text:
Why am I running Hobart's Point to Pinnacle? - ABC Hobart
Posted by Andrew Leigh Mp 50sc on July 20, 2015
936 ABC HOBART
SUBJECT/S: Point to Pinnacle run for World Vision
RICK GODDARD: Here's another invitation for you and it's quite a chilling one in itself. A bloke whose grandfather died doing something and he'd like you to come and do the same thing in his name, it's quite an amazing Tasmanian story actually. Andrew Leigh is Labor Member for Fraser for the ACT but his grandad was a Methodist Minister in Tasmania. Hello Andrew.
SHADOW ASSISTANT TREASURER, ANDREW LEIGH: G'day, Rick. How are you?
GODDARD: What was your grandad doing running up the mountain in the '70s?
LEIGH: Well the Methodist Church got together for the first time in Hobart in 1970 and my grandfather was a very enthusiastic runner. He ran 50 miles on his 50th birthday and organised 24-hour runathons. So he thought a lovely way of recognising the Methodist Church getting together in Hobart would be to do a run to raise money for overseas aid and run up Mount Wellington. Cascade Brewery were one of the sponsors, nicely ironic considering the Methodists' view on alcohol, but he unfortunately didn't make it to the top. There was one of those freak snow storms and he passed away in October 1970.
GODDARD: Was he trapped in the snow? Is that part of what the difficulty was or was it just a heart attack?
LEIGH: It was both. Keith was running with a mate but he turned back when the snow started to get deep. Keith got quite close to the top, tripped and had a heart attack and died either of the heart attack or of hypothermia in the snow there. You know, he was one of these blokes who took the view that a life well lived is a life of service to others. So what he was doing was looking to raise money for overseas aid, to make the world a better place and to get out there and have a bit of fun in the great outdoors.
GODDARD: I walked up the mountain a couple of weeks ago with my children from the springs to the summit which is a two-and-a-half hour walk. We passed a plaque along the way that said in 1902, a chap whose name I can't remember unfortunately died here in the 'Get up the mountain as you please' race which they must have had in those days. It's claimed a few people. We of course, have the regular run up the mountain as well, what are you inviting people to do, Andrew?
LEIGH: I'm going to be running the Point to Pinnacle on November 15th and I'm hoping that there are Taswegians who are keen to join me in a Keith Leigh team. We'll be raising money for overseas aid, World Vision, and looking to remember Keith's spirit 45 years on. It might particularly suit people that have some connection to the Methodist Church, now the Uniting Church or just people who are keen on raising a bit of money to help those in developing countries.
RICK: Still got the same attitudes to alcohol and will you be able to get the same sponsors, that's the big question?
LEIGH: We should go back to Cascade Brewery on that one.
GODDARD: If people want to join you, how do they get in touch with you?
LEIGH: Just drop me an email: [email protected] or my website is andrewleigh.com
GODDARD: There's really no politics involved in this at all, it's a good way to remember your grandfather.
LEIGH: Absolutely.
GODDARD: Partly doing what he loved and doing the good bit that he loved.
LEIGH: That's right. And what's been terrific is when I've reached out to parliamentarians in Tasmania from both sides of the aisle I've gotten lovely warm receptions. It's really nice to get a sense that there is a bunch of things that transcend the political scrapping of the day.
GODDARD: It becomes a political thing, and you're raising funds. Will you travel here by helicopter?
LEIGH: I've booked my personal travel down there, personally paid for, Rick. Thank you for double checking on that one!
GODDARD: Wow your voice went up about five octaves then! Good to talk to you. Andrew Leigh, Labor Member for Fraser – email him and you can join his team to run the Point to Pinnacle in November and raise some money for what is now the Uniting Church.
Bernii Allen commented 2015-07-20 21:34:53 +1000
Wow! I couldn't think of anything more admirable to do in honour of your amazing Grandfather, and for a {non-political} good course too Andrew. :) Obviously, it is in your DNA.


text:
Reduced Expression Of Myc Increases Longevity And Enhances Healthspan Pdf
Fleurette M.
File Name: reduced expression of myc increases longevity and enhances healthspan .zip
Reducing Myc gene increases lifespan of mice by 15% on average
Centenarians
Address correspondence to Haim Y. E-mail: Haim. Cohen biu.
The gene desert upstream of the MYC oncogene on chromosome 8q24 contains susceptibility loci for several major forms of human cancer. The region shows high conservation between human and mouse and contains multiple MYC enhancers that are activated in tumor cells.
However, the role of this region in normal development has not been addressed. The mice are viable and show no overt phenotype. However, they are resistant to tumorigenesis, and most normal cells isolated from them grow slowly in culture.
These results reveal that only cells whose MYC activity is increased by serum or oncogenic driver mutations depend on the 8q24 super-enhancer region, and indicate that targeting the activity of this element is a promising strategy of cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Our cells each contain close to 20, genes, which provide the instructions needed to build our bodies and keep us alive.
At any one time in the life of the cell, only some of these genes are active. The activity of each gene is constantly regulated to allow the cell to respond to changes in its environment.
Enhancers are sections of DNA, outside of the genes, that act as molecular switches controlling the activity of genes. A gene can have many such enhancers; each enhancer is linked to a particular set of signals and having multiple enhancers allows the same gene to be activated by different signals in different tissues in the body.
Changes to enhancers can have serious consequences. By altering the activity of genes, an enhancer can have widespread effects on the health and behavior of a cell, including transforming it from healthy to cancerous.
The small differences in enhancers also make some people more susceptible to cancers than others. If we can identify enhancers whose activity is commonly altered in cancers, it could be possible to target them through treatment.
Yet, it is not clear whether targeting enhancers in this way could be effectively used to treat cancer without damaging healthy cells. Now, Dave, Sur et al. The region has multiple enhancers for a cancer-linked gene called MYC and is implicated in many cancer-associated deaths every year.
This particular enhancer region is found in both humans and mice, which share many genes in common. Using genetic engineering, Dave, Sur et al.
The experiment showed that mice without the enhancer region were completely healthy. Also, when tested for cancer development, these mice were much less susceptible to several major types of cancer. This investigation reveals that it may be possible to create drugs to shut down or inhibit certain enhancers to prevent or treat cancer without damaging healthy cells. However, this is currently just one example in mice under laboratory conditions. Further research is needed to determine if a similar approach can be developed to treat patients in the clinic.
Deregulated expression of the MYC oncogene is associated with many cancer types Reviewed in Albihn et al. MYC acts primarily as a transcriptional activator that increases expression of many genes required for RNA and protein synthesis above the level that is required in resting cells.
In cancer cells, aberrantly elevated levels of MYC drive global amplification of transcription rates, providing the cells with necessary resources for rapid proliferation see, for example Brown et al.
Variants in the MYC upstream region contribute to inherited susceptibility to most major forms of human cancer, and account for a very large number of cancer cases at the population level Amundadottir et al. For example, the polymorphism rs linked to colorectal Tomlinson et al. Through computational and experimental analyses, we and others have shown that the risk allele G of rs creates a strong binding site for the colorectal-cancer associated transcription factor Tcf7l2 Pomerantz et al.
This binding site is located within the Myc enhancer element that is dispensable for mouse viability, but required for efficient Tcf7l2-driven intestinal tumorigenesis Sur et al. More recently, another enhancer element, located 1. However, in contrast to the Myc element, this element is also required for normal T-cell development.
Thus, the mechanism by which individual Myc enhancer elements contribute to normal development and tumorigenesis is still unclear.
Several studies have shown that the 8q24 region contains a large number of additional enhancer elements see, for example [ Hallikas et al. The MYC -associated super-enhancers are activated during the process of tumorigenesis Hnisz et al. Thus, MYC -associated super-enhancer activity is required for tumorigenesis, but the role of these elements in normal tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis has been unclear.
To address this problem, we have in this work generated multiple mouse strains deficient of regulatory elements upstream of the Myc promoter. By analysis of the mice, we found that the entire super-enhancer region conferring multi-cancer susceptibility contributes to MYC expression in vivo , yet is not required for mouse embryonic development and viability.
However, this region is required for the growth of normal cells in culture and cancer cells in vivo. As cultured cells are exposed to serum, which is a signal of tissue damage, this finding suggests that tumor cells and cells responding to damage signals share regulatory mechanisms that are dispensable for normal physiological growth control.
To dissect functional significance of the 8q24 region during normal development, we generated series of Myc alleles in mice using homologous recombination in ES cells. These include the Myc enhancer deletion allele we have described previously Sur et al. This site has previously been reported to be required for MYC expression Gombert and Krumm, , and to have insulator activity Gombert et al.
Each allele contained loxP site s in the same orientation to allow conditional knockouts of the enhancers, and to facilitate generation of large deletions and duplications by interallelic recombination Wu et al. All alleles were bred to homozygosity, and resulted in generation of viable mice. The lower panel shows the regional conservation probability predicted by PhastCons hg19 assembly, UCSC with non-overlapping sliding windows for the whole region and each enhancer locus with a size of bp and 10 bp, respectively.
See Figure 1—source data 1 for details. The gene body for Myc and Actb is shown below the respective panels. Error bars denote one standard deviation. Myc transcript levels in wild-type and mutant mice in Figure 1b-c. Given the very large regions that were deleted Figure 2b , we expected to see a strong phenotype.
The mice were born at the expected mendelian ratio, and both males and females were viable and fertile. Analysis of Myc expression, however, revealed a strong decrease in Myc expression in the colon and ileum of the mice not shown.
The deletion also removes several Tcf7l2 ChIP-seq peaks. Red arrowheads and horizontal lines mark the different enhancer positions. Each point represents individual mouse. Line represents the median. See Figure 2—source data 1 for details. Given that the entire Myc regulatory region spans more than 2 Mb of DNA and is located on both sides of the Myc coding region Rosenbloom et al. Still, the viability of the mice is striking, since the region deleted contains regions linked to risk for myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and pancreatic, thyroid, bladder, prostate, breast, and colon cancers Chung and Chanock, ; Sahasrabudhe et al.
To characterize the mice further, we analyzed histology and MYC expression in the tissues where these tumors originate from. This is expected since this region contains individual tissue specific regulatory elements. The expression of Myc was strongly decreased in colon, small intestine and prostate of these mice Figure 3a and not shown. Immunohistochemical analysis of MYC expression in intestine revealed strong decrease of nuclear staining, and loss of MYC expression from the transit amplifying cell compartment.
However, expression of MYC was still detected at the base of the crypt in the region where the intestinal stem cells are known to reside Figure 3b. These results are consistent with the role of the deleted region in tumorigenesis of colon and prostate. To analyze the effect of decreased MYC expression on the proliferation in the transit amplifying compartment, we performed immunohistochemistry IHC for the proliferation marker Ki Error bars indicate one standard deviation.
See Figure 3—source data 1 for details. In contrast to colon and prostate, Myc expression was not markedly affected in the bladder, and was elevated in the spleen Figure 3a. To analyze the cellular composition of the spleen, we performed flow cytometric analysis of markers for hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid lineage cells.
In contrast to the decrease in B-cells, the T cell numbers were not affected by the deletion Figure 2—figure supplement 1a. This finding is consistent with the published data that regulatory elements controlling T-cell development and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are located 1. To identify regulatory elements that could explain the effect in B-cells, we performed ChIP-seq analysis of chromatin from LSK-Flt3 neg hematopoietic stem cells and mature B-cells isolated from wild-type mice.
This analysis identified two B-cell specific regulatory elements. The Myc 2— deletion results in loss of one of the elements, and moves the other element very close to the Myc TSS Figure 2—figure supplement 1b. Although the exact regulatory mechanism is not clear and requires further study, the above data is consistent with a role of the super-enhancer region in development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which is primarily a B-cell malignancy.
Based on presence of active histone marks, and undermethylation of focal elements, the super-enhancer region is active in fibroblasts from both humans and mice Figure 4a and Figure 4—figure supplement 1. The Myc super-enhancer region is also active in human fibroblasts see Figure 4—figure supplement 1. To understand the mechanism by which the deletion of the 8q24 super-enhancer region has a differential effect on growth during normal tissue homeostasis and growth under culture conditions, we subjected both the mouse tissues and cultured cells to RNA-seq analysis.
Analysis of mouse tissues confirmed the changes in Myc expression observed by qPCR Figure 5a and Figure 5—figure supplement 1. These results suggest that expression of canonical MYC target genes is not sensitive to decreases in MYC protein level during normal tissue homeostasis. Upstream regulator analysis performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the highest-ranked potential regulator for the identified gene set was MYC Figure 5b.
The activation z-scores are to infer the activation states of predicted upstream regulators. Ingenuity pathway analysis performed on one of these is shown. Measured by FPKM values, the cultured wild-type fibroblasts had higher Myc mRNA levels than normal tissues, whereas the cultured null fibroblasts had Myc levels that were comparable to or lower than those of normal wild-type tissues.
The elevated Myc levels in cultured cells are caused by serum stimulation, as Myc mRNA levels are low in serum-starved fibroblasts and strongly induced by serum Ref. These results indicate that the 8q24 super-enhancer region is dispensable for normal tissue homeostasis under conditions where MYC activity is relatively low. However, the region is required for induction of MYC activity to levels that are high enough to drive the expression of MYC target genes above their basal levels during pathological growth.
We have shown earlier that deletion of a 1. The region is distinct from the colon cancer susceptibility locus that harbors Myc See Figure 6—source data 1 for details. Filled circles correspond to individual mice and red color denotes the median.
Bar equals 5 mm. Top panel shows the active enhancer elements in GP5d cells within this region as determined by ChIP-seq analysis of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation H3K27ac. The sites of sgRNAs black lines and genotyping primers blue arrows used are indicated not to scale. Red arrows mark the enhancer regions used in this study.
Citazioni per anno. Citazioni duplicate. I seguenti articoli sono uniti in Scholar. Le loro citazioni combinate sono conteggiate solo per il primo articolo. Citazioni unite. Questo conteggio "Citato da" include citazioni ai seguenti articoli in Scholar. Aggiungi coautori Coautori.
Request PDF | Reduced Expression of MYC Increases Longevity and Enhances Healthspan | MYC is a highly pleiotropic transcription factor.
So far, several longevity mouse models have been developed containing mutations related to growth signaling deficiency by targeting growth hormone GH , IGF1, IGF1 receptor, insulin receptor, and insulin receptor substrate. In addition, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 S6K1 knockout leads to lifespan extension. S6K1 encodes an important kinase in the regulation of cell growth. S6K1 is regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin mTOR complex 1. The v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog MYC -deficient mice also exhibits a longevity phenotype.
A team of scientists based at Brown University has found that reducing expression of a fundamentally important gene called Myc significantly increased the healthy lifespan of laboratory mice, the first such finding regarding this gene in a mammalian species.
This state-of-the-art review on longevity focuses on centenarians, studied as a model of positive biology. The extraordinary rise in the elderly population in developed countries underscores the importance of studies on ageing and longevity in order to decrease the medical, economic and social problems associated with the increased number of non-autonomous individuals affected by invalidating pathologies. Centenarians have reached the extreme limits of human life span. Those in relatively good health, who are able to perform their routine daily tasks, are the best examples of extreme longevity, representing selected individuals in which the appearance of major age-related diseases — including cancer and cardiovascular diseases — has been consistently delayed or avoided.
Loss of gut integrity is linked to various human diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanisms that lead to loss of barrier function remain poorly understood. Using D.
MYC is a highly pleiotropic transcription factor whose deregulation promotes cancer. They show resistance to several age-associated pathologies, including osteoporosis, cardiac fibrosis and immunosenescence. They also appear to be more active, with a higher metabolic rate and healthier lipid metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a gene expression signature enriched for metabolic and immune processes. The ancestral role of MYC as a regulator of ribosome biogenesis is reflected in reduced protein translation, which is inversely correlated with longevity.
- Сегодня утром Энсея Танкадо нашли мертвым в городе Севилья, в Испании. ГЛАВА 8 Двухмоторный Лирджет-60 коснулся раскаленной посадочной полосы. Голый ландшафт испанской нижней Эстремадуры бежал за окном, слившись в неразличимый фон, затем замедлил свой бег. - Мистер Беккер! - послышался голос. - Мы на месте.
Чепуха.
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Article. Reduced Expression of MYC Increases Longevity and Enhances Healthspan. Jeffrey W. Hofmann,1,7 Xiaoai Zhao,1,7 Marco De Cecco.

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Martin Driller (Paderborn, 1970. január 2. –) német labdarúgócsatár.

Jegyzetek

1970-ben született személyek
Paderborniak
Német labdarúgók
A Borussia Dortmund labdarúgói
A Borussia Dortmund II labdarúgói
Az FC St. Pauli labdarúgói
Az 1. FC Nürnberg labdarúgói
Az Ingolstadt labdarúgói
Labdarúgócsatárok
Élő személyek

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text:
\section*{I. INTRODUCTION}

A finite quantum system, such as an atom or a molecule, exposed to an intense laser field more than $10^{12}$  W/cm$^{2}$ reforms itself as new quantum states, called light-dressed states or simply dressed states \cite{dre_rev_01, dre_rev_02, dre_rev_03}. In dressed states electrons in the matter and the incident laser light are strongly coupled, which allows them to have new quai-eigen energy levels and probability-density distributions distinct possibly from those of the original uncoupled states through repetitive photon absorptions and emissions.

Theoretical studies on dressed states initiated in the late 1970s \cite{dre_theo_01}, where resonance fluorescence and absorption spectra of a multi-level atom was investigated. The approach determines the quasi-eigen energy levels of the system of coupled light and electrons as eigenvalues of the Floquet Hamiltonian \cite{dre_floq_01}. Since then, the dressed-state approach has been applied in analyzing a wide variety of novel physical phenomena in laser physics and chemistry or in quantum optics, such as dynamical Stark effect \cite{dre_stark_01, dre_stark_02, dre_stark_03}, electromagnetically induced transparency \cite{dre_eit_01, dre_eit_02, dre_eit_03}, cavity QED \cite{dre_ccqed_01, dre_ccqed_02, dre_ccqed_03}, and so on. Furthermore, recent advances in strong- and/or ultrashort-pulsed laser light technology have opened new sophisticated ways of manipulating atoms and molecules relying on dressed states, demonstrated such as in softening or hardening of chemical bonds in photochemical reactions \cite{dre_chembond_01, dre_chembond_02, dre_chembond_03, dre_chembond_04} or in laser-assisted elastic electron scattering \cite{dre_obs_01}.

In most of these pioneering previous studies dealing with dressed states spatial homogeneousness in the external laser field has been assumed. This assumption together with a commonly used condition in atomic and molecular physics, asserting that the size of the target electron system is by far much smaller than the typical wavelength of the laser lights, leads us to use the dipole approximation safely. Meanwhile, spatially {\it inhomogeneous} electromagnetic fields have attracted increasing attention in the last few decades. A most notable example of such an inhomogeneous field playing an important physical role may be an optical near-field (ONF) \cite{onf_rev_01, onf_rev_02, onf_rev_03} that is a localized electromagnetic field generated by the induced surface charge of the nanostructured material interacting with the incident laser light. Since the spatial locality of the ONF depends on the size of the nano material, it can break the diffraction limit of light and can reach as small as even the atomic scale \cite{np_tddft_01}. This locality has been widely utilized in the area of nanophotonics, such as in highly integrated optical signal-processing circuits \cite{onf_circuit_01, onf_circuit_02, onf_circuit_03} or in near-field scanning optical microscopy \cite{onf_scopy_01, onf_scopy_02, onf_scopy_03}.

From a theoretical point of view, since the ONF is spatially inhomogeneous due to its high locality, we could no longer rely on the dipole approximation. This implies that the optical responses of the target electron system interacting with the ONF can be significantly different from predictions based on conventional theoretical models assuming homogeneous electromagnetic fields. Indeed, recent studies, both experimentally and theoretically, have shown that the inhomogeneousness of the ONF inherently induces electric-quadrupole transitions \cite{onf_qua_01, onf_qua_02, onf_qua_03, onf_qua_04} and second harmonic generation (SHG) \cite{onf_shg_01, onf_shg_02, onf_shg_03} for symmetric materials, the latter of which is forbidden under standard homogeneous electromagnetic fields. In weak-field cases a recent theoretical study based on a perturbation theory has demonstrated that the inhomogeneousness in the ONF, specifically its electric field gradient, is responsible for the aforementioned exotic optical responses \cite{onf_shg_02}. Considering the current situation of growing interests in strong laser fields \cite{onf_strong_01, onf_strong_02, onf_strong_03, onf_strong_04, onf_strong_05, onf_strong_06}, a general theoretical model for the ONF that is applicable to both inhomogeneous and strong fields beyond the perturbative regime needs to be developed.

In the present study we have investigated the excitation dynamics of a finite electron system with an intense ONF from a perspective of the dressed states. This paper is organized as follows. The next section describes our theoretical model and computational details. The first subsection starts with the definition of the studied system. The system shows to be modeled by a single electron confined in a quasi-one-dimensional potential well, that mimics a quantum wire \cite{qd_01, qd_02}, while the ONF is described by a short dipole source. To obtain the temporal evolution of the system we have chosen to solve the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation directly relying on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme \cite{fdtd_quan_01}. The next subsection in Sec.~II describes a brief introduction of the computational aspects of dressed states. We show here the relation between the time-dependent solution of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation and the time-independent solution of the Floquet matrix. The computational results and their interpretation are given in Sec.~III. The optical responses to the ONF are shown here as the dynamic induced dipole moment obtained from the time-dependent wave function. Fourier transformation of the induced dipole moment for the results obtained by exciting the system with a spatially asymmetric ONF shows several frequency components distinct from those corresponding to the dipole-allowed transitions. To rationalize the appearance of these exotic spectral lines we construct a theoretical model of dressed states for a system subjected to an inhomogeneous ONF. The quasi-eigenenergies obtained by solving the eigenvalue equation for the Floquet Hamiltonian \cite{dre_floq_01} are shown to assign each spectral line including these exotic ones. The probability distributions of the eigenstates of the Floquet Hamiltonian for the asymmetric ONF also show appreciable asymmetry, confirming that this broken parity makes a number of forbidden transitions to be active and thus allows the new optical responses of the SHG, fourth harmonic generation (FHG), and difference-frequency generation (DFG) spectra. The main results of the present study is summarized in Sec.~IV.

\section*{II. THEORETICAL MODEL AND COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS}
\subsection*{A. Time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation
We consider a model system of an electron interacting with an ONF source, which is schematically illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:model} (a). The single electron is assumed to be confined in a quasi-one-dimensional potential well extending along the {\it y} axis. The time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation subject to an external electromagnetic field used in the present study is described by
\begin{align}
i \hbar \frac{\partial \psi(y,t)}{\partial t} = \left[
-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}  +V_{sta}(y)+V_{ext}(y,t)
\right]\psi(y,t),
\label{tdse}
\end{align}
where $ V_{sta} $ and $ V_{ext} $ are the electrostatic confinement potential and the external electromagnetic potential, respectively.
We employ the following soft coulomb potential for $ V_{sta} $,
\begin{align}
V_{sta}(y) = \alpha\left( \frac{1}{\beta}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{y^{2}+\beta^{2}}} \right),
\label{vsta}
\end{align}
where $ \alpha $ and $ \beta $ are chosen to be 32.5 eV $ \cdot $ nm and 1.75/3 nm, respectively. These parameters allow us to set the excitation energy of the system into the visible light range. The ground state $ \psi_{0} $ of this potential is chosen as the initial state for the time-dependent analysis. The probability density distribution of $ \psi_{0} $ is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(b).

For the external electromagnetic potential $ V_{ext} $, we have the following seperable form for its spatial and time dependences as
\begin{align}
V_{ext}(y,t) = V_{s}(y)V_{t}(t).
\label{vext}
\end{align}
For the temporal dependence we employ a simple sinusoidal form for $ V_{t}(t) $ with a step function $ u(t) $ described by
\begin{align}
V_{t}(t) = \sin(\omega_{i}t)u(t),
\label{td_vt}
\end{align}
where the angular frequency $\omega_{i}$ of the incident laser light is chosen as $\hbar\omega_i =$ 3.62 eV so that it corresponds to 1.1 times the excitation energy $\hbar\omega_{01}$ between the ground $ \psi_{0} $ state and the first-excited $ \psi_{1} $ states. This factor of 1.1 is introduced to avoid strong resonance between these two original eigenstates, that allows us to identify each dressed state easily from the computational results.

For the spatial dependence in $V_{ext}$ of Eq.~(\ref{vext}) we have examined the following three types of excitation schemes by changing the function form of $ V_{s} $: First, we have considered a conventional laser field as a reference to homogeneous-field cases, which is described in the length gauge \cite{length_gauge_01} as
\begin{align}
V_{s}^{hf}(y) =qE_{0}y,
\label{vhf}
\end{align}
with $q$ and $E_0$ denoting the charge of the particle and the amplitude of the electric field, respectively. The gradient of this potential along the $ y $ axis provides a homogeneous electric field. The amplitude $ E_{0} $ has been set to 2 GV/m that corresponds to about $10^{12}$ W/cm$^{2}$ in the laser intensity. Second, we have introduced a short dipole source to produce an ONF as represented in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(a). This dipole source has the length $ b $ and is situated away from the confined electron whose location is specified by the distance parameters $ a $ and $ c $. When the dipole length $ b $ is sufficiently shorter than the wavelength of the incident laser light (that is 342 nm for $ \omega_{i} $), the electromagnetic field reaches a state of quasi-static \cite{quasi_sta_01}. The scalar potential is then dominant and the function $ V_{s} $ is described with a charge $ Q $ induced at the ends of the dipole as
\begin{align}
V_{s}^{onf}(y) =\frac{Q}{4\pi\epsilon_{0}}\left[
\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^{2}+ \left\{ y- \left( c+\frac{b}{2} \right) \right\}^{2} }}
-\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^{2}+ \left\{ y- \left( c-\frac{b}{2} \right) \right\}^{2} }}
\right],
\label{vonf}
\end{align}
where we assume the Coulomb gauge for the ONF excitation. To make a fair comparison with the result by the conventional excitation scheme with $V_{s}^{hf}$ the charge $ Q $ has been determined by the following equation so as to keep the same electromagnetic energy:
\begin{align}
\int |\psi_{0}(y)|^{2} \left| \frac{\partial V_{s}^{onf}(y)}{\partial y} \right|^{2}dv
= \int |\psi_{0}(y)|^{2} \left| \frac{\partial V_{s}^{hf}(y)}{\partial y} \right|^{2}dv.
\label{qchoose}
\end{align}
By introducing this condition the intensity of the ONF maintains $10^{12}$  W/cm$^{2}$. In this ONF excitation we can introduce a symmetric and asymmetric field to the confined electron by choosing zero or nonzero value of the $c$ parameter as seen from Eq.~(\ref{vonf}) or Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(a). In Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(b) we have plotted the electric field along the $y$-axis for the conventional field with $ V_{s}^{hf} $ (denoted hereafter by HF), the symmetric and asymmetric ONFs, denoted respectively by ONF(s) and ONF(a), where we have employed $ a $=$ b $=1 nm and $ c $=0 nm for ONF(s) while $ a $=$ b $=1 nm and $ c $=0.5 nm for ONF(a). As shown in this figure HF is a constant and thus a spatially homogeneous field as its name indicates, while both ONF(s) and ONF(a) have nonzero $y$ dependences and are thus inhomogeneous-symmetric and inhomogeneous-asymmetric fields, respectively.

Under the above three excitation schemes, namely, HF, ONF(s), and ONF(a), we have calculated the time evolution of the electronic wave function by using the FDTD method. The FDTD method is originally developed for solving Maxwell's equations and requires us to spatiotemporally discretize the electric and magnetic fields \cite{fdtd_01, fdtd_02}. For the Schr\"{o}dinger equation, by dividing the wave function into the real and imaginary parts, we can obtain recursive equations and stably update the electron wavepacket discretized in the spatial-grids. The detailed numerical implementation has been described in our previous studies \cite{fdtd_quan_01, fdtd_quan_02}.

\subsection*{B. Dressed state under optical near field
According to Floquet's theorem \cite{dre_floq_01}, when $ V_{ext} $ has perfect time-periodicity with the period $T_i = 2\pi/\omega_i$, such as,
\begin{align}
V_{ext}(y,t) = V_{s}(y)\left\{ \frac{\exp(i\omega_{i}t)+\exp(-i\omega_{i}t)}{2} \right\},
\label{drevext}
\end{align}
the time-dependent wave function $ \Psi $ can be factorized into a product of a time-dependent phase factor with a quasi-eigenenergy $\epsilon$ and a time-periodic part $\Pi$ as
\begin{align}
\Psi(y,t)=\exp\left( -i\frac{\epsilon}{\hbar}t \right)\Pi(y,t),
\label{dresolu}
\end{align}
where $\Pi$ satisfies the condition, $\Pi(y,t+T_i) = \Pi(y,t)$. Then, $\Pi$ can be represented by a Fourier series as
\begin{align}
\Pi(y,t)=\sum_{n=-N}^{N}\zeta_{n}(y)\exp(i\omega_{i}nt).
\label{dresolu_time}
\end{align}
In Eq.~(\ref{td_vt}) the time-dependence of $V_{ext}$ has been defined by a sine function multiplied by a step function. We have however assumed in Eq.~(\ref{drevext}) a cosine function. In the time-dependent calculation the choice of the functions, sine or cosine, would certainly affect the result owing to their difference in the initial value at $t = 0$. In the case of the following Floquet analysis, on the other hand, the result wouldn't change by this choice since it is a stationary time-independent calculation. We have therefore chosen a simpler cosine function rather than sine, that can give a real-symmetric representation of the Floquet matrix that would otherwise become Hermitian complex.

Mathematically the summation in this Fourier expansion of Eq.~(\ref{dresolu_time}) extends from $-\infty$ to $\infty$, but we have limited $n$ between $-N$ to $N$ so as to perform practical calculation. The index $n$ can be interpreted as the number of photons coupled to the electron system. For the spatial part for each $n$, namely $\zeta_n$, it is expanded by the eigen functions $ \psi_{k} $ bound in the electrostatic potential $ V_{sta} $ as
\begin{align}
\zeta_{n}(y)=\sum_{k=0}^{K}\zeta_{k}^{n}\psi_{k}(y),
\label{dresolu_spa}
\end{align}
where the integer $K$ denotes the index for the highest eigenstate.

By substituting Eqs. \eqref{dresolu}~-~\eqref{dresolu_spa} into Eq. \eqref{tdse}, multiplying $\psi_l$ from the left and integrating it with respect to $y$, we obtain the following equation:
\begin{align}
\sum_{k=0}^{K}\zeta_{k}^{n+1}V_{l,k}+\zeta_{l}^{n}(e_{l}+\hbar\omega_{i}n)+\sum_{k=0}^{K}\zeta_{k}^{n-1}V_{l,k}=\epsilon\zeta_{l}^{n},
\label{dreeq1}
\end{align}
where $V_{l,k}$ and $e_l$ are defined, respectively, by
\begin{align}
V_{l,k}=\frac{1}{2}\Braket{\psi_{l}|V_{s}(y)|\psi_{k}},
\label{dreeq2}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
e_l=\Braket{\psi_{l}|\left[-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m}\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}  +V_{sta}(y)\right]|\psi_{l}}.
\label{dreeq3}
\end{align}
Eq. \eqref{dreeq1} can be written in the following form of a matrix eigenvalue problem as
\begin{align}
\left[
        \begin{array}{ccccccc}
         \bar{H}_{-N} & \bar{V} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
         & \ddots & & & & & \\
         0 & \bar{V} & \bar{H}_{n-1} & \bar{V} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
         0 & 0 & \bar{V} & \bar{H}_{n} & \bar{V} & 0 & 0  \\
         0 & 0& 0 & \bar{V} & \bar{H}_{n+1} & \bar{V} & 0 \\
         & & & & & \ddots & \\
         0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \bar{V} & \bar{H}_{+N} \\
         \end{array}
\right]
\left[
         \begin{array}{c}
         \bar{\zeta}_{-N} \\
         \vdots \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{n-1} \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{n} \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{n+1} \\
         \vdots \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{+N} \\
         \end{array}
\right]=\epsilon\left[
         \begin{array}{c}
         \bar{\zeta}_{-N} \\
         \vdots \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{n-1} \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{n} \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{n+1} \\
         \vdots \\
         \bar{\zeta}_{+N} \\
         \end{array}
        \right],
\label{dreeq4}
\end{align}
where $\bar{V}$ and $\bar{H}_n$ are $(K+1){\times}(K+1)$ square matrices with $\bar{\zeta}$ denoting a vector of length $K+1$ defined, respectively, by
\begin{align}
\bar{V}=\left[
        \begin{array}{ccc}
         V_{0,0} & \cdots & V_{0,K}  \\
         \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
         V_{K,0} & \cdots & V_{K,K} \\
         \end{array}
         \right],
\label{dreeq5}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
\bar{H}_{n}=\left[
        \begin{array}{ccc}
         e_0+\hbar\omega_{i}n & 0 & 0  \\
         0 & \ddots & 0 \\
         0 & 0 & e_K+\hbar\omega_{i}n \\
         \end{array}
         \right],
\label{dreeq6}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
\bar{\zeta}_{n}=\left[
         \begin{array}{c}
         \zeta_{0}^{n} \\
         \vdots \\
         \zeta_{K}^{n} \\
         \end{array}
         \right].
\label{dreeq7}
\end{align}
By solving the eigenvalue equation~\eqref{dreeq4} the dressed-state wave function $ \Psi $ and its quasi-eigenenergy $\epsilon$ are obtained \cite{dre_floq_01,dre_floq_02}. Dressed states in their zeroth-order are a direct product of an electronic state $\psi_k$ and a photon number state with its energy $\hbar{\omega_i}n$. Fig.~\ref{fig:schematic} shows schematically how these zeroth-order dressed states are formed from the original electronic states. In the middle of this figure the energy levels of the original electronic states $\psi_k$ bound to the confinement potential $V_{sta}$ are displayed while on its both sides the energy levels of the zeroth-order dressed states $\Psi_{k}^{n}$ generated from $\psi_k$ are plotted for the ground and the first-excited states, $ \psi_{0} $ and $ \psi_{1} $, respectively. Since nearby energy levels $\Psi_{k}^{n}$ and $\Psi_{k}^{n+1}$ have the energy difference $ \hbar\omega_{i} $, $\Psi_{k}^{n}$ is interpreted as an $n$-photon coupled state with respect to $\Psi_{k}^{0}$. These zeroth-order states are coupled through the interaction term $V_{s}$. When the light intensity is not too high, the dressed-state wave functions can keep their original character of uncoupled states, allowing us to identify the original electronic state $\psi_k$ and the number of coupled photons. Since in our present case of $10^{12}$ W/cm$^{2}$ each dressed-state wave function is dominated by its zeroth-order state $\Psi_{k}^{n}$, we have used the same notation $\Psi_{k}^{n}$ to indicate the dressed eigenstates.

The Floquet matrix of Eq.~(\ref{dreeq4}) is of size $(2N+1)(K+1)$, which gives a total of $(2N+1)(K+1)$ eigenvalues and eigenvectors. However, since the Floquet matrix should be of an infinite dimension in a rigorous sense, eigenvalues of its truncated matrix like that in Eq.~(\ref{dreeq4}) might suffer from incomplete convergence, particularly those eigenvalues located close to the top or bottom on the energy axis. On the other hand, eigenvalues located close to the center, that have a small number of coupled photons, are in general fast in convergence for increasing $N$ and we have focused on them in our present analysis.

\section*{III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION}

First, we have calculated the time-evolution of the electron wave packet subjected to an external electromagnetic field in three different excitation schemes, namely, HF, ONF(s), and ONF(a), respectively, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:model} (b). The spacing of the space and time grids has been chosen as ${\Delta}x = {\Delta}y =$ 17.5 pm and ${\Delta}t =$ 0.24 as. From the time-dependent wave packets we have calculated power spectra of the induced dipole moment $P_y$ defined by
\begin{align}
P_{y}(\omega)=F\left[ f(t)\int qy (|\psi(y,t)|^{2}-|\psi_{0}(y)|^{2}) dv \right],
\label{ind_p}
\end{align}
where $F$ and $ f(t) $ denote, respectively, the time-frequency Fourier transformation and a window function of the form,
\begin{align}
f(t)=1-3\left( \frac{t}{T_{max}} \right)^{2}+2\left( \frac{t}{T_{max}} \right)^{3},
\label{wf}
\end{align}
with $ T_{max} $ being set to 115 fs. This window function is introduced to avoid spurious peaks in the transformation. The power spectrum of Eq.~(\ref{ind_p}) is normalized in the sense that the intensity of its maximum peak is equal to 1. The results have been displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe}  by the solid blue (black), broken pink (light gray), and broken green (black) lines obtained, respectively, by the HF, ONF(s), and ONF(a) excitation schemes. As shown in this figure the results for HF and ONF(s) look similar: They both have characteristic peaks at around 3.6 eV and 11 eV, which correspond, respectively, to the first- and third-harmonic generations of $ \omega_{i} $. These harmonic generations follow the selection rules based on the dipole approximation. In other words, the spatial inhomogeneousness of ONF(s) has hardly contributed to the optical response. In contrast, the result for ONF(a), plotted by the broken green (dark gray) line, shows additional peaks at around 0.3, 7.2, and 14 eV. Those emerging peaks coincide, respectively, with the frequencies by DFG between $ \omega_{i} $ and $ \omega_{01} $ (the energy gap between $ \psi_{0} $ and $ \psi_{1} $), i.e. 0.1$ \omega_{01} $, SHG, and by FHG. This result indicates that the inhomogeneousness of ONF(a), in particular its asymmetry, breaks down the dipole approximation, causing the exotic optical responses.

In order to elucidate the origin of the DFG, SHG, and FHG by ONF(a) we have calculated and analyzed the dressed states for the studied system. The upper panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe_phi} represents normalized power spectra $\Phi(\omega)$ of the time-dependent wave function $\psi(t)$ defined by
\begin{align}
\Phi(\omega)=\int F[f(t)\psi(y,t)] dv.
\label{psi_spe}
\end{align}
In this panel, as has been done in Fig. \ref{fig:power_spe}, the solid blue (black), broken pink (light gray), and broken green (dark gray) lines represent, respectively, the results obtained by HF, ONF(s), and ONF(a). In contrast to the results of the induced dipole moment shown in Fig. \ref{fig:power_spe}, the power spectra of the time-dependent wave functions by the three distinct excitation schemes yield almost the same spectra. Each peak in the spectra has its origin in the dressed\-state eigenenergies $ \epsilon_{k}^{n} $, represented by the red (black) solid vertical lines at the lower four panels of the figure. Since $ \epsilon_{k}^{n} $ is basically determined by the sum or difference between the original eigenenergies of $ V_{sta} $ and the photon energies ${\hbar\omega}n$, which is irrespective of the way of excitations, we have plotted in the lower panels only the results obtained by HF. The eigenenergies $\epsilon_{k}^{n}$ in this figure have been obtained by diagonalizing a truncated Floquet matrix in Eq.~(\ref{dreeq4}) constructed with the condition $(K,N) = (20,10)$. We have selected those eigenstates originating from $ k = 0\sim3 $ by analyzing the eigenvectors. The cross marks in the figure indicate the eigenenergy $ \epsilon_{k}^{0} $ of the `zero-photon coupled state' for each $ k $. Consequently, energy levels on the right-hand side from the marks indicate states that have absorbed photon(s) with a positive $n$ number with respect to the reference state $\Psi_{k}^{0}$, while those on the left-hand side are states that have emitted photon(s) with a negative $n$ value. The correspondence between each peak in the spectra and the dressed-state eigenenergy $\epsilon_{k}^{n}$ has been made and indicated by the gray broken vertical lines  drawn from the upper to lower panels. All spectral lines in $ \Phi $ have shown to be able to find a corresponding counterpart in the eigenenergies $ \epsilon_{k}^{n} $. In particular, $ \epsilon_{0}^{0\sim2} $ and $ \epsilon_{1}^{-1\sim1} $ have shown to dominate the spectra.

The probability-density distributions of the dressed states $ \Psi_{k}^{n} $, that have contributed significantly to the spectra of Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe_phi}, have been displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:dre_dis} for $ k = 0 $  with $ n = 0\sim2 $ and $ k = 1 $ with $ n = -1\sim1 $. As for Figs.~\ref{fig:power_spe} and~\ref{fig:power_spe_phi}, each line corresponds to the result by HF, ONF(s), and ONF(a), respectively. The amplitude of $ \Psi_{k}^{n} $ here is normalized by $ \Psi_{0}^{0} $ obtained by HF. Although the eigenenergy $ \epsilon_{k}^{n} $ does hardly depends on the different excitation schemes, as has been mentioned, the wave function $ \Psi_{k}^{n} $ does, that is significantly affected by the spatial dependence of the fields defined by $ V_{s} $.

The probability density distributions displayed in Figs.~\ref{fig:dre_dis}(a)~-~(c) represent the dressed states $ \Psi_{0}^{0\sim2} $ that originate from the ground state $ \psi_{0} $. The results for the one-photon and two-photon coupled state, $\Psi_{0}^{1}$ and $\Psi_{0}^{2}$, respectively, are significantly different from the zero-photon coupled state $\Psi_{0}^{0}$: The distributions for $\Psi_{0}^{1}$ and $\Psi_{0}^{2}$ have one and two nodes, respectively, indicating that they are influenced by the first- and second-excited state, $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$, respectively, of the original electronic states owing to the near-resonance excitations. Further, the results by HF and ONF(s) are almost the same with each other while they show appreciable differences from those by ONF(a).
In particular, in the cases of $ \Psi_{0}^{1, 2} $ (Figs. \ref{fig:dre_dis} (b) and (c)) the distributions by ONF(a) is asymmetric and is slanted to the left while those by HF and ONF(s) are symmetric with respect to the origin.

A similar observation can be made to the probability density distributions for $\Psi_{1}^{-1{\sim}1}$ shown in the lower panels of Figs.~\ref{fig:dre_dis}: First, the distributions of (d) and (f), representing the results for $\Psi_{1}^{-1}$ and $\Psi_{1}^{1}$, respectively, show different nodal structures than that of the zero-photon coupled states $\Psi_{1}^{0}$, that are apparently influenced significantly by the ground and second-excited states, $\psi_0$ and $\psi_2$, respectively, owing to the near-resonance excitations. Second, the distributions obtained by HF and ONF(s) are almost the same and symmetric with respect to the origin, while those obtained by ONF(s) are distinct than others and asymmetric. Another interesting observation can be made in Fig.~\ref{fig:dre_dis}(d) for $\Psi_{1}^{-1}$ where the distribution for ONF(a) has a node with an additional small peak at around $ y $ = 0.25 nm while those for HF and ONF(s) are singly-peaked without any node. These asymmetric distributions obtained by ONF(a) can be rationalized by that ONF(a) placed at 0.5 nm from the $ y $ axis produces an asymmetric local potential, that has deformed the wave function significantly. In other words the asymmetry of the ONF source has been inherited to the dressed states. Such inheritance of the asymmetry changes the parity of the probability density distribution of the dressed states, resulting in the change in their transition dipole moments. Consequently, the optical properties of the confined electron system under ONF(a) has been drastically modified.

Correspondence between the peaks in the spectra of the induced dipole moment $P_{y}$ displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe} and the eigenenergies of the dressed states has been made in Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe_dre}. The eigenenergies displayed in this figure have been subtracted by the energy of the reference state $\epsilon_{0}^{0}$, the zero-photon coupled ground state. Therefore, each peak in the spectra and the corresponding dressed state represent an optical transition from the electronic ground $\psi_0$ state.

For example, there are five peaks at around 3.6 eV with the highest double peaks assigned as $\Psi_{1}^{0}$ and $\Psi_{0}^{1}$, respectively. Four peaks out of them represent an one-photon excitation from $\psi_0$ to $\psi_1$, while the other one is a sequential two-photon excitation from $\psi_0$ to $\psi_2$ via $\psi_1$ in the weak-field limit. This situation is schematically illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:energylevels}: The energy levels of the original electronic states, $\psi_0$, $\psi_1$, and $\psi_2$ are displayed on the left-hand side of the figure. These energy levels generate zeroth-order dressed states, $\Psi_{1}^{-1}$, $\Psi_{0}^{0}$, $\Psi_{2}^{-1}$, $\Psi_{1}^{0}$, and $\Psi_{0}^{1}$, displayed in the middle of the figure, by adding or subtracting multiples of the photon energy $n{\hbar}\omega$. When the interaction $V_{s}$ is introduced, these zeroth-order dressed energy levels of the near-lying pairs of states, $(\Psi_{1}^{-1},\Psi_{0}^{0})$ and $(\Psi_{1}^{0},\Psi_{0}^{1})$ repel each other, making their energy gap larger as displayed on the right-hand side of the figure (Note that the level repulsion is illustrated in this figure rather exaggeratedly so as to explain the effect of the $V_s$ interaction. Indeed, with the current light intensity of ${\sim}10^{12}$ W/cm$^2$ the energies of the dressed eigenstates are almost the same as those of the corresponding zeroth-order states). Therefore, these four levels produce a total of four transition lines in the spectra with different energies as indicated by arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:energylevels}. There is also another energy level corresponding to $\Psi_{2}^{-1}$, that lies closely. Since the second-excited $\psi_2$ state is dipole-allowed from $\psi_1$ but not from $\psi_0$, the optical transition from the ground $\psi_0$ state to this $\psi_2$ state occurs by a sequential two-photon excitation via $\psi_1$. This rationalizes the small amplitude of the spectral line corresponding to $\Psi_{2}^{-1}$ as can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe_dre}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe_dre} a set of dressed states lying closely together and sharing the same parity within the framework of the symmetry-preserved excitation schemes of HF and ONF(s) have been grouped and indicated by dotted circles: the purple (dark gray) dotted circles indicate dressed states having odd parity while the watery dotted circles (light grey) indicate those having even parity. Since the $\Psi_{0}^{0}$ state is of parity even, this state can be optically coupled with states of odd parity by the HF and ONF(s) excitations, that are located in the spectra at around 3.6 eV and 11 eV corresponding, respectively, the first- and third-harmonic generations. Meanwhile, even parity states located at around 7.2, and 14 eV, corresponding, respectively, to SHG and FHG, would not be accessible by the HF and ONF(s) excitations. These optically-allowed and forbidden transitions can be known by calculating the transition dipole moment $ d $ defined by
\begin{align}
d_{kn,k'n'}=\int \Psi_{k}^{n} qy \Psi_{k'}^{n'} dv.
\label{tdp}
\end{align}
This definition makes it easy for us to know if the transition is allowed or not by considering simply their parity of the involved states in the case of the HF and ONF(s) excitations. In contrast, the ONF(a) excitation causes transitions from $ \Psi_{0}^{0} $ to almost all dressed states including transitions corresponding to SHG and FHG. As has been represented in Fig. \ref{fig:dre_dis}, the dressed states excited by ONF(a) have broken symmetry which give nonzero values of the transition dipole moment for much more combinations of states than do the cases by HF and ONF(s). Furthermore, although we focused on the transitions from $ \Psi_{0}^{0} $ in the above analysis, other dressed states also could be the origin of the spectra. In particular, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:power_spe_phi}, $ \Psi_{1}^{-1\sim1} $ have made significant contributions in the time-dependent wave function. These states have given rise to, in addition to SHG and FHG, the DFG spectrum located at around 0.3 eV in Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spe_dre}. This is because the transition from $ \Psi_{0}^{n} $ to $ \Psi_{1}^{n-1} $ always involves the following energy difference:
\begin{align}
\epsilon_{0}^{n} - \epsilon_{1}^{n-1}=(\epsilon_{0}^{0}+n\hbar\omega_{i})-\{\epsilon_{1}^{0}+(n-1)\hbar\omega_{i}\}
=\hbar\omega_{i}-(\epsilon_{1}^{0}-\epsilon_{0}^{0})\approx 0.1\hbar\omega_{01}\approx 0.3 {\rm \, eV},
\label{dfg}
\end{align}
where we used the zeroth-order relation $ \epsilon_{1}^{0}-\epsilon_{0}^{0}\approx \hbar\omega_{01}$  and the factor 1.1 between $\omega_{01}$ and $\omega_i$ introduced in Eq. \eqref{td_vt}. This DFG is not allowed for the HF and ONF(s) excitations due to the parity restriction, but allowed for the ONF(a) excitation.

\section*{IV. SUMMARY}

In the present study we have investigated the excitation dynamics of a finite electron system with an intense optical near-field (ONF) from a perspective of the dressed states. The system has been modeled by a single electron confined in a quasi-one-dimensional potential well, that mimics a quantum wire, while the ONF has been described by a short dipole source. The temporal evolution of the system has been calculated by solving the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation directly relying on the finite-difference time-domain method. We have examined three different light fields for exciting the system, namely, a spatially homogeneous field (HF) corresponding to a conventional plane-wave laser field, an inhomogeneous but symmetric ONF (ONF(s)), and an inhomogeneous and asymmetric ONF (ONF(a)). Optical responses of the system to these incident fields have been obtained by calculating its induced dipole moment from the time-dependent wave function. Fourier transformation of the resultant induced dipole moment has shown spectra of the radiation generated from the electron system through nonlinear interaction with the incident light fields. The spectra for HF and ONF(s) have indicated the first- and third-harmonic generations while the spectrum for ONF(a) has indicated not only these standard harmonic generations but also the second- and fourth-generations (SHG and FHG), and further, difference frequency generation (DFG).

To rationalize the resultant spectra, particularly, the appearance of the `forbidden' spectral lines excited by the inhomogeneous optical near field, we have constructed a theoretical model of dressed states that is applicable to systems subjected to an inhomogeneous ONF. The quasi-eigenstates obtained by solving the the Floquet matrix have shown that the dressed states under HF and ONF(s) are almost the same with each other in which they rigorously keep the parity of the original uncoupled electronic states. On other hand, in the case of ONF(a) the dressed states have shown probability density distributions that are asymmetric and thus breaking the symmetry of the original electronic states. This asymmetry of the probability density distributions of the dressed states inherited from ONF(a) has activated a number of otherwise forbidden transitions and thus allowed the new optical responses of SHG, FHG, and DFG. The present results have suggested that by creating and applying an asymmetric optical near-field to the target electron system we can access to `dark' states that are unreachable by conventional homogeneous light fields, enriching significantly information obtained by spectroscopic measurements. Results of such experiments can be predicted and thus designed by the present theoretical model of dressed states under an inhomogeneous optical near field.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This research was supported by JST-CREST under grant number JP-MJCR16N5. Theoretical computations were performed in part at the Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan and Oakforest-PACS at the CCS, University of Tsukuba. T.S. acknowledges supports by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No.17H02725 and No.18K19065) from JSPS and by Nihon University CST Research Grants (2018).
\end{acknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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— and why it may be impossible to stop.
The Digital News Report
Pew Research: State of the News Media
Press Freedom Conference 2019
4-5 December
Is This Thing On? A Look Back at Political Hot Mic Moments
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada became the latest world leader to have private remarks disseminated worldwide.
How a CBC producer caught Trudeau on a hot mic gossiping about Trump
(CBC) … after footage emerged of the prime minister chatting with other world leaders at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday. In the clip, Trudeau appears to be discussing Trump's behaviour and his "40-minute press conference."
The viral moment likely wouldn't have surfaced at all without Chris Rands, the CBC's parliamentary producer in Ottawa. He spotted the exchange while he was scrolling through video footage.
" One of my jobs as a field producer is to put pictures to voice or pictures to the story. I was looking for footage and there was a reception at Buckingham Palace that seemed to be happening live, or almost live, around 3:10 p.m. [Tuesday] afternoon. I was scrolling through, and there was a beautiful little grouping of U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson, President of France Emmanuel Macron, the prime minister of Canada, the Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte … and a little later, Princess Anne.
"It was this great little grouping and I thought, wait a sec, I see the prime minister's face on the camera. He's animated. He's gesticulating. And I put on my headphones, and I can hear his voice."
Does Journalism Have a Future?
In an era of social media and fake news, journalists who have survived the print plunge have new foes to face.
By Jill Lepore
(New Yorker Magazine) By the what-doesn't-kill-you line of argument, the more forcefully Trump attacks the press, the stronger the press becomes. Unfortunately, that's not the full story. All kinds of editorial decisions are now outsourced to Facebook's News Feed, Chartbeat, or other forms of editorial automation, while the hands of many flesh-and-blood editors are tied to so many algorithms. For one reason and another, including twenty-first-century journalism's breakneck pace, stories now routinely appear that might not have been published a generation ago, prompting contention within the reportorial ranks.
There's plenty of room to argue over these matters of editorial judgment. Reasonable people disagree. Occasionally, those disagreements fall along a generational divide. Younger journalists often chafe against editorial restraint, not least because their cohort is far more likely than senior newsroom staff to include people from groups that have been explicitly and viciously targeted by Trump and the policies of his Administration, a long and growing list that includes people of color, women, immigrants, Muslims, members of the L.G.B.T.Q. community, and anyone with family in Haiti or any of the other countries Trump deems "shitholes." Sometimes younger people are courageous and sometimes they are heedless and sometimes those two things are the same.
The broader problem is that the depravity, mendacity, vulgarity, and menace of the Trump Administration have put a lot of people, including reporters and editors, off their stride. The present crisis, which is nothing less than a derangement of American life, has caused many people in journalism to make decisions they regret, or might yet. In the age of Facebook, Chartbeat, and Trump, legacy news organizations, hardly less than startups, have violated or changed their editorial standards in ways that have contributed to political chaos and epistemological mayhem. (28 January 2019)
Elimination of copy editors has been disastrous for newspapers
By Rosie DiManno
Serious lapses can completely alter the intent of a sentence. But it's the slapdash defects of scruffy writing that seriously tarnish a newspaper's reputation.
(Toronto Star) When newspapers first grasped that the internet, wedded to technology, would usher in a mass communications revolution, even long before everybody had a smartphone to hand, the response was sluggish. They did, in time, find religion, worshipping at the altar of digital journalism as the dead tree version got skinnier and frailer, largely because advertisers fled to the far cheaper option of online access to customers.
Papers bled. Staff was slashed. And among the first to get the axe were copy editors.
It is wacko, to me, that newspapers — where accuracy and clean content have always been of utmost importance — would view copy editors as expendable. The upshot has been disastrous.
It makes me crazy reading sloppy, typo-strewn copy. Ditto for readers, as has been made clear by the hundreds of emails I receive complaining about errors and inexcusable typos. The takeaway is that we just don't care enough to give every story a good shake.
And that's the thing, how such tiny slips can bugger up an entire story.
Sign of the Times: The New York Times 1619 Project, a highly ambitious, often excellent accounting of "the racial terror-state in America before and after Reconstruction," is a prime example of the paper's fundamental change in mission, Andrew Sullivan writes in "The New York Times Has Abandoned Liberalism for Activism." In a dizzyingly short space of time, the Times has taken to favoring propaganda over objective reality and "it is hard to trust a paper engaged in trying to deceive its readers in order for its radical staffers to transform the world."
Vice's Race to Save Itself
since Viceland's inception in 2016, it has struggled to find a meaningful audience
(New York) On the third Friday in August, Jesse Angelo, the longtime News Corp executive hired in June as president of global news and entertainment at Vice Media, gathered the staff of the company's nightly news show to deliver their fate. Vice News Tonight had run on HBO for three years, until the network canceled it this spring — the final episode aired last Friday — and the 200-person Vice News staff had spent the summer waiting to see if another premium platform might pick up the show. Angelo told the staff that he and Nancy Dubuc, Vice's CEO, had just returned from a company board meeting in Los Angeles: They'd been given orders to bring it home. VNT would now air on Viceland, the company's cable channel.
"Making do with less" has become a theme not just at Vice News, but across the company. (As it has across the news industry in general.) Last year, the Wall Street Journal reported that Vice was on track to lose $50 million and to post revenues of between $600 and $650 million — less than it made two years earlier, and far less than the $1 billion Shane Smith, the company's co-founder, had promised it would be making by now.
America's two largest newspaper chains are joining forces. Will it save either?
Gannett and GateHouse announce agreement to try to save costs amid steep newspaper industry decline.
The $1.4 billion purchase of McLean-based Gannett by GateHouse Media, based in Pittsford, N.Y., will create a conglomerate that will own more than 250 daily newspapers and hundreds of weekly and community papers. The new company will retain the Gannett name and will have publications in 47 states, reaching more than 145 million unique visitors each month.
Executives from both companies extolled the deal in a news release as an opportunity to slash up to $300 million in annual overhead costs within 24 months while "continuing to invest in newsrooms" — creating journalism they hope can attract more digital subscribers and advertisers at a time when America employs thousands of fewer journalists than it did a decade ago.
But the efficiencies wrought by the merger may also result in publications that rely less on local reporters and more on USA Today-type stories produced or edited remotely and published in dozens of the company's publications. Journalists across the country fretted over whether the deal would mean a wave of layoffs.
[Gannett merger with GateHouse marks a shift for troubled American newspaper giant]
Amal Clooney decries 'collective shrug' over Khashoggi at media freedom conference
(CBC) Clooney spoke at the opening day of a two-day conference [on press freedom in London] initiated by U.K. Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland.
Politicians, officials, activists and journalists from more than 100 countries were taking part — though two Russian news outlets have been banned. The British government says Sputnik and RT are barred because of "their active role in spreading disinformation."
Clooney, the British government's envoy on media freedom, said … that "journalists are under attack like never before," not just while covering wars but for exposing crime and corruption.
"The vast majority of these murders go unpunished," she said, adding that "world leaders responded with little more than a collective shrug" to Khashoggi's killing by agents close to the Saudi crown prince.
According to the United Nations cultural body UNESCO, 99 media workers were killed worldwide in 2018.
Media watchdog visits Saudi Arabia to free journalists
Reporters Without Borders says it met Saudi officials in April to press for the release of 30 jailed reporters.
(Al Jazeera) The Paris-based rights group, known by its French acronym RSF, said its secretary-general led a four-member delegation to the Gulf kingdom from April 21-23, in what it described on Wednesday as an "unprecedented" mission.
The RSF team met the Saudi foreign, justice and media ministers and the public prosecutor during the three-day visit to engage directly with the government on the need for urgent press-freedom reforms.
RSF said it kept the trip "confidential" as it hoped Riyadh would pardon the 30 journalists and citizen reporters during the month of Ramadan, which started in May.
The idea was discussed with officials but "the Saudi government did not act", it added.
Graydon Carter Taps More Former Colleagues for Air Mail Launch
Carter's putting some of the old Vanity Fair band back together for his new venture.
(WWD) The first edition of Graydon Carter's Air Mail is coming up and he has a lot of familiar names on hand for the launch.
Although the former longtime Vanity Fair editor in chief has been hiring for his new venture, a weekly online newsletter in the works for about a year, it's happened with no major announcements or press releases. WWD has learned there have been a number of additions to the masthead, beyond Carter and Alessandra Stanley, who will be the top editors.
Highlights From Sarah Huckabee Sanders's Career of Deflection
(New York) The End of the White House Press Briefing Though a pattern of deflection and occasional outright lies are a part of Sanders's legacy in the White House, perhaps the Trump administration's greatest damage to the position of press secretary will be its abdication of the role almost entirely. In the past 200 days, only eight briefings were held. The last briefing was on March 11, 98 days ago, when Sanders briefed the press corps on the president's 2020 budget proposal.
"Inconsistent, Incoherent, and Poorly Conceived": As the Times Clamps Down on Reporters Going on MSNBC, Is This a Liberal-Media War?
The Times recently yanked one of its journalists from Rachel Maddow amid concerns about cable-news "bias." Dean Baquet "thinks it's a real issue." But didn't MSNBC help rebuild the Times's business? And aren't they in the same Trump-era boat?
(Vanity Fair) … there's never been more demand on cable news for political reporters, many of whom now enjoy lucrative side hustles as paid contributors at the networks. For the Times, which is navigating its own quandaries of journalistic objectivity in the Trump era, the relationship is becoming trickier than it had previously been.
The guidelines could theoretically create a world of cable news haves and have-nots. A number of high-profile Times journalists have landed political-analyst gigs either at CNN or MSNBC (Maggie Haberman, Julie Davis, Patrick Healy, Mike Schmidt, Nicholas Confessore, Jeremy Peters, and others). It's unclear whether they, too, would be encouraged to stay away from Lemon or Maddow or O'Donnell going forward, but the way cable-news contracts work is that contributors are obligated to appear on a network generally, not on this show or that. At the same time, several sources pointed out that political reporters generally gravitate toward shows like Morning Joe and Anderson Cooper 360 anyway. In CNN's case, according to a network source, the only Times contributors who typically go on CNN Tonight with Don Lemon are the opinion columnists Charles Blow and Frank Bruni, who aren't bound by the same strictures as Times newsroom staff. Of course all of this raises another point—in the current media environment, there's hardly universal agreement on what constitutes partisan or opinionated programming. Where do you draw the lines?
Sarah Sanders leads "mass purge" of White House reporters with new press-room rules
New rules on press access, imposed by Sanders, could disqualify "almost the entire White House press corps"
(Salon) The White House imposed new rules on reporters' press access that some journalists say may disqualify "almost the entire White House press corps."
The White House press office implemented a new policy this week that aims at cutting down the number of journalists who can have a "hard pass," a two-year press pass that allows reporters entry to the White House grounds, The Washington Post reported. Under the new rules, only journalists who have entered the White House grounds at least 90 days of the last 180 can renew their hard pass. Reporters who do not have a hard pass must apply for a new pass each time they need access.
The new rules were announced in March and came after the White House revoked CNN correspondent Jim Acosta's press pass over a combative exchange with President Trump at a news conference. A Trump-appointed federal judge ordered the White House to restore Acosta's press pass, noting that the White House did not go through any formal process before making the decision.
Sanders denied that the new policy was related to Acosta and claimed that "no one's access is being limited" under the new rules. She said that the White House Correspondents' Association was consulted on the new policy.
But the Post's Dana Milbank points out that Sanders failed to mention that she went ahead with the policies "over objections" from both the White House Correspondents' Association and numerous news outlets.
The new rules set a "nearly-impossible" standard for journalists, Milbank wrote, noting that it appears that "most of the White House press corps didn't qualify for credentials under the new standard." … The new policy also comes as the White House has gone out of its way to limit press access to the point where it is impractical for a journalist to spend 50 percent of their days at the White House.
Sanders has held just two press briefings this year and has instead held unscheduled "gaggles" in front of the White House. (See: Donald Trump says he told Sarah Huckabee Sanders "not to bother" with White House press briefings
Two Reuters reporters freed in Myanmar after more than 500 days in jail
(Reuters) The two reporters, Wa Lone, 33, and Kyaw Soe Oo, 29, had been convicted in September and sentenced to seven years in jail, in a case that raised questions about Myanmar's progress toward democracy and sparked an outcry from diplomats and human rights advocates.
They were released under a presidential amnesty for 6,520 prisoners on Tuesday. President Win Myint has pardoned thousands of other prisoners in mass amnesties since last month.
Myanmar's Supreme Court had rejected the journalists' final appeal in April. They had petitioned the country's top court, citing evidence of a police set-up and lack of proof of a crime, after the Yangon High Court dismissed an earlier appeal in January.
CNN Drops 26% In Prime Time As Fox News Dominates April Cable Ratings
(Forbes) Among prime time cable news shows, Fox News' Hannity led with a total audience of 3.086 million, followed by FNC's Tucker Carlson Tonight (2.834 million) and MSNBC's The Rachel Maddow Show (2.630 million). None of CNN's prime time hours finished among the top five shows overall. CNN's top-rated hour, Cuomo Primetime, finished in 26th place.
Press freedom declines in Hungary
A ranking of European countries that reflects such aspects as violence against media, access to information and legal restrictions reveals journalists have huge problems in Hungary. Many journalists are leaving the country
Pulitzer Prizes Honor Journalists Under Threat With New Crop Of Winners
(NPR) Dana Canedy kept her remarks brief Monday. But by the time the Pulitzer Prize administrator left the lectern at Columbia University, she had significantly altered the careers and prospects of a host of journalists, artists and scholars across nearly two dozen categories.
With their $15,000 in award money, each is receiving a new laurel that'll likely prove more valuable: the title "Pulitzer Prize winner."
A range of journalism fields — including breaking news and investigative reporting, criticism and cartooning — account for 14 of the prizes Canedy is announcing Monday. The other seven are reserved for the arts and scholarship: fiction, music, history and several others.
This year, Canedy deviated from the usual plan in order to honor two more recipients. The Pulitzer board recognized the staff of the Capital Gazette in Annapolis, Md., which suffered a gunman's deadly attack last year. Along with the honor, the staff of the paper is receiving a $100,000 bequest to support its work.
International Reporting: split between: the staff of Reuters, including the imprisoned journalists Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo; and Maggie Michael, Maad al-Zikry and Nariman El-Mofty of The Associated Press. Click this link to jump to the full list of winners
More Than a Data Dump
Why Julian Assange deserves First Amendment protection
By James C. Goodale
(Harper's April edition/paywall) If reporters can be indicted for talking to their sources, it will mean that the government has created the equivalent of a UK Official Secrets Act—through judicial fiat, without any legislative action.
Given the threat the Justice Department's actions against Assange pose to the First Amendment, why haven't more journalists, press organizations, and editorial boards jumped in to support him? Principally it is because journalists dislike what he is doing; they don't believe he is a "real" journalist and therefore do not see him as entitled to the same protections they enjoy.
But he's not just a data dumper. He edited the Manning leaks initially, holding back some material. He may have done the same thing with his other leaks, including the Vault 7 releases. For better or for worse he seeks out information to be published on his website the way other journalists do for their publications. He is a publisher and is entitled to the same First Amendment protections as any other. Nonetheless, in the eyes of establishment journalists he remains a dumper, as well as a rapist, a liar, a thief, and a Russian agent.
One wonders whether the real reason journalists will not support Assange is that they simply don't get it. They don't understand how a successful prosecution of Assange would threaten their ability to report. I would suggest that the focus of the mainstream press should not be on whether Assange meets the usual definition of a journalist or whether they approve of what he does. That's not the point. The point is that he carries out the functions of a journalist, has First Amendment protections (as they do), and should not be prosecuted for what he does. If he is, we are all worse off for it.
6 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation Into Rupert Murdoch and His Family
Using 150 interviews on three continents, The Times describes the Murdoch family's role in destabilizing democracy in North America, Europe and Australia.
A six-month investigation by The New York Times covering three continents and including more than 150 interviews has described how Mr. Murdoch and his feuding sons turned their media outlets into right-wing political influence machines that have destabilized democracy in North America, Europe and Australia.
Here are some key takeaways from The Times's investigation into the Murdoch family and its role in the illiberal, right-wing political wave sweeping the globe.
How Rupert Murdoch's Empire of Influence Remade the World
Murdoch and his children have toppled governments on two continents and destabilized the most important democracy on Earth. What do they want?
By JONATHAN MAHLER and JIM RUTENBERG
(NYT Magazine) Few private citizens have ever been more central to the state of world affairs… . As the head of a sprawling global media empire, he commanded multiple television networks, a global news service, a major publishing house and a Hollywood movie studio. His newspapers and television networks had been instrumental in amplifying the nativist revolt that was reshaping governments not just in the United States but also across the planet. His 24-hour news-and-opinion network, the Fox News Channel, had by then fused with President Trump and his base of hard-core supporters, giving Murdoch an unparalleled degree of influence over the world's most powerful democracy. In Britain, his London-based tabloid, The Sun, had recently led the historic Brexit crusade to drive the country out of the European Union — and, in the chaos that ensued, helped deliver Theresa May to 10 Downing Street. In Australia, where Murdoch's power is most undiluted, his outlets had led an effort to repeal the country's carbon tax — a first for any nation — and pushed out a series of prime ministers whose agenda didn't comport with his own.
Murdoch has carefully built an image during his six decades in media as a pragmatist who will support liberal governments when it suits him. Yet his various news outlets have inexorably pushed the flow of history to the right across the Anglosphere, whether they were advocating for the United States and its allies to go to war in Iraq in 2003, undermining global efforts to combat climate change or vilifying people of color at home or from abroad as dangerous threats to a white majority.
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Special Screening: "The Zookeeper's Wife"
Home » Events » Special Screening: "The Zookeeper's Wife"
Special Film Screening presented by Friends of the Melbourne Holocaust Museum of 'The Zookeeper's Wife' (2017). Starring Jessica Chastain, Johan Heldenbergh & Daniel Brühl. Directed by Niki Caro.
The real-life story of one working wife and mother who became a hero to hundreds during World War II. In 1939 Poland, Antonina Zabinska (portrayed by two-time Academy Award nominee Jessica Chastain) and her husband, Dr. Jan Zabinski (Johan Heldenbergh, a European Film Award nominee for the Academy Award-nominated (The Broken Circle Breakdown), have the Warsaw Zoo flourishing under his stewardship and her care.
When their country is invaded by the Nazis, Jan and Antonina are stunned and forced to report to the Reich's newly appointed chief zoologist, Lutz Heck (Golden Globe Award nominee Daniel Brühl of Captain America: Civil War). To fight back on their own terms, the Zabinskis covertly begin working with the Resistance and put into action plans to save lives out of what has become the Warsaw Ghetto, with Antonina putting herself and even her children at great risk.
All money raised from this viewing will go to the Melbourne Holocaust Museum.
Event Type: Preview Film Screening
Venue: Classic Cinema
7 Gordon St
Elsternwick 3185
Bookings & Enquiries:
Booking: Please note that tickets are numbered 9528 1985 or Booking: Please note that tickets are numbered Contact: 9528 1985 or admin@mhm.org.au Viv Golabek 0448 882 528 or Elly Brooks 0409 002 485
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Q: Problems with combining Serialization and DataBinding Actually i'm working with C# and already got DataBinding and Serialization to work. But now i'd like to combine both methods in one class and i have a little problem with it.
So let's start with a little sample class:
using System;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace MySample
{
    [DataContract(IsReference = true)]
    class SerializeAndBind : IExtensibleDataObject
    {
        [DataMember]
        private String bindedControlName;
        [DataMember]
        private String bindedPropertyName;

        private DateTime creationTime;

        [System.ComponentModel.Browsable(false)]
        public virtual ExtensionDataObject ExtensionData { get; set; }

        public event EventHandler CreationTimeChanged;

        public SerializeAndBind()
        {
            CreationTime = DateTime.Now;
        }

        public SerializeAndBind(Control ControlName, String PropertyName)
            : this()
        {
            InitializeDataBinding(ControlName, PropertyName);
        }

        [DataMember]
        public DateTime CreationTime
        {
            get
            {
                return creationTime;
            }
            set
            {
                creationTime = value;

                if (CreationTimeChanged != null)
                    CreationTimeChanged(this, EventArgs.Empty);
            }
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return CreationTime.ToString();
        }

        [OnDeserialized]
        private void InitializeDataBindingAfterDeserialization(StreamingContext ctx)
        {
            if (bindedControlName != null)
            {
                Control control;

                control = FindControlByName(bindedControlName);

                if(control != null)
                    InitializeDataBinding(control, bindedPropertyName);
            }
        }

        private void InitializeDataBinding(Control ControlName, string PropertyName)
        {
            BindingSource bindingSource = new BindingSource();
            bindingSource.DataSource = this;
            Binding binding = new Binding(PropertyName, bindingSource, "CreationTime", true, DataSourceUpdateMode.OnPropertyChanged);
            binding.Format += new ConvertEventHandler(OnFormat);
            ControlName.DataBindings.Add(binding);

            bindedControlName = ControlName.Name;
            bindedPropertyName = PropertyName;
        }

        private void OnFormat(object sender, ConvertEventArgs e)
        {
            if (e.DesiredType == typeof(String))
            {
                e.Value = this.ToString();
            }
        }
    }
}

As you can see this class has a ctor which takes the Control and PropertyName to which you like to bind this object. For Serialization i save the Control and PropertyName as a string (saving the whole control would be a little to much ;-)).
And i added a function which will be called after deserialization. But as you can see there exists the function FindControlByName() within that doesn't exists.
Now i could start using Reflection to find the appropiate control, but for reflection i need some kind of starting point (i would say the form), but how can the class access this without knowing anything outside of itself?
Or is this just the wrong way to do it and i need a different design?
Any help would be appreciate,
Oliver

A: I agree with previous post, break out your processing from your data. Much cleaner and easier to debug, maintain and scale.

A: Personally, I doubt that this is ever going to be "clean" - serialization works well for data, but not so well for objects tightly connected to objects outside of the serialization graph.
At the point of deserialization, the object is in the ether (in fact, DataContractSerializer doesn't even use any constructor). As such, it has no way of getting to a form, etc. You could perhaps do some horrible hacks with a static field (perhaps [ThreadStatic]) to hold the current form, but it would be brittle and ugly.
(I'm hopeful that somebody will have a better answer, though!)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Juvederm is the only family of hyaluronic acid fillers approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for filling mid to deep depression of the skin, volume increase, definition and pouting of the lips that lasts up to one year.
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is a naturally occurring substance found in the body that helps to hydrate and add volume in our skin. Hyaluronic acid is used for aesthetic treatments and has also been used by doctors for injection into arthritic joints to aid movement.
Juvederm Ultra and Juvederm Ultra Plus are indicated for injection into the mid to deep dermis (below the outer layer of skin) for the correction of moderate to severe facial folds, such as nasolabial folds (the creases running from the bottom of your nose to the corners of your mouth, aka smile lines or parentheses).