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Achieving a Complete 2020 Census Count in New York
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Achieving a Complete
2020 Census Count in
Rockefeller Institute of Government's
NY Counts Consortium
Prepared for:
Introduction: Historical Challenges to Achieving a
Complete Census Count
As the accuracy of the census to be obtained by the Congress
will necessarily depend, in a considerable degree on the
disposition, if not on the co-operation, of the States, it is of
great importance that the States should feel as little bias as
possible, to swell or to reduce the amount of their numbers.
– Federalist Papers No. 54
Article I, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution requires that every ten years an "actual
Enumeration"1 — or a full count of the residents in our country — be undertaken. As
James Madison stated in Federalist No. 58, the census was required in large part to
determine representation of the states to the House of Representatives.2 The decennial
census has occurred every ten years since 1790, regardless of economic condition,
wars, or other challenges this nation faced.
The census relies heavily on self-reporting — a process where individuals are asked to
complete and return a questionnaire. For those who do not self-report, the government
uses enumerators who go to an individual's residence in order to complete the census
questionnaire, or the government uses less reliable counts by proxy. Previous census
counts relied entirely on enumerators going door-to-door, like the 1940 census.3
Throughout the history of the nation, each census has encountered challenges in
counting every resident. For example, after the nation's first census, both George
Washington and Thomas Jefferson expressed doubts that there was a complete and
accurate count.4 As George Washington lamented:
Returns of the Census have already been made from several of the States and a
tolerably just estimate has been formed now in others, by which it appears that
we shall hardly reach four millions; but one thing is certain: our real numbers
will exceed, greatly, the official returns of them; because the religious scruples
of some would not allow them to give in their lists; the fear of others that it was
intended as the foundation of a tax induced them to conceal or diminish theirs;
and thro' the indolence of the people and the negligence of many of the Officers,
numbers are omitted.5
Ever since Washington wrote those words, there have been other example of
inaccurate counts, particularly of historically undercounts of minorities6 and children.7
While the census has become more accurate over time with improved social science,
there are persistent issues reaching hard-to-count communities, many of which
have higher percentages of minorities, foreign-born residents, children under five,
renters, homeless, and low-income individuals. The result is chronic undercounting
of key socioeconomic groups. While there is no formal definition of hard-to-count
communities by the census, the City University of New York's (CUNY) Mapping Service
at the Center for Urban Research defines it as a community (or census tract) with a
self-response rate of less than 73 percent.8 For the purposes of this report, we adopt
CUNY's definition as a baseline and further refine it in more detailed analysis.
New Issues Threaten to Thwart a Complete 2020
Census Count
New York faces unique challenges in achieving a complete count for the 2020 census.
In many parts of the country, the self-response rate in the 2010 census was significantly
higher than in New York. Wisconsin had the most successful response rate with 85
percent, while New York was 45th in the nation with a 76 percent response rate.9
Although there have been historic difficulties counting every resident in every census,
the state of New York faces two central challenges in the upcoming 2020 census
that could result in even greater undercounting in this year's census: the addition of a
citizenship question and the move to online questionnaires.
The Citizenship Question
Although the founders called for "actual Enumeration," i.e., a full count of all residents
of the country, the original language in the Constitution grappled with how to count
residents of the United States "excluding Indians not taxed" and counting those held in
bondage as "three fifths" of a person.10
In March 2018, Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross announced that the 2020 census
short form — or the form sent to virtually every residence in the country — would add
a question asking the citizenship status of each household resident.11 The citizenship
question last appeared on the short form 70 years ago in the 1950 census. It was
subsequently dropped from the short form because social scientists found it resulted
in less accurate and true counts.12 The citizenship question has been asked in the
census long form (a longer series of questions sent only to a sampling of households
that was discontinued in 2000) and by the Census Bureau's American Community
Survey.
Making the changes to census is not in and of itself unusual because it must adapt
over time. For example, the 1850 and 1860 census counts included questions about
freed and escaped slaves,13 which are clearly not relevant today. However, the issue of
altering the census form to include the citizenship question, the reasons for doing so,
and its effect are germane if we are to have a full and accurate count.
Advocates of the citizenship question argue that adding it to the census short form
is needed to help improve enforcement of the federal Voting Rights Act.14 Treasury
Secretary Ross employed this public reason for the inclusion of the question this year.
Yet opponents allege the real motivation is to suppress the response rate from states
with large immigrant and refugee populations, particularly among Hispanics.15
By adding a question on citizenship, critics contend many immigrant residents will
not cooperate with government officials for fear of facing negative repercussions.16
The controversy over the proposed inclusion of a citizen question is but one of many
roadblocks that the federal administration has attempted to erect in order to chill
response rates in particular communities.
A recent report by the Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center on Media,
Politics, and Public Policy supports this conclusion, finding the citizenship question
will significantly result in an undercount, especially of Hispanics in the 2020 census.17
Given the current political environment, especially for foreign-born individuals, people
fear that answering the question could result in government enforcement against
them, a concern even the census recognized in a 2017 memorandum.18 In other words,
even though the Census Bureau has strict confidentially rules, and an individual's
data cannot be disclosed and must be protected for 72 years, there is distrust in
many foreign-born communities that the government will use the information for
noncensus purposes. And that fear has been reaffirmed by actions taken by the federal
FIGURE 1. Percent of Foreign-Born Population, by State
10% 7% 4%
SOURCE: Rockefeller Institute of Government analysis of U. S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey
5-Year Estimates.
Given New York is second only to California in having the highest percentage of
foreign-born residents (22 percent) in the country, New York will be disproportionately
affected by the citizenship question and the potential undercounting that may result
(see Figure 1).
Within New York, the boroughs of New York City and the surrounding suburban counties
have the highest percentage of foreign-born residents (see Table 1). Therefore, these
communities are at significant risk of an undercount with the citizenship question.
Although some upstate counties do not have foreign-born populations as large as New
York City and the surrounding suburban counties, many do have significant refugee
populations, such as the more than 16,500 refugees in the Mohawk Valley.20 As Table
1 illustrates, five upstate counties project double-digit percentages of foreign-born
residents (Putnam, Tompkins, Dutchess, Orange, and Albany).
Because certain states are disproportionately affected by the citizenship question,
numerous legal challenges have been filed, especially from states that stand to lose
the most. Lower courts have barred the question from appearing on the census, and
one case is currently pending before the U.S. Supreme Court, with a decision expected
in June.
TABLE 1. Percent of Population that is Foreign Born in New York State, by County
County % Foreign Born County % Foreign Born
Queens 48% Niagara 4%
Kings 37% Ontario 4%
Bronx 35% Otsego 4%
New York 29% St. Lawrence 4%
Westchester 25% Warren 4%
Nassau 22% Chemung 3%
Richmond 22% Essex 3%
Rockland 21% Hamilton 3%
Suffolk 16% Herkimer 3%
Putnam 13% Montgomery 3%
Tompkins 13% Orleans 3%
Dutchess 11% Schoharie 3%
Orange 11% Steuben 3%
Schenectady 11% Wayne 3%
Albany 10% Allegany 2%
Monroe 9% Cattaraugus 2%
Sullivan 9% Cayuga 2%
Oneida 8% Chautauqua 2%
Onondaga 8% Chenango 2%
Ulster 8% Cortland 2%
Broome 7% Fulton 2%
Columbia 7% Genesee 2%
Erie 7% Madison 2%
Greene 6% Oswego 2%
Delaware 5% Schuyler 2%
Rensselaer 5% Seneca 2%
Saratoga 5% Tioga 2%
Clinton 4% Washington 2%
Franklin 4% Wyoming 2%
Jefferson 4% Yates 2%
Livingston 4% Lewis 1%
SOURCE: Rockefeller Institute of Government analysis of Hard-to-Count Communities by the CUNY
Mapping Service at the Center for Urban Research, CUNY Graduate Center, https://www.
censushardtocountmaps2020.us.
Regardless of the outcome of the case before the Supreme Court, immigrant-rights
stakeholders believe the very act of publicly declaring the government would include
the citizenship question will have its intended chilling effect of depressing the
response rate of many foreign-born populations. Data suggest they may be right. A
recent Quinnipiac poll found nearly one-quarter of immigrants in New York City say
they would be discouraged from completing the census if the citizenship question
was included.21 If immigrant populations fail to complete the census, New York City,
surrounding suburban counties, and select upstate communities could face significant
undercounts.
The Online Questionnaire
For the first time the Census Bureau will rely primarily on Regardless of the
internet responses — asking approximately 80 percent
of the nation's households to self-respond through an outcome of the case
internet portal or by using its automated voice response
system.22 In the absence of self-response, Census Bureau before the Supreme
workers go door-to-door to collect household data. If Court, immigrant-rights
this combined online/in-person effort does not work,
the Bureau will use proxy respondents (e.g., landlords stakeholders believe
or neighbors) and possibly administrative records to
complete the count.
the very act of publicly
Although internet technology has become a common declaring the government
facet of everyday life, certain communities have been
left behind, presenting additional challenges in ensuring
would include the
a full count. In New York, the state has heavily invested citizenship question will
in making sure every region has high-speed internet,23
yet many low-income, rural, and older adults still lack have its intended chilling
internet service. effect of depressing the
The CUNY Mapping Service at the Center for Urban
Research, CUNY Graduate Center, found that many hard-
response rate of many
to-count communities lack internet service. Table 2 foreign-born populations.
shows those hard-to-count communities that lack access
to internet service.24 In some communities, only a small
fraction have internet service — from Brooklyn, where
only 20-25 percent of hard-to-count communities have
access to internet service, to upstate New York, where approximately 47-63 percent
of hard-to-count communities have access. In comparison, the state average is more
than 82 percent.
In order to determine if individuals had alternatives to use public internet spaces,
we cross-checked whether there were public libraries found in the census tract. We
found that 80 percent of the communities that suffered from the highest dearth of
internet service also do not have libraries in their communities. This is not to say
that other community centers or nearby communities do not provide internet service,
but the lack of public libraries in many areas does demonstrate a real and significant
obstacle to complete electronic self-response forms.
Moreover, research shows getting people to respond to online surveys has been
equally challenging due to gaps in digital literacy and/or privacy fears.25 A recent
survey found that more than 40 percent of New York City residents stated they would
need assistance filling out the online form.26 Moreover, more than 70 percent of the
immigrant population in New York City had personal privacy and security concerns
with the online option.27
The lack of internet service in hard-to-count communities, together with the potential
inclusion of the citizenship question, could result in a troubling lack of response and a
skewing of the accuracy of the census in New York. When individuals do not submit a
form, Census Bureau workers, known as enumerators, physically go to the location to
try and get residents to fill out the form. However, as the Census Bureau has testified
to the New York State Complete Count Commission, they are having difficulty filling
enumerator jobs.28 As a result, the Census Bureau may instead determine how many
persons are living in a housing unit through the use of proxy respondents or, when
that fails, by imputation, a process where data from nearby households are used as a
substitute for the households that failed to respond. Both methods are less accurate
than going door-to-door.29 Given the obstacles above, the percent of responses
determined by imputation or proxies could grow, creating a less reliable count.
TABLE 2. Hard-to-Count Communities in New York with Lowest Rates of Internet Service
GEO ID CENSUS Response
COUNTY TRACT CODE Rate No Internet Library
Kings 36047053500 59.6% 79% N
Rockland 36087012105 61.7% 75% N
Kings 36047052900 55.5% 66% Y
Oneida 36065020300 61.7% 53% N
Onondaga 36067003900 62.4% 52% Y
Erie 36029002900 61.7% 48% N
Monroe 36055000200 61.9% 45% N
Orange 36071000501 54.8% 45% N
Westchester 36119001200 61.8% 44% N
Cattaraugus 36009940000 60.0% 44% N
Richmond 36085020700 60.8% 43% Y
Sullivan 36105950700 59.3% 42% Y
Erie 36029006902 59.7% 41% Y
Albany 36001000800 57.8% 41% N
TABLE 2. Hard-to-Count Communities in New York with Lowest Rates of Internet Service,
Onondaga 36067004000 61.7% 39% N
Orange 36071000400 56.9% 37% Y
Oneida 36065026400 61.1% 37% Y
St. Lawrence 36089491100 61.5% 36% N
Bronx 36005040600 56.1% 35% N
SOURCE: Rockefeller Institute of Government analysis of U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American
Community Survey 5-Year Estimates at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/ and
Hard-to-Count Communities by the CUNY Mapping Service at the Center for Urban Research,
CUNY Graduate Center, https://www.censushardtocountmaps2020.us.
The Potential Fiscal Consequences of an
Inaccurate Count in New York
Accurate counting is important for federal and state governments alike to target
policies effectively. But, it is also important for political representation in Washington
and for program funding. Based on population estimates for 2018, New York State
is already projected to lose one congressional district and recent estimates have
found that New York could lose another one.30 Given that the census will serve as the
foundation for the upcoming congressional reapportionment, New York stands to lose
additional seats in the House of Representatives in the event of an undercount.
If an undercount results from the aforementioned obstacles, New York State could
also face significant federal spending reductions. The Rockefeller Institute found that
New York State residents pay more than $35.6 billion to the federal government than
they receive back in federal funding — the greatest total dollar negative balance of
payment of any state.31 If there is an undercount, the negative balance that New York
taxpayers already face will likely grow.
According to a report by the George Washington University Institute of Public Policy,
New York State received more than $73 billion from 55 federal programs that rely on
census data to determine funding. An undercount could result in financial losses in
these programs, even though program recipients remain the same or grow.32
Preliminary Analysis of New York 2017 data indicates:
NEW YORK'S NEW YORK'S SHORTFALL
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IS NEARLY AS LARGE AS
-$35.6 billion New Jersey — $21.3 billion
THE LEAST FAVORABLE
Massachusetts — $16.1 billion
IN THE NATION
Overcoming the Obstacles: A Roadmap to
NEW YORK'Sa PER
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS:
Count in New
York State
As a result of historic challenges, as well as emerging obstacles such as the citizenship
question and the online survey, a comprehensive, NEWinnovative,
YORK RANKED
and evidence-based
approach is required to ensure a fair and accurate count inTO
FOURTH New York State. The
philanthropic community serves as a critical component in ensuring a full count.
Specifically, the New York State Census Equity Fund (NYSCEF) should support
organizations and efforts assisting marginalized, hard-to-count communities.
By using an evidence-based approach, the philanthropic community could provide
considerable support in the effort to overcome the challenges of the potential
U.S. PER CAPITA
citizenship question and barriers to internet access and digital literacy. Therefore, we
offer the following recommendations:
IN 2017, NATIONAL BOP GREW BY
Recommendation 1. Use data to focus on those hardest-to-count
regions YORKERS participation
to maximize PAY $202
by marginalized and disadvantaged
groups. $3,717 NY BOP GREW BY ONLY
Stakeholders THAN maximize
AVERAGE $155
resources by targeting the communities that need
the most help. There have been a number of projects to determine which areas of
New York State are hard to count. Much of the analysis has been done at the county
level (see, for instance, the Rockefeller 6Institute of Government's "NY Counts 2010
Response Rate by County"33), yet some excellent analysis has been done at the census-
tract level, including the Hard-to-Count Communities by the CUNY Mapping Service
at the Center for Urban Research, CUNY Graduate Center. In order for government,
nonprofit, philanthropic, and other stakeholders to really target the most difficult-to-
reach communities, the Rockefeller Institute developed a special index — called the
"Most Difficult to Count Communities Index" — that ranked the 500 hardest-to-count
communities using the criteria described below.
The At-Risk Communities Index
Using the excellent data from the Hard-to-Count Communities by the CUNY Mapping
Service at the Center for Urban Research, CUNY Graduate Center, we created an "At-
Risk Communities Index" to create a more detailed measure of determining the state's
most challenging-to-reach communities for the 2020 Census.
Out of the approximately 4,900 census tracts in New York State, we took the 500
census tracts with the lowest self-response rates in the 2010 Census — the category
used to define a hard-to-count community. We then compared the 500 communities
with the lowest response rates against ten indicators or categories that have been
undercounted in the past or could more likely be undercounted because of the
citizenship question and the use of online forms:
(1) children under five years old,
(2) black,
(3) Hispanic,
(4) over 65 years of age,
(5) limited English speaking,
(6) poverty,
(7) renters,
(8) single parents,
(9) foreign born, and
(10) no internet.
We created an index based on these 10 categories. For each category, we divided the
500 hard-to-count census tracts into quintiles (1-5), where one indicates a low score
on an indicator (easier to count) and five indicates a high score on an indicator (harder
to count). We added all ten categories together to give the census track a total number
between 10 and 50, or the At-Risk Score. Census tracts closer to 50 are the areas that
will be the most difficult to count in the 2020 Census.
The At-Risk Score overall, and its components, help us to determine which communities
are facing the most significant challenges across all indicators at the same time it
allows stakeholders to see the specific category of issue that needs to be addressed
in the state's hardest-to-reach communities. For example, in some cases it may be the
lack of internet service or potential digital literacy issues with a high percentage of
older adults in a community. In other cases, it could be both.
Table 3 shows the communities most at risk of being undercounted in 2020 census in
New York. A searchable interactive data dashboard of all 500 can be found at https://
rockinst.org/nycounts/.
Put simply, these hardest-to-reach communities in New York will need the most effort
to get residents to respond in the 2020 census. Westchester County has the hardest-
to-count community in the state (index score of 44 out of 50), followed by Brooklyn
and Rockland County. The only upstate region at the top outside of New York City and
surrounding suburban counties was Onondaga.
TABLE 3. Rockefeller Institute's At-Risk Communities Index: Top 25 Communities
Limited Single- HARD
GEOID Census Children English Parent Foreign Over No TO
COUNTY Tract Under 5 Black Hispanic Speaking Poverty Renters Homes Born 65 Internet COUNT
Westchester 36119001200 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 44
Kings 36047036100 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 2 5 5 43
Rockland 36087012300 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 5 43
Bronx 36005005400 4 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 42
Queens 36081103201 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 3 2 4 41
Onondaga 36067004000 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 3 5 40
Nassau 36059407201 5 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 1 3 40
Richmond 36085002700 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 2 1 5 39
SOURCE: Rockefeller Institute of Government analysis of Hard-to-Count Communities by the CUNY Mapping Service at the Center for Urban Research,
CUNY Graduate Center, https://www.censushardtocountmaps2020.us. The index of the entire 500 is found in Appendix III.
TABLE 4. Hard-to-Count Communities in New York State, by Highest Percent Foreign Born
GEO ID Census % Foreign GEO ID Census % Foreign
County Tract Code Born County Tract Code Born
Queens 36081086900 80% Queens 36081009800 65%
Kings 36047079400 73% Queens 36081015600 64%
Kings 36047010400 70% Kings 36047093200 63%
Queens 36081012000 68% Kings 36047009400 62%
Kings 36047011800 65% Rockland 36087012402 59%
SOURCE: Rockefeller Institute of Government analysis of U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey
5-Year Estimates, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/.
In addition, given the debate over the citizenship question, focus on reaching those
hard-to-count communities with a significant foreign-born population should be
a priority. As was described in greater detail above, the potential inclusion of the
citizenship question could suppress the response rate from foreign-born communities.
Table 4 shows the state's hardest-to-count communities with the greatest percentage
of foreign-born residents. These communities are predominately in the outer boroughs
of New York City. Queens has the largest percentage (80) of foreign-born residents,
but large pockets are also found in other areas of the state, like Rockland County (59
percent foreign born).
Recommendation 2. Expand access to internet service in hard-to-
count communities and provide digital literacy to assist in the process.
The 2020 census will be the first to rely heavily on self-response using the internet.
As analyzed above, many communities lack basic internet service, which has the
potential to dramatically reduce the self-response rate. In addition to many communities
lacking internet service, many hard-to-count communities are hesitant to complete
the census electronically due to security fears or because they lack digital literacy.
There are a number of alternatives, like libraries, community centers, state offices
(e.g., the Department of Labor is making available their 96 career centers to allow
people to electronically complete the census), SUNY and CUNY computer labs (many
of which are in hard-to-count communities), among other organizations that could
provide internet and computer access. However, this is a large organizational effort
and the philanthropic community should help coordinate and facilitate outreach. This
effort should include a robust digital literacy effort.
Recommendation 3. The philanthropic community should facilitate
connections between hard-to-count populations and trusted
community partners.
Report after report and expert testimony presented to the New York State Complete
Commission have shown that hard-to-count communities could be effectively reached
by using trusted local partners reflective of the community. The philanthropic
community is essential in facilitating connections between trusted local community
partners and hard-to-count populations by a combination of financial support, use of
connections, and expertise.
For instance, one main area of concern has been the undercounting of those under
the age of five and other at-risk children such as those in foster care. There are
many reasons for undercounting children, from fear of reporting children by foreign-
born families to confusion over who should be counted. It is imperative that those
trusted sources, such as schools (e.g., teachers) and healthcare providers (e.g.,
pediatricians) participate in getting families to fully report children. As a secondary
benefit, enlisting schools and healthcare providers in the effort to count children will
increase participation of the parent or caregiver.
Moreover, as the Census Bureau is staffing up for the census, the philanthropic
community is potentially central in making sure trusted partners and individuals
reflective of the local community are hired to carry out the census count. Currently,
the Census Bureau is having difficulty finding individuals to take temporary jobs given
the low unemployment rate34 and potential impediments by the federal government to
limit the applicant pool, such as prohibiting noncitizens from applying for key jobs in
the count.35
Many of those key staffing decisions for canvassing and enumerators will be made
over the summer and fall36 so these efforts must be undertaken now. The philanthropic
community should work with state and local Departments of Labor, the State University
system, the City University system, local nonprofits, and other community stakeholders
to assist the Census Bureau in hiring a diverse staff.
TABLE 5. Census Bureau Jobs Openings, by Region
Region Openings
Capital Region 122
Central NY 48
Finger Lakes 126
Mid-Hudson 66
Mohawk Valley 32
New York City 103
North Country 131
Southern Tier 86
Western NY 55
Recommendation 4. Launch a multipronged public awareness
campaign targeting hard-to-count communities.
An analysis by the Census Bureau found a public relations campaign is critical in
achieving a complete count.37 Therefore, government and nongovernment stakeholders
must run an aggressive public awareness and messaging campaign, particularly
targeting the hard-to-count communities across the state. Specifically, the campaign
should:
•	Focus on the hardest-to-count communities from the index found in
Recommendation 2 and microtarget with digital, print, radio, and other media
that are culturally sensitive to those communities.
•	Given our large foreign-born and limited-English-speaker population, partner
with the state to provide materials in various languages. The New York State
Department of Labor can translate into 200 languages and other organizations
such as the Mohawk Valley Refugee Center can provide translation for 40
languages. The philanthropic community should create networks to allow
organizations to utilize and share these services.
•	Have messaging which is repeated over the next several months to penetrate
and resonate in communities.
•	Utilize those social media applications that many hard-to-count communities use.
For instance, many foreign-born residents use popular social media tools, like
Facebook and WhatsApp.
•	Ensure that search engines prioritize legitimate news sites. For instance, the
NALEO Educational Fund found that social media, like Facebook, is a source of
information for many foreign-born communities, yet they will often verify it by
searching for trusted news sources, like known ethnic news outlets.38
•	Messaging should include key issues such as the process and contents of the
census form generally, the benefits of participating, and community partners
who could assist those individuals. For example, a report by the NYS Council
on Children and Families found the risk to existing and future program funding
was a key message to get individuals to complete the census.39 However,
messaging should be tested to make sure it is effective. For example, a recent
report found that messaging focused on data security had the opposite effect:
it made individuals less confident in the process.40
Recommendation 5. Maximize philanthropic support in those hard-to-
count communities where a governmental partner has not provided
additional financial or operational assistance.
On top of the operational support by many state and local agencies, nonprofits, and
philanthropic organizations, the state of New York has appropriated $20 million, the
City of New York recently committed $26 million, and other local governments and
foundation have committed around $4 million to support a full count — a total of $50
million. At the Long Island New York State Complete Count Commission hearing,
members of the county Complete Count Committee testified that the recently approved
$20 million for census efforts by the state should be targeted to those communities
that do not have financial assistance from a local government.41 In order to maximize
financial resources, we recommend that philanthropic organizations do the same
and target and enhance gaps in efforts. However, given neither the state nor local
money has been allocated, we do not have firm recommendations about where the
philanthropic community should fill the gaps at this time. However, using the At-
Risk Index the philanthropic community could educate county governments that have
capacity to do outreach to their high-hardship-score census tracts and plan a more
intensive efforts on behalf of counties that cannot.
In addition to financial resources, the philanthropic community could provide operational
support and expertise. For instance, a key strategy for promoting the 2020 census in
hard-to-count communities is organizing Complete Count Committees, both statewide
and in local areas. In New York State, Complete Count Committees already have been
established in counties including Erie, Suffolk, Nassau, Queens, and Kings. New York
City implemented a citywide census program, anchored by a central office and 13
local census outreach offices to be located in communities that also have Census
Bureau offices. Yet, some counties haven't done much and, if a full count is to happen,
it has to be a local effort. Every county or region should make it a priority to have a
Complete Count Committee involving a broad cross section of stakeholders and the
philanthropic community could be central to their creation.
Moreover, philanthropic organizations should work with Complete Count Committees
to effectuate local awareness campaigns among stakeholders, community leaders,
and the public about why the census matters; helping residents of hard-to-count
communities learn about the availability of Census Bureau jobs; engaging community
leaders in Complete Count Committee programming; and, most importantly, taking
steps to build an effective field mobilization team of volunteers who in 2020 will
conduct house-by-house canvasses to encourage neighborhood residents to respond
to the census.
"A comprehensive,
In addition to the historic problems we have faced innovative, and evidence-
with accurately counting marginalized groups,
achieving a complete count in the 2020 census
based approach is
will be even more difficult given the citizenship required to ensure a fair
question and the online survey. The Rockefeller
Institute of Government's At-Risk Index will and accurate count in
help target those communities that need the
most help in getting an accurate count and the
New York State and the
recommendations present a roadmap of how to philanthropic community
do it. The New York State Census Equity Fund
is uniquely situated to work with government, serves as a critical
nonprofit, and other stakeholders to use a data- component in ensuring a
driven approach to achieve a complete count in
New York State. There are many challenges and full count. "
obstacles, and the time is running short, but the
commitment and resources are there to make the
2020 census a success.
Appendix I. Major Census Milestones
New York State Complete Count Commission holds hearings
across the state.
MARCH-JULY 2019
Census Bureau begins recruitment of office managers, assistants,
field managers and enumerators for nonresponse follow up. This
process continues through February 2020. Local Census Bureau
offices also begin opening.
Counties can review and appeal Census Bureau's Local Update
of Census Addresses (LUCA) operation housing list decisions.
AUGUST 2019 Census Bureau field address canvassing begins.
COMMUNITY GROUPS: 1. Continue coordinated local Complete
Count Committees. 2. Research, develop, and test messages to
identify those that resonate with hard-to-count populations.
3. Develop a "Get Out the Count" operation for Spring 2020 that
includes a canvassing operation, especially in hard-to-count
communities. 4. Ensure that community members are aware of
Census Bureau job opportunities and help facilitate the application
process for them. 5. Meet with and get to know regional and
local Census Bureau staff and partnership specialists. 6. Work
with community organizations (e.g., libraries, community centers,
older-adult facilities), state and local governmental entities, and Census Bureau begins enumeration of
other venues to make sure they have the infrastructure to support group quarters (e.g. hospitals, senior
census outreach, internet access, and digital literacy. 7. Hold job homes, college dormitories, prisons, and
fairs and census fairs to build awareness and fill key jobs with FEBRUARY 2020 other group quarters living facilities).
trusted community members.
FEBRUARY-MARCH 2020 MARCH 2020 Census Bureau mails out postcards
COMMUNITY GROUPS: 1. Continue to use communications and notifications to households and
strategies to build 2020 census awareness, understanding of the APRIL 1, 2020 follows up by questionnaire; internet
process, and trust in the process. 2. Start a campaign with regular self-response period starts.
CENSUS DAY
neighborhood canvassing, reporting, and follow-up. 3. Plan for (resident's self-
post-2020 census advocacy for a nonpartisan redistricting process response due)42
that promotes fair and equitable representation.
Census Bureau conducts nonresponse follow up if self-response is
not complete (e.g., visits to residence).
MAY-JULY 2020
Census Bureau reports data needed for U.S. House
reapportionment to the president who then informs the Congress
on apportionments for each state.
Census Bureau provides New York's governor and legislative
leaders with redistricting data.
Appendix II. Additional Resources
•	The Census Bureau's New York Regional Partnership Program develops local
relationships with trusted local leaders to help conduct census outreach and
counting efforts. The Census Bureau plans to open 248 area census offices to
support the 2020 census. Twenty-one offices will be located in New York State.
https://www.census.gov/about/regions/new-york/partners.html.
•	Census Counts is a collaborative campaign involving more than 15 national
organizations and dozens of community partners to educate stakeholders and the
public about the importance of a fair and accurate census. https://censuscounts.
org/.
•	The 2020 Census Hard-to-Count Map by the CUNY Mapping Service at the
Center for Urban Research at the CUNY Graduate Center is a tool for obtaining
detailed information about local community characteristics and identifying
census tracts with higher proportions of hard-to-count populations. http://www.
censushardtocountmaps2020.us/.
•	The Census Bureau's Response Outreach Area Mapper (ROAM) provides another
tool for obtaining detailed information about local community characteristics and
identifying census tracts with higher proportions of hard-to-count populations.
https://www.census.gov/roam.
•	The New York State Data Center, a division of the New York State Department of
Labor, is part of a nationwide network that makes available Census Bureau data.
https://labor.ny.gov/nys-data-center/index.shtm.
•	The New York State Comptroller's Office provides demographic, social, and
economic data useful for census outreach efforts. Many of the relevant reports
can be found at https://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/index.htm.
•	The Rockefeller Institute of Government's NY Counts Consortium website providing
data visualizations, research, and analysis. https://rockinst.org/nycounts/.
•	The New York City Planning Department website has a number of useful tools and
census data resources, including a population factfinder, current and past census
data, interactive maps (including language and migration maps), reports, and other
information. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/nyc-population.page.
•	The New York State Complete Count Commission website includes video of all
of their public hearings, testimony, analysis, and reports. https://www.ny.gov/
programs/2020-census.
•	The George Washington University's Counting for Dollars 2020 program identifies
social service and other federal funding programs that distribute funds based
on census data. https://gwipp.gwu.edu/counting-dollars-2020-role-decennial-
census-geographic-distribution-federal-funds.
•	The New York State Council on Children and Families has published fact sheets
for each county to help count children. https://public.tableau.com/views/
DataBook2019/Dashboard?:showVizHome=no.
•	The Association for a Better New York's (ABNY) "Census 2020 for a Better
New York Organizing and Action Committee" includes leaders from corporate,
nonprofit, community, and labor to work with state and city census efforts. https://
abny.org/Issues_2020_Census.
•	The New York Civic Engagement Table (NYCET) works to help improve voter
participation in New York State. NYCET convenes community-based organizations
and provides support to develop and execute outreach efforts. https://www.nycet.
Appendix III. At-Risk Community Index
As a way to help stakeholders target effort and resources, the Rockefeller Institute
of Government developed an "At-Risk Community Index." Using Hard-to-Count
Communities data from the CUNY Mapping Service at the Center for Urban Research,
CUNY Graduate Center, we took 500 out of the approximately 4,900 census tracts in
New York State with the worst self-response rates from the 2010 census. We then
compared the 500 communities with the lowest response rates against 10 indicators of
categories that have been undercounted in the past or could more likely be undercounted
because of the citizenship question and the use of online forms: (1) children under five
years old, (2) black, (3) Hispanic, (4) over 65 years of age, (5) limited English speaking,
(6) poverty, (7) renters, (8) single parents, (9) foreign born, and (10) no internet. We
then divided the census tracts into quintiles by category. For example, the 20 percent
census tracts with the lowest percentage of foreign born received a 1, while the 20
percent of the census tracts with the highest percentage received a 5. This was done
for each of the 10 categories. All the categories were added up to give the census track
a total number between 10 and 50. Census tracts closer to 50 are the areas that will be
the most difficult to count in the 2020 census.
Creating an index using quintiles allows us to control for the various categories and
determine which communities are facing the most significant challenges across all
indicators. Moreover, an index allows stakeholders to see the specific issues that need
to be addressed in the state's hardest-to-reach communities. For example, in some
cases it may be the lack of internet service or potential digital literacy issues with a
high percentage of older adults in a community. In some cases, it could be both.
Single-
Children Limited English Parent Foreign Over No
County GEOID Under 5 Black Hispanic Speaking Poverty Renters Homes Born 65 Internet INDEX
Monroe 36055000200 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 1 5 38
Albany 36001000800 5 4 3 2 5 5 5 1 3 5 38
Orange 36071000400 5 3 4 3 5 4 5 1 3 5 38
Oneida 36065020803 4 2 4 5 5 4 5 2 2 5 38
Suffolk 36103122501 5 4 4 3 5 2 5 1 4 3 36
Sullivan 36105950900 4 2 3 4 5 2 4 1 5 4 34
Erie 36029002900 2 5 1 1 5 3 5 1 5 5 33
Schenectady 36093020900 5 3 2 1 5 3 3 3 2 4 31
Montgomery 36057070900 1 2 5 3 5 3 5 1 2 4 31
Dutchess 36027220201 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 31
Rensselaer 36083040400 4 3 3 2 5 4 5 1 1 3 31
Cattaraugus 36009940000 5 1 1 3 4 1 5 1 4 5 30
New York 36061008300 1 2 5 4 3 5 2 1 4 2 29
Broome 36007001300 2 2 2 1 5 5 2 1 1 5 26
St. Lawrence 36089491100 1 2 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 5 23
Franklin 36033940000 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 5 5 23
New 36061009400 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 4 4 1 23
Ulster 36111953500 1 2 3 1 5 3 2 1 3 1 22
Essex 36031961400 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 17
Clinton 36019101100 1 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 17
Otsego 36077591300 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 16
Jefferson 36045980000 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13
1	"The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress
of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall
by Law direct." U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section II, Clause III.
2	As Madison said in Federalist No. 56:
"Those who urge the objection seem not to have recollected that the federal Constitution will
not suffer by a comparison with the State constitutions, in the security provided for a gradual
augmentation of the number of representatives. The number which is to prevail in the first
instance is declared to be temporary. Its duration is limited to the short term of three years. Within
every successive term of ten years a census of inhabitants is to be repeated. The unequivocal
objects of these regulations are, first, to readjust, from time to time, the apportionment of
representatives to the number of inhabitants, under the single exception that each State shall have
one representative at least.…"
See "Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of
Population Demands Considered," Federalist No. 56, The Federalist Papers, Congress.
gov, accessed May 1, 2019, https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/
The+Federalist+Papers#TheFederalistPapers-58.
3	"About the 1940 Census," Official 1940 Census Website, National Archives, accessed May 1, 2019,
https://1940census.archives.gov/about/.
4	"History: 1790 Overview," United States Census Bureau, last revised July 18, 2017, https://www.
census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1790.html.
5	John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, vol. 31 (Washington, DC: Government
Printing Office, 1939): 329, https://www.nonprofitvote.org/george-washington-comments-on-the-
first-ever-census/.
6	For a history of undercounts in the 19th century, see Miriam L. King and Diana L. Magnuson,
"Perspectives on Historical U.S. Census Undercounts" Social Science History 19, 4 (1995): 455-
66. For a history of undercounting of blacks, see Charmaine Runes, "Following a long history,
the 2020 Census risks undercounting the black population," Urban Institute Urban Wire blog,
February 26, 2019, https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/following-long-history-2020-census-risks-
undercounting-black-population. See also Associated Press, "2010 census missed 1.5 million
minorities," CBS News, May 22, 2012, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2010-census-missed-15-
million-minorities/.
7	Decennial Statistics Studies Division, Investigating the 2010 Undercount of Young Children –
Analysis of Census Coverage Measurement Results: A New Design for the 21st Century (Washington,
DC: U.S. Census Bureau, January 2017), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-
census/2020-census/planning-management/final-analysis/2020-2017_04-undercount-children-
analysis-coverage.html.
8	See "What is 'HTC'?," HTC 2020, https://www.censushardtocountmaps2020.
us/?latlng=35.32684%2C-97.66310&z=7&query=states%3A%3A40&promotedfeaturetype=states
&arp=arpRaceEthnicity, from the City University of New York's Mapping Service at the Center for
Urban Research, CUNY Graduate Center analysis of Census Bureau data at https://www.census.
gov/research/data/planning_database/2018/.
9	City University of New York's Mapping Service at the Center for Urban Research, CUNY Graduate
Center analysis of Census Bureau data at http://www.censushardtocountmaps2020.us/.
10	See Federalist No. 54 where Madison or Hamilton lays out the issues surrounding counting
slaves in the census: "In every State, a certain proportion of inhabitants are deprived of this
right by the constitution of the State, who will be included in the census by which the federal
Constitution apportions the representatives. In this point of view the Southern States might retort
the complaint, by insisting that the principle laid down by the convention required that no regard
should be had to the policy of particular States towards their own inhabitants; and consequently,
that the slaves, as inhabitants, should have been admitted into the census according to their full
number, in like manner with other inhabitants, who, by the policy of other States, are not admitted
to all the rights of citizens. A rigorous adherence, however, to this principle, is waived by those
who would be gainers by it. All that they ask is that equal moderation be shown on the other side.
Let the case of the slaves be considered, as it is in truth, a peculiar one. Let the compromising
expedient of the Constitution be mutually adopted, which regards them as inhabitants, but as
debased by servitude below the equal level of free inhabitants, which regards the SLAVE as
divested of two fifths of the MAN. "After all, may not another ground be taken on which this article
of the Constitution will admit of a still more ready defense? We have hitherto proceeded on the
idea that representation related to persons only, and not at all to property. But is it a just idea?
Government is instituted no less for protection of the property, than of the persons, of individuals.
The one as well as the other, therefore, may be considered as represented by those who are
charged with the government."
See "The Apportionment of Members Among the States," Federalist No. 54, The Federalist Papers,
Congress.gov, accessed May 1, 2019, https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/
11	Memorandum from Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross to Commerce Under Secretary for Economic
Affairs Karen Dunn Kelley, March 26, 2018, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4426785-
commerce2018-03-26-2.html.
12	Tamara Keith, "FACT CHECK: Has Citizenship Been A Standard Census Question?," National Public
Radio, March 27, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/03/27/597436512/fact-check-has-citizenship-
been-a-standard-census-question.
13	See Census Bureau History Staff, "Census History: Civil War Sesquicentennial," United
States Census Bureau blog, April 1, 2011, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-
samplings/2011/04/census-history-civil-war-sesquicentennial.html.
14	D'Vera Cohn, "What to know about the citizenship question the Census Bureau is planning
to ask in 2020," Pew Research Center, March 30, 2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-
tank/2018/03/30/what-to-know-about-the-citizenship-question-the-census-bureau-is-planning-
to-ask-in-2020/.
15	See New York Attorney General's Merit Brief No. 18-966, in the U.S. Supreme Court, Department
of Commerce, et al., Petitioners v. State of New York, et al., Respondents, https://ag.ny.gov/sites/
default/files/census_merits_brief.pdf.
16	Patrick R. Potyondy, "Confidentiality, the Census and Trust in the Federal Government," National
Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) blog, May 4, 2018, http://www.ncsl.org/blog/2018/05/04/
confidentiality-the-census-and-trust-in-the-federal-government.aspx.
17	Matthew A. Baum et al., Estimating the Effect of Asking About Citizenship on the U.S. Census: Results
from a Randomized Controlled Trial (Cambridge: Harvard Kennedy School, Shorenstein Center on
Media, Politics, and Public Policy, March 2019; updated April 2019), https://shorensteincenter.org/
wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Census-Citizenship-March-2019.pdf?x78124.
18	Memorandum from Center for Survey Measurement (CSM) to Associate Directorate for
Research and Methodology (ADRM), Subject: Respondent Confidentiality Concerns, September
20, 2017, https://www2.census.gov/cac/nac/meetings/2017-11/Memo-Regarding-Respondent-
Confidentiality-Concerns.pdf.
19	The Trump administration has stoked this fear. Moreover, there is historical precedent for the
fear. See Tara Bahrampour, "Trump administration officials suggested sharing census responses
with law enforcement, court documents show, " Washington Post, November 19, 2018, https://
www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/trump-administration-officials-suggested-sharing-
census-responses-with-law-enforcement-court-documents-show/2018/11/19/41679018-ec46-
11e8-8679-934a2b33be52_story.html?utm_term=.be14e03bdd7f.
During World War II, the federal government used personal information from the census to
locate Japanese Americans. See Lori Aratani, "Secret use of census info helped send Japanese
Americans to internment camps in WWII," Washington Post, April 6, 2018, https://www.
washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/03/secret-use-of-census-info-helped-send-
japanese-americans-to-internment-camps-in-wwii/?utm_term=.30169202eacd.
20	Jolene Cleaver, "Census issues discussed at public hearing in Utica," Observer-Dispatch, updated
April 26, 2019, https://www.uticaod.com/news/20190426/census-issues-discussed-at-public-
hearing-in-utica.
21	Quinnipiac University Poll, "Citizenship Question Will Reduce Census Response, New Yorkers Tell
Quinnipiac University Poll; Most Expect Questions Will Discourage Immigrants," press release,
January 31, 2019, https://poll.qu.edu/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=2597.
22	See 2020 Census Operational Plan: A New Design for the 21st Century, Version 4.0 (Washington,
DC: U.S. Census Bureau, December 2018, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-
census/2020-census/planning-management/planning-docs/operational-plan.html.
23	"Broadband for All: Ensuring High-Speed Internet Access for Every New Yorker," New York State
Government website, accessed May 1, 2019, https://www.ny.gov/programs/broadband-all.
24	Given that the state implemented an aggressive broadband deployment across the state over
the past few years, some of these communities may see better access to internet percentages.
However, even with the deployment of broadband across the state, the high cost of many service
providers remains a barrier. The category "no internet" includes those who do have dial-up
service. Given the slow and unreliable speed of dial-up service, those residents are counted as not
having internet.
25	Rafi Goldberg, "Most Americans Continue to Have Privacy and Security Concerns, NTIA Survey
Finds," National Telecommunications and Information Administration, United States Department of
Commerce, August 20, 2018, https://www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2018/most-americans-continue-have-
privacy-and-security-concerns-ntia-survey-finds.
Quinnipiac University Poll; Most Expect Questions Will Discourage Immigrants."
28	Testimony of Jeff T. Behler, regional director, New York Regional Office, at the Rochester hearing
of the New York State Complete Count Commission, March 4, 2019, https://www.governor.ny.gov/
sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/03.04.19.JeffBehlerCensusBureauPresentation.pdf.
29	See J. David Brown, Jennifer H. Childs, and Amy O'Hara, "Using the Census to Evaluate
Administrative Records and Vice Versa," Proceedings of the 2015 Federal Committee on Statistical
Methodology (FCSM) Research Conference, Washington, DC, December 1-3, 2015, https://nces.
ed.gov/fcsm/pdf/H1_Brown_2015FCSM.pdf. See also D'Vera Cohn, "Imputation: Adding People to
the Census," Pew Research Center, May 4, 2011, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/05/04/
imputation-adding-people-to-the-census/.
30	Election Data Services, Inc., "Arizona Gains Rhode Island's Seat With New 2018 Census
Estimates; But Greater Change Likely by 2020," press release, December 19, 2018, https://www.
electiondataservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/NR_Appor18wTablesMaps-20181219.pdf.
31	Laura Schultz and Michelle Cummings, Giving or Getting? New York's Balance of Payments with the
Federal Government: 2019 Report (Albany: Rockefeller Institute of Government, January 8, 2019),
https://rockinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/1-7-19b-Balance-of-Payments.pdf.
32	See Andrew Reamer, "Counting for Dollars 2020: The Role of the Decennial Census in the
Geographic Distribution of Federal Funds," (Initial Analysis: 16 Large Census-guided Financial
Assistance Programs), George Washington University Institute of Public Policy, February 19, 2019,
https://gwipp.gwu.edu/counting-dollars-2020-role-decennial-census-geographic-distribution-
federal-funds#Reports. See the New York specific data at Andrew Reamer, Counting for Dollars
2020: The Role of the Decennial Census in the Geographic Distribution of Federal Funds (Washington,
DC: George Washington Institute of Public Policy, January 30, 2019), https://gwipp.gwu.edu/
sites/g/files/zaxdzs2181/f/downloads/IPP-1819-3%20CountingforDollars_NY.pdf.
33	"2010 Census Response Rates by County," NY Counts, Rockefeller Institute of Government,
accessed May 1, 2019, https://rockinst.org/nycounts/data/census-response-rates/.
34	Robert Bernstein, "U.S. Census Bureau Needs Hundreds of Thousands of Workers," United States
Census Bureau, July 17, 2018, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2018/07/recruiting-for-
2020-census.html.
35	Tara Bahrampour, "Non-citizens won't be hired as census-takers in 2020, staff is told," Washington
Post, January 30, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/non-citizens-
wont-be-hired-as-census-takers-in-2020-staff-is-told/2018/01/30/b327c8d8-05ee-11e8-94e8-
e8b8600ade23_story.html?utm_term=.e1b69b6bd647.
36	"Census Timeline," CensusOutreach, accessed May 1, 2019, https://www.censusoutreach.org/
census-timeline.
37	United States Census Bureau, "New Study Examines Barriers, Attitudes and Motivators Toward
Participating in the Upcoming 2020 Census, press release, January 24, 2019, https://www.census.
gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/2020-census-cbams.html.
38	See testimony of Dorian Caal, NALEO Educational Fund at the New York State Complete Counts
Commission Hearing, Utica, NY, April 26, 2019.
39	See Mary E. De Masi and Cate T. Bohn, The 2020 Census Is Important to New York (Rensselaer:
NY KIDS COUNT – NYS Council on Children and Families, n.d.), https://www.ccf.ny.gov/
files/8815/4688/4221/NYS_Census_Brief.pdf.
40	Chris Dick, Keith Ingersoll, and Allison Sullivan, Census 2020 Participation: It's All About
the Message (Chicago: Civis Analytics, n.d.), https://www.civisanalytics.com/wp-content/
uploads/2019/01/Census2020_Whitepaper_v7.pdf .
41	Testimony of Rebeca Sanin, Health & Welfare Council of Long Island, before the New York State
Complete Count Commission, Suffolk County, April 12, 2019.
42	United States Census Bureau, "The U.S. Census Bureau Hosts Census Day," press release, March
14, 2019, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/census-day-briefing.html.
Contributions to this report were made by Jim Malatras, Nicholas Simons,
Alex Morse, Patricia Strach, Heather Trela, Katie Zuber, Michael Cooper,
Kyle Adams, and Michele Charbonneau.
ABOUT THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE
Created in 1981, the Rockefeller Institute of Government is a public policy think
tank providing cutting-edge, evidence-based policy. Our mission is to improve the
capacities of communities, state and local governments, and the federal system to
work toward genuine solutions to the nation's problems. Through rigorous, objective,
and accessible analysis and outreach, the Institute gives citizens and governments
facts and tools relevant to public decisions.
Learn more at www.rockinst.org.
www.rockinst.org
@rockefellerinst
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text:
Somebody Loves You
Raul Ries
Somebody Loves You - April 2
SATURDAY 2 April, 2016
Seething with Hatred
And Absalom spoke to his brother Amnon neither good nor bad. For Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar. - 2 Samuel 13:22
There was no justice for the crime committed against Tamar. Amnon deserved punishment but none was given. His father's lack of disciplinary action caused Absalom to take matters into his own hands. Notice he never said a word to Amnon, but inwardly hatred festered in his heart. Imagine Tamar being in Absalom's home, desolate and solitary, she was a reminder to him of Amnon's vile sin. He would repay him for what he had done to their sister. Absalom would wait for an opportune time.
We must be fully aware of any hatred developing in our hearts. It is a sin that can lead to murder and eventually God's judgment. Jesus said:
"You have heard that it was said to those of old, 'You shall not murder,and whoever murders will be in danger of the judgment.'But I say to you that whoever is angry with his brother without a causeshall be in danger of the judgment. ... (Matthew 5:21-22).
You may think Absalom had a just cause against Amnon for what he did against Tamar, but God's law says: You shall not murder (Exodus 20:13); personal vengeance was unacceptable to God. Paul tells believers: Beloved, do not avenge yourselves, but rather give place to wrath; for it is written, "Vengeanceis Mine, I will repay,"says the Lord (Romans12:19). God is a just judge. As we give those injustices to Him, He will avenge the wrongdoing.
Do you have seething hatred in your heart towards someone today? Turn it over to the Lord before you take matters into your own hands and do something you will later regret.
Whoever hates his brother is a murderer, and you know that no murderer has eternal life abiding in him.
~1 John 3:15~
For more from Raul Ries, please visit Somebodylovesyouradio.org!
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About Somebody Loves You
'Somebody Loves You' program is designed to equip listeners with the necessary tools to live out their faith. 'Somebody Loves You' features Raul Ries' humorous, sensible and comprehensible teaching of God's Word.
About Raul Ries
Raul Ries, 60, is the Senior Pastor of Calvary Chapel Golden Springs and President of Somebody Loves You Ministries. After his miraculous conversion in 1971, Raul began to read and study the Bible extensively even though he had a limited education. In 1974 he began a home Bible study with seven other committed individuals. Soon, he started to preach and counsel youth during the noon hour at his former high school, Baldwin Park High. Calvary Chapel West Covina grew out of Raul's home fellowship, as well as his Kung-Fu studio, and was soon meeting weekly at an old converted Safeway store. In 1993, the congregation moved to Diamond Bar and occupied a 101,000 square-foot corporate building on 28 acres. Calvary Chapel Golden Springs (as it is now called) draws between 10,000 - 12,000 in attendance weekly.
Author of several books, including Fury to Freedom (the story of his early life and dramatic conversion), Raul Ries has also produced three films: Fury to Freedom (feature film dramatization of the book); A Quiet Hope (a riveting and stirring documentary detailing seven soldier's accounts of the Vietnam War and its aftermath); and A Venture in Faith (a documentary of the history of the Calvary Chapel movement).
Contact Somebody Loves You with Raul Ries
E-mail: radio@somebodylovesyou.com
Website: https://www.somebodylovesyou.com/
Somebody Loves You Radio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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How Lee County deputies have ramped up their search for missing and endangered people
The Lee County Sheriff's Office announced a new initiative called "Reunite" on Thursday morning.
Thursday, July 25th 2019, 7:52 PM EDT by Meghan Bragg
LEE COUNTY, Fla. - The Lee County Sheriff's Office announced a new initiative called "Reunite" on Thursday morning.
It's a multi-layer approach to locating the missing and endangered.
The program will allow the sheriff's office to utilize its 20 drones and helicopter, which are equipped with infrared technology, two new bloodhounds, and GPS-based tracking to find missing or endangered people.
Deputies are also teaming up with United Way to provide scent kits to those families and children with potentially endangered adults or children.
The kits will help the new Bloodhounds in finding the missing person.
GPS trackers will also be made available to people who qualify. These devices are able to track their location throughout the day.


10/2011 Appointment of auditor « CPD S.A.
– review the mid-year stand-alone financial statement of Celtic Property Developments S.A. as of 30 June 2011.
The Company used services of PricewaterhouseCoopers Sp. z o.o., which audited the Company's financial statements and consolidated financial statements of Celtic Capital Group in past years.
The contract with PricewaterhouseCoopers Sp. z o.o. will be concluded for a period necessary to complete the works provided therein.
§ 5.1.19 of the Ordinance of the Minister of Finance of 19 February 2009 on current and periodic information provided by securities issuers and on conditions for considering information required under laws of a state not being a EU member state to be equivalent.


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NEW St. Anne Line film
From Mary's Dowry Productions, a new film on St. Anne Line, English Catholic Martyr, who was hanged at Tyburn in 1601 for hiding a Catholic priest.
Visit our website for more information and to buy this DVD available in all Region Formats
www.marysdowryproductions.org/shop/
Saint Anne Line prepares a room in a Safe House for Mass.
Our film is told in Saint Anne Line's own words, taking us on a journey of faith, hope and joy as she gave her time to prayer and in service of the Catholic Church in Elizabethan England.
Saint Anne Line was raised as a Calvanist. When she and her brother converted to the Catholic Faith they were disowned by her father. She found a kindred spirit in Catholic Roger Line whom she married. Upon her journey, Saint Anne and Roger were separated when Roger was arrested for attending an outlawed Mass. He was exiled and he and Anne never saw one another again in this world.
Recusant Catholic Roger Line, husband of Saint Anne Line
Screenshot from 'St. Anne Line'
Saint Anne Line continued to share the Faith with those around her, bringing joy and a spirit of prayer to many. She looked after Safe Houses where priests could shelter during the troubled days of Elizabethan England. Her story is one of hope and love.
Father Mark Barkworth praises Saint Anne Line as they await
execution at Tyburn, London.
© Mary's Dowry Productions
Our film about Saint Anne Line is available on DVD through:
Posted by MarysDowryProductions at 16:01
Labels: St. Anne Line
Saint Anne Line Film
The notorious Richard Topcliffe - Queen Elizabeth'...


← A Chat with Boston's Celebrity Chef Matthew Jennings!
Great advice from Kate Hudson.
I am reading Kate's Hudson's book. I hesitated at first because I misinterpreted the title (and do we really need another celeb diet book ?), but Kate has a spiritual side that I am curious about.
Kate reminds you to connect with yourself, explains why it is important, and she provides easy tools to do so. It's more of a workbook full of quizzes and questions that help you build a "drawing board" which you can revisit to check in with yourself. Her focus is on identifying your Ayurveda body type so you can work with your body in a healthy way, and defines these 4 key pillars to focus on.
I am someone who loves yoga and meditation, and am always listening to my body, so I thought my mindfullness "score" would be pretty high. But I am impressed that the book has opened me up to further growth in this department.
When you meditate you can either focus on something (a lake, a field, whatever works for you) or just watch your thoughts go by and not judge or engage with them. She suggests doing the former in everyday life. To watch your thoughts and emotions go by, without judgement or engaging with them right away….hmmm. Maybe that sounds really obvious, we all know we have to wait to react to an upsetting phone call. But this is about not even letting the water get to warm, let alone boil. It is also about being kind to yourself, which is always a good idea.
I have a pretty fiery personality, and am naturally analytical, so I can get good and lost on a thought train. This can be great for my creative endeavors, but not always in life; especially if the thoughts snowball. Dealing with triggers to our "fight or flight" reflex is always a challenge, especially when we misinterpret signals. The idea of not always engaging with your thoughts (which can make you even more emotional) intrigues me. It doesn't mean being passive, but maybe letting them sit a while and not reacting right away, or letting them lead you in a negative direction.
Instead of letting my emotions control me, or trying to control them, I'll just let them go.


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Rachel Watts
Goat Sim's creators are swapping chaos for order with Satisfactory's industrial empires
Coffee Stain Studio's new game reminds us that, even in a completely automated factory, there's always more work to be done
Whether it's building an intricate system of working components, assembling a 100% efficient machine, or getting creative with construction materials, building simulations are a genre of satisfaction. Games that capture the happiness of building a city, theme park, or factory from the ground up over hours of gametime – the feeling of making those small tweaks and adjustments to get the perfect efficiency – create slow-burning, lasting gratification.
Coffee Stain Studios understands this kind of joy and has moved on from the chaotic, frenzied nature of Goat Simulator into a world of structure and productivity. Their new game, Satisfactory, is an open-world factory building game where players explore an alien planet and mine it's resources – think of the wild, colourful world of No Man's Sky combined with Factorio style mechanics.
But the studio hasn't left the tongue-and-cheek nature of Goat Simulator behind. Your character is an employee for the company FICSIT Inc – pronounced 'fix it Inc' – which has given you the role of mining the planet and boasts a somewhat questionable company motto. "Their philosophy,"programmer Jace Varlet tells me, "is short-term solutions to long-term problems."
When first arriving in the world the only machine at your disposal is the hub that acts as your home base. As you being to gather resources, cutting down trees and collecting rocks, you can start climbing your way up the tech tree building generators, incinerators, smelters, vehicles, and a whole variety of gadgets to help your mechanical empire grow.
There are several types of biomes which hold different types of resources meaning you'll need to get out and explore the world. Forrest, desert, swamp and grass field biomes encourage you to journey out and collect precious materials with your trusty scanner in hand.
It's a big break from Goat Simulator and it's by far the biggest thing we have ever done
Jace Varlet
"You start off with more basic resources like copper, iron, and limestone," game director Oscar Jilsén explains. "Limestone is used mostly to make cement to build big structures. But then you start going out to get coal to build a better power supply, and to make steel you get oil, you get Bauxite for aluminium, then there's also quartz and uranium."
And so begins the never-ending shopping list of materials needed for all the interconnected building you can do. This can seem a little overwhelming, factories can be the size of a football field, after all. But it seems easy enough to jump right in and have a small, working factory in the first hour.
Selecting and morphing materials and deciding what to construct in the builder menu is certainly straightforward. When placing structures, a giant ghost image of the machine appears so you can pop it exactly where you plan. You can access a control panel from the side of machines to set their task and what you want their output to be.
Minecraft Madness
Minecraft is arguably the best builder for community creativity. We've made a list of the most awe-inspiring and mind-boggling Minecraft maps including a recreation of the Aperture science labs from Portal and a steampunk city built on the back of a giant turtle.
Laying down conveyor belts is also simple and fluid – after connecting one end to a machine you can move whilst holding the other end and the track will stretch until you have connected the end to another machine.
There's a huge amount of space, meaning you can really stretch your creative muscles. The alien planet is huge, almost teasing you with the potential of how big you can make your factory.
"It's a big break from Goat Simulator and it's by far the biggest thing we've ever done, Varlett enthuses. "It's incredibly overwhelming. The world is 30 square kilometers – 5.4km by 5.4km so it's quite big. There's no limit to how high you want to build, especially when you take into account the third dimension."
We're already planning our space elevator. This scale, and the way you experience it, is what makes Satisfactory different from other building and management games such as City Skylines, Planet Coaster, or Factorio. Instead of gazing down longingly at your factory, in Satisfactory you can move through it. You're in the space, among the atomic hustle and bustle of your machines, riding on conveyor belts and jet-packing hopping through the machinery.
Jilsén shows me the same factory at a late-game point. It has grown incredibly and is now the size of a theme park. Fittingly, there's even a train gliding between all the structures.
It's an organised mass of conveyor belts and machines going about their automatic business, it looks like every rollercoaster in Disneyland has been intertwined together, creating acres of interconnected tracks. It covers as much of the landscape as I can see, along the sides of hills and traveling down mountains – it's somehow both chaotic and methodical. "You can build factories at the top of mountains just because it's cool." Varlet says. "There's no practical purpose of it, it just looks good."
As we move through the factory I see what looks like a wall in the distance, but as we get closer what I see surprises me. The wall turns out to be lots of conveyor belts all lined up on top of each other. It's quite the sight and displays the creativity and architectural potential of Satisfactory, some of which Varlet and Jilsén have already seen in their alpha community.
Read more: Check out our list of the best building games on PC
"There's a Discord user named 'Blanket Man' who made a gigantic hourglass," Varlet says. "It wasn't made of glass, but it was gigantic. It looks beautiful from the outside and then you go inside there's this gigantic factory."
The creativity coming out of the Satisfactory community sounds like the sculptures and creations that Minecraft allows. Coffee Studio has plans to release a Creative Mode for the game in the future, but the Studio is currently focusing on the game's release – which it announced will be an Epic Store exclusive.
"The exclusivity is for 12 months," Varlet points out. "What we do after that we don't know,, we haven't even thought about it."
Related: Get building with our Fortnite Creative mode guide
"Another thing that drove us towards Epic is the Support-A-Creator program that Epic provides. We think it's an excellent system to give back to the content creators. "We've worked with Epic for an incredibly long time, since before Coffee Stain was a thing so there's a good relationship there. But we also want to advocate for new revenue sharing. Not necessarily just on Epic, but we want a new standard anywhere."
In respective of where you end up playing it, Satisfactory is a building game worth sinking your time into. The turning of gears, rush of steam, spark of grinders, and the hum of the engines bring your own fully automated kingdom to life.


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Equities Score
Market Globalist
Home Business Why Coca-Cola FEMSA (KOF) is an Excellent Stock to Buy?
Why Coca-Cola FEMSA (KOF) is an Excellent Stock to Buy?
Hassan Masood
KOF Stock
Coca-Cola FEMSA (NYSE: KOF) is a giant in the beverage industry. The company holds a broad portfolio of beverages. They include colas, flavored sparkling beverages, and still beverages. It's the largest franchise bottler of Coca-Cola beverages. The company has a presence in most the South American countries, including Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, etc., and is headquartered in Mexico City. The beverage industry is considered a recession-proof industry, as no natural or human-induced calamity, can diminish the thirst of individuals. Hence, the beverage industry has always thrived and would continue to do so in the unforeseeable future.
KOF Developments
In recent years, Coca-Cola has been known for its efforts toward corporate sustainability. The company has aimed at achieving the sustainability goals via its contribution to the sustainable development objectives of the UN. In this regard, recently, the company announced that for the second consecutive year, it was included in the S&P Global Sustainability Yearbook 2022 as a result of its excellent performance in the Corporate Sustainability Assessment (CSA). The company was the only Mexican beverage company included in a list comprising more than 7,000 companies.
KOF Valuation
KOF has an outstanding market capitalization of $94.64 billion, which is among the best for the companies indulged in the beverages business. The beta value of 0.86 depicts that the company is on the lower side of the volatility index. The average trading volume of KOF stock currently stands at 122,300 shares, while it has an excellent price to earnings ratio of 15.30, which depicts that the share price has grown in the recent past and is expected to rise further in future. The dividend yield of 4.3% suggests that it provides handsome dividends to the investors; hence, it could be an excellent candidate for dividend investing.
>> 5 Best Inflation Stocks for 2022 <<
Over the last few years, KOF has been excellently executing its strategic goals and objectives. This has made it an interesting value investment for investors. For analysts, KOF stock is expected to rise by 16.5% during the next four years. Moreover, its high dividend yield makes it an attractive stock for investors.
KOF
KOF SHARES
KOF STOCK PRICE
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"Third time I have used this company excellent service"
17th October 2017 - Michael Dawson, Nottingham.
"Excellent delivery, high quality product at an excellent price. Highly recommended."
15th October 2017 - Joe sture, Fife.
"Top service, delivered on time. Product exactly as described. The driver delivered the pallet right to the top of my drive and left it next to the coal bunker. would definitely use this firm again."
14th October 2017 - ken fox, Derby.
"Ordering was easy. Delivery was prompt and your driver was extremely helpful by delivering the pallet as close to our home as was possible. Lit our first fire this evening using your Burnrite Smokeless fuel and very impressed with both the very low ash content and the high heat output. Excellent value for money and have recommended you to our neighbours and we will most certainly use your company again - once we have used up our current 50 bags !! Thanks again for a fantastic service all round."
11th October 2017 - Tracy, Matfield, Kent.
"Very helpful, let me order 2 half pallets over the phone (Burnrite & Stovemaster) for the whole pallet price. Driver was very pleasant and helpful. Haven't tried the coal yet, but won't be long now."
10th October 2017 - Malcolm Gamble, Hedge End, Southampton.
"Everything went swimmingly, excellent service and the burn rite is great. I will be back....."
9th October 2017 - Joh. Dudfield , Leicestershire .
"We purchased a pallet of burnrite in the summer. Ordering was easy and the delivery driver helpful. We are very happy with burnrite, it is an excellent fuel and burns hot and slow."
8th October 2017 - Moira Allen, West sussex.
"Pleasant transaction the fuel arrived on time and the driver was very helpful, would certainly use again"
8th October 2017 - Ivar, Birmingham .
"Me and my father in law have used house fuel for the last few years. We have always found the burnrite smokeless coal to be excellent, along with this we have found the service matches the standard of the coal. "
7th October 2017 - Mike Nash, Blackpool.
"Delivered on time and a first class product driver was very helpfull. "
4th October 2017 - John Hill, Coventry.
4th October 2017 - Martin Thompson, Letchworth Garden City.
"Absolutely brilliant! Prompt service, polite, friendly and helpful driver and the fuel, well amazing! Burnrite is brilliant, easy to light, made fire up yesterday as it was nippy and I love a fire, did it myself as hubby down the allotment, lit like a dream and 1, yes 1 scuttle full stayed in all day from 9am until this morning and it is still going, I am shocked. Will never change now, thank you so much and please stay with your couriers as first rate service. You simply are the best!!!!! "
4th September 2017 - Lesley Caddick, Kent.
"This was my second year purchasing my coal from Housefuel and once again I'm very happy with the service and with the price. I have looked at many other companies but they just can't beat your prices. I will be using again. "
27th August 2017 - Les Gasgarth, Carlisle.
"Excellent product first class service driver very helpful I can not find any fault at all will be using housefuel from now "
16th August 2017 - Robin Drury , HALSTEAD.
"Fast Service, Help full driver Burns well, Lets hope for a cold winter."
6th August 2017 - G Bennett, West Wickham KenT.
"This was the fourth time I have bought smokeless fuel from House Fuel and I am more than satisfied. I ordered it in the first place on account of cost which was 75% of what I had been buying locally. However, I discovered that the delivery service was brilliant too. My first order was for the ordinary smokeless ovals which were similar to what I had been having. Going over to Burnrite I discovered that it produced far less ash and that I could handle the 20kg bags far more easily (I am over 80). Moreover it is often still alight in the morning without any special treatment. Being in bags I can store it under cover in my back garden and know that I have a fuel supply for the winter."
26th July 2017 - Barry Gent, Rutland.
"Excellent product good delivery been burning logs for years but after my first load if this product from this suppler I won't be using anything else in future I light the stove in late autumn and its still burning now never had it out yet good by to logs as this runs better and is more controllable as well as a lot cheaper than logs first class product"
16th April 2017 - chris beresford, worksop.
"I am now working myself through a tonne of burnbrite smokeless after trying the stovemaster fuel in my multifuel stove. I have found the burnbrite gives a more orange flame and produces a lot less ash than the stovemaster fuel which left quite large lumps in the morning even after leaving stove vents open overnight. I am not sure burnbrite burns quite as hot as stovemaster but still gives out plenty of heat. Would recommend both tbh but burnbrite probably shades it due to the fact in my opinion it appears to light slighlty easier, the more aethetically pleasing orange flame, produces a lot less ash and is cheaper to buy."
28th February 2017 - Andy, Essex.


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Justia Patents Kazuji TAMURA Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications
Patents by Inventor Kazuji TAMURA
Kazuji TAMURA has filed for patents to protect the following inventions. This listing includes patent applications that are pending as well as patents that have already been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
Composition for activating sympathetic nerve
Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a novel composition for use in activating a sympathetic nerve. The present invention provides a composition for use in activating a sympathetic nerve, comprising a polyphenol as an active ingredient. The polyphenol comprises 25% by mass or more of monomeric to tetrameric polyphenols, and the monomeric to tetrameric polyphenols include at least catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1 and cinnamtannin A2.
Inventors: Kazuji Tamura, Hiroki Ohara
METHOD FOR PRODUCING CHEESE-FLAVORED SUBSTANCE
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a cheese-flavored substance, including adding a bacterial cell disrupted product obtained by disrupting lactic acid bacteria and an enzyme to a milk raw material to cause a reaction. The present invention can provide a method for producing a cheese-flavored substance which can safely and efficiently produce a cheese-flavored substance having a more natural cheese flavor at low-cost with simple operation.
Applicant: MEIJI CO., LTD.
Inventors: Kazuji TAMURA, Junya ISHIDA, Motofumi TAKAHASHI, Nobutaka YAHIRO
CACAO-DERIVED WATER EXTRACT, FOOD AND DRINK CONTAINING SAME, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING CACAO EXTRACT, AND METHOD FOR EXTRACTING POLYPHENOL
Abstract: Provided is cacao extract with better flavor and in which miscellaneous flavor is reduced, and a method for producing such cacao extract. The cacao-derived water extract of the present invention contains polyphenol. In this cacao water extract, the ratio of a total mass of dimeric to tetrameric proanthocyanidins to a total mass of monomeric to octameric proanthocyanidins is 40% or more. Also, in this method for producing cacao extract, an active ingredient such as polyphenol is extracted from a cacao raw material such as cacao powder using water adjusted to a temperature within a range from 50° C. to 90° C. inclusive and to a pH within a range from 2.0 to 5.0 inclusive.
Inventors: Kazuji TAMURA, Asami TSUCHIYA, Nobutaka YAHIRO


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What is the best way to search the Internet?
Seven Ways to Find What You Want on the Internet
Vary Your Search Engine. Search engines sort through about 625 million active websites to provide you with content.
Use Specific Keywords.
Simplify Your Search Terms.
Use Quotation Marks.
Remove Unhelpful Words.
Refine Your Search Using Operators.
Avoid Search Pitfalls.
How do you find information on the Internet?
Most information is found on the Internet by utilizing search engines. A search engine is a web service that uses web robots to query millions of pages on the Internet and creates an index of those web pages. Internet users can then use these services to find information on the Internet.
How do I get Google to search the Internet?
Actually searching Google is pretty easy. Just type what you're interested in finding into the search box on the Google web site or into your toolbar! If you're using a toolbar, as you type, you may see words begin to appear below the toolbar's search box.
What is a simple search on the Internet?
Simple Search allows for keyword searching. You can limit a search to a particular phrase by putting the phrase in quotation marks (e.g. "global warming"). You can also use AND, OR, NOT operators (e.g. cardinals AND baseball). Advanced Search allows you to limit your search to Title, Author/Creator, Subject, or Tag.
What are the 5 most commonly used search engine?
According to statistics from Netmarketshare, Statista and StatCounter, the top 5 search engines worldwide in terms of market share are Google, Bing, Yahoo, Baidu, and Yandex.
What are Google search operators?
Google Search operators are combinations of words and symbols that improve your online search results. By focusing on certain keywords and excluding others, they allow you to use Google more accurately and effectively. Search operators can include: Words such as AND or OR.
How do I narrow a Google search?
To narrow down your search results, use symbol operators to fine tune which keywords to have in your search.
Use the – symbol to omit specific terms. Google cannot include these terms in your search results.
Use the + symbol to always include specific keywords in your results.
What is the most popular search engine?
What does * do in a search?
Google is undoubtedly the most popular search engine, with over 70% of the search market share.
What's a Boolean search?
The asterisk is a commonly used wildcard symbol that broadens a search by finding words that start with the same letters. Use it with distinctive word stems to retrieve variations of a term with less typing.
How do I search without a word?
Boolean searching is built on a method of symbolic logic developed by George Boole, a 19th century English mathematician. Boolean searches allow you to combine words and phrases using the words AND, OR, NOT (known as Boolean operators) to limit, broaden, or define your search.
What do parentheses do in a search?
You can exclude words from your search by using the – operator; any word in your query preceded by the – sign is automatically excluded from the search results. Remember to always include a space before the – sign, and none after.
How do you search for symbols on Google?
Parentheses. Parentheses are used to group words and expressions so that the result of evaluating the expression between the parentheses can be used as part of a more complex query.
What does the * asterisk do in a Google search?
There are no special way to search specific symbol, you can type the name or pate the symbol and search for relevant results.
What is an example of a Boolean search?
Google uses the same symbol—an asterisk (*)—both as the wildcard character and for proximity searches. The wildcard searches for variations in words (truncation), and can replace a whole word for proximity searches. The asterisk (*) serves as a whole-word wildcard.
What is a truncation search?
What are the 3 common Boolean operators?
Boolean search is a type of search allowing users to combine keywords with operators (or modifiers) such as AND, NOT and OR to further produce more relevant results. For example, a Boolean search could be "hotel" AND "New York". This would limit the search results to only those documents containing the two keywords.
How do I do a Boolean search?
Truncation, also called stemming, is a technique that broadens your search to include various word endings and spellings. To use truncation, enter the root of a word and put the truncation symbol at the end. The database will return results that include any ending of that root word.
How do you create a Boolean search?
They connect your search words together to either narrow or broaden your set of results. The three basic boolean operators are: AND, OR, and NOT.
How do you do a Boolean search without it?
Is Google a Boolean search engine?
A Boolean search requires the following:
Enter the desired keywords within quotation marks.
Use the appropriate Boolean search term from the list below between the keywords.
Select Boolean as the Keyword Option type. (When all desired criteria have been met, click Search to generate the report.)
【How-to】How to Become a Good Paintballer |Whatiseverything


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Nationwide slashes standard variable mortgage rate
By System Administrator	 22nd November 2000 12:00 am
Nationwide Building Society has slashed its standard variable mortgage rates by 0.2 per cent.
It means its SVR will be cut from 7.11 per cent to 7.09 per cent and reduces monthly payments on a £100,000 interest only mortgage by £16.66.
The move is aimed at increasing Nationwide&#39s competitive advantage over other high street banks, the majority of which charge standard rates of 7.74 per cent.
The building society also announced that between May and October it increased its mortgage market share from 8.5 per cent to 10.1 per cent and new net lending totalled £2.3billion for the same period.
FSA will recruit independent to hear complaints
The FSA is recruiting an independent commissioner to head its new complaints sch eme set up to investigate con sumer and industry grievances against the regulator.Under the new body, IFAs could receive compensation if the FSA is found guilty of misconduct in areas such as poor admin or lack of integrity in its dealing with […]
23rd November 2000 12:00 am
Nationwide cuts standard variable rate
Nationwide is reducing its standard variable mortgage rate to 7.09 per cent from 7.29 per cent from December 1. It says the move comes against growing expectations there will be a reduction in interest rates and is taking the lead in cutting its rate because of the increasingly competitive nature of the mortgage market. Nationwide […]
22nd November 2000 12:00 am
LIA backs Warland in product design row
The LIA is backing Autif director-general Philip Warland in the heated debate with the ABI over the role of Gov ernment in financial product design and marketing.The LIA claim it supports Warland&#39s recent comments that the Government has an important role to play in the design of financial products.Spokesman John Ellis believes it is unclear […]
EMX success may lie in IFAs&#39 hands
EMX has had a troubled few months. Since its launch in June, trading volumes have been well below expectations, while many of those that have used the service have complained of impracticalities and slow processing.One of the biggest disadvantages has been the insufficient range of fund managers EMX has on board. It currently has about […]
Royal London – Pensions Investments
Introducing Trevor Greetham
Ryan Medlock, Investment Proposition Manager, Royal London Royal London Asset Management's (RLAM) new head of multi-asset is officially up and running. I want to look at what expertise Trevor brings to the table and how this affects the Governed Portfolios (GPs) and Governed Retirement Income Portfolios (GRIPs). Trevor Greetham joined RLAM in April 2015 from […]
3rd July 2015 1:51 pm