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http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/Energy
Useful Notes / Energy
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Multiple forms, one goal.
"There is a game. You cannot win it. You cannot break even. And you cannot get out of it."
— Allen Ginsberg, humorously summarizing the message of thermodynamics (each portion of the quote references one of the laws, ordered from zeroth to third)
Energy. That which makes us move, do and exist. The concept of energy is one of the most unifying in daily life. The universe is nothing without it (literally, because matter itself is also a form of energy). And as with many other things in real life, it can bring prosperity and success in the right hands, but also misery and destruction in the wrong ones. For millennia, energy has been respected, feared and exploited by mankind; and for almost as long, we have tried to explain its mechanisms and nature in many different ways, initially from the point of view of superstition, but over time with a more scientific lens. Our understanding on energy became one of the key motivations for the foundation of science as a whole.
Here at TV Tropes, we're familiar with the concept of energy due to how we see it act in fiction. Its portrayal has ranged from realistic to fantastical, with a prolonged spectrum of accuracy in-between. Most of the time, it's easy to tell whether or not an artistic license is at play. A character who is running for a marathon, a team of characters pushing a heavy object, and a Badass Biker performing tricks through a half-pipe are actions we deem realistic and plausible. A superhero using heat vision to melt ice, a monster levitating, and a Magical Girl using a special power to defeat said monster are clearly fantastical actions. However, it's not always readily apparent when an event of situation resonates with reality, at least not until we study how energy really works (never better said) in school, especially in physics classes.
In this article, we'll start by defining energy and its forms, then the science behind it, and then we'll examine some of the most closely-linked tropes in popular culture; this way, we can tell whether the works using it are being grounded in reality or taking artistic liberties.
So what IS energy?
In layman's terms, energy is a property or attribute present in bodies and material systems, and in virtue of it they can employ an action or modify their initial condition or state, whether in relation to themselves or to act onto other bodies and systems. It is one of the most fundamental attributes of the universe, alongside matter, space and time; and there's indeed a relationship between all four of them.
When we warm a body, we're imbuing thermal energy onto it. Because atoms and molecules are capable of receiving and giving away energy, they'll increase their activity by moving faster when they receive the incoming attribute, resulting in a higher amount of internal energy. And when we put that hot body next to a cold one, the former will gradually share part of its energy with the latter, making it so the two will eventually reach a state of thermal equilibrium. The energy transferred between the bodies is known as heat. It is not to be confused with temperature, which gauges the thermal state of a body or system, and it's that which a body reaches by receiving enough heat. Remember when we mentioned that the energy transfer stops when the two bodies reach a thermal equilibrium? That state is achieved when the bodies reach a common value of temperature, not energy. This distinction is important, because not all bodies reach the same temperature by giving or taking the same amount of heat.
As we know, energy can manifest in multiple ways, thermal being only one of them. If an object is moving, it has mechanical energy; if two substances are reacting to form a compound, they employ chemical energy; a TV or computer is receiving electrical energy to be turned on; the Sun is providing luminous energy to all planets in its system; if there's any mechanical perturbation within an object or two bodies clash, sonic energy is expelled, which is what our ears receive; all radioactive matter frees nuclear energy due to the perpetual decay of its atomic structure; and so on. But most importantly, none of these manifestations of energy exist independently from each other, because it's possible to convert one form of energy into another. For example, the Sun is converting the nuclear energy of its body into thermal, and the extremely high temperatures turn part of it into light; then, that light reaches the Earth's plants, which convert it into chemical energy via photosynthesis to grow and provide breathable air to the world. Energy not only changes with what we do consciously, but also with what our own bodies do inside, which is why drinking water and eating food is essential — they're the fuel that helps all biological processes keep going.
Before we move onto the next section, here's an important remark: While sometimes the word work is used as a synonym for energy (and the units of measurement is the same for both), they're not the same thing. Work is the application of energy to perform an action, and the efficiency of using it over time is known as power (and it's measured in watts).
The science behind energy:
The study of energy is one of the main goals of physics, though it's also important in many other fields like chemistry, biology, geology and astronomy. As mentioned before, energy can manifest in a variety of forms; however, the same physical laws behind it apply regardless. The laws in question are known as the laws of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics, usually defined as the field of physics that studies heat and temperature, has a very significant influence in all of nature, not just thermal phenomena. Over the centuries, humans aimed to develop new technologies over time, so the need to increase efficiency of production and reduction of costs arose (the earliest application was with steam engines in the 18th century, coinciding with the Industrial Revolution). To this end, scientists and engineers began to study ways to use energy in their favor to satisfy society's needs. These studies led to the realization that, in order to meet the aforementioned goal, they had to cope with certain limitations.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: "If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then those two systems are also in equilibrium with each other". This seemingly-trivial statement is vital, because the universe is full of systems that interact with each other in some capacity; it is impossible to have a system that is fully isolated from all others, so it will always try to achieve equilibrium with them. In the case of a solid body, it will try to receive (if it's cold) or share (if it's hot) energy by way of conduction, like the example with the cold and hot bodies we described above. If we're talking about liquids or gases, the heat transfer will occur via convection; it is different from conduction in that the liquid or gas itself will move mechanically due to the heat, since its atoms and molecules will move more freely in those states than they would in a solid. Lastly, if we have two bodies that are either separated by vacuum or a medium with poor or scarce conduction properties, then the energy will be transmitted via radiation. The systems will only reach true equlibrium when all of them are at the same temperature, and one or more of these transfer mechanisms will be at play for that purpose.note In case you're curious to know, this law is called the zeroth because it was formulated after the others. Because the scientific literature had established the first three laws' numeration for decades, and it stuck in the minds of the scientific community, this new law was called the zeroth because it turned out to be the most fundamental and precursory of them all.
First law of thermodynamics: "The total sum of energy in a system or set of connected systems remains the same". This is the basis of the famous "energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted" statement. If an object slides through a floor and there's friction between the two, part of the object's mechanical energy will be lost due to the friction converting it into thermal energy. But this conversion makes it so the sum between the remaining mechanical energy and the emerging thermal one is always the same, so there's nothing that is being created or destroyed. This also holds true for all processes where you're acquiring a form of energy from another, like electricity from eolic or hydraulic energy. So why should we worry about saving up energy if it cannot be destroyed? Well, read the following law to find out...
Second law of thermodynamics: "In all natural processes, energy spontaneously aims towards the least energetic system or body". This law is the reason why heat goes from a hot body to a cold one, not only ensuring the eventual outcome of the zeroth law but also dictating the direction of all processes and phenomena that occur in nature. It is possible to perform a process that opposes the natural trend, but we need to apply energy from our own (or the machine we're using) for that to force it; think of how hard it is to scale a mountain yet how easy it is to slide downward (in the latter case, the kinetic energy is spontaneously taking us back down thanks to gravity, whereas going up requires us to employ potential energy to overcome said gravity). The quantitative measurement of this spontaneity is known as entropy, and as time passes it will gradually aim at a maximum value in the universe. Because of this trend, and due to how imperfect our universe is, energy cannot be totally converted into the form we deem most ideal; it's not because a part of it retains the old form, but because that part will fail to make the cut and instead be spit back as useless thermal energy (think of the food you eat: A part of it fails to nourish your body, so it's later expelled as poop). Save for heating devices like microwave ovens and furnaces (which give useful purposes to thermal energy for daily life), a machine expelling heat is effectively expelling debris, and that debris cannot be recycled unless a huge conversion effort is made (which itself requires using energy as well, so it's hardly worth it). And no heat engine can perform a conversion with 100% efficiency, so expect the aforementioned outcome to happen every time you turn something on in your house (touch it after some time, and you'll notice it's hot). And also expect to pay a steep electrical bill if you're using too much energy — the company that provides it to your home needs to also provide it to all households and energy isn't unlimited!
Third law of thermodynamics: "In the limit when the absolute temperature of a system approaches zero, all processes in it cease and its entropy approaches a minimum value". In other words, because temperature indicates the thermal state of a body or system, lower activity begets less heat and thus reducing that activity will also reduce the temperature (this is also a good opportunity to realize that cold, by itself, isn't something a body has, but something it lacks — it is merely the scarcity of heat, similar to how white isn't a color but the absence thereof); as a result, there will be less spontaneity and the variations of entropy will be lower. However, this law is also the reason why reaching absolute zero is impossible to begin with: Even in the coldest regions of the universe, the matter present is still having some internal energy, which means its atoms and molecules are still moving, however slowly (there's also the issue of matter itself being energy in rest form, as seen in Relativity). Many scientists favor using the Kelvin scale of temperature, because its frame of reference is a value of absolute temperature that cannot be reached (absolute zero), but any other value can and thus it's less arbitrary (the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales base their frames of reference on the values of temperature when water freezes and when it boils respectively).
Building upon these laws, it's possible to understand why some energetic processes happen in certain ways and why others cannot happen on their own unless we intervene. When describing the laws, we used the behavior of thermal energy as a recurring example, but it applies to all other forms. Electricity, just to name one, always goes from a negatively charged body to a positively charged one, never the other way around; electrons have negative charge, so if a body that has a surplus of electrons approaches or touches one with a deficit or is at least electrically neutral, the surplus electrons will be transferred to the latter body (the elementary particles that are charged positively, the protons, always stay in the atomic nuclei unless these are unstable and thus the body is radioactive). A moving body can clash against a resting one and make it move by transferring some of its energy into it (how the resting body would instead give energy to the moving one is anyone's guess). In chemistry, the most electronegative elements are guaranteed to react with the most electropositive ones to form salts, which are neutral as a result. And so on.
And in all those cases, the processes that happen will always try to reach a common state that applies to all involved systems, thus reaching equilibrium. With very few exceptions (which, even then, have to be assisted by a voluntary external intervention), all processes are irreversible and obey to what we know as the "arrow of time". All actions, due to their spontaneity, will aim at a state of disorder or randomness, leading to an increase of entropy. Even the things we do to put something into a state of higher order (cleaning a bedroom and putting everything where it has to be, for example) require an input or investment of energy on our part, and our actions imply an increase of entropy that adds up to the latter's total amount in the universe.
Because energy degrades when it's used, making a rational use of it allows companies to optimize its availability to satisfy society's needs and reduce the costs whenever posible. In highly industrialized parts of the world, consumption of energy is high and has accelerated over the decades; because a large percentage of applied energy originates from limited natural resources like natural gas, oil and nuclear matter, it has been a topic of concern between politicians, economists and ecologists, and thus many countries have aimed to at least partially balance things out by acquiring electricity by conversion from light (solar panels), wind (eolic turbines) and water (hydroeletric plants), on the heels of the realization that the traditional sources will deplete completely one day.
Energy and matter:
There is one final thing we need to discuss before applying our knowledge on energy to the purview of TV Tropes (fiction and popular culture), for it will be useful too: How energy relates to matter. As explained in Relativity, the two entities are closely linked to each other, in the same way space and time are. During many centuries, it was known that energy served as the metaphorical driving force for matter (from a literal standpoint, applying mechanical energy onto an object already implies applying force to it to move it through a distance, so you can calculate work by multiplying those two quantities), but it was also believed that both were still fully separate concepts. This was proven false with the mass-energy equivalence: Because the mechanical properties of a body are affected by how fast it's moving, the value of its momentum is affected considerably by how time and length vary when the body is moving at a speed that is comparable to light's. As a fun fact, the famous formula E=mc2 is actually a simplified form of the broader equation E=p2c4+mc2, in which p (the body's momentum) equals zero when it's resting in its referential position. Because moving at a speed close to that of the light's speed requires a huge input of energy (thus applying a prohibitively high amount of work), the relativistic values for momentum and energy are unreachable to most macroscopic objects, and the speed at which things and living being move is so mundane that the first term of the broader equation is easily negligible, leaving only the simplified form we're more familiar with. Thus, the frame of internal energy for a particle is largely defined by its mass, and the constant that ties both quantities is the squared form of the speed of light.
For atoms and elementary particles, approaching the speed of light is less difficult, because their masses are so extremely small that the momentum required to make them move at relativistic speeds is much smaller, and thus can be applied when we expose those small particles into powerful electromagnetic fields.note A classic example that helps one understand this is the cyclotron; a particle within this device is accelerated to very high speeds as the diameter of its loops around the device's center increases, making it so the time it takes for each lap remains the same at all times. The momentum gained by the particle is strong enough to overcome the nuclear force of atoms, allowing it to break the bond between protons and neutrons inside the nuclei. Einstein's mass-energy relation predicts that part of the mass in the system is freed as radiant energy.note This technically also happens with an everyday chemical reaction, but the mass difference is so extremely small that it's safely negligible While this appears to contradict the first law of thermodynamics (since one would then claim that energy can be created from matter), Einstein's formula ensures that the overarching total amount of mass-energy in the universe remains constant, so you can think of that equivalence as the unified version of the laws of conservation of mass and energy. If anything, the first law of thermodynamics gains an even greater validity thanks to this relation.
The reason why it's the speed of light, and no other constant or quantity, which marks the connection between mass and energy is because of Einstein's postulates in special relativity. If the speed of light is intended to remain the same for all referential frames (including both moving and resting bodies), then it's everything else that needs to change so the relationship between the pairs of variables (space and time on one hand, energy and matter on the other) remained consistent, which led to them varying. This realization wasn't noted before the dawn of the 20th century because most physicists believed that there was a hidden, indiscernible medium that made possible the travel of light across vacuum and media called aether (analogous to sound and mechanical waves needing a medium to be transmitted), meaning that light's speed would somehow change even between two referential frames in the vacuum (the speed does lower when light travels across a physical medium like air, but that's because matter is obstructing its motion, hence the use of the index of refraction to measure the ratio between the speed in the vacuum and the speed in the medium). This belief led to the failure of detecting aether through the famous Michelson-Morley experiment, and motivated physicist Hendrik Lorentz to devise a mathematical model that suggested that electromagnetic waves like light moved independently from their referetial frames. Einstein, seeing the failure of that experiment as a Necessary Fail to solve the mystery, made his aforementioned postulates because they complied with Lorentz's transformation model and allowed him to extrapolate them to all physical phenomena.
Another reason why mass and energy are tied to the speed of light is because, as revealed in Quantum Physics, light itself is a quantified form of energy. Whereas in the macroscopic scale it behaves like a wave, and that behavior can easily explain properties like reflection, refraction, diffraction and (most importantly) polarization, in the scale of atoms and molecules we see that it travels as a torrent of small particles of concentrated energy called photons. And being particles, they move with momentum like material particles do. Classically, momentum would require a value of mass to be calculated, but photons don't have mass because they aren't matter, so their momentum necessarily has to be based on the pure energy they're made of. Notice how resting photons don't exist because they always move, so the surviving term in the generalized form of the mass-energy equivalence is the one governed by momentum, which is always nonzero (meanwhile, the mc2 term is zero due to no mass). It was, once again, Einstein who realized this (the model of quantified energy came beforehand from fellow German physicist Max Planck, but he only assumed it was valid for thermal radiation when he was explaining how heat was absorbed by black bodies), and it was how he successfully explained the mechanism of the photoelectric effect, yielding him the Nobel Prize in Physics (relativity wasn't embraced by the scientific community until much later).
Fact versus fiction:
Now that we have reviewed the subject of energy and how it works in Real Life, let's examine some of the most common portrayals of it in popular culture so we can clarify any myths or misconceptions surrounding them.
Traveling at light speed in outer space: Impossible, unfortunately. As explained before, moving an object requires applying work onto it, and moving it faster will require applying a higher amount of work; in theory, making an object move at light speed would require an infinite amount of work, which for a rocket cannot be achieved even with all the fuel in the universe. This is because you'd need the rocket to achieve an unlimited amount of momentum, and remember that a physical object can only have momentum if it has mass. A vehicle expels the mass of its fuel while it moves, and once a rocket depletes all its fuel it will only have its own mass left. It is more realistic, but still technologically unreachable in our current era, to build a rocket or spacecraft that travels at a speed that is reasonably close to that of light, like 50% to 80%.
Having your own electricity at home by installing an eolic turbine, a waterwheel next to a river, or a solar device: This is probably the most common portrayal in works with a Down on the Farm or Tomorrowland setting. Now, make no mistake; converting natural sources of energy into electrical is a healthy contribution to helping the environment, but it's not a magical solution to the energy crisis (otherwise, we'd have discarded nuclear energy, gas and oil a long time ago!). Remember the second law of thermodynamics: There's no process, whether natural or man-made, that is capable of performing an energy conversion with 100% efficiency. Even if a river is flowing rapidly, if the skies are clear enough for sunlight to land onto the solar devices at all times, or if wind is blowing so rapidly that the eolic turbine will spin like crazy, only a part of that energy will be successfully converted into electrical. For a solar device, the photoelectric effect will at best have a conversion rate of 15% to 20%; eolic turbines fare a bit better with a 20-40% range, while a waterwheel can go as high as 85% but it's not saying much if it's working with a normal river rather than Roaring Rapids. The rest of the energy will either pass by the machines or be converted into heat. This is why cities and countries that rely on water-based sources to provide energy to households use enormous hydroelectric power plants and why they're built onto lakes: They're powerful enough to perform a conversion rate of 90%, which is indeed a lot but is also much more costly and requires an obsessive care of the operating setups.
Having a Bulletproof Vest for a guaranteed protection against bullets: Not fully guaranteed, and in fact the subject on how bulletproof vests work is a lot more complicated, as noted in the description of that very page as well as its real life section. A bullet, despite being small in size and having a low mass, is shot with such a tremendous kinetic energy that the vest it lands onto will receive a lot of material damage by trying to absorb the impact to nullify the bullet's momentum. And at least part of that impact will make it into the person's flesh. This is why police officers are still taught not to act recklessly when facing armed criminals: Being well-equiped with a vest only reduces the probability of suffering a fatal wound.
Not being burnt by simply staying away from lava, a large source of fire or a very hot object: Ahhh, the Convection, Schmonvection trope, long time no see. You may already know that being close to a hot place or object will make you sweat or even get blisters. What few know, however, is that being moderately far from that hot place or object is still dangerous, especially if we're talking about lava or a house on fire. To understand why, let's remember the zeroth law of thermodynamics: The average temperature of lava is 2200 Fahrenheit degrees, or 1204.4 Celsius, whereas air is usually as warm as 68 Fahrenheit or 20 degrees. The two systems (lava and air) will attempt to reach thermal equilibrium by the former sharing its deadly heat with the latter, and the transfer will occur via convection. Therefore, even if you are 10 kilometers (six miles) away from an erupting volcano, you'll be vaporized. In the case of a house on fire, it's not so extreme, but for a human body it can still be lethal. Depending on how big the house is, the temperature can range between 600 and 1100 Fahrenheit degrees, so the surroundings will be still very hot. If your house is in front of another that is burning, make sure to soak the outer walls with as much water as possible, as doing this will mitigate the Heat Wave that comes from the burning house. and you may still be ordered to evacuate by firemen for the sake of safety.
Nuclear energy being the most common source of radiation disease: The answer is no, surprising as it may seem. Due to the catastrophic consequences of World War II, nuclear energy got a very bad reputation in the minds of modern-day society, and this has been regrettably reflected in fiction countless times. While it's true that nuclear energy can be dangerous even when it's not weaponized, it has also contributed to the development of powerful methods in medicine to save lives, and the majority of those methods are painless. Furthermore, even if you're feeling cynical towards nuclear technology, know that it's not the only source of radiation that can kill you. Remember that radiation is any emission of energy (we used thermal as an example when describing the zeroth law, but it also refers to any radiation from the electromagnetic spectrum) that is independent from any transfer-assisting medium. You may be less likely to die from gamma radiation if you wear proper equipment when approaching a radioactive source (or, well, if you simply stay away from it), but you still have to be mindful about the ultraviolet radiation transported by everyday sunlight. It's not merely about avoiding sunburn due to the heat, kids: The less obvious UV radiation, while present in small quantities thanks to the bigger proportion being damped by the Earth's ozone layer, is still capable of endangering a person's life over the years, as it is accumulated over time. Up to 60000 people worldwide die every year because of this, whereas a safely-maintained nuclear power plant is much less likely to kill that many people.
Tropes related to the concept of energy:
Artistic License – Physics
Convection, Schmonvection
Do Not Touch the Funnel Cloud
Equivalent Exchange
No Conservation of Energy
Perpetual Motion Machine
Several Radioactive Tropes, most notably Artistic License – Nuclear Physics
A Wizard Did It
All Cavemen Were Neanderthals
ImageSource/Internet
QuoteSource/Creators
Greg Giraldo
Schrödinger's Cat
Useful Notes
Snow Means Cold


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Piyush Goyal Faces Protests By Railway Employees In Lucknow Over Pension
Railway employees were protesting over issues of restoring the old pension scheme and regularisation of the service of the apprentices.
MONEY SHARMA via Getty Images
A file photo of Piyush Goyal.
LUCKNOW — Union minister Piyush Goyal faced protests by railway employees on Friday over issues of restoring the old pension scheme and regularisation of the service of the apprentices.
However, Goyal's office denied that any such protest had taken place.
The railway minister was here to attend the 70th annual general meeting of the Northern Railway Men's Union.
In his address, Goyal said the government was sensitively considering various demands of the railway employees, like the problems faced in the implementation of the National Pension Scheme (NPS) and regularisation of the apprentices.
After his address, many gheraoed Goyal and raised slogans against him, saying the minister's speech was not satisfactory.
Amidst chaos, the security personnel escorted him to his vehicle, after which he left for Delhi.
"Certain incorrect news reports have appeared regarding Railway minister's speech at today's event of Northern Railway Men's Union in Lucknow. It is to clarify that there was no attack on Shri Piyush Goyal or his car and nobody was injured," Piyush Goyal's Office tweeted.
Certain incorrect news reports have appeared regarding Railway Minister's speech at today's event of Northern Railway Men's Union in Lucknow. It is to clarify that there was no attack on Shri Piyush Goyal or his car and nobody was injured.
— Piyush Goyal Office (@PiyushGoyalOffc) November 16, 2018
MORE: news Piyush Goyal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Go Lewis, Go!
Friday, October 19, 2007.
By Karl Williams
The streets of <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Sao Paulo, Brazil, are known for their yearly Carnival festivities in February. The party started for Lewis Hamilton eight months ago in Australia, when he performed an audacious manoeuvre for a rookie; going around the outside, catching Fernando Alonso so off guard that he taught he'd been mugged!
Lewis has continued with a record breaking nine consecutive podium finishes. He came fourth at Silverstone, excellent for a rookie but not for our Lewis!
It was the first chink in his armour! Then we had the much understated shenanigans in Hungary that underpinned that spy row with Ferrari.
Not since Freddie Flintoff and his Peccadillo moment with the England Cricket Team or the FIFA World Cup has the nation been asked to rise from their beds, like snails on hot coals to watch sport in the wee hours of the day.
The Chinese monsoon battered Lewis' hope of wrapping up the championship two weeks ago in Shanghai.
This weekend, the boy wonder from the sleepy village of Tewin in Hertfordshire, needs the Gods of Sugar Loaf Mountain and the Spirit of his idol, the late great Ayrton Senna de Silva, to watch over him!
At the start of the season Lewis said: "I didn't expect to be on the podium in my first two races." To date, he's been the most consistent driver bar Alonso - his bitter 'team mate' and closest rival. While I'm not a betting man, all perceived wisdom in the pit lane suggest that on form alone, you'd be mad to gamble against Lewis winning the title.
The McLaren team have been squabbling and Shanghai has created a menage-a-trois for this Brazilian finale; from the red corner we're joined by Ferrari's very able iceman Kimi Raikkonen. He's never had a better chance than this one and so the story goes the man who wins the opening race, takes the last!
If there was ever a man for the cool of the moment, it's Kimi! Too many years the bridesmaid to the 'Cyclone from Cologne' that is Michael Schumacher when he was with McLaren, it would give Kimi great pleasure to blow away the cobwebs and put a smile back on the faces' of Ferrari's army of fans - the Tofosi.
This weekend,however, he's seen as an unwanted guest, at least by Fernando! If Kimi wins, a good finish would give the title to Lewis!
Lewis Hamilton has never driven around InterLagos. Is he worried? Hell no! As always, while others are out partying, Lewis shuts the door and does his homework by studying the racetracks he's never set eyes on via his Sony Playstation. Let it not be said that young men and video games are not meant to be! So he should be more than prepared for this race, his biggest dream of all.
Now I've been burning the midnight oil and here is a little calculation I made earlier. Pay attention!
In order for Lewis to win the Championship with authority, he has to win the race or come home second. If however Alonso wins, Lewis needs to come second. Lewis must come at least fourth if Fernando comes 2nd. While 3rd, 4th or 5th for Alonso would need Lewis to finish 6th, 7th or 8th.
Then there's Kimi! If he wins for the Scuderia, then as long as Alonso comes third or below, Lewis need only come fifth. Are you still there?
The worst-case scenario is a dead heat on the points! A win for Fernando and a third place for Lewis give the title to Fernando, as he would've won five races while Lewis would only have won four!
So, my friend, it's a numbers game and we've got three very, very focused and determined young men who are hell bent on winning.
This is a stellar weekend of sport; there's England trying to retain the Rugby World Cup and Jason Robinson taking his last bow for his country. And there is Lewis Hamilton, our boy-wonder going for his first crown. Where will you be heading come Monday morning!
Have your nails filled and your mummy's thimbles at the ready or mask-up those finger nails this weekend!
I've been reading the book on Lewis Hamilton by Brain Benton called "A Dream Comes True". This is the first book written about a Black British Racing driver, by the Black publishers, Pennant Books.
The first Black F1 Drivers Champion, very poignant year 2007! Long may it continue!
Karl Williams is a London-based freelance journalist and motoring correspondent for The New Black Magazine.


I added some Paypal donation buttons to the side because I am a total sellout. Somebody mentioned that I have marketable skills, so we'll see if that's true. I don't think I have enough talent or contacts to demand a crapload of money like the Rio Grande Guardian, so I am going for small donations. This offsets some of the hobby costs like hosting the podcasts and getting new equipment. I'm working on a sob story for later to see if I can squeeze more money out of you, my readers.
I am learning more about podcasting. I realize that my calm, cool manner is probably not the most exciting for listeners, so I need to work on that. I thought that perhaps I had 2 or 3 readers and listeners. After installing the stats counter, I realized that I am getting a lot more visitors than I thought. Therefore, I realize that I have some obligation to improve the quality of the blog. So, your support is appreciated and I will rise to the challenge. Thank you in advance, if you choose to donate. If you don't donate, you can still mooch for free. It's still a hobby, so I won't be stopping anytime soon.


March 5th –St. Piran's Day a.k.a. St. Perran or Pyran.
A 6th century Irishman who literally washed ashore in Cornwall, Piran is credited with bringing Celtic-style Christianity to Cornwall. The Cornish Saint is also dear to our hearts at Nagle Forge & Foundry because he is the patron saint of tinners –tin being one of the primary products of Cornwall and the primary component of pewter! Beloved by the people of Cornwall Piran's banner of a white cross on a black background –light shining from darkness– is the flag of Cornwall today.
We at Nagle Forge & Foundry do not make anything with a specifically "Cornish" motif. We have also never made a piece dedicated to the Cornish Saint. However, tin is the primary component of pewter and we use over 1,200 pounds of tin in a given year so we like to think that most of our pieces are a tribute to the Cornish Saint Pirran.
February First is traditionally celebrated as the Feast Day of St. Brigid –or Brigit– of Kildare.
Born to an enslaved mother and a pagan Irish chieftain sometime in the 5th century, Brigid was raised among Druids. Early in the Christian Missionary period she was Baptized & dedicated her life to charity & education eventually founding an art school as well as a convent in Kildare. Often depicted as the "lady with the lamp" –the lamp symbolizes Brigid's role as a teacher and "bringer of light"– Brigid is celebrated as the protectoress of newborns from ignorance as well as harm.
Brigid's birthplace –once the Kingdom of Kildare, now the County– is an inland county, just west of Dublin, Beautiful Kildare is woven through with some of Ireland's most important rivers –including the Barrow, the Boyne and the Liffey. Once a part of the Kingdom of Leinster, Kildare already had an ancient history –stretching back to at least the Bronze Age– when St. Brigid founded a religious community there sometime in the early sixth century. Later in the ninth century Kildare's rivers made it easy for Viking raiders –moving inland from Dublin– to establish an area of settlement known as the Dyflinkarskiri. However, famous as Kildare is for its fish it is even more famous for its horses and, in recent centuries, its horse races. (In the early 20th century Kildare was also the site of one of Ireland's first motor races.) Kildare will always be most famous for its most celebrated daughter, St. Brigid of Kildare.


text:
First: Our position is not a statement about other churches or a judgment of the intent of "age-segregated" churches.
Second: At Eastside, all corporate gatherings are attended by all ages. Adults and children ordinarily attend all gatherings together. Children attend church services without being dismissed and instead of attending age specific ministries. We do not have age grouped activities for children and youth.
Third: This does not mean that we oppose evanglistic efforts of some ages. We see the primary duty of teaching believer's children is the duty of parents. Where there are not believing parents to do this we call on other families to bring these children with them to the gatherings of the church.
Don't hessitate to ask any questions.
ESBC Statement Concerning Family Integration
Structured under the 1925 New Hampshire Confession; meaning we are lead by a plurality of pastors/elders and governed by congregational rule.
We are an age-integrated congregation; meaning all ages are integrated in all corporate gatherings.
We partner with Southern Baptists; meaning we are an independent local church who voluntarily partners with the Magic Valley Baptist Association, Utah/Idaho Southern Baptist Convention and the Southern Baptist Convention.
Twin Falls, Idaho 83301
For the purpose of preserving and making secure the principles of our faith and to the end that this body be governed in an orderly manner, consistent with accepted tenets of the Southern Baptist Churches affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention, and for the purpose of preserving the liberties inherent in each individual member of the church, and to set forth the relationship of this body to other bodies of the same faith and religions of different faiths, we do declare and establish this constitution.
ARTICLE I. NAME
This body shall be known as the Eastside Southern Baptist Church of Twin Falls, Twin Falls County, in the state of Idaho.
ARTICLE II. PURPOSE
The purpose of this body shall be to provide regular opportunities for public worship, to sustain the ordinances, doctrines and ethics set forth in the New Testament for the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ; to mature its members through a program of Christian Education; to channel its offerings to the support of God's work on earth, and to preach the propagate among all people the gospel of the Revelation of God through Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord, as directed by the church in business session.
ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP
SECTION 1. The membership of this church shall be composed of persons who have given evidence of regeneration, who have been baptized my immersion, who have been subscribed to the covenant and constitution of this church, and who have been received by vote of the church.
SECTION 2. A member of another Baptist church of like faith and order may be received by vote of the church upon a letter of dismission from that church.
SECTION 3. Anyone who has once been a member of a Baptist church, and in consequence of peculiar circumstances has no regular letter of dismission, may be received into our fellowship upon a statement satisfactory to the church.
SECTION 4. Letters of dismission may be granted to any church of like faith and order for members in good standing. When letters are granted, membership in this church will terminate.
SECTION 5. When a member of this church joins a church of different faith and order, membership in this church will terminate.
SECTION 6. The church, after due notice and opportunity for hearing and kindly efforts to make such action unnecessary, may terminate the membership of persons who habitually absent themselves from the services when well and able to attend, or otherwise fail to fulfill the obligations specified in the Church Covenant,
SECTION 7. In considering the duties involved, members are expected, first of all, to be faithful in all duties essential to the Christian life; to attend regularly to services of the church; to give regularly and systematically to its support and causes; and to share in its organized work.
SECTION 8. In considering the rights involved, member, and members only, may act and vote in the transactions of the church.
SECTION 9. Only those 21 years or older may vote on legal matters.
ARTICLE IV. MEETINGS
SECTION 1. This church shall hold regular meetings for worship, teaching, training, and fellowship.
SECTION 2. This church shall hold regular business meetings at which time the material and spiritual conditions of the church will be discussed, and plans projected for its material and spiritual growth and outreach.
SECTION 3. Other meetings of the church as a whole, or of authorized groups within the church, shall be set according to the needs of the congregation.
ARTICLE V. CHURCH OFFICERS
SECTION 1. Officers: the officers of this church shall be a pastor, deacons or other vocational leadership as needed, trustees, clerk, treasurer, and such other officers as shall be required for the work of the church in any of its departments or organizations. All of these shall be elected by the church and shall be members in good standing.
SECTION 2. Election and duties:
A. PASTOR
Whenever a vacancy occurs, a pastor shall be called by the church to serve until the relationship is dissolved at the request of the pastor or the church. In either case, at least sixty days notice shall be give of termination of the relationship, unless otherwise mutually agreed, with both pastor and the church seeking to follow the will of God and the leadership of the Holy Spirit. The call of the pastor shall take place at a meeting especially set for that purpose of which one week's notice has been given to the membership. The election shall be upon the recommendation of a special committee appointed to seek out and nominate as a pastor, a minister of the Gospel whose Christian character and qualifications fit him for office of pastor of this church. The committee shall bring only one name at a time for consideration of the church, no nomination shall be made except that of the committee. Election shall be by ballot with an affirmative vote of three-fourths of those present and voting necessary for a call. Should the one recommended by the committee fail to receive three-fourths vote, the committee will be instructed to seek out another minister, and the meeting shall be adjourned without debate.
The pastor shall have in charge of the welfare and oversight of the church; he shall be ex-officio member of all organizations, departments and committees; he may call a special meeting of any committee according to procedures which may be set forth in the By-Laws; he shall conduct religious services in stated and special occasions, administer the ordinances, minister to the members of the church and community, and perform other duties that usually pertain to that office; he shall have a special charge of the pulpit ministry of the church. He shall arrange for workers to assist in revival meetings and other special services in cooperation with the church and with the approval of the church. The pastors shall preside at all meetings of the church except as otherwise provided in the By-Laws. He shall be the administrative head of the church.
B. DEACONS
New deacons shall be selected annually on an as-needed basis. Having served as a deacon in another church shall not necessarily qualify a deacon for service at Eastside. In accordance the New Testament, deacons will serve with the pastor and staff in performing the pastoral ministries of:
(1) Leading the church in the achievement of its mission.
(2) Proclaiming the gospel to believers and unbelievers, and
(3) Caring for the church's members and attendees.
In the absence of the pastor, the chairman of the deacons shall preside as Moderator.
C. TRUSTEES
The church shall elect at least three members to serve as trustees. Their term of office shall be for three years with one-third of the number elected each year. Vacancies may be filled at any time with the one elected filling out the unexpired term of the one whose vacancy is being filled. Having served as a trustee during a previous term will not disqualify a member for re-election.
The trustee shall, as provided by law and action of the church, hold in trust the title to all property of the church and shall represent the church in all matters of legal responsibility regarding the purchase, improvement and disposal of church property. They shall execute all legal papers relating to the church as the church may direct. They shall have no power to buy, sell, mortgage, lease or transfer any property of the church without specific vote of the church authorizing such action; neither shall they have any control over the use of church property except by vote of the church.
D. CLERK
The clerk shall be elected annually. It shall be his duty to attend, or be represented, at all church business meetings, to keep an accurate record of all business transactions, to prepare the annual association letter an notify all officers, members of committees and messengers of their election appointment. The clerk shall issue letters of dissmission as authorized by the church and preserve a true history of the church. It shall also be the duty of the clerk to see that the accurate roll of the church membership is kept with dates and methods of admission and dismissal, change in name, correct mailing addresses and other pertinent information.
E. TREASURER
The treasurer shall be selected annually. It shall be the duty of the treasurer to receive, keep in a bank, and disburse by check upon proper authority all money or things of value that are given to the church, and disburse by check on proper authority all money or things of value that are given to the church, and keep at all times an itemized account of all receipts and disbursements; rendering regular account to the church to be preserved by the church clerk. The treasurer's books shall be audited as arranged by the church, and all books, records, and accounts kept by him shall be considered the property of the church.
ARTICLE VI. GENERAL
SECTION 1. License. When a member announces to the church that he feels the call to the ministry, the church, by majority vote, may license him as an acknowledgement of his call to the ministry and encouragement to make preparation for it. The clerk of the church may furnish the member with a copy of the minutes or a certificate of license as his credential. It is understood that the performance of civil duties by the member shall be governed by state law.
SECTION 2. Ordination. In the event this church has been requested to ordain a member who has been called as a pastor of a Baptist church, the following procedure shall be followed: The church will express its approval by a vote of three-fourths of all members present at any regularly arranged business meeting of the church. This church shall invite representatives of neighboring Baptist churches to examine the candidate and report to the church. Then in the event the report is found favorable, the church shall proceed with the ordination.
SECTION 3. Property Holding. It is agreed that the securing and maintaining of real property, buildings and equipment by this church shall be for the express purpose of providing facilities for public worship and for the engagement upon the missionary, educational, and benevolent interests of this church, of the character and in the spirit of the Constitution and Articles of Faith of this congregation.
If at anytime this church shall determine to alter the quality of its beliefs and practices so as in important respects to be at variance with the character described in this Constitution and in these Articles of Faith, if the decision is by less than unanimous vote of those present at a regular business meeting of the church, it is understood that the rights of the property of the church shall belong to that part of the congregation which shall agree to continue to use the property for the purpose for which it was purchased and has been to that time maintained.
This church may withdraw from affiliation with the Southern Baptist Convention by a vote of two-thirds of the resident membership; provided that, in the event such vote is less than unanimous, the property of the church shall remain vested in the group in the church desiring to retain its affiliation with the Southern Baptist Convention; provided further that in all matters relating to its internal affairs the church remains and shall be an autonomous body.
ARTICLE VII. ADOPTION AND AMENDMENTS
SECTION 1. This constitution shall be considered adopted in immediate effect if and when two-thirds of the members present at the business meeting at which vote is taken shall vote in favor of the same
SECTION 2. This constitution may be amended, altered, or repealed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular business meeting of church; provided, however, that such amendment alteration or repeal must be given to the clerk in writing; and this proposed change shall be presented to the church at least thirty days prior to the time the vote is taken.
ARTICLE I. MEETINGS
SECTION 1. The regular worship services of the church shall be held on Sundays, unless otherwise agreed upon by the church. The Lord's Supper shall be observed at least a quarter at the time approved by the church. The annual meeting for the election of officers shall be held during September.
SECTION 2. The church shall hold regular business meetings at least monthly. Special business meetings may be called by the pastor or any member at such time as they may be needed, with reasonable notice of the time and place of the meeting given to the congregation. The pastor shall serve as Moderator of the business sessions of the church. In his absence, or upon his request, the clerk, or some other person chosen by the church, may serve as Moderator.
ARTICLE II. OTHER CHURCH OFFICERS
In addition to those named in the Constitution, other officers of the church shall be a Financial Secretary, Superintendent of the Sunday School, Director of Training Union, Director of Music, Pianist-Organist, and other officers as may be desired. All officers of the church and its organizations, unless otherwise specified, shall be elected for a term of one year.
SECTION 1. Financial Secretary. The Financial Secretary shall receive the empty offering envelopes after the money has been removed and counted by the proper person; and from theses he shall give each contributor individual credit as provided in the record system approved by the church. He shall keep the envelopes for reference as the church directs. He shall keep records of the receipts from envelopes, plate or loose and miscellaneous special offerings. The Financial Secretary shall also be responsible for preparing and mailing regular statements to all contributing members as the church directs.
SECTION 2. Sunday School Superintendent. The Superintendent of the Sunday School shall have general over sight of the entire school and shall administer its affairs on cooperation with, and according to, the plans and methods of the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, subject to the approval of the local church. He shall acquaint himself with the best methods of religious education and endeavor to adopt them in his school. It shall be his duty to counsel weekly or monthly with his teachers and officers through officers' and teachers' meeting, in the work of the school, giving advice and receiving suggestions from his co-workers. He shall see that a full and accurate report is made of the work of the Sunday School in the regular business meetings of the church.
SECTION 3. Training Union Director. The Training Union Director shall have charge of the activities of the Training Union. He shall acquaint himself with the program and methods outlined by the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention for this organization and shall endeavor to adopt such programs in this church, subject to the approval of the church. He shall see that a full accurate report is given at the regular business meetings of the church.
SECTION 4. Music Director. The Music Director shall be responsible for providing worshipful music at all services. The Director is to direct the choir, or choirs, in practice and public singing and is to cooperate with the pastor and other leaders in the selection of suitable music, and the devising of the appropriate musical programs for all occasions where such services are needed.
SECTION 5. Pianist-Organist. The Pianist-Organist shall play for all public services and shall assist the Music Director in a suitable program of music for the church.
ARTICLE III. STANDING COMMITTEES
SECTION 1. Number of Committees. The church shall elect such standing committees as may be deemed necessary to carry on the phases of the program of the church efficiently and effectively.
ARTICLE IV. SPECIAL COMMITTEES
Special Committees shall be elected for specific obligations as desired by the church. These committees shall be elected by the church pr appointed by the moderator.
ARTICLE V. ADOPTION AND AMENDMENTS
SECTION 1. These By-Laws shall be considered adopted and in immediate effect if and when a majority of the members present at the business meeting at which the vote is taken shall vote in favor of the same.
SECTION 2. Any of the rules in these By-Laws may be amended, altered, or repealed by a majority vote of the members present at any regular business meeting of the church; provided, however, that notice and proposal of such amendment, alteration of repeal must be given in writing at the preceding regular business meeting of the church.
SECTION 1. The adoption of this Constitution and By-Laws shall affect a repeal of all previously adopted rules in conflict herewith.
SECTION 2. A copy of this Constitution and By-Laws shall at all times be kept by the clerk among his records and another copy shall be kept in the church office, and all amendments to or revisions thereof shall, after passage by the church, be prepared by the clerk and pasted in the copies of the Constitution and By-Laws and made available to the church members generally upon request.
ADDENDUM NUMBER ONE
CHURCH COVENANT
ADDENDUM NUMBER TWO
NEW HAMPSHIRE CONFESSION OF FAITH
As presented to the Convention and adopted in 1925, the New Hampshire Confession of Faith revised certain points and with some additional articles growing out of present needs. (Found in the booklet THE BAPTIST FAITH AND MESSAGE).
ADDENDUM NUMBER THREE
Robert's Rules of Order, Revised is the authority for parliamentary rules of procedure for all business meetings of the church.
"The purpose of this body shall be to provide regular opportunities for public worship, to sustain the ordinances, doctrines and ethics set forth in the New Testament for the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ; to mature its members through a program of Christian Education; to channel its offerings to the support of God's work on earth, and to preach the propagate among all people the gospel of the Revelation of God through Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord, as directed by the church in business session." Eastside Constitution


Our Safety, Health, Environment, Quality (SHEQ) policy guides our safety management activities. The core principle of this policy states that "At The Linde Group, we do not want to harm people or the environment".
In reality, this means that all Linde employees, partner employees, contractors and customers must look beyond getting maximum return on our gases to also prevent accidents and damage.
Linde's safety culture is defined by Group-wide safety regulations, which are then adapted and implemented at regional and local level in line with specific requirements.
The integrated management systems deployed by our Gases, Engineering and Gist logistics Divisions provide the tools to monitor and steer safety management. They form a basic framework that governs our behaviour across the board and especially at management level. Each employee must comply with safety regulations. In other words, he or she must assume responsibility for their personal and collective safety.
We systematically train our employees to identify risks. However, our training extends beyond identification. Through films and a risk matrix, we also ensure our employees are able to correctly assess risks. After all, correct classification is the only way of ensuring that suitable preventive measures are implemented.
Meeting legal regulations on safety in the workplace can pose a major challenge for many operators of gas plants. So, in many countries, we bundle the requisite know-how and measures into safety programmes, enabling precise implementation of relevant occupational safety guidelines. Our customers can therefore be sure that they are fulfilling their specific obligations to the letter. We also provide thorough support for customers purchasing cylinder gases, advising them on a range off issues from safe transport to correct disposal methods.
Our comprehensive safety management programme includes product stewardship, REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals), safety datasheets, training, transport safety, plant safety and occupational safety, as well as healthcare. See Corporate Responsibility at linde.com for more detailed information on these topics.
For example, transport is the core business of our Gist Division, but is also among the key processes of our larger Gases and Engineering Divisions. While the Gases Division delivers its products to customers itself, either by pipeline or transport fleet, the main focus for the Engineering Division is on careful selection of transport service providers and precise timing. Safety plays a central role in all our transport activities.
The transport of gases is regulated by the ADR (European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, from the French: Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses par Route). The potential hazards of such transport are significantly reduced by handling the products correctly, knowing their properties and optimising packaging.
Transport incidents can be very hazardous and are among the safety risks we particularly focus on. Our aim is to reduce the number and frequency of transport-related accidents – both among Linde employees and our contractual partners.


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* Click on the author's name to view their profile and articles. Others may have already been granted a patent for their inventions and need help developing an invention prototype.
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text:
The good, bad and ugly of Holstein steers
Ed. Note: This article was first printed in Country Folks on Feb. 12, 2018. With some large slaughter facilities either closed or operating with minimal employees, more consumers are looking for locally raised beef and we felt republishing it would be beneficial to producers. Feeding bull calves and selling halves, quarters or cuts may be a feasible enterprise for a dairy farm if the farm has sufficient feed to finish calves. Be sure to check with federal, state and local regulations prior to selling beef.
Pennsylvania State Beef Extension Specialist Dr. Tara Felix said dairy steers contribute to approximately 15 – 20% of the nation's beef supply, and that numerous packers are interested in receiving a steady supply of them.
"Holstein calves have the genetics and the propensity to marble and cut out exceedingly well," said Felix. "Whatever we've done to breed for milk production, we have inadvertently selected genetically for a tremendous amount of marbling in Holstein calves if we feed and treat them right."
Felix outlined the good, the bad and the ugly about raising Holstein steers. "These calves have a great temperament," said Felix, starting with the good. "We're used to beef cattle moving away from us, we're used to calves working in a flight zone, and now we almost have to lead them – they just don't function the way we're used to." Felix added that Holstein steers' gentleness is appropriate for younger children who might not be able to work safely around more flighty young beef calves.
Another advantage is uniformity of genetics – about 80 – 90% of Holsteins can be traced to three sires. "We've done a phenomenal job selecting for uniformity of genetics in Holstein cows," said Felix. "When these animals are in a feedlot, we see very uniform, very consistent rates of gain among a group." In the beef industry, there's no "right" way to feed a beef calf – grass, hay, corn, byproducts or any combination of feeds, there's a genetic match for that system. In the Holstein feeding system, the advantage is that any calf fits into a program to finish within a certain weight range.
Exceptional marbling is another advantage. Part of that is due to a high grain diet starting at a very young age, but also due to the amino acids acetate, butyrate and propionate. The latter two are important for rumen development. "Propionate is also very important for marbling," Felix said. "If you want a beef calf to marble and bring it off pasture, you're going to put grain into it for marbling. Same thing with Holstein calves. If you continue to feed grain after the rumen is developed, that grain, and the propionate that's produced, will aid in marbling. So it's partly genetics but also how they're being fed."
While the bull or steer calf was formerly thought of as a byproduct of milk production, these animals now have significantly more value as beef. "In the past, that byproduct has been extremely affordable because it wasn't needed," said Felix. "The dairy farmer needed the lactation but didn't need the calf. We have come full circle on that. The question of whether they're a byproduct and 'cheap' starting out depends on the marketplace."
While the temperament of the Holstein steer makes it easy to work with, most beef producers prefer an animal that moves away when pushed and knows how to work through a chute – a potential negative when it comes to efficiency. "The easy temperament can be frustrating," said Felix. "You have to be okay with that. Getting upset and pushing isn't going to get you anywhere with them."
Another "bad" is that Holsteins will be in the feedlot longer, which can be a disadvantage for producers who are used to moving calves in and out as quickly as possible. Traditionally, beef producers strive to get two groups of feeders through a lot in a year. "That isn't the case with the Holstein calf," said Felix. "We're going to wean the calf at 16 to 20 weeks. Bring them to the feedlot, they're still a small calf and won't have the same rate of gain as a beef steer. It's a practice in patience. You can expect these animals to be on feed for 300 to 400 days."
Because of their frame size and gut metabolism, Holsteins have higher maintenance requirements. It takes more feed to meet the calf's daily nutritional needs than it does to keep a native beef steer alive. Felix said beef cattle are regularly fed diets that are 56 to 58 megacalories of net energy for gain. "When we think about Holsteins, we feed 60 to 62 megacalories because that calf has higher maintenance energy requirement, and we have to feed a higher energy ration in order to dilute maintenance costs and allow for increased average daily gain."
When compared to native beef breeds, Holsteins have a greater feed intake. Felix noted that Holstein calves on feed last year at the Livestock Evaluation Center were eating approximately 20 pounds of corn grain every day, and that doesn't include protein and fiber sources.
Because of the increased feed and water intake, pens tend to be messier, so good facility design and drainage is essential. It's part of Holstein calves' nature to play, and they tend to play in water tanks. "If they're on a bedded pack, you'll have to consider more bedding to keep calves dry," she said.
Felix outlined some of what she calls "the ugly" about raising Holstein beef. Holsteins tend to be pattern eaters more than native beef breeds. "Any beef calf will have a pattern where if it's fed once a day it will eat up to 70% of total feed intake within the first six hours after feeding," she said. "Holsteins seem to be even more like this – think about how we push feed to the Holstein cow and encourage them to come to the bunk to eat more. If we only put feed in the bunks once or twice a day, calves will run up to the bunk because they're curious about humans and curious about new feed. They'll consume, and throughout the rest of the day, they dawdle. The patterns they develop as a result of their interaction and relationship with humans is unique to the Holstein calf." These pattern eaters have a greater risk for acidosis and potentially liver abscesses because they over-consume early and ruminate the rest of the day.
Market fluctuations are more potential for ugly. There's a chance that young steers will be purchased for a certain price and the producer won't receive sufficient return. "You don't get in the business for one calf cycle," said Felix. "It's almost guaranteed you won't make money in the first cycle because you're still figuring things out – what the market is going to do. You get in the business to be in the cattle business, and the longevity is what you're after. You can ride out the valleys and peaks if you have a consistent calf supply and if you're in for more than one cycle."
Lee Newspapers2020-05-01T16:04:23-05:00May 1, 2020|Eastern Edition|1 Comment
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David G Balzen July 22, 2022 at 6:36 pm - Reply
Small farm just purchased some Holsteins steer calves. Interest in raising them as healthy and properly as possible!!


text:
A 2001–02-es Gambrinus liga volt a cseh élvonalbeli labdarúgó-bajnokság 9. szezonja.

Tabella

M = Lejátszott meccsek; Gy = Győztes meccsek; D = Döntetlennel véget érő meccsek; V = Vesztes meccsek; R = Rúgott gólok; K = Kapott gólok; GK = Gólkülönbség; P = Pontok

 Megjegyzések:
 Az SK Sigma Olomouc az UEFA-sportszerűségi ranglista-helyezése miatt indulhatott az európai kupákban
 Az FK Drnovice pénzügyi gondok miatt a harrmadosztályba esett ki.

A góllövőlista élmezőnye

Lásd még
 2001–2002-es cseh labdarúgókupa
 2001–2002-es cseh labdarúgó-bajnokság (másodosztály)

Jegyzetek

  ČMFS statisztikák

2001-2002
Cseh 1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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We are passionate about providing lovely off-the-rack products as well as offering a bespoke, design from scratch, service.
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Our client in the Fort Washington area is looking for a Contract On Site Recruiter/Sourcer - Must be skilled in candidate sourcing techniques.
- Computer savvy and fast learner.
- Ability to perform administrative duties.
-Sourcing for candidates using a variety of job boards, social media, and running searches using company software.


text:
Q: Why is typescript disregarding a variable type? I declared a typed variable that will supposedly hold the data fetched by a service. However, the returned data is not the same type as the variable, yet the variable still accepts the data.
Here is my code:
Data: Array<{Currency: string, Rate: number}>;

getData(): void {
  this.DataService.getAll().subscribe(
    (res: Array<any>) => {
      this.Data = res;
    },
    (err) => {
      console.log(err);
    }
  );
}

I tried the following but it still didn't work:
res: Array<{Currency: string, Rate: number}>

Update
This is my service
getAll(): Observable<Array<{Currency: string, Rate: number}>> {
    return this.http.get(`${this.baseUrl}/data`).pipe(
      map((res) => {
        this.data = res['data'];
        return this.data;
    }),
    catchError(this.handleError));
  }

UPDATE 2
I found the similar issue here: https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/20770

A: You can create a model as:
export interface CurrencyModel {
  Currency: string,
  Rate: number
}

then use this model in response as:
Data: CurrencyModel[];

getData(): void {
  this.DataService.getAll().subscribe(
    (res: CurrencyModel[]) => {
      this.Data = res;
    },
    (err) => {
      console.log(err);
    }
  );
}

getAll should return Observable<CurrencyModel[]>

A: Because there is no type safety at runtime.
Remember TypeScript is translated into JavaScript at compile time. And at that point, all bets are off.
If you want to ensure some sort of type safety I recommend using something for API documentation with tooling for automated code generation like OpenAPI with swagger.

A: any is by definition assignable to anything. So Array<any> will be assignable to any other array type. I would avoid any at all cost. If you truly don't know the type of somethign use unknown instead and use explicit assertions as needed, better explicit assertions rather than silent any assignments.
Data: Array<{Currency: string, Rate: number}>;

getData(): void {
  this.DataService.getAll().subscribe(
    (res: Array<unknwon>) => {
      this.Data = res as Array<{Currency: string, Rate: number}>;
    },
    (err) => {
      console.log(err);
    }
  );
}

Ideally getAll() should return Observable<Array<{Currency: string, Rate: number}>>. The no type annotations would be necessary on res and it would all be type safe.

A: TypeScript is an extension on top of JavaScript that provides type support for the process of writing code. Anyways, all your TypeScript code will be converted to pure JavaScript before you can run your program. Thus, after compilation all your types will be lost in reality.
If your returned data at runtime do not have the same type as the variable you declared, there is no chance for TypeScript to warn you or prevent this. This is because TypeScript can only check static types, not dynamic types like if you receive a server response. You'll need another validation mechanism to verify your server data correspond to your TypeScript definition.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Fear is a Liar – Hope Day!
No Fear – Hope Day!
You are His good work. Place your HOPE in that promise. He is with you until forever.
Be a beautiful work in progress choosing hope over fear, light over dark.
You are His good work. He is your hope.
This is a hope to be shared.
Everyone needs a hope reminder on hope day!
Pure Grace is in the hope business. Works in progress welcomed, encouraged and loved. After all that's us!


text:
HOME PLACES PHOTO GALLERY BLOG PEOPLE FOOD & DRINK SAVVY TRAVEL COLUMNS STATE PARKS
14 Food Trails Worthy of Packing an Extra Pair of Comfortable Pants (March 2019)
Exploring Algiers Point, New Orleans' Second Oldest Neighborhood (January 2019)
Postcard from Bristol Tennessee/Virginia (January 2019)
21 "Spirited" Stays Throughout The South (October 2018)
Checking In for the Night: Nine Bed-and-Breakfasts Throughout the South (October 2018)
Rhythm is Deep during Cumberland Caverns Live at Cumberland Caverns (September 2018)
Postcard from Panama City, Florida (August 2018)
Take a Tour of The Lewis Ranch (July 2018)
Reservations, Please! New and Upcoming Properties in the South (July 2018)
Off-the-Beaten-Path: Four Very Different Museum in One Place on the Mississippi State University Campus (July 2018)
Explore Revolutionary War Sites in the South (July 2018)
So Cool, It's Hot: Southern Summer Bucket List (June 2018)
"It's Ours!" Tennessee Town Reclaims Long Island Iced Tea (June 2018)
In a Travel Slump? Find Some Getaway Inspiration with These Four Destinations (June 2018)
Remember and Honor: Seven Military Museums to Visit Year Round (May 2018)
Postcard from Tupelo, Mississippi (May 2018)
Off-the-Beaten-Path: Seven Museums (and a Bonus) Not to Miss in New Orleans' French Quarter (May 2018)
Relax, Recharge and Refresh at Coldwater Gardens in Milton, Florida (April 2018)
Let's Go! Reconnect and Create Memories at These Seven Family Fun Destinations (March 2018)
So Many Reasons to Visit Nashville, Tennessee (February 2018)
Gowns, Costumes and History: 11 Museums (and a Bonus) That Highlight Mardi Gras (January 2018)
Take a Retro U.S. Road Trip with "Addicted to Americana" (January 2018)
Experience Valhalla Resort Hotel in Helen, Georgia (December 2017)
Shop Local: Nine Places to Find Distinctive Gifts (November 2017)
Pose, Snap, Post at Any of These Top Seven Instagrammable Georgia State Parks and Historic Site Locations (November 2017)
A Quick Peek Inside the Omni Hotel at The Battery Atlanta (November 2017)
It's Coming! Great Wolf Lodge in LaGrange, Georgia to Open at the end of May 2018 (October 2017)
Take the Scenic Route: Three Drives not to Miss in the South (October 2017)
Postcard from Winston-Salem, North Carolina (September 2017)
Go, See, Do, Stay: Exploring Three Destinations in the Ozark Mountains (August 2017)
Edgar Degas and the Degas House in New Orleans (August 2017)
Find Unique Experiences in the South (and America) with "100 Things to Do in America Before You Die" (July 2017)
Dive in Gulf County, Florida with Daly's Watersports' "Discover Scuba Diving" (June 2017)
Unpacking the Unclaimed Baggage Center in Scottsboro, Alabama (June 2017)
Get Out(side) and Explore Seven of North Alabama's Natural Attractions (May 2017)
10 Things Not to Miss When Visiting Dollywood (May 2017)
Let the Concierge be Your Guide for Adventure in Gulf County, Florida (April 2017)
Discover Farmview Market in Madison, Georgia (October 2016)
Postcard from Natchitoches, Louisiana (October 2016)
Discover the Essence of the Florida Panhandle at State Parks (October 2016)
Experience Fayetteville, North Carolina (October 2016)
Nine Fun Ways to Enjoy Fall Foliage in Georgia (October 2016)
Postcard from Lexington, Kentucky (September 2016)
Get Out and Explore: Six States, 16 State Parks (September 2016)
Checking In...The Henderson in Destin, Florida (September 2016)
What to Do in Blowing Rock, North Carolina (September 2016)
Postcard from Baton Rouge, Louisiana (June 2016)
From Alligators to Whale Sharks: 10 Aquariums in the South to Explore (May 2016)
Postcard from LaGrange, Georgia (April 2016)
Nine Experiences to Enjoy in Bowling Green, Kentucky (March 2016)
Postcard from Middleburg, Virginia (February 2016)
Go, See, Do: Six Getaway-Worthy Southern Destinations (January 2016)
16 Things to Do in the South in 2016 (January 2016)
Rider or Not, There are Many Reasons to Visit Smoky Mountain Harley-Davidson (October 2015)
The Great Georgia Escape: Discovering (and Enjoying) Big Canoe (September 2015)
Quick Glimpse into Birmingham, Alabama's Growing Culinary Scene (August 2015)
Discover the Vast Musical Side of the South with the Americana Music Triangle (June 2015)
Take Grilling to the Next Level with Grillocracy.com (June 2015)
True Cajun Experience Found at Crawfish Haven/Mrs. Rose's Bed and Breakfast (May 2015)
Experience Acre in Auburn, Alabama (May 2015)
Experience the Mississippi Delta with These Four Destinations (January 2015)
Four Days, Three Destinations: Exploring Columbia County and Augusta, Ga., and Aiken, S.C. (January 2015)
Finding the Perfect Southern Destination for Your Next Getaway (January 2015)
So Many Fun Ways to Spend Your Holiday Gift Cash in the South (December 2014)
Behind the Scenes: The Personal Collection (and Memories) at the Gone With the Wind Museum: Scarlett on the Square (December 2014)
Spending a Day or Weekend in Bardstown, Kentucky (September 2014)
"Celebrate" Your Getaway to The Pearl on Rosemary Beach (September 2014)
College Football Hall of Fame Debuts in Atlanta (August 2014)
Discover Alabama's Varied Culinary Side during Alabama Restaurant Week (August 2014)
Get Out and Enjoy Scallop Season (and Scallops) on St. Joseph Bay in Gulf County, Florida (August 2014)
Bringing the Past and Present Together in Rock Hill, S.C. with "75 Years, Still One Gear" (July 2014)
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Streamsong Resort: A Golfing Resort Beyond the Ordinary in Florida (April 2014)
In the Kitchen with Chef Douglas Olsen (March 2014)
Celebrating Farmers and Farm Life with the Farm Star Living Website and App (March 2014)
In the Kitchen with Chef Sam Lodovico, The Resort at Glade Springs (February 2014)
Checking Out Charleston's Culinary Scene with Charleston Culinary Tours (February 2014)
Discovering Downtown Birmingham, Ala. with Alabama Road Trips (January 2014)
Season Two of "Emeril's Florida" Highlights Culinary Gems of South Walton (January 2014)
Chatting with Barbecue Champion and Restaurateur Melissa Cookston (November 2013)
"Cast Iron Chef" Competition to Heat Up the 3rd annual Brooks County Skillet Festival (October 2013)
Crowd Pleasing Recipes to Amp Up Tailgating (September 2013)
Discovering Georgia's Lake Oconee Area (July 2013)
Honoring the Man in Black: Johnny Cash Museum (June 2013)
Experience Sonesta Resort Hilton Head Island (June 2013)
Build Your Own Memorable Experience in Columbus, Georgia (May 2013)
South Walton's Art Culture: People Behind the Creations (May 2013)
Louisville, Kentucky Beyond the Derby (May 2013)
City Insider: Mark Wyant, owner, The Saint Hotel in New Orleans (February 2013)
Dining Out at Osteria Tulia (January 2013)
Discover Florida's Charm with Emeril's Florida (January 2013)
Taste Nostalgia (and Fun) with Pure Sodaworks (December 2012)
Find Serenity (and More) at Red Horse Inn (December 2012)
In Tall Cotton: Chef Cory Bahr and Restaurant Cotton (November 2012)
Under the Grand Chapiteau with Cirque du Soleil's Totem (November 2012)
Feelin' Presidential: Presidential Sites Throughout the South (October 2012)
Eight Cool Southern College Towns (September 2012)
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In the Kitchen with Chef Eric Fulkerson (August 2012)
Visiting The Inn at Magnolia Oaks (August 2012)
Journey to New Orleans Plantation Country (August 2012)
Turn Your Vacation into an Experience at the Plantation on Crystal River (July 2012)
Dazzle Your Summer with Fata Morgana (July 2012)
Coming Home to Hightower Creek Vineyards (July 2012)
Exploring I-95 in the South with Barbara Barnes, Author of What's Great About I-95: Maine to Florida (July 2012)
Timeless Experiences Await You at High Hampton Inn (June 2012)
Discover Cummins Falls, Tennessee's Newest State Park (June 2012)
See Savannah on a Segway Tour (June 2012)
Newest Addition to Biloxi, Mississippi - Margaritaville Casino & Restaurant (May 2012)
Coming Home: Chef David Guas set for New Orleans Wine & Food Experience (May 2012)
Experience Southern Sweetness with South Carolina's Firefly Distillery (May 2012)
The Running of the 71st Iroquois Steeplechase (May 2012)
100 Years and Counting: Riding the African Queen (May 2012)
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Get Out and Explore National Parks During National Park Week (April 2012)
Glide Through Downtown Memphis on the Segway Experience of Memphis Tour (April 2012)
Congratulations to Our "Adventure Time Getaway" Winner (April 2012)
The Tennessee Aquarium, 20 Years Later and Still Going Strong (March 2012)
Fashion Weeks Show Off Stylish South (March 2012)
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Tables are Set for Restaurant Weeks in the South (January 2012)
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Discovering South Florida's Three Distinctively Different Kimpton Hotels (November 2011)
Congratulations to our Back To Nature Getaway Winner (November 2011)
"Fall" for the Outdoors and More in Wilmington, North Carolina (October 2011)
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The New Must-Do's in Raleigh, North Carolina (September 2011)
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Exploring Seaside with the Seaside Walking Tour (September 2011)
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Extend Your Summer with an Outdoor Concert (August 2011)
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Living History (and More) Awaits You at Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill (August 2011)
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Simply Southern...James Madison Inn in Madison, Ga. (June 2011)
Fun and Free (or Inexpensive) Ways to Celebrate Dad this Father's Day (June 2011)
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Getting Back to Nature: Touring Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge (February 2011)
Spotting Winter Wildlife (and Possibly Whales) in Virginia Beach, Virginia (January 2011)
Congratulations to our "Let's Just Go" Getaway Winner (January 2011)
Finding "Treasures" on Jekyll Island, Georgia (January 2011)
Yo, Ho Ho: Exploring the Life of Pirates at the Pirate and Treasure Museum (January 2011)
It's All About Experiences This Year in the South (January 2011)
Holidays are Hot at Hotels Across the South (December 2010)
It's Nice on Ice–Where to Go Ice Skating in the South This Holiday Season (December 2010)
Congratulations to our Private Island Getaway Winner (December 2010)
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Discovering Nu Wray Inn in Burnsville North Carolina (December 2010)
Thanksgiving Day Chef Competition at Ritz-Carlton Lodge, Reynolds Plantation (November 2010)
Many Reasons to Celebrate the Holiday Season at Gaylord Opryland (November 2010)
Discover the Birdhouse Trail in Monroeville Alabama (November 2010)
Congratulations to Our Casino Giveaway Winner (November 2010)
Get Out This Saturday for VISIT FLORIDA's Great Beach Walk (November 2010)
Nathan Beaver set to Return to Perform in Madison Georgia (November 2010)
Fall for Fishing Along North Carolina's Coast (October 2010)
Savor the Flavor in Polk County, Florida One Bite at a Time (October 2010)
Congratulations to Our Beach Giveaway Winner! (September 2010)
Discovering Mississippi's Culinary Trail (August 2010)
Going Coastal…Now is the Perfect Time to Visit the Florida Panhandle (August 2010)
Ways You Can Support the Recovery Effort in the Gulf (June 2010)
Get Out and Go to Alabama's Gulf Coast (June 2010)
Soak in the Sun (and Fun) Along Florida's West Coast Beaches (June 2010)
It's New - The Titanic Museum Attraction (June 2010)
Celebrate Dollywood and Dollywood's Splash Country in 2010 (June 2010)
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Fun Awaits You Along the Mississippi Gulf Coast (June 2010)
Staying Current on the Oil Spill in the Gulf (May 2010)
Where to Go for the Latest on the Nashville Floods (May 2010)
Keeping Current with the Oil Spill (May 2010)
Newest Addition to Biloxi, Mississippi - Margaritaville Casino & Restaurant
From the casinos to the activities to culinary experiences and the attractions, such as Ohr-O'Keefe Museum of Art and INFINITY Science Center at NASA Stennis Space Center that are unique to the area, there are many reasons to visit.
And this past Tuesday, another one was added.
Margaritaville Casino & Restaurant opened its doors, becoming the first casino in the area to do so since the Hard Rock in 2007.
"It's the first casino to be built from the ground up since Hurricane Katrina," comments Karen Sock, general manager and COO. "Margaritaville Casino is the perfect fit for the Gulf Coast culture and the community, as well as the brand since this is Jimmy Buffett's home town."
Located on the eastern tip of Biloxi's Back Bay, the casino features an open design with slots and table games in the center, along with the 5 o'clock Somewhere Bar. The Margaritaville Restaurant and the "Feeding Frenzy Buffet" both feature Gulf Coast cuisine. Outside are multi-level dining decks and a marina with food and drinks situated at the water's edge. Music plays an integral role as visitors will enjoy a variety of local, regional and national acts in the various performance areas.
"We have created an exciting and fun environment for all to enjoy," says Sock. "Margaritaville Casino offers the most unique view from inside the casino which integrates with our outside plaza and marina where you can enjoy live entertainment with a wonderful view of the Biloxi Bay Bridge and the beauty of the Biloxi Back Bay."
photos courtesy of MVB Holding LLC
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Experience World-Class Service at Park Hyatt Beijing
With a stay at Park Hyatt Beijing, you'll be centrally located in Beijing, within a 15-minute drive of Wangfujing Street and Sanlitun. This 5-star hotel is 3.6 mi (5.8 km) from Tiananmen Square and 4.1 mi (6.6 km) from Forbidden City.
Enjoy international cuisine at China Grill, one of the hotel's 2 restaurants, or stay in and take advantage of the 24-hour room service. Snacks are also available at the coffee shop/café. Wrap up your day with a drink at the bar/lounge. Full breakfasts are available daily from 6:30 AM to 10:30 AM for a fee.
Make yourself at home in one of the 246 individually decorated guestrooms, featuring minibars and flat-screen televisions. Your bed comes with down comforters and premium bedding. Satellite programming and DVD players are provided for your entertainment, while complimentary wired Internet access keeps you connected. Private bathrooms with separate bathtubs and showers feature deep soaking bathtubs and designer toiletries.
Pamper yourself with a visit to the spa, which offers body treatments and facials. You're sure to appreciate the recreational amenities, including a nightclub, an indoor pool, and a sauna. Additional features at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and babysitting/childcare (surcharge).
Featured amenities include complimentary wired Internet access, a business center, and limo/town car service. Planning an event in Beijing? This hotel has facilities measuring 27265 square feet (2533 square meters), including a conference center. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
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Carriera

Giocatore
Comincia la sua attività calcistica nel ruolo di attaccante, nelle file dell'Istria Pola nella stagione 1984-1985. Dopo aver militato per brevi periodi nel FK Obilić e nel , nel 1986 si trasferisce in Italia, prima ad Acri nel Campionato Interregionale e poi al Crotone in Serie C2.

La sua miglior stagione italiana la vive nel  in cui realizza 23 reti in 33 partite, vincendo il titolo di capocannoniere del suo girone nel Campionato Interregionale 1990-1991 e permettendo al club lucano di ritornare in Serie C2. Negli anni successivi milita, tra le altre, nel Benevento (dove è capocannoniere nel girone G del Campionato Nazionale Dilettanti 1992-1993 con 18 reti), nel Dundee F.C. e nel  nella Scottish Premier League, nel Falkirk F.C. con cui vince la Scottish First Division nel 1993-1994, nel Castrovillari in Serie C2, terminando la carriera nei campionati dilettantistici italiani con Campobasso,  e .

Allenatore
Nel 1999, a seguito dell'esonero dell'allenatore in carica del Rende che militava in Serie D, è stato nominato quale sostituto in qualità di allenatore-giocatore. Dopo questa breve esperienza ha successivamente sia giocato sia allenato il settore giovanile nel Suzzara Calcio e nella Virtus Pavullese.

Trasferitosi in Croazia ha proseguito la sua nuova carriera da allenatore a Veli Vrh (D), NK Istra 1961 (C1), Nova Vas (scuola calcio) ed in seguito nella NK Istra 1961.

Nella stagione 2010-2011 veste il ruolo di vice allenatore del Real Rimini, prima accanto a Maurizio Neri e poi come vice di Agostino Iacobelli. A fine stagione termina la collaborazione con la società romagnola.

Palmarès

Giocatore

Competizioni nazionali

Matera: 1991

Matera: 1990-1991

Scottish First Division: 1
Falkirk: 1993-1994

Falkirk: 1993-1994

Campobasso: 1999-2000

Competizioni regionali

Ravenna: 2001-2002

Note

Bibliografia

Collegamenti esterni

Calciatori jugoslavi