


I am a 58 year old female clinical psychologist who has gone through life-changing physical, emotional, and spiritual transformations. I am on a journey and am hoping that my journey may help others make their own.
My M.S. and Ph.D. in clinical psychology were earned at Auburn University in 1994 and 2000. My B.A. comes from San Diego State University – 1990. In addition to being a psychologist, I am married, a mother, grandmother, daughter, and a Navy veteran.
How is your heart doing? I have the same defect in my heart valve. I wouldnlive to know how you are doing .
Doing very well. Thank you.