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Philosophy of Language > Specific Expressions > Conditionals > Subjunctive Conditionals, Misc
Subjunctive Conditionals, Misc
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Truth-Conditional Accounts of Indicative Conditionals (32)
Epistemic Accounts of Indicative Conditionals (15)
Pragmatic Accounts of Indicative Conditionals (9)
Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities (30)
Indicative Conditionals, Misc (35)
Possible-World Theories of Counterfactuals (64)
Logic of Conditionals (74)
Causal Theories of Counterfactuals (9)
Counterpossible Conditionals (16)
Indicative vs Subjunctive Conditionals (10)
Conditional Assertion (5)
Conditionals, Misc (47)
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Subjunctive Conditionals Are Material.Matheus Silva - manuscriptdetails
The material account claims that indicative conditionals are material. However, the conventional wisdom even among material account enthusiasts is that the material account cannot be extended to subjunctive conditionals. There are mainly three reasons that motivate this consensus: (1) the belief that if subjunctives were material, most subjunctive conditionals would be vacuously true, which is implausible; (2) its inconsistency with Adam pairs, which suggest that indicative and subjunctive conditionals have different truth conditions; and (3) the belief that it is an (...) inferior hypothesis compared to the possible world theories. I will argue against (1) that the counterintuitive aspects of vacuously true conditionals can be explained away in a uniform fashion, regardless of whether they are indicatives or subjunctives. I reinforce this assumption by showing that the positive arguments for the material account of indicatives are also intuitively valid for subjunctives. The point mentioned in (2) is resisted by explaining Adam pairs as logically equivalent conditionals that can be appropriate at different times, depending of the speaker's epistemic situation. Finally, (3) is criticised by making the case that the possible world account faces insurmountable problems and that a full-blown material account of indicatives and subjunctives is overall a more elegant solution. (shrink)
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Conditional Sentences as Implication Statements: A New Approach.Matheus Silva - manuscriptdetails
It is usually accepted that conditional sentences are sui generis and enigmatic. In this paper I try to make them more accessible by interpreting them as claims to relations of implication restricted to a parameter world. This interpretation revives an old idea that fell into disuse, but in its improved version leads to refreshing solutions to known problems in conditional theory. The many benefits of this approach are evidenced by its insightful explanation of some apparent counter-examples to classical argumentative forms (...) (the paradoxes of material implication, antecedent strengthening, contraposition, hypothetical syllogism, conditional negation), conditional standoffs, the problem of counterfactuals, the referential/inferential nature of conditionals, the Apartheid thesis, the triviality results and conditionals embedding. (shrink)
How Strong is a Counterfactual?David Boylan & Ginger Schultheis - forthcoming - Journal of Philosophy.details
There are two leading theories about the meaning of counterfactuals, the Variably Strict Analysis (VSA) and the Strict Analysis (SA). Perhaps most famously, VSA and SA disagree about a principle known as Antecedent Strengtheing: SA validates the principle; VSA does not. Early VSA theorists believed that certain apparent counterexamples to Antecedent Strengthening— now known as Sobel Sequences—refuted SA. More recently, defenders of SA have enriched SA with certain dynamic principles governing how context evolves and argued that Sobel sequences are not (...) counterexamples to the resulting Dynamic SA. -/- But Antecedent Strengthening is just one of a family of strengthening principles. In this paper, we focus on a weaker principle, which we call Strengthening with a Possibility, and give a counterexample to it. We show that the dynamic features attributed to would-counterfactuals and might-counterfactuals by proponents Dynamic SA are of no help when it comes to counterexamples to Strengthening with a Possibility, unlike counterexamples to Antecedent Strengthening itself. We develop a new version of VSA that incorporates a Kratzerian ordering source into the meaning of counterfactuals, and we show how to model counterexamples to Strengthening with a Possibility on our account. (shrink)
Counterlogicals as Counterconventionals.Alexander W. Kocurek & Ethan Jerzak - forthcoming - Journal of Philosophical Logic.details
We develop and defend a new approach to counterlogicals. Non-vacuous counterlogicals, we argue, fall within a broader class of counterfactuals known as counterconventionals. Existing semantics for counterconventionals (developed by Einheuser (2006) and Kocurek et al. (2020)) allow counterfactuals to shift the interpretation of predicates and relations. We extend these theories to counterlogicals by allowing counterfactuals to shift the interpretation of logical vocabulary. This yields an elegant semantics for counterlogicals that avoids problems with the usual impossible worlds semantics. We conclude by (...) showing how this approach can be extended to counterpossibles more generally. (shrink)
Heim Sequences and Why Most Unqualified 'Would'-Counterfactuals Are Not True.Yael Loewenstein - forthcoming - Australasian Journal of Philosophy:1-14.details
The apparent consistency of Sobel sequences (example below) famously motivated David Lewis to defend a variably strict conditional semantics for counterfactuals. (a) If Sophie had gone to the parade she would have seen Pedro. (b) If Sophie had gone to the parade and been stuck behind someone tall she would not have seen Pedro. But if the order of the counterfactuals in a Sobel sequence is reversed – in the example, if (b) is asserted prior to (a) – the second (...) counterfactual asserted no longer rings true. This is the Heim sequence problem. That the order of assertion makes this difference is surprising on the variably strict account. Some argue that this is reason to reject the Lewis-Stalnaker semantics outright. Others argue that the problem motivates a contextualist rendering of counterfactuals. Still others maintain that the explanation for the phenomenon is merely pragmatic. I argue that none of these are right, and defend a novel way to understand the phenomenon. My proposal avoids the problems faced by the alternative analyses and enjoys independent support. There is, however, a difficulty for my view: it entails that many ordinarily-accepted counterfactuals are not true. I argue that this (apparent) cost is acceptable. (shrink)
The Open Future: Why Future Contingents Are All False.Patrick Todd - forthcoming - Oxford: Oxford University Press.details
In The Open Future: Why Future Contingents are all False, Patrick Todd launches a sustained defense of a radical interpretation of the doctrine of the open future, one according to which all claims about undetermined aspects of the future are simply false. Todd argues that this theory is metaphysically more parsimonious than its rivals, and that objections to its logical and practical coherence are much overblown. Todd shows how proponents of this view can maintain classical logic, and argues that the (...) view has substantial advantages over Ockhamist, supervaluationist, and relativist alternatives. Todd draws inspiration from theories of "neg-raising" in linguistics, from debates about omniscience within the philosophy of religion, and defends a crucial comparison between his account of future contingents and certain more familiar theories of counterfactuals. Further, Todd defends his theory of the open future from the charges that it cannot make sense of our practices of betting, makes our credences regarding future contingents unintelligible, and is at odds with proper norms of assertion. In the end, in Todd's classical open future, we have a compelling new solution to the longstanding "problem of future contingents". -/- (Note: this is a pre-production copy of Chapter 3.). (shrink)
Presupposing Counterfactuality.Julia Zakkou - forthcoming - Semantics and Pragmatics.details
There is long standing agreement both among philosophers and linguists that the term 'counterfactual conditional' is misleading if not a misnomer. Speakers of both non-past subjunctive (or 'would') conditionals and past subjunctive (or 'would have') conditionals need not convey counterfactuality. The relationship between the conditionals in question and the counterfactuality of their antecedents is thus not one of presupposing. It is one of conversationally implicating. This paper provides a thorough examination of the arguments against the presupposition view as applied to (...) past subjunctive conditionals and finds none of them conclusive. All the relevant linguistic data, it is shown, are compatible with the assumption that past subjunctive conditionals presuppose the falsity of their antecedents. This finding is not only interesting on its own. It is of vital importance both to whether we should consider antecedent counterfactuality to be part of the conventional meaning of the conditionals in question and to whether there is a deep difference between indicative and subjective conditionals. (shrink)
Strictly Speaking.Renée Jorgensen Bolinger & Alexander Sandgren - 2020 - Analysis 80 (1):3-11.details
A type of argument occasionally made in metaethics, epistemology and philosophy of science notes that most ordinary uses of some expression fail to satisfy the strictest interpretation of the expression, and concludes that the ordinary assertions are false. This requires there to be a presumption in favour of a strict interpretation of expressions that admit of interpretations at different levels of strictness. We argue that this presumption is unmotivated, and thus the arguments fail.
Against Conventional Wisdom.Alexander W. Kocurek, Ethan Jerzak & Rachel Etta Rudolph - 2020 - Philosophers' Imprint 20 (22):1-27.details
Conventional wisdom has it that truth is always evaluated using our actual linguistic conventions, even when considering counterfactual scenarios in which different conventions are adopted. This principle has been invoked in a number of philosophical arguments, including Kripke's defense of the necessity of identity and Lewy's objection to modal conventionalism. But it is false. It fails in the presence of what Einheuser (2006) calls c-monsters, or convention-shifting expressions (on analogy with Kaplan's monsters, or context-shifting expressions). We show that c-monsters naturally (...) arise in contexts, such as metalinguistic negotiations, where speakers entertain alternative conventions. We develop an expressivist theory—inspired by Barker (2002) and MacFarlane (2016) on vague predications and Einheuser (2006) on counterconventionals—to model these shifts in convention. Using this framework, we reassess the philosophical arguments that invoked the conventional wisdom. (shrink)
Levelling Counterfactual Scepticism.Alexander Sandgren & Katie Steele - 2020 - Synthese 1:1-21.details
In this paper, we develop a novel response to counterfactual scepticism, the thesis that most ordinary counterfactual claims are false. In the process we aim to shed light on the relationship between debates in the philosophy of science and debates concerning the semantics and pragmatics of counterfactuals. We argue that science is concerned with many domains of inquiry, each with its own characteristic entities and regularities; moreover, statements of scientific law often include an implicit ceteris paribus clause that restricts the (...) scope of the associated regularity to circumstances that are 'fitting' to the domain in question. This observation reveals a way of responding to scepticism while, at the same time, doing justice both to the role of counterfactuals in science and to the complexities inherent in ordinary counterfactual discourse and reasoning. (shrink)
Talking About Worlds.Matthew Mandelkern - 2018 - Philosophical Perspectives 32 (1):298-325.details
I explore the logic of the conditional, using credence judgments to argue against Duality and in favor of Conditional Excluded Middle. I then explore how to give a theory of the conditional which validates the latter and not the former, developing a variant on Kratzer (1981)'s restrictor theory, as well as a proposal which combines Stalnaker (1968)'s theory of the conditional with the theory of epistemic modals I develop in Mandelkern 2019a. I argue that the latter approach fits naturally with (...) a conception of conditionals as referential devices which allow us to talk about particular worlds. (shrink)
Might/Would Duality and The Probabilities of Counterfactuals.Michael J. Shaffer - 2018 - Logique and Analyse 242:119-124.details
In this paper it is shown that Lewis' MWD (might/would duality) and imaging principles lead to wildly implausible probability assignments for would counterfactuals.
Counterfactual Skepticism and Multidimensional Semantics.H. Stefánsson - 2018 - Erkenntnis 83 (5):875-898.details
It has recently been argued that indeterminacy and indeterminism make most ordinary counterfactuals false. I argue that a plausible way to avoid such counterfactual skepticism is to postulate the existence of primitive modal facts that serve as truth-makers for counterfactual claims. Moreover, I defend a new theory of 'might' counterfactuals, and develop assertability and knowledge criteria to suit such unobservable 'counterfacts'.
The Necessity of Mathematics.Juhani Yli‐Vakkuri & John Hawthorne - 2018 - Noûs 52.details
Some have argued for a division of epistemic labor in which mathematicians supply truths and philosophers supply their necessity. We argue that this is wrong: mathematics is committed to its own necessity. Counterfactuals play a starring role.
Counterfactual Double Lives.Michael Deigan - 2017 - Proceedings of the 21st Amsterdam Colloquium:215--224.details
Expressions typically thought to be rigid designators can refer to distinct individuals in the consequents of counterfactuals. This occurs in counteridenticals, such as "If I were you, I would arrest me", as well as more ordinary counterfactuals with clearly possible antecedents, like "If I were a police officer, I would arrest me". I argue that in response we should drop rigidity and deal with de re modal predication using something more flexible, such as counterpart theory.
Exact Semantics for Indicative Conditionals.Huseyin Gungor - 2017 - Dissertation, John Hopkinsdetails
This thesis extends Kit Fine's truthmaker semantics for counterfactuals to indicative conditionals. First, I provide Fine's truthmaker semantics and his extension to counterfactuals. Then I introduce a notion of context state into the semantics and provide the verification-conditions for indicative conditionals by employing this notion of context state. Afterwards, I turn to the logic of indicative conditionals under exact semantics and discuss the principles and inference rules which raise disagreements between variably strict and strict conditionals accounts. The account I provide (...) shows its promise by validating a plausible combination of principles and strikes a balance between variably strict and strict conditional theories. I discuss certain principles in logic of indicative conditionals under exact semantics in detail and show how the present account validates the plausible combination of them. In the end, I draw comparisons between the viable theories for indicatives and the present one, and argue that the present account takes the advantage in several respects. (shrink)
Hiddleston's Causal Modeling Semantics and the Distinction Between Forward-Tracking and Backtracking Counterfactuals.Kok Yong Lee - 2017 - Studies in Logic 10 (1):79-94.details
Some cases show that counterfactual conditionals ('counterfactuals' for short) are inherently ambiguous, equivocating between forward-tracking and backtracking counterfactu- als. Elsewhere, I have proposed a causal modeling semantics, which takes this phenomenon to be generated by two kinds of causal manipulations. (Lee 2015; Lee 2016) In an important paper (Hiddleston 2005), Eric Hiddleston offers a different causal modeling semantics, which he claims to be able to explain away the inherent ambiguity of counterfactuals. In this paper, I discuss these two semantic treatments (...) and argue that my (bifurcated) semantics is theoretically more promising than Hiddleston's (unified) semantics. (shrink)
Strict Conditional Accounts of Counterfactuals.Cory Nichols - 2017 - Linguistics and Philosophy 40 (6):621-645.details
von Fintel and Gillies : 329–360, 2007) have proposed a dynamic strict conditional account of counterfactuals as an alternative to the standard variably strict account due to Stalnaker and Lewis. Von Fintel's view is motivated largely by so-called reverse Sobel sequences, about which the standard view seems to make the wrong predictions. More recently Moss :561–586, 2012) has offered a pragmatic/epistemic explanation that purports to explain the data without requiring abandonment of the standard view. So far the small amount of (...) subsequent literature has focused primarily on the original class of cases motivating the strict conditional view. What is needed in the debate is an examination of the predictions of the dynamic strict conditional account for a broader range of data. I undertake this task here, presenting a slew of cases that are problematic for the strict conditional view but not for Moss's view, and considering some possible responses. Ultimately I take my contribution to constitute a significant blow to the dynamic strict conditional view, though not a decisive verdict against it. (shrink)
Against Counterfactual Miracles.Cian Dorr - 2016 - Philosophical Review 125 (2):241-286.details
This paper considers how counterfactuals should be evaluated on the assumption that determinism is true. I argue against Lewis's influential view that the actual laws of nature would have been false if something had happened that never actually happened, and in favour of the competing view that history would have been different all the way back. I argue that we can do adequate justice to our ordinary practice of relying on a wide range of historical truths in evaluating counterfactuals by (...) saying that, in typical cases, history would have been only *very slightly* different until shortly before the relevant time. The paper also draws some connections between the puzzle about counterfactuals under determinism and the debate about whether determinism entails that no-one can ever do otherwise than they in fact do. (shrink)
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Against the Brogaard-Salerno Stricture.Tristan Haze - 2016 - The Reasoner 10 (4):29-30.details
'It is widely agreed that contraposition, strengthening the antecedent and hypothetical syllogism fail for subjunctive conditionals', write Brogaard and Salerno in (2008: Counterfactuals and context, Analysis 68.1, 39–46). In that article they argue that the putative counterexamples to these principles are actually no threat, on the grounds that they involve a certain kind of illicit contextual shift. -/- Here I argue that this particular kind of contextual shift, if it is properly so called, is not generally illicit, and that therefore (...) the counterexamples shouldn't be blocked with the kind of blanket restriction Brogaard and Salerno advocate. The idea that the reasoning patterns in question can be vindicated given restrictions still seems promising; the purpose of this note is to show that the simple restriction proposed by Brogaard and Salerno isn't the right way of going. (shrink)
Most Counterfactuals Are False.Alan Hajek - 2014details
I argue that most counterfactuals are false.
A Uniform Theory of Conditionals.William B. Starr - 2014 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 43 (6):1019-1064.details
A uniform theory of conditionals is one which compositionally captures the behavior of both indicative and subjunctive conditionals without positing ambiguities. This paper raises new problems for the closest thing to a uniform analysis in the literature (Stalnaker, Philosophia, 5, 269–286 (1975)) and develops a new theory which solves them. I also show that this new analysis provides an improved treatment of three phenomena (the import-export equivalence, reverse Sobel-sequences and disjunctive antecedents). While these results concern central issues in the study (...) of conditionals, broader themes in the philosophy of language and formal semantics are also engaged here. This new analysis exploits a dynamic conception of meaning where the meaning of a symbol is its potential to change an agent's mental state (or the state of a conversation) rather than being the symbol's content (e.g. the proposition it expresses). The analysis of conditionals is also built on the idea that the contrast between subjunctive and indicative conditionals parallels a contrast between revising and consistently extending some body of information. (shrink)
Against Hypothetical Syllogism.Lee Walters - 2014 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 43 (5):979-997.details
The debate over Hypothetical Syllogism is locked in stalemate. Although putative natural language counterexamples to Hypothetical Syllogism abound, many philosophers defend Hypothetical Syllogism, arguing that the alleged counterexamples involve an illicit shift in context. The proper lesson to draw from the putative counterexamples, they argue, is that natural language conditionals are context-sensitive conditionals which obey Hypothetical Syllogism. In order to make progress on the issue, I consider and improve upon Morreau's proof of the invalidity of Hypothetical Syllogism. The improved proof (...) relies upon the semantic claim that conditionals with antecedents irrelevant to the obtaining of an already true consequent are themselves true. Moreover, this semantic insight allows us to provide compelling counterexamples to Hypothetical Syllogism that are resistant to the usual contextualist response. (shrink)
Of Miracles and Interventions.Luke Glynn - 2013 - Erkenntnis 78 (1):43-64.details
In Making Things Happen, James Woodward influentially combines a causal modeling analysis of actual causation with an interventionist semantics for the counterfactuals encoded in causal models. This leads to circularities, since interventions are defined in terms of both actual causation and interventionist counterfactuals. Circularity can be avoided by instead combining a causal modeling analysis with a semantics along the lines of that given by David Lewis, on which counterfactuals are to be evaluated with respect to worlds in which their antecedents (...) are realized by miracles. I argue, pace Woodward, that causal modeling analyses perform just as well when combined with the Lewisian semantics as when combined with the interventionist semantics. Reductivity therefore remains a reasonable hope. (shrink)
An Argument for Conjunction Conditionalization.Lee Walters & Robert Williams - 2013 - Review of Symbolic Logic 6 (4):573-588.details
Are counterfactuals with true antecedents and consequents automatically true? That is, is Conjunction Conditionalization: if (X & Y), then (X > Y) valid? Stalnaker and Lewis think so, but many others disagree. We note here that the extant arguments for Conjunction Conditionalization are unpersuasive, before presenting a family of more compelling arguments. These arguments rely on some standard theorems of the logic of counterfactuals as well as a plausible and popular semantic claim about certain semifactuals. Denying Conjunction Conditionalization, then, requires (...) rejecting other aspects of the standard logic of counterfactuals, or else our intuitive picture of semifactuals. (shrink)
Counterfactual Triviality: A Lewis-Impossibility Result for Counterfactuals.J. Robert G. Williams - 2012 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 85 (3):648-670.details
I formulate a counterfactual version of the notorious 'Ramsey Test'. Even in a weak form, this makes counterfactuals subject to the very argument that Lewis used to persuade the majority of the philosophical community that indicative conditionals were in hot water. I outline two reactions: to indicativize the debate on counterfactuals; or to counterfactualize the debate on indicatives.
Chancy Counterfactuals, Redux.J. Robert G. Williams - 2012 - Analytic Philosophy 53 (4):352-361.details
Out of the Closet.A. Ahmed - 2011 - Analysis 71 (1):77-85.details
(No abstract is available for this citation).
Can Counterfactuals Really Be About Possible Worlds?Stephen Barker - 2011 - Noûs 45 (3):557-576.details
The standard view about counterfactuals is that a counterfactual (A > C) is true if and only if the A-worlds most similar to the actual world @ are C-worlds. I argue that the worlds conception of counterfactuals is wrong. I assume that counterfactuals have non-trivial truth-values under physical determinism. I show that the possible-worlds approach cannot explain many embeddings of the form (P > (Q > R)), which intuitively are perfectly assertable, and which must be true if the contingent falsity (...) of (Q > R) is to be explained. If (P > (Q > R)) has a backtracking reading then the contingent facts that (Q > R) needs to be true in the closest P-worlds are absent. If (P > (Q > R)) has a forwardtracking reading, then the laws required by (Q > R) to be true in the closest P-worlds will be absent, because they are violated in those worlds. Solutions like lossy laws or denial of embedding won't work. The only approach to counterfactuals that explains the embedding is a pragmatic metalinguistic approach in which the whole idea that counterfactuals are about a modal reality, be it abstract or concrete, is given up. (shrink)
Introduction: Understanding Counterfactuals and Causation.Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack & Sarah R. Beck - 2011 - In Christoph Hoerl, Teresa McCormack & Sarah R. Beck (eds.), Understanding Counterfactuals, Understanding Causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-15.details
How are causal judgements such as 'The ice on the road caused the traffic accident' connected with counterfactual judgements such as 'If there had not been any ice on the road, the traffic accident would not have happened'? This volume throws new light on this question by uniting, for the first time, psychological and philosophical approaches to causation and counterfactuals. Traditionally, philosophers have primarily been interested in connections between causal and counterfactual claims on the level of meaning or truth-conditions. More (...) recently, however, they have also increasingly turned their attention to psychological connections between causal and counterfactual understanding or reasoning. At the same time, there has been a surge in interest in empirical work on causal and counterfactual cognition amongst developmental, cognitive, and social psychologists--much of it inspired by work in philosophy. In this volume, twelve original contributions from leading philosophers and psychologists explore in detail what bearing empirical findings might have on philosophical concerns about counterfactuals and causation, and how, in turn, work in philosophy might help clarify the issues at stake in empirical work on the cognitive underpinnings of, and relationships between, causal and counterfactual thought. (shrink)
Counterfactual Fallacies.Andrea Iacona - 2011 - Humana Mente 4 (19).details
A widely accepted claim about counterfactuals is that they differ from strict conditionals, that is, there is no adequate representation of them as sentences of the form   . To justify this claim, Stalnaker and Lewis have argued that some fallacious inferences would turn out valid if counterfactuals were so represented. However, their argument has a flaw, as it rests on a questionable assumption about the relation between surface grammar and logical form. Without that assumption, no consequence of the (...) alleged kind is obtained, hence the claim may be rejected. (shrink)
Presuppositions and Antipresuppositions in Conditionals.Brian Leahy - 2011 - Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory:257-274.details
Abstract Utterances of counterfactual conditionals are typically attended by the information that their antecedents are false. But there is as yet no account of the source of this information that is both detailed and complete. This paper describes the problem of counterfactual antecedent falsity and argues that the problem can be addressed by appeal to an adequate account of the presuppositions of various competing conditional constructions. It argues that indicative conditionals presuppose that their antecedents are epistemically possible, while subjunctive conditionals (...) bear no presupposition. Given this arrangement, utterance of the counterfactual results in an antipresupposition, that is, a scalar implicature generated from the presuppositions of competing alternatives rather than from the at-issue content of competing alternatives. The content of the antipresupposition is the negation of the presupposition of the competing indicative, i.e., that the antecedent of the conditional is known to be false by the speaker. (shrink)
Reply to Ahmed.Lee Walters - 2011 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 111 (1pt1):123-133.details
I reply to Ahmed's rejection (2011) of my argument (Walters 2009) that all counterfactuals with true antecedents and consequents are themselves true.
Morgenbesser's Coin and Counterfactuals with True Components.Lee Walters - 2009 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 109 (1pt3):365-379.details
Is A & C sufficient for the truth of 'if A were the case, C would be the case'? Jonathan Bennett thinks not, although the counterexample he gives is inconsistent with his own account of counterfactuals. In any case, I argue that anyone who accepts the case of Morgenbesser's coin, as Bennett does, should reject Bennett's counterexample. Moreover, I show that the principle underlying his counterexample is unmotivated and indeed false. More generally, I argue that Morgenbesser's coin commits us to (...) the sufficiency of A & C for the truth of the corresponding counterfactual. (shrink)
Chances, Counterfactuals, and Similarity.Robert Williams - 2008 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 77 (2):385-420.details
John Hawthorne in a recent paper takes issue with Lewisian accounts of counterfactuals, when relevant laws of nature are chancy. I respond to his arguments on behalf of the Lewisian, and conclude that while some can be rebutted, the case against the original Lewisian account is strong.I develop a neo-Lewisian account of what makes for closeness of worlds. I argue that my revised version avoids Hawthorne's challenges. I argue that this is closer to the spirit of Lewis's first (non-chancy) proposal (...) than is Lewis's own suggested modification. (shrink)
Counterfactuals: The Epistemic Analysis.John-Michael Kuczynski - 2005 - Philosophia Scientiae 9 (1):83-126.details
Ordinarily counterfactuals are seen as making statements about states of affairs, albeit ones that hold in merely possible or alternative worlds. Thus analyzed, nearly all counterfactuals turn out to be incoherent. Any counterfactual, thus analyzed, requires that there be a metaphysically (not just epistemically) possible world w where the laws are the same as here, and where almost all of the facts are the same as here. (The factual differences relate to the antecedent and consequent of the counter-factual.) But, as (...) I show, this requirement typically involves the positing of worlds whose necessary non-existence can be shown by fairly elementary deductions. Further, the possible-worlds analysis of counterfactuals is guilty of covert circularity. For, thus analyzed, counterfactuals can only be understood in terms of laws of nature (the laws that apply here are assumed in the hypothetical world - except in the atypical case where the counterfactual is also a counter-nomic). But the concept of a law cannot itself be defined except in terms of the notion of a counterfactual (a law is given by a counterfactual-supporting proposition). I give a purely epistemic analysis of counterfactuals, arguing that they are crypto-probability propositions. I also argue that the relevant kind of probability can be defined wholly in terms of what has happened (not what would happen and not even what must happen in a nomic sense). So my analysis isn't guilty of any kind of circularity. (shrink)
Indicative Versus Subjunctive in Future Conditionals.A. Morton - 2004 - Analysis 64 (4):289-293.details
I give cases where the contrast between "if Shakespeare had not written Hamlet someone else would have" and "if Shakespeare did not write Hamlet and someone else did"is found in future tense sentences. This is often denied.
The Entropy Theory of Counterfactuals.Douglas Kutach - 2002 - Philosophy of Science 69 (1):82-104.details
I assess the thesis that counterfactual asymmetries are explained by an asymmetry of the global entropy at the temporal boundaries of the universe, by developing a method of evaluating counterfactuals that includes, as a background assumption, the low entropy of the early universe. The resulting theory attempts to vindicate the common practice of holding the past mostly fixed under counterfactual supposition while at the same time allowing the counterfactual's antecedent to obtain by a natural physical development. Although the theory has (...) some success in evaluating a wide variety of ordinary counterfactuals, it fails as an explanation of counterfactual asymmetry. (shrink)
Can Edgington Gibbard Counterfactuals?Adam Morton - 1997 - Mind 106 (421):101-105.details
A criticism of Dorothy Edgington's attempt to make Gibbard's problem for indicative conditionals apply to counterfactuals.
Suppose, Suppose.Adam Morton - 1993 - Analysis 53 (1):61 - 64.details
I give reasons stemming from the nature of narrative thinking why two-antecedent conditionals, most naturally expressed as "Suppose A. Suppose moreover B. Then C" the two antecedents play different roles. I formalise this idea with a two-dimensional similarity relation between possible worlds.
An Indexical Theory of Conditionals.Ken Warmbrōd - 1981 - Dialogue 20 (4):644-664.details
Language theorists have recently come to have an increasing appreciation for the fact that context contributes heavily in determining our interpretation of what is said. Indeed, it now seems clear that no complete understanding of a natural language is possible without some account of the way in which context affects our interpretation of discourse. In this paper, I will attempt to explore one facet of the language – context relationship, namely, the relation between conditionals and context. The first part of (...) the paper develops an account of truth for conditionals which allows them to depend on momentary features of the context in which they are uttered. In the second half of the paper, comparisons with other recent theories of the conditional will be considered. Particular attention will be given to the problem of whether the conditional really violates classical inferences such as Hypothetical Syllogism and Contraposition as has often been claimed in recent years. (shrink)
If I Were a Dry Well-Made Match.Adam Morton - 1973 - Dialogue 12 (2):322-324.details
I discuss Goodman's claim that when 'all As are Bs' is a law then the counterfactual 'if a were an A, it would be a B' is tue. I give counterexamples, and link the failure of the connection to the contrast between higher level and lower level laws.
Conditionals as Attitude Reports.Maria Bittner - manuscriptdetails
Most theories of conditionals and attitudes do not analyze either phenomenon in terms of the other. A few view attitude reports as a species of conditionals (e.g. Stalnaker 1984, Heim 1992). Based on evidence from Kalaallisut, this paper argues for the opposite thesis: conditionals are a species of attitude reports. The argument builds on prior findings that conditionals are modal topic-comment structures (e.g. Haiman 1978, Bittner 2001), and that in mood-based Kalaallisut English future (e.g. Ole will win) translates into a (...) factual report of a prospect-oriented attitudinal state (e.g. expectation or anxiety, see Bittner 2005). It is argued that in conditionals the antecedent introduces a topical subdomain of an input modal base (Kratzer 1981) and requires the consequent to comment. The comment is a factual report of an attitude to the topical antecedent sub-domain. [This paper was published in 2011 as "Time and modality without tenses or modals"]. (shrink)
What Zif.Daniel Dohrn - manuscriptdetails
In a series of articles, David Barnett (2006, 2009, 2010) has developed a general theory of conditionals. The grand aim is to reconcile the two main rivals: a suppositional and a truth-conditional view (Barnett 2006, 521). While I confine my critical discussion to counterfactuals, I will give some hints how they might spell trouble for his suppositional view in general.
DeRose on the Conditionals of Deliberation.Daniel Dohrn - manuscriptdetails
I take issue with two claims of DeRose: Conditionals of deliberation must not depend on backtracking grounds. 'Were'ed-up conditionals coincide with future-directed indicative conditionals; the only difference in their meaning is that they must not depend on backtracking grounds. I use Egan's counterexamples to causal decision theory to contest the first and an example of backtracking reasoning by David Lewis to contest the second claim. I tentatively outline a rivaling account of 'were'ed-up conditionals which combines features of the standard analysis (...) of counterfactuals with the contextual relevance of the corresponding indicative conditionals. (shrink)
'Might' Counterfactuals.Antony Eagle - manuscriptdetails
A 'might' counterfactual is a sentence of the form 'If it had been the case that A, it might have been the case that C'. Recently, John Hawthorne has argued that the truth of many 'might' counterfactuals precludes the truth of most 'would' counterfactuals. I examine the semantics of 'might' counterfactuals, with one eye towards defusing this argument, but mostly with the aim of understanding this interesting class of sentences better.
On Counterfactual Reasoning.Carl Erik Kühl - manuscriptdetails
Counterfactual reasoning has always played a role in human life. We ask questions like, "Could it have been different?", "Under which conditions might/would it have been different?", "What would have happened if…?" If we don't find an answer, i.e. what we accept as an answer, we may start reasoning. Reasoning means introducing still new information/assumptions, new questions, new answers to new questions etc. From a formal point of view, it may be compared with stepwise moving towards a destination in a (...) path-system, in which you never fully have an overview. In this way, reasoning is an activity, with its own rationale, which will be studied from the agent's own perspective. Questions include: What are the conditions where asking that specific question, or introducing this information/assumption, etc. will count as a reasonable step or progress towards the answer of the initial question? What makes this step more reasonable than another? (shrink)


Love music. Music with love notes.
Illustration love music with a couple in love.
Retro-styled design of peace, heart and barred note symbols in pink, blue, black and white.
Retro -style illustration of a guitar, peace symbol and dove with the words Peace, Love and Music. Typestyle is my own design.
Music heart note sound love texture . Seamless valentine vector background. Fabric design element. Isolated on white.


← The season begins … or does it?
Always a permanent fixture in my diary, I was excited for months to start the new MTBO season. A new year, new races, new athletes. So I was disappointed to become ill just 2 days before the Danish MTBO camp started. Suddenly my plans of racing for four days became a salvage-what-I-can plan. Although just a cold, it also made the central part of my lungs sore. And I was coughing a bit. After my recent bout of bronchitis, I was wary to do anything too rash.
Instead of my plans to test nutrition strategies and race routines, I was left trying to manage my HR and ride as well as I could. Nice to take a relaxed approach for once!
I felt the cold was clearing up quickly; already on Wednesday I felt ok, so decided to ride the night race in zone three, but allow myself to mid zone four by my heart rate. I set my watch to beep at me if I went over this upper limit.
The night race went as expected for my first faster training with a map this season. OK until it wasn't. Most of the courses had the same opening loop through the urban, and the effect of competitors stopping at every junction to read the map, snowballed. By control 8, I was feeling increasingly pressured and out of control with the map reading. I missed a path out of the control and did an extra loop. Instead of adjusting my plan to get to the control with just 30 seconds time loss, I opted to get back to my original route. I then took a wrong turn (going from urban dusk to forest night in a few minutes didn't help either!), and did an extra loop back to enter the control from the direction I should have had I adjusted my route earlier. I ended up riding 2-3 times the distance needed and lost a good couple of minutes.
This is why I like the pre-season camp. It's a chance to make these stupid mistakes. I was feeling rusty and out of sync with my pedalling and map reading. A couple more smaller errors and I finished 3rd, but 6 mins behind Marika Hara! Some of this can be put down to my own idiocy. But even so, 3 mins is still some big time loss. Then I remembered I wasn't riding full speed, and ill. I was able to forgive myself, forget the result and move on. To a warm shower and and a warm bed.
The next was the long race. The bulletin was elusive and didn't really hint at the slow riding that would meet us in the terrain! A lot of recent forestry work meant bumpy, slow, physical tracks. My lungs didn't feel improved over the day before, so I started off steadily and wound up the pace as I went along. The second control after the map change was problematic for me. I got a big stick wedged in my derailleur and back wheel, which flung me over the bars (soft landing). As I started biking, my gears weren't sitting nicely and were hopping up and down the cassette. I stopped and saw the hanger was really twisted, so gently twisted it back into a better position. There was then an extra track in the terrain that I took before realising and doubling back. By the time I made it to the control, I had semi-working gears, but had lost all motivation to continue. It was close to the car, so just pedalled gently back, and put on a new hanger and perfected the gear shifting before waiting in the sun.
By Friday I was feeling much better. I played it safe and kept my same HR zones during the race. But already, even on day 5 of my illness, my strength on the bike was returning and I finished 2nd just 2.5mins behind Marika. The first 10 controls were not smooth. I mis read the map to control 3, viewing the small building as the end of the path and thus the indistinct junction. I then lost the small path and spent some time in the woods before finding my way back to it. A couple of slower splits times on the singletrack (I was riding my 26'er which makes it necessary to attack the singletrack rather than roll over the roots. Not in race zone, I rolled over everything and felt every little bump!). But after the map change, my life came together. I found the flow. I found speed. For the final 35 mins of the course, I was 2 minutes faster than anyone else. Just a pity about the first half! Even though I was keeping the HR low, I felt strong. The first time in a few days. My power was returning. This is the kind of MTBO I love. A mix of tracks and singletracks, with plenty of navigation and route choice considerations.
In the afternoon we had a moment course. Corridors and control picks are familiar to me on a bike. But a window exercise?? I found this remarkably uncomfortable. With no map to plan or look at, it was only needed to focus on direction and other features, such as vegetation boundaries and contours. Even so, deliberately losing map contact didn't feel natural. I am not sure of the benefit of this type of mental training. I need to spend some more time considering the implications of this way to orienteer in training.
Route choice. Choosing some controls and missing out others. Mostly just enjoying to ride on the the singletrack.
Finally. Saturday. Race day. At last a chance to test my pre race nutrition. I felt really focussed and excited to be allowed off the leash. A final opportunity to gain some race confidence before Hungary. From the start, I nailed it. Just my third crash in three days marred one control. This time, head first into a) the world's smallest deepest puddle, and b) world's muddiest and smelliest puddle. I was coated in slimy mud, which made holding the handlebars difficult! I think I rode faster just to get away from the smell … But, it was a great race. I had full control. Losing only 36 seconds in total on the whole 44 minute course. I was able to win by 2.5 minutes. I felt strong. On only day 6 after getting ill, I know in a week I should be back to full strength and full speed.
It was nice to end the camp on a high, but I learnt a lot over the few days. Most importantly, I got to see how my body reacts to just a simple illness and how this affected my power and speed. I now know I should never race in the first 4-5 days of a cold. Not because of the potential prolonged illness, but simply because having a bad result and finishing minutes behind would be far worse for my confidence than not starting. I didn't know how much a cold would effect my legs, but clearly, going from 6 minutes behind to 2. minutes in front shows the power output is reduced.
This entry was posted in MTBO, MTBO Competitions, MTBO Training, MTBO Training camp. Bookmark the permalink.


The Radiolette model 33 was introduced in 1936 it is a dual wave receiver for local interstate and overseas reception.
Two types of feet can be found, a simple stepped style and corrugated style.
More commonly found in brown cabinet and with white/brown mottled fret and feet, it is also (very rarely) found with a black cabinet with white/black mottled fret and feet - usually in a battery single wave configuration model 35B.


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text:
require 'pathname'

Puppet::Type.newtype(:dsc_environment) do
  require Pathname.new(__FILE__).dirname + '../../' + 'puppet/type/base_dsc'
  require Pathname.new(__FILE__).dirname + '../../puppet_x/puppetlabs/dsc_type_helpers'

  @doc = %q{
    The DSC Environment resource type.
    Automatically generated from
    'PSDesiredStateConfiguration/DSCResources/MSFT_EnvironmentResource/MSFT_EnvironmentResource.schema.mof'

    To learn more about PowerShell Desired State Configuration, please
    visit https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn249912.aspx.

    For more information about built-in DSC Resources, please visit
    https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn249921.aspx.

    For more information about xDsc Resources, please visit
    https://github.com/PowerShell/DscResources.
  }

  validate do
      fail('dsc_name is a required attribute') if self[:dsc_name].nil?
    end

  def dscmeta_resource_friendly_name; 'Environment' end
  def dscmeta_resource_name; 'MSFT_EnvironmentResource' end
  def dscmeta_module_name; 'PSDesiredStateConfiguration' end

  newparam(:name, :namevar => true ) do
  end

  ensurable do
    newvalue(:exists?) { provider.exists? }
    newvalue(:present) { provider.create }
    newvalue(:absent)  { provider.destroy }
    defaultto { :present }
  end

  # Name:         Name
  # Type:         string
  # IsMandatory:  True
  # Values:       None
  newparam(:dsc_name) do
    def mof_type; 'string' end
    def mof_is_embedded?; false end
    desc "Name"
    isrequired
    validate do |value|
      unless value.kind_of?(String)
        fail("Invalid value '#{value}'. Should be a string")
      end
    end
  end

  # Name:         Value
  # Type:         string
  # IsMandatory:  False
  # Values:       None
  newparam(:dsc_value) do
    def mof_type; 'string' end
    def mof_is_embedded?; false end
    desc "Value"
    validate do |value|
      unless value.kind_of?(String)
        fail("Invalid value '#{value}'. Should be a string")
      end
    end
  end

  # Name:         Ensure
  # Type:         string
  # IsMandatory:  False
  # Values:       ["Present", "Absent"]
  newparam(:dsc_ensure) do
    def mof_type; 'string' end
    def mof_is_embedded?; false end
    desc "Ensure - Valid values are Present, Absent."
    validate do |value|
      resource[:ensure] = value.downcase
      unless value.kind_of?(String)
        fail("Invalid value '#{value}'. Should be a string")
      end
      unless ['Present', 'present', 'Absent', 'absent'].include?(value)
        fail("Invalid value '#{value}'. Valid values are Present, Absent")
      end
    end
  end

  # Name:         Path
  # Type:         boolean
  # IsMandatory:  False
  # Values:       None
  newparam(:dsc_path) do
    def mof_type; 'boolean' end
    def mof_is_embedded?; false end
    desc "Path"
    validate do |value|
    end
    newvalues(true, false)
    munge do |value|
      PuppetX::Dsc::TypeHelpers.munge_boolean(value.to_s)
    end
  end

  def builddepends
    pending_relations = super()
    PuppetX::Dsc::TypeHelpers.ensure_reboot_relationship(self, pending_relations)
  end
end

Puppet::Type.type(:dsc_environment).provide :powershell, :parent => Puppet::Type.type(:base_dsc).provider(:powershell) do
  confine :true => (Gem::Version.new(Facter.value(:powershell_version)) >= Gem::Version.new('5.0.10240.16384'))
  defaultfor :operatingsystem => :windows

  mk_resource_methods
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Go on an engaging visual journey in Serenata, as you flip through each beautiful page of paintings by visual artist, Jennifer J L Jones. Serenata documents and shares the artist's 2011 series of mixed media paintings and is her first published book of images. Included in this visual song are essays and contributions from a selection of the artist's collectors, gallerists, contemporaries, writers, and art critics.
Explore and purchase the book at blurb.com.
Learn More about: the exhibition | the book.


Billy is one of my drummer idols, that have made a massive impression on my own career, and it's never ever a bad gig when he comes to town. Thank you Billy for a Great evening as always.
The man and his band were at their very best in my humble opinion! As good as it gets, phenomenal performance!!!


Brandavision Sdn Bhd is the exclusive advertising media arm for Pavilion Kuala Lumpur, located on Jalan Bukit Bintang, in the heart of the city.
Pavilion Kuala Lumpur (Pavilion KL) is an award winning, world-class urban development located at the heart of the Golden Triangle in Kuala Lumpur. This location strives as the capital's major shopping district for all types of brands, products and services. Pavilion KL made its mark on the global stage attracted about 48 million visitors since its opening in September 2007, Pavilion KL shopping centre blends the best of the international retail world and is the defining authority in fashion, food and urban leisure to inspire tourist, foreigners and Malaysians alike. Recently awarded the internationally prestigious "World's Best Retail Centre' in the 2009 FIABCI Prix D'Excellence Awards for its outstanding achievement in the Retail Category, Pavilion KL has in no doubt made its mark not only locally but internationally as well.


text:
College of Law > About > News > Judge William Bauer's "million-dollar education"
Judge William Bauer's "million-dollar education"
By Karyn Bass Ehler (JD '05) / July 21, 2014 / Posted in: Public Interest Law / Twitter / Facebook
On March 6, 2014, DePaul College of Law awarded Judge William J. Bauer the Distinguished Alumnus Award.
However, to call Judge Bauer's career distinguished is an understatement. Judge Bauer has worked as a public servant in several impressive capacities: assistant state's attorney, state's attorney for DuPage County, Illinois, judge for the 18th Judicial Circuit in Illinois, U.S. attorney for the Northern District of llinois, district court judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit.
In addition, he has taught countless courses on trial advocacy and criminal procedure across the country. Along the way, Judge Bauer served as a mentor to numerous law students and lawyers. I am lucky to count him as a mentor, as I had the honor of clerking for him during the 2005-2006 term. Judge Bauer helped shape my legal career.
Karyn Bass Ehler ('05) and Judge William J. Bauer pose during the DePaul College of Law Alumni Awards Dinner.
As a young lawyer, I knew I wanted public interest law to play a significant role in my practice. While at DePaul, I helped to establish the program that eventually became the Center for Public Interest Law. When I clerked for Judge Bauer, he applauded this work and encouraged me as I pursued my passion for constitutional law and civil rights. Judge Bauer instilled in me that the point and privilege of being a lawyer is to deliver the maximum amount of justice to the maximum amount of people.
Judge Bauer's own career mirrors this principle. In his first job out of law school, he worked as an assistant state's attorney in DuPage County. Though he earned a meager salary, money was not what motivated Judge Bauer. For six and a half years he worked in an understaffed and overworked office, but he was in trial court every day. Judge Bauer says there were times it felt like he was earning a nickel an hour, especially as he supported his young family, but those years were invaluable because the experience provided him with a "million-dollar education."
Equally important, however, were the lessons Judge Bauer taught me about collegiality and our responsibility to the legal community. Judge Bauer is fond of saying that it "doesn't cost a dime to be kind." Lawyers either forget this value or feel it will impede their advocacy. Judge Bauer taught me that being a good lawyer and being a good person are not mutually exclusive.
He advises that, in life, as in law, it is vital to be kind, be decent and do the right thing. As I advocate for my clients, I keep these lessons in mind. I am eternally grateful for my own million-dollar education provided by Judge Bauer both during my clerkship and in the years that have followed.
Karyn Bass Ehler (JD '05) clerked for Judge William J. Bauer from 2005-2006. She is a partner at Hughes Socol Piers Resnick & Dym, Ltd.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Scott McMurray wanted to decimate the competition. He studied his competitors and identified their exhibit design flaws. "Their exhibits are sterile and uncomfortable, and I didn't want that atmosphere in our new build," says McMurray, a design specialist for Clarion Marine Audio, a Missouri manufacturer of marine stereo systems. After briefing his exhibit designers on the industry, he chose a design philosophy that incorporated elements from a high-end boat. "Because this is a niche industry, it's hard for someone on the outside to get a handle on the right look and feel. That's what I provided," says McMurray.
The resulting 16-foot in-line exhibit is reminiscent of the interior of a Scandinavian-style boat, with brushed stainless steel and cherry wood accents. When the small exhibit debuted at the 2000 International Boat Builders Expo, attendees flocked to it. "Because the exhibit is comfortable and friendly, we met with around 500 designers and engineers (the people who decide which stereo brands are built into new boats)," says McMurray. "The exhibit's clean lines and high-tech feel gave us an advantage over the competition and showed attendees that our products are high-end and innovative." The new exhibit's competitive design increased Marine Audio's exhibit traffic of designers and engineers by 20 percent. "The exhibit blew the competition out of the water," McMurray claims.
If you want an exhibit that is a competitive weapon, don't make your designers work in a vacuum. As a trade show manager, it's your job to become a translator and educate the design team on the nuances of your company. "To create effective design, you have to understand how a company approaches problems and what's behind its strategic marketing," says Charlie McMillan of Connecticut-based The McMillan Group. Open communication will ensure you get an exhibit that is a 3-D representation of your company and not a structure with your logo tacked on. The result will be an exhibit that is a competitive weapon against your competition's plain vanilla displays. However, before the first design planning meeting, you need to choose an exhibit designer who will deliver the goods.
What is the designer's motivation, inspiration, and philosophy?
At what level did they contribute to the planning process on past projects?
What are their project management capabilities?
What questions did the designers ask about your company? Were they relevant?
Did the designers communicate the objectives, image, and marketing messages of previous clients? Did they achieve the anticipated goals?
Are the designs applicable to the clients and their target markets?
Are the designs dynamic? Do they create impact?
Did they provide a way to cut costs (drayage, shipping, installation and dismantle)?
Did they meet the budget in all cases shown?
Are the graphic solutions creative and flexible?
Do the graphics clearly communicate what was required?
Were the designers involved with engineering details and to what degree? For example, will they produce engineering and fabrication documents or will this be left to the fabricator?
Have they ever done international work to the scale of your company's activity? Does their work demonstrate an understanding of international markets?
Would they make good partners and work with you to achieve your company's goals?


text:
Baes & Baddies
Certified Fresh
8 Things We Learned From Snoop Dogg (Lion) on The Breakfast Club
The Hip-Hop OG gives the morning hosts some interesting tidbits about his time in the game
Written By O Mazariego
Snoop Dogg Reminds Everyone That He's Never Won A Grammy
MSCHF Brought The Astro Boy Boots To Life & People Are Feeling It?
Lil Yachty, JID, & CARDOGOTWINGS "Van Gogh," Tony Yayo "Clown When You're Down" & More | Daily Visuals 2.7.23
HipHopWired Featured Video
Source: Guillermo Proano – WENN / WENN
Over the decades Snoop Doggy Dogg's been one of the handful of golden era rappers that's been able to keep himself relevant in the game and from the look of things that's a trend that's going to continue for a while.
A few days ago the Hip-Hop OG and host of TBS's The Joker's Wild sat down with The Breakfast Club and gave some interesting Hip-Hop history nuggets to the morning trio.
Chit-chatting with Angela Yee, DJ Envy and Charlamagne Tha God, The Doggfather reveals some hidden history about Tupac's street cred, his thoughts on Kanye West and getting a visit from authorities for his slander of Donald Trump in a music video.
Here are the 8 things we learned from Snoop Dogg on The Breakfast Club.
1. Man of God
Snoop said that the current climate of the world made him want to do a gospel album. He wanted to put some love in the air as opposed to him matching the energy that's out there even though Whoa Vicky became the exception. He also says he's very religious even though he doesn't show it.
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Thanks to a growing entrepreneurial scene, a highly skilled workforce, comparative affordability of commercial real estate, as well as proximity to world-renown labs and research facilities, several industry clusters are growing and thriving in San Ramon.
San Ramon is a natural environment for supporting the technology industry with its excellent educational infrastructure and qualified workforce, as well as its proximity to Silicon Valley. San Ramon enjoys a thriving technology sector, ranging from entrepreneurial startups to international companies with thousands of customers worldwide such as SAP America, IBM, AT&T, Toshiba and Five9.
Two of San Ramon's largest employers, Chevron Corporation and Pacific Gas and Electric, fall into the Energy Production and Services cluster. In addition to natural gas, electric and oil companies, San Ramon is seeing growth in the number of renewable energy – clean tech – companies.
San Ramon Regional Medical Center, a John Muir Health partner hospital, is a 123-bed, acute-care hospital with 24-hour emergency care, inpatient and outpatient services and is a major employer in San Ramon. San Ramon is also home to a number of ambulatory healthcare services, medical product developers and distributors and biotechnology firms such as Rainier Therapeutics (formerly BioClin Therapeutics), HealthTell and BioVentrix.
Many top-notch colleges and universities have campuses in San Ramon including University of California, Davis, Diablo Valley College, University of San Francisco, St. Mary's College and Austin University. Because of the excellent schools and importance of education to San Ramon residents, there are many college planning and tutoring businesses located in San Ramon.
Anyone looking for a quality pre-owned vehicle can find everything they desire in San Ramon. From classic cars and muscle cars to newer lease returns, dealers such as E-Lease Returns, Diablo Motors and Eastbay Motorcars offer variety and quality. Because the dealerships are clustered together on the city's north side, people from all over the Bay Area find car-shopping easy in San Ramon.


The series of interventions in the Arctic landscape documented through photographs responds to the literary quotes from the work on paper Last Words. The texts either invented or quoted from Tarde's novel and Tennyson's Ulysses are projected in Pyramida, inside a glacier, or on the door of the underground permafrost Seed Vault of Svalbard, whose aim is to safeguard as much of the world's unique crop genetic material. These interventions in the landscape point directly at contemporary attitudes toward the anthropocene, yet appeal to larger contexts of different postures of being in the world.
"It is with this frame of mind that Maridet has approached the photographic documents of his journey. Not content with taking straight photos of the Arctic landscape, he opted first to intervene with projections of more literary quotations, this time invented, or borrowed from Gabriel Tarde (The Underground Man) and Alfred Tennyson (Ulysses). These texts function like anamorphic stains, distorting our view of the bleak landscape with their cautionary messages.


text:
Adriana Lima Declares She Won't Take Off Her Clothes Anymore For an "Empty Cause"
Victoria's Secret Fashion Show
Is Adriana Lima Quitting Victoria's Secret?
13 December, 2017 by Celia Fernandez First Published: 11 December, 2017
Adriana Lima's has been a Victoria's Secret model since she was 19 years old, and now, at 36, it seems she's rethinking her career. On Sunday, the supermodel declared she was going to be pickier with the jobs she takes, which has us wondering if this is her way of confirming she's done being a Victoria's Secret Angel. (Her friend and fellow model Alessandra Ambrosio recently took her last walk for the brand.)
"I had received a call for the possibility of filming a sexy video of me to be posted and shared [on] social media. Even though I have done many of this type, something had changed in me. When a friend approached me to share that she was unhappy with her body . . . it made me think . . . that everyday in my life, I wake up thinking, how do I look? Was I going to be accepted in my job? And in that moment I realized that majority of woman probably wake up every morning trying to fit in a stereotype that society/social media/fashion etc imposed," she wrote. "I thought that's not a way of living and beyond that ... that's not physically and mentally healthy, so I decided to make that change..... I will not take of my clothes anymore for a empty cause. . . 💜✨ #Embraceyouself #natureisbeautiful #naturalissexy #LOVEYOU 💜✨."
She also went on to say, "if you allow me, I want to support you. I want you to know that I am here, we have known each other for a very long time, and I want to help if you allow me, to make you feel better. I have my own things/insecurities too, I am not afraid any more to express them, they are part of me. . . I am tired of impositions, we 'as woman' can't continue living in a world with such superficial values, it's not fair for us . . . it's physically and mentally not healthy," she wrote. "I want to change it, in the name of my grandma, my mother, and all her ancestors that have been labeled, pressured, [and misunderstood], I am next to you. And I will stand by you. Let's f**king change the world. On behalf of my children, please allow me I am here."
At the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in Shanghai, Adriana told People she was thinking about retiring after her 20th runway for the brand. "I plan to be at 20. Two more years. Maybe more, I don't know. It's nature. I'm working out, I'm being healthy, so let's see how the body is going to turn out. But I enjoy it," she said. "I feel very emotional to be part of it, in a good way. After so many years and to have a chance to see Victoria's Secret go and have their fashion show internationally, it's really an honor for me to be a part of it."
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text:
Q: In the TV show Earth 2, did the colonists actually refer to the planet as "Earth 2"? As above, I'm wondering if the characters on the show "Earth 2" from the 1990s ever actually referred to their new planet as "Earth 2", or if that was just a catchy title?

A: A quick scan through the show transcripts shows that they didn't refer to it as "Earth Two" (in-universe) at any point and that the planet in question is always referred to by its correct name, G889.

"We're here to settle this planet."
"Which planet? G889."
Earth Two: All About Eve

and

"Martin, I assume you have no idea what your friends on level six have planned for us tomorrow."
"Well, they're releasing us to planet G889."
Earth Two: First Contact

That being said, graffiti and tattoos are seen with the words "E2" on them

We—" Her voice died in her throat as an image formed on the chamber
floor at their feet, a design emerging out of the hard-packed earth.
For a moment it was confusing, like a swirl of graffiti, but then it
became chillingly clear: "E2." Completely confounded, she stared in
amazement as dirt poured away from the design, leaving it clean and
precise against the background.
Earth 2: Official Novelisation

with the implication that certain minority groups view this planet as "Earth 2" (or possibly "Eden 2")

Alternative likely contenders for eventual renaming would presumably include Eden or New Eden (after the 'Eden Project')

"G889 was supposed to have been Eden. Uninhabited, ready for the taking."
Earth Two: Better Living Through Morganite

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


New Delhi: Congratulating Priyanka Gandhi Vadra on her much-awaited political plunge, husband and businessman Robert Vadra on Wednesday asked her to give politics her best.
Within moments of Congress officially announcing Priyanka Gandhi's appointment as party General Secretary in-charge of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Vadra took to social media to express his happiness.
"Congratulations P... always by your side in every phase of your life. Give it your best," Vadra said on Facebook.
Priyanka's formal entry into active politics led to wide celebrations in her mother and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi's constituency Rae Bareli in Uttar Pradesh where people distributed sweets and congratulated each other.
Speculation was already rife about Sonia Gandhi making way for her daughter in Rae Bareli for the upcoming Lok Sabha polls, owing to the UPA chairperson's health concerns.
Leaders from within the Congress and outside congratulated Priyanka Gandhi on her new role.
"Priyanka Gandhi's entry into active politics will energise cadres and be a catalyst for the rising fortunes of the Congress party," tweeted Congress veteran Kapil Sibal.
Political strategist and Janata Dal-United leader Prashant Kishor also extended his greetings.
"One of the most awaited entries in Indian politics is finally here! While people may debate the timing, exact role and position, to me, the real news is that she finally decided to take the plunge! Congratulations and best wishes to Priyanka Gandhi," tweeted Kishor.


It s wintertime at Greenglass House. The creaky smuggler s inn is always quiet during this season, and twelve-year-old Milo, the innkeepers adopted son, plans to spend his holidays relaxing. But on the first icy night of vacation, out of nowhere, the guest bell rings. Then rings again. And again. Soon Milo s home is bursting with odd, secretive guests, each one bearing a strange story that is somehow connected to the rambling old house. As objects go missing and tempers flare, Milo and Meddy, the cook s daughter, must decipher clues and untangle the web of deepening mysteries to discover the truth about Greenglass House and themselves."
"Give this one to fans of Trenton Lee Stewart's T"he Mysterious Benedict Society.""
"Milford employs a "W"esting Game ""level of cunning in setting up clues, revealing their importance, and immediately pivoting to a higher level of mystery, gratifying readers as she pulls them into the story."


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Today I will share with you how I made a coffee table free of glue and fasteners. You can refer to this diagram for general dimensions and the terminologies we will be using.
I had limited access to tools which was was something I had to factor in during my design process. Here is a list of tools that are available in my workshop.
These are pretty rudimentary tools that one can find in most workshops. And are the only tools I used in the making of this table. Alternatively, if you are someone who is skilled with hand tools or don't have access to any power tools, building this is still possible with just a set of bench chisels and a back saw.
This project was made entirely of beech wood. The reason behind this choice of material is I wanted a wood that has a relatively 'quiet' texture. The joinery should be the main focal point of this design, therefore having too much grain would only distract from that. Having said that, there are plenty of other species that fits this description, so feel free to experiment with what's available in your local wood supplier.
These are off-the-shelf dimensions available at my local wood supplier. If you live in countries with imperial systems you can always get the closest thing, just remember to adapt the slot sizes later on to match the new cross sections.
Since I did not have access to a table saw I had to get it cut at the shop. Most shops such as Home Depot would offer this service if you provide them with the dimensions.
The entire material purchase added up to 96CHF (100USD). 46CHF for the wood strips, and 50CHF for the board.
The length of the legs will determine the height of your finished table. Usually for coffee tables the rule of thumb is the top surface is no more than 5cm lower than the height of your sofa seat. So the length of the legs is a dimension you can adapt to your living situation.
In this case, the legs are made from 20mm x 40mm wood strips at 44.2cm in length. You can start by cutting them to the right length with a chop saw or miter saw.
Next you would have to introduce the slots. This is done with the same technique as cutting a mortise, if you don't have much experience with doing this you can refer to this great tutorial by Paul Sellers.
For location and dimension of the slots see diagram below.
The long stretchers & aprons are made from 10 mm x 40 mm wood strips and the short stretchers & aprons are made from 8 mm x 20 mm wood strips.
Since there are no mortises on the stretchers the slots can be first cut on a band saw then cleaned up with a hand chisel.
The tapering on the end of the long aprons were formed on a disc sander. I would save this operation to the end.
A bit of paring would need to be done on the short stretchers & aprons to give the joints the tightest fit possible. This was a constant back and forth between shaving thin slices off with a chisel and testing the fit.
The easiest way is to refer to the diagrams below to understand the correct dimensions and quantities.
The table top was cut to the right dimensions at the shop. 45cm x 95cm x 2.5cm edge joined.
The only thing that is left to do is to cut four niches where it will come in contact with the top of the legs. This can be done using the same technique as cutting a mortise. Here's another great tutorial for cutting mortise that does not go through. The niches are 1cm deep, a sliding square is used to make sure all the niches are consistent in depth.
Before applying any finish, all the pieces should be sanded. I went from 100 to 220 grit. For the finish I used linseed oil which is great for indoor furniture and can be easily apply with a clothes. I applied 3 coats with 20min in between.
If all the parts are cut accurately, this will be the most satisfying part!
Feed long stretchers through legs.
I've always loved the aesthetic of interlocking timber joinery, and I wanted to use this project to test and experiment with that. I built this mockup when I first had the idea, and this little guy gave me the confidence to proceed when I realized how strong the joint was without any gluing.
The decision to not use glue also gave it the freedom of adaptation over time. It allows the table to be component based, changing the dimension means replacing certain parts of the table (legs or stretchers) instead of the whole thing. After all, furniture should be evolving entities that can adapt to the way we live.
I think glass would also be a great choice for the table top since it would allow the joineries to be more exposed. Ultimately, that is where all the hours of crafting went into.
When I was making this table I did not have writing this tutorial in mind, therefore I was not actively documenting the process. I now realized how valuable it is to see the process photos and will take this into consideration in future builds.
A fellow Instructables member caught me on a little omission I made in my instructions. They were the four little wedges that slides under the long stretchers (seen in photos at the top of the post). I left out this detail in my writeup because I didn't think they were integral to the structure of the whole system. If you choose to include them the dimensions are 10mm x 10mm x 36mm.
Congratulations on a great instructable, great and very refined style. Question off the topic: Did you do the bike stand shown on the first picture? it is great! If you could please share also the tutorial it would be awesome, Thanks!
Thanks. I did make the bike stand but don't have much process photos so might not make a very interesting instructable. If you like to see more photos of it you can check it out here.
Wow mate, that is awesome. I can't wait to make my own coffee table! I love it!
haha this was actually made to replace what used to be an ikea table.
Thanks for the tip, just entered!
Hi, what app did you use for the diagrams? Nice work too btw!
It was a combination of Rhino and Illustrator.
The table was 3d modeled in Rhino during the design process to study overall proportions and how the joints would fit together. And I used the 3d model I already have to convert into line drawings, the line-weight and annotations were done in illustrator.
Your list of rudimentary tools is a wish list for most of us! All I have on that list are some simple flat chisels. Not that I don't want them, I simply don't have room for them.
haha I guess I am spoiled by the workshop I used to have back in architecture school.
Actually you can make all the pieces with just a set of bench chisels and a backsaw. no power tools needed!
Wonderful, modernist Japanese_meets_Swedish design and execution. If I made it, I might decide to change the proportions slightly. To my eye, the legs could be slightly shorter, especially for a coffee table. Aesthetically, I wonder if the taper is strictly necessary. This would be a great companion piece to a Rietveld chair.
Thank you for your kind words. I agree having shorter legs would express the horizontality of the piece a bit more, which is what the taper tries to do. But like I pointed out in step 3, the length of the legs are more so decided by the height of the couches I already have.
I like your comment about the Rietveld chair, I actually considered painting the ends of the stretchers and aprons in a different color at one point haha.
As far as I can tell from the pictures, you are missing one item from your instructions. There are little blocks that go under the long stretchers to hold them tight. You might have found that they are unnecessary and left them out of the Instructable but they are shown in the first picture.


text:
Why all the consumer love at Microsoft? It's the weak spot
Microsoft's business-focused products are continuing to carry the day, not that you'd know it from the consumer-centric media events as of late.
By Mary Jo Foley for All About Microsoft | July 19, 2012 -- 23:28 GMT (16:28 PDT) | Topic: Consumerization
Many of Microsoft's enterprise users -- and those of us who love unearthing juicy details about products like System Center, Forefront, and the like -- have been bemoaning Microsoft's increasingly consumer-centric obsessions.
Sure, Chief Operating Officer Kevin Turner might still be taking some half-hearted public pot shots at Oracle, VMWare and IBM. And Microsoft's Dynamics ERP wares, now a billion dollar business in their own right (not even including Dynamics CRM) might get their day in the sun every once in a while.
But the real reason the Softies are putting so many of their eggs in the Xbox, Kinect, the newly announced Home Premium Office 365 , and Windows 8 consumer-friendly apps and games is consumer is Microsoft's weak spot. Or... if you are a glass half full kind of gal/guy... consumer is where there's the most room for future growth.
Microsoft's Q4 FY 2012 earnings breakout makes this plain. The Server & Tools units revenues were bigger than Windows/Windows Live, as noted by Business Insider. And the Microsoft Business division (home of Office) was bigger in both revenues and profit than Windows, Business Insider added.) The premium SKUs of Windows Server and SQL Server were selling like hot cakes in Q4 FY 2012, according to Microsoft. Business deployments of Office 2010 and Windows 7 were still strong, despite the fact that launches of new versions of these products are just around the corner.
Meanwhile, gaming console sales were down, Windows consumer PC demand was down, Online Services is still in the red. In short, Microsoft's business product and services sales carried the quarter and the year.
So if you're Microsoft, what do you do? Hire a big-name consumer-marketing and polling pro? Or spend the money on highlighting on the next versions of Exchange Server, SharePoint Server and Lync Server -- all of which also went to public beta this week (though Microsoft officials said next-to-nothing about them so far)?
Microsoft is making a concerted effort to appeal to consumers more than business types in its communication these days. But make no mistake: This isn't because the company is a consumer powerhouse. It's because it isn't one... at least not right now. Whether Microsoft can ever wring the kind of money from consumers as it does from business users remains to be seen, but that's no doubt the hope.
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Is voice technology signalling the death of the keyboard? Consumers seem to think this legacy tech is on its way out.


text:
Het Plaza Hotel in New York is een 20 verdiepingen tellend luxueus hotel met een hoogte van 76 meter aan Grand Army Plaza, waar het zijn naam aan dankt. Het hotel is eigendom van de Sahara Group en de King's Holdings en wordt sinds 1999 beheerd door Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.

Geschiedenis
The Plaza is het tweede hotel met die naam op deze plek. Het eerste hotel werd na vijftien jaar gekocht en afgebroken door Bernhard Beinecke, hotelier Fred Sterry en Harry S. Black, president van de Fuller Construction Company. Het huidige, kasteelachtige gebouw in de Franse renaissancestijl is ontworpen door Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, die het Fairmont Copley in Boston ontwierp. The Plaza ging open op 1 oktober 1907, het jaar waarin The Fairmont hotel in San Francisco opende. Het kostte $12,5 miljoen om te bouwen. Toen het opende kostte een kamer in het Plaza Hotel slechts $2,50 per nacht ($58,20 in 2010-dollars). In 2022 kostte dezelfde kamer $1.000 of meer.

The Plaza was in 1907 niet alleen een hotel maar vooral de residentie van rijke Amerikanen. Zo waren Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt en zijn echtgenote de eersten die zich inschreven.

Historic Landmark
The Plaza kreeg de 'National Historic Landmark'-status in 1978 en is samen met het Waldorf-Astoria het enige hotel in New York dat die status heeft. Er worden rondleidingen gegeven aan het publiek.

Historische gebeurtenissen
 In 1959 gebruikte Alfred Hitchcock het hotel als locatie voor zijn film North by Northwest. Andere films die er werden opgenomen waren Plaza Suite, The Way We Were, The Great Gatsby, Barefoot in the Park, Funny Girl, The Cotton Club, Crocodile Dundee I and II, Home Alone II: Lost In New-York en Flodder in Amerika!.
 In februari 1964 logeerden The Beatles in het hotel tijdens hun eerste verblijf in de VS.
 Op 28 november 1966 gaf Truman Capote zijn beroemde Black and White Ball in de Grand Ballroom ter ere van zijn uitgever Katharine Graham. Onder de 500 gemaskerde gasten waren Lauren Bacall, Frank Sinatra en Mia Farrow.
 In september 1985 werd het Plaza-akkoord getekend in het Plaza Hotel. Het akkoord was een overeenkomst tussen de ministers van financiën van de Verenigde Staten, Japan, West-Duitsland, Frankrijk en het Verenigd Koninkrijk om de koers van de dollar te verlagen.

Grand Army Plaza

Het hotel ligt aan Fifth Avenue en aan de zuidkant van Central Park. Het heeft de hoofdingang aan de zuidkant van Grand Army Plaza, een plein dat aan het Unie-leger in de Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog herinnert. Grand Army Plaza bestaat uit twee delen, gesplitst door Central Park.
 Beelden
In het midden van het deel voor het Plaza Hotel staat de Pulitzerfontein en Abundance van Karl Bitter, betaald door de krantenuitgever Joseph Pulitzer: het standbeeld in de fontein is Pomona, Romeinse godin van boomgaarden. Doris Doscher stond model voor het beeld.Op de noordkant van het plein, als het ware een hap uit Central Park, staat Augustus Saint-Gaudens' beeld van Generaal Sherman. Scholars Gate, achter Grand Army Plaza, is een van de twee oorspronkelijke hoofdingangen voor de rijlanen door Central Park. De andere ingang is Merchants Gate op Grand Circle, tegenwoordig Columbus Circle.
 Koetsen
Op het plein staan altijd enkele open koetsen die men kan huren om er een tochtje mee te maken door Central Park of langs bezienswaardigheden op Manhattan. Burgemeester Bill de Blasio overweegt, gesteund door dierenvrienden, om ze af te schaffen.
 Marathon
Ieder jaar wordt de New York City Marathon gehouden. Deze eindigt op dit plein. Er staan dan allemaal containers opgesteld waar de renners hun spullen kunnen ophalen.

Aan de zuidkant van het plein (tussen 58th en 59th Streets) stond ooit het Franse renaissancekasteel van Cornelius Vanderbilt II, ontworpen door George Browne Post; het was een van de grootste huizen aan Fifth Avenue uit de Gilded Age. Het Bergdorf Goodman staat nu op deze plek.

Eigenaren en renovaties

Conrad Hilton kocht The Plaza voor $7,4 miljoen in 1943 en besteedde $6 miljoen aan zijn renovatie. In 1955 kocht Childs Company, een restaurantketen, het hotel voor 1.100.000 niet-preferente aandelen van Childs, met de waarde van ongeveer $6,3 miljoen.
In 1988 kocht Donald Trump The Plaza voor $407,5 miljoen. Trump berichtte over zijn aankoop in The New York Times:
"Ik heb geen gebouw gekocht, ik heb een meesterwerk gekocht - de Mona Lisa. Voor het eerst in mijn leven heb ik bewust een aankoop gedaan die niet economisch gunstig was - ik kan de prijs nooit rechtvaardigen, hoe succesvol The Plaza ook wordt."
Na Trumps scheiding van Ivana Trump, directeur van The Plaza, verkocht hij het hotel in 1995 voor $325 miljoen aan Troy Richard Campbell uit New Hampshire.

In 2004 werd het voor $675 miljoen verkocht aan El Ad Properties uit Manhattan. El Ad kocht het hotel met het idee om er woongedeelten en winkels aan toe te voegen. Voor de renovaties moest vanwege de monumentenstatus van het gebouw aan strenge regels worden voldaan.
El Ad sloot het hotel tijdelijk op 30 april 2005 voor grondige renovaties. Het heropende op 1 maart 2008.
Het hotel heeft vandaag de dag 282 hotelkamers en 152 private hotelappartementen en wordt beheerd door Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Diamanthandelaar Lev Leviev kocht het eerste appartement voor $10 miljoen. In mei 2007 werd een nieuw appartement in het hotel verkocht voor het recordbedrag van $50 miljoen, maar de prijzen gingen omlaag in 2009.

In november 2008 onthulde het hotel zijn ondergrondse winkelcentrum met luxemerken als Vertu en Demel Bakery.

In januari 2009 sloot het Palm Court tijdelijk voor het publiek. Op 12 april 2010 werd het Palm Court heropend na een $6,5 miljoen kostende renovatie, waarbij het oorspronkelijk uit 1907 stammende gebrandschilderd glazen plafond werd gerestaureerd.

Faciliteiten en openbare ruimten
Het Plaza Hotel heeft verscheidene diensten zoals een butler op elke verdieping, oppassers en conciërges, een fitnessruimte die beheerd wordt door trainer Radu, een winkelcentrum en vergaderzalen. De Grand Ballroom, Terrace Room en ontmoetingszalen worden beheerd door CPS Events, een samenwerking tussen Delaware North Companies en de luxe-cateraar Great Performances.

Als locatie in films
Hoewel het hotel kort in eerdere films te zien was, is de filmdoorbraak gekomen in 1959 met de film North by Northwest. Het was ook te zien in The Way We Were (1973), de eerste twee Crocodile Dundee-films, King of New York (1990), Scent of a Woman (1991), Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), It Could Happen to You (1994), Almost Famous (2000) Flodder in Amerika!, (1992) en Bride Wars (2008). Het was te zien in twee afleveringen van The Sopranos en in shows als Gossip Girl en Sex and the City.

Toenmalig Plaza-eigenaar Donald Trump is te zien in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, waarin hij het hoofdpersonage Kevin naar de lobby wijst. In een scène in de film rent Kevin weg van het hotelpersoneel naar een lift. Om de scène mogelijk te maken verwijderden de filmmakers de vloerbedekking in een van de gangen, waarbij de oorspronkelijke tegels blootgelegd werden. Trump vond dit zo mooi dat de vloerbedekking niet terug werd gelegd.

Chris Colombus, de regisseur van Home Alone 2, zei later in een interview dat Trump de rol bemachtigd had, door aan te geven dat er alleen in zijn hotel mocht worden gefilmd als hij in ruil daarvoor een filmrol zou krijgen.

Een gebouw dat lijkt op het Plaza Hotel genaamd "The Emissary" is te zien in het videospel Grand Theft Auto IV. Het bevindt zich ten zuiden van Middle Park, de GTA-versie van Manhattan's Central Park.

Toekomst van het Plaza-merk
In 2008 zou begonnen worden met de bouw van het Las Vegas Plaza, een luxehotel, privéwoning en casino van $5 miljard. Het zou gebouwd worden aan de Las Vegas Strip tegenover Wynn Las Vegas, maar in 2011 werd het project geannuleerd.

Hotel in New York (stad)
National Historic Landmark
Historic Hotels of America
Neorenaissancebouwwerk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We stock a great range of casual trousers for men here at Best In The Country. From Chinos to Cargo trousers you can find casual trousers for all occasions here whether your going on an outdoor adventure or for drinks with a friend. With trousers from makes including: Henbury, Front Row and Best In Town you can be assured of high quality, stylish and easy wearing trousers. Browse through the garments below to find the what you need.