text:
<chapter label="9" id="usage-customization">
  <title>Customization</title>
  <sect1 id="prefs">
    <title>Preferences Dialog</title>
    <para>
      <application>Dia</application> allows you to set a number of
      customization options that modify how the program works.
      These options are set by selecting the
      <menuchoice>
        <guimenu>File</guimenu>
        <guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem>
      </menuchoice>
      from the <interface>Toolbox Menu Bar</interface>.
      This opens the <interface>Preferences</interface> dialog. This
      dialog has tab panes grouping related preferences like: User Interface,
      Diagram Defaults, View Defaults and Grid Lines.
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have made all the changes you want, click on
      <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to apply the changes and close the
      <interface>Preferences</interface> dialog. To cancel the changes and return
      to previous values, click the <guibutton>Close</guibutton> button. You may
      preview the effect of your changes using the Apply
      button.
    </para>
    <sect2 id="user-interface">
      <title>User Interface</title>
      <para>
        <figure>
          <title><interface>User Interface</interface></title>
          <screenshot>
            <screeninfo><interface>User Interface</interface> dialog box</screeninfo>
            <graphic format="PNG" fileref="graphics/file-preferences-ui"
                srccredit="Hans Breuer" />
          </screenshot>
        </figure>
      </para>
      <para>
        The User Interface tab pane allows you to change the way
        <application>Dia</application> works.
        The configurable properties in the User Interface tab are explained below.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Reset tools after create causes the Modify tool to be selected
            automatically each time an object has been added to the diagram. This
            allows you to add an object and then use the Modify tool to select objects
            without having to go back to the Toolbox.
          </para>
          <para>
            If the Reset tools button is not checked,
            then the current object tool will "stick" until another tool is chosen. This
            is useful if you want to draw many shapes using the same tool repeatedly.
            However, in this case, you will need to manually select the Modify tool
            in order to select objects.
          </para>
          <tip>
            <para>
              As an alternative to unchecking this box,
              you can press the Space key after inserting an object to reselect
              the last object. See <link linkend="adding-objects">Adding Objects</link>
              for more information.
            </para>
          </tip>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Compress saved files provides the option to have Dia XML files
            compressed into much smaller files using gzip or to leave the Dia XML
            files as plain text so that they can be more easily edited using other
            software.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Number of undo levels customizes how many steps that the undo tool
            remembers.  The higher the number, the more steps you can undo to fix an
            error. However, more undo levels requires more computer memory.
            Setting the undo level to zero allows the program an unlimited
            number of undo levels, subject to the available computer memory.

          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Reverse dragging selects intersecting objects allows you to create
            selections by area that only need to cover part of the object you
            want to select. Normally when you select objects by area,
            you need to create a selection around the whole of the
            object you want to select in order to select it. Also, normally dragging
            from the top-left to the bottom-right is the same as "reverse dragging" --
            dragging from the bottom-right to the top-left.
          </para>
          <para>
            If this option is checked, dragging from the bottom-right
            to the top-left allows you to select objects that only partially fall
            into the selection rectangle. Dragging from the top-left to bottom-right
            still works the same -- objects are only selected if the whole object
            is inside the selection rectangle.
          </para>
          <para>
            This option gives you two different ways to select by area, depending on
            which way you drag the mouse.
          </para>

        </listitem>
        <!-- The description of Recent Documents is deliberately vague so that it
   will still make some sense if a submenu for Recent items is added. -->
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Recent Documents list size allows you to set how many items will be shown
            in the Recent Documents section of the <guimenu>File</guimenu> menu.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            When Use menu bar is checked, the pull-down menus appear at the
            top of each Diagram, and the object context menus are accessed
            by right-clicking on a selected object. If this box is unchecked,
            these menus do not
            display at the top of the diagram. Instead, these menus are
            selected by right-clicking on the canvas, and the object context
            menus are selected by middle-clicking (on a three-button mouse) on
            a selected object.
          </para>
          <note>
            <para>
              If you do not have a three-button mouse, you will need to have this
              box checked. Otherwise, you will not be able to access the object
              context menus.
            </para>
          </note>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Keep tool box on top of diagram windows ensures that the Toolbox window
            is always in front of all the diagram windows which makes it easier to
            keep track of and have quick access to the tool at all times.
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>
    <sect2 id="diagram-defaults">
      <title>Diagram Defaults</title>
      <figure>
        <title>Diagram Defaults</title>
        <screenshot>
          <screeninfo>Diagram Defaults</screeninfo>
          <graphic format="PNG" fileref="graphics/file-preferences-diagram"
              srccredit="Hans Breuer" />
        </screenshot>
      </figure>
      <para>
        The Diagram Defaults tab allows you to set default properties for all new
        diagrams. These are explained below.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Portrait indicates that the diagram is in portrait orientation on the page.
            If this is unchecked, then landscape orientation is assumed.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Paper type allows you to select from a list of paper sizes (e.g., A4, Letter,
            etc.).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Background color allows you to set a default background color for all new
            diagrams. See <link linkend="colors">Colors</link> for more information
            on setting colors.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            New Window: Width allows you to set default width (in pixels) of
            the window  when a new diagram is created.
            You can either enter a number manually or
            use the increment / decrement buttons.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            New Window: Height allows you to set default height (in pixels).
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            New Window: Magnify allows you to set the default zoom value (in
            percent) for a new diagram. You can either enter a number manually or
            use the increment / decrement buttons.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Connection Points: Visible determines whether connection points will be
            visible by default on new diagrams. When working with a diagram,
            this can be toggled on or off using the
            <menuchoice>
              <guimenu>View</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Show Connection Points</guimenuitem>
            </menuchoice> on the Diagram menu bar.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect2>
    <sect2 id="view-defaults">
      <title>View Defaults</title>
      <figure>
        <title>View Defaults</title>
        <screenshot>
          <screeninfo>View Defaults</screeninfo>
          <graphic format="PNG" fileref="graphics/file-preferences-view"
              srccredit="Hans Breuer" />
        </screenshot>
      </figure>
      <para>
        This tab allows you to set default properties for the Page break lines.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Page Breaks: Visible controls whether page break lines will be visible.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Color allows you to select the default color of the page break lines.
            This can be changed for a single diagram using the Colors tab on the
            <menuchoice>
              <guimenu>
                Diagram
              </guimenu>
              <guimenuitem>
                Properties
              </guimenuitem>
            </menuchoice> menu choice from the Diagram menu bar.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Solid lines determines whether the page break lines appear as solid
            lines or as dashed lines.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

    </sect2>
    <sect2 id="preferences-favorites">
      <title>File export favorites</title>
      <para>
        When exporting files there are often multiple filters capable to save to one format.
        This preference allows to choose the one used, when not explicit selected in the file
        export dialog, i.e. <menuchoice><guimenuitem>By extension</guimenuitem></menuchoice> gets used.
      </para>
      <figure>
        <title>File export favorites</title>
        <screenshot>
          <screeninfo>File export favorites</screeninfo>
          <graphic format="PNG" fileref="graphics/file-preferences-favorites" srccredit="Hans Breuer" />
        </screenshot>
      </figure>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="preferences-gridlines">
      <title>Grid Lines</title>

      <figure>
        <title>Grid Lines</title>
        <screenshot>
          <screeninfo>Grid Lines</screeninfo>
          <graphic format="PNG" fileref="graphics/preferences-gridlines" srccredit="Hans Breuer" />
        </screenshot>
      </figure>
      <para>
        This tab allows you to set default properties for Grid Lines. These may
        be changed for an individual diagram by selecting the
        <menuchoice>
          <guimenu>Diagram</guimenu>
          <guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem>
        </menuchoice> from the Diagram menu bar and then selecting
        the Grid tab.  These options are explained below.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Visible determines whether, by default, grid lines will be visible on new diagrams.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Snap to determines whether, by default, new diagrams will have snap-to-grid
            enabled. Snap-to-grid forces object edges to move to the nearest grid line
            intersection.
            This makes it easier to align objects, as separate objects
            snap to the same line. This feature can be toggled on or off using the
            snap-to-grid button on the bottom of the Toolbox.
            See <link linkend="gridlines">Canvas / Grid Lines</link> for more information.
            This can also be toggled using the
            <menuchoice>
              <guimenu>View</guimenu>
              <guimenuitem>Snap To Grid</guimenuitem>
            </menuchoice> option on the Diagram menu bar.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Dynamic grid resizing determines whether the grid size changes as the
            diagram is zoomed in or out. If this box is checked, then the grid lines
            display as the same size no matter how the diagram zoom is changed.
            In this case, the X Size and Y Size values have no effect.
          </para>
          <para>
            If this box is unchecked, then the grid size is set in absolute terms according to
            the X Size and Y Size values (in centimeters). In this case, the appearance
            of the grid will change as the zoom changes, so the grid lines will
            move closer when you zoom out and will spread out as you zoom in.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            X Size determines the distance, in centimeters, between grid lines
            along the horizontal axis. This only
            takes effect if Dynamic grid resizing is unchecked.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Y Size determines the distance, in centimeters, between grid lines
            along the vertical axis. This only
            takes effect if Dynamic grid resizing is unchecked.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Color sets the display color of the grid lines.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Lines per major line determines the spacing of major (i.e., solid)
            grid lines. For example, a value of 5 means that every 5th grid line
            is solid.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Hex grid allows you to have a grid of hexagons instead of a rectangular
            grid.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Hex size determines the size of the hexagons, in centimeters, in the
            hex grid. This option only applies if Hex grid is checked.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="diagram-tree-options">
      <title>Diagram Tree</title>
      <figure>
        <title>Diagram Tree</title>
        <screenshot>
          <screeninfo>Diagram Tree</screeninfo>
          <graphic format="PNG" fileref="graphics/file-preferences-tree" srccredit="Mark Dexter" />
        </screenshot>
      </figure>
      <para>
        This tab refers to the Diagram Tree window, which can be opened
        from the Toolbox menu bar using the
        <menuchoice>
          <guimenu>
            File
          </guimenu>
          <guimenuitem>
            Diagram Tree
          </guimenuitem>
	</menuchoice> choice or by pressing F8.
        In the Diagram Tree window, you can right-click on an object and select
        "Hide this type" from the context menu. This removes objects of this
        type from the Diagram Tree window. See <link linkend="diagram-tree">
        Objects and the Toolbox / Diagram Tree</link> for more information.
      </para>
      <para>
        The Save Hidden object types box controls whether "Hide this type" is permanent
        or only for the current <application>Dia</application> session.
        If the Save hidden object types box is checked, then the program will
        remember which types you have selected to hide in the Diagram Tree. When
        <application>Dia</application> is restarted, these object types will
        continue to be hidden in this window. If this box is unchecked, any time
        the program restarts, all objects will again display in the Diagram Tree window.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          You can restore hidden object types by selecting the type from the list
          in the "Show object type" option in the context menu of the Diagram Tree
          window.
        </para>
      </note>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>


text:
\section{Introduction}

The accurate timing and frequency synchronization is a crucial prerequisite for high-speed and reliable wireless communication \cite{1}. In many scenarios, either transceiver moves in complex terrain at a high speed. Under these circumstances, wireless channels are usually double-selective and have large delay paths, which may degrade performance of whole system significantly. In order to tackle this problem, we proposes a CAZAC (Const Amplitude Zero Auto-Corelation) sequence aimed high-precision synchronization algorithm for multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems.

\section{Preamble structure and system model}
As shown in Fig.1, one preamble is composed by 4 OFDM symbols (${N_{{\rm{FFT}}}=512}$, ${N_{{\rm{CP}}}=128}$) which are generated by two CAZAC Zadoff-Chu sequences.

\begin{figure}[h]
\label{fig:1}
\centering{\includegraphics[width=76mm]{Figure1_PreambleStructure.pdf}}
\caption{Frequency-domain-orthogonal preamble structure for MIMO-OFDM system with two transmit antennas
\source{}}
\end{figure}

Orthogonal structure is adopted in frequency domain. Specifically, each CAZAC sequence is separated into two equal-length parts and distributed on even and odd subcarriers of TX1 and TX2, respectively. CAZAC sequence is defined as
\begin{align}
{C_{{\mu _i}}}\left[ k \right] = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{\exp \left( { - j2\pi {k^2}{\mu _i}/\left( {2{N_\mu }} \right)} \right), {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {N_\mu }{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\rm{even}}}\\
{\exp \left( { - j2\pi k\left( {k + 1} \right){\mu _i}/\left( {2{N_\mu }} \right)} \right),{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {N_\mu }{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\rm{odd}}}
\end{array}} \right.
\end{align}
where $N_\mu$ is the sequence length, $k$ is the signal index and $\mu_i$ is the parameter of CAZAC sequence.
The second and fourth symbols are duplicate of the first and third symbols. DC and virtual subcarriers are unoccupied. The repetitive pattern in the preamble could enhance the performance of frame synchronization at the beginning. Besides, this reiterative structure is necessary for fraction CFO (Carrier Frequency Offset) estimation since the phase rotation between two identical symbol is a measure for the frequency offset.

Without loss of generality, we assume that the MIMO-OFDM system has 2 antennas at both TX and RX. Our approach could be easily extend to more complex systems. Here, the transmitted signal and received signal at a discrete time instance $n$ are defined as an $2\times1$ complex vector ${\bf{c}}\left(n\right)$ and ${\bf{r}}\left(n\right)$, respectively. The channel impulse response (CIR) of double-selectccive channel is represented as ${{\bf{H}}\left( {\tau ,n} \right)}$ and its $(q,p)$ element ${h_{qp}}\left( {\tau ,n} \right)$ describes the channel gain between $p$th transmitter antenna and $q$th receiver antenna with delay $\tau$ at time instance $n$. Then, the discrete-time MIMO-OFDM baseband signal model is given by
\begin{align}
{\bf{r}}\left( n \right) = \sum\limits_{\tau  = 0}^{L - 1} {{\bf{H}}\left( {\tau ,n} \right)} {\bf{c}}\left( {n - \tau } \right) + {\bf{w}}\left( n \right)
\end{align}
where ${\bf{w}}\left( n \right)$ represents additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The time domain signal ${\bf{c}}(t)$ is generated by IDFT:
\begin{align}
c_l^p\left( n \right) = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} }}\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}} - 1} {X_l^p\left[ k \right]} \exp \left( {j2\pi kn/{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} \right)
\end{align}
where ${X_l^p\left[ k \right]}$ represents the data on $k$th sub-carrier in $l$th symbol deploying in $p$th antenna.

\section{Coarse symbol timing offest estimation}
The purpose of coarse symbol timing offset (STO) estimation is to detect the arrival of preamble. Delay correlation criterion is proposed and given by
\begin{align}
{\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}}{\rm{ = }}\mathop {{\rm{argmax}}}\limits_n  \left[ {\sum\limits_{m =  - {N_{{\rm{CP}}}}}^{{N_{{\rm{CP}}}} - 1} {\frac{{\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{{N_t}} {{{\left| {\Lambda \left( {{n_p}} \right)} \right|}^2}} }}{{\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{{N_t}} {P{{\left( {{n_p} - {N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} \right)}^2} + P{{\left( {{n_p}} \right)}^2}} }}} } \right]
\end{align}
where ${n_p} = n - \left( {{N_t} - p} \right){N_{{\rm{train}}}} + m $, ${N_{{\rm{train}}}}=2\left( {{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}+{N_{{\rm{CP}}}}} \right)$, $\Lambda \left( n \right)$ and $P\left( n \right)$ are defined as
\begin{align}
\Lambda \left( n \right) = \sum\limits_{i = n - \left( {{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}} - 1} \right)}^n {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {r_q^ * \left( {i - {N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} \right){r_q}\left( i \right)} }
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
P\left( n \right) = \sum\limits_{i = n - \left( {{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}} - 1} \right)}^n {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {r_q^ * \left( i \right){r_q}\left( i \right)} }
\end{align}
respectively.
Practically, setting threshold is unreasonable for hardware implementation due to the influences of channel, noise as well as automatic gain control (AGC). Therefore, $2{N_{{\rm{CP}}}}$-length moving average is necessary.

\section{Carrier frequency offset estimation}
The relationship between estimation range of normalized CFO $\hat \varepsilon$ and the length of periodical structure $o$ is
\begin{align}
\hat \varepsilon  \in \left( { - \frac{{{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}}}{{2o}},\frac{{{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}}}{{2o}}} \right)
\end{align}
the range of fractional CFO estimator is $\left({-0.5,0.5}\right)$. To overcome this limitation, an algorithm is proposed for joint estimation of fractional and integral CFO algorithm. This algorithm is summarized in Algorithm \ref{alg:1}.

\begin{algorithm}
\caption{The joint estimation algorithm for fractional and integral CFO}
\label{alg:1}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\STATE {{\bf{Estimate}} fractional CFO by \\

${\hat \varepsilon _{{\rm{fraction}}}} = {\left. {\arg \left[ {\sum\limits_{p = 1}^{{N_t}} {\Lambda \left( {{n_p}} \right)} } \right]/\left( {2\pi } \right)} \right|_{n = {\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}}}}$
}
\STATE {{\bf{Compensate}} receive signal by ${{\hat \varepsilon }_{{\rm{fractional}}}}$} temporarily:\\
${\bf{r'}}\left( n \right) \leftarrow {\bf{r}}\left( n \right)\exp \left( {-j2\pi n{{\hat \varepsilon }_{{\rm{fractional}}}}/{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} \right) $

\STATE {{\bf{Estimate}} integral CFO by\\
${{\hat \varepsilon }_{{\rm{intgeral}}}} = \mathop {\arg \max }\limits_n \left\{ {{\rm{dot\_product}}\left[ {I\left( n \right),c_{{\mu _1} - {\mu _2}}^ * } \right]} \right\} - {\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}} $

$I\left( n \right) = {\rm{conv}}\left\{ {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {{r '_q}\left( n \right)} ,\left[ \sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {{\rm{fliplr}}\left[ {{r '_q}\left( {n + {N_{{\rm{train}}}}} \right)} \right]} \right]^* } \right\} $
}

\STATE{
${\hat \varepsilon }= {{\hat \varepsilon }_{{\rm{fractional}}}} + {{\hat \varepsilon }_{{\rm{integral}}}} $
}

\STATE {{\bf{Compensate}} receive signal by $-{{\hat \varepsilon }}$}:\\
${\bf{r''}}\left( n \right) \leftarrow {\bf{r}}\left( n \right)\exp \left( {-j2\pi n{{\hat \varepsilon }}/{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} \right) $
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

In step 3, we utilize the property of CAZAC sequence(${c_{{\mu _1}}} \cdot c_{{\mu _2}}^ *  \to {c_{{\mu _1} - {\mu _2}}} $) and Fourier transform($f\left( { - t} \right) \leftrightarrow F\left( { - j\omega } \right) $, ${f^ * }\left( t \right) \leftrightarrow {F^ * }\left( { - j\omega } \right) $). Operators "$*$", ${\rm{fliplr}}\left[  \cdot  \right]$, and ${\rm{conv}}\left[ {{\bf{A}}, {\bf{B}}} \right]$ represent conjugate operator, reversing a sequence and convolving $N_{\rm{FFT}}$-length (from instant $n$ to $n+ N_{\rm{FFT}}-1 $) vectors {\bf{A}} and {\bf{B}}. The search window should be centered around ${\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}}$. It is necessary to explain that why receive signal need to be temporarily compensated by offset $-{{\hat \varepsilon }_{{\rm{fractional}}}} $ in step 2. If $\left|{\varepsilon}\right|<0.5 $, the fractional CFO estimator will function well and the integral CFO will be estimated as 0 by using ${\bf{r'}}(n)$. On the contrary, if $\left|{\varepsilon}\right|\ge0.5 $, the joint estimation mechanism is more complex and it can be represented as Fig.2.

\begin{figure}[h]
\label{fig:2}
\centering{\includegraphics[width=85mm]{Figure2_CFOEstimation.pdf}}
\caption{The mechanism of joint CFO estimation algorithm when $\left|{\varepsilon}\right|\ge0.5 $
\source{}}
\end{figure}
For example, in step 1, due to the ambiguity of operator $\arg \left(  \cdot  \right) $, if CFO=7.55, estimated fractional CFO will be $-0.45$ instead of 0.55. Then, we will get estimated integral CFO value $8.00$ by using temporary compensated signal ${\bf{r'}}(n)$. Finally, the real CFO will be acquired by adding the fractional CFO to integral CFO.

\section{Fine symbol timing synchronization}
Once the CFO is acquired, fine STO estimation can be carried out and represented in the form of cross correlation between the compensated signal and local CAZAC sequences. However, performance of synchronization is undermined significantly when the strongest path is not the ahead of all other paths. In order to find the exact timing symbol, we proposed a means which is summarized in Algorithm 2.

\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Robust fine timing synchronization algorithm}
\label{alg:2}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\STATE {According a presetted false alarm probability $P_{\rm{FA}}$ to set threshold TH}
\FOR{k=1:K}

\STATE {{\bf{Calculate}} cross correlation measure:\\
${\rm{temp = }} \mathop {{\rm{argmax}}}\limits_n \left[ {X\left( n \right)/N\left( n \right)} \right] $}\\

$X\left( n \right) = {\left| {{\rm{sum}}\left[ {{R_1}\left( {{n_1}} \right)} \right]{\rm{ + sum}}\left[ {{R_2}\left( {{n_2}} \right)} \right]} \right|^2} $\\

$N\left( n \right) = E \sum\limits_{m = 0}^{{N_{{\rm{FFT}}}}} {\left[ {{{\left| {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {{{{\rm{r''}}}_q}\left( {{n_1} + m} \right)} } \right|}^2} + {{\left| {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {{{{\rm{r''}}}_q}\left( {{n_2} + m} \right)} } \right|}^2}} \right]} $\\
where $E$ is the total energy of $c_1$ and $c_2$.

${R_1}\left( {{n_1}} \right) = {\rm{conv}}\left\{ {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {{{r''}_q}\left( {{n_1}} \right), \left[ {\rm{fliplr}}\left[ {{c_1}} \right] \right]^*} } \right\} $\\

${R_2}\left( {{n_2}} \right) = {\rm{conv}}\left\{ {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{{N_r}} {{{r''}_q}\left( {{n_2}} \right), \left[{\rm{fliplr}}\left[ {{c_2}} \right] \right]^*} } \right\} $\\

${n_1} = n + {\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}} + 0.5{N_{{\rm{train}}}} $\\

${n_2} = n + {\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}} + {N_{{\rm{train}}}} + {N_{{\rm{CP}}}} $

\IF{$X\left( \rm{temp} \right)/N\left( \rm{temp} \right) > {\rm{TH}} $}
\STATE {record \rm{temp} into  array ${\bf{D}} $}
\ENDIF

\ENDFOR

\STATE{${\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{fine}}}} = \min \left( {\bf{D}} \right) $}

\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

Both the threshold TH and K are crucial for localizing precise timing symbol against the effects from channel and noise. According to central limit theorem, $\sqrt{X(n)/N(n)}$ can be modeling as Rayleigh stochastic process and then TH is given by
\begin{align}
{\rm{TH}} = \sqrt {- \ln \left( {{P_{{\rm{FA}}}}} \right) \cdot 2\sigma _0^2}
\end{align}
where ${\sigma_0}=\frac{{\sqrt {2/\pi } }}{{\left\langle {I'} \right\rangle }} \sum\limits_{I'} {\sqrt {X(n)/N(n)}}$. $I'$ is the set of time indices that is complementary to the set of indices $I = \left[ {{\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}} - 5{\rm{K}},{\rm{ST}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{coarse}}}} + 5{\rm{K}}} \right]$ and ${{\left\langle {I'} \right\rangle }} $ denotes the cardinality of the set $I'$. Practically, K=3 or 4 and $P_{\rm{FA}}=10^{-8} $ are appropriate.

\section{Simulation results}
The performance of the proposed technique deployed in $2\times2$ SFBC MIMO-OFDM system has been evaluated through simulation. Comparison with two state-of-the-art methods (Schenk's\cite{2} and Park's methods\cite{3,4}) has made. Mobile speed is set to 120km/h and make CFO=7.55 for proposed method (CFO=0.45 for other two methods due to the limitation of estimation range). Other simulation parameters are defined in Table 1.
\begin{table}[htp]
\label{tab:1}
\centering
\caption{Simulation Parameters}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
System Parameter           & Parameter Value \\ \hline
Modulation                 & QPSK            \\ \hline
Bandwidth                  & 8MHz            \\ \hline
Number of data subcarriers & 408             \\ \hline
Code Rate                  & 0.5 (Turbo)     \\ \hline
Channel                    & Vehicular A\cite{5}     \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\subfigure[Timing error]{\label{fig:3a}
\includegraphics[width=43mm]{Figure3a_TimingError1000Ps8dB.pdf}}
\subfigure[MSE of CFO estimation]{\label{fig:3b}
\includegraphics[width=41.5mm]{Figure3b_CFOMSE.pdf}}
\caption{Synchronization performance}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

Fig.3 shows the performance of three kinds of synchronization methods. It can be seen proposed method is the most stable timing approach and Park's method has the worst performance. Bit error rate (BER) curve is illustrated in Fig.4. From this perspective, three methods are performing similarly though they have slight performance differences in CFO estimation.

\begin{figure}[h]
\label{fig:4}
\centering{\includegraphics[width=50mm]{Figure4_BER.pdf}}
\caption{BER performance result with LS channel estimation method
\source{}}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

In this letter, we propose a high-precision synchronization  scheme for MIMO-OFDM system. This scheme shows excellent performance comparing with other two state-of-the-art methods. Simulation verifies that the proposed scheme could be applied in high-speed and large-delays scenarios. Moreover, the proposed scheme can be easily extended to systems with multiple antennas.
\vskip3pt

\ack{This work was supported by the Research Found of National University of Defense Technology under Grant ZK17-03-13.}

\vskip5pt

\noindent Jun Liu et al. (\textit{BCNG, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, People's Republic of China})

\vskip3pt

\noindent E-mail: liujun15@nudt.edu.cn

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The new "Pastime Projects" Alham VT-1 Power Supply Kit is being prepared for shipment.
solid state diodes for the rectifiers.
an advantage is less weight to ship, and less cost.
high voltage drains through the bleeder resistor built into the circuit.
solid state supply as acceptance of the new power supply builds.
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text:
The Geldner Lab
Previous Papers by Niko Geldner
Classics of Casparian Strip Research
Resources and Protocols
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The endodermis: The building of a plant polarized epithelium
The endodermis is the innermost cortical cell layer of plant roots and surrounds their central vascular strand. It features Casparian strips, ring-like hydrophobic cell wall impregnations that surround each endodermal cells as a median belt and which are fused into a supracellular, net-like structure. This Casparian strip network represents the major extracellular (apoplastic) diffusion barrier in young roots. It serves to separate and protect the inner, extracellular space of the vascular cylinder from that of the cortex, which is continuous with the soil. Thereby, the endodermis is functionally equivalent to an animal polarized epithelium, such as the gut epithelium, for example. Very little was known in molecular terms about the building of this intricately structured cell layer that has evolved independently from animal epithelia. In a series of publication in recent years, we were able to describe the progression of endodermal differentiation and obtain markers that reveal the presence of a median, ring-like, lateral diffusion barrier in the plasma membrane, now termed the "Casparian strip domain" (CSD), as well as a strict polarity within the endodermis (see Alassimone et al., PNAS, 2010). We identified a previously uncharacterized family of proteins, now named "CAsparian Strip domain Proteins" (CASPs) as well as "CASP-Likes" (CASPLs) for the extended family of CASP-related proteins (see Roppolo et al., Plant Physiol., 2014). We could demonstrate that the CASPs are functionally equivalent to animal tight junction proteins in that they set up a median domain that acts as a lateral diffusion barrier as well as the determining the position of the Casparian strip cell wall impregnation itself (see Roppolo et al., Nature, 2011). We clarified a long-standing debate about the molecular nature of this cell wall impregnation, demonstrating that the Casparian strips are made of lignin and not suberin, as often presumed (see Naseer et al., PNAS, 2012). Based on this finding we then obtained mechanistic insights into how the CASPs provide a transmembrane protein scaffold that assembles what we propose is a "lignin polymerizing complex", consisting of a specific NADPH oxidase, as well as peroxidases. We postulate that many other proteins – such as ESB1, identified by David Salt's group (Hosmani et al., PNAS) – and other, as yet unidentified proteins are part of the lignin polymerising complex. Our model explains how precise subcellular polymerization of lignin in a centrally located belt might be achieved (Lee et al., Cell, 2012). In two consecutive forward genetic screens, we identified a number of genes necessary for Casparian strip formation (Alassimone, Fujita et al., Nat Plants, 2016 and Kalmbach et al., Nat Plants, 2017). A breakthrough in our understanding of endodermal differentiation came when we realised that four of the five SCHENGEN mutants, identified in our first genetic screen appear to constitute a novel signal transduction pathway which effectively sets up a "barrier surveillance" mechanism ensuring that the supracellular Casparian strip network will be effectively sealed (Doblas et al., Science, 2017; Alassimone, Fujita et al, Nat Plants, 2016, Pfister et al., eLife, 2014). This is achieved by an elegant separation of secreted ligand, produced in the stele, and a receptor signalling module confined to the cortex-facing plasma membrane domain of the endodermis. Such a setup ensures that signalling will only cease once any discontinuity in the Casparian strip has been sealed (Doblas et al., Science, 2017). In our second, LORD OF THE RINGS (LOTR) screen, in which we directly scored for mislocalisation of our CASP1-GFP marker, we identified numerous additional mutants, one of which lotr2 is an allele of EXO70A1, a specific exocyst subunit. Interestingly, this mutant does not affect secretion of CASP1-GFP, but leads to a complete mis-localisation of CASP1-GFP into a multitude of small microdomain at the plasma membrane, demonstrating that specific EXO70 subunits in plants are used as localised landmarks for specific secretion processes (Kalmbach et al., Nat Plants, 2017). Another mutant, lotr1, was characterised by Toru Fujiwara's group (Li et al., Current Biology, 2017) and encodes a secreted protein of unknown function. We have written a number of reviews that summarise and further discuss diverse aspects of our work and of endodermal development in general (see our reviews).
The functional relevance of the endodermis
Our molecular and cell biological investigations of endodermal differentiation has now provided us with a number of specific mutants in endodermal barrier formation that we think are invaluable novel tools to finally understand the many supposed roles of the endodermis in root function, specifically its role in the selective uptake and retention of nutrients, but also its proposed function as a protective barrier to pathogens, for example. Using the sgn3 mutant, which show severely disrupted Casparian strips, we could demonstrate that this mutant has complex changes in its leaf ionomic profile. Among the many nutrients affected, a very robust reduction in potassium levels appears to be in large parts responsible for the overall growth reduction and low potassium hypersensitivity of the mutant (Pfister et al., eLife, 2014).
More recently, we have focused more attention on endodermal suberisation, a well described "secondary state" of endodermal differentiation in which endodermal cells surround themselves with a coat of hydrophobic suberin. Suberisation is bound to have large impact on the ability of endodermal cells to sense biotic and abiotic stresses and to take up nutrients. Indeed, we could show that a number of distinct nutrient stresses either enhance or decrease endodermal suberisation, through increases in abscissic acid (ABA) or ethylene hormone, respectively. These changes in suberisation are physiologically adaptive in that they can provide for increased uptake or retention of a given element (Barberon et al, Cell, 2017 ). Intriguingly, even within a fully suberized endodermis, some cells are kept in an unsuberised state. Although, described for a long time, the development and function of these so-called "passage cells" has remained obscure. Recently, we could demonstrate that passage cells arise from a previously undetected bisymmetry in the endodermis, which can be subdivided into smaller, less cytokinin- and ABA-sensitive, xylem-pole endodermis and longer, more cytokinin- and ABA-sensitive phloem-pole endodermis. This difference arises in part from movement of a stele-expressed cytokinin repressor protein into the endodermis (Andersen et al., Nature, 2018 ). Moreover, we could demonstrate that phosphate transport genes are expressed specifically in passage cells and that the presence of passage cells can even influence expression of transport genes in surrounding cortex and epidermal cells. As for overall suberisation, nutrient stresses, such as low phosphate, influence the number of passage cells that are formed in the endodermis. For many aspects of nutrient physiology, we collaborate with experts on nutrient physiology, such as the laboratory of David Salt in Nottingham, as well as with the laboratory of Junpei Takano in Osaka, with which we had an HFSP Young Investigator grant.
Geldner Lab
Department of Plant Molecular
Biology (DBMV)
Biophore Building, Unil-Sorge
1015 – Lausanne
E-mails should be addressed to
niko.geldner @ unil.ch
Our Highlighted Publications
-Andersen TG, Naseer S, Ursache R, Wybouw B, Smet W, De Rybel B, Vermeer JEM, Geldner N. Diffusible repression of cytokinin signalling produces endodermal symmetry and passage cells. Nature. 2018 Mar 22;555(7697):529-533. doi: 10.1038/nature25976. Epub 2018 Mar 14. PMID:29539635
-Ursache R, Andersen TG, Marhavý P, Geldner N. A protocol for combining fluorescent proteins with histological stains for diverse cell wall components. Plant J. 2018 Jan;93(2):399-412. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13784. PMID:29171896
-Kalmbach L, Hématy K, De Bellis D, Barberon M, Fujita S, Ursache R, Daraspe J, Geldner N.Transient cell-specific EXO70A1 activity in the CASP domain and Casparian strip localization. Nat Plants. 2017 Apr 24;3:17058. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2017.58. PMID:28436943
-Doblas VG, Smakowska-Luzan E, Fujita S, Alassimone J, Barberon M, Madalinski M, Belkhadir Y, Geldner N. Root diffusion barrier control by a vasculature-derived peptide binding to the SGN3 receptor. Science. 2017 Jan 20;355(6322):280-284. doi: 10.1126/science.aaj1562 PMID:28104888
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NMCB 7 Shifts from Southern Partnership Station Mission to Continuing Promise
Story Number: NNS101105-11Release Date: 11/5/2010 1:59:00 PM
By Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class (SW) Jeffery Tilghman Williams, High Speed Vessel Swift (HSV 2) Public Affairs
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. (Nov. 5, 2010) � (NNS) -- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 7 Seabees shifted from Southern Partnership Station (SPS) 2010 to Continuing Promise 2010 Nov. 5 to finish a project delayed by the movement of Hurricane Tomas in the Caribbean.
The 17 Seabees were part of the joint-forces crew embarked aboard High Speed Vessel Swift (HSV) 2 and were scheduled to conduct training and participate in subject matter expert exchanges with partner nations in South America.
Instead, they will deploy to the Republic of Suriname to complete a ten day rehabilitation project at a local girls' boarding school and library begun by another NMCB 7 detachment embarked aboard USS Iwo Jima (LHD 7), which is now steaming to Haiti to offer humanitarian assistance.
"We were scheduled to complete a roof repair project in Concepcion, Chile, but unfortunately we won't have the proper amount of time, so we're continuing our support efforts in Suriname," said Chief Steel Worker (SCW) Gene Murphy, NMCB 7 team leader. "This is just another example of our 'Can Do' spirit, because we're committed to supporting Navy efforts in the region by joining Continuing Promise."
The Seabees rehabilitation efforts will include installing a fire escape, electrical system repair, renovating a bathroom, and building bookshelves. The deadline for the project is Nov. 14.
"This is an important job, and the deadline we have is critical, because the young girls who live at this boarding school will be homeless if we don't meet our deadline," said Equipment Operator 2nd Class (SCW) John Rivera. "But they can count on us making sure it all works out."
"This is a testament to the flexibility and capability of the men and women of NMCB 7," said SPS 2010 Mission Commander, Cmdr. Mark Becker. "When called upon to adjust their mission, they were ready and able to move at a moment's notice. My hat's off to them."
Continuing Promise is an annual humanitarian civic assistance operation that provides opportunities to establish new partnerships with other nations, non-government organizations (NGOs), and international government organizations while learning from host nations and civilian experts.
SPS 10 is an annual deployment of U.S. ships to the U.S. Southern Command area of responsibility in the Caribbean and Latin America. The mission's primary goal is information-sharing with navies, coast guards and civilian services throughout the region.
Commander, U.S. Navy Southern Command (COMUSNAVSO) is the naval component command for U.S. Southern Command and is responsible for all naval personnel and assets in the area of responsibility. COMUSNAVSO conducts a variety of missions in support of the U.S. Maritime Strategy, including Theater Security Cooperation, relationship building, humanitarian assistance and disaster response, community relations, and counter-illicit trafficking operations.
For more information, please contact COMUSNAVSO/C4F Public Affairs by e-mail at comusnavso-c4f_mypt_pao@navy.mil, visit www.public.navy.mil/comusnavso-c4f, on Facebook at www.facebook.com/NAVSOUS4THFLT, or on Twitter at www.twitter.com/NAVSOUS4THFLT.
For more news from U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command & U.S. 4th Fleet, visit www.navy.mil/local/cusns/.
NMCB 7 Completes Field Training Exercise, Deployment Certification - 8/16/2011
USNS Comfort Deploys in Support of Continuing Promise 2011 - 3/17/2011
NMCB 28 Sailors Deploy in Support of Humanitarian Missions - 12/14/2010
NMCB 133 Officers, Chiefs Conduct Field Training Exercise - 12/1/2010
Continuing Promise 2010, Iwo Jima Depart Haiti Post-Tomas Response - 11/10/2010
Continuing Promise 2010, Partners Leave More than Memories in Guyana - 10/20/2010
Continuing Promise 2010 Seabee Team Builds Success in Panama - 10/5/2010
NMCB-7 Lends a Helping Hand in Guyana for SPS 2010 - 9/8/2010
Seabees Rebuild, Renovate in Colombia Cities in Support of CP '10 - 8/17/2010
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text:
Moonlight Episode Discussion - Ep 15: What's Left Behind
Re: Moonlight Episode Discussion - Ep 15: What's Left Behind
by jen » Sat May 07, 2011 1:42 pm
Fabulous reminder, Alle. Thanks! Blue has such wonderful vision. I need to reread those fabulous fics.
by r1015bill » Sat Sep 07, 2013 4:10 pm
Seems appropriate to add this photo here in case anyone is looking for specifics about the episode. (Hope no one minds - particularly francis since I used her picture.)
More discussion about this cut scene can start here
http://www.moonlightaholics.com/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=10629&start=315
by francis » Sat Sep 07, 2013 4:38 pm
No, I don't mind. I thought about adding it into the discussion thread but ran out of time and forgot. Thank you!
Link to my Stories
by allegrita » Sat Sep 07, 2013 6:26 pm
What a great idea, thank you! And for completeness, here is the link to the interview with Justice Leak (Ray), where he discussed the missing scene.
http://moonlightaholics.com/viewtopic.php?f=365&t=8759
by darkstarrising » Sat Sep 07, 2013 6:49 pm
The more I look at this image, the more I appreciate just how much Alex conveyed with facial expression and body language.
He's just had someone very precious taken away, although someone equally precious has been returned. He's lost Lilah and whatever future he thought they might have, but he also conveys the notion of guilt - of taking what belonged to Ray.
I really, really wished they had let that scene in.
I think the guilt is more than that. He was supposed to keep an eye on Ray... he said he'd be there for him. He essentially promised Lilah.
Very clearly he failed in that. He left a man behind. (Wow - double meaning of the episode title? I always thought it had to do with Ray's progeny)
I can imagine that he's thinking that Lilah will be angry with him - that Mick left Ray behind on purpose and tricked her into loving him. That's in addition to however Ray feels. Since Mick has shown every sign of assuming the worst, I gotta believe he would do the same here.
No wonder he stayed away from them. He couldn't handle what he thought would be their judgement.
by librarian_7 » Sat Sep 07, 2013 10:42 pm
I think that title had several possible meanings...Mick had left Ray behind (although not intentionally!). He left Lilah and Ray behind after Ray returned. He had left behind family, when he became a vamp. The possible son could have been what he left behind with Lilah. The possibility of (biological) family, that was behind him. You could even stretch it to think about the psychological aftereffects Beth has from being kidnapped as a child,"what's left behind" in her mind as a result of that experience.
And so on! It's a really versatile title, isn't it?
by darkstarrising » Sun Sep 08, 2013 2:50 pm
Rhonda, Lucky - what wonderful insights! I,too had thought the title to refer to Robert, but I see now it could mean so much more!
by Lucy » Sun Sep 08, 2013 10:58 pm
..... ........thinking of the deleted scene, Mick with the roses.
Would that have been a dead give-away to Lilah & Mick's relationship?
Who brings roses to a friend's wife? That could have been a pain meeting in more ways than one.....
My Fanfic Office
Location: polishing Mick's Mercedes hood ornament
by Shadow » Mon Sep 09, 2013 3:37 am
Lucky, I so agree about the title! It's one of those brilliant multi-layered titles that speaks to so many different facets of the story.
Rhonda, that's so interesting . . . I had never thought of Lilah being angry with Mick for inadvertantly leaving Ray behind, but of course that's a possibility, and certainly one that Mick might have thought of, especially considering his promise to Lilah to look after Ray. I'm reminded of the way he spoke to Beth about what had happened in the harshest possible terms, telling her that he'd left his best friend to die and had stolen his wife. Too harsh for what really happened, but those were Mick's words. Also there's the fact that although Mick has a history of watching the people he loved from the shadows, he apparently did not do so with Lilah and Ray . . .he hadn't even known they had had a son.
Lucy, I've wondered just how public Mick and LIlah's relationship was even before he brought her the roses, and whether their relationship actually would have been considered a scandal. Considering everyone thought Ray had been dead for a year, perhaps no one would have thought anything of it. But bringing her roses that way would certainly make it more public than it had been!
dsr, absolutely agree about those emotions playing across MIck's face! Just a few of them that I see:
I've lost the woman I love forever . . .
My best friend is alive!
I've come between them.
I came home and I left Ray behind.
Ever since I read allegrita's "Private Lamb" story about what Ray experienced after being wounded, I've wondered about the effect Ray's return had on Mick. Ray was the ultimate missing person. Nobody who loved him even knew he was missing. Mick left him behind without knowing he had. I started wondering if Ray's experience might be the deepest reason why Mick went into P.I. work, and why his special passion is missing-persons cases.. . .
Shadow's stories/Shadow's videos
by r1015bill » Mon Sep 09, 2013 12:07 pm
Shadow wrote: I had never thought of Lilah being angry with Mick for inadvertantly leaving Ray behind, but of course that's a possibility, and certainly one that Mick might have thought of, especially considering his promise to Lilah to look after Ray.
Oh, I agree that she wouldn't have been angry with him. But I do think that Mick would think that - particularly in that moment of the photograph. Since Mick's modus operandi is always to run away (at least until the end of episode 16), he probably never cleared the air with Lilah or Ray.
Oh, I wish we had seen the scene! Did Mick and Lilah's eyes meet for just a second? I'm assuming not since she was probably overwhelmed with Ray's arrival.
I really wish we could have seen Jill's original vision. It seems so much more impactful.
by MoonMarg » Mon Sep 09, 2013 12:12 pm
Oh , how I wish I knew the person who had a copy of all the scenes that were taped in all the episodes of ML that never made it to our screens. Wouldn't that be awesome viewing?
MoonMarg


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text:
Q: Query to retrieve messages from Skype conversation from SQLite database I'm trying to get conversations from Skype messages but new versions of Skype changed the path of the database file and its structure to JSON.
I downloaded the "DB Browser for SQLite" to query the content of the database.

A: New path of Skype database file: %localappdata%\Packages\Microsoft.SkypeApp_kzf8qxf38zg5c\LocalState\<Skype Name>.db
Here's an example of a query to extract the message data from a JSON structure
select creator,
       compose_time,
       msg_content,
       original_arrival_time
  from (select json_extract(msg.nsp_data, '$.creator') as "creator",
              json_extract(msg.nsp_data, '$._serverMessages[0].composetime') as "compose_time",
              json_extract(msg.nsp_data, '$._serverMessages[0].content') as "msg_content",
              json_extract(msg.nsp_data, '$._serverMessages[0].originalarrivaltime') as "original_arrival_time"
        from messagesv12 msg)
 where 1=1
   --and strftime('%Y%m%d', compose_time) > strftime('%Y%m%d', date('now'), '-4 day')
   --and creator = ''
 order by compose_time;

You can read the documentation of json_extract() funcion in https://database.guide/json_extract-return-data-from-a-json-document-in-mysql/

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Features | Technology
Sensing the City
With the Array of Things program, environmental inequity meets urban technology
By David J. Unger | January 24, 2018
It's called "the nursery." A half-dozen white-domed machines lie on racks in a high-ceilinged room at Argonne National Laboratory, about half an hour west of the city. With the low, winter afternoon sun hitting them just right, it's not a stretch to imagine them as eggs warming in an incubator.
These little plastic nodes are packed with sensors and backed by millions in federal funding. Eventually, the microwave-sized devices will make their way out to lampposts in Chicago or Detroit or Denver or beyond to quietly measure the world around them. They'll look for traffic patterns, and they'll measure sound. They'll count particles in the air and note the amount of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants present. They'll measure vibration, magnetic fields, and light. And if all goes according to plan, they'll send this information back to a database where scientists, city officials, hacktivists, and residents will be able to access and analyze the streams of hyperlocal data.
This is the vision of the Array of Things (AoT), a joint initiative between Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory operated by a subsidiary of the University of Chicago, the University of Chicago, the City of Chicago, and various technology firms. The project expects to start publishing data from its preliminary nodes to the city's open-data portal earlier this year, at which point they hope to have a hundred of them up around the city quietly quantifying the traffic, noise, and emissions that make city living unpleasant at least, and environmentally unjust at worst.
AoT is the brainchild of Charlie Catlett, the project lead and a senior computer scientist at Argonne. About six years ago, Catlett began exploring how computer science might help address the challenges of mass urbanization. He looked at geographic variation in life-expectancy data and other metrics, and became alarmed by how much a person's address dictated their chances of suffering asthma or lead poisoning.
"Depending on what neighborhood you're in, your experience living in the city is dramatically different than a neighborhood that's a mile away," Catlett said. "This sort of bothered me." He wanted to help "cities move in the direction of 'better'—however you want to define 'better'—that could mean less congestion, better air quality, equitable services and opportunities, etc."
Charlie Catlett, AoT's project lead
In June 2012, Catlett began several years of conversations with scientists and city officials about what a functional city-wide sensor network might look like—what it should measure, and how it might be deployed. In 2015, the National Science Foundation awarded the University of Chicago a $3.1 million grant to support AoT's development. The effort adopted the name "Array of Things"—a sort of portmanteau of "array telescope" and the "internet of things"—to suggest a distributed but unified, discrete but interconnected, collection of measuring instruments aimed at understanding life in the city.
AoT is an early foray into an urban design revolution based on the principle that massive amounts of new data can help identify and repair urban woes. It places Chicago at the epicenter of a global "Smart-City" revolution. Metropolises across the globe seek to adopt AoT or technology like it, hoping that a smarter, more connected, and more analyzed city means a cleaner, safer, and less-congested one.
Cities are entering "a fourth stage of modern transformational change," according to a February 2016 White House report on urban technology. The first came about with the steam engine, the second with the power grid, and the third was made possible by reliable mass transit. Now, the report says, "new physical and digital technologies" offer innovative solutions to twenty-first-century problems.
"Information and communication technologies, the proliferation of sensors through the Internet of Things, and converging data standards are...combining to provide new possibilities for the physical management and the socioeconomic development of cities," the report reads. "Local governments are looking to data and analytics technologies for insight and are creating pilot projects to test ways to improve their services."
There's a lot of chatter around the idea of the smart city, but it can sometimes feel reductive, as if to suggest that something as complex as urban poverty can be understood as a sequence of ones and zeroes. Chicago has a long history of failed utopian schemes, from the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s to 1920s to the high-rise public-housing projects of the mid-twentieth century. On its face, AoT stirs up some of the same old urban-design tensions—while introducing the uniquely twenty-first-century concerns of data security and digital privacy. It might explain why Catlett is a little wary of the "smart city" label.
"Our idea of a 'smart city' was more: let's see if we can equip people who are making decisions and operating the city to do it better," Catlett said. "When I think about the Array of Things and 'smart cities,' I don't think about the overall design of a smart city so much as: we can just pick off one problem at a time and, at the end, we're going to be improving the city. If we never become 'smart,' at least we'll be smarter than we are now."
In other words, the smart city is not a silver bullet, even if it's sometimes billed as one. But if AoT works out as Catlett hopes it will, then it will open the door for other opportunities: a developer might use the data to build an app to warn asthma sufferers of nearby irritants; local activists might use air-particle levels to make the case for restrictions on diesel traffic. Or the city—armed with reams of new data—might better understand how a bus route change downtown affects traffic flow.
"Once you have a number of these deployed across the city, you begin to measure it in a way it hasn't been measured before," Catlett said.
✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
If you stand on the corner of Damen Avenue and Cermak Road and squint up at the lamppost above the gas station, you can make out one of the twelve AoT nodes already deployed across Chicago. The Damen/Cermak node is part of a subset of nodes focused on "Urban Air Quality and Health Education," and it's pointed at an area that has a history of fighting for a cleaner environment.
Pilsen and Little Village have long been undergoing the slow process of deindustrialization. With it come the pains of job loss and a long-overdue reckoning with industry's toxic legacy. The blocks surrounding the Damen/Cermak node, in other words, are an excellent place to test one of AoT's core theses—namely, that when citizens and officials better understand their environment, they are better able to improve it.
In 2012, the nearby Fisk and Crawford coal power plants closed down after years of protests and community organizing by the Little Village Environmental Justice Organization (LVEJO), the Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization (PERRO), Pilsen Alliance, and others. The closings may have had as much to do with broader market forces and federal environmental regulations as they did with local activism, but they were considered an enormous environmental win nonetheless. Organizers leaned heavily on a 2002 Harvard School of Public Health study that literally put a number on how many deaths, emergency-room visits, and asthma attacks the two plants caused each year.
"We inherently knew something was wrong ... but we couldn't prove anything," says Kim Wasserman, LVEJO's executive director. "It was finally getting those numbers that we were able to tell the story of how we were being impacted, outside of: 'My kid has asthma.' And it was those numbers that moved people to want to take action. There's nothing like having 40 body bags in the hallway of City Hall to really accentuate how we were being impacted."
Jasmine Mithani
The AoT nodes themselves won't go as far as to draw a link between poor air quality and asthma attacks or fatalities. In these early stages, the project-runners are mostly concerned with making sure the citywide sensor network—potentially the first of its kind—really works. But the data they produce could empower more scientists and activists to make those kinds of analyses. If successful, AoT might multiply exponentially that quantitative awareness, giving neighborhoods access to all kinds of data that could confirm or deny suspicions about the air they breathe. Instead of just a dozen or so air monitors scattered sporadically across the city, a projected 500 AoT nodes will be logging air-quality data in neighborhoods that have historically suffered from high levels of asthma but have lacked the mechanisms for connecting it to specific environmental factors.
"Data is power," Wasserman-Nieto said. "When you are putting out things like the Array of Things you are crossing into very unknown territory because what's going to happen when those results come out? Who is going to take responsibility for what is there?"
Wasserman-Nieto and LVEJO—along with other community groups on the South Side—have already taken the matter into their own hands. LVEJO is part of Shared Air, Shared Action, a 2016 grant from the Federal Environmental Protection Agency to explore how community groups and local residents might use increasingly affordable sensor technology to do their own air monitoring. For LVEJO, the current concern is diesel pollution, with high truck traffic in the area and proposals for new diesel-heavy industrial facilities.
Volunteers for Shared Air/Shared Action canvass the South Loop
Shared Air, Shared Action volunteers walk predetermined routes in their neighborhoods with boxy plastic air monitors strapped to their chests. They look for and note anything that might add context to a sudden aberration in data—the passing of a smog-belching truck, say, or a particularly odorous barbecue nearby. They send their observations and the data back to a centralized database for scientists at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Kansas State University to analyze. It's all a bit like traditional, shoe-leather neighborhood canvassing, except that instead of drumming up votes, these engaged pedestrians are painting a portrait of their neighborhood's environmental health.
For Wasserman-Nieto, getting community members directly involved like this creates a bottom-up approach to air monitoring in which those with the greatest human stake in the results are present in formulating and performing the experiment at hand. It's also, Wasserman-Nieto notes, an opportunity to introduce questions of science, technology, and engineering to communities that have traditionally lacked access to STEM education.
"A lot of times universities will make assumptions about the problem—and a lot of times they're right—but [they] will dictate how to solve that problem," she said. "If you want true partnership with community, then the community leads the request. The community leads the process. The community is the principal investigator."
If the implicit benefit of cheap sensors and big data is greater knowledge, then the new technology's inherent risk is to information security and personal privacy. Every day reams of information about our lives are beamed across networks in exchange for access or convenience. Not a month goes by without some new security breach or hack that briefly makes us reconsider our faith in the gospel of the Cloud.
It's no wonder, then, that AoT has raised the eyebrows of privacy critics. After all, its aim, in the superficial sense, is to install hundreds of artificial ears, eyes and noses throughout public spaces. Initially, AoT had planned to include in the node a mechanism for counting nearby Bluetooth devices as a way to track pedestrian flow. When the Tribune published an article on it in 2014, it prompted concern over exactly what data was being collected and who would control it. The feature was ultimately dropped, and AoT eventually published an Operating Policies document outlining their approach to privacy, but the genie was already out of the bottle. Chicagoans had gotten a whiff of Big Brother, and it amplified a skepticism many already hold toward city government.
The final node design moved forward instead with a camera to count pedestrians and cars, and to detect street flooding. To guard against privacy intrusions, AoT relies on edge computing, in which images are processed and analyzed right at the point of collection. In other words, according to AoT, the node extracts whatever quantitative information it needs, destroys the image, and just sends the information (e.g. number of cars) back to Argonne's database. For calibration purposes, less than one percent of images will randomly be stored. AoT insists they will not contain personally identifiable information, but they will be controlled and protected as if they do.
It begs a uniquely digital thought experiment: if a camera records a person in the city, but only a computer sees the image, is it a violation of personal privacy? Should Chicagoans have the ability to opt out of such collection, even if it is ultimately anonymous and limited to public spaces?
Catlett in the AoT workspace at Argonne National Laboratory
The scrutiny over AoT's camera is perhaps ironic given that there are already literally thousands of public and private cameras throughout Chicago recording and storing our everyday acts—and doing so with far less oversight or scrutiny than is afforded AoT.
In the early Internet, programmers were almost fanatically devoted to transparency, decentralized power, and information-sharing. Much of that original culture has been lost in today's increasingly monopolized and centralized web. But Catlett enjoyed a front-row seat to the Internet's halcyon days, serving as chief technology officer at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) in the years following the release of Mosaic, the World Wide Web's first major graphical browser.
Catlett stresses that the nodes are built and run on open-source hardware and software. The algorithm that decides what goes in your Facebook feed is a black box to which you will never have access. In contrast, the algorithm that determines how the Damen/Cermak node measures carbon-monoxide levels is freely available online for anyone to inspect. Of course, for most of us, this will still be an indecipherable morass of computer code, but Catlett says there's an active community of programmer activists who would be eager to inspect it and flag anything of concern.
In a 2013 pamphlet called "Against the Smart City," urbanist Adam Greenfield makes a philosophical case against the digitization of our urban environments:
"[T]he wholesale surrender of municipal management to an algorithmic toolset...would seem to repose an undue amount of trust in the party responsible for authoring the algorithm...Inconvenient results may be suppressed, arbitrarily overridden by more heavily-weighted decision factors or simply ignored."
In other words, writing algorithms for civic technology is a political act. What do we lose when we outsource quality-of-life assessments to machines and the people who program them? All the more reason, then, for smart-city proponents to embrace the limited scope and open-source ethos that AoT purports to embrace. A good technologist is the first to admit that technology can only do so much.
"There's no substitute for individuals and people coming together and advocating for things," says Derek Eder, founder of Chi Hack Night, a popular forum for hacktivists and concerned citizens. "Anybody who is trying to sell you the idea that civic technology is the big thing that will save the world...don't listen to that person. That person is just trying to hype something or sell something."
Data is power. – Kim Wasserman-Nieto
AoT's success or failure, then, relies on the degree to which it harnesses (or fails to harness) the messy human factor behind the computer's clean logic. To what degree does it get not just the tacit approval of everyday denizens, but also their active participation and engagement? To that end, AoT has partnered with the Smart Chicago Collaborative to do public outreach. To date, they have hosted three public meetings, all of which have been thoroughly documented online. An educational component dubbed the "Lane of Things" has given students at Lane Tech High School a chance to try their hand in developing their own sensor packages. An engagement report posted online details the rest of AoT's outreach efforts.
More connections to communities and the public may pop up once AoT begins actually publishing data, but, for now, meaningful, direct contributions to the core design of the system appear largely limited to scientists and city officials. The public meeting I attended in Humboldt Park in October was well-organized and informative, but didn't seem reflective of the kind of deep, sustained community connection one might hope to see in an initiative of this scale. Many of the attendees appeared to be somehow affiliated with AoT, the city, or the Smart Chicago Collaborative. After a series of presentations, the first question out of the gate was from Daniel Kaberon, an interested Evanstonian who works in the IT sector, who asked why the AoT website wasn't being updated more frequently and why various goalposts set by the project had seemingly been delayed or abandoned.
"Is there a pulse? Is this dead?" Kaberon wondered aloud to me after the meeting. "I really want this thing to roll out—I really want this all to happen. I'm not negative about it, but, c'mon, tell us what's going on!"
At the time of writing, the Array of Things blog consists of just one entry, dated July 19. In Catlett's defense, he and his team are computer scientists, not community organizers. When I asked him about these criticisms he acknowledged their validity, chalked them up to a lack of resources, and genuinely seemed to wish he could hire staff to directly work with community groups. It made me wonder why he even decided to stick his neck out and put AoT in the public spotlight in the way that he, Argonne, and the city have. After all, he likely could have approached this urban sensing project quietly, making it strictly an experiment by and for the scientific community alone.
"I don't want people to ever feel like we're sneaking up on them," he told me. "I would rather that people say to me, 'I don't like what you're doing' than say, 'I don't like what you did, and I don't like that you hid it from me.'"
How Chicagoans respond to AoT when it finally launches will have wide implications for the future of technology—not just in Pilsen or Little Village, or even the Chicagoland area, but at large. Over a hundred cities across the globe have inquired about adopting AoT, hoping, as Catlett hopes, that sexy sensing technology can help the powers that be better address the very unsexy problems that have long plagued urban life.
Algorithms and data are playing a larger and larger role in all aspects of our lives—how we work, whom we love, and for whom we vote. Technology has always informed how cities are built, but in coming years, interconnected technology will quantify and digitize urban life in ways that feel strange and opaque to lay city-dwellers.
In the end, the fundamental tension of AoT is the same. Byron Sigcho, director of the Pilsen Alliance, put it to me like this:
"Research is only as good as it addresses the needs of the community. If it doesn't, we have to ask, well, whom is that research for?"
Reporting for this story was made possible in part by a fellowship from Northwestern University's Social Justice News Nexus.
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There was a 16.9 per cent increase in used passenger vehicles brought into the country from Japan during October compared to the same month of 2018.
There were 9,875 used passenger vehicles imported into New Zealand during October to bump up the year-to-date total to 117,762 units.
Some 9,258 used cars and SUVs came into the country from Japan last month, which was 16.9 per cent more than the 7,917 units that crossed the border in October 2018.
In addition, there were 301 units imported from Australia during October, which was the lowest monthly total since January. Next up was Singapore with 127 units. The UK came third with 77, which was the third-highest total from that jurisdiction so far this year, while the total from the US was 72.
The year-to-date aggregate of 117,762 used passenger vehicles crossing our border represents a 1.1 per cent fall on the 119,024 units imported during the first 10 months of 2018.
Imports of new cars plunge
New imported passenger vehicle numbers tumbled during October with the 8,122 vehicles that crossed our borders down 26.2 per cent on the previous month's tally of 11,006. Year to date, 86,362 new cars have been imported, a decrease of five per cent compared to at the same stage the year before. The number of vehicles from Thailand and Germany held relatively steady last month, compared to September this year, but figures from Japan, Korea, China and the UK all took sharp nosedives of 31.6, 42, 90.8 and 57.5 per cent respectively.
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Used commercials bounce back
Used light-commercial vehicles enjoyed a rise in imports when compared to the same month in the previous year, with 737 units imported. This represented an increase of 18 per cent. It was also 200 more than came into the country in September this year. The year-to-date total is 528 higher than the same 10-month period in 2018 with 5,818 units crossing our borders thus far in 2019.
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Tag: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma
It is with sadness that we report the passing of one of Trauma Surgery's greatest icons, Dr. Donald D. Trunkey. Dr. Trunkey served as the Chair of the ACS Committee on Trauma from 1982-1986 and as President of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1986-1987. In 1976, Dr. Trunkey led the COT's efforts to publish the Optimal Hospital Resources for the Care of the Seriously Injured- the first document aimed at defining and developing trauma centers and trauma systems. Dr. Trunkey, MD, FACS was a pioneer in trauma system development, publishing seminal work on the impact of trauma systems development on preventable death. A critical moment in Dr. Trunkey's career was when he published a paper in 1979 on death rates of trauma patients in the more rural Orange County, California compared to those in San Francisco County. It was one of the earliest, most persuasive pieces of evidence on the effectiveness of trauma centers. His message was unwavering: injured patients deserve the best trauma care available, and the best care includes an organized trauma system.
Dr. Trunkey grew up in rural Eastern Washington and was an alumni of the University of Washington Medical School. He did a rotating internship at the University of Oregon and then served in the US Army from 1964-1966. He completed his surgical training at UCSF and became a faulty member in 1972. He was Chief of the Burn Center at UCSF and had established a laboratory to study mechanisms of shock at the cellular level. In 1986, he was recruited back to Oregon Health Science University where he served as the Mackenzie Professor and Chair of the Department of Surgery from 1986 – 2001.
Five years into his term as Chair, Dr. Trunkey was activated from reserve status to active military to serve in the first Gulf War in 1991. He was stationed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Storm and Desert Shield. He dealt with a number of operational and cultural obstacles that prompted him to publish a commentary in the March 1993 edition of Archives of Surgery called "Lessons Learned." This document paved the way for how the U.S. Department of Defense trains its trauma personnel today.
In 2008, he received the King Faisal prize in medicine for his research improving trauma care. He has many other awards including Distinguished Service Award of the American College of Surgeons, Washington State University College of Science Distinguished Alumnus Award, Barry Goldwater Service Award, International Society of Surgery Prize, Honorary Membership of the British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine and Honorary Fellowships of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of England, Ireland, Edinburgh, Glasgow, South Africa and Brazil, Medal of the Royal College of Medicine of England and Honorary Professorship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1989, he delivered the Scudder Oration on Trauma entitled, "What's Wrong with Trauma Care?". In 2018, he received the Icons in Surgery award from the American College of Surgeons.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVN0laPGF24&feature=youtu.be
Above all, Dr. Trunkey is remembered for his kindness, support, and mentorship to an entire generation of trauma surgeons. We offer his wife Jane and their 2 children and grandchildren our heartfelt condolences.
Posted on June 19, 2019 June 19, 2019 Categories UncategorizedTags American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Obituary, Surgery, Trauma, trunkeyLeave a comment on Dr. Donald D. Trunkey, FACS 1937-2019 from American Association for the Surgery of Trauma


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Egypt army bans discrimination after unrest
CAIRO - Egypt's ruling military council has banned discrimination on the basis of race, gender or religion in a decree announced on Saturday.
The measure follows last Sunday's clashes between protesters, many of whom were Coptic Christians and troops in which 25 people were killed, the worst street violence since the fall of former president Hosni Mubarak on Feb. 11.The decree criminalizes "committing acts of discrimination or refraining from action that would result in discrimination against individuals or a group on the basis of gender, race, language or religion", a council statement said.
Those found guilty face a three-months jail sentence or a fine of up to a hundred thousand Egyptian pounds ($16,800).
Protesters and politicians accused the ruling military of using tactics reminiscent of Mubarak's police force against dissenters in last week's violence.


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Another Close Game Another Close Ravens Loss
October 27, 2015	 Posted by	WBOC Staff Featured Sports, National Sports
GLENDALE, Ariz. (AP) – Baltimore blocked a punt to set up a late touchdown and quickly moved down the field to set up a potential tying score.
Like so times this season, the Ravens came up just short, extending their season-long misery in close games
Joe Flacco floated a pass into the end zone that was picked off by Tony Jefferson with 6 seconds left, ending Baltimore's comeback bid in a 26-18 loss to the Arizona Cardinals on Monday night.
"It's a tough story we're writing now," Ravens coach John Harbaugh said.
Picked as potential Super Bowl contenders, the Ravens (1-6) have struggled to close out games all season. Before Monday, Baltimore had blown fourth-quarter leads three times and twice staged comebacks that fell short, leading to the worst start in franchise history.
Count this one as another comeback failure.
Trailing 26-10 in the fourth quarter, Baltimore showed a bit of life when Asa Jackson blocked a punt and Flacco found Kyle Juszczyk with a 1-yard touchdown pass the next play. The Ravens scored a 2-point conversion despite an illegal formation penalty and got the ball back at their own 24 with 1:53 left.
Despite communication problems with the sideline, Flacco worked quickly and efficiently to get the Ravens down to Arizona's 4 with 18 seconds left. Facing pressure, Flacco tried to lob a pass to 6-foot-6 tight end Crockett Gilmore, but sent it a little too long and the 5-foot-11 Jefferson came down with it in the back of the end zone.
"It was a big-little match up and I thought he might go on top of the guy," said Flacco, who threw for 252 yards and a touchdown on 26-of-40 passing. "It just worked a little bit different."
Baltimore opened the night by missing four tackles on Chris Johnson's 26-yard touchdown run, a bad omen for a struggling defense.
But the Ravens gathered themselves – for a little while.
Baltimore's defense started to slow the Cardinals (5-2) a little and the offense was solid early, driving for Justin Tucker's 44-yard field goal in the first quarter and Justin Forsett's 14-yard touchdown run in the second.
Ravens running back Justin Forsett rushed for his second touchdown of the season against the Cardinals (AP/Photo Ross D. Franklin)
But, as has been the case most of this lost season, mistakes began to burn Baltimore.
Punt returner Jeremy Ross lost a fumble at Baltimore's 25 and Jackson was hit with an unnecessary roughness penalty after the Cardinals recovered. Arizona started at the 10, then Lardarius Webb and Brynden Trawick each had pass-interference penalties to give the Cardinals extra shots at the end zone. They took advantage, scoring on Carson Palmer's 3-yard pass to Michael Floyd to go up 14-10 at halftime.
Another gaffe came late in the third quarter.
Taking a handoff left, Johnson ran toward Arizona's sideline and appeared to be stopped, ending up on his back. Though everyone else stopped, Johnson realized Baltimore defensive tackle Brandon Williams was between him and the ground, so got up and stated running again. He ended up at the 8 after the 62-yard run, leaving the Ravens stunned and Harbaugh incensed.
"I thought he was on the ground," Williams said. "Usually when I tackle somebody, they are down."
Matt Catanzaro kicked his second field goal, from 21 yards, to cap the drive and Palmer hit John Brown on a 4-yard touchdown pass to put the Cardinals up 26-10 early in the fourth quarter.
The Ravens managed to mount another comeback, but this one came up short, too.
"Regardless of the record, we're going to fight every day," Trawick said. "It just didn't go our way today."
Notes: Ravens WR Steve Smith passed Henry Ellard for 11th on the NFL's all-time receiving list with 13,350 after catching nine passes for 78 yards. … Palmer moved past Donovan McNabb (37,276) into 20th on NFL's all-time passing yards list. He has 37,377 yards after throwing for 275 and a pair of touchdowns on 20-of-29 passing. … Cardinals starting CB Jerraud Powers did not play in the second half after suffering a hamstring injury. … Baltimore had 55 yards rushing on 16 attempts.
Tags: Arizona CardinalsBaltimore RavensFootballJoe FlaccoJustin ForsettNFLRavensRavens DefenseSports
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