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The 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 61st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship, which began on 18 March and ended on 21 October after seventeen events. The Drivers' Championship was won by Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen by one point at the final race of the season, making Räikkönen the third Finnish driver to take the title.  An appeal by McLaren regarding the legality of some cars in the final race could have altered the championship standings, but on 16 November, the appeal was rejected by the International Court of Appeal, confirming the championship results. Räikkönen entered the final race in third position in the drivers' standings, but emerged as champion after the chequered flag, a feat first accomplished by Giuseppe Farina in .

The Constructors Championship was won by Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro.

A major talking point of the season had been an espionage controversy involving Ferrari and McLaren, which led to McLaren being excluded from the Constructors' Championship. As a result, Ferrari clinched the championship at the Belgian Grand Prix.

Renault, who were the defending Constructors' Champions proved to be uncompetitive with their R27 car taking them to third in the constructors' standings (after McLaren's disqualification from second) and ended up win-less for the first time since 2002 season. Renault achieved one podium during the season, with Heikki Kovalainen finishing second at the rain affected 2007 Japanese Grand Prix.

The 2007 season heralded the end of the existing Concorde Agreement between the existing Formula One constructors and Bernie Ecclestone. In particular, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Honda (collectively the Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association) had a number of outstanding disagreements with the FIA and Ecclestone on financial and technical grounds. They had threatened to boycott Formula One from the 2008 season onwards and instead stage their own rival series, before signing a memorandum of understanding (MoU) at the 2006 Spanish Grand Prix.

2007 also marked the seventh and final season, since its reintroduction in 2001, in which the use of traction control was permitted in Formula One. Standardised electronic control units (ECUs) were mandated by the FIA from the  season onwards, which prohibited teams from using this kind of technology.

Honda ran with an "Earth livery" on their RA107 car. It was the first time since , the year in which sponsorship in the sport became widespread, that a team ran sponsor-free for an entire season. Michelin's withdrawal from F1 at the end of 2006 meant that Bridgestone was the sole tyre supplier for 2007. , this is the last Drivers' Championship won by a Ferrari driver, and is also the last Drivers' Championship win for a Finnish driver.

Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers participated in the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship. Drivers' cars are numbered as per the official FIA 2007 entry list. All team details are as per the Formula 1 official website, except where noted. Note that there is no car number 13, as is the historical tradition. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Bridgestone.

† All engines were 2.4-litre V8 configuration.

Free practice drivers
Three constructors entered free practice only drivers over the course of the season.

Driver changes

The 2005 and 2006 World Champion Fernando Alonso switched to McLaren after five years at Renault. Following the retirement of Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve, Alonso was the only driver on the grid in this season who had previously won a drivers' championship.

Juan Pablo Montoya, who was a McLaren driver until the aftermath of the 2006 United States Grand Prix moved to the NASCAR Cup Series for 2007, effectively ending his Formula One career, as announced on 9 July 2006.

On 2 August 2006, Williams announced that test and reserve driver Alexander Wurz would step up to a race seat for 2007, replacing Australian Mark Webber. On 7 August 2006, Red Bull Racing announced their 2007 driver line-up of David Coulthard and Mark Webber, displacing Christian Klien. On 7 August 2006, BMW Sauber announced that Jacques Villeneuve's contract had been terminated immediately and for the rest of the season would be replaced by test driver Robert Kubica. Kubica was later announced on 19 October 2006 to retain the race seat for the 2007 season, with Sebastian Vettel remaining as the team's test driver. On 21 December 2006 BMW Sauber announced former Jordan F1 and GP2 driver Timo Glock as their second test driver.

On 6 September 2006, Renault confirmed Heikki Kovalainen as the team's replacement for Fernando Alonso. On 10 September 2006, Scuderia Ferrari announced Kimi Räikkönen to replace for the retiring Michael Schumacher.

On 15 November 2006, Super Aguri confirmed Anthony Davidson as Sakon Yamamoto's replacement. On 24 November 2006, McLaren confirmed Lewis Hamilton, their junior program driver who won the GP2 Series title that year as their second driver.

On 21 December 2006, Spyker confirmed Adrian Sutil as their first driver, replacing WTCC-bound Tiago Monteiro.

On 10 July 2007, Spyker announced that Christijan Albers would no longer be driving for the team. The given reason was a failure to pay sponsorship monies due. Markus Winkelhock raced Spyker's second car at the European Grand Prix. On 25 July 2007 Spyker confirmed that the Japanese driver Sakon Yamamoto would compete in the remaining seven Grands Prix for them. On 31 July 2007, Scuderia Toro Rosso replaced Scott Speed with BMW test driver Sebastian Vettel following an alleged physical altercation between Speed and STR Team Principal Franz Tost.

On 8 October 2007, Williams driver Alexander Wurz announced his immediate retirement from Formula One racing. Williams test driver Kazuki Nakajima replaced Wurz for the Brazilian Grand Prix.

Team changes
Ferrari technical director, Ross Brawn, was to take a sabbatical year for 2007, after ten seasons at the Italian team since 1997. However, it was later announced that he would leave the team. In , Ross Brawn became Team Principal of the Honda team.

McLaren signed a title sponsorship deal with the telecommunications company Vodafone late in 2005. With the loss of Vodafone, Scuderia Ferrari began a sponsorship deal with Alice, a brand of Telecom Italia.

Mild Seven confirmed that they would not renew their contract with Renault following its conclusion at the end of 2006 due to current European tobacco laws.

British American Tobacco's Lucky Strike and 555 brands ceased to sponsor the Honda team, following which the team ran a sponsorless livery in 2007.

Williams changed their engines from Cosworth to Toyota in a three-year deal until 2009. Contrary to speculation at the time, the engines were not rebadged as Lexus.

Red Bull officially became an Austrian constructor by receiving an Austrian licence, though continued to operate from the same base in Britain.

On 9 September 2006, MF1 Racing was officially sold to a Dutch-Arab consortium owned by Michiel Mol, along with the aid of Spyker Cars.  The team was officially renamed Spyker MF1 Team, keeping the MF1 for the rest of the season due to Concorde Agreement rules. On 30 September 2006, Spyker announced that their engine supplier would be Ferrari.

On 16 October 2006, Renault confirmed that the Dutch banking company, ING, would become their main sponsor to replace Mild Seven, which has sponsored the Enstone-based team during the 13 years since 1994. On 20 October 2006, Williams announced AT&T as their new main sponsor. On 24 October 2006, Spyker announced they would change their name from Spyker MF1 Team to Spyker F1 from 2007 onwards, subject to all other teams giving their agreement. On 31 October 2006, Red Bull confirmed their engine situation for 2007. Renault engines were used by Red Bull Racing, while Scuderia Toro Rosso used 2006-spec Ferrari engines.

On 15 March 2007, Spyker announced their new title sponsor for the 2007 season: United Arab Emirates airline company Etihad Airways.

Other changes
On 30 September 2006, Cosworth announced that they would temporarily withdraw from Formula One as an engine supplier, citing lack of room for supplying engines for private teams after Williams switched to Toyota engines and Spyker opted for Ferrari engines from 2007 season onwards and thus for the first time since 1962 a Formula One season did not feature Cosworth-powered cars. However the company would return to the sport from 2010 season onwards.

Season calendar

On 29 August 2006, The FIA published a provisional calendar for the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship. The San Marino and European Grands Prix were excluded, although the European round would later make a comeback (see below). The final calendar (above), which confirmed that the San Marino Grand Prix would not return, was released on 18 October 2006.

For the first time in nearly half a century, no German Grand Prix was held as a result of the circuits previously hosting a Grand Prix in Germany beginning to alternate in organizing the German Grand Prix. However, the promoter for the Hockenheim race controlled the rights to the descriptor "German Grand Prix" and an agreement could not be reached between them and the Nürburgring circuits for the naming rights.  The Nürburgring event therefore retained its usual Grand Prix of Europe title.

After twenty years of being hosted at the Honda-owned Suzuka Circuit since 1987, the Japanese Grand Prix moved to Toyota's rebuilt Fuji Speedway, a circuit that F1 had not raced at since .

The Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps returned after a one-year absence in 2006 due to track maintenance.

For the first time since , no country hosted more than one Grand Prix.

Changes

Regulation changes
 Although the FIA had planned to mandate a single regulation tyre manufacturer from 2008, Bridgestone was the sole supplier in 2007, after Michelin ended their participation in Formula One at the end of the  season. Revised Sporting Regulations meant a total of 14 sets of dry weather tyres per driver would be available over each race weekend: four sets for Friday only, and 10 for the rest of the weekend. During the race both compounds of tyre (hard and soft) had to be used at least once. At the first round in Australia soft tyres were marked with a white spot. However, this was difficult to see when the car was in motion and from the second round in Malaysia onwards one of the four grooves in the soft compound tyre was painted white.

 The teams finishing 5th–11th in the previous season's Constructors' Championship were no longer allowed to run a third car on Friday following a rule change. The teams that finish 1st–4th were already banned from doing so.
 Engine development was frozen from the 2006 Japanese Grand Prix, with these engines being used for the whole of 2007 and 2008. This was described as engine "homologation" by the FIA. It was previously set to be introduced in 2008.
 All cars were fitted with red, blue and yellow cockpit lights. The purpose was to give drivers information concerning track signals or conditions. The lights had to be LEDs each with a minimum diameter of 5 mm and which were fitted so as to be directly in the driver's normal line of sight.
 In order to give rescue crews an immediate indication of accident severity each car had to be fitted with a warning light which was connected to the FIA data logger. The light had to face upwards and be recessed into the top of the survival cell no more than 150 mm from the car centre line and the front of the cockpit opening and as near to the marshal neutral switch as is practical.
 The two Friday practice sessions were expanded from 60 minutes to 90 minutes. All teams were allowed to use two cars, which could be driven by either the two race drivers or a nominated third driver.
 The engine penalty was only applied in the second day of the Grand Prix weekend. Any engine change in the first day was not penalised.
 No car was allowed to enter the pits to refuel during a safety car period until all cars were in the group following the safety car and they were advised that the pit lane was open. This prevented drivers from racing to the pits immediately after a safety car was deployed. In addition, any lapped cars in front of a car on the lead lap were required to pass the safety car and restart at the end of the line-up instead of maintaining their physical position.
 The Formula One teams unanimously agreed to the voluntary early introduction of the testing agreement scheduled for 2008. This limited each team to an annual limit of .
 The team's second car had to run with a yellow coloured roll bar instead of a black one. The first cars continued running with a red/orange roll bar. This was intended to help spectators distinguish between first and second cars at further distances.
As Scuderia Toro Rosso switched to Ferrari 056 engines, all Formula One entrants began using the mandated 2.4-litre V8 naturally-aspirated engines for the first time after one year the V10 engine was an option in 2006.

Television coverage
 Formula One Management became the sole host broadcaster for all but three of the 17 Grands Prix in 2007.  All coverage was produced in anamorphic 16:9 widescreen for the first time.
 ITV Sport, Premiere, ORF1, RTL7, TF1, TV3 and Polsat were among the first broadcasters to provide a standard 16:9 widescreen programme at the opening race in Australia.
 For the United States TV coverage, except Speed Channel, FOX also broadcast four Formula One races.  Those were the Canadian Grand Prix, United States Grand Prix, French Grand Prix and British Grand Prix. The Canadian Grand Prix and United States Grand Prix were televised live.
 In Poland, F1 broadcast was moved into Polsat from TV4.
 In Portugal, SportTV became the broadcaster.

Circuits
 A new chicane was inserted into the straight between Europcar and New Holland (final corner) at the Circuit de Catalunya, Barcelona. It was installed in order to slow the cars down before the long main straight, and with the intent that it would provide more overtaking opportunities into turn 1.
 Spa underwent track changes as well, with a new paddock area, a reprofiled Bus Stop Chicane, an extension of the start-finish straight and a change to La Source hairpin.
 The largest-scale repair in the last 35 years was done to Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo, Brazil, to fundamentally solve the problem of the asphalt. All present asphalt was removed and replaced with new asphalt. At the same time, the pit lane entrance was enhanced to improve safety. The circuit was closed and no event was held for five months to allow work, from June to October, until immediately before the event.

Pre-season
Pre-season testing began in November 2006 at the Circuit de Catalunya, with ten of the eleven teams participating in the test sessions. The most notable absentees were Fernando Alonso and Kimi Räikkönen, who were still under contract at Renault and McLaren respectively. Jenson Button was also absent as he had suffered a hairline fracture on his ribs after a go-karting accident in preparations for the November tests. Lewis Hamilton made his first appearance in a McLaren since being confirmed as Alonso's teammate for 2007.

Felipe Massa topped the times on the first two days of testing. Massa's testing partner, Luca Badoer, took the fastest time on the third day, although interest was on the fact that double World Champion Mika Häkkinen joined Hamilton and de la Rosa at McLaren for a one-off test, although the Finnish driver was over three seconds slower than Badoer's time, completing 79 laps of the Spanish circuit.

The other big story of 2007 was the return to a single tyre supplier (Bridgestone). It was perceived that this accounted for some of the reason why Ferrari led the early tests, although it was claimed by Bridgestone that the 2007 tyre is of a completely new build, thus minimising any real benefit for the 2006 Bridgestone teams (Ferrari, Toyota, Williams, Midland/Spyker and Super Aguri).

Toyota was the only team out for the fourth day of testing at Barcelona, as the Japanese works team chose to miss the first day of testing. Both Ralf Schumacher and Jarno Trulli's fastest laps were quicker than Massa and Badoer's times during the previous three sessions. Testing resumed on 6 December at Jerez, with the majority of teams attending the session. Both Ferraris of Massa and Badoer were first and second fastest, with McLaren's Lewis Hamilton making up the top three in third. Hamilton improved on his position the following day by taking the fastest time, a second faster than Renault's Giancarlo Fisichella.

Japanese works teams Honda and Toyota topped the times for the next two days of testing: Honda's Rubens Barrichello and Toyota's Franck Montagny were fastest, although Toyota had the Jerez track to themselves when Montagny took the fastest time. Heikki Kovalainen and Pedro de la Rosa took the fastest times on the fourth and fifth day of testing at Jerez. Also of note, on the last day of testing Fernando Alonso made his McLaren testing debut after an agreement with manager Flavio Briatore. This did not call for an end to his agreement (which ended on 31 December).

Season report

The season started at Albert Park in Australia on 18 March. Kimi Räikkönen led the whole race, and became the fourth driver to win on their debut for Ferrari. Fernando Alonso came second and debutant Lewis Hamilton finished 3rd. Felipe Massa took his first pole of the season in Malaysia but Alonso won his first race with McLaren while Hamilton finished second. Massa led the entire race to win in both Bahrain and Spain, and in both races Hamilton finished second, becoming the first rookie to finish on the podium in more than his first two outings. McLaren dominated Monaco with Alonso winning from Hamilton after the pair had lapped everybody apart from themselves and Felipe Massa, who was not too far from being lapped.

The Canadian GP included four safety car periods and one of the biggest crashes of Formula One in that era. The race started off with the second all-McLaren front row with Hamilton taking his first pole position followed by Alonso. Alonso made a mistake in turn 1, losing several places while Hamilton was opening a gap between himself and Nick Heidfeld. On lap 22 the first safety car period began after Adrian Sutil hit the concrete wall. The safety car went into the pits on lap 28 but before the lap could be completed Robert Kubica had a massive accident. He had lost his front wing after hitting Jarno Trulli. He then went wide and hit a bump on the grass that launched him into the air and into a violent impact with the retaining barrier at a peak deceleration of 75G. The safety car was once again deployed and went in on lap 35. Hamilton once again opened up a gap to second-placed Heidfeld until lap 50 when Christijan Albers left a lot of debris on the track after a crash forcing the deployment of the safety car. The race restarted on lap 55 and the safety car was deployed again on lap 56 after Vitantonio Liuzzi hit the so-called 'Wall of Champions'. The safety car period was extended after Jarno Trulli hit the tyre barrier at the exit of the pitlane after trying to catch up with the field. On the restart Hamilton led to the finish to claim his maiden win in his sixth race. The next race at Indianapolis saw Hamilton lead from the start until victory after a 300 km/h side by side battle with Alonso for the lead. Ferrari took their first 1–2 finish of the season in France with Kimi Räikkönen winning from polesitter, Felipe Massa.

In Britain Hamilton took his third pole position, going on to finish a distant third behind winner Kimi Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso. Europe (Germany) would see Hamilton's run of nine consecutive podiums come to an end. After a large crash in qualifying he started in 10th in the race. On lap 4 he aquaplaned off the circuit in a torrential rainstorm but the race was stopped. He restarted after his car was pulled out of the gravel but after taking a gamble to change early to dry tyres on a drying track, he spun off several times but recovered to finish 9th, just missing out on the final point.

After a qualifying incident between Alonso and Hamilton in which Alonso prevented Hamilton from completing his final flying lap, Alonso was demoted to 6th on the grid at the Hungarian Grand Prix while McLaren was made ineligible for points for the constructors' championship for that race. Hamilton then took victory with Räikkönen coming second. In Turkey Felipe Massa took a dominant victory followed by Räikkönen and Alonso. Hamilton finished fifth after he suffered a tyre failure while running in 3rd. In Italy Alonso won from Hamilton followed by Räikkönen. Following that Grand Prix McLaren was excluded from the constructors' championship after having been found guilty of theft and illegal usage of confidentional technical information of Ferrari. The team did not receive any constructors' points from subsequent races. In Belgium Räikkönen won from Massa and Alonso, thus allowing Ferrari to clinch the world constructors' championship from BMW Sauber following McLaren's exclusion.

The Japanese Grand Prix moved to Fuji Speedway. The event was marked by treacherous weather and was started behind the safety car. Lewis Hamilton survived a brush with Robert Kubica to win from Heikki Kovalainen and Kimi Räikkönen. At the last three corners Kubica and Felipe Massa ran side by side in a battle for 6th, while Fernando Alonso aquaplaned and crashed on lap 41 of 67. In China, Hamilton won his 6th pole of the season and led up to lap 28 when he was overtaken by Räikkönen and he then spun off entering the pitlane. The season finale marked the first time since  that three drivers had a chance of becoming World Champion at the season finale, and the first time since the inaugural season in  that the man who stood in third before the final race went on to win the championship (the driver in 1950 being Giuseppe Farina). Hamilton was the favourite with 107 points followed by Alonso with 103 points and Räikkönen with 100 points. Hamilton started 2nd but dropped to the back of the pack after a gearbox problem. He recovered to 7th but Räikkönen won the race and the championship. The final standings were Räikkönen with 110 points followed by Hamilton and Alonso each with 109 points. Räikkönen's late charge, following worse luck at the start of the season, would narrowly give him the World Drivers' Championship.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Scoring system

Points were awarded to the top eight classified finishers using the following structure:

World Drivers' Championship standings

Notes:
 – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

World Constructors' Championship standings

Notes:
 – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Notes

References

External links

 2007 Formula One Sporting Regulations, www.fia.com, as archived at web.archive.org
 FIA Formula One World Championship Season guide 2007
 formula1.com – 2007 official drivers' standings
 formula1.com – 2007 official teams' standings
 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship Classifications

Formula One seasons

Formula 1


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Um serviço de diretório é o sistema de software que armazena, organiza e fornece acesso a informações em um diretório do sistema operacional de computador. Em engenharia de software, um diretório é um mapa entre nomes e valores. Ele permite a consulta de valores nomeados, semelhante a um dicionário. Como uma palavra em um dicionário deve possuir várias definições, um serviço de diretório pode associar um nome com vários pedaços de informações diferentes. Do mesmo modo, como uma palavra pode ter partes diferentes de articulação e diferentes definições, um nome em um diretório pode ter vários tipos de dados diferentes.

Diretórios podem ser muito limitados em escopo, suportando apenas um pequeno conjunto de tipos de nós e tipos de dados, ou eles podem ser muito amplos, suportando um conjunto de tipos arbitrário ou extensível. Em um diretório de telefones, os nós são nomes e os itens de dados são números de telefone. No DNS os nós são nomes de domínio e os itens de dados são endereços IP (e apelidos, nomes de servidor de e-mail, etc.). Em um diretório usado por um sistema operacional de rede, os nós representam recursos que são gerenciados pelo SO, incluindo usuários, computadores, impressoras e outros recursos compartilhados. Muitos serviços de diretório diferentes têm sido usados desde o aparecimento da Internet, mas este artigo foca principalmente naqueles que descenderam do serviço de diretório X.500.

Introdução
Um serviço de diretório chamado de um serviço de nomes, mapeia os nomes de recursos da rede para seus respectivos endereços de rede. Com o tipo de diretório de serviço de nomes, um usuário não tem que se lembrar do endereço físico de um recurso da rede. Fornecer um nome localiza o recurso. Cada recurso na rede é considerado um objeto no servidor de diretórios. Informações sobre um recurso particular é armazenado como atributos daquele objeto. Informações dentro de objetos podem se tornar seguros de maneira que apenas usuários com as permissões disponíveis sejam capazes de acessá-las. Diretórios mais sofisticados são projetados com espaços de nomes como Assinantes, Serviços, Dispositivos, Direitos, Preferências, Conteúdos e assim por diante. Este processo de projeto é altamente relacionado com gerenciamento de identidade.

Um serviço de diretório define o espaço de nomes para a rede. Um espaço de nomes neste contexto é o termo que é usado para armazenar um ou mais objetos como entradas nomeadas. O processo de projeto de diretório normalmente possui um conjunto de regras que determinam como recursos de rede são nomeados e identificados. As regras especificam que os nomes sejam únicos e não-ambíguos. No X.500 (o padrão de serviço de diretório) e no LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) o nome é chamado de Distinguished name (DN), em português nome distinto, e refere-se a uma coleção de atributos (nomes distintos relativos) que compõem o nome de uma entrada de diretório.

Um serviço de diretório é uma infraestrutura de informação compartilhada para localizar, gerenciar, administrar e organizar itens comuns e recursos de rede, o que pode incluir volumes, pastas, arquivos, impressoras, usuários, grupos, dispositivos, números de telefone e outros objetos. Um serviço de diretório é um componente importante de um Sistema Operacional de Rede. Nos casos mais complexos, um serviço de diretório é o repositório central de informação para uma Plataforma de Entrega de Serviços. Por exemplo, consultar "computadores" usando um serviço de diretório pode produzir uma lista de computadores disponíveis e informações para acessá-los.

A replicação e distribuição possuem significados muito distintos no projeto e gerenciamento de um diretório de serviços. O termo replicação é usado para indicar que o mesmo espaço de nomes de diretório (os mesmos objetos) são copiados para outro servidor de diretório por razões de redundância e de taxas de transferência. O espaço de nome replicado é governado pela mesma autoridade. O termo distribuição é usado para indicar que vários servidores de diretório, que armazenam espaços de nomes diferentes, são interconectados para formar um serviço de diretório distribuído. Cada espaço de nomes pode ser governado por autoridades diferentes.

Comparação com bancos de dados relacionais

Vários fatores distinguem um serviço de diretório tradicional de um banco de dados relacional comum. Obviamente há exceções, porém em geral:

 informações de diretório são lidas com mais frequência que escritas. Isto faz com que características relacionadas a transações e reversões (rollback) sejam menos importantes.
 dados podem ser redundantes se ajudar no desempenho.

Esquemas de diretório são definidos como classes de objeto, atributos, ligações de nomes e conhecimento (espaços de nome), onde uma classe de objeto possui:

 Deve (Must) - atributos que cada uma de suas instâncias devem ter
 Pode (May) - atributos que podem ser definidos para uma instância, mas podem ser omitidos com a ausência tratada como algo parecido com NULL em um banco de dados relacional
 Atributos são às vezes multi-valorados, permitindo vários atributos de nome em um nível como tipo de máquina e número serial concatenado ou vários números de telefone para "fone comercial"
 Atributos e classes de objeto são padronizados em toda a indústria e formalmente registrados com o IANA para seus IDs de objeto. Entretanto, aplicações de diretório procuram reutilizar muitas das classes e atributos padrões para maximizar o benefício de software servidor de diretório existente.
 Instâncias de objeto são divididos em espaços de nome. Isto é, cada classe de objeto herda de sua classe de objeto pai (e por fim da raiz da hierarquia) adicionando atributos à lista deve/pode.
 Serviços de diretório são frequentemente um componente central no projeto de segurança de um sistema de TI e possuem uma correspondência de fina granularidade em relação ao controle de acesso: que pode operar de tal maneira sobre qual informação. Ver também: ACLs

Implementações de serviços de diretório

Os serviços de diretório foram parte de uma iniciativa da Interconexão de Sistemas Abertos (Open Systems Interconnection - OSI) para conseguir que todos na indústria concordem com os padrões comuns de rede para fornecer interoperabilidade entre vários fornecedores. Na década de 1980, a ITU e o OSI vieram com um conjunto de normas - X.500, para serviços de diretório, inicialmente para suportar os requisitos de mensagens eletrônicas entre operadoras e pesquisa de nome de rede. O Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, LDAP, baseia-se nos serviços de informação de diretório do X.500, mas usa a pilha TCP/IP e um esquema de codificação de cadeias de caracter do protocolo DAP baseado no X.500, dando-lhe mais relevância na Internet.

Houve inúmeras formas de implementações de serviço de diretório de diferentes fornecedores. Os sistemas desenvolvidos antes do advento do X.500 incluem:
 Domain Name System: (DNS), o primeiro serviço de diretório na Internet, que ainda é usado em todos os lugares hoje.
 Hesiod: foi baseado em DNS e utilizado no Projeto Athena do MIT.
 Network Information Service: (NIS), originalmente chamado Yellow Pages (YP), foi a implementação da Sun Microsystems de um serviço de diretório para ambientes de rede Unix. Ele serviu um papel semelhante como Hesiod.
 NetInfo: foi desenvolvido pela NeXT no final de 1980 para NEXTSTEP. Depois de ser adquirida pela Apple, que foi lançado como código aberto e usado como o serviço de diretório para o Mac OS X antes de ser preterido em favor do Open Directory baseado em LDAP. Suporte para NetInfo foi completamente removido com o lançamento do 10.5 Leopard.
 Banyan Vines: foi a primeira oferta de serviços de diretório escalável.
 NT Domains: foi desenvolvido pela Microsoft para fornecer serviços de diretório para máquinas Windows antes do lançamento do LDAP baseada em Active Directory no Windows 2000 Windows Vista continua a apoiar domínios NT, mas só depois relaxar os protocolos mínimos de autenticação que ele suporta.

Implementações LDAP

Entre as implementações LDAP/X.500 estão:

 Active Directory: serviço de diretório moderno da Microsoft para Windows, originários do diretório X.500, criado para uso no Exchange Server, primeiro vem com o Windows 2000 Server e é apoiada por sucessivas versões do Windows.
 eDirectory: Esta é a implementação da NetIQ de serviços de diretório. Ele suporta múltiplas arquiteturas, incluindo Windows, NetWare, Linux e vários sabores de Unix e tem sido muito utilizado para a administração de usuários, gerenciamento de configuração e gerenciamento de software. eDirectory evoluiu para um componente central em uma ampla gama de produtos de gerenciamento de identidade. Foi anteriormente conhecido como Novell Directory Services.
 Red Hat Directory Server: Red Hat lançou um serviço de diretório, que adquiriu a partir da unidade de Soluções Netscape Segurança da AOL, [1] como um produto comercial em execução no topo do Red Hat Enterprise Linux chamado Red Hat Directory Server e como a comunidade apoiou 389 Directory Server projeto.
 Apache Directory Server: Apache Software Foundation oferece um serviço de diretório chamado ApacheDS.
 Oracle Internet Directory: (OID) é o serviço de diretório da Oracle Corporation, que é compatível com LDAP versão 3.
 Sun Java System Directory Server: oferta de serviços de diretório atual da Sun Microsystems [2]
 OpenDS: An open source implementação de serviço de diretório a partir do zero em Java, apoiado pela Sun Microsystems [3]
 IBM Tivoli Directory Server: é uma compilação personalizada de uma versão antiga do OpenLDAP.
 Windows NT Directory Services (NTDS), mais tarde rebatizado de Active Directory, substitui o antigo sistema de domínio NT.
 Critical Path Directory Server
 OpenLDAP: derivado da implementação LDAP de referência da Universidade de Michigan (como são os servidores Netscape / Red Hat / Fedora / Sun JSDS), mas evoluiu significativamente. Ele suporta todas as arquiteturas de computadores atuais, incluindo Unix e derivados do Unix, Linux, Windows, z / OS, e uma variedade de sistemas embarcados / realtime.
 Lotus Domino
 Nexor Directory

Há também uma série de ferramentas de código aberto para a criação de serviços de diretório, incluindo o OpenLDAP e o protocolo Kerberos e o software Samba, que pode atuar como um controlador de domínio do Windows com beackends Kerberos e LDAP. A administração é feita usando GOsa ou Samba desde SWAT.

Usando serviços de nome

Sistemas operacionais Unix
Serviços de nome em sistemas Unix são normalmente configurados através do nsswitch.conf. Informações dos serviços de nome podem ser recuperadas usando getent.

Ver também

 Domain Name System
 LDAP Data Interchange Format
 Directory Services Markup Language
 Metadiretório
 Diretório virtual
 Modelo hierárquico

Serviços de diretório
Protocolos de controle de acesso a computador
Controle de acesso a computador

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Chicago mayor not resigning following police shooting
CHICAGO (KGO) -- Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel said he is not going to resign in the wake of the release of the Laquan McDonald police shooting video.
"We have a process. It's called the election. The voters spoke," Emanuel said. "I'll be held accountable and responsible for my actions and the decisions I make and that's how I approach it. I never shrink from the responsibility of making what I think are the very tough decisions to move the city forward."
Mayor Emanuel spoke candidly during a Politico event on Wednesday morning, the day after Garry McCarthy was fired from the Chicago Police Department. Emanuel also said he canceled a trip to Paris to attend a conference on climate change.
Emanuel was questioned about the city's handling of the McDonald video, which shows a Chicago police officer shooting the teenager 16 times as he walked away.
Emanuel said the city has begun its search for a new Chicago police superintendent. Until McCarthy's replacement is found, Chicago First Deputy John Escalante will serve as interim superintendent. Escalante, a 29-year veteran, is expected to hold a news conference Wednesday afternoon.
While some celebrated the shakeup at the Chicago Police Department, others spoke about the department's future. Retired Police Officer Richard Wooten wants Emanuel to hire an African American.
"We have three aspects that we are going to be looking at to make changes in this group today: the hiring of the new superintendent that is going to be equally bound and actually represented by the people, the training of the Chicago Police Department and the employment of more African Americans in the Chicago Police Department," Wooten said.
The city is currently conducting a nationwide search for his successor. Some names are being floated around, including interim Superintendent John Escalante and recently-retired First Deputy Superintendent Al Wysinger. But many think Mayor Rahm Emanuel will seek an outsider.
Soon-to-retire Philadelphia Police Chief Charles Ramsey has been a candidate in previous searches.
"No one's contacted me. I hate to see Garry McCarthy step down. He's a good man. I think he's done a lot of very good things in Chicago. I still plan to retire in January. If there are ways of helping organizations beyond just leading it, in terms of being police superintendent or something. But I've not heard anything from Chicago at all," Ramsey said.
Emanuel said the superintendent candidate the city is looking for has no type. He's looking for a professional who can lead and who has a solid record of bringing results in public safety.
The police board will narrow the list to ten candidates, then to three and then the mayor will make his decision.
chicagopoliticspolice brutalitypolicepolice involved shootinggarry mccarthyracial profilingpolice shootingbuzzworthydiscriminationchicago city hallrahm emanuelracismofficer involved shootinglawsuitu.s. & worldcivil rightsinvestigationequal rightschicago police department

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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[Guest Post] The Chicago Teachers Union: A New Hope for Public Education
September 10, 2012 Mirichicago, economics, education, labor, politics, school, unions10 Comments
CTU Labor Day Rally. Credit: CTU Facebook Page
After months of deadlocked negotiations with the Chicago Public Schools Board of Education, the 26,000 members of the Chicago Teachers Union began their first strike in 25 years today, shutting down over 600 schools that serve over 400,000 students. The 600 delegates of the CTU voted unanimously in favor of the measure at a meeting August 31, two months after 98 percent of members who cast a ballot authorized the union to call a strike.
Education activists across this country have greeted the CTU's fight with much enthusiasm, for they see it as a fight for everything they believe in. Many think this strike has the potential to turn the tide against those who wish to privatize our schools and slash budgets across the country. Moreover, as perhaps the largest, best-organized strike since the 1997 UPS strike, it could re-ignite the American labor movement after decades of decline.
In this post I'll attempt to put the struggle within the context of the nation-wide neoliberal attack on public education, go over the details specific to the fight in Chicago, and explain why you should be siding with the teachers and with universal, high-quality, fully-funded public education.
The Charter Menace
A charter school is a publicly-funded school that is not subject to the same rules and regulations as a regular public school, often run by non-governmental groups. As of December 2011, 2 million students attended the 5,600 charter schools in the US. This number has been increasing by 7 percent annually since 2006 [PDF]. Charter schools have been touted as the saviors of American education, perhaps most famously in the documentary Waiting for "Superman" by Davis Guggenheim. They have become something of a cause célèbre among America's billionaires, like Bill Gates and various Wall Street philanthropists. They enjoy bipartisan support, taking an important role in Bush's No Child Left Behind Act and an even more important one in Obama's Race To The Top.
But as I've learned these past few years, when the two parties in Washington agree on some issue, we have very good reason to be worried. Charter schools are no exception. A widely-cited study from Stanford University shows that though 17 percent of charter schools deliver the promised improvements, 37 percent actually perform worse than traditional public schools [PDF]. The 'flexibility' and 'autonomy' of charters may sound like good things in the abstract, but they're of no use if they can't produce better results. So why on Earth would so many influential people throw their weight behind a project that for the most part either changes nothing or actually makes education worse for American children?
Defenders of charter schools, like a certain ruling class rag, often point to the charters that do deliver spectacular results, and say that we just need to replicate that in all the other charters. But a closer look makes that picture seem implausible. One of the charters that's often (rightfully) praised for its results is SEED, a boarding school in DC. What they don't usually mention is that SEED spends $35,000 per student, while traditional public schools spend about a third of that on average. Another advantage of charters that's often left unspoken is that, unlike neighborhood schools, charter schools are allowed to get rid of under-performing students as they please. Geoffrey Canada's charter schools in Harlem, another oft-praised project, made extreme use of this privilege when they kicked out an entire class of middle school students for not being up to par. So it's no surprise that they are able to perform better than traditional public schools: they can just get rid of anyone who could drag their scores down.
Finally, teachers from charter schools are generally not unionized. This may sound like a good thing to many in the current political climate, in which politicians on both sides of the aisle enjoy blaming teachers and their unions for the problems of public education. But the data do not lie: according to a well-regarded study from Arizona State University [PDF summary], schools with unionized teachers tend to produce better results. This should be common sense. Unions can bargain for better pay, better working conditions, and increased job security, all of which can attract better teachers, who can in turn provide a better education to students.
Of course, there are many other sources of threats to American public education, but I would clog the intertubes if I tried to write about all of them. A notable example is "Parent Trigger" laws, which would allow parents to take over an under-performing school and do with it as they please, including turning it into a charter schools. Such laws sound nice, even democratic in the abstract. But if we remove the sheep's clothing that disguises them, we are left with just another plan to privatize public education. Like charter schools, parent trigger laws also have the support of the nation's billionaires, as well as their own awful piece of Hollywood propaganda (which was apparently showed at the start of the DNC).
Not to mention more long-standing issues that have always plagued education in the United States. For example, since education is mostly funded by property taxes, poorer neighborhoods have always had lower-quality education, thus perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Given the ample evidence for the failure of charter schools, I find no satisfactory answer for why anyone who genuinely wants to improve American education would support them. We must accept that American elites have no intention of improving public schools—after all, they can afford to send their kids to fancy private schools. The insistence on charters is not born out of compassion, but out of the realization that politicians cannot admit they want to gut public education and still tell their constituents they believe in the ideals of a liberal democracy. As Prof. Sanford Schram of Bryn Mawr has said, charter schools and other neoliberal reforms of the welfare state are merely Plan B for the world's capitalists: a pragmatic response to the political impossibility of getting rid of welfare completely.
Let us now turn to how all of this is playing out in the city that gave birth to neoliberal ideology.
Continue reading "[Guest Post] The Chicago Teachers Union: A New Hope for Public Education" →
[Guest Post] Rebuild America! Become a Narc!
July 31, 2012 Miridrug policy, drugs, economics, police, politics, war on drugs2 Comments
Sometimes it's very helpful to have friends who know things you don't. That's why I gladly accepted my friend Brian's offer to write a rant about drug policy–namely, about no knock raids.
Just over a year ago was the 40 year anniversary of America's great unsung job program. Like that great majestic albatross known as Medicare, it has led to the provision of medical care to tens of thousands that might not have otherwise bought, or even afforded health insurance. And well before any 90's Heritage Foundation wonks even mouthed the words "individual mandate."
It's produced new jobs both in the private sector through privatized prisons and drug screening; it's strengthened government employee unions in ways that it would take 20 Scott Walkers to undo, and it has spurred huge innovations that econometricians have trouble measuring even today, in the era of Big Data.
But you don't realize it, because you don't give Richard Nixon enough credit. It's okay though. I'm here to show you the enduring impact of that oft pilloried Chief Executive. After all, it was Tricky Dick himself who uttered that famous phrase, "We're all Keynesians now." The relevant concept here is the multiplier effect, which you could probably read all about from Paul Krugman or some other reasonable economist. (Feel free to open up some tabs of his NYT columns now).
I can almost hear some of you out in the intarweb groaning, "But Brian, what about the broken window fallacy?!" To which I say, can it really still be a fallacy if it's way, way more complex than broken windows?
So, what's this wondrous dynamo of employment, healthcare, and innovation?
THE WAR ON DRUGS!
Let us look at an everyday occurrence in this venerable effort to a Drug Free World: the no knock raid.
So what did you see there? If all you saw was dead dogs, traumatized families, and perforated persons, you really to think about it in a wider context. First, there were all those tough, dutiful SWAT teams. All that elite training cost money. And have you ever seen a team tumble out of an ordinary police cruiser? Nope. Special trucks for them too. Are they hydrids? Probably not, yet. And don't forget about all that distinctive armor. Have you seen the prices for that gear? Now do you see the job creation? Maybe not, as we haven't even seen all this hardware in action yet!
As much as some of you dear readers on this blog may be skeptical of gun rights, you cannot deny that gun manufacturing is a proud (and exporting) American industry when it is working towards arming the folks in blue. And if that video was any indicator, no raid would be complete without discharging those guns a few times in the quest to wipe heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, ecstasy, LSD, and sundry other illicit substances from the nose, eyes, mouth, and elbows and other administrable points of our great nation.
But to the real action: those tense seconds and minutes that make for gripping COPS footage. First there's the entry. Damaging those doors and locks in the course of making a dramatic appearance means more money to hardware stores to furnish repairs.
And who comes running to the door? If the Humane Society of the United States is to be believed, 39% of American households have a dog. And if we presume that "raided by SWAT teams" and "owns a dog" are independent events, then up to about 2 in 5 raids could involve a dog reaching the police first. So there's cremation and doggy life insurance in play.
Since there's always the possibility of someone transitioning from living to deceased in the course of the SWAT team's kinetic action, human life insurance and final medical expenses also crop up, as well as funeral services. And what goes on at a funeral? Somber dress clothes, so dry cleaning. Bouquets to be laid on casks and gravestones, thus payments to florists are rendered. The family and friends of the deceased would also have to pay for the burial. And what goes on at funerals? Crying. Which means lots of tissues. And how does one get to a funeral? If going to a college across the street from a Catholic cemetery has taught me anything, you get to a funeral in a procession. So there's more gasoline purchased right there.
But what if the family and friends of the recently living, partial witness of the raid are upset about what transpired in the servicing of a drug warrant? They might file a lawsuit against the police, which means more money to America's legion law firms, stimulating the economy one 6 minute interval at a time.
Now I'm sure some of you are saying "What if I don't have a dog?" "What if the police don't discharge their firearms in the direction of me or my family?" "What if it all goes peaceably and according to the plans of those Top. Men. and Women?" "What if no arrests are even made?"
Stay tuned, for next week is part 2, when we'll stretch our scope both before and long after the raid is completed.
Brian Kuczynski is a developing economics junkie who tries to teach too much through the medium of chess. When he isn't devouring comics and Stephenson, he's intravenously dependent on Reason.com.
Alternative Student Break: Helping Rich Kids Feel Good About Themselves Since 2007
January 24, 2012 Mirialternative student break, asb, charity, class, daily northwestern, economics, loans, money, northwestern, poverty, travel2 Comments
This is my column for the Daily Northwestern this week.
This week, students from all over Northwestern will be applying for Alternative Student Break, a program that sends students to other parts of the country or the world to do volunteer work for a week. ASB is popular because it's so hard to find anything negative about it. Traveling! Helping poor people! Making friends! What's not to like?
I'll concede that ASB is a great learning experience and a good way to bond with other NU students. It's important to make yourself aware of the difficulties people and communities face elsewhere in the United States and in the world. However, I'd stop short of viewing ASB as some grand act of charity, which is the way that many students seem to view it.
First of all, as volunteer work goes, it's not cheap. Domestic ASB trips usually cost at least several hundred dollars while Hillel's trip to Cuba this spring costs a whopping $2,900. That's probably twice as much as I've ever had in my bank account, and I'm comfortably middle-class.
It seems that many NU students assume that several hundred bucks for a spring break trip is small change. After all, chances are that many of the students who will spend their spring break on ASB in Kansas City or Pittsburgh will have friends vacationing in Paris, Madrid or the Caribbean. But given that you could just as easily volunteer at no cost right here in Chicago (not exactly free of its own problems) or in your hometown, one really has to wonder about the sense of paying to volunteer elsewhere.
More troubling than ASB's price tag is the implicit assumption it makes about service work: that it's something wealthy people do for poor people. This assumption may seem like common sense at first; after all, what are poor people supposed to do? Help themselves?
Yes and no. I do believe that those with the resources to help improve their society should do so. Sometimes it's the richer people who have the time and money to do things like march in protests, call their representatives in Congress, donate to charity and go on ASB trips. But I think that the highest level of helping is to help others help themselves, and sometimes that means making a commitment that lasts much longer than a week. It means becoming a mentor to a child at risk of dropping out of school or volunteering at a job skills training center for unemployed people. It means starting a ripple effect by helping people raise themselves up, so that they will keep rising long after you're gone.
Although throwing money at problems rarely helps, there are still ways to use money to help people improve their own lives. Microlending, which has really taken off in recent years, involves giving small loans to people in developing countries who want to start their own business and make it out of poverty. Loans can be as small as $25 and Kiva.org, one of the most well-known microlending websites, boasts of about a 99 percent loan repayment rate. It's like giving to charity, except you get your money back.
But I get it. Giving some money to a stranger across the world doesn't make nearly as cool of a story as spending a week rehabilitating abused animals. Nobody's going to gaze at you in adoration because you gave $100 to a man in Tajikistan so he can buy seed and fertilizer for his farm. But that doesn't mean you won't have done a really important thing.
If you're interested, NU even has its own microlending organization. It's called LEND and it supports Evanston businesses. If I had several extra hundred dollars lying around, I'd invest it in this organization or in a Kiva loan. After all, when you take an ASB trip, a substantial amount of the fee you pay goes towards things like travel, lodging and food. What if you took all that money and invested it directly? Such an investment means that all the money you have to spend goes right to the people who need it most.
Just as ASB neglects the long-term view, it neglects the roots of societal problems, such as discrimination, ignorance and bad government policies. Are ASB programs helpful? Sure, to a certain extent, they are. But they treat the symptoms rather than the disease. The houses you build during your week on ASB may help people, but they do nothing to solve the problems that made those people homeless.
NU is quite an apolitical campus, but it still boggles my mind that many NU students love helping poor people so much but take so little interest in the government policies that keep those people poor. The sorts of changes our society would need to make to end poverty and make ASB trips unnecessary are much more far-reaching — and perhaps less compelling. These changes take years, and they include things like educating yourself and others, talking to members of Congress, starting campaigns and teaching your own children to vote intelligently and with empathy.
This is why I feel that ASB is really more about the students than about the people and communities they're helping. It's more about the students' experience, their desire to learn about others, their need to feel helpful. To put it less charitably, it's a way for rich kids to feel good about themselves.
I'm not saying people shouldn't go on ASB trips. Go ahead and go. Have a great time. But always remember that your responsibility to the world doesn't end after a week of building houses or tutoring kids.
Why I Criticize Liberals and Not Conservatives
June 3, 2011 Miriblogging, blogs, conservativism, criticism, economics, fox news, liberalism, privilege, republicans9 Comments
For someone who identifies as liberal and progressive, I certainly spend an odd amount of time criticizing fellow liberals and progressives. Unlike other bloggers of my general type, I don't do all those muckraking-type posts detailing the latest scandalous Fox News segment or hypocritical Republican politician's speech. Instead, I prefer to rip on people that I mostly agree with. Why is this?
Several reasons. First of all, getting my panties in a wad over some stupid conservative comment takes very little intelligence, and I prefer to utilize my intelligence as much as I can. The typical liberal kvetch-post usually goes something like this: "Well surprise surprise! [Insert Republican candidate here] gave a speech in [insert small conservative town here] yesterday and claimed that 'good Christians' should not allow gay couples to go to prom! It never ceases to amaze me how vile these Republicans are!" Or: "Last night [insert Fox News talk show host here] claimed on his show that people on welfare are 'dirty rats pilfering our hard-earned money.' Perhaps he should try living on welfare for a while!"
Okay, I exaggerate, but hopefully you see my point. It's just that it takes no mental energy whatsoever to criticize people and ideas that are so ludicrous. For instance, today in Salon: talk show host Sean Hannity thinks Sesame Street is an attack on "family values" (whatever the hell that means these days), and Representative Michele Bachmann (R-Minn) apparently thinks that the US should support Israel so that the Jews can rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and Christ can return. Um, okay.
Now, what Salon (and the liberal blogosphere in general) does with their time and webspace is their own business, but one has to wonder why so many intelligent writers would would want to waste their energy railing against the likes of Hannity and Bachmann and the rest of that entire cadre of shockingly brainless people. Because, really, what is there to actually say about the two links I just mentioned, aside from the fact that they are really stupid?
Meanwhile, most of the intelligent conservative perspectives that I've encountered unfortunately involve economics. For instance, Northwestern's president, Morton Schapiro, refuses to implement a living wage for workers in dining halls, housekeeping, and etc. because he thinks this idea is economically unsound–and he's a well-known, respected economist. No matter how much I'd love to see a living wage on campus, I can respect his opinion.
However, one little problem–I know absolutely nothing about economics, and I am prevented from learning more by the fact that I find it insufferably boring. So not only am I completely unqualified to even try to argue with the likes of Dr. Shapiro, I also have little desire to do so. (Likewise, it seems, with most liberals. The Living Wage Campaign at Northwestern, for instance, has insisted on using passion and emotion to fuel its arguments, even though President Shapiro, when asked what would convince him to implement a living wage, answered, "Good arguments." Meaning, of course, arguments that are evidence-based and rational.)
As for why criticizing liberals is a good idea, that should be self-evident. I care deeply about seeing the causes I care about succeed. Sometimes, however, I feel that people are going about them in the wrong ways. For instance:
I want to see gender roles eradicated, or at least reduced greatly. But I don't think that hiding your child's biological sex from the world is the way to do it.
I want to see our society achieve gender equality, but not by putting men and their issues out of our conversation, using sex to manipulate others, or encouraging women to always choose work over love.
I want to encourage mental health on campus, but doing meaningless little things like flying kites won't necessarily help.
I want to help businesses be more ethical, but not by childishly refusing to buy their products–and not actually doing anything to encourage them to change.
I want to take steps to end racism, but I don't think that blathering endlessly about stuff like "privilege" and "entitlement" does any good. (What does help reduce racism? Working together in diverse groups towards a common goal. Any social psychologist can tell you that.)
Incidentally, there are just so many types of privilege now. White privilege, male privilege, class privilege, heterosexual privilege, cis privilege, abled privilege, thin privilege, even vanilla privilege! A veritable buffet of privileges. For the record, I do believe privilege exists, in a way. But I don't think it's worth talking about, because bitching and moaning about it and yelling at people you disagree with about how they can't "see past their privilege" contributes nothing useful to the larger discourse on social justice. I'm sorry, but it just doesn't. All it does is alienate people that you might have otherwise persuaded.
I'm getting really off-topic now, but another quick comment about privilege–although this is a matter of semantics, I think it's much more useful to view non-privileged people as disadvantaged rather than viewing privileged people as "privileged." After all, we don't want everyone to lose privileges like not being accused of stealing, being paid fair wages, and being able to easily find the right hair care products. Rather, we want everyone to have these privileges. So rather than implying that it's somehow "bad" that I, as a white woman rather than a black one, can walk into a store and not be followed by a salesperson, we should be implying that it's completely wrong that a black woman would be followed while a white one would not. Different emphasis entirely. I know any progressive would agree with me on this, and yet they persist on using language that problematizes the privileges that some of us have rather than the disadvantages that others face. The privileges I have as a middle-class, cisgender white person are privileges everyone should have. The privileges that heterosexual men have are privileges that I should have. And so on.
Back to the point. This is why, in most of the posts where I'm explicitly criticizing something, I generally propose some alternatives–organizing a protest rather than personally boycotting a store, finding a healthy balance between work and love rather than sacrificing one for the other, and so on. I hope that by doing this I have shown that I do actually care about finding solutions rather than simply criticizing things. I get a lot of satisfaction from identifying ways that things are being done wrong and suggesting ways to do them better.
But bloggers who endlessly chronicle the bon mots of Sarah Palin, Glenn Beck, and Rush Limbaugh are doing absolutely nothing productive. I've always believed that a "good blog" is one that contributes something meaningful to the world rather than simply chronicling things that piss off its author.


With all the dangers of social media, it's common to want to keep your children safe. Many parents opt for friending their kids and teens on Facebook, or following them on Twitter. While it can help with social media safety, there are concerns from the children. Is it really the best thing to do? Here are some considerations to make.
Kids and teens want the freedom to talk to their friends and mention things going on at home. If you're friends with them, they may worry that they can't be free to speak out online. They worry that you'll bring up topics they've mentioned when they're offline, and not behind the safety of their keyboard and monitor.
It could lead to them not sharing some of the most important things going on. It could affect their health or safety, because they worry about what you'll say. They may be less likely to share something negative happening in their life, in fear of what you'll say.
You can prevent this through a talk about friending on social media, allowing you to protect family safety while online. Explain why you want to friend your kids or teens, and make a promise that you'll only talk about something that really concerns you.
Friending someone on social media isn't just as easy as clicking a button. The other person on Facebook has to accept that friend request. It's a little easier on the likes of Twitter and Google+, for example, but there is still an element of the other person being aware.
Your children can reject requests from you to be friends. At the same time, they can block you from seeing certain updates, photos or comments. You won't necessarily know everything that is going on.
If you're doing this for social media safety, you need to explain that to your children. They need to understand that you're not there to criticize, but to help. There is also the importance of boundaries for you and your children. You can set up your expectations, while kids and teens can have requests of their own to protect their privacy.
You need to know your reasons for friending on social media. While family safety is a priority, it can't be the only reason. If you're just there to snoop, you're doing it for the wrong reasons. Your children still deserve some privacy, and will want that.
That being said, you want to make sure they're protected in an environment that can lead to cyber bullying, sextortion and other dangers. There is an element of trust that you and your kids or teens will need to build with each other.
One option is to friend but refrain from checking constantly. Don't comment on every single update and don't bring everything up at the dinner table. Do use is as a way to find out more about your kids or teens, like their interests and their friends. Of course, your children will have the private messaging for full privacy from their parents.
Some parents opt to be friends because their children live so far away. This isn't necessarily going to mean snooping, but keeping up to date with things going on. It can help encourage family safety, because you know where your children are and what they're doing. It also allows you to keep in touch with other family members and friends through your children.
This is a debate for many parents. Friending children on social media can certainly help keep them safe, but isn't always recommended. It really depends on the reasons for friending them. While social media safety is important, snooping can be an invasion of privacy and lead to other issues within the family. It's all about finding the fine line.


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Great Central Railway
06:45, 1 AUG 2018
Councillors reject student homes plan
Aumberry Gap
Central to the site was a six/seven storey block with a rooftop football pitch.
Quorn under the spotlight of Bloom judges
The judges, Chris Beal and Joyce Slater visited the village on July 11 and were given a tour by members of the Quorn in Bloom group followed by a presentation at the Quorn Grange Hotel.
The latest planning applications for Charnwood
Is anything being built near you? Find out here
Ambitious development recommended for refusal
The ambitious development is planned for the town centre site on land to the west of Aumberry Gap.
New VIP suite created at the Great Central
Whilst the railway has many sumptuously restored railway carriages to entertain visitors, it lacked a dedicated room where guests could be greeted and welcomed at the start of their journey with the GCR.
American's GCR dream comes true
While studying in London, Arcadia University art and history major David Jerez-Szathmary (19), from Montgomery Township, New Jersey, realised his dream at the GCR during his semester abroad.
Bradgate Park
Wartime Weekend returns to the GCR
There will be flypasts on Saturday and Sunday, and a Spitfire aerial display on the Sunday. Visitors can enjoy mock battles, live music and theatre, with more activities than ever before.
New dessert cafe set to create 20 jobs in town
Baxter Gate
"We can't wait to open the doors for those across Loughborough and beyond to enjoy."
GCR bus and train event is a great success
The event provided visitors with the opportunity to combine journeys by both buses and trains from a variety of eras.
Evening trip back to the Forties
New Quorndon Shakespeare Company
Expect song and dance men, dancing girls, comic songs and lots of jokes!
Find out what's happening this coming week, including the Bank Holiday weekend.
New Loughborough and Charnwood visitors guide launched
Charnwood Borough Council
The guide has been produced by Leicestershire Promotions in partnership with Charnwood Borough Council and will be available from local attractions, cafes, libraries, Tourist Information Centres and shopping centres.
Easter fun at the Great Central Railway
As well as meeting the Easter Bunny who will be travelling on the steam trains, new for 2018 is the introduction of a meet-and-greet session with two favourite characters, Alice in Wonderland and The Mad Hatter.
Kind donations to GCR after theft revealed
Thieves stole hundreds of gifts from the Great Central Railway, destined for children in Leicester Royal Infirmary and Rainbows Hospice.
Video gallery: Flying across the moon and a sunset
More fascinating photos captured by Echo readers.
GCR bridge repair appeal hits £40,000
The elegant bridge, which once carried trains across the Grand Union Canal on the north east side of Loughborough is set to be repaired when funds are available.
GCR's £200,000 coachworks project
A new roof, new insulated cladding, five new electronic roller shutter doors, toilets, showers and a new heating system are among just some of the upgrades that the money has been spent on.
Find out what you can do locally over the coming week.
Visitors flock to GCR Winter Gala
A diverse selection of passenger, various goods, and the famous travelling post office demonstrations were operated, to the delight of the crowds.
Man appears at court following police pursuit in Leicester
Mountsorrel
The charges relate to an incident during the early hours of Tuesday morning.
Winter Steam Gala rolls into Loughborough's Great Central Railway
The gala features three days of action on the GCR's double track featuring passenger and goods/freight services.
The latest planning applications in Charnwood
Who is building near your home
Video: Fascinating readers' photographs revealed
Here is another fascinating selection of photos captured by Echo readers.


Germany's machinery production has started 2016 at a more relaxed pace than some might have hoped, with the VDMA reporting its figures for the first quarter do not indicate a surge in growth, but what little growth there is can be attributed to overseas demand.
The country's Federal Statistical Office data shows that German mechanical engineering increased by just 0.2 per cent in real terms over the January-March period, which is indicative of stagnation.
"This result is not much of a surprise," explained VDMA economics expert Olaf Wortmann, "it matches the zero growth we expect in mechanical engineering this year."
According to the ifo Institute, 29 per cent of mechanical engineering companies complained of production slowdowns due to a lack of orders in April 2016.
Nevertheless, the VDMA has also reported that incoming orders in mechanical engineering for the month of March exceeded last year's data by 18 per cent. This growth, however, came only from demand from other countries, as domestic orders shrank by four per cent, barely denting the 29 per cent rise in incoming overseas orders.
And the bulk of this enthusiasm for German machinery is not coming from neighbouring countries, with 37 per cent of demand coming from countries outside the EU.
"The basic economic trend in incoming orders remains so low that we still expect real production in mechanical engineering to stagnate this year," said Wortmann.


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Home EUROPEAN STARS Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts
LB presents the Full Story of a Football Genius who is best known by the nickname "The Rocket". Our Jadon Sancho Childhood Story plus Untold Biography Facts bring to you a full account of notable events from his childhood time to date. The analysis involves his early life, family background, life story before fame, rise to fame story, relationship and personal life etc.
Yes, everyone knows about his rapid rise in the Bundesliga. However, only a few consider Jadon Sancho's Biography which is quite interesting. Now without further ado, let's Begin.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Early Life
Jadon Malik Sancho was born on the 25th day of March 2000 to his parents Mr and Mrs Sean Sancho in Camberwell, South London United Kingdom. Judging from his looks, you'll know he isn't fully a British but from a mixed-race background.
Actually, Jadon Sancho's parents are from Trinidad and Tobago. Both made a decision to moved to England to have their son. This fact buttresses points about Jadon Sancho's origin.
Jadon was raised in Kennington district South London. Growing up with his sisters, he attended Harefield Academy located in Northwood (home area of Crystal Palace Football club) London. While in school, Jadon's passion for soccer saw him enroll in the roster of his local school team where he got the opportunity to play competitive soccer during sports period.
The Street Life – After School Hours:
Away from school, Jadon Sancho one among other endangered species of footballers who learned, developed and honed their skills playing football on the streets and in back alleys (Bundesliga Report). It was his participation in the football that steered him away from the poor choices he would have made as a child. Speaking about such, Jadon Sancho once said…
"After school, I just wanted to play football on the streets. All around me, there were people who did bad things, but I never wanted to deal with them," said Sancho as he once admitted it would have been easy for him to slip into less savory surroundings.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Career Buildup
The Day He Met Destiny:
On a blessed day, South Londoner boy Sancho went to visit his best friends Reiss Nelson (who plays in Arsenal as at the time of writing) and Ian Carlo Poveda (who plays in Man City as at the time of writing). Both friends lived nearby his London home and would all go out to play soccer. While playing football together with other friends as opponents, a certain London coach by the name Sayce Holmes-Lewis stormed the area. He and took interest in the kids. Speaking about what he saw, Holmes-Lewis confessed…
I thought these boys are mad. They were just making their opponent look stupid with their nutmegs and telepathic connection in their skills.
Holmes-Lewis didn't only hyped the boys but decided to use his football connections to get them a career opportunity.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Early Career
Jadon Sancho joined Watford at the age of seven thanks to the help he and his friends got from Holmes-Lewis. Due to the issues with commuting 21.6 miles from Kennington to Watford Football Club Training ground, Sancho had to seek accommodation which was provided by Watford.
In other to continue his education, he began attending Watford's partner school Harefield Academy as a boarding student.
The London Event Victory:
Holmes-Lewis, the man who helped Jadon and his friends had a position as a community coach for London's Southwark Council. He trained Sancho and his friends in his team of South London's most talented kids. Holmes-Lewis' aim was to have them participate in a London youth football event. Luckily, he guided Jadon Sancho and his friends to winning the under-11s competition at the prestigious event. Below is Sancho with his friends having their winning medal in their next. He is positioned far right and close to Holmes-Lewis.
Watford Progress:
Sancho at the age of 11 began turning down the chances to join Chelsea and Arsenal just because he preferred Watford's setup that allowed him to train more regularly and go to school. This was a time he began to prove to his academy how good he was. Sancho pictured below did that in a humble way.
As he was approaching his mid-teen years, Sancho began the habit of flicking through YouTube Videos of Ronaldinho and Neymar. He did more of that rather than focusing on his school work at Watford.
"Each time I walk past his screen, you'll see a page which shows clips of Ronaldinho or Neymar doing skills," says Louis Lancaster, Watford's then under-15s coach.
Even those who knew Sancho back then would often call him "a ball entertainer" who had similar qualities with the players he idolized. His ability to manipulate the ball like a magician attracted scouts and led to him being continuously scouted by premier league clubs. In the end, Jadon Sancho after consulting his family decided to pen a deal with Man City in 2015.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Road to Fame
At the age of 14, Jadon Sancho moved to Manchester City where he continued to impress in their academy winning youth honors and awards to his name.
He was one among a few of city's academy players who got the assurances of being fast-tracked into the club's senior setup by Khaldoon Al Mubarak (City's chairman). This promise was fulfilled was finally made.
The Big Decision- The US Tour:
It was just hours before City was to depart for a tour in the USA in the summer of 2017. While everyone was prepared to board the plane to the United States, Jadon made up his mind to become an exception hence he won't be following the team to the tour.
Sancho insisted he needed a new challenge and that he was tired of not getting enough playing time. This left Pep Guardiola stunned as he had already prepared a new deal for him. Sancho displayed seriousness in his decision as he went back to continue training with the club's youth team where he once belonged to.
"In the last two or three weeks, Sancho didn't appear in the training sessions. He was supposed to come but he didn't," said Guardiola. "We tried a lot. We met and begged his father, mother and his manager but if the player says 'no, no, no, no, no', what can we do?"
Leaving his mum and his sisters behind was so hard for Sancho who traveled with his dad Sean to finalize his German contract.
"I miss them a lot, but I wanted to do what's best for me. I felt like moving to Germany was the best thing for my career" said Jadon Sancho as he once narrated his Story.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Rise to Fame
Sancho signed for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund on 31 August 2017 under a contract agreement that he would be included in the first-team squad. This contract agreement was honored by the German club who saw him as a replacement for Ousmane Dembele.
Living in Germany wasn't easy for Sancho as he initially struggled in learning the German language.
Proving a Point to City:
In the summer of 2018, Sancho finally proved his point to his old club. This time, going to the United States with his BVB team to play against his old club, Man City.
"I had a point to prove and I think I did well," he said after his BVB side defeated City 1-0 win in Chicago. Moving on to the 2018/2019 season, it took no time before Jadon Sancho became the most electrifying young player, one who was labeled "an assist king" in the Bundesliga.
Sancho was a dynamic and standout player who tore up the Bundesliga. He became Europe's most exciting prospects after series of displays in the video below.
With these performances, Sancho name was forced into the England squad by Gareth Southgate. The rest, as they say is history.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Relationship Life
Who is Jadon Sancho Dating?
The romances of Jadon Sancho escape the scrutiny of the public eye simply because his love life is very private and possibly drama-free. Sancho as at the time of writing keeps a low dating profile.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Personal Life
Getting to know Jadon Sancho's personal life would help you get a complete picture of him. Starting off, he is someone who had a determined, driven, competitive character. Right from his city days, Sancho has proven to the world that he surely loves challenges. His presence among his peers marks the beginning of something energetic and turbulent.
Asides football, Sancho also loves to sing to rap music. This talent was first spotted when he and Aubameyang once danced and rapped to the parody music 'Mans Not Hot' in a car. Watch video below;
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Family Life
Having supportive parents is essential and Sancho's father whose name is Sean is widely described as the good father who has done his best to kept his son focused. Sean is always dedicated to Jadon's career success even at the detriment of his job.
The fact that Jadon Sancho had stayed on track is a credit to his lovely parents, sisters and relatives who have stood by him.
Jadon Sancho Childhood Story Plus Untold Biography Facts- Untold Facts
The Millennium Record:
English fans sang praises of Jadon Sancho as he won the record of becoming the first player born in this millennium to play for England. This happened in his debut against Croatia in October 2018. Below is a photo of the England star on his debut as he beats Croatia defender Josip Pivaraic before firing in a cross.
Deemed to Important for Dortmund:
After protracted negotiations, Dortmund allowed Sancho to play in the group phase in India during the 2017 U17 World Cup. The then 17-year-old scored three times as his side advanced to the knockout stage of the competition. Sancho didn't witness the knockout stage of the tournament due to him being called by Dortmund who needed the services of their star man. This shows how important and loyal he is to his club that made him famous.
FACT CHECK: Thanks for reading our Jadon Sancho Childhood Story plus Untold Biography Facts. At LifeBogger, we strive for accuracy and fairness. If you find something that doesn't look right, please share with us by commenting below. We'll always value and respect your ideas.
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Paul Robins talks to FOX40 Legal Analyst Ken Rosenfeld. They discuss a couple of cases including one about Sergio Garcia. He passed the bar examination four years ago. He will receive a law license while he waits for federal approval of his green card application.


I am a Scottish visual and social artist living in Mexico City .For this proposal I would like to explore how the roles of men and women are changing during this uncertain time. The rise of female power is influencing and affecting how society is functioning .This period of political unrest is rising the voices of women all round , highlighting their powers and powerlessness in day to day existence. One of the themes I am currently exploring in my work is female power and sexuality within the context of a patriarchal society : living in Mexico I am constantly being reminded of both the privileges and difficulties of being both a woman and white. I am also exploring the idea of ' Un mothering' and how humans have lost touch with a holistic and human way of thinking , where we seem to have lost our sense of responsibility and nurturing in certain aspects of society and nature. In Mexico the word 'Desmadre'/ 'Unmother' is used to describe chaos and losing control/ getting intoxicated – Mexicans can see this as both a positive and negative – literally disconnecting your umbilical cord to the whole mother, mother nature and some sense of human mass responsibility ,but also exerting your inner demons and expressions and letting go .I like to play with the symbols and imitations of nature in human body forms. With this in mind I'd like to expand into themes surrounding the roles of women during this 'Interregnum' period to hold and nurture and remind humans of the true powerful and natural , essential states in life.


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Newly renovated rooms unfold the modernized historical charm of this classic motel.
The Monument Inn & Suites is located adjacent to the Gering Civic Center in downtown Gering.
Home of Nebraska's only lighthouse & a federal waterfowl refuge, scenic Lake Minatare SRA covers 2,970 acres (2,158 acre lake), 12 miles NE of Scottsbluff.
Total area of five acres with picnic tables, playground equipment, basketball court, ball field and soccer field.
This pathway is commonly used by bicycles, joggers and exercise enthusiasts. The pathway starts at 10th Street and continues up "U" Street to the Scotts Bluff National Monument.
Gering City Park - Well maintained - 1 Full block - On main street - Shade trees - Gering Senior Center. - Picnic tables. Open All Year.
Gering City Park - Well maintained - 1 Full city block - 1 block off main street - Large shade trees - Public rest rooms - Children play area, swing, slide etc.
Gering City Park - Well maintained - Small park - On 21st & P Street - Shade trees - Covered picnic table. Open All Year.
Gering City Park - Well maintained - 1/2 city block - Shade trees - Public rest rooms - Children play area, swing, slide etc. - Covered picnic tables etc. Open All Year.
Located at the base of historic Scotts Bluff National Monument are many camping pads complete with electricity, cable TV, and water hook-ups.
Located along Five Rocks Road west of Gering, this amphitheater and pavilion houses bands and other open-air entertainment in the summer months.
The City of Gering's swimming pool is quite a hub of activity in the summer months.