text:
Far-right slate to offer PM immunity law in exchange for settlement annexation
URWP's long list of demands ahead of coalition talks to also include law barring High Court from overriding Knesset legislation, reducing authority of AG and state comptroller
By Jacob Magid	22 April 2019, 10:55 pm 9 Edit
Jacob Magid is the settlements correspondent for The Times of Israel.
Israelis visit the northern West Bank settlement of Peduel on April 22, 2019. (Flash90)
The Union of Right-Wing Parties is demanding that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu commit to annexing all Israeli settlements in the West Bank in exchange for the faction sponsoring legislation that would grant the premier immunity from prosecution, a spokesman for a senior party lawmaker confirmed to The Times of Israel on Monday.
The party is expected to officially kick off negotiations with Netanyahu's Likud party next week, but has begun to publicly press for a long list of demands, ranging from high level ministerial portfolios to legislation that will blunt the power of the Supreme Court to act as a check on the Knesset.
URWP leaders have already publicly revealed some of their stipulations for entering the government over the past nearly two weeks since the April 9 elections.
However, their official demands, passed along in a document to Likud officials and reported in Hebrew-language media Monday, go far beyond those reports, which included only that faction leader Rafi Peretz be named education minister and the slate's No. 2 Bezalel Smotrich be made justice minister.
Bezalel Smotrich casts his ballot at a voting station in the West Bank settlement of Kedumim on April 9, 2019. (Hillel Maeir/Flash90)
The URWP amalgam is made up of the national religious Jewish Home and National Union parties along with the Otzma Yehudit faction, a radical far-right group led by self-proclaimed disciples of the late American Rabbi Meir Kahane, whose Kach party was banned in Israel in the 1980s for racism.
In a move seen as a bone to Netanyahu, Smotrich will put forth during coalition negotiations a bill he proposed during the last Knesset, which would provide automatic immunity to any member of parliament.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu promises in a Channel 12 TV interview to extend Israeli sovereignty to West Bank settlements, April 6, 2019. (Channel 12 news screenshot)
If it is passed, and Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit then decides to indict Netanyahu for a series of graft probes on which a hearing is expected to be held in the coming months, the premier would be granted immunity unless a majority of the Knesset votes to strip him of that right.
In the weeks leading up to the April 9 election, Netanyahu repeatedly said he would not push such legislation himself, but was more coy when asked about others doing so.
In exchange for the immunity law, URWP is insisting that Netanyahu make good on his campaign pledge to annex all of Israel's West Bank settlements, which are home to some 400,000 Israeli Jews. Observers say such a move, which would come as the Trump administration prepares to roll out its long awaiting peace plan, would put a nail in the coffin of hopes for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The URWP is also demanding the passage of a High Court override bill that would allow the Knesset, with a majority vote, to re-enact legislation that had been struck down by the top legal body. The legislation, or a version of it, is supported by several of the right-wing factions expected to make up Netanyahu's coalition and which have seen some of their legislative efforts struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Some of the long list of demands, which also include a third, more minor ministerial portfolio — such as the Jerusalem or Diaspora Affairs Ministry — are widely understood to be a negotiating tactic aimed at putting as much pressure as possible on Netanyahu, who ostensibly will not agree to every one of the far-right slate's stipulations. However, the URWP is an avowed backer of settlement annexation, and Smotrich was championing the demand for the amended immunity legislation in the previous Knesset and has been adamant that he will get it passed this time.
Among the other wish-list items on URWP's board is a demand that the government pass an expanded version of the so-called "Norwegian law," which allows an MK from any party who is appointed to a cabinet post to resign temporarily from the Knesset, thereby permitting the next-in-line person on their party's list to enter parliament.
The current law only allows a party to utilize the Norwegian law for one of its appointed ministers, but URWP wants to ensure that its slate's lone Otzma Yehudit representative, Itamar Ben Gvir, gets into the Knesset. At number seven on the slate's list, the activist-attorney is currently two spots shy from doing so. A successful passage of such a law would lead to both Peretz and Smotrich resigning from the Knesset to focus solely on the work of their respective ministries and in turn allowing Ben Gvir and settler-activist Orit Strock into parliament.
Union of Right Wing Parties candidates (from L-R) Rafi Peretz, Itamar Ben Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich pose for a photo on April 9, 2019. (Courtesy)
The party will also ask for the establishment of ministerial committee, headed by a URWP member, that will be responsible for legalizing settlement outposts and wildcat homes throughout the West Bank, this in addition to responsibility over the World Zionist Organization's Settlement Division. The faction also will seek the abolition of the Civil Administration, the defense ministry body responsible for running much of government bureaucracy for Israeli settlers. Instead, such approvals would be granted by the relevant government offices.
Also on the URWP's list of demands it the cancellation of the Disengagement Law, which would allow Israelis to return to the four northern West Bank settlements which were evacuated in 2005 at the same time as the unilateral pullout from the Gaza Strip.
The right-wing slate is also eyeing more say among Knesset members over the appointment of judges, including through a parliamentary hearing.
It will also seek to bar the attorney general from taking a position against that of the cabinet, and prevent the state comptroller from reporting on the activities of government offices in real-time. Ombudsman Yosef Shapira has published reports over the past several years that have been heavily critical of several ministries funneling of funds toward illegal West Bank outposts.
Blue and White MK Ofer Shelah claimed Monday that the list appeared to have been written by Netanyahu himself. "The vision of the nightmare government is coming true," he said in a statement. "Netanyahu will give — to Smotrich — and take — immunity for himself."
URWP Union of Right-Wing Parties
coalition negotiations
Bezalel Smotrich
Rafi Peretz
immunity bill
Yosef Shapira


text:
Brand new Lenovo Yoga laptops have two voice assistants, Cortana and Alexa
You can finally preorder Sony's wireless headphones, if you want to listen to conversations and music at the same time
Lenovo just unveiled a $219 Chromebook that's practically indestructible
The annual Mobile World Congress trade show isn't just about smartphones, though that used to be the case not too long ago. It's also about tablets and laptops now. As long as a product is smart, portable, and fits with our mobile way of life, that product is welcome at MWC. In previous years, Lenovo unveiled new Lenovo and Motorola branded smartphones, as well as new tablets, and new laptops at the show. This year, however, Lenovo is focusing solely on computers of the notebook variety — we'll have to wait a while longer for new Lenovo smartphones and tablets. Don't despair though, because Lenovo still has some impressive devices on display at MWC 2018. In fact, one of these new Lenovo computers costs just $219 and can take a serious beating. The Lenovo 100e Chromebook isn't a head turner like the Pixelbook, but then again, it doesn't cost $1,000 either. Instead, the laptop is meant to be a device that can deal with the chaos of a classroom. The 100e may very well be the first computer you buy your kid, knowing that it won't break easily. It's got a ruggedized design with reinforced ports and hinges, a spill-resistant keyboard, and it can withstand drops of up to two and a half feet. Specs-wise, the 100e Chromebook features an 11.6-inch HD anti-glare display with 1366 x 768 resolution, Intel Celeron processor, 4GB of RAM, 32GB of storage, and a bunch of ports including USB-C and a microSD reader. It's not the most sophisticated Chromebook out there, but at $219 you're getting a pretty sturdy PC. The laptop launches in March in various markets. If you want to spend more money on similarly rugged Chromebooks, you should check out the 300e and 500e, which retail for $279 and $349, respectively. They come with a couple of advantages over the 100e, including multi-mode form factors. They also have those nifty Lenovo hinges that let you switch between laptop mode and tablet mode, as well as touch support. That's Enhanced Touch on the 300e, which allows you to write with any kind of stylus on display, be it a regular pencil or an actual stylus. The 500e actually packs a stylus of its own and comes with Google's stylus tech. Writing and sketching has almost no noticeable latency, and from my brief experience with the 500e, it really is impressive. Just press the stylus against the display, and it'll respond immediately. If there's any lag between thought and action, I haven't noticed it. Lenovo says Google's using machine learning technology and algorithms to try to predict where your pen is going, so it can eliminate lag. Both the 300e and the 500e have 11.6-inch HD displays and a bunch of ports, including USB-C, USB-3.0, and HDMI (on the 300e). They even feature volume rockers on the side. The 300e Chromebook's chipset and integrated graphics come from MediaTek, and the laptops pack 4GB of RAM and 32GB of storage. The 500e, meanwhile, has an Intel Celeron chip and Intel graphics under the hood, up to 8GB of RAM, and up to 64GB of storage.
The annual Mobile World Congress trade show isn't just about smartphones, though that used to be the case not too long ago. It's also about tablets and laptops now. As long as a product is smart, portable, and fits with our mobile way of life, that product is welcome at MWC.
In previous years, Lenovo unveiled new Lenovo and Motorola branded smartphones, as well as new tablets, and new laptops at the show. This year, however, Lenovo is focusing solely on computers of the notebook variety — we'll have to wait a while longer for new Lenovo smartphones and tablets. Don't despair though, because Lenovo still has some impressive devices on display at MWC 2018. In fact, one of these new Lenovo computers costs just $219 and can take a serious beating.
Amazon just slashed 25% off its popular Fire TV Stick in a surprise sale
This discounted multi-use slow cooker is so good, it'll make John Legere jealous
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Article by [author-name] (c) BGR - Read full story here.
What we played in July: 'Bloodstained' and 'Super Mario Maker 2'
This $6 fast wireless charger is cheaper than any deal from Prime Day

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
West Virginia's Folklore
Image Source: e-WV Encyclopedia
Mothman is one of several legendary West Virginia monsters, along with Bat Boy and the Flatwoods Monster. Persistent sightings began in November 1966, and totaled 26 over a one-year span. The reports of a large, winged creature with glowing red eyes were centered in the Point Pleasant area, usually in or near a vast, abandoned munitions facility known as the TNT plant. Skeptics offered various explanations, some arguing that the creature was a stray sandhill crane.
As sightings increased, so did reports of other strange phenomena. Disruption of electronic devices such as telephones, police dispatch radios, and televisions, as well as automobiles, were rumored, and there were numerous reports of UFO appearances. New York writer John Keel, one of the paranormal investigators drawn to Point Pleasant, connected the stories of strange occurrences to the Mothman. Keel additionally included anecdotes regarding the presence of mysterious ''men in black'' and the tragic December 15, 1967, collapse of the Silver Bridge that spanned the Ohio River at Point Pleasant. His account, first published in 1975 as The Mothman Prophecies, became the basis of a 2002 feature film starring Richard Gere.
Simmons, Gordon "Mothman." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 21 October 2020.
The Flatwoods Monster
The legend of the Braxton County or Flatwoods Monster arose near dusk on September 12, 1952, when a group of local youths were startled from a game of football by a fireball streaking across the sky. The fireball fell to earth just beyond a hillside at Flatwoods. Joined by Kathleen May, a local beautician, the boys went to investigate. The group consisted of Mrs. May, Eugene Lemon, Teddy May, Ronald Shaver, Neal Nunley, Teddy Neal, and Tommy Hyer. The group of seven approached the top of the hill where the fireball had landed. Beyond the hill, they reported seeing a pulsating light. Then suddenly, to their left, two powerful light beams pierced the darkness. Turning their own flashlight in that direction, they saw a large man-like creature nearly 12 feet tall and about four feet wide. Making no sound, it floated toward them. The creature had a red face and bright green clothing, which hung in folds below the waist. Its head was shaped like the ace of spades and there was an almost sickening metallic odor emanating from its body. The witnesses quickly fled the scene. A later investigation found only a lingering odor, two large skid marks, and trampled grass.
Griffin, Buddy "Flatwoods Monster." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 30 August 2012.
Batboy
Batboy, along with Mothman and the Flatwoods Monster, is one of several bizarre creatures attributed to West Virginia. He was first reported by the Weekly World News on June 23, 1992, as having been found in a ''previously uncharted cave east of Seneca Rocks.'' The sensationalist tabloid quoted a zoologist as speculating that Batboy was the offspring of creatures living deep in the earth, originally human, who had adapted to living in the dark. Batboy was described as standing two feet tall and weighing 19 pounds, with oversized amber eyes and ears ''like satellite dishes.'' The newspaper published a picture meeting that description, later reproduced on a T-shirt used as a circulation premium.
Batboy quickly found a cult following, and the Weekly World News published several other stories. Batboy was reported as having escaped from those who had found him in the cave, having been recaptured and escaping again, and having fallen in love. In 2000, he was reported as endorsing Al Gore for president of the United States. The popular story was made into an off-Broadway musical, which concluded its New York run in 2001 and moved into repertory theaters in other cities. BatBoy, the musical play, placed the story in the fictitious town of Hope Falls, West Virginia.
e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia "Batboy." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 23 June 2014.
The Greenbrier Ghost
A state historic marker near the Sam Black Church exit of Interstate 64 in West Virginia commemorates the ''only known case in which testimony from a ghost helped to convict a murderer.'' The victim lies about five miles away beneath a tombstone which reads ''In memory of Zona Heaster Shue, Greenbrier Ghost, 1876–1897.'' About four miles from the historic marker, the log cabin where Zona Heaster Shue's body was found still stands.
The young woman died mysteriously two months after her marriage to Edward Shue. Her death was presumed natural until her spirit appeared in a dream to her mother, Mary, accusing her husband of murder. Mary Heaster said that her daughter appeared at her bedside (in the dress she died in) four times to tell her how Edward had come home from his work as a blacksmith and in a fit of rage had broken her neck with his hands. An examination of the exhumed body verified the ghost's tale. Edward Shue was found guilty of murder and sentenced to the state prison at Moundsville where he died eight years later.
The Greenbrier County Courthouse where Edward Shue was tried is there today, and the murder trial records carry the words of the Greenbrier Ghost as they were repeated in the trial testimony of her mother. This ghost story is one of the best-known in West Virginia, and at least two books on the Greenbrier Ghost have been written.
Deitz, Dennis J. "Greenbrier Ghost." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 28 October 2019.


text:
Retro news, interviews, reviews and products
About Retro Faith
INDIE GAME PROMOTION
Dexter Stardust: Adventures in Outer Space Review
February 24, 2022 Retro Faith Contributions, Reviews Comments Off on Dexter Stardust: Adventures in Outer Space Review
Reviewed By Nicholas "SmugeeBear" McDonald
Dexter Stardust is new point and click game made by Dexter Team for the Nintendo Switch, Steam and PC, which is in a style of episodic science fiction shows of the 50's and 60's. You play as Dexter Stardust a survivor of earths destruction 20 years ago by the alien race called the Vreesians from Planet X. Dexter currently works for his uncle as a space delivery driver who has a love for Taco's with his best friend Aurora who acts as a foil to Dexter who is more down to earth and serious.
There are several episodes which make up the first season, Episode 0 acts as a tutorial as the episode is short and has a few simple puzzles to ease the player in as Dexter has to traverse his surroundings. While in later episodes they have to try and see an important character who can potentially help his uncles business, the puzzles do begin to ramp up later where I had my own Broken Sword moment where I was supposed to catch a rat in an alleyway, where I had to rethink and explore different parts of the city to find the item I needed. But with these style games it's always good to just try and rethink things over and the logic doesn't seem completely out there compared to some other titles in the same category.
Before you know it Dexter is on a Quest to Save the Galaxy and has to delve deeper into the secrets of his family. I also liked the graphical style of the game as it does have the feel like a science fiction cartoon in the style of Star Trek Animated series by Filmation where I could easily see myself watching an episode of Dexter Stardust. The controls are what you expect from a point and click game but instead of having controls that change function context sensitively the different functions are mapped out on the different face buttons where I kept on hitting the wrong button several times when I wanted to use a different feature.
You control Dexter by moving a cursor and pressing on the screen and he will move but when you move to parts of a scene where it transitions a pop up window will ask if you want to move to a different area. Also there's a stand alone button which brings up the inventory menu and you will be collecting different items during your adventures where you can examine and combine and use. But there are times where you might have used an item for one puzzle and then you might have to reuse which caught me off guard but was surprising in a pleasant way.
The dialogue tree is presented in a pop up menu with different topics to talk about and you have to progress with the options to unlock further options which come in useful for the puzzles in the later episodes. I did notice some bugs during my playthrough where Dexter is in a sewer and instead of following the path he would literally walk directly over the scene that it looks like he was hovering. Also, some display issues with text where it doesn't display properly and looks like its doubled over.
But these are just minor quibbles, I really enjoyed playing the game as the story and characters were interesting and also it includes a directors commentary where you get little insights about the game and its development, usually what inspired a scene etc. which was a nice extra. The game was made by a team of people who are passionate about what they were making and I think it shows. I really do recommend giving Dexter Stardust a go…. Spacey!
Game is available on Steam, itch.io (PC & Mac), iOS and the Nintendo Switch.
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Thorburn, Dean (1999) The broad and fine scale habitat associations of the fish fauna of the Blackwood River and it's tributaries. Honours thesis, Murdoch University.
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Roger Federer is Probably the Best ever: Toni
Varun Khanna
In an interview to Diario AS, a Spanish daily sports newspaper, Toni Nadal commented on the dominance of 'Big Three' on the tour with Roger Federer being the best ever. He also recalled his nephew defeating Roger Federer in Wimbledon 2008 finals.
Toni Nadal is the uncle and ex-coach of Rafael Nadal. He is the most successful coach in tennis, winning 16 grand slam with his nephew, Rafael Nadal. But the Spaniard coach feels that Roger Federer is the greatest ever with Nadal closer to him. He said: "Probably Roger Federer is the best in history and Rafael is closer to him. I like looking at numbers. There were different eras. Connors, Borg, McEnroe won 26 Grand Slams combined and between Roger Federer, 20, Rafael Nadal, 17, you get 37 Majors. Numbers show they are special people. Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer are two very committed players with their sport."
Remembering the Serb Novak Djokovic, Toni added: "I never cut off Djokovic who I think is very close to them."
The 'Big Three' are irreplaceable. It is difficult and implausible to achieve what they have achieved in one era. The new generation has certainly failed to replace these legends. The key to success of the 'Big Three' is their consistency which the next-gen players lack.
Toni commented: "You had a lack of replacement. The generation that had to replace them was not consistent enough to replace them. This made their dominance last longer."
The 58-year-old also recalled the Wimbledon 2008 finals. The epic final between Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer is considered to be one of the best matches in the sport. But Toni is unsure about Wimbledon 2008 finals being the greatest match ever.
The 2008 final at the Centre Court of the All England Club lasted for four hours and 46 minutes. Roger Federer lost the match with Nadal winning in the 5th set 9-7 after losing two sets in a row.
"It's difficult to pick what was the best match in tennis history. I remember a very good US Open match between Djokovic and Rafael and Roger Federer against Djokovic and many other matches. In that occasion, a lot of circumstances made that match a special one," said Toni Nadal.
He added: "The first one is that it was similar to McEnroe-Borg one, he was the No. 2 who broke through over the No. 1. It was two different game concepts, which always attracts people. Also how the match developed, when Rafael seemed to have won it and then it turned complicated rain delays. You had all the things to make it a special match, and it was at Wimbledon, the tennis cathedral."
Tags: Bjorn BorgJohn McEnroeNovak DjokovicRafael NadalRoger FedererToni Nadal


The Toronto Sun will be running advertisements this coming week in honour of Volunteer Appreciation Week. Some of our volunteers were profiled, but the contributions of each and every volunteer is appreciated. The following slideshow contains the advertisements that will be in the newspaper. A huge thank you to all the volunteers who make Special Olympics Ontario such a special organization!!


text:
Biografia
Discendente di Mario Scoto, il capostipite della famiglia Marescotti-Ruspoli,

Divenne cardinale diacono con il titolo dei Santi Sergio e Bacco, una delle 7 diaconie originali dal 1144.

Morì nel 1145.

Note

Bibliografia
 Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, Tipografia Emiliana, 1840, pagina 309

Collegamenti esterni

Cardinali nominati da Lucio II

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Switch from internally lit sign boxes to commercial outdoor lighting to create a grander effect. A small gooseneck light can have more of an impact than sign boxes placed inside your windows. Now your customers will notice the signs you place outdoors. A great solution for shining more light on monument signs, awnings, and other signage, each small gooseneck light fixture is made out of a strong aluminum and powder coated for added protection. This light features the smallest angle shade that we offer and also has the smallest arm length, making the perfect commercial outdoor fixture for pub signs and urban businesses.


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text:
Jean (de) Salazar  est un mercenaire célèbre du Moyen Âge, pendant la guerre de Cent Ans.

Biographie
On a dit de lui qu'il était .

Né vers 1410 en Biscaye, il aurait rejoint vers 1428, la bande d'écorcheurs de Rodrigue de Villandrando.

Capitaine, il rejoint avec Jean de Dunois en  Orléans assiégée par les Anglais et participe à la défense de la ville avec Jeanne d'Arc. Il la suit dans toutes ses batailles, et fait partie de l'armée du roi qu'elle conduit au sacre à Reims.

En 1430, il retrouve Villandrando et participe le 11 juin à la bataille d'Anthon. Par la suite, il participe au siège de Lagny, en  à celui de Mont-Saint-Vincent contre le duc de Bourgogne et enfin à la libération de Paris en  dont les Anglais sont chassés.

Sans emploi, la bande de Villandrando s'établit en Languedoc où elle se livre au pillage. Charles VII envoie son fils le dauphin pour rétablir l'ordre mais Villandrando passe en Espagne appelé par le roi de Castille pour réprimer un soulèvement général. Villandrando resté en Espagne, Salazar ramène ses troupes en France et s'établit dans le Lauragais.

En 1440, il se met au service des grands seigneurs révoltés comme Georges de La Trémoille, son futur beau-père lors de la Praguerie. Il brûle l'église de Massiac mais, acheté, rejoint les troupes royales.

Il épouse le  à Sully-sur-Loire Marguerite, dame de Saint-Fargeau, qui décède le  à Saint-Just-en-Champagne, fille naturelle de Georges de La Trémoille.

En 1443, après le siège de l'Isle-Jourdain, et la défaite de Jean d'Armagnac battu par le dauphin il se met au service de ce dernier. La même année, il achète la seigneurie de Chaudes-Aigues à Jean duc de Bourbon qu'il revendra en 1450 à Charles  de Bourbon.

En 1444, il accompagne le Dauphin chargé de mener hors du royaume les bandes de « routiers » vers la Suisse puis vers Bâle. Il est défait à Farnsburg, ce qui lui vaut une disgrâce. À la mort de Charles VII, Louis XI lui rend son commandement de la compagnie des Espagnols de .

En , il conquiert avec le sénéchal de Carcassonne le comté de Cerdagne.

Pendant la guerre de la ligue du Bien public, en 1465, il est chargé de l'avant-garde de l'armée royale pour harceler l'ennemi et remonte la rive gauche de la Seine, puis participe le  à la bataille de Montlhéry où il porte secours à Louis XI en danger.

En 1468, il commande quatre cents lances et six mille archers, pour les Liégeois, qui se révoltent contre leur évêque.

En 1472, il participe à la défense de Beauvais contre les troupes de Charles le Téméraire.

En 1477, il participe à la conquête de la Franche-Comté et est gouverneur de Gray. Il est grièvement brûlé dans la ville en flammes lors de sa reprise par les Bourguignons (Comtois) et ne parvient à s'échapper que de justesse.

Il meurt à Troyes, le . Il fut inhumé dans l'église du Prieuré de Macheret à Saint-Just-Sauvage. Les restes de son tombeau sont conservés à la cathédrale Sens.

Il fut capitaine d'une compagnie de cent lances, écuyer du roi, seigneur de Grandglise, Chaudes-Aigues, Saint-Just-Sauvage, Libourne, , Laz, Lonzac et Issoudun.

Les points communs avec son chef Villandrando sont nombreux, comme lui il épousa la bâtarde d'une grande famille noble mais son passage au service du roi lui conféra une forme de respectabilité qui lui apporta les honneurs et dont tira avantage sa famille.

Descendance
Il fut surnommé le Grand Capitaine. Il a existé un autre Jean de Salazar, probablement un parent surnommé le petit Salazar.

Il fut marié trois fois :

 de sa première femme dont le nom est inconnu il eut un fils Louis de Salazar dit de Montaigne (x Catherine de Beaujeu dame de Montcoquier, d'Asnois et de Tanlay : postérité) ;
 de sa seconde femme, Marguerite de la Trémoille, fille de  :
 Hector, seigneur de Saint-Just,
 Galéas seigneur du Mex et de Laas (Loiret), (1497-1516),
 Lancelot, seigneur de Marcilly,
 Tristan de Salazar, archevêque de Sens (1470-1519) qui fit élever une chapelle dans la cathédrale de Sens à la mémoire de ses parents ;
 il se maria enfin avec Marie de Braque dont il eut :
 Charles de Salazar, seigneur de Lonzac.

Armoiries

Écartelé, aux 1 et 4, de gueules, à cinq étoiles à six rais d'or en sautoir ; aux 2 et 3, d'or, à cinq feuilles de panais de sable, également en sautoir.

Articles connexes
 Liste de chefs routiers
 Grandes compagnies
 Écorcheurs

Notes et références

 Louis Moréri Grand dictionnaire historique Tome 4.Art. Salazar.
 Jules Quicherat : Rodrigue de Villandrando, l'un des combattants pour l'indépendance française au , Paris Hachette 1879.
 Chanoine Eugène Chartraire : Jean de Salazar, écuyer du roi Louis XI, père de l'archevêque Tristan de Salazar Société archéologique de Sens 1923.
 A.Thomas : Jean de Salazar et le guet-apens d'Amiens  Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, tome LXXXVI 1925.

Lien externe

descendance de Jean Salazar sur Généanet

Naissance en 1410
Naissance en Biscaye
Personnalité française de la guerre de Cent Ans
Personnalité militaire de la guerre de Cent Ans
Mercenaire du XVe siècle
Maison de La Trémoille
Décès en 1479
Décès à Troyes


There are various methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability.
Biotic — Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.
Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources include land, fresh water, air, rare earth metals and heavy metals including ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.
Renewable resources — Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, water, etc, are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption. They replenish easily compared to Non-renewable resources.
Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. By the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them, but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. Once they are completely used they take millions of years to replenish.
Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature. This can range in scale from the traditional use of preindustrial societies, to global industry. Extractive industries are, along with agriculture, the basis of the primary sector of the economy. Extraction produces raw material, which is then processed to add value. Examples of extractive industries are hunting, trapping, mining, oil and gas drilling, and forestry. Natural resources can add substantial amounts to a country's wealth, however, a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries ("Dutch disease") and corruption, leading to inequality and underdevelopment, this is known as the "resource curse".
Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less-developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead to sustainable and inclusive growth. People often accuse extractive industry businesses as acting only to maximize short-term value, implying that less-developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations. Alternatively, host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate revenue. Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross. These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with the private sector and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability, infrastructure development, employment creation, skills and enterprise development and impacts on children, especially girls and women. A strong civil society can play an important role in ensuring effective management of natural resources. Norway can serve as a role model in this regard as it has good institutions and open and dynamic public debate with strong civil society actors that provide an effective checks and balances system for government's management of extractive industries.
Wind is a natural resource that can be used to generate electricity, as with these 5 MW wind turbines in Thorntonbank Wind Farm 28 km (17 mi) off the coast of Belgium.
In recent years, the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the United Nations (UN). This is evident in the UN's Agenda 21 Section Two, which outlines the necessary steps for countries to take to sustain their natural resources. The depletion of natural resources is considered a sustainable development issue. The term sustainable development has many interpretations, most notably the Brundtland Commission's 'to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs', however in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet's people and species now and in the future. In regards to natural resources, depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments and potential to impact the needs of future generations.
Depletion of natural resources is associated with social inequity. Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries, depletion of this resource could result in losses of ecosystem services for these countries. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations.
At present, there is particular concern for rainforest regions that hold most of the Earth's biodiversity. According to Nelson deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world's forests with 30% of the Earth's surface already cropped. If we consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and ¾ of the world's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants, loss of the world's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life saving medicines.
The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change' such as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography (e.g. population growth), economy, society, politics and technology. The current practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification. The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given by Theodore Roosevelt, a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction.
In 1982, the UN developed the World Charter for Nature, which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures must be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law. To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the IUCN, WWF and the UNEP in 1990, set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively.
Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on science, economics and the practice of natural resource management. The term conservation biology was introduced as the title of a conference held at the University of California, San Diego, in La Jolla, California, in 1978, organized by biologists Bruce A. Wilcox and Michael E. Soulé.
Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas for wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range.
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants, and animals—with a particular focus on how management affects quality of life for present and future generations. Hence, sustainable development is followed according to judicial use of resources to supply both the present generation and future generations.
Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not for defining the boundaries of the resource. The resources are managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on local condition.
A "...successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech, a dynamic and wide-ranging public debate through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues...", because of the nature of the shared resources the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them. The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The right to resources includes land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights. The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and to impose penalty on those peoples who violates the rules. These conflicts are resolved in a quick and low cost manner by the local institution according to the seriousness and context of the offence. The global science-based platform to discuss natural resources management is the World Resources Forum, based in Switzerland.
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^ "Definition of natural resource - Student Dictionary". Wordcentral.com. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
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^ "Natural resource dictionary definition | natural resource defined". Yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ "Earth's natural wealth: an audit". Science.org.au. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008.
^ "Peak Everything?". Reason.com. April 27, 2010.
^ "EnviroStats: Canada's natural resource wealth at a glance". Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
^ Evelyn Dietsche; Samantha Dodd; Dan Haglund; Mark Henstridge; Maja Jakobsen; Esméralda Sindou; Caroline Slaven. "Extractive industries, development and the role of donors - ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED KNOWLEDGE SERVICES". Partberplatform.org. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ a b c "UN 2002 Earth Summit Agenda 21 The United Nations programme for action from Rio: Section Two – Conservation and Management of Resources for Development, United Nations, Rio". Un.org. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ "UN 1987 'Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future' UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements". Un.org. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg.
^ "UNEP 2011 International Year of Forests". Un.org. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ a b c d "Nelson 2005 Chapter 3: Drivers of Ecosystem Change: Summary Chapter in Current State and Trends Assessment Millenium Ecosystem Assessment" (PDF). 12 September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ "UN 1982 General Assembly World Charter for Nature: 48th Plenary meeting". United Nations. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ Fein, J. (2003). "Learning to Care: Education and Compassion" (PDF). Australian Journal of Environmental Education. 19: 1–13. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox. 1980. Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sinauer Associatess. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
^ Soule, Michael E. (1986). Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates. p. 584. ISBN 0-87893-795-1.
^ van Dyke, Fred (2008). Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications, 2nd ed. Springer Verlag. p. 478. ISBN 978-1-4020-6890-4.
^ a b c "Ostrom E cited in Kommers N and Mackie P 2005 Journalist guide to world resources 2005 World Resources Institute 1-30" (PDF). Pdf.wri.org.
^ a b c "UNDP,UNEP, The World Bank and World Resources Institute – The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Institute 2005 Chapter 3 The board's role in governance, World Resources 2005" (PDF). Sc.com.my. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-25.
^ Overland, Indra (2018-01-01). Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management. pp. 1–22.
The David Force Natural Resource Area is a 221-acre (89 ha) wildlife area in Ellicott City, Maryland. It is located between Route 70 and 40 adjacent to the Turf Valley development in Howard County, Maryland, and operated by the Howard County Department of Recreation and Parks.
The resource area was created to protect water quality, provide habitat for wildlife, and support recreational hiking and nature observation purposes.The area is named after David W. Force (1909-1966), a founder of Force and Christhill construction and former Howard County judge who made national headlines for sentencing an African American to lashings in 1951, and later a county commissioner who ran on a slow growth platform on 1962 who was one of three that approved the development of Columbia for The Rouse Company.
Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and restore natural resources while meeting the socioeconomic, political, and cultural needs of current and future generations.The principal objective of ecosystem management is the efficient maintenance and ethical use of natural resources. It is a multifaceted and holistic approach which requires a significant change in how the natural and human environments are identified.
Several approaches to effective ecosystem management engage conservation efforts at both local and landscape levels and involve: adaptive management, natural resource management, strategic management, and command and control management.
This is a list of oil-producing countries by oil exports based on The World Factbook  and other Sources. Many countries also import oil, and some import more oil than they export.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners and managers.
Its name was changed in 1994 during the presidency of Bill Clinton to reflect its broader mission. It is a relatively small agency, currently comprising about 12,000 employees. Its mission is to improve, protect, and conserve natural resources on private lands through a cooperative partnership with state and local agencies. While its primary focus has been agricultural lands, it has made many technical contributions to soil surveying, classification and water quality improvement. One example is the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP), set up to quantify the benefits of agricultural conservation efforts promoted and supported by programs in the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (2002 Farm Bill). NRCS is the leading agency in this project.
Natural resource management refers to the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations (stewardship).
Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural landscapes interact. It brings together land use planning, water management, biodiversity conservation, and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries and forestry. It recognises that people and their livelihoods rely on the health and productivity of our landscapes, and their actions as stewards of the land play a critical role in maintaining this health and productivity.Natural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and ecology and the life-supporting capacity of those resources. Environmental management is also similar to natural resource management. In academic contexts, the sociology of natural resources is closely related to, but distinct from, natural resource management.
The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) is an agency of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon responsible for programs protecting Oregon fish and wildlife resources and their habitats.
The agency operates hatcheries, issues hunting and angling licenses, advises on habitat protection, and sponsors public education programs. Its history dates to the 1878 establishment of the office of Columbia River Fish Warden. Since 1931, enforcement of Oregon's Fish and Game laws has been the responsibility of the Oregon State Police rather than separate wardens.
A resource-based or natural-resource-based economy is that of a country whose gross national product or gross domestic product to a large extent comes from natural resources.
The resource curse, also known as the paradox of plenty, refers to the paradox that countries with an abundance of natural resources (such as fossil fuels and certain minerals), tend to have less economic growth, less democracy, and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources. There are many theories and much academic debate about the reasons for, and exceptions to, these adverse outcomes. Most experts believe the resource curse is not universal or inevitable, but affects certain types of countries or regions under certain conditions.
Its roots go back to the Committee on Interior and Insulars Affair. In 1977, it became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and Indian Affairs were removed from its jurisdiction into its own committee.
and professional schools at the University of Minnesota. The college offers 13 majors, 3 pre-major and pre-professional majors and 26 freestanding minors for undergraduate students and a variety of graduate study options that include master's, doctoral and joint degree programs.
The Washington Natural Areas Program, part of the Washington Department of Natural Resources, manages dozens of natural areas owned by the U.S. state of Washington. These areas have received funding through the state's general fund since the Washington State Legislature enacted the Natural Areas Preserve Act in 1972. As of January 2010, there are 52 Natural Area Preserves and 29 Natural Resources Conservation Areas. The program's goals are to protect rare and outstanding examples of Washington's widely varied ecosystems, maintain the state's biological diversity, support education and scientific research, and provide public opportunities for low-impact recreation.
Woodard Bay Natural Resources Conservation Area is a natural reserve in Olympia, Washington protected under the Washington Natural Areas Program. Once an important processing facility for the logging industry, it has been designated as the Weyerhaeuser South Bay Log Dump Rural Historic Landscape. Today the area is a renowned sanctuary for a variety of birds, harbor seals, river otters, bald eagles, and a colony of bats, as well as serving as an important great blue heron rookery. A recent conservation program in the area between the State of Washington and the Nature Conservancy is the first of its kind in the country.


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Coast Guard Launches First Satellites to Aid in Arctic Rescue
A pair of CubeSats, nicknamed Polar Scout, will help locate stranded ships in the growing number of treacherous Arctic shipping lanes.
For decades, the dense sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean has been shrinking and, in some regions, disappearing altogether. This environmental change is dramatically altering areas that were once blocked by ice and creating open water that is being turned into shipping lanes for an increasing number of vessels looking for a faster route between Asia, eastern North America and Europe.
According to data from the U.S. Committee On The Marine Transportation System, the number of vessels operating in the Arctic region has increased from 52 in 2008 to 144 in 2013. The committee predicts that the Arctic Ocean will see 2,111 vessels by 2025. This rapid increase in traffic through a dynamic environment like the Arctic has made U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) missions especially challenging while underscoring the need for prompt and reliable emergency distress signal response.
On December 3, Polar Scout launched from Vandenberg AFB, successfully deploying two 6U CubeSats (named Kodiak and Yukon) into a polar orbit. A joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate and the Coast Guard Research, Development, Test and Evaluation Program, the Polar Scout mission aims to test the capabilities of small, inexpensive satellites to improve U.S. Coast Guard response to emergency distress signals. The Polar Scout CubeSats will fly over the North Pole roughly every 100 minutes and will be able to detect emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) signals from stranded vessels for around 12 minutes during each orbit. Because the CubeSats will orbit the earth 15 to 16 times a day, the Polar Scouts will provide more than three hours of Arctic coverage daily.
Polar Scout will demonstrate technologies that could be leveraged to expedite the reporting of search-and-rescue needs in remote and notoriously harsh Arctic regions, where timeliness is of utmost importance. The project will test the viability of using space-based sensors to assist with emergencies in a terrain further complicated by vast distances and lack of infrastructure. The use of satellites in this capacity could potentially reduce the time and resources required for traditional aircraft searches and reduce the need to place search-and-rescue personnel in hazardous situations.
Video: Polar Scout Satellites Aid Arctic Rescue
The Polar Scout project was a rapid solution to a potential problem for the Coast Guard's search and rescue missions. The next-generation satellite constellation Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue (MEOSAR) is not expected to reach full operational capability for another five to 10 years, leaving the Coast Guard with gaps in search-and-rescue coverage. CubeSats may bridge these interim gaps by augmenting existing search-and-rescue coverage until MEOSAR becomes fully operational. To this end, both Kodiak and Yukon are designed to detect 406 MHz emergency distress beacons, which could prove critical to Coast Guard missions.
DHS began test and evaluation of the CubeSats using emergency distress test beacons in the Arctic in early 2019 and will continue through the summer. Those results will be compared with that of the current COSPAS-SARSAT architecture, which currently facilitates 41,000 global rescues annually, with 8,000 of those taking place in the U.S.
In the spring, the Polar Scout Project will initiate two demonstrations. Both demonstrations will include deployment of test Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) in various U.S. Coast Guard search-and-rescue regions, including the Arctic region. Both demonstrations will require Yukon and Kodiak to detect fixed reference beacons as well as beacons deployed from moving platforms.
The Russian-flagged tanker Renda, carrying more than 1.3 million gallons of fuel, sits in the ice while the Coast Guard Cutter Healy crew breaks the ice around the tanker approximately 19 miles northwest of Nunivak Island. (U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 1st Class Sara Francis.)
The Aerospace Corporation has supported DHS and the Polar Scout project by providing systems engineering, mission analysis, and assurance support to the government and is continuing to provide support to monitoring and resolving system anomalies.
"Aerospace is bringing value to this project by translating our tried-and-true mission assurance methods to CubeSat-class vehicles," says Polar Scout Project's Chief Engineer Margherita P. Eastman. "Using a small team of engineers, we focused on the high-risk areas—space and ground—and provided recommendations to quickly resolve the issues at minimal cost."
Ultimately, Polar Scout will yield a "road map" of CubeSat technology that will provide guidelines for applying space innovation to better support Coast Guard missions. While CubeSats are not intended to replace COSPRAS-SARSAT, they may prove capable of providing an interim solution. Likewise, a similar approach could ultimately be applied to provide space-based capabilities and technologies to assist in other DHS missions, such as border surveillance, and to aid in the investigation of illegal fishing and wildlife poaching.
FIRESTORM: Aerospace Sensors Shed Light on Environmental Impact of US Wildfires
Aerospace leverages hyperspectral imagery capabilities to capture valuable environmental data from areas impacted from recent wildfires.
How Aerospace Keeps Space Missions Running Smoothly
Scientists at The Aerospace Corporation specialize in creating and evaluating lubricants that help spacecraft withstand the extreme and volatile environment of space.
The Value of Space Summit: Understanding Space's Critical Role
Hosted by The Aerospace Corporation and the Space Information Sharing and Analysis Center (Space ISAC), the event focused on the most pressing challenges and opportunities for space operations.
Inside NASA's Groundbreaking OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sampling Mission
NASA has collected a sample from Bennu, an ancient carbonaceous asteroid that may offer scientists a wealth of insight into the makings of the early solar system and the ingredients that may have cont...
Solar Gravity Lens Concept Receives $2M NASA Grant for Technology Maturation
The Solar Gravity Lens (SGL) concept to send a fleet of optical telescopes to image habitable planets far beyond our solar system received a $2 million grant by NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts (NI...
AeroCube-10 Deployed to Enable Sustainable Space
To help accelerate the rapid development of new generations of technology, enhance satellite lifetimes, and better predict satellite reentry times, The Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) designed AeroC...
CUMULOS Zooms In and Takes Nighttime Images of Major Global Cities
Small enough to fit inside a satellite the size of a breadbox, The Aerospace Corporation's CubeSat Multispectral Observing System (CUMULOS) has reached another major milestone—taking calibrated nightt...
R3 to Provide High-Value Capability at Fraction of Cost
Aerocube-11 R3 is an experiment in smallsat low Earth orbit (LEO) technologies that will focus on faster development of new prototype concepts at lower costs.


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Two Iranian Men Indicted for SamSam Ransomware Attacks
Using the SamSam ransomware that they allegedly developed, they reportedly encrypted machines and demanded ransoms, mostly amounting to tens of thousands of dollars, which had to be paid to their bitcoin accounts, in return for de-encrypting the systems.
Fresh SamSam Ransomware Campaign Across the U.S
SamSam ransomware is still plaguing organisations across the US, with fresh attacks against 67 new targets – including at least one involved with administering the upcoming midterm elections.
"Typewriters are productive again", the aftermath of Mat-Sus Ransomware Attack
The malware attack happened last July 21 to 22, 2018, a weekend. It was a massive ransomware infection of 120 servers (The Mat-Su government has 150 servers overall.) and 500 desktop computers.
Inside SamSam Ransomwares USD6 Million Ransom Profit
Ransomware is a big business for cybercriminals. In the age when the market is flooded by many competing cloud-storage and cloud-backup services, a significant number of them are even free - having a reliable backup in the enterprise is still lacking.
WannaCry Out, SamSam Ransomware In
Ransomware in its present form looks like a modern way to extort money from the poor victims that accidentally trigger the malware in one way or another. However, the idea of helding user data hostage, until payment is received is nothing new.
Allscripts Recovering from Alleged SamSam Ransomware Attack
HackerCombat had already written on the SamSam ransomware strike at Hancock Health, a regional hospital in the city of Greenfield, Indiana. We had quoted reports that said that the Hancock Health hospital had paid a $55,000 ransom to the hackers to regain access to its network and data.


Whether you are finalizing a brand new construction project or focusing on renovating an old building, wiring systems and piping systems will become the most important infrastructural aspects, of course. This is solely because those two major systems are integrated with almost every other aspect of a construction and a simple mistake can cost you a good amount of money. If you want to get your wiring systems repaired or planning on laying down a new wiring system, you need to hire the right people. You should never try out these projects as DIYs despite how easy they seem. A professional service provider or specifically an electrician will have the right expertise to carry out these tasks.
If you are going to hire one, however, you should first consider following few tops to identify your best options.First, you have to focus on their service record before hiring any service provider, including electricians. Their work history or professional record will provide you with an excellent idea about their true potential. If you are planning on hiring an electrical contractor Springfield Lakes, for instance, you will find dozens of companies or professional individuals but only a few of those people will hold a solid work record. Hiring the ones with a reliable reputation will not only help you get the best results but also will save your money in the long run.Look for recommendations if this is your first time hiring a professional electrician.
Even though they are well-qualified and reputed, it is always better to follow a reliable recommendation because that is really an additional layer of reliability.Make sure to talk to your colleagues or your friends and ask for their opinions before you blindly jump to rash conclusions.You should also consider their specializations or specific skills when hiring an electrician. For instance, if you are planning an air conditioner installation, you need to hire service companies or professionals with adequate experience and qualifications in that line of work. If you don't focus on those specific skills or expertise, you might end up hiring someone without the right set of skills.Most service companies have websites that show details about their services. It is always a good idea to follow those official webpages and read up before you jump to any conclusion. When you read up, you will find more specific and relevant information and also, you will have the opportunity to find reliable testimonials and they will always help you have more logical perspectives as well as make better decisions.
Being a businessman and having quite a lot of money does not allow anyone to use electricity in any wrong way. Using it in a smart way not only saves money, but also saves electricity. We must think about the traditional sources out of which electricity is derived. As a commercial space consumes a lot of electricity, it is necessary to make proper use of it. Commercial electricians know how to make the most out of the design of the building. They will give proper ideas to make maximum use of natural light. They will also help you to get appliances and equipments that consume less electricity. This will not only save money, but also resources.
Finding something perfect is always tough. But that does not mean that you cannot find the perfect person or thing for yourself. When it comes to any kind of job, it is really necessary to find the perfect worker or employee. When it comes to electrical work, the need is felt even more. May it be a large commercial complex, a small home, a residential apartment or a small departmental store; nothing can run without the help of electricity. According to the size and workload, the building will consume electricity. It is not enough to buy wires and other products but these must be of proper capacity. All these things are quite complicated. That is why we take help of trained electricians. This article is to help people find the perfect electrician for different purposes.
You will easily find a firm that is ready with trained people to help you. I am sure you will find quite a few firms or electricians in your vicinity. It is important to find the best one. Online rating often helps to know people's reaction or experience. You may check the websites to know more about best data cabling in Sydney as well as commercial electricians. Always choose the experienced one. Experience helps people to excel in their work.
When you communicate with the firm or electricians, make sure you ask about the equipment. In case of electrical works, various kinds of equipment and tools are used for various works including residential electrical contractors Cronulla. It is necessary for an electrician to be well equipped. If an electrician does not possess all the tools and equipment, he is never the one you should choose.
Always remember that equipment may develop problems suddenly and people may fall ill or they may not be able to come due to various reasons. This may cause a little or sometimes a problematic delay in the project. In that case, the electrician should be able to send a person who can undertake the project. In case of equipment, there must back up to continue the work. A firm or electrician who is ready for this is always perfect to work with.
What Is A Reactive Load Bank?


Have we not learn from Pepsi's disastrous Kendall Jenner ad? Shea Moisture, a black-owned haircare company, decided to release an ad that is clearly marketing to white women, as well. Many people on Twitter feel that the ad is another example of whitewashing in advertising.
In the ad above, a black girl with curly hair talks about she hated her natural hair and how Shea Moisture has made her love her coif more. Intercut to another scene and a white girl is raving about how the product has saved her from a bad hair day.
But the question here is - do white women actually used Shea Moisture?
Some would argue "No," which is why the hair company is getting dragged on Twitter. Folks are accusing Shea Moisture of "gentrifying" their ad to appeal to white people.
Critics on Twitter have been royally dragging the company on their timelines. Some people support Shea Moisture's attempt to broaden the marketplace with their product, while others feel they are abandoning black women in order to cross over into the white haircare industry.
"Black women have supported and gave free press to Shea Moisture for YEARS. And then they have a "hair hate" commercial with white women?" tweeted one woman. "I'm not mad at Shea Moisture for trying to cross over. However this ad completely neglects the women who've been there since day one," wrote one user.


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Densho Digital Archive
National Japanese American Historical Society Collection
Title: Takashi Matsui Interview
Narrator: Takashi Matsui
Interviewer: Marvin Uratsu
Location: Seattle, Washington
Densho ID: denshovh-mtakashi-02-0008
<Begin Segment 8>
MU: Excuse me, but did you know anybody that was taken by the FBI?
TM: Yeah.
MU: For special incarceration?
TM: Yes.
MU: You knew some people that happened?
TM: Yeah. Mr. Honda is one of 'em.
MU: Who was he?
TM: He was here in Seattle, exporting logs, lumber to Japan. He was one of the big-time operators. The reason why I knew him was that I knew his children, and they were going to the university. Of course, I didn't see the FBI actually taking him out, but the children told me.
MU: Talked about it...
TM: Yeah. And the mother, their mother later told me. And she asked me to look at some of the papers that he had in his desk. And there were Japanese war bonds and things like that. And the mother, who was half-Caucasian, thought that, "Well, maybe he deserves to be incarcerated." [Laughs]
MU: Oh, because he had the Japanese bonds and...
TM: He invested some money.
MU: Are there any other stories that you know of like that?
TM: No. That's the only one I know, but about that time, I been hearing all kinds of stories. Somebody's father was taken in, somebody's father was taken from the golf course, all that. I don't remember the details, but I been hearing all that.
MU: Sure.
<End Segment 8> - Copyright © 1997 Densho. All Rights Reserved.


Dr. Michael Klaper, is a gifted clinician, internationally recognized teacher, and sought-after speaker on diet and health. He has practiced medicine for more than 40 years and is a leading educator in applied plant-based nutrition and integrative medicine. Dr. Klaper is also the author of a successful book on cholesterol-free nutrition and an upcoming title (to be announced in 2016), as well as numerous health videos.
He is truly a source of inspiration advocating plant-based diets and the end of animal cruelty worldwide, Dr. Klaper contributed to the making of two PBS television programs Food for Thought and the award-winning Diet for a New America movie based on the book of the same name by author and former heir to the Baskin-Robbins fortune, John Robbins. He teaches his students and patients that "health comes from healthy living," and is dedicated to the healing and flourishing of all living beings and of the planet itself.
Dr. Michael Klaper graduated in 1972 from University of Illinois College of Medicine in Chicago. He served his medical internship at Vancouver General Hospital in British Columbia, Canada and undertook additional training in surgery, anesthesiology, and orthopedics at the University of British Columbia Hospitals in Vancouver, and obstetrics at the University of California Hospitals in San Francisco.
As Dr. Klaper's medical career progressed, he began to realize (true to what science is bearing out today) that many of the diseases his patients presented with – clogged arteries (atherosclerosis), high blood pressure (hypertension), obesity, adult onset diabetes, and even some forms of arthritis, asthma, and other significant illnesses – were made worse or actually caused by the high-fat, high sugar, overly processed Standard American Diet (S.A.D.).
Accordingly, Dr. Klaper resolutely believes that proper nutrition and a balanced lifestyle are essential for health and, in many cases, can make the difference between healing an illness or merely treating its symptoms.
As a passionate and devoted educator of physicians and other healthcare professionals about the importance of nutrition in clinical practice, Dr. Michael Klaper served as the Director of the non-profit Institute of Nutrition Education and Research.
He was also a member of the Nutrition Task Force of the American Medical Student Association, and served as an advisor to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) project on nutrition for long-term space colonists on the moon and Mars.
For over ten years, he hosted the popular medical information radio program Sounds of Healing on WPFW in Washington, DC and KAOI 1110 AM on Maui, Hawaii.
Dr. Michael Klaper practiced acute care medicine in New Zealand for three years and currently serves on the staff of the TrueNorth Health Center in Santa Rosa, California, a nutritionally-based medical clinic specializing in therapeutic fasting and health improvement through a whole-foods, plant-based diet. Dr. Michael Klaper is licensed to practice medicine in California and Hawaii.
Dr. Klaper is someone I've wanted to have on my show for quite a while because he comes from a dairy industry background, having worked on his grandfather's dairy farm as a boy. He knows how brainwashed everyone in the industry is because he was once in the same shoes. He also knows how we as consumers have been led to believe the exact opposite of what is true. Not only that, he's got the experience as a physician to see the real life changes that happen when his patients get off dairy entirely.
One of the things Dr. Klaper says about his medical practice is that he's one of the happiest doctors he knows. That's because he is constantly seeing his patients get well. The non-dairy recommendations he makes bring dramatic changes to all kinds of chronic conditions almost immediately. He's convinced how poisonous dairy is to the human body because he's seen the results of removing it from the diet.
If you want to know what you can do to help wean our country off the poisons that exist naturally in dairy products it starts with you. You've got to commit yourself to getting off all dairy products for the sake of your own health first. While you're doing that you'll be sending a financial message to the dairy industry that won't believe their propaganda and lies anymore.
There's nothing like a drop income to get somebody's attention. And the dairy industry needs that kind of wake-up call. It's been far too long that we've been lied to and deceived into eating something that does an enormous amount of harm to our bodies. Will you be one of the people who makes a difference? It can be hard to change dietary habits but for your own health and the health of those you love, it's worth the sacrifice. And you'll discover a whole new world of great tasting foods out there in the process.
[2:00] My welcome and introduction to this episode of the podcast.
[5:58] The importance of knowing who funds the studies you trust.
[7:33] My introduction of Dr. Michael Klaper.
[12:28] Why I trust Dr. Klaper's information and insights.
[13:00] Why I see Dr. Klaper as the dairy specialist.
[15:10] The ongoing trend in medical school regarding a lack of education in nutrition.
[17:10] The things that contributed to Dr. Klaper turning away from animal based foods.
[27:56] Why dairy is an emotional subject to talk about and why raw milk is no better.
[30:02] The way the lies about dairy make the rounds and people continue to be deceived.
[37:00] Why the paleo diet is going to kill many people in years to come.
[45:53] How the disconnect between loving animals and being a meat eater happens.
[48:30] The issue of RBGH in milk products.
[57:17] Dr. Klaper's comments about soy products.
[1:01:45] The reasons Dr. Klaper finds it easy to convince his patients of moving away from dairy.
[1:07:03] What happens when you take calcium supplements.
[1:09:05] How you can connect with Dr. Klaper and his work.


Reel Talk Online: Can This Be the Blerd Romance Film We've Been Waiting For?
Can This Be the Blerd Romance Film We've Been Waiting For?
Who would have thunk it? First Lady Michelle and President Barack Obama have kinda been our favorite aunt and uncle for the past eight years. So the thought of watching a film that chronicles their love story is like watching a family home video--except much, much better. Or so I'd like to think (and hope).
Writer/director Richard Tanne's SOUTHSIDE WITH YOU just looks like freshly baked apple pie: warm, fulfilling, and oh so American. Not to mention, wonderfully blerdy. Because you know a film about the Obamas. with their countless causes, boundless intelligence, and unlimited charisma, can only be blerdy. Guys, this may be the first blerd love story we've seen in a loooong while. Also, Tika Sumpter (who shines in the trailer as Michelle Obama) is finally taking center stage on the big screen, alongside Parker Sawyers (who despite not really looking like Barack Obama, he's got his affectations down pat in the trailer). I really, really hope this is good.
Oh, and did I mention that John Legend is the executive producer? Which means the soundtrack is going to be immensely sweet and beautifully written.
I'm here for it. Who's with me?
John Legend has been producing a lot of great projects as of late. I am actually excited to see this! It will be nice to see how their relationship began.


text:
Q: Replacing Values in a String Forgive me if this question has already been asked; I've searched the site for this question and haven't stumbled upon it yet.
I'm creating a word-guessing game, and I'm having trouble with the last of my functions. The function arguments are a user-inputted character ("character"), a randomly generated word ("word"), and a scrambled version of that word ("scrmbldword"). As an example, the word could be "chilly", and the scrambled version would have a corresponding number of underscores "______". The role of this function is to take the user input, scan the "word" for that letter, and if it finds that letter in the word, to replace an underscore of the "scrmbldword" with the corresponding letter.
For instance, the word would be "chilly", and the user input would be the character "l"; I need the scrmbldword to become "___ll_".
function unscrambledWord(character, scrmbldword, word) {
  for (k = 0; k < word.length; k++) {
    if (character == word[k]) {
      var tempLetter = word[k];
      console.log(tempLetter)
      tempWord = scrmbldword.replace(scrmbldword[k], character);
      console.log(tempWord);
    }
  }
}

Thank you for all the answers, but when I copy and paste them into my code, they are not working. I'm trying to understand the code behind your various answers so I can edit them myself, but for the most part I don't get it. Perhaps it would help you all if I gave more context, so here's my file entirely...
<!DOCTYPE html>

  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Word Guess Game</title>

Type any letter to start playing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


360 CJ5 - Welcome to 4PlayJeep, Spares, Accessories and Jeep Servicing.
One still in progress, this old girl is a blast from the past. She is a restored 1971 CJ5 we have now fitted with a modified & rebuilt AMC 360 cu.in. V8. This vehicle is seriously modified in every area with some of the most expensive parts available and many parts are custom made. She is to be exported to Canada on completion from were we are hoping to get some pictures of her in action.
Preparing for export & the farewell.


My two old cats, Tom, a sweet black cat and Ed, a gray tabby, recently passed. I miss them and have no pets right now.
5. When I wake up every morning I… Get coffee, quick!
My grandmother's favorite cow bell. She used to ring it to summon any children in her care.
I am a world-class flower arranger—just ask my friends and family.
Pleasure. Tears. Smiles. All the feels.
A NEW YORK TIMES and USA TODAY bestselling author, Christine Rimmer has written more than one hundred contemporary romances for Harlequin Books. She consistently writes emotional, humorous, sensual stories that keep her readers coming back for more. Christine has won Romantic Times BOOKreview's Reviewer's Choice Award for best Silhouette Special Edition. She has been nominated six times for the Romance Writers of America's prestigious RITA award and also five times for Romantic Times Series Storyteller of the Year.
A California native who first longed to be an actress, Christine earned her theater degree from California State, Sacramento and then went to New York to study acting. Later, she moved to Southern California, where she began her writing career with short stories, plays, and poems. Her poems and short stories were published in a number of small literary journals. Her plays were produced at The Back Alley and Group Theaters in Southern California and have been published by Dramatists Play Service and West Coast Plays. Christine lives in Oregon with her family.
…he usually gets it. And the powerhouse CEO has wanted Ava Malloy since he was a Justice Creek High senior. Darius is already adored by one Malloy: Ava's spirited daughter. Helping Sylvie and her local Blueberry troop build dollhouses for needy kids is a worthy cause that's bringing him closer to the widowed single mom. Imagine his surprise when the usually unapproachable Ava starts flirting and making her romantic intentions crystal clear!
A holiday fling with the man Ava has always found irresistibly attractive is a thrilling way to ring in the New Year. She can't promise Darius the future—one devastating heartbreak in a lifetime is enough. But Ava underestimates his staying power. And what about her own secret heart's desire? A Bravo under the mistletoe and in her arms forever!
Christine Rimmer is giving away signed copy OR ebook (winner's choice) of A Bravo For Christmas , (U.S only) to one lucky commenter!
To enter, simply leave the author a question based on their Q&A responses. Giveaway ends on 12/10/17.
Previous Author Spotlight & Giveaway: Nancy Naigle!
Next Author Spotlight & Giveaway: Kerry Evelyn!
What is a salmon troller? Never heard of this.
Sue! Thanks for stoppin' by. Salmon trolling is: Trolling is a method of fishing where one or more fishing lines, baited with lures or bait fish, are drawn through the water. This may be behind a moving boat, or by slowly winding the line in when fishing from a static position, or even sweeping the line from side-to-side, e.g. when fishing from a jetty.
Ah, thanks. Living in Cleveland, OH I do not get to see things like this…interesting.
Sue, you are so welcome. Any snow this year in Cleveland yet?
Why did you start writing romance books?
Debra! I started writing romance mostly because I loved to read it–and still do. I had been trying my hand at a lot of different types of writing: playwriting, literary novels, short stories, poetry. I was getting stuff published in small literary journals and such, but I knew I would probably never be able to write for a living. Until I started reading about writing romance and learned that there actually was a thriving market for romance stories. I decided to try my hand. I sold the first book I wrote to a now-defunct Harlequin line, Harlequin Temptation. I wrote another and sold it. And so on. Years and years later, I make my living writing romance and I love getting up every day and going to work in my home office.
Do you use the cow bell?
bn100! I only use the cowbell for fun now. Sometimes, I just grab it and shake it to hear it clatter–and to remember my grandmother. ❤ XOXO!
Ever written any books out of your genre? If so, which ones? If not, any plans to do so?
How did you end up with that cow bell? Do you write any books that aren't Harlequin books?
Have you always wrote romance novels? Has there been amy other genre you have written?
Thanks for adding the pictures. Its fun to see!
So you write about salmon fishing. But how about flower arranging? Is that how you have gotten so good? Do you have flower arrangers in your books??
Lisoo, well, I haven't written about salmon fishing yet. But I will get there in the ten-book BRAVOS OF VALENTINE BAY series. Re the flower arranging, I just do it for fun. We have a farmer's market nearby open April-October and I get great deals on gorgeous flowers to arrange. I also collect vases at yard sales and estate sales. What can I say? It's just my joy. I've written a couple of books with flower-loving heroines. One had a big, beautiful garden and she would cut flowers from it and arrange them. The other was a florist. I had fun in a scene where she's making an arrangement for her shop and giving the hero a bad time simultaneously. XOXO!
It does sound like a wonderful thing. A great pleasure for you.
I have a few things like that too. Sewing. I love sewing and whenever I see material or patterns on sale, I am sucker. Most of the time, I have no idea what I will do with them. But I just love having them and getting a great bargain is another great joy!
Also, photography. I love it.
Sounds like a lot of fun additions to your books!
lisoo! Somehow I missed your reply. Ah, sewing! I used to sew a lot, make my own clothes. Not so much anymore. I agree on loving shopping for a sewing project. And a bargain! Can't be that. XOXO!
Your flowers are beautiful! Do you have a hot house to grow your own or a flower garden you tend to share with friends?
I always enjoy your posts. They brighten my day. I feel I know you. lol. When did you know you wanted to be a writer and did you always love to write.
Laurie, thank you! You just brightened MY day. I always loved to write and wrote journals and little stories when I was very you. But at first I wanted to be an actress. My grandmother (of the cowbell) told me that as soon as I got that acting bug out of my system, I would "settle down" and be the writer I was meant to be. She was right. As she was so often… (sigh) OXOXO!
I meant, very YOUNG. ARgh.
Do you love all thing's Christmas?
how did you learn to arrange the flowers? what are your favorite flowers?
girlfromwva! I just…like to arrange them and I always try to buy a selection of them from the farmer's market or a local market or a florist about once a week and I bring them home and get to work. I collect interesting vases from yard sales and estate sales. And over the years, I've just learned what looks good at what height and in what combination and in what kind of vase, so it's partly practice and partly, I suppose, a certain eye for it. There are all kinds of ways to keep them fresh longer. First, you learn to tell when they're fresh by the look of the leaves and the look of the stems at the base, then at home, I cut off at least an inch of stem at a slant–a clean cut, no hanging strings of plant material; I remove every bit of leaf below the water line; changing the water every other day, washing the vase with hot water and dish soap and then rinsing thoroughly and getting the water very cold before putting the stems back in. And never put an arrangement in a sunny window unless you don't mind that it will wilt in a day. Cut flowers don't do well in the sun.
See? I'm pretty obsessive about it. LOL. I guess if I had to choose a flower it would either be a sunflower for its bold cheerfulness or dahlias. I live in the Pacific Northwest and the size and various types and colors of dahlias here are just endlessly surprising and beautiful.
You always post such gorgeous flower arrangements Christine! What are some of your favorite flowers to receive or display?
Lynn! Thanks for dropping in. And I'm so pleased you enjoy my endless displays of flower-love! Fave flowers are sunflowers, dahlias–and I love statice. They look like dried flowers, last forever, come in a variety of colors and and are always handy to fill out an arrangement. XOXO!
Hi, Christine! I've read all your Montana Mavericks books! Love! How do you keep track of all the characters and and family dynamics for more than one series?
Kerry! Thank you. I love writing the Montana Mavericks and usually write one a year. To keep track of it all, I use simple Word files–for bios for each new character, adding to the bio if the character has changed during any given story. I keep files on pets and other animals in the various stories, on the vehicles, on the houses, on various locations and buildings and businesses within the larger setting. I draw maps of the settings. And I update all the files each time I write a new book in any given series. It's challenging. But so much fun! XOXO!
Oh, and I also keep name files, lists of first and last names I've used and in which books. After more than a hundred books, I have to keep track. LOL!
Sounds like a blast! What advice would you give to a new author just starting on her first series?
Oh, Kerry! Definitely keep records, so you know who's who and how they've developed. Maybe have an overarching goal/plot for the series. At least, a general theme for the series. I don't know. Finding family. Finding your true heart. Never giving up. Okay, maybe those are bit generic, but I hope I'm getting the concept across. Don't do TOO much with potential future heroes and heroines. Don't lock yourself in so that you have no room to move on whatever story calls to you when you get to that particular hero and heroine. It's a delicate balance, having enough detail and texture for the books to seem real–but not giving away the whole heart of a character before you get to his or her story. Best to you in your writing. And great sucess! XOXO!
Great advice, thank you! That balance sure is tricky – you need enough to interest the reader in the next book, but not too much. I love a challenge! I also love the Bravos – can't wait for this next installment!
Kerry, thank you so much–and a little bird told me that you're first book is debuting. Here's to great success on your writer's journey! XOXO!


text:
City – Ranchi, India
Ranchi is the capital of the Jharkhand, formed in 2000, along with Chhattisgarh, and is one of the 100 cities chosen as part of India's smart cities program. Much of the city's economy is driven by processing industry based on resources from the forests of Jharkhand. These include timber, matches, rayon, medicinal plants and seeds. It is a relatively small city, with an urban population of about 1.5 million.
From the time the state was formed in 2000, the number of vehicles in the city has increased 20 times, contributing to the increase in air pollution. With an increase in population – this erstwhile hill station is now dealing with haphazard construction, insufficient systems for solid waste management leading to open burning and an increase in emissions from transport.
To assess Ranchi's air quality, we selected 40km x 40km domain. This domain is further segregated into 1km grids, to study the spatial variations in the emission and the pollution loads.
We present below a summary of the ambient monitoring data available under the National Ambient Monitoring Program (NAMP), operated and maintained by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, New Delhi, India). In Ranchi, there is 1 manual station reporting data on PM10, SO2, and NO2 and no continuous air monitoring stations (CAMS).
Satellite Data Derived Surface PM2.5 Concentrations:
The results of satellite data derived concentrations are useful for evaluating annual trends in pollution levels and are not a proxy for on-ground monitoring networks. This data is estimated using satellite feeds and global chemical transport models. Satellites are not measuring one location all the time, instead, a combination of satellites provide a cache of measurements that are interpreted using global chemical transport models (GEOS-Chem) to represent the vertical mix of pollution and estimate ground-based concentrations with the help of previous ground-based measurements. The global transport models rely on gridded emission estimates for multiple sectors to establish a relationship with satellite observations over multiple years. These databases were also used to study the global burden of disease, which estimated air pollution as the top 10 causes of premature mortality and morbidity in India. A summary of PM2.5 concentrations from this exercise, for the city of Ranchi is presented below. The global PM2.5 files are available for download and further analysis @ Dalhousie University.
We compiled an emissions inventory for the ranchi region for the following pollutants – sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2); and particulate matter (PM) in four bins (a) coarse PM with size fraction between 2.5 and 10 μm (b) fine PM with size fraction less than 2.5 μm (c) black carbon (BC) and (d) organic carbon (OC), for year 2015 and projected to 2030.
We customized the SIM-air family of tools to fit the base information collated from the central pollution control board, state pollution control board, census bureau, national sample survey office, ministry of road transport and highways, annual survey of industries, central electrical authority, ministry of heavy industries, municipal waste management, geographical information systems, meteorological department, and publications from academic and non-governmental institutions.
This emissions inventory is based on the available local activity and fuel consumption estimates for the selected urban airshed (presented in the grid above) and does not include natural emission sources (like dust storms, lightning) and seasonal open (agricultural and forest) fires; which can only be included in a regional scale simulation. These emission sources are accounted in the concentration calculation as an external (also known as boundary or long-range) contribution to the city's air quality.
The emissions inventory was then spatially segregated at a 0.01° grid resolution in longitude and latitude (equivalent of 1 km) to create a spatial map of emissions for each pollutant (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, CO and VOCs). Below is the gridded PM2.5 emissions and the total (shares by sector) emissions.
Gridded PM2.5 Emissions (2015)
Total Estimated Emissions by Sector for 2015 (units – mil.tons/year for CO2 and tons/year for the rest)
TRAN 4,500 4,750 2,050 1,450 8,200 61,750 16,800 250 1.64
RESI 2,550 2,600 500 1,350 550 38,450 4,500 550 0.17
INDU 550 550 50 100 600 450 350 350 0.23
DUST 2,000 12,800 - - - - - - -
WAST 1,800 1,850 150 1,050 50 8,550 1,700 50 0.01
DGST 300 300 200 50 2,800 750 50 50 0.13
BRIC 1,450 1,450 400 550 950 18,550 1,900 700 0.14
TRAN = transport emissions from road, rail, aviation, and shipping (for coastal cities); RESI = residential emissions from cooking, heating, and lighting activities; INDU = industrial emissions from small, medium, and heavy industries (including power generation); DUST = dust emissions from road re-suspension and construction activities; WAST = open waste burning emissions; DGST = diesel generator set emissions; BRIC = brick kiln emissions (not included in the industrial emissions)
We processed the NCEP Reanalysis global meteorological fields from 2010 to 2016 through the 3D-WRF meteorological model. A summary of the data for year 2015, averaged for Ranchi is presented below. Download the processed data which includes information on year, month, day, hour, precipitation (mm/hour), mixing height (m), temperature (C), wind speed (m/sec), and wind direction (degrees) – key parameters which determine the intensity of dispersion of emissions.
Windrose Functions for 2013-2016
Dispersion Modeling
We calculated the ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the source contributions, using gridded emissions inventory, 3D meteorological data (from WRF), and the CAMx regional chemical transport model. The model simulates concentrations at 0.01° grid resolution and sector contributions, which include contributions from primary emissions, secondary sources via chemical reactions, and long range transport via boundary conditions (represented as "outside" in the pie graph below).
Findings and Recommendations
Modeled urban average ambient PM2.5 concentration is 73.0 ± 15.4 μg/m3 – is nearly 2 times the national standard (40) and more than 7 times the WHO guideline (10)
The city requires at least 16 continuous air monitoring stations to statistically, spatially, and temporally, represent the mix of sources and range of pollution in the city (current status – 1 manual and 0 continuous)
The modeled source contributions present an even share of transport (including on road dust), domestic cooking and heating, open waste burning, and influence of outside sources, as the key air pollution sources in the urban area
The city has an estimated 29% of the ambient annual PM2.5 pollution (in 2015) originating outside the urban airshed, which suggests that some regional interventions could reduce the pollution loads. This contribution is mostly stemming from coal-fired power plants, mining activities, large (metal and non-metal processing) industries, and brick kilns located outside the urban airshed
The city needs to aggressively promote public and non-motorized transport as part of the city's urban development plan, along with the improvement of the road infrastructure to reduce on-road dust re-suspension
By 2030, the vehicle exhaust emissions are expected to remain constant, if and only if, Bharat 6 fuel standards are introduced nationally in 2020, as recommended by the Auto Fuel Policy
By 2030, the share of emissions from residential cooking and lighting is expected to decrease with a greater share of LPG, residential electrification, and increasing urbanization. However, since the availability of biomass and coal in the region is high, a fair share of its use is expected to continue, unless an aggressive program is in place a 100% technology shift to cleaner options like LPG and electricity
The 110 brick kilns in the urban airshed are fueled mostly by coal and agri-waste. These kilns can benefit from a technology upgrade to (for example) zig-zag and fixed chimney kilns, in order to improve their overall energy efficiency Similarly, the coal-fired power plants need to practice and enforce stricter environmental standards for all the criteria pollutants
Open waste burning is dispersed across the city and requires stricter regulations for addressing the issue, as the city generates ever more garbage, with limited capacity to sort and dispose of it.