text:
\section*{Acknowledgments}

We thank R. Bouillaud and L. Merzeau for technical assistance, and Anne L'Huillier for fruitful discussions. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program no. 682978 - EXCITERS, and from  LASERLAB-EUROPE,
grant agreement no. 284464, EC's Seventh Framework Programme. We acknowledge the financial support of the French National Research Agency through ANR-14-CE32-0014 MISFITS, ANR-14-CE32-0010 XSTASE and IdEx Bordeaux LAPHIA (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02). JC and RT acknowledge financial support from the LABEX PlasaPar project, the program ``Investissements d'avenir'' under the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, the program ANR-15-CE30-0001-01-CIMBAAD. S.B. acknowledge the NSERC Vanier Scholarship. The data presented in the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

\section*{Supplementary materials}
Supplementary Text\\
Figs. S1 to S15\\
References \textit{(1-62)}

\clearpage

\begin{center}
    \begin{LARGE}
\textbf{Supplementary Materials}
    \end{LARGE}
\end{center}

\section{Experimental details}

\subsection{Experimental setup}

A scheme of the experimental setup is shown in figure \ref{setup}. It consists of a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The incoming beam is delivered by the Aurore laser system at CELIA, which provides 800 nm 25 fs pulses at 1 kHz, with up to 7 mJ energy. In one of the two arms, we frequency double the pulses by using a type-I 200 $\mu$m thick BBO crystal. The remaining 800 nm is filtered out by reflection on two dichroic mirrors. In the 800 nm arm, a delay stage is installed to temporally overlap the two beams. The control of the attosecond delay is achieved by a pair of wedges rather than by translating mirrors. This enables us to convert a rather large translation motion of one wedge into small delays (1 micron for 67 attoseconds, while a 1 micron translation of the mirrors would induce a 6.7 femtoseconds delay), releasing some constraints on the translation stage accuracy and repeatability.

Motorized quarter-wave plates are placed in both arms of the interferometer,  allowing to fully control the polarization of each color independently. After the quarter-wave plates, all reflections are at $\sim 0^\circ$ to avoid polarization state artifacts. The 400 and 800 nm beams are recombined using a dichroic mirror and are focused into the interaction region of the Velocity Map Imaging Spectrometer. To compensate chromatic aberration induced by the lens, we have installed a lens telescope in the 800 nm arm, which allows us to focus both 400 nm and 800 nm at the exact same position in the spectrometer. In all presented experiments, the 400 nm/800 nm delay was scanned over a range of $\sim$ 6700 as by steps of 133 as.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{SI_Setup.png}
\caption{Scheme of the optical setup. BS is a 80/20 beamsplitter; $\lambda /2$ and $\lambda /4$ are half- and quarter-wave plates, respectively; BBO is a type-I 200 $\mu$m thick $\beta$-Barium borate crystal; DM are dichroic mirrors; FM is a flip mirror and BD is a beam dump. The setup is not at scale.}
\label{setup}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The enantiopure chiral samples (Sigma Aldrich, 98$\%$ purity for (1R)-(+)-camphor and 95$\%$ purity for (1S)-(-)-camphor) were heated in an oven at 60$^\circ$C, carried to the VMI by a 80$^\circ$C heated line, and conducted under vacuum by a 100$^\circ$C heated tube to a 250 $\mu m$ nozzle located 7 cm away from the interaction zone. No carrier gas was used. The pressure in the interaction chamber was typically 2$\times 10^{-7}$ mbar. The velocity distribution of the photoionized electron was projected onto a set of dual microchannel plates and imaged by a phosphor screen and a CCD camera.

\newpage

\section{Theory}

\subsection{Equivalence between ATI and RABBIT electron interferometry }

The measurement of photoelectron wavepacket spectral amplitudes and phases is usually performed using the RABBIT technique \cite{paul01-1}. In RABBIT, the ionizing radiation is a comb of XUV harmonics. The photoionization is driven by single photon absorption since the photon energy of the harmonics is usually greater than the ionization potential of the target. An additional weak IR pulse is used to produce photoelectron sidebands. The oscillation phase of those sidebands as a function of the XUV-IR attosecond delay provides the information which is needed to reconstruct the temporal dynamics of the photoionization.

The scheme used in our experiments is similar but the single-photon ionization by high-harmonics is replaced by Above-Threshold Ionization (ATI) by a UV (400 nm) laser field \cite{zipp14}. This choice was motivated by two key elements:  (i) the polarization state of the UV pulse is easily tunable from linear to circular, and (ii) ATI produces much simpler photoelectron spectra in large molecules with many molecular orbitals lying energetically close to each other. In this section of the SM, our goal is to show that our ATI electron interferometry scheme allows us to retrieve equivalent information than in a RABBIT experiment.

As introduced by Gruson \textit{et al.} \cite{gruson16}, spectrally resolved RABBIT (Rainbow-RABBIT) enables the direct measurement of spectral phase jumps in the vicinity of a resonance. In this case, the \textit{n}-th order harmonic of the XUV comb photoionizes the target close to an autoionizing resonance. The spectral amplitude and phase of the corresponding photoelectron peak are thus strongly modulated by the presence of the resonance. The adjacent harmonics (\textit{(n-1)}-th and \textit{(n+1)}-th orders) photoionize the target in a flat region of the continuum (\textit{i.e.} away from resonances). The spectral amplitude and phase of the associated photoelectron peak are thus unstructured. The absorption/emission of an additional IR photon from both peaks leads to the formation of a sideband. The sideband results from the interference of the resonant photoelectron peak (\textit{n-th}) with the non-resonant adjacent peak. The spectral phase of the sideband thus directly provides the spectral phase of the resonant photoelectron peak, since it is heterodyned by a peak with a flat phase.

Our case is quite similar, but the ATI peaks share some common transition pathways. If a resonance is present at the energy of the (\textit{n-th}) ATI peak, its signature may be carried to the (\textit{(n+1-th)}) ATI peak, which could not be used as a phase reference to retrieve the phase jump. It is thus important to answer the following question: does the effect of the resonance propagate through the ATI peaks, or is it localized on the resonant ATI peak only?

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1]{TDSE_LCPMR.png}
\caption{Photoelectron interferometry in the RABBIT (\textbf{A}) and ATI (\textbf{B}) regimes. The photoelectron spectra are shown in black. The spectrally-resolved $2\omega$-oscillation phase of the sidebands in the RABBIT regime (A) is shown in red, and in the ATI regime (B) is shown in blue.}
\label{TDSE_LCPMR}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

To do so, we solved the time dependent Schr\"odinger Equation for a 1-D model atom, represented by a short-range Gaussian potential where we added symmetric barriers in order to induce a shape resonance into the continuum, as in \cite{gaillac16}. The parameters of the potential were adjusted to approximately match the ionization potential of the molecule as well as the energy of the resonance encountered in the experiment. The propagation was performed on a spatial grid using the Crank-Nicolson algorithm in the velocity gauge. The photoelectron spectrum was extracted from the final wave function thanks to the window operator.

We used two kinds of electric field, both composed of harmonics of the fundamental IR field, whose wavelength is set at $806.4$ nm ($\hbar\omega=1.5375$ eV). In the first case, dubbed "ATI", we ionized the system with only the second harmonic ($2\omega$) at an intensity of $I_{2\omega}= 7 \times10^{12}$ W/cm$^{-2}$  and a pulse duration of FWHM $\approx20$ fs in intensity. In the second case, called "RABBIT", the ionizing field was an attosecond pulse train of the same duration, made from harmonics 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14  of the IR frequency $\omega$ in order to reach the same energies as in the "ATI" case. For the sake of simplicity, we considered that all harmonics were synchronized and of the same intensity $I_H= 3 \times10^{8}$ W/cm$^{-2}$.

In order to observe sidebands, we added a weak IR field ($I_{\omega}= 8 \times10^{10}$ W/cm$^{-2}$), with the same duration, and we varied its phase $\delta\equiv\omega\tau$. Following the procedure introduced in \cite{gruson16}, the photoelectron spectra $S(\delta)$ as a function of delay $\delta$ were analysed for each energy, using the following fit:

\begin{equation}\label{fit}
    S(\delta)= \overline{S}\left[1-B_2cos(2\delta+\varphi_2)-B_4cos(4\delta+\varphi_4)\right],
\end{equation}

where $B_2$ and $B_4$ are proportionality coefficients and $\varphi_2$ and $\varphi_4$ are the phases of the $2\omega$- and $4\omega$-oscillations.

Note that in the "ATI" case, we analyzed the spectra in only one direction, i.e. $x>0$. This is compulsory as the parity of the sideband final state is different, whether the path leading to the sideband comes from the ATI peak below or above. Therefore, there would be no sideband oscillation if the spectra were taken over the all $x$ space. This is not the case in the "RABBIT" case, because the sideband parity is always "even", as invariably reached by a two-photon transition.

As shown in figure \ref{TDSE_LCPMR}, both RABBIT and ATI techniques show a large spectral phase jump across the bandwidth of the SB1, while it is mostly flat for SB2 and SB3. This results confirm that the effect of the resonance does not propagate above the resonant ATI peak. This observation validates that our experimental interferometric ATI scheme is well suited for the measurement of the spectral amplitude and phase of photoelectron wavepackets. Beyond this similarity, we observe some differences in the evolution of the spectral phases: the phase jumps are slightly different, and a linear phase appears on each higher ATI sidebands as well as between the ATI sidebands. These are the signature of differences between the single photon and multiphoton ionization dynamics.

\newpage

\subsection{Calculation of differential Wigner delays in one-photon ionization of camphor molecules}

Atomic units will be used throughout this section unless otherwise stated.

\subsubsection{The theoretical approach}

In the framework of the dipolar approximation, ionization probabilities and cross sections depend on the matrix element which, when
defined in the molecular frame, reads
\begin{equation}
d^{(mol)}_{\bf{k'}}=<\Psi_{\bf{k'}}^{(-)}|{\bf r.E}|\Psi_i>
\label{dipole_MF}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf E}$ is the electric field associated to the incident radiation, $\Psi_i$ is the initial molecular state, and $\Psi_{\bf{k'}}^{(-)}$
is the stationnary ingoing scattering state describing an electron ejected in the direction $\bf{\hat{k'}}$ in the molecular frame. ${\bf r.E}$
is the dipolar interaction term, expressed in the length gauge, where ${\bf r}$ stands for the vectorial coordinate of the active electron.
In this respect, we work in a single active electron picture where inner electrons remain frozen throughout the interaction and are accordingly
described by the same molecular orbitals in both $\Psi_i$ and $\Psi_{\bf{k'}}^{(-)}$.

The optimization of molecular geometry and $\Psi_i$ result from Density Functional Theory calculations using the GAMESS-US package \cite{schmidt93}
with the 6-311++G** underlying Gaussian basis \cite{krishnan80} and CAM-B3LYP exchange-correlation functional \cite{yanai04}.

The electric field, circularly polarized, is naturally defined in the laboratory frame so that the dipolar interaction term must be transposed
into the molecular frame as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf r.E}=x \pm i y &=& \sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{3}} r (a Y^{-1}_1(\Omega) + b Y^{1}_1(\Omega) ) \nonumber \\
&=&\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{3}} r \sum_\nu{ (a {\cal D}_{\nu -1}^{(1)} + b {\cal D}_{\nu 1}^{(1)} ) Y^{1}_\nu(\Omega') }
\label{transform_rE}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have assumed $||{\bf E}||=1$ and $Y^m_l$ are usual spherical harmonics defined either in the laboratory frame (with argument $\Omega$)
or in the molecular frame (with argument $\Omega'$). The coefficients ($a,b$) are (0,-2) in the $x + i y$ case and (2,0) in the $x - i y$ one.
${\cal D}_{m n'}^{(l)} \equiv {\cal D}_{m n'}^{(l)}(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)$ are Wigner matrix elements \cite{amati60} related to the
rotation, in terms of the Euler angles $(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)$, that brings the laboratory frame in coincidence with the molecular one.

The multi-center scattering state $\Psi_{\bf{k'}}^{(-)}$ is expanded in terms of partial waves \cite{dill74}
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{\bf{k'}}^{(-)}({\bf r})=\sum_{l,m} {i^l e^{-i \sigma_l} \Psi_{k'lm}^{(-)}({\bf r}) Y_l^{m*}(\bf{\hat{k'}}) }
\label{partialwaves}
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_l$ is the Coulomb phase shift for electron wavevector $k'$ and angular momentum $l$. The complex $\Psi_{k'lm}^{(-)}({\bf r})$ states,
which fulfill appropriate boundary conditions, are related to real states $\Psi_{k'lm}({\bf r})$ through the transformation
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{k'lm}^{(-)}({\bf r})=\sum_{l'm'} {({\bf I}+i{\bf K})_{lm,l'm'} \Psi_{k'l'm'}({\bf r}) }
\label{normalizationS}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf I}$ is the unitary matrix and ${\bf K}$ is the so-called ${\bf K}$-matrix (see below). The $\Psi_{k'lm}$ are real solutions of
the Schr\"odinger equation $H \Psi_{k'lm} = \epsilon \Psi_{k'lm}$, with $\epsilon=k'^2/2$.

To solve the Schrödinger equation, we employ an approximate form of the potential felt by the electron ejected from neutral camphor, in terms of so-called ElectroStatic Potential ESP-charges
\cite{besler90}, which basically consist of non-integer charges $Z_i^{eff}$ located on the nuclei of the molecule, so that

\begin{equation}
V({\bf r})=-\sum_i {\frac{Z_i}{|{\bf r} - {\bf R}_i|} + \int{\frac{\rho({\bf r'})}{|{\bf r} - {\bf r'}|} }} \sim -\sum_i {\frac{Z_i^{eff}}{|{\bf r} - {\bf R}_i|}}
\label{eqESP}
\end{equation}
on Van der Walls surfaces surrounding the molecule. $Z_i$ and ${\bf R}_i$ are the real charges and locations of the nuclei while $\rho({\bf r})$ is the core electron density which does not include the density associated to the active electron. Therefore $\lim_{r \rightarrow \infty}V({\bf r}) = -1/r$. Subsequently to a single-center decomposition of $V({\bf r})$ onto spherical harmonics \cite{decleva94,abusamha10}, the
coupled-channel Schr\"odinger problem is solved using the renormalized Numerov method of Johnson \cite{johnson78}. The ${\bf K}$-matrix elements are
defined in the asymptotic $r$-region according to
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{k'lm}({\bf r}) \sim \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi k'}r} \sum_{l''m''} {(\sin(\theta_{l''})\delta_{l'm',l''m''} +
\cos(\theta_{l''})K_{l'm',l''m''})Y_{l''}^{m''}({\bf \hat{r}}) }
\label{Kmatrix}
\end{equation}
where $\theta_{l''}=k'r-l''\pi/2-(1/k')\ln(2k'r)+\arg\Gamma[l''+1-i/k']$.

Once the $\Psi_{k'l'm'}$ states and ${\bf K}$-matrix elements are known, we are able to compute the dipolar amplitudes $a_{klm\nu}$
\begin{equation}
a_{klm\nu}=<\Psi_{klm}^{(-)} | r Y^\nu_1 |  \Psi_i >
\label{amplitudes}
\end{equation}
using eq. (\ref{normalizationS}). According to eqs. (\ref{dipole_MF})-(\ref{partialwaves}), the dipole in the molecular frame is thus simply
\begin{equation}
d^{(mol)}_{\bf{k'}}=\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{3}} \sum_{lm\nu} {(-i)^l e^{i\sigma_l} a_{k'lm\nu} (a {\cal D}_{\nu -1}^{(1)} + b {\cal D}_{\nu 1}^{(1)} ) Y^{m}_l(\bf{\hat{k'}}) }.
\label{dipole_MF_bis}
\end{equation}
Performing the inverse rotation on $Y^{m}_l$ to pass from the molecular frame to the laboratory one, we obtain the dipole in this latter
\begin{equation}
d^{(lab)}_{\bf{k}}=\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{3}} \sum_{lm\nu\mu} {(-i)^l e^{i\sigma_l} a_{klm\nu} (a {\cal D}_{\nu -1}^{(1)} + b {\cal D}_{\nu 1}^{(1)} ) {\cal D}_{m \mu}^{(l)*} Y^{\mu}_l(\bf{\hat{k}}) }
\label{dipole_LF}
\end{equation}
which can be evaluated for any direction of electron ejection $\bf{\hat{k}}=(\theta,\varphi)$ in the laboratory.

Introducing the simple notation $d^{(lab)}_{\bf{k}}=|d^{(lab)}_{(k,\theta,\varphi)}|e^{i\varphi(k,\theta,\varphi)}$, the Wigner delay can be computed in the case of an oriented molecule as \cite{wigner55,chacon14,goldberger62,baykusheva17}
\begin{equation}
\tau_W(k,\theta,\varphi)=\frac{\partial}{\partial E} \varphi(k,\theta,\varphi) \equiv \frac{1}{k}\frac{\partial}{\partial k} \varphi(k,\theta,\varphi).
\label{delay_oriented}
\end{equation}
However this delay is defined for a given orientation $\hat{R}$ while the experiment deals with samples of randomly oriented molecules. We thus have to introduce an orientation-averaged delay
$\bar{\tau}_W(k,\theta,\varphi)$, within which the contribution of a particular orientation $\hat{R}$ is weighted by its contribution to the total electron production
\begin{equation}
{\cal N}(k,\theta,\varphi)=\int{d\hat{R} |d^{(lab)}_{\bf{k}}(\hat{R})|^2},
\label{calN}
\end{equation}
according to \cite{baykusheva17}
\begin{equation}
\bar{\tau}_W(k,\theta,\varphi) = \int{d\hat{R} \tau_W(\hat{R};{\bf k}) \frac{|d^{(lab)}_{\bf k}(\hat{R})|^2}{{\cal N}(\bf{k})}}.
\label{delay_av}
\end{equation}
In practice, the integrations on $\hat{R}$, with $d{\hat R}=\frac{1}{8\pi^2}d\alpha \sin(\beta)d\beta d\gamma$, are performed by (Simpson) numerical quadratures with angular spacing
$\Delta \alpha=\Delta\beta= \Delta\gamma$ small enough to ensure convergence of the computed $\bar{\tau}_W$ values.

The one-photon counterpart to the measured differential Wigner delay is then evaluated by subtracting the $\bar{\tau}_W$ values in the forward and backward directions:
\begin{equation}
\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}(k)= \bar{\tau}_W(k,0,\varphi) - \bar{\tau}_W(k,\pi,\varphi),
\label{deltatauf/b}
\end{equation}
the axis $z$ of quantization being collinear with the direction of propagation of the incident direction.
The delay difference is also inspected between the left and right directions:
\begin{equation}
\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{l/r}(k)= \bar{\tau}_W(k,\pi/2,\pi) - \bar{\tau}_W(k,\pi/2,0).
\label{deltatauLR}
\end{equation}
Note that similar quantities can be evaluated for a fixed orientation, $\Delta \tau_W^{f/b}(\hat{R};k)= \tau_W(\hat{R};k,0,\varphi) - \tau_W(\hat{R};k,\pi,\varphi)$ and
$\tau_W^{l/r}(\hat{R};k)= \tau_W(\hat{R};k,\pi/2,\pi) - \tau_W(\hat{R};k,\pi/2,0)$.

Finally, our calculations also enable to estimate the PhotoElectron Circular Dichroism (PECD) in the forward/backward and left/right directions as
\begin{eqnarray}
PECD^{f/b}(k)&=& 2\frac{{\cal N}(k,0,\varphi) - {\cal N}(k,\pi,\varphi)}{{\cal N}(k,0,\varphi) + {\cal N}(k,\pi,\varphi)} \label{PECDf/b}\\
PECD^{l/r}(k)&=& 2\frac{{\cal N}(k,\pi/2,\pi) - {\cal N}(k,\pi/2,0)}{{\cal N}(k,\pi/2,\pi) + {\cal N}(k,\pi/2,0)} \label{PECDlr}.\\
\end{eqnarray}

\subsubsection{Results}

All the following results have been obtained using $\Delta \alpha=\Delta\beta= \Delta\gamma =\pi/32$ which guaranteed convergence of all computed observables.

We first present in Fig. \ref{fig_si_1} the differential electron production ${\cal N}$, defined in eq. (\ref{calN}), along the forward, backward, left and right directions of electron ejection,
for (1S)-(-)-camphor irradiated by a left circularly polarized radiation. While ${\cal N}$'s are strictly identical in the left and right directions, they significantly differ in the forward and backward directions for electron energies $E$ less than 30 eV. This is a feature commonly observed in photoionization of chiral systems \cite{ritchie76,nahon16}, which gives rise to a sizeable
$PECD^{f/b}$ while $PECD^{l/r}=0$ for all $E$ (see inset of Fig. \ref{fig_si_1}). Interestingly the $PECD^{f/b}$ changes sign about $E=10$ eV. Since our calculations assume that the nuclei are frozen and consider only the single outermost molecular orbital, such a sign change illustrates kinetic energy effects, i.e. the energy dependence of multiple electron scattering off the chiral potential \cite{ritchie76,nahon16,beaulieu16}. The $PECD^{f/b}$ exhibits a maximum value of $\sim 8\%$ about
$E=2$ eV, and a shoulder shows up in the $E=6-10$ eV region.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth, angle =-90]{Bernard_1.pdf}
\caption{Differential electron production ${\cal N}$, defined in eq.(\ref{calN}), along the forward, backward, left and right directions of electron ejection,
for (1S)-(-)-camphor irradiated by a left circularly polarized radiation. In the inset are displayed the PECDs in the forward/backward and
left/right directions.}
\label{fig_si_1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The differential Wigner delays, $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ and $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{l/r}$, defined in eqs. (\ref{deltatauf/b}) and (\ref{deltatauLR}) respectively, are
displayed as a function of $E$ in Fig. \ref{fig_si_2}. As for the PECD, we find that $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{l/r}=0$ whatever is $E$. By contrast, $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b} \ne 0$ and
presents sizeable values in the attosecond range. The forward/backward differential delay is maximum at low $E$, as intuitively expected since low energy electrons spend more time in
the chiral potential. However, it consists in this energy region of a small fraction only of the typical Wigner delay, which is illustrated in the inset of Fig. \ref{fig_si_2}. In practice,
$\bar{\tau}_W^f \sim \bar{\tau}_W^b \sim \bar{\tau}_W^l \sim \bar{\tau}_W^r$ and the ratio $|\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}/\bar{\tau}_W^{f,b}|$ maximizes in the intermediate energy region
centered about $\sim 10$ eV. Kinetic energy effects also show up in $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ through a sign change about $E=4$ eV. But more interestingly, the differential
Wigner delay presents rich spectroscopic features in terms of local maxima/minima for $E > 1$ eV. These features are totally absent in the electron production signals of
Fig. \ref{fig_si_1} and almost invisible in the usual PECD (inset of Fig. \ref{fig_si_1}). In fact, differentiating the PECD with respect to $E$ partially allows retrieving the structures strongly marked in $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$, but with very small amplitudes. This procedure would thus be difficult on experimental data. By contrast, our present experimental investigation shows that measuring differential delays is now feasible, and will surely be addressed by highly sensitive setups in the next future. In this respect, it seems that the differential delay $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ is a very valuable chiral observable which encodes subtle features of the underlying chiral potential, beyond usual (PECD) signatures.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth,  angle = -90]{Bernard_2.pdf}
\caption{Differential Wigner delays, $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ and $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{l/r}$, defined in eqs. (\ref{deltatauf/b}) and (\ref{deltatauLR}) respectively, for (1S)-(-)-camphor irradiated by a left circularly polarized radiation. The Wigner delay $\bar{\tau}_W^{f}$
in the forward direction is illustrated in the inset.}
\label{fig_si_2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We now investigate the origin of the features observed in the differential Wigner delays. $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ involves delays averaged on the molecular
orientations. We thus looked at the delays for all underlying orientations, $\Delta \tau_W^{f/b}(\hat{R};E)$, and observed that some of them have very important values.
For instance, focusing on the local maximum of $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ centered about $E=2.5$ eV in Fig. \ref{fig_si_1}, we found that that the orientation defined by ($\alpha=22.5^\circ,\beta=45^\circ,\gamma=0^\circ$) yields $\Delta \tau_W^{f/b}(\hat{R};E) \sim 2$ fs at
this energy (see Fig. \ref{fig_si_3}(A)). This important delay difference stems from a phase jump of $\sim\pi$ in the forward direction, in a narrow $E$-range
where the phase in the backward direction behaves smoothly and thus leads to a vanishing Wigner delay (see Fig. \ref{fig_si_3}(B)).
Simultaneously the dipole modulus has $\sim 0$ amplitude in the forward direction (see Fig. \ref{fig_si_3}(E)). In other words,
the important delay in the forward direction is nothing else than the signature of a Cooper minimum \cite{cooper62,cloux15} induced
by the potential shape in the ($\theta=0,\varphi$)-electron direction for ($\alpha=22.5^\circ,\beta=45^\circ,\gamma=0^\circ$) molecular
orientation. This large delay difference, in the fs range, survives orientation averaging, and leads to the maximum of
$\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ in the as range at $E \sim 2.5$ eV (see Fig. \ref{fig_si_3}).

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{Bernard_3.png}
\caption{(\textbf{A}) Wigner delays, $\tau_W$, in the forward and backward directions for ($\alpha=22.5^\circ,\beta=45^\circ,\gamma=0^\circ$); the (red) continuous line refers to the forward direction and the (black) dashed one to the backward direction.
Associated variations of the phase (\textbf{B}) and square modulus (\textbf{C}) of the dipoles. (\textbf{D-F}) graphs are similar to (A-C), but for
($\alpha=180^\circ,\beta=157.5^\circ,\gamma=0^\circ$).}
\label{fig_si_3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In our calculations, which are based on the single-active electron approximation and employ a simplified form of the molecular potential
in terms of ESP-charges, all local variations of $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ are due to such differential Cooper minima.
This is illustrated in Figs. \ref{fig_si_3}(D-F) for the oscillation appearing in Fig. \ref{fig_si_2} about $E=8.5$ eV. In this case
the important negative delay computed in the forward direction for ($\alpha=180^\circ,\beta=157.5^\circ,\gamma=0^\circ$) contributes
positively to the averaged $\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$ because $\sin(\beta)<0$. It is important to note that in the experiment, the multiphoton excitation/ionization preferentially selects some molecular orientations within the sample of ramdomly oriented molecules. Our calculations suggest that this photoselection can have a huge impact on the measured quantities. In the future, it would thus be of great interest to study the differential Wigner time delays within the molecular-frame of chiral molecules.

It has to be noted that not only differential Cooper minima but also differential resonances are amenable to important local variations of $\Delta \tau_W^{f/b}(\hat{R};E)$ because of underlying $\sim \pi$ phase jumps. However, our calculations are based on the single-active electron approximation, which inhibits the occurrence of autoionizing resonances. Shape resonances do not
show up either, at least using our simplified description of the ionic potential in terms of ESP-charges. Nevertheless, it is clear
that fine differential features of chiral molecular potentials can, in general, be probed by measurements and computations of
$\Delta \bar{\tau}_W^{f/b}$.

\clearpage

\section{Data analysis and error bars}

\subsection{Raw VMI images}

For each time delay, each enantiomer and each polarization state, we record 2D projections of the 3D-PAD, averaged over $\mathrm{\sim 5x10^4}$ laser shots. As mentioned in the main text, these photoelectron distributions are up-down asymmetric. We thus separate the up- and the down- part of the signals, and symmetrize them in order to be able to perform the pBasex inversion. A typical raw VMI image (before any symmetrization or anti-symmetrization) in linear scale (Fig. \ref{raw}(A)) and in logarithmic scale (Fig. \ref{raw}(B)) are presented below. For this example, the UV was linearly polarized, the IR was circularly polarized and the target molecules were (1S)-(-)-camphor.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{raw.png}
\caption{Raw experimental VMI images. (\textbf{A}) In linear scale and (\textbf{B}) in logarithmic scale. These images have been recorded using circularly polarized UV and linearly polarized IR fields, in 1S-(-)-camphor. }
\label{raw}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Resonant photoionization of chiral molecules}

This subsection describes the procedure for extracting the error bars of Fig. 4 (B) and (D) of the main paper.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{SI_AllScan_Femto.png}
\caption{Forward/Backward asymmetry of the spectral phase ($\Delta \varphi^{f/b}$) across the resonant sideband. In (\textbf{A}) ((1S)-(-)-camphor) and (\textbf{B}) ((1R)-(+)-camphor), the 400 nm is circularly polarized and the 800 nm is linearly polarized. In (\textbf{C}) ((1S)-(-)-camphor) and (\textbf{D}) ((1R)-(+)-camphor), the 400 nm is linearly polarized and the 800 nm is circularly polarized. For the (1S)-(-)-camphor panels (A,C), the blue dots represent the $\Delta \varphi^{f/b}$ extracted for different scans and the red lines/dots are the mean values. For the (1R)-(+)-camphor panels (B,D), the red dots represent the $\Delta \varphi^{f/b}$ extracted form different scans and the blue lines/dots are the mean values.}
\label{femto}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

For each polarization configuration and for each enantiomer, at least five consecutive delay scans are performed for left and right polarizations. The photoelectron images obtained using left (L) and right (R) polarizations are used to produce a sum image (L+R) and a difference image (L-R). Each photoelectron image is averaged over $\sim 5\cdot10^4$ laser shots. For a non-chiral sample, or non-chiral ionizing light, (L-R) is expected to be zero, while for a chiral sample photoionized with a chiral light it is expected to be non-zero and antisymmetric with respect to the laser propagation axis. On the contrary, L+R images are symmetric with respect to the laser propagation axis. In order to eliminate artifacts due to the imperfect nature of the waveplates and detector, we antisymmetrize the (L-R) images and symmetrize the (L+R) images.

The (L-R) and (L+R) images are decomposed as a sum of Legendre polynomials \cite{garcia04}. When the laser-molecule interaction is cylindrically symmetric with respect to the detection plane (for instance when both the pump and probe pulse are linearly or circularly polarized), this decomposition procedure enables reconstructing the 3D photoelectron angular distribution from its 2D projection onto the VMI detector. In the present experiment, a combination of circular and linear polarization is used and the cylindrical symmetry condition required to rigorously retrieve the 3D distribution from its projection is lost. This can lead to deviations between the Legendre decomposition and the 3D distribution, in particular in terms of energy smearing. However, in our measurements we detect very sharp structures in the Legendre decomposition: the phase jump across SB1 extends over about 0.1 eV. This indicates that there is no major blurring of the reconstructed distribution, and that it must not deviate much from the 3D distribution. The full 3D distribution could be retrieved by repeating the experiment for different directions of the linearly polarized field and performing a tomographic reconstruction \cite{wollenhaupt09}. This procedure would be prohibitively long with a 1kHz laser system, but will be achievable in a reasonable time using fiber-based lasers at few 100 kHz rate.

We analyze the oscillations of the photoelectron image associated with left polarization (L) by summing the (L-R) and (L+R) decompositions. The R image, obtained by the difference between (L+R) and (L-R), would give perfectly antisymmetric results with respect to the light propagation axis.

In order to study the statistical dispersion of our data, the phase of the sidebands oscillations is measured for each delay scan, in each quadrant. The forward and backward phases from a given (upper or lower) hemisphere are subtracted to calculate $\Delta \varphi^{f/b}$. Two values are thus obtained for each scan, giving us a total of at least 10 sets of measurements. The $\Delta \varphi^{f/b}$ extracted for each independent measurement as well as their average values are shown in Fig \ref{femto}.

Using Student's statistics, we calculate the 95 $\%$ confidence intervals based on the $n$ individual measurement of $\Delta \varphi^{f/b}$. The confidence intervals are defined as:

\begin{equation}
\bigg[\overline{\Delta \varphi^{f/b}} - t \sqrt{\frac{S}{n}} , \overline{\Delta \varphi^{f/b}} + t \sqrt{\frac{S}{n}} \bigg]
\end{equation}

where $\overline{\Delta \varphi^{f/b}}$ is the mean value of all individually measured $\Delta \varphi^{f/b}_i$, $t$ is called the quantile and is a quantity that depends on the confidence interval and the number of individual measurements ($n$), and $S$ is the unbiased estimator of variance, defined as :

\begin{equation}
S = \frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \big( \Delta\varphi^{f/b}_i - \overline{\Delta \varphi^{f/b}} \big)^2
\end{equation}

The mean values of the measured f/b asymmetry of the spectral phase, $\overline{\Delta \varphi^{f/b}}$, as well as the 95 $\%$ confidence intervals are presented in figure 4 (B) and (D) of the main paper. We can conclude, based on statistical variability, that our data are accurate and statistically meaningful.

\clearpage

\subsection{Fourier analysis of the sidebands oscillation}

The sideband signal as a function of delay is Fourier transformed and shows a single peak at an energy corresponding to a $2\omega_{IR}$ oscillation frequency (Fig. \ref{fft}). This ensures that we are in a RABBIT-like regime and that no higher-order phenomenon affects our phase measurement. Indeed, because ATI peaks also oscillate due to multiple quantum path interferences (\textit{e.g.} for ATI1 interference between [2+1] (3x400nm) and [2+2'] (2x400nm + 2x800nm) paths), one could wonder if this amplitude modulation would affect the phase of the sideband oscillation. A detailed investigation of RABBIT performed by Antoine Camper \textit{et al.} \cite{camper13} demonstrated that when the Fourier transform of the sideband oscillations only showed a single  $2\omega_{IR}$ peak (no $4\omega_{IR}$ or higher orders), the oscillation phase of the sideband was solely determined by the phase difference between adjacent peaks.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.60\textwidth]{SI_FFT.png}
\caption{Fourier analysis of the temporal oscillation of the SB1 (black), SB2 (red) and SB3 (blue). The photoelectron signal have been integrated over the spectral bandwidth of each SB prior to the Fourier analysis.}
\label{fft}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{Angular-resolved extraction of spectral phase across SB1}

In this subsection, we present the oscillation of the SB1 signal as a function of photoelectron energy and ejection angle. In Fig. \ref{Raw_Oscill} (A), we clearly see the steep $\sim \pi$ phase-jump between 1.87 eV and 1.92 eV for electron ejected between 0-10$^\circ$. The magnitude of the phase jump across the resonance is still $\sim \pi$, but is much smoother for electron ejected between 20-30$^\circ$. The phase jump disappear for ejection angle between 50-60$^\circ$. One can notice that the signal-to-noise ratio is very good for electron ejected closer to the laser polarization axis, where the photoelectron signal is maximum. The behavior of the spectral phase as a function of photoelectron ejection angle results in a complex spatio-temporal shaping of the photoelectron wavepacket (see Fig. 4 of the main paper).

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{Raw_Oscill.png}
\caption{Raw oscillations of the SB1 signal as a function of photoelectron energy and ejection angle. The different colored lines represent different photoelectron energy. The electrons are ejected between 0-10$^\circ$ in (\textbf{A}), between 20-30$^\circ$ in (\textbf{B}) and between 50-60$^\circ$ in (\textbf{C}). These data were taken with linearly polarized UV and circularly polarized IR fields, in 1S-(-)-camphor.}
\label{Raw_Oscill}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{Enantiomeric mirroiring in the reconstruction of resonant photoelectron wavepackets}

In this subsection, we present the reconstruction of the autoionizing photoelectron wavepackets for both polarization configurations as well as for both camphor enantiomers. We present the wavepackets along the same ejection angles as shown in the Fig.4 of the main paper. Our aim is to show that even very subtle effects are mirroired when switching the enantiomer.

For example, in figure \ref{WP_enan1}, the very small delays between forward and backward wavepacket emitted along $\alpha=30^\circ$ (Fig. \ref{WP_enan1} (B,F)), $\alpha=60^\circ$ (Fig. \ref{WP_enan1} (C,G)), $\alpha=80^\circ$ (Fig. \ref{WP_enan1} (D,H) show a striking mirroiring when switching between enantiomers. It demonstrate the validity of these measurements. A nice enantiomeric mirroiring can also be observed for the case where the UV is linearly polarized and the IR circularly polarized (Fig. \ref{WP_enan2}).

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{WP_enan1.png}
\caption{Temporal profile of the resonant electron wavepackets emitted in different directions in (1S)-(-)-camphor (top, \textbf{A-D}) and (1R)-(+)-camphor (bottom, \textbf{E-H}), using a circularly polarized UV and a linearly polarized IR field. }
\label{WP_enan1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{WP_enan2.png}
\caption{Temporal profile of the resonant electron wavepackets emitted in different directions in (1S)-(-)-camphor (top, \textbf{A-D}) and (1R)-(+)-camphor (bottom, \textbf{E-H}), using a circularly polarized UV and a linearly polarized IR field. }
\label{WP_enan2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Attosecond delays in non-resonant photoionization of chiral molecules}

We will describe the procedure to extract the f/b asymmetry of the attosecond delays in non-resonant photoionization, \textit{i.e.} for SB2 and SB3. To do so, we have used the same data sets as in the last section. For each measurement, we calculated the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$, by using the subtracted forward and backward $2\omega_{IR}$ oscillation phases, which has been extracted from signals integrated over the sideband bandwidth, as in the conventional RABBIT technique. The individual $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ for SB2 and SB3 are shown as blue dots in figure \ref{atto2} (A) for (1S)-(-)-camphor and as red dots in figure \ref{atto2} (B) for (1R)-(+)-camphor. In both cases, the black dots are the mean values. The value lies close to zero for both enantiomers and both sidebands. When changing the enantiomer, the results should be perfectly mirrored (opposite). Any deviation from perfect mirroring could be ascribed to statistical errors (different S/N ratio for each enantiomer), to systematic error (detector inhomogeneity or polarization state artifact, for example) or to different enantiopurity for each sample. To account for those unwanted detrimental effects, and to estimate more precisely the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$, we redefine  $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ as:

\begin{equation}
\Delta \tau^{f/b} = \frac{1}{2}\big( \Delta \tau_{(+)}^{f/b} - \Delta \tau_{(-)}^{f/b} \big)
\label{enantiomeric}
\end{equation}

where $\Delta \tau_{(+)}^{f/b}$ and $\Delta \tau_{(-)}^{f/b}$ are the experimentally measured $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ for (1R)-(+)-camphor and (1S)-(-)-camphor, respectively. Note that after this procedure, we have removed all the unwanted experimental induced errors and the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ are perfectly opposite for (1R)-(+)- and (1S)-(-)-camphor. After doing this treatment, we calculate the 95 $\%$ confidence interval error bars using the Student's statistics procedure described in the previous section. The  $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ for (1R)-(+)-camphor (green dots) and (1S)-(-)-camphor (orange dots) are presented on figure \ref{atto2} (C). Note that for this case, the UV is linearly polarized and the IR is circularly polarized.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{SI_AllScan_Atto2.png}
\caption{Forward/Backward asymmetry in the attosecond photoionization delay ($\Delta \tau^{f/b}$) for the two non-resonant sidebands, when using linearly polarized UV and circularly polarized IR. In (\textbf{A})/(\textbf{B}) we present the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from each independent scans that we have performed in (1S)-(-)-camphor/(1R)-(+)-camphor, respectively.  In (A), the blue dots represent the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from different scans and the black dots are the mean value. In (B), the red dots represent the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from different scans and the black dots are the mean value. In (\textbf{C}), we present the enantiomeric $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$, as defined in equation \ref{enantiomeric}.}
\label{atto2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

One can see that for both non-resonant SB2 and SB3, the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ is found to be zero. Again, only the weak IR field is circularly polarized, so the f/b asymmetry is solely broken during 'measurement' step. Our data suggest that for non-resonant photoionization, the 'measurement' step induces the same delay in the forward than in the backward direction, with respect to the light propagation direction.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{SI_AllScan_Atto1.png}
\caption{Forward/Backward asymmetry of the attosecond photoionization delay ($\Delta \tau^{f/b}$) for the two non-resonant sidebands, when using circularly polarized UV and linearly polarized IR. In (\textbf{A})/(\textbf{B}) we present the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from each independent scans that we have performed in (1S)-(-)-camphor/(1R)-(+)-camphor, respectively.  In (A), the blue dots represent the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from different scans and the black dots are the mean value. In (B), the red dots represent the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from different scans and the black dots are the mean values. In (\textbf{C}), we present the enantiomeric $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$, as defined in equation \ref{enantiomeric}.}
\label{atto1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We now turn our attention to the case when the UV is circularly polarized and the IR is linearly polarized. In that case, because the IR is linear, it cannot induce any f/b asymmetry in the 'measurement' step, which means that the measured delays will only reflect the f/b asymmetry of the Wigner time delay. Our experimental data reveal a $\Delta \tau^{f/b} =  \mathrm{7 \pm 2} as$ for (1S)-(-)-camphor ($\Delta \tau^{f/b} = \mathrm{- 7 \pm 2}$ as for (1R)-(+)-camphor) for the SB2 and a null $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ for the higher energy SB3.

We have performed an angular-resolved analysis of the differential photoionization delay of the SB3 by slices of 10$^\circ$ instead of by quadrant, in order to see if it vanishes for all ejection angles. Figure \ref{Angular_SB3}(A) shows the evolution of the differential Wigner delay with electron ejection angle for SB3. The differential delay remains 0 within the error bars for all ejection angles, which confirms the validity of our initial conclusion. One can notice that the error bars on this measurement are larger than those on SB2. This is caused by the low level of the signal, which is typically one order of magnitude lower for SB3 than for SB2. Repeating the measurements with higher accuracy (active stabilization of the delay line, higher repetition rate of the laser, longer pulses with narrower spectrum...) could enable us to reduce the error bars and reveal possible small but non-zero values. Figure \ref{Angular_SB3}(B) shows the evolution of the differential continuum-continuum delay with electron ejection angle for SB3, when the UV field is linearly polarized and the IR field is circularly polarized. The $\Delta \tau_{cc}^{f/b}$ also remains 0 within the error bars for all ejection angles.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{Angular_SB3.png}
\caption{Angle-resolved f/b differential delay for SB3. In (\textbf{A}) when using circularly polarized UV and linearly polarized IR and in (\textbf{B}) when using linearly polarized UV and circularly polarized IR.}
\label{Angular_SB3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Sampling and phase measurements of the oscillating signals}

The temporal resolution of our experiment is determined by the accuracy with which we are able to measure the phase of the oscillating (sine) function. It depends on the way we sample the sine function as well as on the algorithm used to extract the phase. From the sampling point of view, the experimental acquisition time sets a limit and imposes the total number of samples that can be acquired in a reasonable time. In our experimental conditions we recorded 5 oscillations with 10 points per oscillations, and sequentially repeated the measurement for 5 consecutive delay scans in each enantiomer. The overall acquisition time was roughly 10 hours. Recording 5 oscillations fulfills the standard set by IEEE to properly sample a sine function \cite{sedlacem05}.

For the phase measurement, we compared two methods: Discrete Fourier Transform and 4-parameter sine fitting. The method can significantly influence the accuracy of the results, as demonstrated for instance in \cite{sedlacem05}. The 4-parameter fitting followed the procedure recommended by IEEE (IEEE-STD-1057).

Figure \ref{dft_vs_sine} shows the $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ extracted from both methods as a function of electron ejection angle. The error bars are calculated by Student statistical analysis of the consecutive measurements. The results from the two methods are consistent within the error bars. The DFT provides smaller error bars, and we thus chose this procedure for our data analysis.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{DFT_vs_Sine.png}
\caption{Comparaison between Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and 4-parameter Sine Fit methods to extract the angle-resolved $\Delta \tau^{f/b}$ for sideband 2. An offset of 2 degree was added to the point extracted with the DFT method in order to clearly see the difference between the DFT and Sine Fit methods.}
\label{dft_vs_sine}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Compared to booking a five-star hotel for your vacation in a given destination, renting a holiday house is a great way to save you money. The biggest perk is on the cost. For example, beach holiday homes such as Bedarra Island accommodation, are less expensive when compared to staying in high-end hotels. Other benefits you can expect from renting a beach house include a free private garage and parking area, full kitchen, and plenty of room to relax with your family. If you are planning to rent a beach house for your next vacation, keep in mind these points before you rent.
Many companies are in the business of holiday rentals. However, not all of them can provide you with a property that matches your expectations. Many travelers have disregarded this aspect, went ahead to rent from any source, and got disappointed in the end. Therefore, to avoid disappointment during your vacation, it is advisable to rent a holiday property only from a trusted source.
For instance, if you are eyeing a Bedarra Island accommodation, you can start by checking relevant websites for holiday home rentals. Popular relevant sites include tripadvisor.com, HomeAway.com, and VacationRentals.com among others. In addition, you can also visit tourism websites and consult real estate companies in the destination you intend to visit.
Bookings for holiday homes take place all year round. It is advisable to book several months in advance to secure suitable locations and homes with better amenities. Property owners often deal with renters on a first-come-first served basis. For instance, if you are considering a holiday house for a Bedarra Island accommodation, you should fix the time in which you want to visit and book at least six months earlier. At the time of booking, find out if there are any special offers for the early birds!
The photos you see in the listing may not exhaust all the interior and exterior sections of the building. If, for example, you want to find accommodation in Bedarra Island, ask the property owner for more photos that reveal the bedrooms, kitchen, lounge, and the environment outside the house. If you love to spend more time outdoors, you should see how the deck, patio, and backyard look like.
Traveler reviews are a great source of information if you are looking for a vacation rental house. For example, if you want the best accommodation in Bedarra Island, Queensland, take your time to read the traveler reviews in reputable travel sites such as tripadvisor.com.
Finding a qualified electrician who would be really good at his work could prove to be a real daunting task at times. There are certain qualities that you would always want your electrician Perth has to have. And finding all the qualities in one particular electrician could be a bit more to expect. There are, however, agencies that have highly qualified and trusted electricians with them who can provide you with the electrical solution that you had been searching for long.
There are many electricians available, some of whom specialize in domestic services, whereas some are tagged as commercial or industrial electricians. Depending on your requirement, you would need to select an electrician in Perth who would be able to cater to your electrical requirements. Whether it is a domestic requirement or a requirement in your store or office, you should be hiring electricians who are experts in the respective services.
· He should be insured as well, which will keep him protected in the most unlikely event of an accident.
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There are many electricians and agencies that claim to offer the best electrical services to their clients. To ensure that you are dealing with the best, you should be asking for or checking with the references to collect feedback about their services. While opting for an experienced electrician is a preferred thing that most people do, you can still try the relatively new players, provided feedback about them from their previous customers is higher than the satisfactory level.
You cannot ignore the price tag that the electricians would carry with them for their services. To get the best deal from the best electrician, it is always good to compare quotes from various companies and then finalize the deal with them.
The Great Ocean Road is one of the most visited attractions in Victoria, Australia. If you travel to the region, make sure to include Great Ocean Road walks into your itinerary. Considered as one of the most scenic routes in the world, this historic memorial is more than just a road to your desired destination – it is a destination in and of itself!
When you think of the Great Ocean Road, the Twelve Apostles (a collection of natural limestone rock formation) might come to mind. Hence, you should not miss the chance to see them up-close by exploring the beautiful coastline scenery in the area. The best VIC Great Ocean Road walks include exploring the dramatic coastline that includes the iconic surf spot – Bells Beach.
Another must-visit attraction during your walking tour is the Apollo Bay. This is a popular destination for tourists who like to fish, swim or do sea kayaking. If you want to add a bit of historical learning in your sight-seeing, make sure to find best Great Ocean Road walks in VIC that include a visit to the Port Fairy – this is an old fishing town in the area.
Aside from the serene atmosphere of the beach and coastline, the Great Ocean Road trail will also take you through a dense jungle. From rainforest, to rivers and old volcanoes, you should expect the unexpected in your nature trip within the trail. The Great Otway National Park is the highlight of this nature trail wherein you will be navigating through ancient moss-filled trees, waterfalls and untouched gorges!
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The possibilities of exploration are endless when you partake in Great Ocean Road walks and tours. Make sure to look at the itinerary before you book a tour to make the most of the experience!
You can find a variety of residential aged care facilities that you can select from for your aging loved one. Provider of aged care packages today similarly provide nursing services in addition to at home care. You do not have to stress whenever you leave for work or go on a journey as long as you make the most of home care plans being utilized. As the population of older people in Australia increases, the requirement for aged care services to accommodate their requirements likewise increased.
Activities actually vary depending upon their interests. If you are their residential aged care facilities caretaker throughout their brief break, you can learn more about them if you start the discussion by helping them to bear in mind exactly what it resembled throughout their time. You can get them to speak about their chosen leisure activity when they were your age.
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With innovation integrated into the healthcare sector, it is now simpler for personnel to focus more on supplying care. Given that records and documentation are now much easier with electronic health records and digital files, they will invest less time in difficult documents. Professional age care providers have more time to provide quality residential age care to your loved ones.
Do you have a loved one that is slowly revealing indications of old age, like short-term memory modifications, problem remembering people, names, and other indicators of instructions? As much as you prefer your senior loved ones to get a kick out of life to the optimum, you cannot help but help with their health and wellness, specifically when they are alone.
Dental teeth cleaning is one of the services offered by dentists in clinics. Unlike brushing or flossing, dental cleaning is more thorough as it encompasses the use of specialized tools that help to remove even the most stubborn or the best-hidden dirt. That said, it really benefits your oral health when you receive dental teeth cleaning from your Wynnum dentist (if you're here in Brisbane). And here's why.
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When you plug in your refrigerator, washing machines, TVs, or heaters into the electrical outlets in the home, we just automatically expect them to work if the house is not experiencing any power outages. However, that is not always the case. There are instances when you might plug in your electrical appliances and nothing happens. Your outlets have simply gone dead. This is not a very common problem and it is always advisable to hire professional Brisbane electricians in order to have a look at the problem and offer a professional diagnosis of the problem.
A dead electrical outlet is generally an indicator of a more serious electrical problem with your system. Here are some possible scenarios on why your electrical outlets may not be working.
This is one of the most common reasons why your electrical outlets are not working. If a single circuit breaker trips, the outlets will stop working. Whenever your outlets die, it is always advisable to open the panel and see if there are any circuit breakers which have shut off and are in an OFF position. If that is the issue, you can simply turn them on and the electrical outlets will begin working once more.
In certain instances, the circuit breakers will trip but the knob does not flip so it is not easy for the layman to determine whether the circuit breaker has really tripped. This could be due to the fact that it stuck somewhere in the middle or it has tripped but still stuck too close to the ON position. In that case, it is advisable to hire professional Brisbane electricians to check out the problem. Most probably, this could be due to an overloading problem with your circuitry. Try unplugging some items and see if power comes back to the outlets. If nothing still happens, then hire an electrician to offer you a professional diagnosis and carry out any necessary repairs.
Based on the modern building codes, there is a requirement that the power outlets that are situated close to sinks should be installed with a ground fault circuit interrupter otherwise called the GFCI. Such additions enable these outlets to shut automatically whenever an overheat or a short is detected in the circuitry. It does this without necessarily tripping the circuit breaker.
Whenever there are electrical outlets in the bathrooms or kitchens which have gone off while the circuit breaker is still in ON position, you can simply reset the GFCI electrical outlets which are located in the room. If a single GFCI pops, it is going to cause all the electrical outlets that are installed on the same line to lose power.
In the older homes, one of the most common causes of electrical outlets shutting off is due to old, worn out and faulty outlets. In this case, after repeated use over several years, the contacts of the circuitry will become loose thus failing to conduct electrical power. As a result, you may need to carry out a replacement of the entire outlet with the help of professional Brisbane electricians.
If faulty outlets are not shut down at the panels, they are likely to result in serious injuries or even hazards such as electrical fires. This work should be carried out by licensed Brisbane electricians.


text:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
The Pennsylvania Historical Association endeavors to stimulate scholarly activity and arouse popular interest in the Commonwealth's history. It sponsors Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, a publication series, and annual meetings held successively throughout the state.
Publication of Pennsylvania History is made possible by deeply appreciated support from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Bloomsburg University, and Robert Morris University.
Submission Guldelines
The editor invites the submission of articles dealing with the history of Pennsylvania and the Middle Atlantic region, regardless of their specialty. Prospective authors are urged to review past issues of Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, where they will note articles in social, intellectual, economic, environmental, political, and cultural history, from the distant and recent past. Articles may investigate new areas of research or they may reflect on past scholarship. Material that is primarily of an antiquarian or genealogical nature will not be considered.
Pennsylvania History publishes documents previously unpublished and of interest to scholars of the Middle Atlantic region. The Journal also reviews books, exhibits, and other media dealing primarily with Pennsylvania history or that shed significant light on the stat's past.
Please conform to the Chicago Manual of Style in preparing your manuscript and submit an electronic copy in Microsoft Word format to the editor via email at pnewman@pitt.edu. News of meetings, projects, exhibits, manuscript collections, and related matters for the Announcements Page should be sent to the editor at the e-mail address above. To reach the editor by mail, send communication to: Department of History, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, 450 Schoolhouse Road, Johnstown, PA 15904.
Send books for review and names of individuals who wish to review for the Journal to Dan Barr, Department of History, Robert Morris University, 6001 University Boulevard, Moon Township, PA 15108, or by e-mail: barrd@rmu.edu.
Send suggestions for exhibit reviews and names of individuals who wish to review museum exhibits for the journal to Jeffrey A. Davis, Department of History, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 128 Old Science Hall, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, or by e-mail: jdavis@bloomu.edu. Also contact Jeff for matters relating to the journal's annual "special issue" that appears in summer.
Copyright © The Pennsylvania Historical Association

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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New Welcome Center Brings Warm Welcome
As the new "front door" for the campus, the new Ellsworth and Virginia Hill Welcome Center at Aurora University, designed by Cordogan Clark & Associates, warmly welcomes students, alumni, and other visitors. The overall environment of the Welcome Center is one of elegance and warmth, maintaining the red brick and red roof tile architecture seen throughout the University. It greets visitors as a prominent entrance, and serves as the point of contact for future and past students. It also provides space for classes, meetings, dinners and receptions, extending the tradition of hospitality for which the university is known. Prospective students never before had a place to mark the beginning of their university journey. The Welcome Center is also the new threshold between campus and community. Its domestic scale and inviting architecture makes it feel more like a home than a large reception hall. A home-like atmosphere is important to welcoming prospective students, to help define the university as their new home away from home as they begin university life.
Entering the Welcome Center, you are met by striking ceilings, a stunning Hubbardton Forge light fixture, and cherry exhibit cases that compose the Fox River Valley Entry Gallery. Sneak peeks of what you'll discover in the museum give depth to the entryway inspire visitors.
The new Welcome Center also hosts the Schingoethe Museum for Native American Cultures, which Aurora University hopes will become a new Aurora destination for visitors. The Museum focuses on Native American artifacts from within the State of Illinois, yet also has pieces from throughout the nation as well. Various displays in the museum will rotate throughout the year, offering an even wider variety of infor¬mation available to the community. This is the only museum of its kind serving the area.
The Welcome Center's Mark and Marium Trumbo Dining Room is ideal for hosting intimate campus events. The Center also includes a small library, the John and Nancy Gieck Ammons Family Library, which has a reading nook and fireplace, that offers a perfect place for quiet study.
This Welcome Center is a welcome addition to the university's campus, giving it a new public face, and new interface between campus and community, and a variety of amenities the campus never had before.


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Still Corners: Fireflies MP3
Posted on October 2, 2012 October 1, 2012 by Andy Fenstermaker
Taking notes from electro-pop bands like Purity Ring, Still Corners add some heavier beats in their new song "Fireflies". However, songwriter Greg Hughes and vocalist Tessa Murray don't stray too far from their origins off Creatures of an Hour.
"Fireflies" is the first new single to come from the band since the release of Creatures last October, and while I have seen some mixed feelings on the song, I think it's a very positive step forward for the young band.
Still Corners maintains their cinematic dream-pop sensibilities, expanding with fuller somewhat electronic percussive beats and less moody vocals. It may catch fans of their debut off guard (upon my first listen, I too was startled), but it's a grower.
"Fireflies" will be released on seven inches of wax by Sub Pop sometime soon and we can expect a follow-up LP to their debut in Spring.
Damien Jurado Teases Two from Forthcoming LP The Monster Who Hated Pennsylvania
A Sneak Peek at The Legends' Forthcoming Nightshift LP
Lightning Love: I Know MP3


Cereals are planted at Lovett Family Farms as a break crop.
With a variety of different end uses whether it is Animal Feeding, Milling Wheat or Malting Barley, there is still a huge effort to make grade and these crops profitable in their own right.
We mainly plant wheat after potatoes in the autumn to use up excess fertilizer the potatoes have left behind.
Barley is planted in the early spring after a winter harvested crop.
Both cereals are harvested in the February. We traditionally have a warm Norwest wind bringing the moisture of the grain down to a storable level without having mechanical drying costs.


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THE NEWSMAN OF INDIA.COM
(Country's first E-Newspaper of it's kind)
Taking the concept of digital India ahead, and with the firm commitment and believe we religiously disseminate the information which is a powerful tool of the day, Our media house has been synonymous with excellence in journalism and a commitment to independence and fairness. Our mission is to highlight all good things happening in government, governance and its undertakings. under the egis of (News India Network) THE NEWSMAN OF INDIA.COM, country's first E-Newspaper of it's kind, in a short span of time we have successfully obsessed the Movers and Shakers and Whos Who in Government of India, Ministries,State Governments, PSU's, Corporate houses and the top officials like Bureaucrats, technocrats and diplomats every one keeps an eye on our news 24×7.
SPECIAL NEWS COVERAGE
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Ben Harper and Charlie Musselwhite Intervew Extras
Barbara Schultz
Photo by Danny Clinch
Ben Harper's engineer, Sheldon Gomberg, shares more details about the making of Get Up!.
How did you start working with Ben Harper?
I had worked on Rickie Lee Jones' album Balm in Gilead and I met Peter Wark who's one of her managers. Peter is also Joseph Arthur's manager, and he brought Joseph to me to do a record, and that ended up being Fistful of Mercy, which was Ben Harper and Dhani Harrison along with Joseph. That was a few years ago, and that's when I met Ben and started working with him, and we got along great.
What was your general approach to miking these sessions?We treated it like miking the room. Ben and I both said, "I want to go for minimal miking." So, we ended up using three room mics: a mono, and a stereo pair, but I also wanted to put spot mics on everything just in case I needed reinforcement, which of course we ended up using a bit.
What did you and Ben discuss in terms of that off-mic vocal approach?For the most part we were going for some distance so we would get a roomy sound. A lot of times we would place a second mic at a distance in the room just to pick up an ambience, and it really captured it. It sounds like those old blues records.
Can you describe the layout of the room and where the musicians were situated?There aren't really any real corners in the room, per se, but the drums [Jordan Richardson] were back in the "corner," and the bass [Jesse Ingalls] was off to the left [if you're facing the drums], and the guitar [Jason Mozersky] was to the right. Ben was sort of in the center, in the front, facing the band. Charlie was in a little booth for some isolation, though I don't think the door was closed. He was out in front of everybody and he could be looking at everybody.
What was it like working with Charlie Musselwhite?
Awesome. He's a really nice guy, and he's really funny. He's really quick with the one-liners. He's got the greatest attitude: Whatever happens, he just kinda rolls with it. As far as how he is as a musician, he's fantastic. There's that legendary sound. There he is. It was really great.
And working with Ben Harper?
Ben is the greatest to work with. We're very simpatico. We have the same kind of sensibilities, which is nice, and that makes it fun for me, and easy for us to work together. He doesn't overanalyze things. When it feels good, it is good. When it's not right, it gets extra attention. But, hey, Ben always gets it right! He knows what he wants, but is also open to things. He graciously humors my two cents when I offer it . . . though he's probably just patiently waiting for me to run out of pocket change, so he can get back to the business at hand!
In the Studio: Ben Harper
By Barbara Schultz
Extreme Studio Makeover Interview Extras
Garbage Interview Extras
Grit and Soul – Ben Harper and Charlie Musselwhite
Robert Glasper Interview Extras
Bassnectar Interview Extras
Moderat Interview Extras
By Todd Hutlock


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Stuter
Safe Schools?
Homeschools, Private Schools,
and Systems Education
FROM WHENCE WE COME
By Lynn Stuter
I had an interesting discourse with a gentleman the other day, about what is wrong with our nation. He claimed to be a Christian; had studied the Bible; but what became obvious, in our discourse, was that he had no clue the foundation of our nation.
People ask all the time, "How did we get here? What can we do?"
Those who would disparage our Founding Fathers and the foundations of our nation are quick to point out that "not all the Founding Fathers were Christians." They point this up as though it makes the case that our nation was not founded on Christianity.
And it is true that not all our Founding Fathers were Christians. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, for example, are generally considered to be deists, "a belief in God based on reason rather than revelation and involving the view that God has set the universe in motion but does not interfere with how it runs … a belief especially influential in the 17th and 18th centuries." (Encarta Dictionary, North America).
But in reading the writings of our Founding Fathers, one thing becomes crystal clear, that the flow of power should be from "The Creator" to "the people" to "the government". Our Founding Fathers knew that the only way that man could truly be free was to establish a limited form of government that allowed man the greatest latitude to govern self.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…" — Declaration of Independence; In Congress; July 4, 1776
Thus the quote attributed to James Madison,
"We have staked the whole future of American civilization, not upon the power of government, far from it. We have staked the future of all of our political institutions upon the capacity of each and all of us to govern ourselves, to control ourselves, to sustain ourselves according to the Ten Commandments of God."
This quote from John Adams makes things even clearer,
"Our constitution was made for a moral and religious people; it is wholly inadequate for any other."
In other words, in order for America to be free, and Americans to enjoy freedom under a limited form of government, they must choose to govern themselves, control themselves, sustain themselves according to the Ten Commandments of God.
Edmund Burke made the reasoning of the Founding Fathers abundantly clear when he wrote (sic),
"Freedom without virtue is not freedom but license to pursue whatever passions prevail in the intemperate mind; man's right to freedom being in exact proportion to his willingness to put chains upon his own appetites; the less restraint from within, the more must be imposed from without."
In other words, if man does not govern himself according to the Ten Commandments of God, because of man's sin nature, what he imposes upon society will require laws to be written. (Note: used in this context, "man" refers not to gender but to humanoids in general.)
But, you say, this creates a situation, as in England, where the religion of the people is imposed by the state.
No, not so. Our Founding Fathers knew that the only way this nation could remain a limited form of government is if the people, themselves, choose to live by the Ten Commandments of God. Thus the very first amendment to the United States Constitution:
"Freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."
Those who would disparage Christianity claim that Christianity has no place in the halls of government.
This is also not true. The Founding Fathers were very aware of the oppression imposed by the Church of England. They understood that to be free, people must choose, of their own free will, to live their lives according to the Ten Commandments of God, whether in their private lives or while serving the people in the halls of government. The government was established to be non-religious; not the people serving in the government.
Our Founding Fathers never envisioned a government of politicians; they envisioned a government of statesman, principled men who came together to administer a limited form of government, allowing the people the greatest amount of freedom to pursue their lives according to the Ten Commandments of God.
A government of the people, by the people, for the people. The only one like it in the world, often called the greatest experiment in the world. The reason so many have left their countries of birth to seek opportunity in America.
Why is America where it is today?
First of all, how many children in the public schools are taught the reality of the founding of our nation? I can answer that with one word: none. And that situation has been so for more than 50 years.
If a nation knows not from whence it came; it will not know to where it is going and Americans today, by and large, have no clue the founding principles of this nation.
What we are fighting today is truly a spiritual battle. John Adams' prophetic words, that our constitution was wholly inadequate for an unprincipled and immoral people, is upon us. The signs are everywhere …
1. Politicians instead of statesman;
2. Government leaders who worship at the altar of Satan as active members of the Bohemian Grove club, Skull and Bones, and countless others;
3. The use of the public treasury to buy votes (earmarks);
4. The people have become 'stakeholders' to be pandered to at election time and ignored the rest of the time;
5. Moral acts are the subject of derision, while immoral acts are celebrated under the mantra of equal rights;
6. Rampant crime including child sex slavery;
7. Rampant corruption in government;
8. Imperial expansionism;
9. Rabid environmentalism including the global warming hoax;
10. The sustainable global environment based on humanism/New Age;
11. Government schools (aka, "public" schools) to teach that which serves the interests of invasive and oppressive government;
12. The federal reserve bank;
13. Social security, Medicare and Medicaid;
14. The federal income tax;
15. Endless 'police actions' in foreign lands;
16. Rampant sexual promiscuity;
17. Rampant sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDs;
18. Abortion;
19. Churches that speak apostasy from the altar in an attempt to please the flock instead of pleasing God (social gospel);
20. Moral depravation;
… just to name a few.
Some will say "the outlawing of prayer in public schools." That, however, is the result of unconstitutional government schools. Why are government schools unconstitutional? Because education, in every instance, is based on a world view, a philosophy, a religion. As such, each government school, to meet the requirement of the First Amendment, must offer courses based on every religion. As they do not, they are unconstitutional. The religion undergirding government education, at this time, is humanism/New Age. While humanism admits to no Higher Authority (no Creator); New Age believes Higher Authority comes from within (self-divination).
Can we get back to our Founding principles? Never say never.
How do we do that?
Until the people of this nation fall on their knees, ask forgiveness of God, repent and go forth and do better, God will continue to turn his back on this nation and it will continue its slide into oppression.
Our constitution was truly made for a moral and religious people; it is wholly inadequate for any other.
If the American people want to live as free people, there is only one way that can happen.
Our Founding Fathers knew that; they weren't so dumb after all!
� 2010 Lynn M. Stuter - All Rights Reserved
Activist and researcher, Stuter has spent the last fifteen years researching systems theory and systems philosophy with a particular emphasis on education as it pertains to achieving the sustainable global environment. She home schooled two daughters. She has worked with legislators, both state and federal, on issues pertaining to systems governance, the sustainable global environment and education reform. She networks nationwide with other researchers and a growing body of citizens concerned about the transformation of our nation from a Constitutional Republic to a participatory democracy. She has traveled the United States and lived overseas.
Web site: www.learn-usa.com
E-Mail: lmstuter@learn-usa.com�


How to know if website is penalized?
If Website is get penalized by any algorithms, how would we come to know it?
You can do that first (if you have Google Webmaster Tools) login to the account and you will see there if you are under penalties or not.
There are 2 types, one is Manual Penalty: A human (probably from the webspam team), imposed a penalty to your website. This can happen because of a number of reasons and it can be either site-wide i.e. affecting the website as a whole or partial i.e. affecting only some pages of your site.
When this is the case, Google will give you an indication of what the problem is together with a list of actions you can take to correct the issues. Once you make the necessary changes, you can submit a reconsideration request and they will tell you if the penalty has been removed or not.
The other is Algorithmic Penalty: This is the most common type and it is automatic. Algorithmic penalties are not reported to webmaster.
If you think a website's visibility/SERP's has been penalized from a Google update and there are no manual penalties in your Google Search Console, here is a method to check the validity of your hunch.
The click "google / organic" which will let you segment this channel.
Change the report dates to include several months behind when you suspect the website was affected by a Google search update. * Note normally we include at least a whole previous year of data to rule out a false positive from seasonality.
Using the report's graph look for a sharp downward trend which maintains itself over a few weeks or months. Depending on the time frame of the report you might want to change the graphs display to weeks or months.
If you find a consistent dip take note of a few weeks during and around the traffic loss.
If you find a match between a date of known Google algorithm update and the loss of traffic both the above websites offer additional information about the type of update. Also like to mention there are a few services, such as Fruition, that offer "Penalty Checkers" services that we have found helpful.


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'Worst fears, best hopes' for the Trump presidency: Rabbi Jack Moline, Interfaith Alliance
Jack Moline
Rabbi Jack Moline says the choice of Stephen Bannon as chief strategist is a clear indication that concerns about Donald Trump are well-founded. (Courtesy of the Interfaith Alliance)
Editor's note: The upset victory by Donald Trump in the 2016 elections stunned a Jewish activist and leadership class that is at times as divided as the electorate at large. JTA asked some of those leaders to describe their concerns and expectations in a series of brief essays, "Worst fears, best hopes," that will appear regularly between now and Inauguration Day.
(JTA) — I fear that the Donald Trump we saw in the campaign will be the person who serves as our next president.
We are just now starting to see what the incoming administration will look like, but already the choice of Stephen Bannon as chief strategist is a clear indication that concerns about Trump — among Jews and people of all faiths and no faith — are well-founded. The earnest discussions of my younger days about hypothetical changes to civil rights laws and protections are no longer intellectual exercises.
Time is of the essence. We cannot afford to wait and see if President Trump makes good on his campaign promises to roll back religious freedom protections, LGBT rights, protections against discrimination, the rights of Muslim Americans and so much more. And we have already seen that the "religious right" is willing to be complicit in the face of bullying and bigotry if its agenda of legislating love and intimacy is supported.
The Interfaith Alliance and others are working to unite diverse voices to challenge extremism and build common ground. The country is in desperate need of reconciliation and healing even as we stand guard against efforts to undermine precious rights and freedoms. My firm belief is that what unites us is far more powerful than what divides us, and no president is powerful enough to change that fact.
For that to remain a reliable truth, we must listen to and protect each other.
(Rabbi Jack Moline is executive director of the Interfaith Alliance.)
Previous articles in this series can be found here.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of JTA or its parent company, 70 Faces Media.
Colleyville is an opportunity for American Jews to rethink our approach to curbing antisemitism
By	Judah Bernstein	 January 19, 2022 4:09 pm
From vigils to vitriol, the Texas hostage crisis showed social media at its best and worst
By	Andrew Silow-Carroll	 January 19, 2022 11:00 am
I hope we won't let the Texas synagogue hostage crisis erode in-person prayer even more
By	Raphael Magarik	 January 18, 2022 5:04 pm
How Satmar Hasidim used liberal values to create an illiberal 'shtetl' in suburban New York
By	David N. Myers	and Nomi M. Stolzenberg	 January 18, 2022 4:29 pm
Jews and Muslims can walk a common path. Martin Luther King Jr. showed us how.
By	Eboo Patel	and Joshua Stanton	 January 17, 2022 8:41 am
I am a rabbi in a hospital ICU. This is what the COVID surge looks like to our exhausted staff.
By	Rabbi Mike Harvey	 January 12, 2022 4:41 pm


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DNA Structure and Function
Topic Menu
Content Contributors
Ben Whitten
DNA Replication (Updated)
Introduction to DNA replication and provides visuals for better understanding.
DNA replication is defined as the process a DNA molecule undergoes to make a complete and identical copy of itself, readying a cell for cell division.
DNA replication is a semi-conservative process, and the two daughter molecules contain exact copies of the genetic material in the parent molecule. DNA replication is referred to as semi-conservative as one of the two strands is conserved/retained from one generation to the next, while the other strand is brand new.
This process occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle and occurs in preparation for mitosis and meiosis. In eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes gain a sister chromatid and become double-stranded.
DNA Replication: Process
Image: Mackenzie Angell (Graphic Designer)
DNA replication begins with the enzyme DNA helicase 'unzipping' a section of the double-stranded DNA. The enzyme does this by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds holding complementary nitrogenous bases together, hence exposing nucleotide bases. It is important to note that this separation of the parental DNA strands occurs along a small section at a time.
The junction between the now unwound single strands of DNA and the intact double helix is called a replication fork. The replication fork moves along the parental DNA strand so that there is a continuous unwinding of the parental strands.
An enzyme called RNA primase attaches a short sequence of RNA called a primer to show another enzyme (DNA polymerase) where to begin adding nucleotides. Within the nucleus, free-floating nucleotides attach to the exposed bases via complementary base pairing rules; this is catalysed by another enzyme, DNA polymerase.
DNA ligase, a 'gluing' enzyme, seals the new short stretches of nucleotides into a continuous double strand that rewinds back into a helix shape. Ligase catalyses the formation of previously mentioned phosphodiester bonds. The nucleotides link together in a 5' to 3' direction, forming long molecules. As the DNA strands are antiparallel, DNA polymerase moves in opposite directions on the two strands during synthesis; one strand is referred to as the leading strand, while the other is called the lagging strand.
On the leading strand, the synthesis of additional nucleotides is continuous and occurs one after the other in a 5' to 3' direction. On the lagging strand, synthesis is discontinuous as it is in a 3' to 5' direction, and DNA can only be synthesised in a 5' to 3' direction. DNA is instead synthesised in short pieces at different RNA primers, called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase moves in opposite directions on the two antiparallel strands and removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together to form a continuous strand and catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds.
The whole process is a lot to digest! For simplicity, it can be broken down into 5 essential steps.
DNA helicase unwinds and separates the double strands by breaking weak hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Each half of the parent molecule is used as a template.
The enzyme RNA primase attaches a short sequence of RNA known as a primer to show DNA polymerase where to start adding nucleotides.
Free nucleotides are added by DNA polymerase according to complementary base pairing rules in a 5' to 3' direction.
DNA ligase removes and replaces the primers. The result is two identical DNA molecules that are each made up of one original strand and one new strand (semiconservative).
In eukaryotes, two identical sister chromatids are now ready for cell division. In prokaryotes, two identical circular chromosomes are now ready for binary fission.


Paper Mario insane screen grabs: Prologue – ready for some slapstick?
Magikoopa wants that fame and notoriety. Seriously, what if this doofus could beat Mario where no one else could?
Screen grabs taken from Krow's Graveyard's Paper Mario walkthrough.


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The De-Moralization of Society
From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values
Gertrude Himmelfarb (View Bio)
Hardcover: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995; Paperback: Vintage, 1996.
As the debate over values grows ever more divisive, one of the most eminent historians of the Victorian era reminds readers that values are no substitute for virtues–and that the Victorian considered hard work, thrift, respectability, and charity virtues essential to a worthwhile life.
"Himmelfarb, professor emeritus of history at CUNY and the author of several works on Victorian England, including most recently Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians, here contrasts the Victorian 'virtues' of respectability, self-help, orderliness, cleanliness, and obedience with today's vague concept of 'values.' The author debunks the popular perception of Victorians as repressed and materialistic. Instead, according to Himmelfarb, their 'manners and morals' created a society that emphasized a strong family life for all classes and gave rise to a prosperous economy and the early feminist and social service movements. Furthermore, the influence of these virtues caused the incidence of illegitimate births and violent crimes to drop significantly and remain low until the 1960s. This provocative and important book is recommended for all academic and large public libraries." — Kathryn Moore Crowe, Library Journal
"This is intellectual history and historically-based argument as good as they get." — Booklist
"An elegant, literate defense of 19th-century English mores and morals." — New York Magazine
"Although Himmelfarb concedes that Victorian England was rife with class rigidity, discrimination and hypocrisy, she nevertheless believes Victorian society has much to teach us because it preserved a core of 'virtues' such as hard work, self-reliance and deferral of gratification. The compartmentalization of the sexes into separate spheres of activity in that era was more flexible than is generally acknowledged, she argues, pointing to women's involvement in social work, education, government and philanthropy. Professor emeritus of history at the City University of New York, Himmelfarb draws on oral histories, memoirs, newspapers and the writings and personal behavior of William Gladstone, John Stuart Mill, Anthony Trollope, H.G. Wells, Oscar Wilde and others to bolster her arguments. Her challenging study urges liberals and conservatives to move beyond moral relativism in addressing such problems as crime, illiteracy, poverty, welfare and substance abuse." — Publishers Weekly


— and I'm a wedding and elopement photographer based in Portland, Oregon.
I'm a photographer for couples who embrace imperfection and aren't afraid of running late. For the couples who do things their own way. For the couples who know they're marrying their best friend and know they're going to have a good time on their wedding day, regardless of location or details. I'm a photographer for couples who are willing to take risks and break tradition. I'll be there to capture those once in a lifetime moments. Whether you're getting married on a mountain, on a beach, at a waterfall, or in your backyard, we're gonna have fun and we're going to create some gorgeous images.
You can read my full bio here!
Your wedding photos should tell a story. My candid approach and true to color editing will make your images timeless. I strive to capture a true connection and authentic emotions to tell a story as opposed to simply documenting your day. I want you to be able to look back at your wedding album and remember how you felt throughout every part of the experience — from the proposal, to the engagement, to your wedding day.
Did you just get engaged to your best friend and now you feel like making a new one? Your wedding photographer will be with you the majority of the day so you want to ensure you're choosing the right person for the job! I'm ready for all the drinks and all the emails!


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Samsung rests case, wants $421M from Apple
By Michelle Fitzsimmons 2012-08-17T00:35:00.229Z World of tech
The case is inching closer to a conclusion
The trial of the century is drawing to a close
The Apple vs. Samsung trial is drawing to a close, with both sides finished presenting their affirmative cases and closing arguments expected to begin Tuesday.
Housed in the San Jose, Calif. courthouse for three weeks but over a year old, the trial between the two technological behemoths has captivated those inside and outside the industry as much for its high-stakes drama as for what a decision either way will mean for intellectual property, customer loyalty and industry dominance.
While a verdict could take days to reach, both sides are leaving it all on the table, as evidenced by Thursday's pointed, rapid fire testimony.
Once the excitement of U.S. District judge Lucy Koh's inquiry into whether Apple's lawyers were on crack died down, Samsung settled in to prove it's the one owed damages with Apple beginning its arguments why that's just not the case.
Inflated estimations
Samsung, shockingly, thinks Apple's estimate of $2.5 billion to $2.75 billion (£1.59 billion to £1.75 billion) in damages owed is wrong.
Michael Wagner, a former partner at the PriceWaterhouse investing firm, testified Thursday that the figure - if Samsung did indeed infringe on iPhone and iPad patents - is closer to $518 million (£3.29 million).
Wagner said Apple's damages expert, Terry Musika, left out some important data in his billion dollar estimation, such as expenses for sales, marketing and research and development, data critical to coming up with an accurate estimation of what Samsung would actually owe.
"[Apple's] total calculation of total profits did not include the total cost to figure out the profits," he said.
Apple also miscalculated its lost profits, Wagner continued, bringing up a point made by witness heard earlier in the trial that Apple failed to account for its own lack of supply in meeting iPhone and iPad demand during the time it said Samsung was profiting from Apple's lost sales.
If Samsung did make money off infringed products, Wagner estimated it would be closer to the $518 million mark than Musika's mark of $2.24 billion (£1.42 billion).
Apple got Wagner to admit he had trouble obtaining complete financial data from Samsung, an issue that's also come up before due to the company's unique book keeping practices, but Wagner maintained all the information was there and accurate, not like Apple's estimations.
You owe me
Vincent O'Brien then led the charge in Samsung's case for its countersuit.
The damages expert told the court Apple has paid out over $1.4 billion (£8.9 million) to other companies for patent royalties yet has failed to pay Samsung $22.84 million (£14.5 million) for three patents discussed in court Tuesday.
Those patents cover email, photo browsing and music playback.
Because Samsung hasn't lost money due to patent infringements, its damages are calculated as royalties, a job that fell on David Teece to explain.
The University of California at Berkeley chair and economist stated Apple owes Samsung between $290 million (£184 million) and $399 million (£253 million) in lost patent royalty payments.
When the dust settled on the day's testimony, Samsung's lawyers made a play for $421.8 million (£268.1 million) in damages from Apple.
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With only a few hours of trial time left – and a judge unlikely to grant either side any more time – Apple went through a flurry of half a dozen witnesses to start their rebuke of Samsung's claims of infringement.
Apple hasn't infringed on any Samsung patents, each witness claimed, specifically the three mentioned in the trial Tuesday. From engineers to vice presidents, each was led one by one through the patents Samsung alleges Apple copied, arguing all the way the Cupertino company didn't copy any one, let alone Samsung.
Apple's rebuttal picks back up again Friday.
Via CNET and The Verge
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