Normally, dining at a popular restaurant involves a long wait that makes you even hangrier than you already are, but not in Guadalajara. At least not at Karne Garibaldi, an award-winning restaurant best known for its carne en su jugo. Karne Garibaldi has held the Guinness World Record for fastest service since 1996. And by fastest service, we're talking 13.5 seconds from order time until the food—served hot, by the way—hits the table.
Because their traditional dishes require hours of cooking and TLC, they're essentially ready to be served upon arrival, but actually plating the dishes and carefully transporting juicy stew and such to tables, without any spillage, in under 13.5 seconds is a serious skill.
After ordering, my waiter came over in about twelve seconds with carne en su jugo, refried beans, corn and a Mexican Coke. It's like speed dating of the restaurant world. While I assumed the food would be mediocre at best—because that's damn fast—it still remains one of the best meals I've ever had.
Let's back up to carne en su jugo, which literally means "meat in its juice." It's one of the most "representative dishes in Jalisco's gastronomy," Mariaud says. The brothy beef dish eats more like a stew, cooked in its own juices alongside pot beans, bacon and green chili. It's served with chopped onion, fresh coriander and lemon to add brightness.
The refried beans with corn are also unmissable. "This recipe is very popular in our state, since we were the first ones to prepare beans like this," she says. "The corn adds a special touch in the recipe, making its taste an even more Mexican traditional one." Quesadillas al patrón (quesadillas covered in meat juice), guacamole and enfrijoladas (fried tortillas slathered in beans) are also hot-ticket items.


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Married Biography / Biography / Izabella Scorupco
Izabella Scorupco Bio
(Actress)
Last Modified September 5, 2019
Facts of Izabella Scorupco
Horoscope:
Height / How tall :
5 feet 7 inches (1.70m)
Lech Skorupko
Magdalena Skorupko
Best Match for Marriage:
Leo, Aquarius, Libra
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Wikipedia Profile:
IMDB Profile:
View more / View fewer Facts of Izabella Scorupco
I'm so lucky to be in a situation that I can always have my daughter with me.
I was the good Bond girl, but I wanted to have the dresses and the high heels. I wanted the funky, sexy name.
When I do something I give everything, so it has to be something that I really want to go for.
Reign of Fire is something I know how to do because I've played tough so much.
Relationship Statistics of Izabella Scorupco
What is Izabella Scorupco marital status ? (single, married, in relation or divorce):
How many children does Izabella Scorupco have ? (name):
Two (Jacob Martin Raymond, Julia Czerkawski)
Is Izabella Scorupco having any relationship affair ?:
Is Izabella Scorupco lesbian ?:
More about the relationship
Izabella Scorupco married Polish ice hockey player Mariusz Czerkawski and relocated with him to the United States on December 25, 1996. They have a daughter together named Julia Czerkawski (born on September 15, 1997).
The duo divorced in 1998. Izabella had a fling with Polish actor Michał Żebrowski in 1998. Scorupco married Jeffrey Raymond on January 30, 2003.
They have a son together named Jakob Martin Raymond (born on 24 July 2003). After 12 years of marriage, the couple separated in 2015 and officially divorced in the same year.
1 Who is Izabella Scorupco?
2 Izabella Scorupco: Age, Parents, Siblings, Nationality, Ethnicity
3 Izabella Scorupco: Education, School/ College University
4 Izabella Scorupco: Professional Life, Career
5 Izabella Scorupco: Awards, Nomination
6 Izabella Scorupco: Net Worth ($4M), Income, Salary
7 Izabella Scorupco: Rumors and Controversy/ Scandal
8 Body Measurements: Height, Weight, Body Size
9 Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter
Who is Izabella Scorupco?
Izabella Scorupco is a Polish-Swedish actress, singer, and model. Likely, she is perhaps well known for having played Bond girl Natalya Simonova in the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye.
Izabella Scorupco: Age, Parents, Siblings, Nationality, Ethnicity
Izabella Scorupco was born in Bialystok, Poland on June 4, 1970. Her birth name is Izabela Dorota Skorupko and she is currently 49 years old. Her father's name is Lech Skorupko and her mother's name is Magdalena Skorupko. Whereas, her mother and father separated when she was only one year old, and she traveled with her mother to Sweden.
There is no information about her siblings. Izabella holds Swedish- Polish citizenship and Polish ethnicity. Her birth sign is Gemini.
Izabella Scorupco: Education, School/ College University
Talking about Izabella's education history, there is no information about her educational achievements.
Izabella Scorupco: Professional Life, Career
Talking about her profession, she began a tour of Europe working on a modeling career. She gained more popularity by being featured on the famous 'Italian Vogue' cover, and she starred in several TV commercials. In the year 1989, she decided to take on the music industry with the release of her pop single 'Substitute'. The song was so popular, it reached the top three in the charts and went gold in Sweden.
Continuing her musical success, she released her debut album 'IZA' in 1991. The album reached number 11 on the Swedish charts, with the top song, 'Shame, Shame, Shame' peaking in the top three. During 1991, Izabella Scorupco furthered her acting career by playing in 'V som I Viking,' a television miniseries. She also appeared in 'Bert', a Swedish TV series. Likewise, she accepted the part of 'Natalya Simonova' in the extremely popular 'GoldenEye.'
Then, after taking some time off for maternity leave, this star resumed her acting career in the movie 'With Fire and Sword' in 1999. In the year 1999, the cosmetic company Oriflame nominated her to become their spokeswoman. This ambitious woman accepted the role and used it to greatly increase her fame.
Similarly, in 2000, Izabella Scorupco accepted roles in 'Dykaren' and 'Vertical Limit'. Her role in 'Vertical Limit' established her ability to be an action hero. In the year 2002, she had the opportunity to co-star with the famous actors Matthew McConaughey and Christian Bale in the thriller 'Reign of Fire'. Additionally, she hosted Sweden's Next Top Model. Currently, she is working on the film 'Sleepwalker'.
Izabella Scorupco: Awards, Nomination
She has not received any official awards, she has been featured on the cover of the prestigious fashion magazine 'Italian Vogue'. Throughout her musical career, she peaked in the third position on Swedish charts for her songs 'Shame, Shame, Shame' and 'Substitute'.
Izabella Scorupco: Net Worth ($4M), Income, Salary
Izabella Scorupco has an estimated net worth of around $4 million and she has earned that sum of money from her professional career. She has appeared in the TV commercials for the following brands NRJ Radio (1996), Lindex (March 2007).
She has also done endorsement work for the following brands through her Instagram account Biologique Recherche, Ragdoll LA, Smart eyes Sverige.
Izabella Scorupco: Rumors and Controversy/ Scandal
Till the date, she has not been the part of controversy and rumor. She is maintaining her personal life properly. She is far from rumors and controversies.
Body Measurements: Height, Weight, Body Size
Izabella Scorupco has a height of 5 feet 7 inches and she weighs is 55Kg. Izabella's hair color is light brown and her eyes color is green. Her dress size is unknown and her shoe size is 9 (US).
Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter
Izabella Scorupco is active on Instagram rather than on Facebook and Twitter, she has around 101K followers on her Twitter. But, she doesn't have an official page on Facebook and Twitter.
Also get to know more about the birth facts, education, career, net worth, rumors, height, social media of different personality like Monika Mrozowska, Izabella Miko, Aleksandra Szwed
Reference: (Wikipedia)
Photos of Izabella Scorupco
source: themoviedb(Izabella Scorupco pose)
Source: gettyimages(Izabella Scorupco style)
source: celebnews(
source: fandango(Izabella Scorupco golden eyes)
source: iconicimages(Izabella Scorupco and Pierce Brosnan)
Tags : 'GoldenEye' 'Sleepwalker' Polish-Swedish actress
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Topic: Chris Perez
Chris Perez News
Selena Quintanilla series in the works at Telemundo
Disney Media Distribution Latin America will produce an adaptation of the Maria Celeste Arraras book "El Secreto de Selena" about late Tejano singer Selena.
Selena Quintanilla's father sues her widower over TV project
Selena's dad, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., filed a lawsuit against her widower, Chris Perez, to stop production on a new series about the late Tejano singer.
Selena Quintanilla wax figure unveiled at Madame Tussauds
Late Tejano singer Selena was honored with a wax statue at Madame Tussauds more than 21 years after her death.
LA Dodgers defeat Nationals 8-3
The Los Angeles Dodgers pull away for an 8-3 victory over the Washington Nationals.
COL BKB: VMI 111, Canisius 100
D.J. Covington scored a career-high 37 points to lead the VMI Keydets to a 111-100 victory over the Canisius Golden Griffins.
Dodgers sign former Indians closer Chris Perez to 1-year deal
The Los Angeles Dodgers announced Tuesday they have signed former Cleveland Indians closer Chris Perez to a one-year contract.
MLB: Cleveland 6, Minnesota 5
Yan Gomes highlighted a three-run fourth inning with a two-run homer Thursday and Cleveland kept its grasp on a playoff spot by fighting off Minnesota 6-5.
MLB: Cleveland 5, Chicago White Sox 4
Jason Giambi blasted a game-winning, two-run homer in the bottom of the ninth inning Tuesday, sending Cleveland to a 5-4 win over the Chicago White Sox.
MLB: Cleveland 5, Kansas City 3
Michael Bourn drove in two runs Tuesday and the Cleveland Indians rallied to upend the Kansas City Royals 5-3.
Chris Perez, the eighth Cleveland pitcher of the game, worked out of a ninth-inning jam Friday to preserve the Indians' 3-1 win over the Chicago White Sox.
Cleveland's Ubaldo Jimenez baffled Kansas City over seven strong innings Monday and the Indians hung tough in the playoff hunt with a 4-3 win over the Royals.
MLB: New York Mets 2, Cleveland 1
Eric Young drove in Matt den Dekker with a ninth-inning double Sunday, boosting the New York Mets over Cleveland 2-1 in an interleague contest.
MLB: Cleveland 6, Baltimore 4
Yan Gomes drove in the go-ahead run in the fifth Wednesday and Cleveland, despite letting a four-run lead slip away, defeated Baltimore 6-4.
Ubaldo Jimenez tamed the Orioles on four hits over six shutout innings and Yan Gomes provided two key RBI Tuesday in Cleveland's 4-3 win over Baltimore.
Indians' Perez, wife pleads guilty to drug charges
Cleveland Indians pitcher Chris Perez pleaded no contest Tuesday to drug abuse, a fourth degree misdemeanor, in Rocky River, Ohio court.
Christopher Gilbert "Chris" Pérez (born August 14, 1969) is a American guitarist and the widower of "The Queen of Tejano music" Selena. He is currently a guitarist for A.B. Quintanilla III y Los Kumbia All Starz since he joined in 2006. Prior to that, Pérez was the lead guitarist for his wife's band Selena y Los Dinos from 1989 to 1995 and A.B. Quintanilla III y Los Kumbia Kings from 2003 to 2006.
Pérez met Selena in 1988. The Quintanilla family hired him to play in Selena's band and the pair fell in love. At first, Abraham Quintanilla Jr., Selena's father and manager, did not approve of their relationship. Eventually, Selena's father fired Pérez from the band. He rejoined Selena y Los Dinos after he and Selena were married on April 2, 1992 in Nueces County, Texas, when she was 20.
On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldivar, leaving Chris as a widower.
It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Chris Perez."


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Proven Tips For The Perfect Organic Garden
Easy Tips For All Gardeners
Overcome The Stress Of Everyday Living With Gardening
https://www.urbangardensweb.com/2020/12/20/this-years-best-home-and-garden-book-gifts/
A memorable gift that may grace a coffee table or bookshelf as a home accent or expand a personal library, beautiful books will also broaden the recipient's field of vision while offering years of inspiration and pleasure.
I met author Igor Josifovic, publisher of Happy Interior Blog, on a media tour years ago and knew immediately that this energetic blogger and designer would some day share his creativity with the world. He and co-author Judith de Graaf, who together launched the "Urban Jungle Bloggers" community, have packed this book with a fabulous collection of DIY ideas for styling and tips on how to style your urban jungle indoors and out. Urban Jungle is an inspirational and practical manual that transports readers through different "green" homes in five European countries while showing how to create a beautiful, unique, creative and artistic living environment using plants.
$24.99 Purchase
Flower: Exploring the World in Bloom
At a time when we can't travel, turning the pages of this beautiful book takes a reader across continents and cultures to a sumptuous visual banquet through history showcasing how artists and image-makers have depicted blooming plants in art, botanical illustrations, sculptures, floral arrangements, film stills, and textile floral motifs across a wide range of media.
Plants That Cure: Plants as a Source for Medicines, from Pharmaceuticals to Herbal Remedies
Did you know that of the nearly 400,000 plants that have evolved on Earth, around seven percent of them have been used in traditional herbal medicine or as local remedies? Plants That Cure isn't just for herbalists or hypochondriacs, but for anyone interested in natural remedies and the history of drug discovery. A fascinating resource for grasping how medicinal plants work, the richly illustrated book is filled with color photographs and illustrated diagrams, organized by body system. It explores the natural history of the most important medicinal plants in different systems of traditional medicine throughout the world, delving into specific body systems and the phytochemical compounds used to treat or alleviate systemic conditions, from heart ailments and respiratory infections to reproductive issues.
Vogue Living: Houses, Gardens, People
From Madonna's romantic rural retreat in the English countryside and Oscar de la Renta's coral-stone Palladian mansion on the coast of the Dominican Republic, to shoe maestro Christian Louboutin's magical houseboat on the Nile and more, this full color book features thirty-six spectacular houses and gardens whose owners come from the worlds of fashion, music, art, and society. Vogue Living: Houses, Gardens, People takes readers into the private realms of style-makers around the world, captured in never-before-published images by iconic photographers by such celebrated photographers as Miles Aldridge, Cecil Beaton, Jonathan Becker, Eric Boman, Oberto Gili, François Halard, Horst P. Horst, Annie Leibovitz, Sheila Metzner, Mario Testino, Tim Walker, and Bruce Weber, and many others.
Indoor Jungle
Green thumb or not, this luxurious guide shows how to create the very densest of jungles in your living room. With gorgeous photography featuring jungle-y architecture from around the world, owners of the Australian shop, Leaf Supply, demonstrate how to transform a house into a live-in greenhouse. In each spread of beautifully verdant interiors, the authors explain how the foliage within is surviving (and thriving) in a "jungleified" living room.
The New Bohemians
LA-based designer Justina Blakeney defines the New Bohemians as "creative individuals who are boutique owners and bloggers, entrepreneurs and ex-pats, artists and urban farmers." With little distinction between work and play, these new bohemians, she says, embrace a free-spirited, no-rules lifestyle and apply that attitude to all areas of their existence, including their homes. Taking readers into twenty homes Blakeney combines owner interviews with an "Adopt-an-Idea" section that offers general decor, styling, and shopping tips for easy duplication in your own home. The New Bohemians includes twelve DIY projects inspired by objects found in these homes as well as a "Plant-O-Pedia" that shares insight into how you can achieve this aesthetic in your own living environment.
The Little Book of House Plants and Other Greenery
A source of green inspiration for small-space gardening, this little yet substantial book features sixty of the most popular varieties of foliage for indoor gardens, from dramatic palms and leafy tropicals to ferns and flowering potted plants. Each of the sixty plants is accompanied by delicious photography and an easy-to-follow breakdown of all essential requirements for that variety including details on size, growth, and flowering, along with extra tips on caring for that specific plant.
Chalk-Style Botanicals Deluxe Coloring Book
For the child in all of us, this "adult" coloring book will bring some kid-like joy to your world. Reminding me of the scratch art of my childhood, this relaxing activity includes thirty-two handmade chalk-style designs of blooming flowers, potted plants, leaves, trees, terrariums and floral arrangements. To make each piece pop with color, pages are printed with a white line illustration over a textured black background on one side only of archival-grade, acid-free paper. There are also useful coloring tips and tricks, basic information on color theory, insight to the author's own creative process, and eight beautifully colored examples to help jump-start your chalk art imagination.
Life in the Studio: Inspirations on Life and Creativity
What makes a creative life? Artist Frances Palmer says it's about "knitting all of one's passions and creativity into the whole of life." The renowned potter, entrepreneur, gardener, photographer, cook and beekeeper tells her story in her own words and images, describing the importance of centering with strategies for turning a passion into a business; the value found in collaboration, what it means to persevere, how to develop and stick to a routine that will sustain both enthusiasm and productivity. There are also step-by-step instructions (for throwing her beloved Sabine pot, growing dahlias, building an opulent flower arrangement) and even some of her most tried-and-true recipes.
Urban Botanics: An Indoor Plant Guide for Modern Gardeners
For lovers of art and design, as well as plants, this beautiful gardening guide of plants from across the world shows how to cultivate and care for succulents, cacti, flowering and foliage plants even for home gardeners with a full-time job.
The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate
Are trees social beings? In The Hidden Life of Trees forester and author Peter Wohlleben says, yes, the forest is a social network. Drawing on documented scientific discoveries, the author describes how trees are like human families: tree parents live together with their children, communicate with them, support them as they grow, share nutrients with those who are sick or struggling, and even warn each other of impending dangers. With a love of woods and forests, Wohlleben explains the amazing processes of life, death, and regeneration he's observed from his many walks in the woods.
Gardenlust: A Botanical Tour of the World's Best New Gardens
When our wanderlust cannot be satisfied with travel right now, an armchair visit through this collection of 21st-century gardens will do for now. From a steep hillside oasis in Singapore, a garden formed by shape and light in Marrakech, to a haunting tree museum in Switzerland Gardenlust takes readers on a global tour of modern gardens, traveling plant expert Christopher Woods showcases fifty private and public gardens that go well beyond the expected. He takes us on a botanical expedition from the Americas and Europe to Australia and New Zealand, with stops in Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula, along the journey teaching about the people, plants, and stories that make these iconic gardens so unique.
For more cool gifts, see our 2020 Holiday Gift Guide and Fun and Educational Gifts for Kids.
Posted in Urban Gardening
8 AMAZING GARDENING INVENTIONS
Mon Dec 21 , 2020
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All pet owners have a responsibility to look after and care for their pets, if you are thinking about getting a Bearded Dragon learn as much as you can about how to care for them beforehand.
Don't forget to take into account your other pets if you have them.
The amount of space you will need and the time you have to care for them and the cost.
Please do not put your Bearded Dragon in a small Vivarium If you look at these two photos above you can already see that a small Vivarium will be no good.
Beardies as we affectionately call them needs lots of space to roam and climb, a baby beardie will not be stressed or feel lost in a large vivarium, in the wild they are born in large open areas.
4 air vents evenly spaced across the back wall of your vivarium or 2 at each end on the back wall.
Front opening doors are best as you do not want to be putting your hand down over the top of your beardie this will stress them, as this is how something that is going to eat them would approach,with front openings you can put your hand in at ground level, far less frightening for your new beardie.
it is impacted (solid) and has a very light covering on the top of dusty earth mixed with sand and small rocky type stones.
In captivity it is best to never put sand in your vivarium until your beardie is at least 6 months old and then only play sand, by then they have honed there skills of catching prey without mouthfuls of sand which can cause impaction in the gut and death and never use Calci Sand even when older.
For babies just use kitchen roll, which can be easily replaced or slate,make sure the slate is not sharp, it is very easy to clean and disinfect and slate has the added benefit of staying warm.
You can also use textured floor tiles so your baby does not slide about, but make sure they do not have a glue backing on as this will create toxic fumes.
You can decorate your tank with a few accessories make sure they are reptile decorations, all these and your vivarium will need weekly disinfecting with a good reptile disinfectant.
Personally I would not have a hide to start with as your beardie will be stressed when you bring him home and may hide in it and will not get enough basking time or UVB lighting, best to use a bit of fine leafed artificial greenery that will still let the uvb and light on him/her.
Your Beardie cannot sense heat from underneath his body only on top you will cause horrific burns which could result in death.
You will need a 65 - 75 watt Reflector Bulb for a Basking light these are easily obtained from most supermarkets or a reptile spot basking bulbs these are normally more expensive on line or from a pet shop and a UVB 12% strip light running the length of your Vivarium.
Your basking temperature needs to range between 95-101 Farenheit,(101) being the best temperature to have, this needs to be on for 14 hours in the summer in the winter 12 hours.
You also need a ceramic bulb or reflector bulb 40 watt for the cool end the temperature you are aiming for is 70 Fahrenheit dropping to 60 to 65 Fahrenheit at night.
I have all my lights off at night, as I find the build up of warmth lasts thru the night.
You do not need a light on for heating at night unless your house is freezing cold, in the wild they survive much colder temps than this, so don't worry.
In the winter you can always put a warm cover over the front your vivarium if you are worried to help keep in the heat.
You need 2 Dual Digital probe thermometers, these are the most accurate, I got 2 on line for less than £6.00 with postage.
You will need one each end of the vivarium as your beardie needs a basking area and a cool area.
You must have a thermostat to control and keep the right temperatures with out this you will burn your beardie and could cause a fire in your house.
Your beardie will happily chomp his way thru Crickets, Roach,( Wax Worms, Locusts as a treat ), and also Fruit and Vegetables.
They need 80% live food and 20% veg as babies, changing to 20% Live food and 80% veg when adult.
baby beardies need feeding 3 times a day cutting down to twice a day when juniors.
You need to be using 5 days of Calcium and 2 days of Nutrobel which contains the necessary vitamins.
Clean fresh water in a shallow dish must be available at all times.
You can click here for a list of Nutrional Value and foods you can give them.


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David Cameron – 2016 Speech on Security in the EU
May 10, 2016 admin	2016, David Cameron, Speeches
Below is the text of the speech made by David Cameron, the Prime Minister, at the British Museum in London on 9 May 2016.
In 45 days' time, the British people will go to polling stations across our islands and cast their ballots in the way we have done in this country for generations.
They will, as usual, weigh up the arguments, reflect on them quietly, discuss them with friends and family, and then, calmly and without fuss, take their decision.
But this time, their decision will not be for a Parliament, or even two.
They will decide the destiny of our country, not for 5 years or for 10, but in all probability for decades, perhaps a lifetime.
This is a decision that is bigger than any individual politician or government.
It will have real, permanent and direct consequences for this country and every person living in it.
Should we continue to forge our future as a proud, independent nation while remaining a member of the European Union, as we have been for the last 43 years? Or should we abandon it?
Let me say at the outset that I understand why many people are wrestling with this decision, and why some people's heads and hearts are torn.
And I understand and respect the views of those who think we should leave, even if I believe they are wrong and that leaving would inflict real damage on our country, its economy and its power in the world.
I believe that, despite its faults and its frustrations, the United Kingdom is stronger, safer and better off by remaining a member of the European Union. Better off? Certainly.
We are part of a single market of 500 million people which Britain helped to create. Our goods and, crucially, our services – which account for almost 80% of our economy – can trade freely by right. We help decide the rules. The advantages of this far outweigh any disadvantages.
Our membership of the single market is one of the reasons why our economy is doing so well, why we have created almost 2.4 million jobs over the last 6 years, and why so many companies from overseas – from China or India, the United States, Australia and other Commonwealth countries invest so much in the UK.
It is one of the factors – together with our superb workforce, the low taxes set by the British government, and our climate of enterprise – which makes Britain such an excellent place to do business.
All this is alongside – let us note – our attractive regulatory environment. According to the OECD, it is second only to the Netherlands, itself an EU member – giving the lie to those who claim that the British economy is being strangled by regulation from Brussels.
If we leave, the only certainty we will have is uncertainty.
The Treasury has calculated that the cost to every household in Britain would be as high as £4,300 by 2030 if we leave. £4,300.
The overwhelming weight of independent opinion – from the International Monetary Fund to the OECD, from the London School of Economics to the Institute for Fiscal Studies – also supports the fact that Britain will suffer an immediate economic shock, and then be permanently poorer for the long-term.
The evidence is clear: we will be better off in, and poorer if we leave.
As Charles Dunstone, the founder of Carphone Warehouse, an entrepreneur not averse to risk, has said: "In my experience there are calculated risks, there are clever risks, and there are unnecessary and dangerous risks. And from all I can conclude, Brexit sits firmly in the latter camp."
So the onus is on those who advocate leaving to prove that Britain will be better off outside the EU. Those advocating Brexit have spent many years preparing for this moment. And yet they seem unable to set out a clear, comprehensive plan for our future outside the EU.
Some admit there would be a severe economic shock, but assert nonchalantly that it would be 'a price worth paying'.
Others are in denial that there would be a shock at all. And they can't agree what their plan for post-Brexit Britain would look like.
One minute we are urged to follow Norway, the next minute Canada. A few days later Switzerland offers the path forward, until it becomes clear that their arrangement doesn't provide much access for services to the EU's single market – and services, as I've said, are almost 4 fifths of the British economy.
Most recently, the Leavers have noticed that a number of European countries that sit outside of the EU have negotiated separate trade arrangements with the EU.
They called this collection of countries the 'European free trade zone'.
But in fact, this doesn't exist: it is a patchwork of different arrangements, all of them far inferior to what we have now.
They have gone on to suggest that Britain might join this non-existent zone, just like Albania.
Seriously? Even the Albanian Prime Minister thought that idea was a joke.
The Leave campaign are asking us to take a massive risk with the future of our economy and the future of our country.
And yet they can't even answer the most basic questions.
What would Britain's relationship be with the EU if we were to leave? Will we have a free trade agreement, or will we fall back on World Trade Organisation rules?
The man who headed the WTO for 8 years thinks this would be and I quote "a terrible replacement for access to the EU single market."
Some of them say we would keep full access to the EU single market.
If so, we would have to accept freedom of movement, a contribution to the EU budget, and accept all EU rules while surrendering any say over them.
In which case, we would have given up sovereignty rather than taken it back.
Others say we would definitely leave the single market – including, yesterday, the Vote Leave campaign – despite the critical importance of the single market to jobs and investment in our country.
I can only describe this as a reckless and irresponsible course. These are people's jobs and livelihoods that are being toyed with.
And the Leave campaign have no answers to the most basic questions.
What access would we try to secure back into the single market from the outside? How long would it take to negotiate a new relationship with the EU? What would happen to the 53 trade deals we have with other markets around the world through the EU?
The Leave campaign can't answer them because they don't know the answers. They have no plan.
And yet sceptical voters who politely ask for answers are denounced for their lack of faith in Britain, or met with sweeping assurances that the world will simply jump to our tune.
If you were buying a house or a car, you wouldn't do it without insisting on seeing what was being offered, and making sure it wasn't going to fall apart the moment you took possession of it.
So why would you do so when the future of your entire country is at stake?
The British people will keep asking these questions every day between now and 23 June, and demanding some answers.
If we leave, it is – genuinely – a leap in the dark.
But my main focus today will not be on the economic reasons to remain in the EU, important though they are.
I want to concentrate instead on what our membership means for our strength and security in the world, and the safety of our people, and to explain why, again, I believe the balance of advantage comes down firmly in favour of staying rather than leaving.
Because this decision is a decision about our place in the world, about how we keep our country safe, about how Britain can get things done – in Europe and across the world – and not just accept a world dictated by others.
A proud, confident nation
So today I want to set out the big, bold patriotic case for Britain to remain a member of the EU.
I want to show that if you love this country, if you want to keep it strong in the world, and keep our people safe, our membership of the EU is one of the tools – one of the tools – that helps us to do these things, like our membership of other international bodies such as NATO or the UN Security Council.
Let us accept that for all our differences, one thing unites both sides in this referendum campaign.
We love this country, and we want the best future for it. Ours is a great country.
Not just a great country in the history books, although it surely is that.
But a great country right now, with the promise of becoming even greater tomorrow.
We're the fifth largest economy in the world. Europe's foremost military power. Our capital city is a global icon. Our national language the world's language.
Our national flag is worn on clothing and t-shirts the world over – not only as a fashion statement, but as a symbol of hope and a beacon for liberal values all around the world.
People from all 4 corners of the earth watch our films, dance to our music, flock to our galleries and theatres, cheer on our football teams and cherish our institutions.
These days, even our food is admired the world over.
Our national broadcaster is one of the most recognised brands on the planet, and our monarch is one of the most respected people in the world.
Britain today is a proud, successful, thriving nation, a nation the world admires and looks up to, and whose best days lie ahead of it.
We are the product of our long history – of the decision of our forebears, of the heroism of our parents and grandparents.
And yet we are a country that also has our eyes fixed firmly on the future – that is a pioneer in the modern world: from the birth of the internet to the decoding of the genome.
The character of the British people
If there is one constant in the ebb and flow of our island story, it is the character of the British people.
Our geography has shaped us, and shapes us today. We are special, different, unique.
We have the character of an island nation which has not been invaded for almost a thousand years, and which has built institutions which have endured for centuries.
As a people we are ambitious, resilient, independent-minded. And, I might add, tolerant, generous, and inventive.
But above all we are obstinately practical, rigorously down to earth, natural debunkers.
We approach issues with a cast of mind rooted in common sense. We are rightly suspicious of ideology, and sceptical of grand schemes and grandiose promises.
So we have always seen the European Union as a means to an end – the way to boost our prosperity and help anchor peace and stability across the European continent – but we don't see it as an end in itself.
We insistently ask: why? How?
And as we weigh up the competing arguments in this referendum campaign, we must apply that practical rigour which is the hallmark of being British.
Would going it alone make Britain more powerful in the world? Would we be better able to get our way, or less able?
Would going it alone make us more secure from terrorism, or would it be better to remain and cooperate closely with our neighbours?
Would going it alone really give us more control over our affairs, or would we soon find that actually we had less, and that we had given up a secure future for one beset by years of uncertainty and trouble with no way back?
Would going it alone open up new opportunities, or would it in fact close them down and narrow our options?
Stronger in the world
That is certainly the approach I have taken to judging whether Britain is stronger and safer inside the European Union or leaving it.
And I have just one yardstick: how do we best advance our national interest?
Keeping our people safe at home and abroad, and moulding the world in the way that we want – more peaceful, more stable, more free, with the arteries of commerce and trade flowing freely.
That is our national interest in a nutshell – and it's the question that has confronted every British prime minister since the office was created: how do we best advance Britain's interests in the circumstances of the day?
If my experience as Prime Minister had taught me that our membership of the EU was holding Britain back or undermining our global influence, I would not hesitate to recommend that we should leave.
But my experience is the opposite.
The reason that I want Britain to stay in a reformed EU is in part because of my experience over the last 6 years is that it does help make our country better off, safer and stronger.
And there are 4 reasons why this is the case.
First, what happens in Europe affects us, whether we like it or not, so we must be strong in Europe if we want to be strong at home and in the world.
Second, the dangerous international situation facing Britain today, means that the closest possible cooperation with our European neighbours isn't an optional extra – it is essential. We need to stand united. Now is a time for strength in numbers.
Third, keeping our people safe from modern terrorist networks like Daesh and from serious crime that increasingly crosses borders means that we simply have to develop much closer means of security cooperation between countries within Europe. Britain needs to be fully engaged with that.
Fourth, far from Britain's influence in the world being undermined by our membership of the EU, it amplifies our power, like our membership of the UN or of NATO. It helps us achieve the things we want – whether it is fighting Ebola in Africa, tackling climate change, taking on the people smugglers. That's not just our view; it's the view of our friends and allies, too.
Let me go through them in turn.
What happens in Europe affects us
First: Europe is our immediate neighbourhood, and what happens on the continent affects us profoundly, whether we like it or not.
Our history teaches us: the stronger we are in our neighbourhood, the stronger we are in the world.
For 2,000 years, our affairs have been intertwined with the affairs of Europe. For good or ill, we have written Europe's history just as Europe has helped to write ours.
From Caesar's legions to the wars of the Spanish Succession, from the Napoleonic Wars to the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Proud as we are of our global reach and our global connections, Britain has always been a European power, and we always will be.
We know that to be a global power and to be a European power are not mutually exclusive.
And the moments of which we are rightly most proud in our national story include pivotal moments in European history.
Blenheim. Trafalgar. Waterloo. Our country's heroism in the Great War.
And most of all our lone stand in 1940, when Britain stood as a bulwark against a new dark age of tyranny and oppression.
When I sit in the Cabinet Room, I never forget the decisions that were taken in that room in those darkest of times.
When I fly to European summits in Brussels from RAF Northolt, I pass a Spitfire just outside the airfield, a vital base for brave RAF and Polish pilots during the Battle of Britain.
I think of the Few who saved this country in its hour of mortal danger, and who made it possible for us to go on and help liberate Europe.
Like any Brit, my heart swells with pride at the sight of that aircraft, or whenever I hear the tell-tale roar of those Merlin engines over our skies in the summer.
Defiant, brave, indefatigable.
But it wasn't through choice that Britain was alone. Churchill never wanted that. Indeed he spent the months before the Battle of Britain trying to keep our French allies in the war, and then after France fell, he spent the next 18 months persuading the United States to come to our aid.
And in the post-war period he argued passionately for Western Europe to come together, to promote free trade, and to build institutions which would endure so that our continent would never again see such bloodshed.
Isolationism has never served this country well. Whenever we turn our back on Europe, sooner or later we come to regret it.
We have always had to go back in, and always at a much higher cost.
The serried rows of white headstones in lovingly-tended Commonwealth war cemeteries stand as silent testament to the price that this country has paid to help restore peace and order in Europe.
Can we be so sure that peace and stability on our continent are assured beyond any shadow of doubt? Is that a risk worth taking?
I would never be so rash as to make that assumption.
It's barely been 20 years since war in the Balkans and genocide on our continent in Srebrenica. In the last few years, we have seen tanks rolling into Georgia and Ukraine. And of this I am completely sure.
The European Union has helped reconcile countries which were once at each others' throats for decades. Britain has a fundamental national interest in maintaining common purpose in Europe to avoid future conflict between European countries.
And that requires British leadership, and for Britain to remain a member. The truth is this: what happens in our neighbourhood matters to Britain.
That was true in 1914, in 1940 and in 1989. Or, you could add 1588, 1704 and 1815. And it is just as true in 2016.
Either we influence Europe, or it influences us.
And if things go wrong in Europe, let's not pretend we can be immune from the consequences.
The international situation means cooperation with Europe is essential
Second, the international situation confronting Britain today means that the closest possible cooperation with our European neighbours isn't an optional extra.
It is essential for this country's security and our ability to get things done in the world.
We see a newly belligerent Russia. The rise of the Daesh network to our east and to our south. The migration crisis. Dealing with these requires unity of purpose in the west.
Sometimes you hear the Leave campaign talk about these issues as if they are – in and of themselves – reasons to leave the EU.
But we can't change the continent to which we are attached. We can't tow our island to a more congenial part of the world.
The threats affect us whether we're in the EU or not, and Britain washing its hands of helping to deal with them will only make the problems worse.
Within Europe they require a shared approach by the European democracies, more than at any time since the height of the Cold War.
It is true, of course, that it is to NATO and to the Transatlantic Alliance that we look to for our defence.
The principle enshrined in the North Atlantic Treaty – that an attack on one is an attack on all – that remains the cornerstone of our national defence.
That fundamental sharing of national sovereignty in order to deter potential aggressors. That is as valid today as it was when NATO was founded in 1949.
It is an example of how real control is more important than the theory of sovereignty.
The European Union – and the close culture of intergovernmental cooperation between governments which it embodies – is a vital tool in our armoury to deal with these threats.
That is why NATO and top military opinion – British, American, European – is clear that the common purpose of the EU does not undermine NATO, it is a vital reinforcement to it.
And they are equally crystal clear: Britain's departure would weaken solidarity and the unity of the west as a whole.
Now some of those who wish us to leave the EU openly say that they hope the entire organisation will unravel as a result.
I find this extraordinary.
How could it possibly be in our interests to risk the clock being turned back to an age of competing nationalisms in Europe?
And for Britain, of all countries, to be responsible for triggering such a collapse would be an act of supreme irresponsibility, entirely out of character for us as a nation.
Others suggest that Britain stalking out could lead to and I quote "the democratic liberation of an entire continent".
Well, tell that to the Poles, the Czechs, the Baltic States and the other countries of central and eastern Europe which languished for so long behind the Iron Curtain.
They cherish their liberty and their democracy. They see Britain as the country that did more than any other to unlock their shackles and enable them to take their rightful place in the family of European nations.
And frankly they view the prospect of Britain leaving the EU with utter dismay. They watch what is happening in Moscow with alarm and trepidation.
Now is a time for strength in numbers. Now is the worst possible time for Britain to put that at risk. Only our adversaries will benefit.
Security risks
Now third, the evolving threats to our security and the rise of the Daesh network mean that we have to change the way we work to keep our people safe. Security today is not only a matter of hard defence, of stopping tanks – it is also about rooting out terrorist networks, just as it is about detecting illegal immigrants, stopping human trafficking and organised crime. And that makes much closer security cooperation between our European nations essential.
I have no greater responsibility than the safety of the people of this country, and keeping us safe from the terrorist threat.
As the Home Secretary said in her speech a fortnight ago: being in the EU helps to makes us safer.
We shouldn't put ourselves at risk by leaving.
One of her predecessors, Charles Clarke, reiterated that only this morning.
And the message of Jonathan Evans and John Sawers, former heads of MI5 and MI6 respectively, is absolutely unmistakable: Britain is safer inside the European Union.
During the last 6 years, the terrorist threat against this country has grown.
Our threat level is now at 'Severe', which means that an attack is 'highly likely'. Indeed such an attack could happen at any time.
But the threat has not only grown, it has changed in its nature.
The attacks in Paris and Brussels are a reminder that we face this threat together – and we will only succeed in overcoming it by working much more closely together.
These terrorists operate throughout Europe; their networks use technology to spread their poison and to organise beyond geographical limits.
People say that to keep our defences up, you need a border. And they're right.
That's why we kept our borders, and we can check any passport – including for EU nationals – and we retain control over who we allow into our country.
But against the modern threat, having a border isn't enough. You also need information, you need data, you need intelligence. You need to cooperate with others to create mechanisms for sharing this information.
And, just as the Home Secretary said a fortnight ago, I can tell you this: whether it's working together to share intelligence on suspected terrorists; whether it's strengthening aviation security; addressing the challenge of cybercrime; preventing cross-border trade in firearms; tackling the migration crisis; or enhancing our own border security, the EU is not some peripheral institution, or a hindrance we have to work around – it is now an absolutely central part of how Britain can get things done.
Not by creating a vast new EU bureaucracy. Nor by sucking away the role and capabilities of our own world beating intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
But because their superb work depends on much closer cooperation between European governments and much faster and more determined action across Europe to deal with this new threat.
As the historian Niall Ferguson observed, it takes a network to defeat a network.
And European measures are a key weapon.
The European Arrest Warrant allows us to bring criminals and terrorists, like one of the failed 21/7 Tube bombers who had fled to Italy, we can bring them back to the UK to face justice straight away.
Our membership of Europol gives us access to important databases that help us to identify criminals.
And we have begun to cooperate on DNA and fingerprint matching across borders, too. These tools help us in real-time, life-or-death situations.
One of the Paris attackers, Salah Abdeslam, was only identified quickly after the attack because the French police were able to use EU powers to exchange DNA and fingerprints with the Belgians.
Before this cooperation, DNA matching between 2 countries didn't take minutes, it could take over 4 months.
In the last few months alone, we have agreed a new Passenger Name Records directive, so that EU countries will have access to airline passenger data to enable us to identify those on terror watch-lists.
These new arrangements will also provide crucial details about how the tickets were bought, the bank accounts used and the people they are travelling with.
And the EU has recently switched on a new database, called SIS II, which is providing real-time alerts for suspected jihadists and other serious criminals.
Now I don't argue that if we left we would lose any ability to cooperate with our neighbours on a bilateral basis, or even potentially through some EU mechanisms.
But it is clear that leaving the EU will make cooperation more legally complex – and make our access to vital information much slower and more difficult.
Look at for instance Norway and Iceland: they began negotiating an extradition agreement with the EU in 2001 and yet today it is still not in force.
And of course we will miss out on the benefits of these new arrangements, and any that develop in future.
Now you can take the view that we don't need this cooperation – that we can just do without these extra capabilities.
That in my view is a totally complacent view. Especially in a world where the difference between a prevented attack and a successful attack can be just 1 missing piece of data; 1 piece of the jigsaw that the agencies found just too late.
You can also decide, as some on the Leave side seriously do, that even though working together is helpful for keeping us safe, it involves giving up too much sovereignty and ceding too much power over security cooperation to the European Court of Justice.
My view is this: when terrorists are planning to kill and maim people on British streets, the closest possible security cooperation is far more important than sovereignty in its purest theoretical form. I want to give our country real power, not the illusion of power.
Britain's power in the world
Fourth, Britain's unique position and power in the world is not defined by our membership of the EU, any more than it is by our membership of the Commonwealth or the UN Security Council or the OECD or the IMF or the myriad other international organisations to which we belong.
But our EU membership, like our membership of other international organisations, magnifies our national power.
Britain is a global nation, with a global role and a global reach.
We take our own decisions, in our own interests. We always have done, we always will do.
In the years since we joined the EU, we have shown that time and again with British, national, sovereign decisions about our foreign and defence policy taken by British prime ministers and British ministers.
Liberating the Falkland Islands in a great feat of military endeavour. Freeing Kuwait from Iraq.
And, more recently, our mission to prevent Afghanistan continuing to be a safe haven for international terrorists.
As I speak here today, we are flying policing missions over the Baltic states. Training security forces in Nigeria. And of course, taking the fight to Daesh in Syria and Iraq.
So the idea that our membership of the EU has emasculated our power as a nation – this is complete nonsense.
Indeed, over the last 40 years, our global power has grown, not diminished.
In the years before we joined the EU, British governments presided over a steady retrenchment of our world role, borne of our economic weakness.
The decision to retreat East of Suez and abandon our aircraft carriers was taken in 1968.
Since then, starting with the transformation of our economy by Margaret Thatcher, we have turned around our fortunes.
In the 21st century, Britain is once again a country that is advancing, not retreating,
We have reversed the East of Suez policy, we are building permanent military bases in the Gulf, we are opening embassies all around the world, particularly in Asia.
We have a new strategic relationship with both China and India, have committed to spending 2% of our GDP on defence – 1 of only 5 NATO nations to be meeting that target.
Our expertise in aid, development and responding to crises is admired the world over.
We are renewing our independent nuclear deterrent.
Our 2 new aircraft carriers will be the biggest warships the Royal Navy has ever put to sea.
These are the actions of a proud, independent, self-confident, go-getting nation, a nation that is confident and optimistic about its future, not one cowed and shackled by its membership of the European Union.
On the contrary, our membership of the EU is one of the tools – just one – which we use, as we do our membership of NATO, or the Commonwealth, or the Five Power Defence Agreement with Australia, New Zealand and our allies in South East Asia, to amplify British power and to enhance our influence in the world.
Decisions on foreign policy are taken by unanimity. Britain has a veto.
So suggestions of an EU army are fanciful: national security is a national competence, and we would veto any suggestion of an EU army.
And as we sit in Britain's National Security Council, time and again I know that making Britain's actions count for far more means working with other countries in the EU.
Let me just take 3 specific examples of what I mean.
When Russia invaded Crimea and Eastern Ukraine, there was a real risk of a feeble European response, and of a split between the United States and Europe.
I convened a special meeting of the key European countries in Brussels, agreed a package of sanctions, and then drove that package through the full meeting of EU leaders – the European Council – later that same evening. I could not have done that outside the EU.
An example of Britain injecting steel into Europe's actions; delivering sanctions which have been far more effective because 28 countries are implementing them, not just the UK. And at the same time, we maintained that crucial unity between Europe and the US in the face of Russian aggression.
On Iran, again, it was Britain that pushed hardest for the implementation of an EU oil embargo against that country.
And it was the embargo which helped bring Iran to the negotiating table, and ultimately led to the UN sanctions that led to Iran abandoning its ambition to build a nuclear weapon. Who led those negotiations? It was the EU, with Britain playing a central role.
And on Ebola, it was Britain that used a European Council to push leaders into massively increasing Europe's financial contribution to tackling the disease in West Africa, thereby helping to contain and deal with what was a major public health emergency.
If Britain left the EU, we would lose that tool.
The German Chancellor would be there. The French President. The Italian Prime Minister. So would the Maltese, the Slovak, the Czech, the Polish, the Slovene, as well as all the others.
But Britain – the fifth largest economy in the world, the second biggest in Europe – would be absent, outside the room.
We would no longer take those decisions which have a direct bearing on Britain.
Instead we would have to establish an enormous diplomatic mission in Brussels to try and lobby participants before those meetings took place, and to try and then find out what had happened at them once they broke up.
Would we really be sitting around congratulating ourselves on how 'sovereign' we feel, without any control over events that affect us?
What an abject act of national retreat that would be for our great country, a diminution of Britain's power inflicted for the first time in our history not by economic woe or military defeat, but entirely of our own accord.
And when it comes to the strength of our United Kingdom, we should never forget that our strength is that of a voluntary union of 4 nations. So let me just say this about Scotland: you don't renew your country by taking a decision that could, ultimately, lead to its disintegration.
So as we weigh up this decision, let's do so with our eyes open.
And, of course, there is something closely connected to our power and influence that is absolutely vital: and that's the view of Britain's closest friends and allies.
Before you take any big decision in life, it's natural to consult those who wish you well, those who are with you in the tough times as well as in the good.
Sometimes they offer contradictory advice. Sometimes they don't have much of a view.
That's not the case here.
Our allies have a very clear view. They want us to remain members of the European Union.
Not only our fellow members of the EU – they want us to stay, and could be resentful if we chose to leave.
The Leave campaign keep telling us that there is a big world out there, if only we could lift our sights beyond Europe.
But the problem is they don't seem to hearing what that big world is saying.
There is our principal and indispensable ally, the guarantor of our security – the United States – whose President made the American position very plain, as only the oldest and best friends can.
And then there are the nations to which we are perhaps closest in the world, our cousins in Australia and New Zealand, whose prime ministers have spoken out so clearly.
The Secretary-General of NATO says that a weakened and divided Europe would be "bad for security and bad for NATO".
Only on Thursday, the Japanese Prime Minister – whose country is such a huge investor and employer in the United Kingdom – made very clear that Japan hoped the UK would decide to remain in the EU.
So too have big emerging economies like Indonesia.
And then there are our major new trading and strategic relationships – China and India – in whom some of the Leave campaign claim to invest such great hopes, at least when they're not saying they want to impose hefty tariffs on them. They too want us to remain in the EU.
So from America to Asia, from Australasia and the Indian sub-continent, our friends and our biggest trading partners, or potential trading partners, are telling us very clearly: it's your decision. But we hope you vote to stay in the European Union.
By the way, so too are our own Dependent Territories – Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands – with whom we have such a special bond and for whom we have a special responsibility.
And so? Next month we will make our choice as a nation.
I am very clear.
Britain is stronger and safer in the EU, as well as better off.
And the EU benefits from Britain being inside rather than out.
This is a Europe that Britain has helped to shape.
A continent that Britain helped liberate not once in the last century, but twice.
And we always wanted 2 things from the EU.
One: the creation of a vast single market; one we thought would benefit our economy enormously and spread prosperity throughout our neighbourhood.
And two: a Europe in which Britain helped the nations which languished under Communism return to the European fold; nations who still look to us as a friend and protector and do not want us to abandon them now.
We've got both of those things.
We did all that.
And imagine if we hadn't been there.
Who would have driven forward the single market?
Who would have prevented Europe from becoming a protectionist bloc?
Who would have stopped the EU from becoming a single currency zone?
Who would have stood up and said no to those pushing for political union?
Who would have done these things?
Because the truth is that if we were not in it, the European Union would in all likelihood still exist.
So we would still have to deal with it.
Now we have the opportunity to have what we have always wanted: to be in the single market, but out of the euro.
To be at the European Council, with our full voting and veto rights, but specifically exempted from ever closer union.
To have the opportunity to work, live and travel in other EU countries, but to retain full controls at our border.
To take part in the home affairs cooperation that benefits our security, but outside those measures we don't like.
And to keep our currency.
That is, frankly, the best of both worlds.
No wonder our friends and allies want us to take it. To lead, not to quit.
It is what the Chinese call a win win.
The Americans would probably say it's a slam dunk.
We are Britain.
No one seriously suggests any more that after 40 years in the EU, we have become less British.
We're proud. We're independent.
We get things done.
So let's not walk away from the institutions that help us to win in the world.
Let's not walk away from the EU, any more than we would walk away from the UN, or from NATO.
We're bigger than that.
So I say – instead, let us remain, let us fight our corner, let us play the part we should, as a great power in the world, and a great and growing power in Europe.
That is the big, bold, and patriotic decision for Britain on 23 June.
← Chris Chope – 2016 Speech on the European Convention on Human Rights
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Chris Grayling – 2012 Conservative Party Conference Speech
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text:
\section{Introduction}

In the real world, mechanical properties of objects, such as mass, stiffness, and temperature, are mostly perceived via touch (Fig.~\ref{fig:proposed}(a)). Haptic devices aim to recreate the same feeling for virtual interactions. Many multi-degree-of-freedom fingertip devices have been developed to render the interaction forces during active exploration/manipulation tasks in a virtual environment, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:proposed}(b)~\cite{Suchoski2018, Leonardis2017}. A combination of their degrees of freedom of these devices and the high density of mechanoreceptors in the fingerpad are thought to improve the performance and perceived realism of manipulation tasks.

However, fingertip devices must be miniaturized to reduce encumbrance. Such a requirement complicates the design and increases the cost of actuators, which must have relatively large output force, small size and light weight. Furthermore, users cannot be asked to wear fingertip devices during certain applications, e.g.\ in situations where it is desirable to leave the fingertips free to interact with physical objects, as during augmented reality. We examine a different approach to artificial haptic feedback by relocating the delivery of haptic sensation from the fingertip to the forearm. In doing so, the mechanical properties of manipulated virtual objects are rendered on the arm (Fig.~\ref{fig:proposed}(c)).

Asking users to interact with virtual environments through their fingers but giving haptic feedback to their arm cannot provide perfectly realistic feedback. Instead, we posit that haptic signals, which merely hint at the real properties of an object, might be sufficient to create interpretable or ``believable" interactions. Previous perception studies showed that visual cues have a significant impact on the overall perception when accompanied by haptic feedback~\cite{Ernst2002, Srinivasan1996, Jang2014}. This trend shows the potential of turning the typical requirement of realism into a new requirement of believability for a virtual manipulation task. In this context, believable haptic feedback conveys information about fingertip contact and material properties of objects, and is informative about the performance of actions without increasing cognitive or attentional load in the user, such that it qualitatively adds to (rather than detracts from) the user experience.

\begin{figure}[t!]
  \centering

  \resizebox{3.4in}{!}{\includegraphics{./Figures/HapticIdea.pdf}}

  \caption{Grasping tasks with different types of haptic feedback: (a) In the real world, the fingers directly contact the object. (b) In a virtual environment with fingertip haptic devices, grasp forces are displayed on the fingertips. (c) In a virtual environment with a wearable haptic device, grasp forces are displayed on the forearm near the wrist.}
  \label{fig:proposed}
  \vspace*{-1\baselineskip}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Background}

 The literature includes many studies where haptic feedback is given to a user's wrist, upper arm, or lower arm. Vibrotactile cues are commonly used to deliver event-related cues, such as notifications or warnings~\cite{Huisman2016, Ajoudani2014, Patterson1992}. Such vibration feedback can also be used to enhance realism for scenarios where vibration is directly relevant, as in the case of music experiences~\cite{Hwang2017}. However, vibrotactile cues can convey a very limited information. Thus, some researchers have examined skin deformation, squeezing, and other haptic modalities in wearable bracelets, with the type of feedback used highly dependent on the application.

Wearable bracelets (or arm bands) have been used to emulate the sensation of human touch in social interactions~\cite{Baumann2010, Wang2012, Culbertson2018, Knoop2015, Tsetserukou2010}. Others map haptic cues to directions for navigation~\cite{Nakamura2014, Walker2019} or communication~\cite{Dunkelberger2018, Song2015, Zheng2012}. Wearable bracelets have also been used to render interaction forces during teleoperation tasks~\cite{Meli2018} or hand prosthesis control~\cite{Casini2015, Fripp2018, Tejeiro2012}. They can also be used to improve the learning process for surgical trainees in robotic surgical systems~\cite{Brown2017}.

Other studies have examined details of the effects of type and location of haptic feedback. Biggs~\textit{et al.}~\cite{Biggs2002} investigated the relative effectiveness of tangential over normal displacements of skin for producing tactile sensations at the fingertip and forearm. During an experiment, the user is given a normal reference displacement and asked to adjust the control displacement using a knob until the intensity  of the control signal is felt similar to the reference. As a result, users chose tangential displacements almost half of the normal displacements, indicating a significantly higher sensitivity to tangential displacement. These results are based on the intensity of signals, while the perception might be different.

Tasbi is a multisensory haptic wristband delivering squeeze and vibrotactile feedback~\cite{Pezent2019}. It features a novel mechanism for generating evenly distributed and purely normal squeeze forces around the wrist.
A perceptual study was designed in which users experienced different object stiffness, control-to-display (C/D) ratio or both of them as Tasbi renders interaction forces. The results show that Tasbi can make a difference in terms perception for both C/D ratio and stiffness changes. Bellowband~\cite{Young2019} is a pneumatic wristband for haptic feedback with vibration and localized pressure through eight pneumatic bellows based on layers of polyester thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
Similarly, WRAP~\cite{RaitorICRA2017} provides highly effective directional cues using a set of four wearable restricted aperture pneumatic (WRAP) pouches worn near the wrist. Tasbi, Bellowband, and WRAP squeeze the wrist in a distributed manner using different actuation methods to offer effective haptic solutions.

Moriyama~\textit{et al.}~\cite{Moriyama2018} developed a five-bar linkage mechanisms with 2-DoF to present haptic feedback to the forearm during virtual interactions. A perceptual experiment was performed where haptic feedback based on the normal or shear directions is applied at the ventral side or the dorsal side of the wrist. Then, users were asked to evaluate and compare different feedback modalities based on the ``strangeness'' feeling they create on users. Their results show that skin stretch have similar feelings at different locations, while normal forces feel less strange when applied at the ventral side of the wrist.
Despite of the inspirational ideas regarding wearable wrist devices and perception, we found it difficult to map the strangeness metric toward practical design guidelines.

The impact of different locations and the number of contact points applying forces to a user's skin on the perception, task performance, and learning curve of virtual manipulation tasks is still unknown. Previously, we performed a set of experiments based on haptic sketches by simulating interaction forces on user's arm manually~\cite{Sarac2019}. We applied normal forces, sliding forces and skin stretch to user's wrist at the dorsal side as users interact with the virtual environment. Even though we eliminated the option for sliding forces, users reported that both normal forces and skin stretch felt natural and intuitive with their interactions. This preliminary study motivated us to develop mechatronic prototypes and conduct the studies presented in this paper.

\subsection{Research Questions}

The goal of this work is to understand the perception of wearable haptic bracelets during virtual manipulation tasks performed with a single finger. We developed a two-alternative forced-choice experiment in which users were asked to interact with two virtual objects with different stiffness values and choose the stiffer object.
In  particular, users move their index fingers to push and press virtual objects, which require both perception and manipulation. In return, they receive haptic feedback in the direction of normal and shear forces, on the dorsal, ventral or both sides around their wrist. The study aims to answer the following questions:
\begin{itemize}
    \item In which direction should the interaction forces be applied to the arm?
    \item Where the forces should be applied?
    \item What is the effect of the number of contact points?
\end{itemize}

\section{Experimental Setup}

With the motivation of answering the aforementioned questions to improve the perception and performance of virtual tasks, we designed an experimental setup with haptic systems, a virtual environment and tracking system as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:setup}.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering

  \resizebox{3in}{!}{\includegraphics{./Figures/ExperimentSetup_v3.pdf}}

  \caption{Experiment setup: A user sits in front of a monitor and wears a haptic bracelet, a fingertip sensor for the tracking system, and noise cancellation headphones. Users are asked to interact with objects in the virtual environment, as the haptic device renders the interaction forces.}
  \label{fig:setup}
  \vspace*{-1\baselineskip}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Haptic Feedback}

One goal of this work is to investigate the effect of force direction (normal versus shear) on perception during virtual interaction. Linear actuators are a promising approach because they can be implemented for both directions with identical control performance and force output. In particular, Actuonix PQ12-P has the best combination of size (15~g), maximum stroke (20~mm), high output forces (18~N), and easy controllability via an integrated sensor for our study.

For the prototype devices, we selected grounding/orienting of linear actuators to enable investigation of both direction and location of forces acting around the wrist. The direction of forces is adjusted by designing different grounding parts as depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:direction}. In particular, grounding the linear actuator vertically on the wrist applies normal forces as the displacement is controlled (Fig.~\ref{fig:normalhow}). Alternatively, grounding the actuator horizontally creates skin stretch with a double side tape preventing the end-effector to slip through the skin (Fig.~\ref{fig:stretchhow}). The reference displacement and force for each version are identical, because the same actuator is used for both directions.

\begin{figure}[b!]
\centering
\subfigure[Device with normal force]
{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{./Figures/normal.png}\label{fig:normalhow}}
\subfigure[Device with skin stretch]
{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{./Figures/stretch.pdf}\label{fig:stretchhow}}
\caption{User wearing the fingertip tracking sensor and a prototype applying (a) normal, and (b) stretch/shear forces to user's skin.}
	\label{fig:direction}
\end{figure}

The impact of location (dorsal or ventral) and number of contact points (one or two) are investigated by placing individual actuators on dorsal and ventral sides of the arm for both normal and skin stretch devices, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:how}. To minimize the impact of grounding diversities, we asked users to wear both components at all times, while we choose to actuate the component on the (i) dorsal side, (ii) ventral side, or (iii) both sides of the arm.

\begin{figure}[b!]
\centering
\subfigure[Normal force]
{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{./Figures/Vertical_Action_v2.pdf}\label{fig:normalfor}} \\
\subfigure[Skin stretch]
{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{./Figures/Horizontal_Action_v2.pdf}\label{fig:stretchfor}}
\caption{As users interact with virtual objects, they receive haptic cues based on desired displacements in the direction of (a) normal and (b) stretch/shear forces on the dorsal, ventral or both sides of the wrist. Slip is prevented using a double-sided tape.}
	\label{fig:how}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Virtual Environment}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{./Figures/TrainingImage.pdf}}
\caption{Experiment task during training: (a) A new trial starts with a target zone, base zone, and two visually identical objects with different stiffness values. (b) The user presses on each object and chooses the stiffer object based on the haptic feedback. (c) If the answer is right, the zone turns green. (d) If the answer is wrong, the zone turns red. (e) The user goes back to the base zone and starts the next trial by pressing the ``Next'' key on the keyboard.}
	\label{fig:TrainingScheme}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{./Figures/TestingImage.pdf}}
\caption{Experiment task during testing: (a) A new trial starts with a target zone, base zone, and two visually identical objects with different stiffness values. (b) The user presses on each object and chooses the stiffer object based on the haptic feedback. (c) If the answer is valid, the transparency of the zone changes, regardless the answer. (d) The user goes back to the base zone and starts the next trial by pressing the ``Next'' key on the keyboard.}
	\label{fig:TestingScheme}
\end{figure*}

We created a virtual environment using the CHAI3D framework~\cite{Conti2005}.
During the experiments, the virtual environment is displayed on a regular monitor and updated at 144~kHz. User's finger movements are tracked at approximately 200~Hz using  a trakSTAR tracking system and an Ascension Model 800 sensor attached on user's finger through 3D printed grounding.

\subsection{Experiment Task}

In the experiment, users see two identical box objects which have different simulated stiffness values (see Figs.~\ref{fig:TrainingScheme} and~\ref{fig:TestingScheme}). Users are asked to move their index finger so that their avatar in the virtual environment interacts with these virtual objects. Specifically, they are asked to press on each objects, to evaluate their stiffness, and to drag the stiffer object to the target zone. The experiment has two modes: training and testing. During the training mode, the target zone changes color based on user's answer, such that if the user's answer is right, the zone turns green, and if the answer is wrong, the zone turns red as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:TrainingScheme}. During the testing mode, the target zone does not change color, but changes transparency based on the validity of user's answer, regardless the answer (Fig.~\ref{fig:TestingScheme}).

As the user interacts with the virtual boxes, desired forces to be rendered are computed based on the stiffness values of the boxes. Although in principle the actuators should render the desired \emph{force}, the chosen linear actuators are position controlled. Thus, desired forces are expressed in the form of desired displacements using a fixed force-to-displacement ratio~0.03~N/mm~\cite{Diller2001}. Even though hairy skin was previously reported as 0.03~N/mm for normal and 0.04~N/mm for shear directions, whether skin stiffness is different around the wrist for the dorsal and ventral sides is still unknown. Furthermore, Biggs and Srinivasan showed that hairy skin is three times more sensitive to shear displacements than normal~\cite{Biggs2002}. Considering all of these statements, instead of trying to ensure that interaction forces despite of the uncertainties, we propose to keep the level of displacements the same for different conditions.

As a compromise of both studies, we decided to keep the level of displacements the same for both normal and shear directions. Once the desired displacements are computed, an analog output sends the desired displacement to the Actuonix linear actuator controller (LAC).

During the entire experiment, users wear noise cancellation headphones playing white noise, to avoid environmental noise as well as the noise coming from the actuators.

\subsection{Experimental Protocol}

The experiment has two conditions: the direction of forces (normal forces / skin stretch) and the location of forces (dorsal side / ventral side / both sides). These 2 conditions can be ordered in 12 different ways, so we recruited 12 volunteers to participate in the study. Each participant performs the task with a different order of conditions.

The overall experiment is composed of two parts, one for each direction of force. For each part, there is a training block with 24 trials and 3 testing blocks with 16 trials each. Each testing block renders forces from one location of forces, while the training block covers all of the locations with a predefined order. Once the part is completed, the user is asked to wear the bracelet with the other force direction and repeat the entire procedure. Between each block and part, the user was given a break time to rest as needed.

During the experiment, the stiffness value of one object is kept at 300~N/mm. The stiffness of the other object is pseudo-randomized among 100, 200, 400, and 500~N/mm. The locations of the two objects is randomized.

We also ask users to fill a questionnaire, to comment on the haptic experience. All users are asked to choose (Q1) the direction of forces they liked the most, (Q2) the direction of forces that was easiest to notice, (Q3) the location of forces they liked the most, and (Q4) the location of forces that was easiest to notice.

\section{Results and Discussion}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./Figures/TrainingPerformance_matl_wTime.pdf}}
\caption{Average accuracy and time spent to complete a trial during training for all users, ordered by accuracy. (a) Almost half of the users showed better performance than 90\%. Users' performance during training was not related to their haptic experience. Chance performance is 50\% (b) The average time spent for each subject has no correlation neither for the previous haptic experience nor the training accuracy.}
	\label{fig:TrainingPerformance}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Stiffness Discrimination Accuracy After Training}

Most users reported that they felt comfortable identifying the stiffness of virtual objects through the haptic feedback acting on their forearm. However, a few users reported that they could not relate receiving the haptic cues around their wrist as they interact with virtual objects with their fingertips. According to them, the haptic cues could give sufficient information to discriminate different stiffness values in the virtual environment, but they felt the lack of realism. They also reported that they felt more comfortable in the end of the experiment compared to the beginning.

Due to these comments, we began our analysis by calculating the accuracy of users' responses during training; the results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:TrainingPerformance}. Based on self-reporting, we categorized the users as having ``no haptics experience'' or  ``haptics experience'' to highlight their previous experience with other haptic devices. We found that performance was not correlated with haptics experience (R = 0.90, p = 0.01). Fig.~\ref{fig:TrainingPerformance}~(a) shows that 5 users out of the 12 achieved greater than 90\% accuracy after training, indicating high performance in interpreting the haptic cues. All users' accuracy were greater than chance, which is 50\%.

Fig.~\ref{fig:TrainingPerformance}~(b) shows the average time each subject spent to complete a trial during training. This plot shows that even though subjects with no haptic experience tend to spend more time to complete the task during training, we found no correlation among subjects with and without haptic experience, or less and more than 90\% training accuracy.

\subsection{Effect of Direction of Haptic Feedback}

\begin{figure}[b!]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./Figures/Accuracy_Subject2_SuperNew_v2.pdf}}
 \vspace*{-.75\baselineskip}
\caption{Average accuracy of  users' responses and average time users spent to complete each trial  among  all  locations  and  stiffness  comparisons. Overall, users performed significantly better with normal forces compared to skin stretch when asked to differentiate different stiffness values. A similar trend was observed for users with less than 90\% accuracy during training, while for users with more than 90\% accuracy during training, there was no significant difference. There was was no significant difference between the two directions in terms of time spent.}
	\label{fig:DirectionComparison}
\end{figure}

Our first research question asked in which direction (normal or skin stretch) the stimulus should be applied. Fig.~\ref{fig:DirectionComparison} shows the accuracy of users' responses across all locations and stiffness comparisons. We split the results based on our classification of users' accuracy during training: $>$90\% accuracy, $<$90\% accuracy, and total (all users). One-tailed t-tests were performed to test for significant differences between the normal and skin stretch directions. Over all users, normal forces resulted in significantly better stiffness identification compared to skin stretch (t(11) = 2.96, p = 0.0129). When we analyzed further among users based on their training performance, we found that normal forces are significantly better for users with less than 90\% accuracy during training (t(6) = 3.16, p = 0.0196), but not for those with better than those with greater than 90\% accuracy during training (t(4) = 1.09, p = 0.338). Fig.~\ref{fig:DirectionComparison} also shows the average time users spent to complete each trial with haptic feedback in the two directions. There was no significant difference between the two directions in terms of time spent.

\subsection{Effect of Location of Haptic Feedback and Number of Contacts}

Our second and third questions asked where the stimuli should be applied, and whether one or two contact points should be used. Fig.~\ref{fig:LocationComparison} compares the average accuracy of users' responses for the dorsal, ventral, and both contact locations. Similar to Fig.~\ref{fig:DirectionComparison}, the data is shown for the total of all users, as well as split into two groups: users who performed very well during training, and others.

\begin{figure}[b!]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./Figures/Accuracy_Location_New_v3.pdf}}
\caption{Average accuracy of users' responses and average time users spent to complete each trial among all locations and stiffness values. Users with higher training performance had significantly better performance when forces were applied on the ventral side. These users also spent significantly more time to complete the trials when the stimulus was applied on the dorsal side. However, there was no significant difference when all users are evaluated together.}

	\label{fig:LocationComparison}
\end{figure}

We performed a two-way ANOVA to analyze the data based on location and number of contact points. We found no statistical significance for the accuracy of any user groups. However, users with high training performance seem to spend significantly more time to complete the trials on average [F(2, 8) = 6.41, p = 0.0218], but we found no significance for neither users in total [F(2,22) = 0.37, p = 0.6952] nor [F(2,12) = 0.26, p = 0.7727].

\subsection{Effect of Stiffness Level}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./Figures/Accuracy_Subject2_v2.pdf}}
\caption{Accuracy of  users' answers and the time users spent for each trial among all locations: users perform significantly better with normal forces compared to skin stretch when asked to compare objects with highly different stiffness values, but not for objects with less different stiffness values. This might show that users are more sensitive to normal forces. Users also tend to spend more time completing the given task with normal forces, even though there was no significantly difference between skin stretch.}
	\label{fig:DirectionComparisonOverStiffness}
\end{figure}

We additionally investigated users' accuracy for different stiffness comparisons, without considering training performance. Fig.~\ref{fig:DirectionComparisonOverStiffness} shows that overall, users performed better using normal forces than skin stretch, although the statistically significant differences were observed only with the comparisons of 100 N/300 N (t(11) = 2.7080, p = 0.0204) and 500 N/300 N (t(11) = 3.0225, p = 0.0116)-- cases where the differences between stiffness values were largest.

\subsection{Survey Results}

(Q1) the direction of forces they liked the most, (Q2) the direction of forces that was easiest to notice, (Q3) the location of forces they liked the most, and (Q4) the location of forces that was easiest to notice.
The survey results are useful for understanding users' preferences. The first two questions asked about the direction of forces that users liked the most (Q1) and was easiest to notice (Q2). For Q1, 4 users chose skin stretch and 8 chose normal forces, although all users stated for Q2 that normal forces were much easier to notice.
The verbal comments of the subjects are coherent with the analyses performed previously, so we can conclude that normal forces might be more effective than skin stretch for stiffness recognition.

The last two questions addressed the location of the stimulus. For Q3, the location of forces users liked the most, 1 user reported ventral side, 2 reported dorsal side, 5  reported both sides, and 3 reported that there was not much difference. On the other hand, when asked to evaluate the ease to notice the cues for (Q4), 3 users chose ventral side, 4 chose both sides, and 5 chose dorsal side. When we compared the average performance of these users, we found no correlation between the location they stated was easiest and the location for which they performed best.

These comments support the result that there is not a large difference between applying forces at a single contact point or two contact points. However, users did not agree about the best location of a single contact point.

\section{Conclusion}

In this work, we analyzed the effects of rendering interaction forces to user's forearm near the wrist based on virtual interactions
The results of our user study showed that normal forces help users differentiate different stiffness levels significantly better than skin stretch -- especially when the difference between virtual object stiffness values are larger. Furthermore, users agreed that these haptic cues are easier to notice when applied in the normal direction.

Even though all users who participated in the study reported that haptic cues are easier to notice with normal forces, some reported that they enjoy skin stretch more because it was more ``subtle and calm'' compared to the normal forces. However, this may be due to larger forces being applied in the normal direction.

In future work, we will design a calibration phase to let each user decide the magnitudes of the haptic cues.
We designed each haptic bracelet to apply interaction forces on the dorsal side, ventral side, and both sides near the wrist. The study results did not show any statistical significance among these locations. However, subjects tended to achieve better performance on the ventral side compared to the dorsal side, and similar performance between ventral side and both sides. The lack of significant differences was also supported with a verbal questionnaire. When asked to choose a location in which they could interpret haptic cues most easily, users gave a variety of answers.

It is also important to acknowledge that relocating the haptic feedback for active exploration tasks to another location requires a neurological mapping that subjects need to learn. It is possible that the location is not that important as long as the forces are applied to user's skin in an effective manner. It is also possible that the best location to achieve haptic cues around the wrist is subjective. Future work could use alternative approaches to investigate the questions of location and number of contacts.

Finally, users are generally asked to interact with virtual environments using multiple fingers, instead of only the index finger. For this study, we simplified the task to the index finger to create a consistent, repeatable task.
In the future, we will extend our analyses to two-finger grasping and identification of other mechanical properties using the lessons learned from this study.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors thank Nicole Sabine Salz for her contributions to device design and control.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Custom model & client validation in MVC without data annotations I have the below view models, which are used to represent a survey of questions, but they are structured into a more flattened grid to accommodate the default model binder.
// Main ViewModel for the Question View
public class SurveyRowList
{
    ...

    public IList<SurveyRow> SurveyRowList { get; set; }
}

public class SurveyRow
{
    public int QuestionId { get; set; }
    public int? ParentQuestionId { get; set; }
    public int SurveyId { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Description { get; set; }
    public string HelpInformation { get; set; }
    public int RenderOrder { get; set; }

    public SurveyRowType RowType { get; set; }

    // Collection of the same answer control, 1 or more times
    // for each line number
    public IList<AnswerControl> AnswerControls { get; set; }
}

public enum SurveyRowType
{
    QuestionGroup = 1,
    Question = 2,
    AnswerRow = 3
}

public class AnswerControl
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public int QuestionId { get; set; }

    // a reference to the database record answer id
    public int SurveyAnswerId { get; set; }

    // control type of checkbox, dropdown, input, dropdown-additional-textbox, checkbox-group
    public ControlType ControlType { get; set; }

    // used to specify getting particular backing data for dropdown and checkbox-group
    public ControlSpecificType ControlSpecificType { get; set; }

    public string Description { get; set; }
    public string HelpInformation { get; set; }
    public int RenderOrder { get; set; }
    public bool InLine { get; set; }

    public int LineNumber { get; set; }

    public AnswerControlValueType Value { get; set; }

}

public class AnswerControlValueType
{
    // Default string backing value when possible
    public string Value { get; set; }

    // AnswerCheckBox
    public bool CheckValue { get; set; }

    // AnswerCheckBoxListModal
    public string ModalName { get; set; }

    // AnswerMultiSelectListValue
    public int[] ListValues { get; set; }
    // making the options list setter public so that this data can be re-attached after model binding
    public IEnumerable<SelectListItem> ListOptions { get; set; }

    // AnswerImageValue
    public HttpPostedFileBase Image { get; set; }

    // AnswerSelectListAdditionalValue
    public string AdditionalInformation { get; set; }
}

Each SurveyRow is like a row of a table. Only the SurveyRowType.AnswerRow actually makes use of the AnswerControls list.
Example of their ordering when rendered by their type and order number can be seen in this image:

The image only shows a few simple examples, and there can be 1-10 lines per page to a max of 100, but I have also added a bit of explanation of some of the validation rules I would want to apply. There are more but these are just a few examples.
My problem is that I want to support this more complex validation but all the rules and error text are stored in a database, 1. because of user configuration, 2. because of existing localisation of the error text to support several languages.
I am looking for any suggestions that people might have to be able to support this.
I have seen things like Fluent Validation and I haven't delved too deep yet but so far I can't see any examples that would specifically not use Data Annotations on a model.. and also RequiredIf or DisabledIf or EnabledIf style validation rules that apply across a slightly more complex collection of objects.

A: I worked with MVC patterns in 2001 with servlets, and again in 2006, with a custom MVC framework implemented on top of ASP.NET, and looking at what people are doing nowadays makes me believe that most did not even care about looking at what MVC stands for, only that explain the models nonsense. A lot of developers working with ASP.net MVC, tend to bind the data that is coming from the client to models, but that is such a poor design. Models contain the data that should be forwarded to the template manager which is in most cases the Razor engine.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller
So my advice is: don't link the data that you get from the client into the models.

*

*Get the data from the client, do a search on the Request object if it needs to

*Validate the data (fluentvalidation)

*apply the business rules

*create the models

*forward the models to the template engine

Also stopping using those crazy useless annotations.

A: My question was related to how I can support validating this complex model. I have since looked more at Fluent Validation and that has everything I need to do custom rules for a complex model, i.e. checking values across collections of objects within my model.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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