text:
\section{Introduction}

In this work, we focus on an inverse problem for the following time-fractional diffusion equation with a source:

\bes\label{x1}
\left\{\begin{gathered}
\frac{\partial^\al u }{\partial t}-\frac{\partial^2 u }{\partial x^2} = F(x,t),~~(x,t) \in (0,\pi)  \times (0,T) \hfill\\
u_x(0,t) =u_x(\pi,t)=  0,~~  \hfill\\
u(x,0) = 0,~~x \in \Omega  \hfill\\
\end{gathered}  \right.
\ens
where $\Omega=(0,\pi)$, $T > 0$ and $0 < \al < 1$.  Here $\frac{\partial^\al u }{\partial t}$ is the  Caputo fractional derivative of order $\al $ derivative which first appeared in \cite{Caputo} and is defined for an absolutely continuous function $u$ as
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial^\al u(t) }{\partial t} =\frac{1}{\Gamma(1-\al)}\int\limits_{0}^{t}\frac{u^{\prime}(s)}{(t-s)^{\al}}ds,
\end{align}
where  $\Gamma$ denotes the standard Gamma function.  Note that when  the fractional order $\al$ is equal to $1$,
the fractional derivative $\frac{\partial^\al u }{\partial t}$ is equal to the first-order derivative $\frac{du}{dt}$ \cite{Ki}, and thus the problem
\eqref{x1} becomes the classical diffusion problem. When $F(x,t)\equiv 0$, the problem \eqref{x1} was first studied by Nigmatullin \cite{nigmatullin}, and \cite{zaslavsky}. Recently, among many other researchers, Meerchaert et al. \cite{mnv-09} and Baeumer et al. \cite{bmt-2016} have studied the problem \eqref{x1} in a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^d$. They also obtained a probabilistic representation of the solution using a time-changed Brownian motion, or other time-changed processes.

Problem \eqref{x1} is a forward problem when the source function $F=F(x,t)$ is given appropriately. Whereas, an inverse source problem based on problem \eqref{x1} is to
determine the source term $F$ at a previous time from its value at a final time $T$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
u(x,T) = u_T(x),~~x \in \Omega. \nonumber
\end{equation}
where  the source function  $F=F(x,t)$ can be split into a product $R( t)f (x)$,  and  $R(t)$ is known in advance.

It is known that the inverse source problem mentioned above is ill-posed in general, i.e., a solution does not always exist. When the solution exists, the solution does not depend continuously on the given initial data. In fact, from a small noise
of a physical measurement, the corresponding solution may have a large error. This
makes the numerical computation  troublesome. Hence a regularization is required.
\\
If $\al = 1,$ the inverse source problem \eqref{x1} is the classical ill-posed problem
and has been studied in \cite{Kirsch, 18}. However, there are only a few works on  the fractional inverse source problem; for example, Sakamoto et al.  \cite{Sa}
used the data $u(x_0, t)(x_0 \in \Omega)$ to determine $R(t)$ once $f (x)$ was given, where the authors obtained a Lipschitz stability for $R(t)$. Wei et al. \cite{Wei2} used the Fourier truncation method to solve an inverse source problem with $R(t) = 1$  in the problem (1.1) for one-dimensional problem with special coefficients. Actually,  there are  very limited number of results for the inverse source  problem for the time-fractional diffusion equation when $R(t)$ depends on time.

{Murio \cite{murio} considered an inverse problem of recovering boundary
	functions from transient data at an interior point in a 1-D semi-infinite half-order time-fractional diffusion equation. Liu and Yamamoto \cite{Liu} applied a
	quasi-reversibility regularization method to solve a backward problem for the time-fractional diffusion equation.   Kirane and  Malik  \cite{Ki1} considered an inverse source problem but they  didn't study  regularization problem.  Recently,    among many others, Jin and  Rundell \cite{Jin},  Wei and  Wang \cite{Wei} and Wnag et al. \cite{Wei1}  have studied  an inverse problem for the time fractional diffusion. Tuan et al \cite{Tuan} considered the  inverse source problem \eqref{x1} for the deterministic case using Tikhonov regularization.}

As is well-known, measurements always are given at a discrete set of points
and contain errors. These errors may be generated from controllable sources or uncontrollable sources. In the first case, the error is often deterministic.  Hence, if we know an approximation  $u_T^\ep$ of the final data $u_T$  then we can construct an approximation $f^\ep$ for  the function $f$. If the errors are generated from uncontrollable sources as wind, rain, humidity, etc, then the model is random. Methods used for the deterministic cases cannot be  applied directly to the random  case.  Because of the random noise, the calculation is often intractable. In practical situations, the function
$u_T(x)$ is a result of experimental measurements  and  it cannot   be observed without errors: hence,  in general we have
\begin{equation}
\widetilde u_T(x_k)=u_T(x_k)+\epsilon_k, \quad  k=1,\cdots, n
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_k, k=1,\cdots, n$ are unknown independent random errors. In fact, these errors can come from many sources like the measuring instrument or the environment.

\noindent From now on, we put \[x_k = \pi\dfrac{2k-1}{2n},\qquad \text{ with } k = 1,\cdots, n.\]
We have a data set $D = \Big(\widetilde {u_T}(x_1), \widetilde {u_T}(x_2),\ldots, \widetilde {u_T}(x_n) \Big)$, which is the measure of   $$\Big(u_T(x_1), u_T(x_2),\ldots,u_T(x_n)\Big).$$ Here  $D$ satisfies
\begin{equation}\label{x10}
\widetilde {u_T}(x_k) = u_T(x_k) +\sigma_k \epsilon_k,
\end{equation}
where, $\epsilon_k, k = 1,\cdots, n$ are unknown independent noises. Hence  $\epsilon_{k}\sim \mathcal{N}(0,1)$,  and $\sigma_{k} $ are unknown positive constants which are bounded by a positive constant $V_{max}$, i.e., $0 \leq \sigma_{k} < V_{\text{max}}$ for all $k=1,\cdots, n$. The noises $ \epsilon_{k}$ are mutually independent. To the best of our  knowledge,  there does not exist  any  results on inverse source problem for fractional diffusion with random noise in the literature.
Our main problem in this paper is  finding the source function $f$ from the random data $u_T(x_k), k=1,\cdots, n$.

Our main result in this paper is the following theorem.

\begin{theorem}\label{Exp1}
	Let $\epsilon>0$ and $\epsilon_k\sim N(0,1 )$ be independent normal random variables with $ k=1,\cdots, n$ (as mentioned  above).
	Assume that there exists $\beta >0$ and $E>0$ such that
	\begin{equation}
	\|f\|_{H^\beta(\Omega)} \le E,
	\end{equation}
		where
		$\left\|f \right\|_{H^\beta(\Omega)}^2 = \sum_{p=1}^{\infty}  p^{2\beta} \left|\big\langle f,\phi_p\big\rangle\right|^2   .  $
	 Then
	a regularized function $	\widetilde f_{n,M}$ for $f$ can be computed as follows
	\begin{equation}\label{eq4}
	\widetilde f_{n,M}(x) =\frac{{\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \widetilde u_T(x_k)  } } {\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1} R(s)ds}+\sum_{p=1}^M  \frac{\dfrac{\pi}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \widetilde u_T(x_k)\phi_p(x_k) }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds} \phi_p(x)\nn\\
	\end{equation}
	where $\phi_p(x)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \cos(px)$ for $p=0, 1,2,3,\cdots$ is a sequence of an orthonormal basis of $L^2(\Omega)$  and  the natural numbers $n$, $M$ are called regularization parameters. Moreover, we have the following estimate

	\begin{align}
	\mathbb{E}	\left\|	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)\right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)} &\le \frac{(2-\al)^2}{ R_0^2 T^{4-2\al}} \left(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n} + \frac{\pi^3}{288} \frac{{{\left\| R \right\|}_{\infty}^2}E^2}{n^4}\right)\nn\\
	&+\frac{1} { R_0^2 [1 - E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al}) ]^2 } \Big(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n}+    \frac{\pi^4{\|R\|_{\infty}^2 E^2}}{144 n^4}\Big) M^5\nn\\
	&+M^{-2\beta} E^2.
	\end{align}

	Let  $M:=M_n$ such that $0<M:=M_n <n$ and
	\begin{equation}
	\lim_{n  \to +\infty} \frac{M^5}{n}=0
	\end{equation}
then
\begin{equation}
 \mathbb{E}	\left\|	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)\right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)} \text{is of order}\quad \max\Big(\frac{M^5}{n} , M^{-2\beta}\Big).  \label{mainerror}
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}

\begin{remark}
	By choosing $M := n^{\frac{1}{5+2\beta}}$, and by \eqref{mainerror}, we can conclude that
	\begin{equation}
	\mathbb{E}	\left\|	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)\right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)} \text{is of order} \quad  \Big(\frac{1}{n}\Big)^{\frac{2\beta}{5+2 \beta}}.
	\end{equation}
\end{remark}

\begin{remark}
 The methods of proof in this paper can be used to handle the equation with Laplacian in higher dimensions and L\'evy operators  corresponding to a wide range of L\'evy processes. In particular, this corresponds to replacing the second derivative in equation \eqref{x1} with Laplacian,  or a fractional Laplacian in a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^d$ with Dirichlet or Neuman boundary conditions.
\end{remark}
We give the proof of the main result in the next section. We prove a sequence of Lemmas that are of interest in their own right as well.
\section{Proof of main results}
The proof of the main result follows from a couple of Lemmas.
\begin{lemma}\label{derivative-ML-function}(see \cite{Po})
	Let $\lambda > 0$, then we have:
	\bes
	\frac{d}{dt} E_{\al,1}(-\lambda t^{\al})= - \lambda t^{\al-1} E_{\al,\al}(-\lambda t^{\al}),~~ t > 0, 0 < \al < 1. \nn
	\ens
\end{lemma}

\begin{lemma}\label{mittag-leffler-bound}
	Let $R: [0,T] \to \mathbb{R}$ be a positive continuous function such that $\inf_{t \in [0,T]} |R(t)| =R_0 >0 $. Set $ \|R\|_{\infty}=\sup_{t \in [0,T]} |R(t)|   $. Then we have for all $p \in \mathbb{N}$
	\begin{align} \nonumber
	\frac{ R_0 [1 - E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al}) ] }{  p^2 } &\le \int\limits_{0}^{T} (T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds \le  \frac{\|R\|_{\infty}}{  p^2}.
	\end{align}
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
	Using Lemma 2.1,  we have
	\begin{align}
	\int\limits_{0}^{T} (T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2(T-s)^{\al})ds&=\int\limits_{0}^{T} \Big| s^{\al-1} E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 s^{\al} ) \Big| ds
	= -\frac{1}{p^2} \int\limits_{0}^{T} \frac{d}{ds} E_{\al,1}(-p^2s^{\al}) ds \nn\\
	&= \frac{ 1 - E_{\al,1}(-p^2 T^{\al})}{p^2} \le  \frac{ 1 } {p^2} . \nn
	\end{align}
	This implies that
	\begin{align}
	\int\limits_{0}^{T} (T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2(T-s)^{\al})R(s) ds &\le  \sup_{t \in [0,T]} |R(t)| \int\limits_{0}^{T} (T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2(T-s)^{\al}) ds\nn\\
	& \le \frac{  \|R\|_{\infty} } {p^2}.
	\end{align}
	and
	\begin{align}
	\int\limits_{0}^{T} (T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2(T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds &\ge \Big( \inf_{t \in [0,T]}  |R(t)| \Big) \int\limits_{0}^{T} (T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2(T-s)^{\al}) ds \nn\\
	&\ge R_0  \frac{   1 - E_{\al,1}(-p^2T^{\al})   } {p^2} \ge R_0  \frac{   1 - E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al})   } {p^2}.
	\end{align}
in the last inequality we use the fact that $E_{\al,1}(-p^2T^{\al}) \le E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al}) $ for $p \ge 1$; see, for example, \cite{30}.
	The proof is completed.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}[\cite{Eubank}, page 144]\label{a1}
	Let $p = 1,\ldots,n-1$,  and $q = 1, 2, \ldots $, with $x_k = \pi\dfrac{2k-1}{2n}$ and $\phi_p(x_k) = \sqrt{\dfrac{2}{\pi}}\cos(px_k)$, then  we have
	\begin{align}
	s_{p,q} = \frac{\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_p(x_k)\phi_q(x_k)}}{n} = \begin{cases}
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } \text{ }\dfrac{1}{\pi}, &  q - p =2 l n \text{ or } q + p =2 l n \text{ ($l$  even)},\\[8pt]
	\text{ }-\dfrac{1}{\pi}, & q - p =2 l n \text{ or } q + p =2 l n \text{ ($l$ odd)},\\
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ }\text{ } \text{ } 0, & \text{otherwise.}
	\end{cases}
	\end{align}
	If $q = 1, 2 , \ldots, n-1$, then
	\begin{equation}\label{x11}
	s_{p,q} = \begin{cases}
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } \dfrac{1}{\pi}, & \qquad p=q,\\
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } 0, & \qquad p \ne q.
	\end{cases}
	\end{equation}
	and
	\begin{align}
	\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \phi_p(x_k) = \begin{cases}
	0, & \qquad p \ne 2ln,\\
	(-1)^l\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{\pi}}, & \qquad p = 2ln. \nonumber
	\end{cases}
	\end{align}
\end{lemma}

 From  this lemma, we have the next  result.

\begin{lemma}\label{cc}
	Let $p, n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $0\le p \le n-1$. Assume that $u_T$ is piecewise $C^1$ on $[0,\pi]$ .
	Then
	\begin{equation}\label{y1111}
	\Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_p(x) \Big\rangle= \begin{cases}
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } \dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n u_T(x_k) - \widetilde {G}_{n0}, & \qquad p=0,\\\\
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ }  \dfrac{\pi}{n} \sum_{k=1}^n u_T(x_k) \phi_p(x_k) -  \widetilde {G}_{np}, & \qquad 1 \le p \le n-1.
	\end{cases}
	\end{equation}
	where
	\begin{equation}\label{useful2}
	\widetilde {G}_{np}= \begin{cases}
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } \sqrt{\dfrac{2}{\pi}}\sum_{l=1}^\infty (-1)^ l \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{2ln}(x) \Big\rangle, & \qquad p=0,\\\\
	\sum_{l=1}^\infty (-1)^l \Bigg[  \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{p+2ln}(x) \Big\rangle + \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{-p+2ln}(x) \Big\rangle\Bigg], & \qquad 1 \le p \le n-1.
	\end{cases}
	\end{equation}
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Using the complete orthonormal basis $\{\phi_p; p=0,1,2, \cdots\}$, the function $u_T$ can be written as follows  $$u_T(x_k)=\big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big\rangle+ \sum_{q=1}^\infty \left \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle\phi_q(x_k) .$$
	This implies that
	\begin{align}
	\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n u_T(x_k)\phi_p(x_k) &= \dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \big \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big\rangle \phi_p(x_k) +\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\left(\sum_{q=1}^\infty \left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle\phi_q(x_k)\right)\phi_p(x_k). \nonumber
	\end{align}
	For $p \ge 1$,   using {Lemma \ref{a1} }, we get
	\begin{align}
	\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n u_T  (x_k)\phi_p(x_k) &= \dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\left(\sum_{q=1}^n \left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \phi_q(x_k)\right)\phi_p(x_k) \nn\\
	&+ \dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\left(\sum_{q=n+1}^\infty \left \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \phi_q(x_k)\right)\phi_p(x_j)\nn\\
	&=\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{q=1}^n \left \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \Big[\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_q(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)} \Big]\nn\\
	&\quad \quad +\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{q=n+1}^\infty \left \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \Big[\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_q(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)} \Big]. \label{ine1}
	\end{align}
	By {Lemma \ref{a1}}, we obtain for
	$1 \le q \le n$
	\begin{equation}\label{x1111}
	\left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \Big[\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_q(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)} \Big]= \begin{cases}
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } \dfrac{\left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle n }{\pi}, & \qquad p=q,\\
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } 0, & \qquad p \ne q.
	\end{cases}
	\end{equation}
	For $q \ge n$
	\begin{equation}\label{x11111}
	\left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \Big[\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_q(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)} \Big]= \begin{cases}
	\text{ } \text{ } \text{ } \frac{(-1)^l n\left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle}{\pi} , \quad \text{if} \quad q=p+2ln \quad \text{or}\quad  q=-p+2ln,\hfill \\
	0, \quad \quad  \text{otherwise}.
	\end{cases}
	\end{equation}
	Hence
	\begin{align}
	\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{q=1}^n \left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \Big[\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_q(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)} \Big]= \frac{\left \langle f\left(x\right), \phi_p(x) \right\rangle}{ \pi}. \label{ine2}
	\end{align}
	This implies that
	\begin{align}
	\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{q=n+1}^\infty \left \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle \Big[\sum_{k=1}^n{\phi_q(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)} \Big]= \dfrac{1}{\pi} \sum_{l=1}^\infty (-1)^l \Bigg[  \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{p+2ln}(x) \Big\rangle + \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{-p+2ln}(x) \Big\rangle\Bigg]. \label{ine3}
	\end{align}
	Combining \eqref{x11111}, \eqref{ine2}, \eqref{ine3}   we get
	\begin{align}
	\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n u_T(x_k)\phi_p(x_k) = \dfrac{1}{\pi}\Big[ \left \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_q(x) \right\rangle +  \widetilde {G}_{np} \Big]. \label{ine1}
	\end{align}
	Therefore, \eqref{useful2} holds for $1 \le p \le n-1$. Similarly, we have
	\begin{align}
	\sum_{k=1}^nu_T(x_k) &= n \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big \rangle + \sum_{p=1}^\infty \big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_p(x) \Big \rangle\sum_{k=1}^n\phi_p(x_k) \nn\\
	&= n \Big \langle u_T \left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big \rangle + n \widetilde {G}_{n0}. \nonumber
	\end{align}
	This completes the proof of Lemma~\ref{cc}.
\end{proof}

The following Lemma gives the formula of $f$  in terms of  $u_T(x_k)$.

\begin{lemma}\label{thr1}
	Let $0<M<n$, $M \in \mathbb{N}$. Assume that $u_T$ is as in Lemma~\ref{cc}. Then the source function $f$ is given by
	\begin{align}\label{theta1}
	f(x) &=\frac{{\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n u_T(x_k) - \widetilde {G}_{n0}}} {\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1} R(s)ds}+ \sum_{p=1}^M  \frac{\dfrac{\pi}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n u_T(x_k)\phi_p(x_k)  - \widetilde {G}_{np}}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds} \phi_p(x) \nonumber \\
	& +\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty
	\frac{\Big<u_T(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds} \phi_p(x) .
	\end{align}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
First, we  have the following equality
	\begin{align}
	f(x) =  \frac{\Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big\rangle}{ \int_0^T {{{(T - s)}^{\alpha  - 1}}} R(s)ds   } + \sum\limits_{p=1}^{\infty} \frac{\Big<u_T(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>\phi_{p}(x)  } { \int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds} . \label{f-bound-eq1}
	\end{align}

	{To prove \eqref{f-bound-eq1}, we   use the results of  Sakamoto and Yamamoto \cite{Sa}. According Theorem 2.4 in \cite{Sa},  the solution of  $\eqref{x1}$ satisfies
	\begin{equation}
	\Big<u(x,t),\phi_{p}(x)\Big> = E_{\al,1}(-p^2 t^{\al}) 	\Big<u(x,0),\phi_{p}(x)\Big> + \int\limits_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (t-s)^{\al})\Big<F(x,s),\phi_{p}(x)\Big> ds.
	\end{equation}
By letting $t=T$ in the last equality,  recalling  $u(x,0) = 0$ and $F_p(s)= R(s) \Big<f(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>$ , we get
	\begin{equation}
	\Big<u(x,T),\phi_{p}(x)\Big> =\Big<f(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big> \int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds .
	\end{equation}
This implies \eqref{f-bound-eq1}. }\\
	Using {Lemma \ref{cc}}, the first term of the right hand side of the last equality is equal to
	\begin{align}
	\Big \langle f\left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big\rangle &= \frac{{{\Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_0(x) \Big\rangle}}}{{\int_0^T {{{(T - s)}^{\alpha  - 1}}} R(s)ds}} = \frac{{\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n u_T ({x_k}) - {\widetilde {G}_{n0} } }}{{\int_0^T {{{(T - s)}^{\alpha  - 1}}} R(s)ds}}
	\end{align}
	and the second term on the right hand side of \eqref{f-bound-eq1} is equal to
	\begin{align}
	&\sum\limits_{p=1}^{\infty}\frac{\Big<u_T\left(x\right),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>\phi_{p}(x)  }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds} \nn\\
	&= \sum\limits_{p=1}^{M}\frac{\Big<u_T\left(x\right),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>\phi_{p}(x)  }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds} + \sum\limits_{p=M+1}^{\infty}\frac{\Big<u_T\left(x\right),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>\phi_{p}(x)  }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds}  \nn\\
	&=  \sum\limits_{p=1}^{M}\frac{\left( {\frac{\pi }{n}\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n u_T ({x_k}){\phi _p}(x) - {\widetilde G_{np}}} \right){\phi _p}(x)}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds  }  + \sum\limits_{p=M+1}^{\infty}\frac{\Big<u_T(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>\phi_{p}(x)  }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds  }. \label{lim-eq2}
	\end{align}
	Substituting \eqref{lim-eq2} into~\eqref{f-bound-eq1}, we get~\eqref{theta1}.
\end{proof}

Now, we return the proof of main result.
\begin{proof}[Proof of Theorem \ref{Exp1}]
First, 	we have the following estimate
	\begin{align}
	\Big| {\left\langle {u_T\left( x \right),{\phi _p}(x)} \right\rangle } \Big|& =   \Bigg[ \int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds \Bigg]  \Big| {\left\langle {f\left( x \right),{\phi _p}(x)} \right\rangle } \Big|\nn\\
	& \le \frac{{{{\left\| R \right\| }_{\infty}}} \|f\|_{L^2(\Omega)}   }{{{p^2}}} .\label{useful3}
	\end{align}
	Using  \eqref{eq4}  and \eqref{f-bound-eq1}, we obtain
	\begin{align}
	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)&=  \frac{{\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \sigma_k \ep_k  } +\widetilde G_{n0}} {\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1} R(s)ds}+ \sum\limits_{p=1}^{M} \Bigg[\frac{{\frac{\pi }{n}\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n \sigma_k {{\epsilon _k}{\phi _p}({x_k})}  + {\widetilde {G}_{np}}} }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds }\Bigg] \phi_p(x)  \nn\\
	&-\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty
	\Bigg[\frac{\Big<u_T(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds}\Bigg] \phi_p(x)
	\end{align}
	Applying  Lemma ~\ref{thr1} we obtain
	\begin{align}
	\|	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}&=  \Bigg[ \frac{{\dfrac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \sigma_k\ep_k  } +\widetilde G_{n0}} {\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1} R(s)ds} \Bigg]^2 + \sum\limits_{p=1}^{M} \Bigg[\frac{{\frac{\pi }{n}\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n \sigma_k {{\varepsilon _k}{\phi _p}({x_k})}  + {\widetilde {G}_{np}}} }{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds } \Bigg]^2\nonumber \\
	&+\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty\Bigg[  \frac{\Big<u_T(x),\phi_{p}(x)\Big>}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds}\Bigg]^2  \nonumber
	\end{align}
	This follows from  the Parseval identity and the  fact that $\mathbb{E}(\epsilon_j \epsilon_l) = 0$; $(j \ne l)$, and $\mathbb{E}\epsilon_j = 0; j = 1,2, \ldots ,n$.  Now

	\begin{align}  \label{upper-eq1}
	&\mathbb{E}	\left\|	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)\right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}\nn\\
	 &=\underbrace {\frac{\dfrac{1}{n^2}\sum_{k=1}^n \sigma_k^2 \mathbb{E}\epsilon_k^2 + \widetilde G_{n0}^2} {  \left( \int_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\alpha-1}R(s)ds \right)^2 } }_{=: I_1}
	+\underbrace{ \sum_{p=M+1}^\infty \left[ {\dfrac{\langle u_T(x),\phi_p(x) \rangle}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds}} \right]^2 }_{=:I_2} \nonumber \\
	& +\underbrace{ \sum_{p=1}^M  \frac{\dfrac{\pi^2}{n^2}\sum_{k=1}^n\sigma_k^2 \mathbb{E}\epsilon_k^2 + \widetilde G_{np}^2 }{\bigg[\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds\bigg]^2} }_{=:I_3}.
	\end{align}
	First, by  \eqref{useful2} and \eqref{useful3} we know that
	\begin{equation}
	\widetilde G_{n0} \le \sqrt{\dfrac{2}{\pi}}\sum_{l=1}^\infty \left| {\langle u_T\left( x \right),{\phi _{2ln}}(x)\rangle } \right|
	\le \sqrt {\frac{2}{\pi }} \sum\limits_{l = 1}^\infty  \frac{ \|R\|_{\infty}  \|f\|_{L^2(\Omega)}  }{4l^2 n^2} =\sqrt {\frac{2}{\pi }} \frac{\pi^2}{24} \frac{ \|R\|_{\infty} \|f\|_{L^2(\Omega)}  }{n^2} .
	\end{equation}
	where we use the fact that $\sum_{l=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{l^2}= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$.
	By a similar method  as above, we  obtain
	\begin{align}
	\widetilde G_{np} &\le \sum_{l=1}^\infty  \Bigg|  \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{p+2ln}(x) \Big\rangle + \Big \langle u_T\left(x\right), \phi_{-p+2ln}(x) \Big\rangle\Bigg|\nn\\
	&\le   {\|R\|_{\infty} \|f\|_{L^2(\Omega)} }  \Bigg[\sum_{l=1}^\infty \frac{1}{(p+2ln)^2} +\sum_{l=1}^\infty \frac{1}{(-p+2ln)^2}\Bigg]\nn\\
	& \le \frac{\pi^2}{12}    \frac{{\|R\|_{\infty} \|f\|_{L^2(\Omega)} }}{n^2}.
	\end{align}
	Since  $\sigma_k < V_{\max}$, we estimate $I_1$ as follows
	\begin{align}
	I_1 \le \frac{ \dfrac{ V^2_{\max}}{n} + \widetilde G_{n0}^2 }{ \pi^2 \left( \int_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\alpha-1}R(s)ds \right)^2  } \le \frac{(2-\al)^2}{ R_0 ^2 T^{4-2\al}} \left(\dfrac{ V^2_{\max}}{n} + \frac{\pi^3}{288} \frac{{{\left\| R \right\|}_{\infty}^2}\left\| f \right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)} }{n^4}\right) .\label{max-eq2}
	\end{align}

 {	By equation  \eqref{f-bound-eq1}, we know that for $p \ge 1$
	\begin{equation}
	<f(x), \phi_p(x)>=	 {\dfrac{\langle u_T(x),\phi_p(x) \rangle}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds}}.
	\end{equation}
}

 {
Recall  the definition of $I_2$ in \eqref{upper-eq1}:
\begin{align}
I_2=\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty \left[ {\dfrac{\langle u_T(x),\phi_p(x) \rangle}{\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds}} \right]^2 .
\end{align}
}

	 {
	using the last two equations,  we get
		\begin{align}
		I_2=\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty \Big[<f(x), \phi_p(x)> \Big]^2 .
		\end{align}
	}

		 {
		Since  $1=p^{-2\beta} p^{2\beta} $, we can rewrite $I_2$ as follows
			\begin{equation}\label{i2-sum}
			I_2=\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty p^{-2\beta} p^{2\beta}\Big|<f(x), \phi_p(x)> \Big|^2.
			\end{equation}
		}

		 {
In the last series \eqref{i2-sum}  since $p \ge M+1 >M$, we get $p^{-2\beta} \le M^{-2\beta}$.
}

 {
Using the last two  observations, we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{i2-tilde-1}
I_2 \le \sum_{p=M+1}^\infty  M^{-2\beta} p^{2\beta}\Big|<f(x), \phi_p(x)> \Big|^2 \phi_p^2(x)= M^{-2\beta} \underbrace{\sum_{p=M+1}^\infty p^{2\beta}\Big|<f(x), \phi_p(x)> \Big|^2  }_{:=\widetilde I_2}.
\end{equation}
}

 {
	It is easy to see that
	\bes\label{i2-tilde-2}
	\widetilde I_2 = \sum_{p=M+1}^\infty p^{2\beta}\Big|<f(x), \phi_p(x)> \Big|^2  \le \sum_{p=1}^\infty p^{2\beta}\Big|<f(x), \phi_p(x)> \Big|^2 = \left\|f \right\|_{H^\beta(\Omega)}^2.
	\ens
}

 {
	Using \eqref{i2-tilde-1} and \eqref{i2-tilde-2}, we get
	\begin{align}
	I_2 &\le   M^{-2\beta} \left\|f \right\|_{H^\beta(\Omega)}^2.
	\label{I2-eq3}
	\end{align}
	 }

	Using Lemma \ref{mittag-leffler-bound},  the $I_3$ term  can be estimated as follows
	\begin{align}
	I_3 &\le \Bigg(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n}+  \frac{\pi^4}{144}    \frac{{\|R\|_{\infty}^2 \|f\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}  }}{n^4}\Bigg) \sum_{p=1}^M  {\bigg[\int\limits_{0}^{T}(T-s)^{\al-1}E_{\al,\al}(-p^2 (T-s)^{\al}) R(s)ds\bigg]^{-2}}  \nn\\
	&\le\Bigg(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n}+  \frac{\pi^4}{144}    \frac{{\|R\|_{\infty}^2 \|f\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}  }}{n^4}\Bigg) \sum_{p=1}^M \frac{  p^4 }{ R_0^2 [1 - E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al}) ]^2 } \nn\\
	&\le\frac{1} { R_0^2 [1 - E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al}) ]^2 } \Big(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n}+    \frac{\pi^4{\|R\|_{\infty}^2 \|f\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}  }}{144 n^4}\Big) M^5. \label{I3-eq4}
	\end{align}

	Combining \eqref{upper-eq1}, \eqref{max-eq2}, \eqref{I2-eq3}, \eqref{I3-eq4}, we obtain
	\begin{align}
	\mathbb{E}	\left\|	\widetilde {f}_{n,M}(x) - f(x)\right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)} &\le  \frac{(2-\al)^2}{ R_0^2 T^{4-2\al}} \left(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n} + \frac{\pi^3}{288} \frac{{{\left\| R \right\|}_{\infty}^2}\left\| f \right\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}  }{n^4}\right)\nn\\
	&+\frac{1} { R_0^2 [1 - E_{\al,1}(-T^{\al}) ]^2 } \Big(\dfrac{\pi^2 V^2_{\max}}{n}+    \frac{\pi^4{\|R\|_{\infty}^2 \|f\|^2_{L^2(\Omega)}   }}{144 n^4}\Big) M^5\nn\\
	&+M^{-2\beta} \left\|f \right\|_{H^\beta}^2.
	\end{align}
	This completes the proof.
\end{proof}

\section*{Acknowledgment}
The first author  gratefully acknowledge stimulating discussions with
 Prof Dang Duc Trong.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Lituanie (434) > Education, orientation et formation professionnelles (12)
Nom: Act No. VIII-854 of 2 July 1998 to amend the Act on Education (Text No. 4).
Pays: Lituanie
Sujet(s): Education, orientation et formation professionnelles; Enseignants
Publié le: Vedomosti, 1999-01-20, No. 2, pp. 2-14
ISN: LTU-1998-L-52138
Bibliographie: Vedomosti, 1999-01-20, No. 2, pp. 2-14
Résumé/Citation: Provides for tasks of the educational system and determines the various types of education (inter alia, primary, secondary, vocational, higher education). Also provides for creation, reorganization and liquidation of educational establishments. Section 17 deals with teachers' wages. Establishes rights, obligations and responsibilities of pupils, parents and teachers and deals with the organization of the educational process.
Texte(s) modificateur(s):
1998-07-02 (LTU-1998-L-57251)Act No. VIII-854 of 2 July 1998 on Education, as amended to 11 May 2000 No. VIII-1678 (Consolidation).
1991-06-25 (LTU-1991-L-45713)Act No. I-1489 of 25 June 1991 on Education.

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text:
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review 2020-01-14 14:46
Der rätselhafte Landsitz in Gloucestershire
milkysilvermoon - Blog für Buchrezensionen
Als Kind ist es recht still um Clara Waterfield. Sie wächst behütet, aber auch isoliert in London auf, denn aufgrund der Glasknochenkrankheit darf sie nicht nach draußen. Doch als ihre Mutter stirbt, öffnet sich für die junge Frau eine völlig neue Welt. Im Sommer 1914 wird sie als Botanikerin nach Gloucestershire gerufen: Sie soll auf einem Landsitz namens Shadowbrook den Aufbau eines Gewächshauses mit exotischen Pflanzen betreuen. Der dortige Garten ist üppig bewachsen und überwältigend. Doch das alte Wohnhaus wirkt seltsam abweisend, die meisten Räume stehen leer oder sind verschlossen. Mr. Fox, der Eigentümer, ist viel auf Reisen. Und nachts scheint es im Haus zu spuken. Doch Clara glaubt nicht an Geister und macht sich daran, die Geheimnisse zu ergründen. Dabei muss sie feststellen, dass dort nichts so ist, wie es scheint.
"Das Geheimnis von Shadowbrook" ist ein Roman von Susan Fletcher.
Der Roman besteht aus 17 jeweils recht langen Kapiteln. Erzählt wird aus der Ich-Perspektive aus der Sicht von Clara. Die Handlung umfasst einige Jahre und endet im Februar 1918. Der Aufbau funktioniert gut.
Der Schreibstil ist anschaulich, bildhaft und sehr atmosphärisch, aber zum Teil auch ausschweifend. Der Einstieg fiel mir nicht schwer. Die Geschichte nimmt jedoch nur sehr langsam Fahrt auf.
Mit Clara gibt es eine reizvolle Protagonistin, die durchaus authentisch dargestellt wird, aber mir nicht auf Anhieb sympathisch war. Auch die übrigen Charaktere sind größtenteils interessant gestaltet.
Thematisch hat der Roman einiges zu bieten: eine seltene Krankheit, die Botanik, mutmaßlicher Geisterspuk und andere rätselhafte Dinge, eingebettet in die Kulisse der Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg.
Alles in allem ist die Geschichte abwechslungsreich und unterhaltsam. An einigen Stellen ist der mehr als 400 Seiten umfassende Roman jedoch etwas langatmig, weil die Handlung zwischendurch an Tempo verliert. Auch die Auflösung der Geheimnisse konnte mich nicht ganz überzeugen.
Die optische Gestaltung der gebundenen Ausgaben wirkt hochwertig und spricht mich sehr an. Der deutsche Titel weicht zwar stark vom englischsprachigen Original ab ("House of Glass"), gefällt mir aber sehr gut.
"Das Geheimnis von Shadowbrook" von Susan Fletcher ist ein Roman mit vielen Stärken, aber auch einigen Schwächen. Eine ungewöhnliche Lektüre, die meine Erwartungen nicht voll erfüllen konnte, aber mich trotzdem gut unterhalten hat.
A beautiful, contemplative, and touching novel about what it means to be whole
Just Olga and her books
Thanks to NetGalley and to Little, Brown Book Group UK for providing me an ARC copy of this book. I was later contacted by Kimberley Nyamhondera suggesting I take part in the blog tour for the launch of the book, and as I knew the author I immediately agreed.
I had read and reviewed another one of Susan Fletcher's books (Let Me Tell You About a Man I Knew, you can read my review here) a couple of years ago and loved it. When I checked my review, to remind myself what I had thought about it in more detail, I realised I could use almost word by word the same title for my review, although the subject of the novel is quite different. "A beautiful, contemplative, and touching novel." Yes, this definitely applies to House of Glass as well. This time the story is set in the UK right before the breaking of the First World War, and in fact, there are rumours spreading about its likelihood already when the novel starts. It is a fascinating time, and the life of the protagonist, Clara Waterfield, is deeply affected by the historical period she has to live in, from her birth in very late Victorian times, to what would be a very changed world after the Great War, with the social upheaval, the rapid spread of industrialization, the changing role of women, and the all-too-brief peace.
Clara, who tells the story in the first person, is a great creation, who becomes dearer and dearer to us as we read the book. This is not a novel about a protagonist who is fully-formed, recognisable and unchanging, and runs across the pages from one action scene to the next hardly pausing to take a breather. Clara reflects upon her past (although she is very young, she has suffered greatly, but not lived much), her condition (she suffers from osteogenesis imperfecta, brittle bones, and that meant that she was kept indoors and not exposed to the risks and dangers of the outside world, the London streets in her case throughout her childhood), her family, and life experiences or her lack of them. No matter what she looks like, her short stature, her difficulty walking, her limitations in physical activity, this is a determined woman, make no mistake. She has learned most of what she knows through books (non-fiction mostly, although she enjoyed the Indian tales her mother used to read her), she has experienced not only pain, but other kinds of loses, and there are secrets and mysteries surrounding her, but despite all that, she is all practical and logical when we meet her. Her lack of exposure to the real world makes her a fascinating narrator, one who looks at everything with the eyes of a new-born or an alien suddenly landed in our society, who might have theoretical knowledge but knows nothing of how things truly work, while her personality, determined and stubborn, and her enquiring nature make her perfect to probe into the mystery at the heart of Shadowbrook.
Readers might not find Clara particularly warm and engaging to begin with (despite the sympathy they might feel for her suffering, something she would hate), as she dispenses with the niceties of the period, is headstrong and can be seen as rude and unsympathetic. At some point, I wondered if there might have been more to her peculiar personality than the way she was brought up (she can be obsessive with the things she likes, as proven by her continuous visits to Kew Gardens once she discovers them, and her lack of understanding of social mores and her difficulty in reading people's motivations and feelings seemed extreme), but she quickly adapts to the new environment, she thrives on change and challenges, she shows a great, if somewhat twisted, sense of humour at times, and she evolves and grows into her own self during the novel, so please, readers, stick with the book even if you don't connect with her straightaway or find her weird and annoying at times. It will be worth your while.
Her point of view might be peculiar, but Clara is a great observer of people and of the natural world. She loves her work and she is careful and meticulous, feeling an affinity for the exotic plants of the glass house, that, like her until recently, also have to live enclosed in an artificial environment for their own safety. That is partly what enhances their beauty and their rarity in our eyes. By contrast, Clara knows that she is seen as weird, lacking, less-able, and hates it. She is a deep thinker and reflects upon what she sees, other people's behaviours, she imagines what others might be talking about, and dreams of her dead mother and soon also of the mystery behind the strange happenings at the house.
The novel has been described as gothic, and that is a very apt description, even though it is not always dark and claustrophobic. There are plenty of scenes that take place in the garden, in the fields, and in the open air, but we do have the required strange happenings, creaks and noises, scratches on doors, objects and flowers behaving in unpredictable fashion, previous owners of the house with a troublesome and tragic past, a mysterious current owner who hides something, violence, murder, and plenty of rumours. We have a priest who is conflicted by something, a loyal gardener who knows more than he says, a neighbouring farmer who has plenty of skeletons in his closet, and a housekeeper who can't sleep and is terrified. But there is much more to the novel than the usual tropes we have come to expect and love in the genre. There is social commentary; there are issues of diversity and physical disability, discussions about religious belief and spirituality, and also about mental health, women's rights, and the destructive nature of rumours and gossip, and some others that I won't go into to avoid spoilers.
I don't want to give anything away, and although the story moves at a steady and contemplative pace, this in no way makes it less gripping. If anything, the beauty of the language and the slow build up work in its favour, giving us a chance to get fully immersed in the mood and the atmosphere of the place.
I marked a lot of passages, and I don't think any of them make it full justice, but I've decided to share some, nonetheless:
She'd also said that there was no human perfection; that if the flaw could not be seen physically, then the person carried it inside them, which made it far worse, and I'd believed this part, at least.
For my mother had never spoken well of the Church. Patrick had said nothing at all of it. And my own understanding had been that imperfect bodies were forms of godly punishment; that imperfect meant I was worth less somehow. I'd disliked this notion intensely. Also, I was not a spare rib.
I could not taste fruit from studying a sketch of it, cut in half. What use was only reading of acts and not doing them? Knowing the route of the Ganges was not the same as standing in it.
The ending… We find the solution to the mystery, (which I enjoyed, and at the time I wondered why the book did not finish at that point) but the novel does not end there, and we get to hear what happened in the aftermath of the story. And yes, although at first, I wasn't sure that part was necessary, by the end of the book proper I was crying and felt as if I was leaving a close friend in Clara, one that I was convinced would go on to lead a happy life.
Another fantastic novel by Susan Fletcher, one I recommend to fans of gothic novels, of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca and her other novels, of Sarah Waters' The Little Stranger, and of inspiringly gorgeous writing. I do not recommend it to readers who prefer an action-laden plot with little space for thought or reflexion, although why not check a sample of the book and see for yourselves? I must catch up on the rest of the author's novels and I hope there will be many more to come.
mystery ghosts Victorian Gothic Secrets WWI womens rights first-person narration osteogenesis imperfecta suzanne fletcher
Corrag
There is a stillness and beauty to Susan Fletcher's writing that will enchant the reader and take your breath away with beautiful vivid descriptions of the Scottish Highlands and a tale that will transport you to another time and place. Prepare to be bewitched
Corrag is the story of a young woman who has witnessed the horrific massacare of Glencoe on a winters dawn in 1692, where William IIIs redcoats brutally slaughtered 32 of the McDonald's Men Women and Children Clan. The reason for the massacre was their loyalty to the exiled Catholic James II, however sadly for the McDonalds a signed oath of their allegiance to William the III has been signed six days too late and the punishment is devastating.
The story is passionately and beautifully told by Corrag (who has been branded a witch and imprissioned ) to the visiting Irish Political Activist Charles Leslie who is secretely gathering evidence against King William of Orange.
The novel is full of lyrical and poetic prose and the descriptions of Scottish Highlands will have you think you are right there among the mountains and glens and smelling the heather and herbs.
Corrag herself is a wonderful free spirited character who dwells in her world without Kings and religion to answer to and she lives her life doing good and carrying on the traditions of her mother and those that have gone before her.
I listened to this Book on audio and the narration was very good and very easy to follow.
A great read for anyone who enjoys novels set in Scotland or readers who enjoy historical fiction where a story is created around an epic event.
fromfirstpagetolast
My thanks to Virago for the review copy. The following review is my honest opinion of the novel.
Jeanne Trabuc has spent the last 30 years married to Charles Trabuc, warden of the hospital Saint-Paul-de-Mausole, an asylum in Provence. She has spent those years raising children, seeing them leave for new lives. She keeps house, avoids the gossip of the women at the market and complies with Charles' rule that she does not interact with the patients. But then a new patient arrives, a painter, troubled and suffering from a grievous self-inflicted injury. Jeanne finds herself drawn to this man with the bright red hair and Dutch name. As she gets to know the painter her staid life begins to change.
Just as Vincent in his paintings uses layers of colours to create the whole, his friendship with Jeanne highlights her layers. She re-discovers the girl she used to be, doing handstands in the town square, reflects on her relationship with her beloved father and assesses her relationship with Charles. I want to be careful not to reveal too much about the story as the joy of the book really is in following Jeanne's journey of self-discovery.
This is not really a story about Vincent Van Gogh. He is the catalyst that starts Jeanne's journey of self-discovery, or more aptly, re-discovery. His friendship with the older woman ignites in her the sense of freedom and liberation she once had and sets her mind to wondering what more life can have to offer her.
Susan Fletcher uses such vivid descriptions I could easily imagine the scenes played out in the novel, imagined them as if Van Gogh himself had painted them using his bright oil paints and unique style. Vincent is portrayed as a conflicting character, self-centred when it comes to his art, often aloof yet slowly he becomes more open with the warden's wife, allowing glimpses into his life and his mental health.
The characterisation in the novel is spot on. I could easily imagine the nuns wandering the asylum, the troubled colleague of Charles, and the gossiping women of the market, staring at Jeanne and whispering as she walked by. Charles is an interesting character, a war veteran, who's hard, unyielding exterior may hide hidden emotions, hinted at by his reaction to the departure of his youngest son. I could easily envisage Vincent, straw hat atop his fiery red hair, beard speckled with paint as he stood before his easel. As for Jeanne, she is of course the focus of this novel and slowly comes alive as the reader discovers more about her. I soon found myself enchanted with the world of Jeanne Trabuc. She seems both younger than her years but world weary, practical yet romantic and she was a joy to read.
This really is a well-written, engaging, wonderful tale of friendship, love and acceptance. It is the first novel by Susan Fletcher I have read. I will be seeking out her others. Highly recommended.
Let Me Tell You About A Man I Knew by Susan Fletcher
It's a Mad Mad World
Provence, May 1889. The hospital of Saint-Paul-de Mausole is home to the mentally ill. An old monastery, it sits at the foot of Les Alpilles mountains amongst wheat fields, herbs and olive groves. For years, the fragile have come here and lived quietly, found rest behind the shutters and high, sun-baked walls.
Tales of the new arrival - his savagery, his paintings, his copper-red hair - are quick to find the warden's wife. From her small white cottage, Jeanne Trabuc watches him - how he sets his easel amongst the trees, the irises and the fields of wheat, and paints in the heat of the day.
Jeanne knows the rules; she knows not to approach the patients at Saint-Paul. But this man - paint-smelling, dirty, troubled and intense - is, she thinks, worth talking to. So ignoring her husband's wishes, the dangers and despite the word mad, Jeanne climbs over the hospital wall. She will find that the painter will change all their lives.
Let Me Tell You About A Man I Knew is a beautiful novel about the repercussions of longing, of loneliness and of passion for life. But it's also about love - and how it alters over time.
I think one of the reasons that I enjoyed this book so much is that Susan Fletcher manages to write a story about Vincent van Gogh's stay at the hospital of Saint-Paul-de Mausole and his meetings with Jeanne Trabuc, and yet Fletcher doesn't let Vincent take over the story. That could easily have happened, he is a charismatic man, but the book is pretty much Jeanne's story, her recollections about her childhood, her marriage life as she steals away moments to talk to the mad painter. Meetings she is forbidden since her husband doesn't want her to meet the patients, but she does it anyway.
And through the book we get to know Jeanne, the girl she was, and the woman she is now. Her life with her husband, and her three now grown children. It's the meetings with Vincent van Gogh that makes her realize what she is missing in life, he brings the world to her and Jeanne starts to change, and suddenly the silent woman isn't so silent anymore. But, can she make her husband see that the changes are for the good that she is turning into the woman she used to be?
This is a book I'm very glad I read. Fletcher has a way of writing that makes the story come alive, there is a flow in the text and I can easily image everything she has written. She describes the houses, the people, the country, and the paintings well,
I liked this book very much. I liked that the story is about an ordinary woman that for a short while knew one of the greatest painters that have ever lived. I loved the cover to the book with Jeanne and the painting of Starry Night, I didn't know that Vincent van Gogh painted some of his most famous work at the hospital of Saint-Paul-de Mausole including Starry Night.
I want to thank Virago for providing me with a free copy for an honest review!
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Francisco Franco is a California Artist who has been painting professionally in the Bay Area since 2002 after graduating from the New York Academy of Art where he was taught painting and anatomy by some of the best contemporary figurative artists on the East Coast. While there, he was also awarded a fellowship to study anatomy at Oxford University. Francisco's undergraduate study was done at the University of California at Berkeley, where he majored in Art Practice and minored in Philosophy and where he developed his conceptual approaches. His artistic beginnings were at Modesto Junior College and the streets of Empire, California.
The work you see here begins with his studies at the NYAA, where on his first week of class, he witnessed firsthand the attack on the Twin Towers in New York, an experience, which shook him to the core and in an instant his world took on a new existential dimension. For the first time in his life, he recognized his own imminent mortality and instantly became obsessed with the thought of death and the inevitable fact that we would all have to face it.
"I became so obsessed with this fact that I literally walked around for a year wondering why no one was freakin' out and discussing this horrible truth."-Francisco.
His studies abroad only helped to reinforce and further drive this idea home. While in Oxford he was required to draw from cadavers under Oxford Professor Sarah Simblet, where he was taught to think of a pencil as a scalpel, there he also met and spent time studying the anatomical plastinations of Dr. Gunther von Haggens. To quote Francisco, "Can you imagine the mind f*@$? There I was studying and contemplating my future as an artist, all the while sitting in front of a dead corpse, witnessing first hand that ultimate inevitable and horrible truth. I was left with what I believe was post-traumatic stress." Years went by with this hidden trauma that was having a number of negative effects and consequences that were both affecting him physically and psychologically. It wasn't until he turned to his ancestral roots and heritage that he started to heal from this. While doing research work for a mural at San Jose's Chicano Studies library, he came across a few books on the Dia de los Muertos or Day of the Dead celebration in Mexico. A concept celebrated and began with the ancient Mayans, through the Aztec era, and snuck into Spanish culture in the guise of Catholicism's All Saints Day. It was through the cathartic power of art and the idea of the Day of the Dead Celebrations that he was able to finally come to terms with the concept of death that we all have to face by embracing and celebrating death as a part of life. Like the sugar skulls of Mexico, by dressing up the symbol of death with the sweetness of life, using vivid color and humor he began to find a more holistic and satisfying view of the world.


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12 Songs You Didn't Know Were Written About Famous People
You probably think this song is about you.
How many times have you turned on the radio or put your iPod on shuffle and thought, "Oh, this is my song?" Chances are that it's happened before; people are constantly finding songs that speak to them, that make them feel good, or that they just plain like to hear. However, despite feeling connected to these songs, they aren't really "yours." But what if they were? What if one day you turned on the radio and heard someone singing about a life that could only be yours? What if you heard all your shortcomings spread across the airwaves, or had your indiscretions laid plain for everyone to hear? Maybe you'd hear a friend-turned-enemy call you out for something you'd done to them, or simply attack all that you are? Or maybe you'd be lucky, and hear a lyrical love letter with your name on it, or a message from someone close to you that just wants to make you better. It's happened before. In the case of these twelve songs, their writers pulled inspiration straight from their personal lives and those of those around them. Some of the songs, such as Elton John's "Candle in the Wind," make their subjects readily known, using personal details in their lyrics. Some reference past events without overtly addressing them, such as Gwen Stefani's "Hollaback Girl." Others, like Don McLean's legendary "American Pie," employ heavy figurative language and cryptic clues to disguise the meaning behind their words, leaving the subjects relatively unknown. No matter the tactic, it doesn't change the fact that these songs are written about real-life people.
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Posted On: 21st Apr 2015
Maddi Lewis
College kid with an affinity for sarcasm and sleeping too much.
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Q: Dataset row count to textbox I've got a DataSet in C# in which I have a row count to textbox9 but I would like to filter it so that it only counts where the Status='Closed'. I can do this using a SQL statement before it goes to the DataSet but I want to put all the data into a single DataSet and then just filter that instead.
MyCommand = new OleDbDataAdapter("SELECT * FROM [CR$]'", MyConnection);
DataSet dtSet = new System.Data.DataSet();
MyCommand.Fill(dtSet);
bindingSource1 = new BindingSource();
bindingSource1.DataSource = dtSet;
bindingSource1.DataMember = dtSet.Tables[0].TableName;
dataGridView1.DataSource = bindingSource1;
textBox9.Text = dtSet.Tables[0].Select("Status='Closed'");

A: DataView dv = new DataView();
dv = dtSet.Tables[0].DefaultView;
dv.RowFilter = "Status='Closed'";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Local & Interstate Removals offer shrink and blanket wrapping of ALL your large furniture Items to ensure all your furniture is damage free when it arrives at your new home! If you can't manage it by yourself, we do offer a packing service.
Here are some packing tips to assist in ensuring your move is fast, safe and effective!
A couple of days before the move, make a list of the tasks you need to complete regarding your relocation i.e. transferring your phone, electricity and water, changing your address details with your bank and medicare etc.
Make sure you debrief your removalists Sydney team when they get to your pick-up address on any special requirements you have!


When eating a taco, do you turn your head or do you turn the taco???
Chocolate chip cookies or oreos??
dipped in milk of course!
What's the craziest thing you've ever been asked to do and DID?
Sorry.. I can't share that on here!! But one thing I can share is.. I was 20 years old with a Mustang GT.. I was in a huge race across the bridge that connects Kentucky with Indiana. I won the race but I also got arrested...my car impounded... and I also needed new tires! My grandfather was none too happy and took my keys away for a month! hahaaha!
been on TV. Nope.. and I am totally happy about it too! I might love making youtube videos but I don't want to be featured on the news!
Would you rather be broke and happy or rich and sad?
Why can't I be both....Happy and Rich!? But I would rather be happy of course!
7 comments on "Coffee Talk #20"
I totally tilt my head to the side too - you can't tilt the taco or all the stuff will fall out.
LMAO the taco question is honestly cracking me up!!! LMAO!
I'm gonna be excited when the Cool Ranch Dorito taco shell comes out.
@ Kenzie.. I didn't know there was another way!
@ Natalie.. it is pretty funny. I never thought of it until today! hahaha!!
@ Sarah.. Its good.. go get one.. my entire family loves them!
@ Erin.. I don't know if they are doing the cool ranch or not but if I see it, I will be sure to let you know.. Chances are its going to be just as good and the cheese one!
Have a great Friday Ladies!
Soft tacos. That's what makes the no-head-tilting possible! For real.
wow, your racing story is awesome! i loved the volcano burrito at taco bell... until i started weight watchers. 21 points!!


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FSO: Swiss Federal Statistical Office
FOPH
Regulations for clinical trials of medical devices
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The FOPH
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Back Back Medicine & research
The evolution of human research legislation
Coordination Office for Human Research
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Clinical trials on medicinal products for human use in the EU
Portal for clinical trials in Switzerland (SNCTP)
Regulations for clinical trials of medical devices selected
Switzerland has adapted its medical devices regulations to the EU rules in the interests of patient safety and EU market access for the Swiss medical devices industry. The changes will also have implications for human research legislation.
What are medical devices?
Items as varied as plasters, hospital beds, cardiac pacemakers, disinfectants and x-ray equipment, have one thing in common: they are all medical devices. In other words, they are products "which are intended to have, or are presented as having, a medical use and whose principal effect is not obtained with a medicinal product" (Therapeutic Products Act, TPA, Art. 4 let. b).
As a result of the new EU rulings, products that are used without a medical purpose will be considered to be medical devices if they are used as such or are associated with similar risks, for example coloured contact lenses that do not correct vision.
EU Regulation on Medical Devices
In 2012 the EU Commission presented for discussion a draft for stricter rules for medical devices. This had been prompted by various serious incidents – for example flawed silicone breast implants and defective hip implants.
In 2017 the EU finally approved two regulations, one on medical devices (MDR) and one on in vitro diagnostic devices (IVDR). These have been coming into force in stages since 26 November 2017.
You can find more information about these regulations and the changes to Swiss law on the website on the Therapeutic Products Act (TPA). This is the law mainly affected by these changes.
Better quality assurance for medical devices
The rules are primarily designed to better protect patients from defective medical devices. Consequently, manufacturers will have to submit stronger scientific evidence to substantiate the safety and quality of their devices before being allowed to place them on the market. They must also continue to collect data after the products are placed on the market. This is why the laws and ordinances relating to human research were also adapted as part of the revision of the TPA. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the amended rules entered into force on 26 May 2021, one year later than planned, at the same time as the EU-MDR.
EU rules affect the law on human research and its implementation
Switzerland and the EU pursue the same objectives when it comes to regulating research:
Protect affected persons
Promote quality and transparency of research
Ensure a regulatory environment that is as favourable to research as possible
The EU embodies these objectives in the context of market access to medical devices, whereas the HRA regulates the research independently of market access. There is a need for action at implementation level: the cantonal ethics committees and Swissmedic implement the procedures for approving and reviewing research projects involving medical devices. They will now have to adapt and, in some cases, reorganise these procedures.
Certain EU definitions are now incorporated into Swiss law. For example, the definition of a "clinical trial" with a medical device now corresponds to the definition of a "clinical investigation" in the MDR. The categorization of individual research projects also changes. The transparency requirements of the MDR go further than in Switzerland, especially with regard to the documents of the approval procedure and the publication of the research results.
Ordinance on clinical trials with medical devices
The definitions in the EU rules prompted the Federal Council to propose a new "Ordinance on clinical trials with medical devices (ClinO-MD)". The ClinO-MD will conveniently list in one legal text all the provisions relating to research with medical devices.
The consultation for the amended ordinance took place from 15 May to 5 September 2019.
The amended human research regulations were scheduled to enter into force in May 2020, but were postponed to 26 May, 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Inclusion of clinical trials with in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) in the ClinO-MD
Since 26 May 2022, clinical trials with IVDs in Switzerland have been regulated in the ClinO-MD and no longer in the ClinO.
The title of the ordinance (Ordinance on Clinical Trials with Medical Devices, ClinO-MD) remains unchanged despite the inclusion of IVDs, as under the HRA IVDs are also deemed medical devices.
Since 26 May 2022, the ClinO-MD has therefore governed clinical trials involving devices as defined in the Medical Devices Ordinance (MedDO) ('clinical investigations') and involving devices as defined in the In-vitro Diagnostic Medical Device Regulation (IVDR) ('performance studies'). Since this date, the Clinical Trials Ordinance (ClinO) has only contained provisions for clinical trials with medicinal products, transplant products and transplantation, and other clinical trials.
You can find more information on this on the website on the Therapeutic Products Act (TPA).
Implementation of the regulations in the European Union
The FOPH is actively monitoring developments in the European Union regarding the EU regulations on medical devices. Starting in August 2019, the FOPH will publish regular updates on the implementation of the regulations in the EU and its member states. The reports will appear in English and can be found under the heading 'Documents'.
Further information on the implementation of ClinO-MD
On the website of the Coordination Office for Research on Human Beings, you will find further up-to-date information on the new ordinance ClinO-MD and the current status of its implementation in Switzerland. The websites of Swissmedic and swissethics provide up-to-date practical information on applications for clinical trials with medical devices.
EU regulations on medical devices – Update November 2022 (PDF, 157 kB, 14.12.2022)
EU regulations on medical devices – Update August 2022 (PDF, 187 kB, 12.10.2022)
EU regulations on medical devices – Update May 2022 (PDF, 193 kB, 09.06.2022)
EU regulations on medical devices – Update February 2022 (PDF, 1 MB, 04.03.2022)
EU regulations on medical devices – Update June 2021 (PDF, 195 kB, 09.06.2021)
EU regulations on medical devices – Update February 2021 (PDF, 161 kB, 04.03.2021)
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017
Clinical trials with medical devices: Expected changes in the legal requirements
Swissmedic: Clinical trials with medical devices
Ordinance on clinical trials with medical devices (ClinO-MD) German, French and Italian only
Revision of Swiss medical devices legislation
Switzerland has comprehensively revised its medical devices legislation in close correlation with the EU Regulations on medical devices, thereby increasing the safety and quality of medical devices.
The federal legislation on human research replaces a confusing and incomplete array of different laws, implementing an article of the Federal Constitution that allows the Confederation to enact rules governing research.
Division of Biomedicine
Human Research Section
Print contact
https://www.bag.admin.ch/content/bag/en/home/medizin-und-forschung/forschung-am-menschen/regelungen-medizinprodukte.html
Tasks & goals
Departmental research & evaluation
Supplementary information on data use
Social media and the FOPH
Health promotion & prevention
Addiction & health
Health for children and young people (dossier)
Health in old age (dossier)
Diseases from A to Z
Infectious diseases: Outbreaks, Epidemics, Pandemics
Combating infectious diseases
Biomedical research and technology
Research Involving Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Medicinal products & medical devices
Military insurance
National health strategies
Political mandates & action plans
National health policy
Psychology professions
Accreditation of health professions
Foreign diplomas of health professions
Accident and Military Insurance: statistics
Chemical Exposure in the Human Body
Health equity: facts & figures
Health insurance: statistics
Health professions: statistics
Hospitals: facts & figures
Reproductive Medicine: facts & figures


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Posted on 28 May 2008 8 October 2008
Talk in Brussels: Bosnia – A miracle that does not shine
Together with the Slovenian EU Presidency and the Mission of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the EU, ESI showed the film "Bosnia – A Miracle that does not shine", part of the documentary series "Return to Europe", in Brussels on 28 May 2008. This 52-minute documentary shows both the achievements made and the difficulties that still exist in this country that experienced a brutal war between 1992 and 1995.
So far the achievements outweigh the difficulties and that Bosnia suffers from a bad image that is no longer justified. ESI research conducted in Bosnia over the last two years shows that Bosnia's peoples have found ways to live, work and do business together again and that particularly at the local level things work rather well – which is a miracle given Bosnia's war legacy, but a miracle that has not yet begun to shine.
I advocated that Bosnia consider applying for EU membership soon, given that Montenegro and Albania plan to do so in a few months and Serbia will do so if a pro-European government is formed following the 11 May elections. Otherwise Bosnia risks becoming the last in the queue of Western Balkan countries striving to join the EU.
In recent months, there has been progress in Bosnia's integration process. In mid-April, the political parties agreed on two police laws that have opened the way to the signing of a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU, now scheduled for 16 June. The associated trade-related Interim Agreement will then go into effect on 1 July. On 26 May, the European Commission launched a visa liberalisation dialogue with Bosnia, which will lead to the abolishment of the visa requirement for entry in the Schengen area once Bosnia meets a series of benchmarks. Such dialogues are conducted with all Western Balkans countries.
Some 60 people attended the event. The screening of the film was followed by a reception with drinks and Bosnian culinary specialties, offered by the Slovenian Permanent Representation and the Mission of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Bosnia documentary will be broadcast by 3sat, a satellite channel shared by German-language public broadcasters from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, on Sunday, 1 June, at 21:00. The series "Return to Europe" aims to familiarise viewers with the Balkan region and its people, their dreams and hopes, and their struggle for a better future. ESI has contributed its research, contacts and expertise to this series, which is one of the most comprehensive and ambitious European TV project about the Balkans in recent years.
Part of ESI's recent Bosnia research has been published in the report "A Bosnian Fortress", which takes a look at the situation in Republika Srpska. A second report examining the state of affairs in the Bosniak-Croat Federation will be published in the coming months.
Gerald Knaus
Audience watching the film
Talk in Brussels – European Policy Centre (EPC) – "Albania at the Gates of NATO and the EU"
With more than 100 guests, the ESI/EPC event was very well attended. Other participants in the debate included Axel Wallden from the European Commission; Glori Husi, Albania's NATO coordinator; Erion Veliaj, ESI analyst and former head of the Albanian youth movement Mjaft.
I introduced the film on Albania that aims to deconstruct myths and stereotypes of Albania as a failed state that is mired in crime and corruption.
Posted on 8 May 2008 7 August 2008
WDR Europaforum – How Europe looks from Ljubljana
Ljubljana is a fantastic place, it truly is. I have been here before but rarely has it struck me as forcefully as this time how pleasant the capital of Slovenia can be.
This was a short trip indeed, and I spent little more than 30 hours here, but there was no shortage of the most pleasant sensations: sitting in the evening near the main church in an outside cafe along the river, listening to a musician playing love songs on his guitar; walking through the old town in the early evening, up the hill to the medieval castle, to enjoy a view of the mountains that are so close to the city; listening to an orchestra performing classical music on a huge square in the middle of the old town; or simply eating Slovenian ham or Austrian rolls (Semmel) in the morning. All this makes life appear easy indeed: and the fairy-tale atmosphere of the old town compounds this sense of Lebensfreude. I had no profound thoughts here, except that sometimes it does not take much to be happy and to enjoy beauty and peace. And that this town is certainly worth coming back to for a slightly longer stay than this.
Of course, what added to Ljubljana's charm on this special occasion was the fact that due to the Slovenian presidency – for a few months – this capital had become one of the centres of Europe. For this very reason the annual WDR Europaforum was held here, bringing an interesting mix of people to the medieval castle overlooking the town. Here they gathered, and from over-heared conversations it seemed that almost all were as impressed by the town as I was: there was Barroso, Poettering, the Turkish foreign minister Ali Babacan, Kosovo's new premier Hashim Thaci, prominent Slovenes (well, I knew two of them) and even more prominent Germans. WDR (part of the big ARD network, but in its own terms one of the biggest TV companies in the world) had turned the interior of the castle into a huge TV studio, to host its guests, thinking and debating the future of Europe.
Living in Istanbul, one often feels that there is little solid to hold on to, that the earth can shake (literally or politically) at any moment. This is even more true in this extraordinary spring. But is most of Europe today not more like Slovenia, from Portugal to Sweden and from Ireland to Estonia, than Turkey? Slovenia was part of a police state only two decades ago, embroiled in a bitter confrontation with Slobodan Milosevic. And today it is Slovenian diplomats chairing the gatherings of the European Council, speaking with confidence in the name of the hundreds of millions of EU citizens.
It is never good to be romantic in politics, and to some this may well appear a cliche, but in fact this is an extraordinary turn of events. And it is worth remembering that the overall trajectory of Europe since 1990 has been more like that of Slovenia than even an optimist could have expected then. So can one be anything but an optimist when one looks at the continent from the Slovenian capital, in itself one of the finest illustrations of the success of European enlargement?
(You can judge for yourself if I got carried away by the positive atmosphere, commenting on the challenges facing Europe today for WDR in the clip below.)
Anne-Marie Le Gloannec and Gerald Knaus in an interview with Tina Hassel on European enlargement at the "Europa Forum" in Ljubljana. © 2008 WDR. All rights reserved.L
Posted on 1 May 2008 22 October 2008
The Adriatic push for enlargement. A view from Paris and Brussels
Kotor – View from St. Ivan's Fortress, Montenegro
Tirana – Bulevardi Deshmoret e Kombit, Albania
Are Montenegro and Albania leading a new Adriatic push for EU enlargement in the Balkans in the coming months?
Montenegro is actively considering when to apply for EU membership and is likely to do so as early as May or June this year. The leader of the Albanian opposition, Edi Rama, has urged the Albanian government in a speech in Brussels this week to prepare such an application for September, offering the support of the opposition. Bosnia might well submit an application this year as well, a senior Bosnian official told ESI in Paris a few days ago. And Serbia, ESI has been told by the head of the Serbian Directorate for European integration, has been preparing to submit its application for EU membership for many years, only waiting for the signature of its Stabilisation and Association Agreement to proceed.
In recent days ESI asked leading Europeanizers, officials promoting the EU agenda in Montenegro, Albania, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, about their plans for 2008. Their responses suggest that it is likely that this year all Western Balkan states who have not done so already will formally apply to become candidates to join the EU, under the Slovenian or under the French EU presidencies.
Some EU member states might find this a surprising development. However, this also offers the EU an opportunity to reaffirm European influence and secure stability at a moment when developments in Kosovo, Serbia and Macedonia are posing a potentially very serious threat to a successful EU common foreign policy in the Balkans.
Gordana Djurovic on Montenegro's path into the EU. © ESI
The Deputy Prime Minister of Montenegro, Gordana Djurovic told her colleagues from the other Balkan countries at an ESI event in Paris on 17 April that "the month of May is a nice time" for submitting an application for membership:
"Our European road is quite clear. Political and economic stability and good economic trends support the process. There is a strong political and national consensus regarding integration. So why not try to follow the reform process with the opening of new phase of integration?"
She notes that Montenegro will not be discouraged by signals from EU member states possibly urging it to slow down its progress:
"Becoming an EU member is not one act – it is a process. We talk about a very early phase. To submit the application is just to keep the EU door open for us. We will work hard after the decision."
"We are now in an intensive process of communication. We have tried to share with our colleagues from EU member states our proposal, to explain our arguments and why we think it is the right time to submit an application. … Of course we have received some messages from the Slovenian side during their presidency. I am responsible for coordinating the European integration process in our Government. After all this communication, which will be finished at the end of April, I will write a paper and advise our political actors to decide about submitting the application as soon as possible."
"In a constructive dialogue with EU member states during the past two months we tried to explain that time is also very valuable. Not only because of economic reasons but also because of political reasons. We tried to explain that, from our perspective, two years is quite a long period. We can finish a lot of European tasks in the meantime if we are allowed to continue …"
Edi Rama (Mayor of Tirana)
At another event in Brussels a few days later the leader of the Albanian opposition, Edi Rama, launched an appeal to the Albanian government to follow in the footsteps of Montenegro:
"Thanks to the fact that we have created a climate of cooperation, with the focus on NATO integration, we succeeded to come out with a very important result: the invitation to join NATO. On the other hand we realised the importance of conditionalities in this process, making the Albanian political class, the Albanian parliament, the Albanian government, aware of their own roles. I think from this experience of getting together, fulfilling our duties concerning justice reform and electoral reform, going together towards an objective, showing the will to find common ground as in all mature democratic countries, we have realized – and this is both my personal, but also a common conviction among the opposition – that we can do much more also in the EU integration process"
"So, I would like very much to make clear that we have enough reason to build upon this positive momentum reached by the invitation for NATO, and to go ahead with a new challenge of Europeanisation. This should really become the key word everywhere, in the country, but I very much believe also in the region. … This is not about favours, it is about real conditionality, which I think is very helpful to give a new push to the process of EU integration. In that respect, as the leader of the opposition, I believe that it is vital for the Albanian government to submit an application for EU membership by this autumn, September at the least. This is of course a sovereign decision, as it is a sovereign decision by the EU how to react. I strongly believe that this will really give us the opportunity to make this important re-assessment."
"At the end of the day democracy is about how you disagree with each other. And the way of disagreeing gives quality or not to democratic life. We will continue to strongly disagree on domestic issues, but we will continue to push, as opposition, the government to take the risk, to be courageous and to go ahead with this application submission."
Osman Topcagic
Osman Topcagic, the head of the Directorate of European integration, told ESI in Paris that Bosnia also needed to define for itself an ambitious objective:
"More Europe in the region means more stability, more economic prosperity more jobs – more employment that's what we also need, so that is good. …
"What we have as our goal and officially defined in Parliament is to get candidate status by 2010. That would mean applying this year, so we still have not decided when exactly. Will it be during the Slovenian presidency, or in the second half of this year during the French presidency? I think we need to apply this year. We need to show good results, initial results in implementing SAA. To show that we have structures, we have good understanding of the Agreement, and there must be political will. That really is present in Bosnia-Herzegovina, all parties support the European integration process, and the public is very much in favour, 80 percent or more. So I am confident that we will submit an application before the end of the year, and then work hard to get Candidate status by 2010. That is another phase in this process, that is more encouragement for reform processes in Bosnia Herzegovina, and we know that we need to do much more in the next stages of this process but I am confident that we can do it. Other countries in our region did it, or are doing it, and we can do it."
In the eyes of Osman Topcagic, one of the major advantages of European integration is that the process energizes the administration of a country. It brings new and qualified people to join the public sector:
"This is a really exciting process and many young people are attracted, I can tell you! We were recently in process of hiring 15 juniors and we had 600 applications, and it was really difficult to select the best of them. They wanted to work with us because we had such an image. People are attracted by our work, by the process itself, they want to be part of it, knowing in that way they can gain necessary experiences, but also they can advance in their career and career development"
Tanja Miscevic
Tanja Miscevic from Serbia outlined her hopes in Paris that the deadlock in Serbia related to the EU will finally be overcome in 2008:
"Immediately when we received the famous Feasibility Study at the beginning of April back in 2005 we started thinking not only about negotiating the Stabilisation and Association Agreement but about what would be the next steps? Immediately we reached the conclusion that the logical next step for us would be to apply for membership immediately after the signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement. And when we thought about the idea, we also had to think about those things that are necessary to be prepared in order to apply immediately for membership and candidate status.
She notes how important the progress of Serbia's neighbours is for Serbia itself:
"I am really happy because of that, because that is for us a clear sign that there is a possibility, there is a road, and according to our merits, according to fulfilling the criteria we should, we also can apply. That is not a question anymore. … But somehow we are trapped in the non-existent political consensus in Serbia, not only about European integration but also about reforms, which is in fact the same as the process of European integration."
All Western Balkan Europeanisers also draw inspiration from the experience of Croatia, as explained by Neven Pelicaric, Croatia's Assistant Minister for Europe:
"It is a sovereign decision when the country and its political leaders and its people believe they are ready. It is up to them to set the timing. … We have been able to answer to 4,894 questions we have received. It took us or we were given 3.5 months to do so. There were of course some subsequent questions asked for clarification. And at the parliamentary session in Strasbourg in April 2004 we did receive a positive opinion (avis). Right up to the very last moment we were not sure, we knew it would be positive, but we were not sure if it was it was going to be conditional or not."
"The Commissioner at the time, Chris Patten, was reading the recommendation and said "the Commission thereby recommends that Croatia be given Candidature status" – he moved his glasses up and looked up to the gallery and said "full stop". That meant it was not going to be conditional and of course we were very happy about that"
"It looks like our process is now moving, and we see stronger activity in the working group for enlargement, in the Commission as well … . If everything goes well, we will move quicker in the French presidency, where we hope to open most, if not all of the chapters and close as many chapters as possible, for which we will be able to fulfill the conditions"
ESI took three top policy makers Osman Topcagic, Director for European integration for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tanja Miscevic, his counterpart from Serbia, and Neven Pelicaric, Croatia's Assistant Minister for Europe to a café by the Pompidou Centre to talk through their EU integration strategies. Here you can listen to their assessments.
Neven Pelicarić (Croatia), Osman Topčagić (Bosnia), and Tanja Miščević (Serbia) on how their countries prepare for EU accession. © ESI
Gordana Djurović is Montenegro's Deputy Prime Minister for European Integration. She was the head of the negotiating team for negotiations on the Stabilization and Association Process, which was successfully completed with the signing of the agreement (SAA) on 15 October 2007. In the previous Government she was the Minister for International Economic Relations from February 2004 to October 2006. She is a Professor at the Faculty of Economics in Podgorica, where she teaches economic development, international economic relations and regional economics. She is also the head of post-graduate studies in European economic integration. Gordana Djurović is the author of more than fifty articles and a number of academic papers on economic development and European integration. Gordana Djurović obtained her Masters degree in 1991 at the Faculty of Economics in Podgorica, and in 1994 she obtained her PhD in the field of economic development planning in transition at the same Faculty.
Tanja Miščević is Director of the Serbian European Integration Office in Belgrade. Since 2001, she has also been the Director of the Department of European Studies of the G17 Institute in Belgrade. She initiated and organised the first programmes for training of civil servants on the functioning of the EU – the ABC of the European Union. Tanja Miščević has also lectured widely; as a Visiting Professor at the University of Bonn, at the Centre for European Integration, at the Diplomatic Academy of the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Montenegro in Podgorica. She also teaches EU Accession Policy at the Postgraduate Studies Centre at the Faculty of Political Sciences (FPS) in Belgrade, where she was also awarded her Ph.D.
Neven Pelicarić is Assistant Minister at the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. He was previously Political Director – Division for Europe and the European Union, and from 2005-2006 he served as Ambassador-at-large. He was head of the Department for EU (Political) from 2004-2005. Ambassador Pelicarić is the head of the Working Group for Chapter XXXI on "Common Foreign, and Security Policy" as part of the EU accession process. He is co-editor of the book Security Sector Reform in South East Europe – from a Necessary Remedy to a Global Concept.
Osman Topčagić is the Director of the Directorate for European Integration of Bosnia-Herzegovina. He is the most senior civil servant in charge of European integration in Sarajevo. From 2002 to 2003, Osman Topčagić was Minister-Counsellor at the Mission of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the EU and to NATO in Brussels. He has also served as Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the United Kingdom. Read more about Osman Topčagić in ESI's portrait section.


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Your Lancashire
Wyre and Garstang
Bereaved parents who claim their disabled son was let down by NHS can't afford to take legal action
Karen Gilmore and her husband Peter Brange are fighting to get justice
JUSTICE comes at a price these days and the cost is agonisingly out of reach for the grieving parents of Oliver Brange.
hey claim their severely disabled son died aged 25 after being let down by the NHS in Lancashire.
But Karen Gilmore and Peter Brange have no money to take on the health authorities over his death – and legal aid is no longer available in cases where there are claims of clinical negligence.
"I never thought I'd see the day in this country when justice was only available to the rich and not the poor," said Karen.
"We believe Oliver might still have been with us had it not been for the way he was treated by the NHS.
"But we are struggling to take the matter any further because we can't afford a solicitor."
Oliver's story highlights what many feel are grossly unfair cuts to legal aid.
Clinical negligence claims are among civil actions which no longer attract funding from the public purse.
So Karen, 56, and 65-year-old Peter, whose only income comes from benefits and the state pension, have found themselves priced out of pursuing a full inquiry.
"I never thought I'd see the day in this country when justice was only available to the rich and not the poor," said Karen. "We don't have the money to get legal representation to take Oliver's case forward.
"I've tried numerous solicitors' firms and none of them is prepared to take the case on a no win, no fee basis. I suppose that's because cases like this can take so long and in the end there's no guarantee we would win.
"It's so unfair. It looks like the justice system will let our little boy down just as the NHS did. After all the suffering he went through he doesn't deserve that."
Oliver, who was left physically and mentally handicapped after suffering brain damage at birth, died in the Royal Preston Hospital two years ago from aspirated pneumonia, caused by inhaling his own vomit.
Preston diner cries 'fowl' over McDonald's veggie dish
The 25-year-old had been taken ill with a urinary infection, but his parents claim he was not given the correct strength of antibiotics for 11 days.
By the time he was admitted to hospital his condition had worsened to the point where he was having fits. He subsequently died in the critical care unit.
"If they had given him the right antibiotics at the right time he would have still been here with us today," said Karen. "But they left him for 11 days and we think that delay proved fatal. He should have been taken in when they discovered he had an infection. But they didn't. Three times they saw him in clinic and three times they sent him home. By the time we had to take him to A&E I think it was too late."
Karen and Peter took their case to the Health Ombudsman who asked the local NHS Trust to give the family a full explanation. But Karen claims the report she received was not detailed enough and has asked the Ombudsman to review the case again.
"I've contacted solicitors and barristers and I can't get anyone to help us," she said. "I've been told there isn't any legal aid now for clinical negligence cases. So, effectively, people like us aren't entitled to any justice.
"Pursuing cases like ours is only for people with money now. And that's terribly wrong. What an awful justice system we have if it only helps the rich and not those who don't have money.
"How many other people might there be in our position? I feel very strongly about this because it isn't fair for the law to discriminate between people who have money and people who don't.
"I'm not accusing anyone in particular, just the system which let our son down. But unless we can get legal support we can't get any further.
"It's not about getting damages, it's about making sure that what happened to Oliver doesn't happen to anyone else. I would hate another family to suffer what we have suffered."
Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust was unable to comment at the time of going to press.
But last year, it expressed sincere condolences to the family and offered to meet with them to discuss the case further.