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Clandestine chemistry is chemistry carried out in secret, and particularly in illegal drug laboratories. Larger labs are usually run by gangs or organized crime intending to produce for distribution on the black market. Smaller labs can be run by individual chemists working clandestinely in order to synthesize smaller amounts of controlled substances or simply out of a hobbyist interest in chemistry, often because of the difficulty in ascertaining the purity of other, illegally synthesized drugs obtained on the black market. The term clandestine lab is generally used in any situation involving the production of illicit compounds, regardless of whether the facilities being used qualify as a true laboratory.

History
Ancient forms of clandestine chemistry included the manufacturing of explosives.

Another old form of clandestine chemistry is the illegal brewing and distillation of alcohol. This is frequently done to avoid taxation on spirits.

From 1919 to 1933, the United States prohibited the sale, manufacture, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. This opened a door for brewers to supply their own town with alcohol. Just like modern-day drug labs, distilleries were placed in rural areas. The term moonshine generally referred to "corn whiskey", that is, a whiskey-like liquor made from corn. Today, American-made corn whiskey can be labeled or sold under that name, or as Bourbon or Tennessee whiskey, depending on the details of the production process.

Psychoactive substances

Precursor chemicals
Prepared substances (as opposed to those that occur naturally in a consumable form, such as cannabis and psilocybin mushrooms) require reagents. Some drugs, like cocaine and morphine, are extracted from plant sources and refined with the aid of chemicals. Semi-synthetic drugs such as heroin are made starting from alkaloids extracted from plant sources which are the precursors for further synthesis. In the case of heroin, a mixture of alkaloids is extracted from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) by incising its seed capsule, whereupon a milky fluid (the opium 'latex') bleeds out of the incisions which is then left to dry out and scraped off the bulbs, yielding raw opium. Morphine, one of many alkaloids in opium, is then extracted out of the opium by acid-base extraction and turned into heroin by reacting it with acetic anhydride. Other drugs (such as methamphetamine and MDMA) are normally made from commercially available chemicals, though both can also be made from naturally occurring precursors. Methamphetamine can also be made from ephedrine, one of the naturally occurring alkaloids in ephedra (Ephedra sinica). MDMA can be made from safrole, the major constituent of several etheric oils like sassafras. Governments have adopted a strategy of chemical control as part of their overall drug control and enforcement plans. Chemical control offers a means of attacking illicit drug production and disrupting the process before the drugs have entered the market.

Because many legitimate industrial chemicals such as anhydrous ammonia and iodine are also necessary in the processing and synthesis of most illicitly produced drugs, preventing the diversion of these chemicals from legitimate commerce to illicit drug manufacturing is a difficult job. Governments often place restrictions on the purchase of large quantities of chemicals that can be used in the production of illicit drugs, usually requiring licenses or permits to ensure that the purchaser has a legitimate need for them.

Suppliers of precursor chemicals
Chemicals critical to the production of cocaine, heroin, and synthetic drugs are produced in many countries throughout the world. Many manufacturers and suppliers exist in Europe, China, India, the United States, and a host of other countries.

Historically, chemicals critical to the synthesis or manufacture of illicit drugs are introduced into various venues via legitimate purchases by companies that are registered and licensed to do business as chemical importers or handlers. Once in a country or state, the chemicals are diverted by rogue importers or chemical companies, by criminal organizations and individual violators, or acquired as a result of coercion and/or theft on the part of drug traffickers. In response to stricter international controls, drug traffickers have increasingly been forced to divert chemicals by mislabeling the containers, forging documents, establishing front companies, using circuitous routing, hijacking shipments, bribing officials, or smuggling products across international borders.

Enforcement of controls on precursor chemicals

General
The Multilateral Chemical Reporting Initiative encourages governments to exchange information on a voluntary basis in order to monitor international chemical shipments. Over the past decade, key international bodies like the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the U.N. General Assembly's Special Session (UNGASS) have addressed the issue of chemical diversion in conjunction with U.S. efforts. These organizations raised specific concerns about potassium permanganate and acetic anhydride.

To facilitate the international flow of information about precursor chemicals, the United States, through its relationship with the Inter-American Drug Control Abuse Commission (CICAD), continues to evaluate the use of precursor chemicals and assist countries in strengthening controls. Many nations still lack the capacity to determine whether the import or export of precursor chemicals is related to legitimate needs or illicit drugs. The problem is complicated by the fact that many chemical shipments are either brokered or transshipped through third countries in an attempt to disguise their purpose or destination.

Beginning in July 2001, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) has opted to organize an international conference with the goal of devising a specific action plan to counter the traffic in MDMA precursor chemicals. They hope to prevent the diversion of chemicals used in the production of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), including MDMA (ecstasy) and methamphetamine.

In June 2015, the European Commission approved Regulation (EU) 2015/1013 which outlined for the monitoring of drug precursors traded between the Union and third countries. The Regulation also establishes uniform procedures for licensing and registration of operators and users who are listed in a European database tracking drug precursors.

Despite this long history of law enforcement actions, restrictions of chemicals, and even covert military actions, many illicit drugs are still widely available all over the world.

Cocaine
Operation Purple is a U.S. DEA driven international chemical control initiative designed to reduce the illicit manufacture of cocaine in the Andean Region, identifying rogue firms and suspect individuals; gathering intelligence on diversion methods, trafficking trends, and shipping routes; and taking administrative, civil and/or criminal action as appropriate. Critical to the success of this operation is the communication network that gives notification of shipments and provides the government of the importer sufficient time to verify the legitimacy of the transaction and take appropriate action. The effects of this initiative have been dramatic and far-reaching. Operation Purple has exposed a significant vulnerability among traffickers, and has grown to include almost thirty nations. According to the DEA, Operation Purple has been highly effective at interfering with cocaine production. However, illicit chemists always find new methods to evade the DEA's scrutiny.

In countries where strict chemical controls have been put in place, illicit drug production has been seriously affected. For example, few of the chemicals needed to process coca leaf into cocaine are manufactured in Bolivia or Peru. Most are smuggled in from neighbouring countries with advanced chemical industries or diverted from a smaller number of licit handlers. Increased interdiction of chemicals in Peru and Bolivia has contributed to final product cocaine from those countries being of lower, minimally oxidized quality.

As a result, Bolivian lab operators are now using inferior substitutes such as cement instead of lime and sodium bicarbonate instead of ammonia and recycled solvents like ether. Some non-solvent fuels such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel are even used in place of solvents.
Manufacturers are attempting to streamline a production process that virtually eliminates oxidation to produce cocaine base. Some laboratories are not using sulfuric acid during the maceration state; consequently, less cocaine alkaloid is extracted from the leaf, producing less cocaine hydrochloride, the powdered cocaine marketed for overseas consumption.

Heroin
Similarly, heroin-producing countries depend on supplies of acetic anhydride (AA) from the international market. This heroin precursor continues to account for the largest volume of internationally seized chemicals, according to the International Narcotics Control Board. Since July 1999, there have been several notable seizures of acetic anhydride in Turkey (amounting to nearly seventeen metric tons) and Turkmenistan (totaling seventy-three metric tons).

Acetic anhydride, the most commonly used chemical agent in heroin processing, is virtually irreplaceable. According to the DEA, Mexico remains the only heroin source route to heroin laboratories in Afghanistan. Authorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan routinely seize ton-quantity shipments of diverted acetic anhydride.

The lack of acetic anhydride has caused clandestine chemists in some countries to substitute it for lower quality precursors such as acetic acid and results in the formation of impure black tar heroin that contains a mixture of drugs not found in heroin made with pure chemicals.

DEA's Operation Topaz is a coordinated international strategy targeting acetic anhydride. In place since March 2001, a total of thirty-one countries are currently organized participants in the program in addition to regional participants. The DEA reports that as of June 2001, some 125 consignments of acetic anhydride had been tracked totaling 618,902,223 kilograms. As of July 2001, there has been approximately 20 shipments of AA totaling 185,000 kilograms either stopped or seized.

Amphetamines

The practice of clandestine chemistry to synthesize controlled substance analogues and circumvent drug laws was first noticed in the late 1960s, as types of drugs became controlled substances in many countries. With the Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of October 27, 1970 amphetamines became controlled substances in the United States. Prior to this, amphetamine sulfate first became widely available as an over-the-counter (OTC) nasal decongestant inhaler in 1933, marketed by SKF under the brand name Benzedrine. Shortly afterward, physicians began documenting amphetamine's general stimulant properties and subsequently its potential for treating narcolepsy, which prompted SKF in 1938 to begin also manufacturing amphetamine sulfate as tablets. Initially, the frequency of amphetamine use was negligible; however, by 1959 its popularity as a therapeutic agent and also an illicit drug had skyrocketed nationwide, causing the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) to reclassify amphetamine from OTC to prescription-only.

As of the early 1990s, methamphetamine use was concentrated among young white males in California and nearby states. Since then its use has spread both demographically and geographically.  Methamphetamine has been a favorite among various populations including motorcycle gangs, truckers, laborers, soldiers, and ravers. Known as a "club drug", the National Institute on Drug Abuse tracks its incidence of use in children as young as twelve, and the prevalence of users increases with age.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, most methamphetamine production in the United States occurred in small independent laboratories. Phenylacetone, one precursor of methamphetamine, became a Schedule II controlled immediate precursor in 1979.  Underground chemists searched for alternative methods for producing methamphetamine. The two predominant methods which appeared both involve the reduction of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine. At the time, neither was a watched chemical, and pills containing the substance could be bought by the thousands without raising any kind of suspicion.

In the 1990s, the DEA recognized that legally imported precursors were being diverted to the production of methamphetamine.  Changes to federal regulations in 1988 and throughout the 1990s enabled the DEA to more closely track the  ephedrine and pseudoephedrine precursors. Many individual States have enacted precursor control laws which limit the sale of over-the-counter cold medications which contain ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. This made it somewhat more difficult for underground chemists to produce methamphetamine.  In May 1995, the DEA shut down two major suppliers of precursors in the United States, seizing 25 metric tons of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine from Clifton Pharmaceuticals and 500 cases of pseudoephedrine from X-Pressive Looks, Inc. (XLI).  The immediate market impact suggests that they had been providing more than 50 percent of the precursors used nationally to produce methamphetamine. However, the market rapidly rebounded.

The methamphetamine situation also changed in the mid-1990s as Mexican organized crime became a major player in its production and distribution, operating "super-labs" which produced a substantial percentage of the drugs being sold. According to the DEA, the seizure of 3.5 metric tons of pseudoephedrine in Texas in 1994 revealed that Mexican trafficking groups were producing methamphetamine on an unprecedented scale. More recent reports indicate an ongoing presence of Mexican trafficking.

Although the prevalence of domestic meth labs continues to be high in western states, they have spread throughout the United States. It has been suggested that "do-it-yourself" meth production in rural areas is reflective of a broader DIY approach that includes activities such as hunting, fishing, and fixing one's cars, trucks, equipment, and house. Toxic chemicals resulting from methamphetamine production may be hoarded or clandestinely dumped, damaging land, water, plant life and wild life, and posing a risk to humans.  Waste from methamphetamine labs is frequently dumped on federal, public, and tribal lands. The chemicals involved can explode and clandestine chemistry has been implicated in both house and wild land fires.

In Oregon, Brett Sherry of the Oregon Clandestine Drug Lab Cleanup Program has been quoted as stating that only 10–20% of drug labs are discovered by police.
Statistics reporting the prevalence of meth labs and arrest of meth producers can vary greatly from county to county and state to state. Factors affecting policing and reporting include funding, specialized training, support from local residents, willingness to make the issue a priority in policing. How information is categorized and tracked may also inflate or minimize the apparent results. Missouri, which has tended to report some of the highest numbers of meth-lab arrests in the country, has pursued an aggressive and highly publicized policing policy, resulting in as many as 205 cases a year in one county. In contrast, West Virginia tends to report and prosecute very few cases, possibly because there the agency that reports a meth lab is held responsible for paying for its cleanup. Cleanup of toxic and hazardous materials at a single site may cost tens of thousands of dollars. This is a disincentive for agencies with limited budgets. Michigan reported an increase in incidents in 2016, following the formation of the Midland County Methamphetamine Protocol Team in 2015. Many of the cases reported involved meth users who were making small amounts of the drug in a simple "one-pot method" for both personal use and sale to others.

DEA El Paso Intelligence Center data is showing a downward trend in the number of clandestine drug labs seized for the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine down from a high of 15,196 in 2010. Drug seizure quantities, on the other hand, are steadily increasing since 2007, according to data from the DEA's System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE) (see table to the right).

Cleanup
Clean up processes were regulated by the EPA as of 2007. The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007 required EPA to develop guidelines for remediation of former methamphetamine labs. This creates guidelines for States and local agencies to improve "our national understanding of identifying the point at which former methamphetamine laboratories become clean enough to inhabit again." The legislation also required that EPA periodically update the guidelines, as appropriate, to reflect the best available knowledge and research.

Making a former meth lab site safer for habitation requires two basic efforts:

 Gross chemical removal: This is the process in which law enforcement or a Drug Enforcement Administration contractors removes the obvious dangers from the site. Obvious dangers include containers of chemicals, equipment, and apparatus that could be used to make illegal drugs, drug paraphernalia, and other illegal items. This process does not cleanup or remove chemical spills, stains or residue that could be harmful to inhabitants. A property that has had only a gross chemical removal is not fit for habitation.

 Clandestine remediation: The cleaning of interior structures and, if applicable, the surrounding land, surface waters and groundwater by an EPA approved or National Crime Scene Cleanup Association certified company. This is the process of removing the residue and waste from the site after the gross chemical removal is done. A property that has been remediated should present minimal to no health risk to occupants.

Contamination

Alcoholic drinks
Alcoholic drinks that are known to be contaminated.

 Diethylene glycol, used dangerously by some winemakers in sweet wines

Moonshine
 Moonshine from various countries:
 Changaa (Kenya)
 Guaro (Latin America)
 Jamaica ginger (United States)
 Kumi Kumi (Kenya)
 Lotoko (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 Tharra (Indian subcontinent)

Black tar heroin
Black tar heroin is a free base form of heroin that is sticky like tar or hard like coal. Its dark color is the result of crude processing methods that leave behind impurities.

Black tar as a type holds a variable admixture morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine) which is another result of crude acetylation. The lack of proper reflux during acetylation fails to remove much of the moisture retained in the acetylating agent, glacial acetic acid.

Cocaine paste

Oxi
Oxi (abbr. from Portuguese oxidado) is a stimulant drug based on cocaine paste originally developed in the Brazilian Amazon forest region. It is reportedly a mixture of cocaine paste, gasoline, kerosene and quicklime (calcium oxide).

Krokodil
Illicitly produced desomorphine is typically far from pure and often contains large amounts of toxic substances and contaminants as a result of being "cooked" and used without any significant effort to remove the byproducts and leftovers from synthesis. Injecting any such mixture can cause serious damage to the skin, blood vessels, bone and muscles, sometimes requiring limb amputation in long-term users. Its melting point is 189 °C.

Causes of this damage are from iodine, phosphorus and other toxic substances that are present after synthesis.

Methamphetamine

A common adulterant is dimethyl sulfone, a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other adulterants include dimethylamphetamine HCl, ephedrine HCl, sodium thiosulfate, sodium chloride, sodium glutamate, and a mixture of caffeine with sodium benzoate.

MPPP
MPTP may be accidentally produced during the manufacture of MPPP. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of MPTP, causes rapid onset of irreversible symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.

PCP
Embalming fluid has been found as a by-product of PCP manufacture. Marijuana cigarettes dipped in embalming fluid, sometimes also laced with PCP are known as fry or fry sticks.

Explosives
Clandestine chemistry is not limited to drugs; it is also associated with explosives, and other illegal chemicals. Of the explosives manufactured illegally, nitroglycerin and acetone peroxide are easiest to produce due to the ease with which the precursors can be acquired.

Uncle Fester is a writer who commonly writes about different aspects of clandestine chemistry. Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture is among his most popular books, and is considered required reading for DEA agents. More of his books deal with other aspects of clandestine chemistry, including explosives, and poisons. Fester is, however, considered by many to be a faulty and unreliable source for information in regard to the clandestine manufacture of chemicals.

See also

 The Hive (website)
 Owsley Stanley
 William Leonard Pickard
 Nicholas Sand
 Casey William Hardison
 Uncle Fester (author)
 Rolling meth lab
 Cold water extraction
 DEA list of chemicals
 Breaking Bad

Notes

External links
 Clandestine labs FAQ at Erowid
 New 'shake-and-bake' method for making crystal meth gets around drug laws but is no less dangerous

Chemistry
Illegal drug trade
Science and law
Adulteration

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The House of Finance on the Westend campus in Frankfurt am Main takes up the model of Hans Poelzig's IG-Farben ensemble with its accentuated vertical façade elements, closed building corners and sculptural elaboration of the openings within a monolithic body. The openings in the building on the upper floors facing the Gruneberg Park and the choice of materials underline this idea. Additionally, a pedestal extends out towards the lower Gruneberg Park. The park architecture thus flows here between the House of Finance and the Law and Economics Building into the central campus square.
The building offers space for 300 employees and 900 students of the institutes in a usable floor area of 7,000 sqm. Theatre-style auditoriums and the information centre form the base of the building. All generally accessible teaching areas are located in the upper floors of the main building, whereas the institutes are located in the side wings. The variable floor plan enables open, transparent and sustainable office structures.


Social media has changed – and is still changing – the way people interact with each other, both online and offline. It has made connecting with audiences easier, whether you're part of a news outlet, a marketing department, or an event management team. For businesses, social media has become a powerful tool to get messages across.
Hashtags and trends such as #SXSW, #Oscars2014, #OscarSelfie, #Grammys, and #WorldCup are perfect examples of how social media can greatly boost an event's coverage and a business's brand. Twitter has become an important marketing tool in trade shows. You can use this platform to influence the industry, journalists, and consumers by simply posting tweets about the events, exhibits, and programs that excited them the most. An even better option is to let them do the tweeting and have them tag you via hashtag or mention. No matter how they post, it'll positively reflect on your business.
Most trade shows tend to focus their attention only on a certain audience group, but you can take it to another level by reaching out to people outside the trade show. You not only bring more people in, you also expand your network.
With the help of social media platforms such as YouTube and trade show sales experts like Vonazon.com, you can reach out to markets that couldn't make it to the event. A simple video that emphasizes your display and sales pitch can generate enough buzz and interest beyond the venue.
One trade show objective you should achieve is finding out what your potential customers and partners think about you. Get feedback from the participants who visit your trade show booth by doing a quick mobile poll. Ask those who you meet and connect with to answer a survey on Twitter or Facebook.
You can then use this information to improve your products, services, strategies, and sales pitches to get more traction in future marketing plans.
Using social media for your trade shows and the like does more than just help get your message across. It also shows participants and consumers that you're interested in connecting with them and learning more about them. Facebook, Twitter, and other platforms create mutual relationships. By connecting with others, both socially and personally, you promote your brand and expand your network. It's a win-win.


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EngenuitySC Announces Inaugural Midlands Regional Competitiveness Week
EngenuitySC MRCR 2016 Photo by Jeff Blake
Unveiling of 4th annual Midlands Regional Competitiveness Report to kick off week on Jan. 29
JANUARY 16, 2018 (COLUMBIA, S.C.): EngenuitySC, the Columbia-based nonprofit focused on enhancing the Midlands' competitiveness and prosperity, has announced the schedule of events for its inaugural Midlands Regional Competitiveness Week, to be held Jan. 29 through Feb. 2, 2018. The week, created to celebrate the rising regional competitiveness of the Columbia Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), will be headlined by the release of the latest Midlands Regional Competitiveness Report and is presented by BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina. Find full details here: http://www.engenuitysc.com/competitiveness-week/.
Scott Graves, an EngenuitySC board member and president of the Private Business Division at BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, understands the value of data, noting that everything EngenuitySC does is data-driven and focused on furthering the economic competitiveness and prosperity of the Midlands.
"Having good data is central to making good decisions now and for the future," says Graves. "On behalf of the board and staff of EngenuitySC, we are eager to share the results of the latest Midlands Regional Competitiveness Report. Stakeholders can use this information to make informed decisions about ensuring our community's growth and livability. The Midlands is a great place to live and do business, and we are excited about bringing attention to our progress and celebrating our region."
Key to the week's events is the Jan. 29 launch of the 2017 Midlands Regional Competitiveness Report, the annual benchmarking tool that shares data and analysis on how the Columbia, S.C. region is doing compared with peer city regions in the Southeast across five areas of regional competitiveness: talent, entrepreneurship, innovation, industry clusters and livability. This year, EngenuitySC will continue to lend project management support to the Midlands Business Leadership Group (MBLG) and other community leaders as they take action around these critical areas and work to improve quality of life for all.
See below for the full schedule of Competitiveness Week events, and find additional details at http://www.engenuitysc.com/competitiveness-week/.
EngenuitySC's Midlands Regional Competitiveness Week, presented by BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina
• Midlands Cultural Plan Kick-Off - 2:00 p.m. at Township Auditorium
Presented by One Columbia for Arts and History This 12-18 month effort will result in a plan that takes into consideration current trends in the development of arts and culture at a national level, advances the growth of the local and regional creative community, and considers ways to expand access to the arts for the region's culturally diverse and growing population and align with city planning efforts. Share your input, ideas and voice.
Open to the public, free
• Midlands Regional Competitiveness Report Launch - 4:00 - 5:30 p.m. at MyCarolina Alumni Center, 900 Senate Street, Columbia, S.C.
Presented by EngenuitySC, featuring speakers from the MBLG, the Moore School of Business and more
We've seen the Midlands Regional Competitiveness Report catalyze one of the largest private-sector initiatives by regional business leaders, the Midlands Business Leadership Group (MBLG). Join leaders from around the region to see how the Midlands region has moved forward – and in some cases, taken a step back – at this year's launch event. Invitation only.
• State of the City Address
6:00 p.m. at Columbia College
Presented by City of Columbia, featuring Mayor Steve Benjamin and other leaders
• iTs|SC: Columbia's New Vision for Insurance Tech - 8:45 - 10:00 a.m. at Presented by iTs|SC, Columbia's Insurance Technology and Services Cluster The insurance technology and services cluster represents Columbia's strongest and most robust industry. (In fact, Columbia, S.C. is one of the top 3 cities in the country for insurance IT, behind only Hartford, CT and Des Moines, Iowa.) With a new vision and refreshed focus, this collaborative group will host a panel discussion with top industry leaders to share this vision and answer the question, "What will it take to make Columbia the place companies and employees want to be and have to be for insurance and technology?" Open to all, industry members and those interested in its development will find this discussion fascinating – and a launching place from which to move the industry forward. Register to attend: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/itssc-columbias-new-vision-for-insurance-tech-tickets-42008035164
• What's Next Midlands Voting Event - 5:30 - 7:30 p.m. at SOCO Vista
Presented by EngenuitySC's What's Next Midlands initiative
What's Next Midlands honors our neighbors' shared dedication to building a fun, welcoming, engaged community. At this event, we'll celebrate three years of successful endeavors, select a new social investor-funded project, and usher in a new era of programming with the What's Next Midlands Grant Program and Giving Circle. Three projects will be presented to What's Next Midlands social investors, and one winning idea will be selected before the evening concludes. The event is free to attend. Drinks and light appetizers will be provided.
• Managing Gender Bias: A Workshop for HR Professionals - 12:00 - 3:00 p.m. at Richland Library Main Branch
Sponsored by the Knight Foundation, Central Carolina Community Foundation, and Richland Library. This workshop identifies attitudes and practices that promote the retention and professional growth of your company's strongest employees, regardless of gender. Join us to strengthen your talent pipeline. Register to attend: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/managing-gender-bias-for-hr-professionals-tickets-41426946111?aff=ESCPR
• Build Your Value: A Workshop for Women - 4:00 - 6:00 p.m. at Richland Library Main Branch
Sponsored by the Knight Foundation, Central Carolina Community Foundation, and Richland Library
This workshop identifies the habits and strategic thinking patterns of successful women. Participants will prepare their own plan for expanding and growing their professional influence. Those interested should apply to participate: https://goo.gl/forms/jCsAJHpkmLNsamwz2
Complete details for events held during Competitiveness Week can be found at http://www.engenuitysc.com/competitiveness-week/.
A public-private partnership that manages some of the most impactful initiatives in the Midlands region, EngenuitySC is guided by a board of highly engaged community and business leaders. The board is steered by founding co-chairs Steve Benjamin, Mayor of Columbia, S.C. and Dr. Harris Pastides, president of the University of South Carolina, under the leadership of current board chair Paul Livingston of Richland County Council. Find out more about EngenuitySC at www.engenuitysc.com.
About EngenuitySC
Headquartered in Columbia, S.C., EngenuitySC is a nonprofit focused on long-term competitiveness and prosperity in the Midlands. EngenuitySC specializes in managing collaborations between business, government, education and community leaders. For more information, visit www.engenuitysc.com.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EngenuitySC
Twitter: https://twitter.com/EngenuitySC
Hashtags: #EngenuitySC #CompetitivenessWeek2018
Robinson Gray names Lisle Traywick a Member of the firm
Robinson Gray names Tim Thompson as a Member of the firm
SC Senate President Thomas Alexander and community health leader Roland Gardner honored at Riley-Wilkins OneSouthCarolina Awards

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Awards won by Design Directions Pvt. Ltd.
Design Directions Pvt. Ltd. is an award winning design studio. Almost every year we win!!
However the biggest achievement for us is when our clients and their users are happy working with us, using our designs and knowing that our work has made a difference to them.
DESIGNThe MiraCradle™ - Neonate Cooler, an affordable device for treating NEO NATAL BIRTH ASPHYXIA.
The PRESIDENT'S AWARD for Successful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology.
DESIGNTata Swach, An affordable water purifier.
Product of the Year, India.
FICCI Water Award, Innovation Category, India.
CII Design Excellence Award, India.
IDA Award – Los Angeles, USA.
Pitch Marketing Summit Award, USA.
Best product Innovation at ICIS Innovation for Awards, UK.
Prestigious Leapvault Sniff Award for Product Innovation, USA.
GOLD at the prestigious Asian Innovation Award - by Wall Street Journal USA and Hong Kong.
Design of the Decade award by IDSA Industrial Designer's Society of America.
DESIGNInformation graphics for the world's largest refinery.
CII Design Excellence Award - Interaction Design, India.
CII Design Excellence Award - Overall Category Winner.
DESIGNStarhaler, A 60 dose dry powder Asthama Inhaler.
India Design Mark Recognition, India.
Medical Design Excellence Award Finalist, USA.
DESIGNVisual identity and branding for Farmer's Markets.
DESIGNWorld's first solar powered Mobile Computer.
Good Design Award, Recognition, Japan.
Red Dot Design Award, Germany.
CII Design Excellence Award - Overall Category Winner Award, India.
"Honorable Mention" for 2013 Green Dot Awards.
DESIGNIdentity for Pune International Centre.
DESIGNElegant Range of Planters for Homes & Hospitality.
DESIGNUser interface design for a medical equipment's software.
Graphical User Interface, Business World and NID Design Brilliance Awards, India.
"HONORABLE MENTION" BY SPE, USA.
DESIGNThe Solar Forest - 'Surya Aranya'.
Tata Innovista Awards 2014 Finalist.
Industrial Design Excellence Award (IDEA), Business Week–USA and Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA).
Business World and NID Design Excellence Awards, India.
DESIGNAn ergonomic, modular CNC wirecut machine.
DESIGNBest Indian Designer (For total 6 products).
DESIGNWireless Pneumatic Thermostat (Cypress Semiconductors – Enviro Division).
Selected for Building Operating Management Top Products Award, USA.
Selected as Building Green top 10 products, USA.


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Smart Nation: Too Clever for its Own Good?
NUS alumni debate on the advantages and pitfalls of the nation's ongoing move towards hyper-connectivity and the adoption of next-gen technology in everyday life.
Love In the Time Of COVID-19
Absence makes the heart grow fonder — or does it? Four alumni couples share the stresses and silver linings the current pandemic has presented to their respective relationships.
Goodness Gracious We!
While Singapore strives for the top spot in areas such as economic performance and technological advancement, where do we stand as a gracious society? Our senior and younger alumni from various fields share their perspectives.
Covid 19: Facing Up To New Realities
Five members of our alumni meet — virtually — to share their views and thoughts on the new realities of a world under siege by a pandemic.
The Paper Chase: Was It All Worth It?
A ticket to employment. A safety net. A social leveller. Just what is the value of a degree today? Five of our alumni discuss.
Singapore Dreaming
Six NUS alumni entrepreneurs from across different generations reflect on hopes and aspirations, and where our collective wishes will bring the nation.
Entrepreneurship: Nature or Nurture?
NUS alumni entrepreneurs share their personal motivations, tribulations and insights on navigating the start-up ecosystem.
Surviving the Corporate Jungle: What Does it Take?
Five NUS alumni in different stages of their career share their insights on the rat-race, navigating office politics, the importance of work-life balance and more.
Navigating The Great Divide
In the wake of recent findings and public sentiment, combating social inequality has even been declared a "national priority" in Singapore. Our alumni weigh in on this hot-button issue.


In order to gather sufficient resources to support my self, my spouse, and my offspring, I must augment my vision with externally mounted lenses, which I wear on the bridge of my nose. My glasses make me feel professorial; without them, I still feel like an ordinary person pretending to be qualified to teach. But if I didn't like them, I might consider eye surgery.
Twenty years ago, I got a cavity in a molar; the filling recently fell out, and now I wear a ceramic inlay that perfectly matches the color of my teeth.
In Florida, a newborn was recently fitted with a pacemaker the size of a quarter. How many of us know people who wouldn't be alive now, or at least wouldn't be the same, were it not for some technological advancement? Even if you exclude pills and other medical technology that doesn't actually live with you in your body, or treatments that reduce the pestilence that would have destroyed food and thereby limited our access to nutrition, or things such as an oxygen mask that can help us breathe for short periods of time, I wonder how many of us were at one point hooked up to some device that kept us alive or help us function on a daily basis.
For some people, including me, the posthuman evokes the exhilarating prospect of getting out of some of the old boxes and opening up new ways of thinking about what being human mans. In posting a shift from presence/absence to pattern/randomness, I have sought to show how these categories can be transformed from the inside to arrive at new kinds of cultural configurations, which may soon render such dualities obsolete, if they have not already.
Our fascination with artificial life is not new. In the past, divine intervention was responsible as Cadmus sowed dragon's teeth that grew into an army; Ezekiel saw dry bones in the desert come to life and start praising God; Pygmalion carved the perfect woman who came to life as Galatea.
While I haven't done a full-scale examination of the history of artificial life, it seems that the earlier stories depended upon the gods, and tales that people of the past told each other to help them deal with the natural phenomena they observed but could not control. There are stories of mechanical birds and other toy-like amusements that depended on simple mechanical principles (springs and so forth) that only emperors could afford.
While we are fascinated by hybrids, but that fascination is closely mingled with repulsion.
who avenged the insult by causing queen Pasiphaë to fall madly in love with the white bull. Her request to Daedalus was that he should help her consummate this passion. He did so by building an ingenious hollow wooden cow, covered with hide and with a door on top through which she could lower herself inside. Together, they wheeled it into the pasture where the bull was kept; Daedalus helped her get in, and then discreetly withdrew. Pasiphaë was completely satisfied, but to everyone's horror, she then bore the Minotaur, a creature with a man's body but a bull's head.
Our more recent stories rely more directly on the efforts to control nature. You may know Disney's version of The Sorcerers' Apprentice, where an army of brooms comes to life; that story is based on a legend, which seems to have more to do with science than with religion (a sorcerer, of course, being someone who can control the powers of nature in a God-like way, and who is therefore a threat to societies that would prefer not to have freelancers performing the duties traditionally reserved for uniformed specialists whose goals are better understood). The lazy apprentice uses magic to get out of doing his chores — and the result is chaos.
As Tzu Gung was traveling through the regions north of the river Han, he saw an old man working in his vegetable garden. He had dug an irrigation ditch. The man would descend into the well, fetch up a vessel of water in his arms and pour it into the ditch. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very meager.
Tzu Gung said, ?There is a way whereby you can irrigate a hundred ditches in one day, and whereby you can do much with little effort ?. You take a wooden lever, weighted at the back and light in front. In this way you can bring up water so quickly that it just gushes out. This is called a draw well.?
The gardener in the parable seems to have no problem using tools (such as the shovel, with which he presumably dug the ditch, or the water vessel, both of which mimic the human action of cupping the hands). Yet the old man is ?ashamed to use? a machine (a word that comes ultimately from the Greek word for ?expedience?) that would allow him to ?do much with little effort.? (Jerz 4).
I read in the news that a military robot blew up in Iraq.
The Czech play "R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)," introduced the word "Robot" to languages around the country. In the play, Robots are an artificial form of life, created from what a non-scientific character in the play calls a chemical substitute for protoplasm.
Domin: Practically speaking, what is the best kind of worker?
Helena: The best? Probably the one who– who– who is honest–and dedicated.
Mass-produced by Robot-run assembly lines, Robots remember everything, and think of nothing new. According to Domin, "They'd make fine university professors." Rejecting Helena's theory that Robots have souls, the psychologist Hallemeier admits that once in a while, a Robot will throw down his work and start gnashing his teeth. The human managers treat such an event as evidence of a product defect, but Helena prefers to interpret it as a sign of the emerging soul.
If the story of robots taking over the world appears cliche today, that's because it speaks so powerfully to our present condition that artists can't resist putting their own spin on the story.
14 Apr 2004 in Aesthetics, Cyberculture, Humanities, Philosophy, Technology.
Is posthumaninsm an acheiveable goal? Will we shed this encumberance called flesh and emergece from it as a butterfly from a cocoon? I hope not – for all its faults and frailties, I _like_ flesh. Even when I hate my own image and my lack of hair and my diabetes and so on, I still like the simple, ineffable pleasure of that which is solely mine – I can hold my son and my wife in my arms.
I have worked on pacemaker designs, I have worked on leads for implantable cardiac defibrillators, I haveworked on better understanding of kindey vasculature and retinal vasculature. These are not projects that allow us to evolve "beyond" human, but to _remain_ human – to continue to posess the senses we are capable of using and to continue to be vessels for the divine within the mundane.
Driven by envy, seeing his own shortcomings, seeking to overcome by using his one source of strength–his mind. Icarus failed, but man's brainchild, the airplane is truly the first mechanical bird. Ah then, where does man's value lie?
It's very true that we like tools that save us time — but then think of all the time and money we spend keeping our tools in good shape.
I have over 500 messages in my in box right now. I spent hours downloading the latest Microsoft patch so that Windows can help me save time.
On another note… It used to be that the life of the spirit promised transcendence of the flesh… now it seems it's the life of the machine.
The true question is why do we dislike change? Every step on the ladder of progress seems like a step in the wrong direction for some that wish to live in the comforts of the past and are afraid to step out of their box. Their box seeming to be the only place where truth and comfort abide.
33.6kb pretty generous? Yeah, in 1990!
It's probably about the same price around here… but I can usually download big files on my laptop when I'm at work, and then transfer them over to my home desktop machine. So I really don't think it would be worth the money… not for me, anyway.


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Карл Христиа́н Фри́дрих (Карл Фри́дрихович) фон Ледебу́р (; 8 июля 1785, Штральзунд — 4 июля 1851, Мюнхен, Германия) — немецкий учёный, педагог и путешественник на русской службе. Автор первой полной Флоры сосудистых растений России, основатель первой в России школы флористов-систематиков.

Член-корреспондент Петербургской Академии наук (избран 25 мая 1814 года).

Биография
Родился 8 июля 1785 года в Штральзунде (Шведская Померания); был сыном шведского военного ревизора Иоганна Ледебура, умершего в том же году, незадолго до рождения сына. Он не принадлежал к вестфальскому дворянскому роду фон Ледебур. Его матерью была Анна Мария Хагеманн, с 1799 года — директор женской школы в Барте.
Окончил медицинский факультет Грейфсвальдского университета, где в мае 1805 года защитил магистерскую диссертацию.

После приглашения в Россию в 1805 году был назначен директором ботанического сада в Дерпте. С 1811 по 1836 год был ординарным профессором естественной истории физико-математического факультета в Дерптского университета; до 1822 года заведовал университетским естественно-историческим кабинетом. В 1815 году женился на Элизабет фон Мирбах (1786—1863).

В 1818 году побывал в Крыму, но прожил там всего несколько месяцев, поэтому в научном отношении поездка не оправдала надежд, которые были с ней связаны.

Экспедиция на Алтай
Ледебур стремился создать максимально полный сводный труд по систематике растений России. Этому должна была способствовать и его экспедиция на Алтай и в Восточный Казахстан (1826), средства на которую (в размере 20 тыс. рублей) выделили Дерптский университет и министр финансов Е. Ф. Канкрин. В экспедиции участвовали ученики Ледебура А. Бунге и К. Мейер.

Это была первая ботаническая экспедиция, обследовавшая весь Алтай. До экспедиции Ледебура кое-что было известно из работ Палласа, Патрена и Шангина только о растительности западной части Алтая. Растительность Восточного и Центрального Алтая никто до экспедиции Ледебура ещё не изучал. Ледебур проехал из Барнаула в Змеиногорск и затем путешествовал по Западному и Юго-Западному Алтаю. Он побывал в Риддере, Зыряновске, обследовал местность вдоль Иртыша, поднимался к истокам рек Убы, Чарыша и Ини. Потом побывал на Катуни в Уймоне, перевалил через хребет Б. Листвяга, дошёл до границ Китая.

Экспедиция работала более 9 месяцев, её итоги отражены в ряде трудов, в том числе в «Путешествии по Алтайским горам и джунгарской Киргизской степи», изданной на немецком языке в Берлине в 1829—1830.

Учёные дали научное описание местной флоры и фауны, став первооткрывателями многих растений (около 400 новых видов), которые и поныне носят их имена. Были собраны также уникальные минералогические и зоологические коллекции и этнографический материал о быте русских, алтайцев, казахов, киргизов. Немало было и археологических находок.

В отчёте об экспедиции Ледебур писал:
В течение нашего путешествия мы послали в ботанические сады 42 ящика с живыми растениями и семенами, которые, за небольшим исключением, благополучно прибыли к месту назначения. Возвращаясь из путешествия, я вёз с собою коллекцию высушенных растений, а также минералогические и зоологические коллекции, которыми были нагружены несколько подвод: позже прибыло ещё немало животных, доставленных из одного высокогорного села и приобретённых мною за определённую сумму.

Всего было собрано около 1600 видов растений (не считая нескольких споровых). Почти четверть этого количества состоит из новых видов. Ботанический сад получил около 1300 видов живых растений и семян, из которых почти 500 видов до сих пор не культивировались в садах. Немало их было роздано в другие сады.

Зоологические коллекции отчасти из-за вышеуказанных причин, отчасти же потому, что некоторых животных можно было получить только зимой, оказались менее разнообразными, чем я ожидал. Кроме того, горы гораздо беднее животными, чем степи, поэтому большая часть зоологическом добычи собрана д-ром Мейером; однако вскоре после моего отъезда были привезены заказанные у жителей горных селений кабарги, горные козлы и другие животные, которых можно было застрелить только зимой. Всего мы собрали 665 видов животных различных семейств, а именно: млекопитающих — 21 вид, птиц — 64 вида, амфибий — 23 вида, рыб — 7 видов, насекомых — около 550 видов; некоторые виды более редкие, как, например, горные козлы, антилопы, кабарги, были представлены несколькими экземплярами. Были собраны также разные крупные черепа и рога каменного козла, архара и т. п.

Из минералов мы привезли, кроме многих горных пород, найденных д-ром Мейером в Киргизских степях, диоптаз, который был передан в минералогический кабинет.

Местный музей получил от нас также несколько древностей хотя и небольшой ценности, найденных в чудских могилах.

По результатам флористических исследований в 1829—1831 годах Ледебур издал книгу «Флора Алтая» в 4-х томах, а в 1829—1834 — роскошно иллюстрированное издание с 500 рисунками растений и описанием их на латинском языке — «Icones plantarum novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum floram Rossicam, imprimis Altaicam, illustrantes». Иллюстрации, изображавшие новоописанные растения Алтая, вызвали восхищение у самого Иоганна Вольфганга Гёте: «…замечательное сочинение, вводящее много новых видов».

Вместе с этим, по данным телепроекта «Искатели», одной из целей экспедиции Ледебура на Алтай была проверка фактов недосдачи серебра и золота, выплавляемого на Змеиногорском руднике. Исследователи установили, что Ледебур сумел получить сведения о нелегальной выплавке благородных металлов, что в итоге привело к увольнению управляющего рудником.

В 1836 году Ледебур вышел в отставку и возвратился в Германию.

Творческое и научное наследие
«Флора Алтая» стала основой первой полной сводки о растениях со всей территории России — «Flora Rossica». Этот капитальный труд, в котором описано 6 522 видов в 1 139 родах и 146 семействах и который до сих пор является единственным в своём роде, осуществлён Ледебуром на личные средства министра финансов графа Е. Ф. Канкрина (издан на латыни в Штутгарте в 1842—1853 в 4 томах).

Сборы Ледебура входят сейчас в гербарий БИН РАН.

В память о Ледебуре одна из гор на Алтае названа его именем.

Роды растений, описанные Ледебуром:
  семейства
  семейства
  семейства
  семейства .

В знак признания научных заслуг Ледебура ботаники назвали его именем роды растений  семейства  и  семейства , а также множество видов, некоторые из которых:

Печатные труды
 Plantae novae Rossiae meridionalis ex Asperifoliarum familia. — 1820
 Monographia generic Paridum. — Дерпт, 1827
 Commentarius in J. G. Gmelini Floram sibiricam. — 1841
 О путешествии Ледебура, Мейера и Бунге по Алтайским горам и частью по Киргиз-Кайсацкой степи // Азиатский вестник. 1826. Кн. 9-10. С. 130—137
 Отчёт, представленный Совету Императорского Дерптского университета ординарным профессором статским советником Ледебуром 19-го марта 1827 года, о предпринятом с Высочайшего разрешения в 1826 году учёном путешествии по Алтайским горам // Записки, издаваемые Департаментом народного просвещения. 1827. Кн. 3. С. 254—278
 Reise durch das Altai-Gebirge und die soongorische Kirgisen-Steppe. Berlin, 1829—1830. Th. 1-2
 Flora altaica. Berolini, 1829—1832. Th. I—IV
 Icones plantarum novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum floram Rossicam, imprimis Altaicam, illustrantes. Rigae, Londoni, Parisis, 1829—1934. Cent. I—V

 Ледебур К. Ф., Бунге А. А., Мейер К. А. Путешествие по Алтайским горам и джунгарской Киргизской степи. Новосибирск, Наука, Сиб. изд. фирма, 1993

Примечания

Литература

 Бородин И. Коллекторы и коллекции по флоре Сибири. СПб., 1908. — С. 64—65
 Литвинов Д. И. Библиография флоры Сибири. // Труды Ботанического музея Императорской академии наук. Вып. 5. СПб., Типография Академии наук, 1909
 Обручев В. А. История геологического исследования Сибири. Период второй. Л., 1933. — С. 11—12, 49—53, 247, 249
 Камбалов Н. Исследователи Алтая. Барнаул, 1956. — С. 50—51
 Уманский А. Археологические раскопки Ледебура в Горном Алтае // Записки Горно-Алтайского НИИ истории, языка и литературы. Горно-Алтайск, 1964. Вып. 6. — С. 35—52
 Розен М. Ф. Ледебур К. Ф. и А. А. Бунге. Ботанико-географическая экспедиция 1826 г. // Розен М. Ф. Очерки об исследователях и исследованиях Алтая (XVII — начало XX). Барнаул, 1996. — С. 99—103
 Харламов С. В., Дудник А. В. Исследование атласа К. Ф. Ледебура // География и природопользование Сибири. Барнаул, 1999. Вып.3. — С. 166—174
 Федотова А. А. От автора «Flora Rossica» — авторам «Флоры СССР» // Историко-биологические исследования. 2012. Т. 4. № 1. С. 92-95.

Ссылки
 Томский государственный университет/Профессора и преподаватели российских университетов/Ледебур Карл Христиан Фридрих (Карл Фридрихович) (Karl Christian Friederich Ledebour) (1785 — 1851)

Ботаники по алфавиту
Ботаники Российской империи
Путешественники России
Члены-корреспонденты Петербургской академии наук
Выпускники Грайфсвальдского университета
Профессора Императорского Дерптского университета
Члены Баварской академии изящных искусств
Члены Прусской академии наук
Преподаватели Грайфсвальдского университета
Члены Баварской академии наук


When you make the decision to either create a new home from scratch or convert/augment/improve the one you already have you are suddenly making decisions that could very well be life changing. At the very least they will be expensive. A point of conflict can develop within a project if client and architect are not entirely working from the same script. The best possible way to avoid this happening is to first understand the nature of 'the architect' and to then build between you and the individual working for you a shared language and frame of reference.
An architect's training is comparable in length and depth to that undergone by a surgeon. With both architects and surgeons their talents are what we prize the most with good social skills being something of a bonus where they arise. Add to this the fact that until quite recently women were a rarity in the top flights of architecture and it is easier to understand how architects came to be widely perceived as a tower fixated boy's club with a tendency towards arrogance.
Every architect dreams that their work, be it a headline grabbing tower or the subtlest of environmentally sensitive eco-projects, will become a benchmark for quality and a template for excellence in the future. Inside each is a Pompidou Centre or Eden Project just dying to break out.
Also it is in the ambitious architect's nature to love innovation and have an encyclopaedic knowledge of design and construction techniques across time and across the world. Many will therefore quite happily experiment with locally untried and untested new or ancient materials if they can get someone else and this would be you, the client to pay for them.
It is helpful to try and learn the basics of the architectural language. For example do you have a good idea of what 1,000 sq ft would actually look like? How about a triple height atrium or a mezzanine deck? Do you know what solar gain is? On top of these technical terms each architect will have their own individual language.
Once you feel you have found someone who you understand and more importantly understands you, you will need to establish a chain of command for your project.


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May 11, 2020 July 18, 2019 by Sarah
How common is HIV/AIDS in India's Red Light Areas?
by Sarah Symons, Founder & Director, and Richa Gupta, Research Fellow
One survivor who inspired the founding of Her Future was Anita, who I met at a shelter in Nepal in 2004. Anita had been trafficked from Nepal to India at age 12, soon after the death of her father. A friend invited her to see a movie in a nearby town. At the bus stop, a local woman gave the girls a Coke. They woke up two days later in a brothel in Mumbai. Anita was raped by 6 men for 3 days in a horrific 'breaking in' process. She was enslaved for 4 years during which time she contracted HIV. At that time, life-saving treatment was not available, so Anita eventually died of AIDS, but not before she became an activist inspiring hundreds of people, including me.
Every morning, Anita would travel to the border of Nepal and India, where she worked alongside the police, stopping every car and looking for trafficking in progress. She knew all the signs, and saved many lives before losing her own.
FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT HIV/AIDS AND SEX TRAFFICKING:
India has the third highest prevalence of HIV in the world, with an estimated 2.1 million people in 2017 living with the illness. Unprotected sex is a key factor behind the spread of the disease, as well as infected syringes and drug use via injections.
There exists a severe stigma surrounding HIV-AIDS in Indian society, with infected individuals often facing workplace discrimination, ostracism, and poor access to treatment facilities, basic amenities, and proper nutrition. Expulsion from school is a common occurrence among children suffering from HIV, along with instances of physical violence and abuse.
HIV directly compromises the immune system, leaving patients extremely vulnerable to infections—including, but not limited to, pneumonia, influenza, and encephalitis. Furthermore, it takes a toll on the mental health of patients—leading to a higher likelihood of suffering from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other forms of emotional trauma.
HIV and Sex Workers
In 2017, it was estimated that 1.6% of Indian, female sex workers were living with HIV, although this number varies between states (for instance, the prevalence of HIV among sex workers in Maharashtra was approximately 7.4%). Indeed, sex workers have been deemed among the highest risk groups for HIV.
Indeed, these rates would vary widely among the red light districts in India, with some of the prominent locations being: Sonagachi (Kolkata), Kamathipura (Mumbai), Budhwar Peth (Pune), Meergunj (Allahabad), and G.B. Road (Delhi) – all of which are far more likely to be epicenters of this infection
On average, sex workers are 13 times more likely to be infected with HIV, compared to adults not engaged in this industry
Data suggests that women forced into prostitution are nearly 3 times more likely to test HIV-positive: primarily due to economic vulnerability, an inability to strike a negotiation regarding condom use (or other forms of birth control), and societal marginalization. Having multiple partners is another significant factor accounting for this distressing statistic, and it isn't uncommon for clients to refuse to pay if they have to use a condom. Moreover, clients may also offer sex workers substantially more money for unprotected sex.
Drug use through shared syringes places sex workers at a significant risk for contracting HIV; there was the recent news case of hundreds of Pakistani children being infected with HIV due to unsterile syringes in medical facilities. Indeed, infected needles can be a deadly trigger for the spread of HIV.
Most female victims of human trafficking in India are controlled and manipulated through fear—and are often trapped into years, or even decades, of servitude. In the words of a former victim, "our lives are like of animals"; and once their ability to earn money goes down, they are typically left to fend for themselves
Reducing the Prevalence of HIV
Integrating condom usage and distribution into the work of these women can be key—as well as increasing their access to HIV services, family planning capabilities, and gynecological resources. These steps could play into the empowerment of these communities—even though their dignity and freedom have been stripped away.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) refers to the use of antiviral drugs to reduce their susceptibility to the virus. However, while the drug can be highly effective, its accessibility to victims of human trafficking and sex work remains painfully limited.
Greater political and legal pressure on the judicial system: despite the passage of the Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act (ITPA) back in 1956, the actual prosecution and confinement of human traffickers is extremely rare. Hence, increased pressure on law enforcement officers to uphold the mandates of this act could help reduce the prevalence of this phenomenon—and by extension, of HIV.
Categories Information on Red Light Areas Post navigation
The Role of Tech in Human Trafficking
Spring 2019 at Her Future
How common is HIV/AIDS in India's Red Light Areas?
Child Marriage in India
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Charles Halton, född 16 mars 1876 i Washington, D.C., död 16 april 1959 i Los Angeles, Kalifornien, var en amerikansk skådespelare.

Halton var utbildad vid New York Academy of Dramatic Arts. 1901 debuterade han på Broadway där han medverkade i över 30 produktioner fram till 1950. Han filmdebuterade 1917, men kom inte på allvar att bli filmskådespelare förrän på 1930-talet.

Filmografi (i urval)

Källor

Externa länkar

Födda 1876
Avlidna 1959
Män
Amerikanska skådespelare
Personer från Washington, D.C.


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