در این مقاله، ما معماری‌های پردازنده نورومورفیک موازی را برای تثبیت و بررسی شبکه‌های عصبی در FPGA ارائه می‌دهیم. معماری‌های پیشنهادشده به چندین موضوع حساس مربوط به موازی‌سازی مؤثر در به‌روزرسانی پتانسیل غشاها، ذخیره‌سازی بر روی تراشه در وزن‌های سیناپسی و ادغام واحدهای محاسباتی تقریبی اشاره می‌کند. مصالحه بین توان عملیاتی، هزینه سخت‌افزاری و هزینه‌های کلی انرژی برای تنظیمات مختلف به‌طور کامل موردبررسی قرار می‌گیرد. قابل‌ذکر است، برای کاربرد شناسایی رقمی دست‌نوشته، یک تسریع آموزش ۱۳.۵x و یک تسریع شناسایی ۲۵.۸x توسط اجرای موازی با درجه همسان‌سازی ۳۲ به‌دست‌آمده است. باوجود فرکانس کاری ۱۲۰ مگاهرتز، طراحی سخت‌افزار موازی ۳۲-راه، یک تسریع آمورشی ۵۹.۴x بیش از نرم‌افزار تک موضوع در حال اجرا روی یک CPU چندهدفه ۲.۲GHz را نشان می‌دهد. به همان اندازه مهم، با اعمال‌نفوذ انعطاف‌پذیر ساخته‌شده در معماری نورومورفیک، ما سود انرژی حاصل‌شده در استفاده از محاسبات ریاضی تقریبی را نشان می‌دهیم. تا ۲۰ درصد بهبود در مصرف انرژی با ادغام ضرب کننده‌های تقریبی در سیستم به دست می‌آید درحالی‌که حفظ نرخ شناسایی تقریباً در همان سطح با استفاده از ضرب استاندارد به‌دست‌آمده است. در برابر بهترین دانش ما، این نخستین باری است که محاسبات تقریبی و پردازش موازی به FPGA مبتنی بر شبکه‌های عصبی اعمال‌شده است. تأثیر پردازش موازی روی عواید محاسبات تقریبی نیز به جزئیات موردبحث قرارگرفته است.
In this paper, we present the parallel neuromorphic processor architectures for spiking neural networks on FPGA. The proposed architectures address several critical issues pertaining to efficient parallelization of the update of membrane potentials, on-chip storage of synaptic weights and integration of approximate arithmetic units. The trade-offs between throughput, hardware cost and power overheads for different configurations are thoroughly investigated. Notably, for the application of handwritten digit recognition, a promising training speedup of 13.5x and a recognition speedup of 25.8x are achieved by a parallel implementation whose degree of parallelism is 32. In spite of the 120MHz operating frequency, the 32-way parallel hardware design demonstrates a 59.4x training speedup over the single-thread software program running on a 2.2GHz general purpose CPU. Equally importantly, by leveraging the built-in resilience of the neuromorphic architecture we demonstrate the energy benefit resulted from the use of approximate arithmetic computation. Up to 20% improvement in energy consumption is achieved by integrating approximate multipliers into the system while maintaining almost the same level of recognition rate achieved using standard multipliers. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the approximate computing and parallel processing are applied to FPGA based spiking neural networks. The influence of the parallel processing on the benefits of approximate computing is also discussed in detail.


Nature's spring season is colourful. Likewise, Spring people often have a colourful appearance. Since our most harmonious, attractive clothing and cosmetics are a continuation of our natural colours, Spring cosmetics are generously supplied with colour.
Bright Spring colouring adds two features that lift the colour energy one step higher. The first is the ability to wear shine, a combination of Spring's dewy glow with Winter's shimmered and frosted effects. Second, with Winter in the mix, the light to dark span is wide, reaching from iced beige to warm charcoal.
**: Please note that the colour at the far right in the photograph has changed. The photograph will be replaced as soon as possible. Compared to the previous colour shown in the photo, which harmonized with the darker colours in the yellow strip of the palette, the new colour is slightly lighter and pinker, more pinky melon and less caramel, harmonizing better with the warm red strip in the palette. The new colour also contains less shimmer with a finer texture.
Transformer is effective with any collection to create harmonized eyeliner with these eyeshadows, in any effect desired, from liquid to smoky.
Prices are displayed in Canadian dollars. Your bank performs the conversion at checkout. Ships to Canada and the USA. EU clients, click Shipping below.


There are many age reversing benefits of hormone replacement therapy. From increased energy to improved skin elasticity and wrinkle reduction, hormone replacement therapy may be for you. In this month's Question & Answer Interview, Dr. Ronald Moy addresses frequently asked questions pertaining to hormone replacement therapy. Have additional questions about hormone replacement therapy? Ask us. Or schedule a consultation today.
Why Bioidentical Hormones Replacement Therapy?
Is Bioidentical Hormones Replacement Therapy right for me?
Through a detailed blood analysis and consultation, Dr Moy will discuss your unique BHRT needs and will begin creating your personalized treatment.
Signs of Menopause? Weight Gain?
Our primary goal is to help you feel and look better, at every age. At Moy-Fincher-Chipps, we strive to enhance the health and beauty of your skin by listening to your concerns, addressing your individual needs, and engaging our expertise to help you look and feel your best.
Among the treatments offered to BHRT clients are Vanquish Body contouring laser technology, NeoGraft hair restoration, Oxygeneo facial, Non-surgical facelift, FX laser treatment, Injectables, and many more.
Call or schedule your appointment today.


Well, I did it...I roasted my very first duck and it was delicious! Mr. Tastebuds usually makes Duck a la Orange for New Year's Eve Dinner but I took over this year. And to tell you the truth I like my version of duck better then his! But we did not miss out on his cooking, he made his Duck for Christmas Eve Dinner!
The recipe called for Veal Stock which was a real learning experience and I will never and I mean never make beef stock again. I had some trouble finding veal shank bones and had to settle for veal neck bones but it was worth all the fuss. The Veal Stock was a fabulously scrumptious, full-bodied yet uniquely mellow stock! I am so glad I went to all the trouble of finding the veal bones....so worth it!!!
Shari, our fearless leader of Whisk Wednesdays, did a complete study of beef and veal stocks...well a picture tells it all. She also recommended The French Laundry At Home blog for directions on the Thomas Keller French Method for making veal stock. I love to make stock, so stretching out the process to 2 days was so much fun and the results were just wonderful. I was never impressed with my beef stock, although I always had some on hand. Granted homemade is always better then canned stock but still my beef stock was never what I thought it should be. So leaving my thinly veiled beef stock in the dust and replacing it with perfection, is just fine with me.
This post is supposed to be about this week's assigned recipe, Canard aux Navets (Roast Duck with Glazed Turnips). And don't be confused what looks like potatoes in the picture are actually the Glazed Turnips. My family has never liked turnips but we could have easily eaten 4 times the amount I actually made....just delicious and so easy.
Recipe adapted from Le Cordon Bleu at Home"
Since we usually have Duck for New Year's Eve dinner I use the leftover duck as our snacking food on New Year's Day while watching the Bowl Games. Just shred up the duck meat. Next cut some green onions into 4" sticks and then slice, lengthwise again to fine sticks. Serve with flour tortillas and plum sauce for a Make Your Own Pseudo Peking Duck. Place some shredded Duck in the middle of the tortilla, add a few sliced onions and some Plum Sauce. Fold up the torilla and you're all set. BBQ sauce can be substituted for Plum Sauce. Delicious...and so easy!
This looks great! We've been embracing turnips and rutabagas in soup lately and should be ready to take the plunge and try them roasted.
I'm so glad the effort of making veal stock paid off for you too. Your duck looks great, and I love the sound of your peking duck in tortillas. And the glazed turnips were better than I expected too. Great job!
Oh, this looks so wonderful, Michelle! Your veggies look nice, too. Thanks for the idea of what to do with the leftovers...sounds perfect and one that would be a big hit here with my guys. I think the veal stock will be easier once we all get a dependable source for our veal bones! I think once we are in the know with that, everything will seem much easier! Great post. Love the duck!
Your plate is beautiful! What a wonderful job. I know what you mean about the stocks...a wonderful amount of fun...and the possibilities are endless.
It looks simply marvelous! Your turnips look wonderful too! So pretty! I'll take the plunge and give them a try. After all, I still need to practice "turning!" Great job Michelle!
This looks fabulous. We tend to eat Confit de Canard - preserved duck which I simply adore!
We used the leftover duck for the little Peking pancakes you suggested and they won a rave review around here...thanks so much for the idea! Big hit. Will definitely do that again.


text:
Q: does this sentence sound right? "Thank you for your consideration and I am glad to hear from you." I got a response from the company that i applied on indeed,
I was going to start my reply with the beginning of this sentence.
Does that sound weird or like not a native? (English is my 2nd language)
"Thank you for your consideration and I am glad to hear from you."
Thanks,

A: That sounds grammatically fine.
And the following one is to rephrase your sentence with delicacy(I'd go personally); you might take it If you'd like to refine the reply a little:
"I am appreciative of your consideration, and I'd be glad to hear from you".

A: It is slightly awkward, as after the "for", the reader expects something in the same form as "your consideration", e.g. "Thank you for your consideration and [for] getting back to me." That would be better but both consideration and getting back mean sort of the same thing. Therefore, I would drop the second part entirely and just go with "Thank you for your consideration." Your gladness is implied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Month September 2020
September 30, 2020 January 6, 2021 jamesbarton3 1 Comment
This Week's Prompt: 119. Art note—fantastick daemons of Salvator Rosa or Fuseli (trunk-proboscis).
The Resulting Story: The Empty Windows Part 2
This week from Lovecraft we receive one of our most precise and artistic visions—with a bit of effort I was able to track down the exact painting by Salvator Rosa that inspired this prompt, and while Fuseli proved more difficult I found plenty of monstrous art there. I'll give my commentary on his work towards the end, since it deals with material we are already familiar with in this society.
Rosa's Elephantine Demon
The image in question, above, is of the Temptation of Saint Anthony. Saint Anthony has two instances of temptation, one on ground and one in the air, and both are regularly represented in fantastic and surrealistic art. His first temptation began when he was young and set about the monastic path—arguably the first such monk in Christendom. The devil, envying such behavior, set about his temptation in the usual way at first. He whispered of the riches of the world, of the love of women, of the importance of family, of the difficulty of the task, of the infirmity of the body—but these trusty weapons failed. So instead, he assaulted him by day and night. So vicious were these assaults that they were visible to all who watched. But the constant attacks, even when the Devil came as a woman, were not enough. And this shamed the Devil's pride, that he who claimed to be greater than god was rebuked by a simple man. After all of this, the devil confessed defeat, appearing as a small boy.
Later in life, Anthony sought further to conquer himself. He went out to live among the tombs near his village in Egypt, and settled there for the night. He asked that his friend bring him bread in the morning, but otherwise not disturb him. The Devil, already alarmed by the discipline of the man, was afraid he would bring discipline to the desert. So he assaulted the saint with an army of demons and cut him to ribbons, such that his friend assumed him dead when he came to deliver the bread. He was carried back home and there was a funeral—but he was merely sleeping. He awoke and asked his companion to return him. His wounds were real, however, and he could not stand. So he prayed as he laid on the ground.
The demons, frustrated, shook the earth and attacked the tomb from all four walls in the shape of many beasts and crawling things. But Anthony mocks them, for both relying on such great numbers and such dreadful forms. And as they gnash at him, the roof opens up and he is healed by a golden light. (As an aside, I can't help but notice that the demons come from the four directions, but the divine aid comes from above. The symbolism to me reads as the demons being the entirety of the world here…but more on that later).
Next he takes residence in an abandoned fortress—the mere arrival of St.Anthony drives out all the reptiles. With six loaves of bread, each lasting a month, and water from the well. Here, demons assailed him and cried out for him to leave what was theirs. His acquaintances, who came to visit, heard the sounds of violence and were afraid—but St. Anthony was unafraid and told his friends to make the sign of the cross and nothing shall harm them.
Much later in life, he ventured to a new mountain—called the inner mountain in my texts. Here he remained, and began to farm so that those who guided him there would not exert much effort in order to help him. And here again demons assaulted him—those beyond heard the crashing of arms and saw that the mountain was full of wild beasts. First hyenas were sent, but they were repulsed. Then a beast like a man, with the legs and feet of an ass came and assaulted him. And he was repulsed.
Saint Anthony preformed other acts of healing and exorcism through out his life—leading to the promotion of monasticism through out the land. There was incident that I couldn't find in my copy of the Life of St. Anthony, but is recorded in the art of Micahelangelo—here demons assault him again, but this time as he is carried through the air by angels instead of when he is in the desert or fortress or other place of desolation. The story is the same as the variants above, for the most part.
Saint Anthony's stories reflect a number of folkloric truths about wicked spirits—that they often take the forms of beasts, they dwell in places of the dead or forgotten places where nothing grows. And they have no power of men protected by the Divine. The artistic imagery of the demons is more fantastic, as the images I've included no doubt shows—the lives I have includes at best "the crawling things" and the man with the legs of a donkey. Still, invisible and angry demons serves as fruitful ground.
The story also calls to mind stories from India of Sidhartha's last meditation. Here we encounter not the Devil but Mara, who attempts to dissuade Sidhartha from meditation and enlightment. He sends three or five daughters to attempt to seduce him—but he remains mediating. Mara dispatches vast storms of rain and stone, frightening away the gods that had gathered around the Buddha—but this was to no avail either. Then Mara dispatches a great host to destroy him, and he remains untouched. Mara then called out that Buddha's seat belong to Mara—and his whole host agreed with his claim. When asked for his witness the Buddha touched the earth—and the Earth cried out that she bore him witness. And Mara and his hosts vanished.
While this is the most famous text, it is not the only story of Mara attempting to seduce the Buddha. We find Mara in one text exhorts Sidhartha to go and live, to gain merit, for he is gravely thin. His path is too difficult, too rough to bear. And so he is rebuked by the Buddha for being what he is—and the Buddha counts and numbers his ten hosts that stand before him. Other texts have Mara attempting to lure Buddha away from preaching, either to keep it to himself or to abandon the path of preaching. One amusing temptation has Mara bringing letters from the Buddha's princes, supposedly, that demand he give up preaching.
The similarities of these stories lead me to wonder if there was some influence on St. Anthony's story from India. They aren't the only temptations stories—there is the famous Temptation of Christ, where the devil came to Jesus in the desert, and offered him food and power and proof of his divinity. He rejects these temptations and resumes his preaching with citations from scripture. The idea, however, of being assaulted by demons does not feature in the Gospel story. Only in the stories of Anthony and Sidhartha. And the fantastic creatures are also missing. Given that what drew Lovecraft to this narrative was the image of a elephantine creature, I think the idea of a terrorizing demon serves best.
I think it's also worth noting that the symbolism in Anthony and Buddha's narratives paint the evils as deeply rooted in the entirety of the world–while they dwell in places of wilderness, the demons that attack Saint Anthony come from all quarters. They take the form of "baser" things–beasts, not men or scholars or intellectually cunning angels. Likewise, the daughters that approach the buddha are named for temptations, and Mara's callings point to worldly responsibilities. One divergence I noticed is that, while both appeal to how hard the monastic life is, Mara appeals to the Buddha's royal obligation, while Anthony has no such appeal that I could find. Perhaps because he never held any office?
Artistically, both works cited by Lovecraft have very physical, monstrous, and bodily feelings. They aren't as abstract as Dali, but rather concrete and monstrous and menacing things. The piece by Fuseli I could find that closest fit what we have here is this one, of a snake devouring a rider. A consumptive, monstrous thing that was very much made of flesh, not dreams.
Before discussing where I intend to take this, I thought it'd be wise to mention that this is another story where the "result" is easily found in Lovecraft's own work. Well, not his work. Chaugnar Faugn is a creature that resembles an elephant with a trunk that ends in a leech like mouth. A repulsive creature imprisoned in a statue form, or perhaps hibernating, it arrived and shaped life on this planet millions of years ago. When awake, it drains the blood of those that draw near. I haven't read his original story—Lovecraft featured him in the Horror in the Museum, as an aside, but he comes from Frank Belknap Long. Reading a summary the story is…bizzare, featuring strange rays that send creatures back in time, hidden cults, inorganic life, and the brothers of Chaugnar Faugn.
Our own story will of course be picking up from last time, with our artist having found the final hidden window. There are a number of strange things that might occur—the demon perhaps is literal, descending on this lonely and isolated man form the empty plains. Or perhaps it will crawl from the new window—or merely observe. Something tangible, devouring, and menacing–something there "in the flesh". Let us see what lonely and fantastic horror awaits, next time!
Athanasius, St., and Robert T. Mayer. St. Athanasius: the Life of St. Anthony. Newman, 1978.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Māra." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 May 2013, http://www.britannica.com/topic/Mara-Buddhist-demon.
"The Buddha's Encounters with Mara the Tempter: Their Representation in Literature and Art", by Ananda W.P. Guruge. Access to Insight (BCBS Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/guruge/wheel419.html .
The Empty Windows, Part 1
September 22, 2020 October 1, 2020 jamesbarton3 2 Comments
This Week's Prompt:118. Something seen at oriel window of forbidden room in ancient manor house.
The Prior Research: Through the Looking Glass
It was a special sense of space that brought me to the oriel window. Being new to the building, I had only briefly explored it's grounds—business had kept me from being too keen on its contents and precise layout. It was a house of relative isolation, for relatively little. The benefit of buying at government auctions, there wasn't much competitions for the place. Its grounds were grassland, dotted with islands of white stone. If the house was swallowed up, I doubt anyone driving by would have noticed.
So I took sometime to pace about the house, and there I found it—a strange jutting balcony on the western wall. A set of windows surveyed the land—but they were impenetrable from the outside. And more worryingly, no such structure had been found on my first day inside the building. It took about an hour to find the slightly off color wall—much longer with tools to break the plaster over the heavy oaken door.
There wasn't a handle either, but that was easy to fake. A twist and some careful strokes and the door came open on a hidden room.
It was a small room—a round balcony, with oddly spaced windows. Each of them had a curtain drawn, and a thick screen pulled over them. In between them was a desk, a chair, and an empty picture frame.
Scooting around the desk, I carefully removed the screen—and what a window was hidden by that dreadful veil! It was smooth and green tinted, and seemed to ripple in the wind. It was exquisite. And each that followed, as amazing as the last. I found crimson, azure, indigo, violet, all the many colors of the rainbow in the seven windows there. I admit, it was a bit gauche—but the light it cast on the table was fascinating. And the view of the same plains, cast in only a slightly different color, made the world of difference.
A few days later, I moved some things into the room—my old typewriter, my note books with sketches, and my personal bookshelf. Finding a place for the shelf that didn't obstruct the inspiring windows took some effort, but I eventually managed to squeeze it across from the door way. And then I set about writing, watching at the seas of grass shifting in the wind.
It took sometime for the first changes to be clear. I thought it was the isolation getting to me, gazing out through the windows at the grass. Surely, I was imagining shapes moving out there—a forest so verdant and lively through the green window, a rust-red desert in the red window, a world strange and in perpetually night in the indigo one. They were faint impressions of shapes, like ripples hidden in the glass that my eye was just now noticing.
But no! I saw them, now more and more clearly. They were worlds, worlds fully formed in the windows of such graceful and alien cast.
I saw in that verdant window a country—I cannot read their script, so I called it Verta for its color. Not the most creative name, no, but it must do for now. I observed such dances and songs by their bards—silent, yes, silent yet. But they were entrancing still. They were a different sort of people than most, thin and frail looking. A strong wind would rip their limbs, I feared, a strong storm would shred and tear their wings. Even when they fought, and they fought often with gallantry and honor, they fought with rapiers and sabers and it seemed more like a delicate dance. Even the spilling of blood, who's color seemed as green as the trees, was more enobled than dreadful. How they seemed to love and fight with a serene passion, it was wonderous. One I had named Gladwing—he was a fierce fighter, wearing a coat of arms of sorts that I've drawn here. He was a superb dancer as well, and truly seemed the flower of virtue—even if perhaps his people's practice of devouring some of the dead seemed unseemly to me.
The yellow window, almost golden, presented fields of wheat for miles. Vast farms, maintained in eternal summers. Golden, blocky buildings peaked over high walls. At first they were of wood and paper, but in time they were stone to last the ages of the sun baked lands. In great chariots, pulled by creatures that were part lion and part oxen, I saw great kings and queens ride out to survey the land. They met and fought, and built great towers to commerate their battles.
And through the red window, among the long grass, I saw the domain of great giants. Twin headed giants, who discussed among themselves and between their heads often. They sat on great stones and spoke for long intervals—I imagined their tones dull and droning, even as they gestured solemnly at stars and shapes in the distance. They built great tablets, with paintings more expressive than their faces. I found it strange—they cast many images of figures with one head, but they and all life had two. I wondered if perhaps they thought of such singular purpose and thought divinity? Or perhaps each head thought itself as a singular entity, trapped without any privacy.
And then through the indigo window showed me a world stranger yet—for the grass became thick here, not grass at all. No, it became a sea, vast and inscrutable, with slow and heavy waves. Drifting overhead were islands, and icebergs rose from the tips like stones. The people here were strange, yes, but not as strange. They had camps to mine strange ore from the icebergs—often they threw from their dead from floating islands, while others wore heavy cloaks and brought nets in the sea to catch strange fish to examine. One I noticed came frequently, examining the fish who's skin seemed to hold lost memories and forgotten thins. I haven't named him yet, his name is on the tip of my tongue. But I remember him clearly.
And through the violet window, a world where the dead were closer to the living—the gaping abalaster entrances and openings where shades would come to retire. The sun was dim, distant and cold. It was like a moon made more bright, shimmering just barely against the dark and perpetually cloudy sky. Familes grew around these openings—hundreds of generations in vast and ever growing mansions. Like mushrooms, they spread and sprouted out of the ground. I saw the weight of years crush and grind passions. With time, even the dead seemed to become nought but architecture, and I grew fond of a young scholar who made the study of decay her passion. I called her Morrigan, after the crow goddess, for she seemed fond of crows. Ghostly animals were herded past her house, as she entertained and wrote papers, and rode with those dead so near to dissolution.
I saw these and I wondered, at all these worlds—why would they have been hidden from the world? Why would anyone board up and bind these windows tightly? Such insight, such wonder—a man of science would find no end of discoveries with this glass, with these world's just beyond a thin line of glass between us.
Months later, I realized that it was not just the distortion in shapes of glass—it was distortion of the light itself. My eyes, even when I wandered in the grass for fresh air, they could see the ghosts of worlds gone by. Worlds that were just slightly out of sync with my own perception. I stood beside Gladwing as he fought his dread rival, I stood on a stone to see the death blow. I sat and listened to the great two headed speakers debate on solitary summer stones. I watched the great king Orabi wrestle his opponents to the floor as I wandered through the taller grasses. I heard the lapping of the waters against the seas. How strange and beatufiul, to have such refined and sharpened vision. My eyes, adjusted to the colored lens, now saw the shining wonders everywhere.
Perhaps that is how it should have ended. Perhaps at last than I would have enjoyed a dream in this empty house, in this grassy sea. But the plains were wracked one night, with dreadful storms. Thunder and hail bombarded the building, keeping me up all through the night. And when it ended, I found a strange shape form the outside of the house. Atop the old balcony, broken a bit now, was a wooden covering. I had taken it to be a nothing more than a ceiling—but from the ground I saw the sun shine down. And reflect off the dark and smooth shape of a hidden window of darkest black, resting atop the ceiling.
I'm afraid even with my brief break I ran out of time to flesh this idea out in full. Instead, I'll leave it here—and return to it after next weeks research!
September 9, 2020 September 22, 2020 jamesbarton3 2 Comments
This Week's Prompt: 118. Something seen at oriel window of forbidden room in ancient manor house.
The Resulting Story:The Empty Windows, Part 1
I think Mr. Lovecraft must have had a strange architectural road trip, given the number of stories that have focused on being stuck in a home and seeing horrible monsters and sights—and checking his timeline, March 1924 was when he moved in with his girlfriend to New York. Which is around the time this prompt is recorded.
Unlike the last few times of circling haunted houses and locked basements, I thought I would look into the specific nature of windows. Windows in many places act as points of entry for unbidden and unwanted spirits. Vampires and foul creatures fly into the homes here, and so they are often critical to protect. Some examples of strange windows that I found include a common architectural design in Vermont, the witches window.
This window, placed at an angle, was supposedly used by witches to fly out of…or to remove coffins from the second story. The windows are placed at an angle, to catch a witch flying—she can't enter, because the windows would catch the broomstick. This example might be catch Lovecraft's eye, given his interest in architecture and witches and New England. The validity of such a window being 'to catch witches' seems…unlikely, given that it is not the only window in the house. Likewise, a coffin going up the stairs is unlikely—it seems more likely a body would be brought be back down.
A more fearsome example would be Black Annis—a hag, with a blue face and iron claws. Black Annis was known for eating pets, children, and sheep. She was entirely nocturnal, and would no doubt be a terrifying and fearsome creature. Except she had a habit of grinding her long, white teeth against each other. This gave everyone time to bolt their doors and run inside—and in fact, windows in the area are too small for the hag to enter. Fire was often located near the windows for the same intention, as when fire was too far from the window she would reach in and steal children. And if both of these failed, the grinding could be heard from five miles away—giving time for farmers to place herbs and skins over the windows
A more fantastic story comes from Grimm. There once was a princess who every day would visit the top of a tower with twelve windows to look through. From these windows she could see anything in the kingdom. From the first window, she could see more distinctly than any other human in the world. Further, each window made her window sharper and sharper until the twelfth window. Being a haughty princess of such supreme skill, she insisted that she would be married to no man unless he could hide from her view—and further, that if a man should try to hide and fail, he would be beheaded and his head stuck on a pike. Ninety-nine men took such a risk, and lined the castle walls. Three brothers decided to try their luck. The first hid in a limepit and…well, was found instantly, beheaded, and stuck on a pike. The second hid in a cellar was seen from the second window, beheaded, and stuck on a pike. The youngest begged that he be given three chances instead of one—and he was so handsome and charming, that the princess agreed to his terms.
The brother meditated on how to succeed, and thinking of nothing else he went hunting. He spied a raven, raised his gun, and was about to shoot. The raven cried out that he would help the youngest brother if he was spared. He went down to a lake saw a large fish—and the same scene repeated. And so on with a fox.
The next day, he set out to hide—and asked the Raven for help. And the raven thought for a time, and opened up an egg shell, and placed the youth inside it. And this went well—it took the princess until the eleventh window to see him. And she had the raven shot and warned the man that he had two more chances.
Then the man went to the fish. The fish swallowed the man and went to the bottom of the lake, and there hid from the princess. And this time, it took until the twelfth window for the princess to spot him. And she had the fish killed, and warned the youth again. One more chance, she said—no doubt nervous—that he had one more attempt.
And then the man went to the fox. The fox took the man to a spring, and bathed in it's waters—and became a stall-merchant. The youth washed himself, and became a sea hare. And the merchant that was a fox took the hare that was a youth and displayed him to the whole town. And the beauty of the youth was carried over to the hare, and all the town came to see—including, in time, the princess. And the fox warned the youth—when she goes to look at the window, climb into her braids.
In case, like me, you'd imagined a sea hare as an adorable fish-bunny.
The princess did buy the sea hare, and took him up to the tower. And as she failed to see him in every window, she slammed the window shut with so much force that it broke every one of the windows and shook the castle. Feeling the sea-hare in her hair, she tossed it in a rage and shouted for it to get out of her sight. So the hare that was the youth obliged and ran back to the merchant that was a fox—and the two became themselves again. And the youth thanked the fox, that he truly knew how to hide. And came home, married the princess, and became king. Never once did he tell her how he accomplished all of this, so she believed he had done so by his own talents and respected him. A rather dastardly end, I suppose.
The Formorians, who's king Balor had a baleful eye.
A few stories from Ireland caught my attention with windows when I went digging. Some are versions of stories I'm unfamiliar with—such as suggesting that Balor gained his evil eye from witnessing the creation of a poison by sorcerers through a window. The witnessed poison infected Balor's eyesight. A host of dreadful monsters likewise seeks to enter homes through the west windows—ones that may be the restless and numerous dead or something far worse, depending on the origin. These Sluagh resemble great hosts of blackbirds, and seek at night to steal the souls of the dead before last rites. They were sometimes once people, sometimes merely monstrous fae. Their battles caused not only terror, but death and plague—they might sweep a mortal up with them to sow havoc and despair throughout the land. Clearly, not guests one wants to receive.
I know there is also a tale from Lorraine, France of a window that holds victims still…but sadly, I cannot find a translation of the story to know much beyond that (and I know that only from the myth motif index. That said, I think we have quite a bit to work with here. A window is something that lets eyes in and out, and has all the implications of 'witnessing' that implies. And given the imagery of the prompt—an oriel window, looking out and over a plain, a street, or something else from above—I think that is the crux of the story. Something our narrator has witnessed.
Perhaps it is another place—another time. An alien world or a past time or something else that leaves a ghastly impression. The house or room sits on the edge and only the window can see into the other side. I have not yet read House on the Borderlands, but that seems a wide space to explore. The Aleph, by Borges, delves into the power to view far away vistas and strange places deeply.
There is of course the idea that seeing something changes you—that perhaps seeing something lets that thing see you. That vision is a two way process, and while God may have shut the door…perhaps he opened the wrong window. Things seeping in, leaking in through a window from the beyond seems like a fascinating story in it of itself.
Windows are ways to observe the world, and I am fascinated by the idea of a set of windows that show something or somewhere more precisely—allowing one to see new and strange vistas, each it's own little story. That concept is perhaps too long for what we are given here, but perhaps for another time.
Briggs, Katharine Mary. An Encyclopedia of Fairies: Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures. Pantheon Books, 1978.
Spence, Lewis. The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain. Kessinger Pub., 1999.
"Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/The Sea-Hare." Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/The Sea-Hare – Wikisource, the Free Online Library, en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grimm's_Household_Tales,_Volume_2/The_Sea-Hare.
Noyes, Amy Kolb. "What's The History Of Vermont's 'Witch Windows'?" Vermont Public Radio, Vermont Public Radio, 2017, http://www.vpr.org/post/whats-history-vermonts-witch-windows.
Religion, / Atlantic. "'Sluagh Sidhe' and 'Hidden Folk' – the Host of Souls." The Atlantic Religion, 9 May 2014, atlanticreligion.com/2013/08/17/sluagh-sidhe-and-hidden-folk-the-host-of-souls/.
September 2, 2020 September 3, 2020 jamesbarton3 1 Comment
This Week's Prompt: 117. A secret living thing kept and fed in an old house.
The Prior Research: The Beast Must Feed
My childhood was blessed. While my older brothers had inhabited more of my father's industrial, entrepreneurial spirit of wanderlust, I was more than happy to be at home with my mother and my tutors. When they returned there would be festivities, with stories of extravagant parties that my mother hushed or amazing sights that she loved. And I would keep rapt attention, because despite all the comforts they provided, I still did not know what the family business was.
I attended school with other boys and girls, who all had homes of equal splendor. And while children do not often discuss the finances of their mothers and fathers, I was a keen young man. I learned, with time, the signs of every source of revenue. The ones who owned farmland were concerned with bad storms—even if they themselves never tilled it. The ones who's ships sailed the seas went on long voyages, yes, but were superstitious about weather and returned always with exotic gifts. And drank. Often.
Those who owned mines often had some piece from their mind on hand, and talked often of good fortune and a sense for things. Vinters always wished to own a bottle of the land they had. Those who squeezed money from houses often had exceptionally wealthy tenants over for dinner or lunch. Bankers, lawyers, and bueracrats often met at each other's homes, their children becoming somewhat familiar. With this accumulated second hand knowledge, I strained to review what work my family did.
It was quite profitable work, whatever it was. I wanted for nothing, except perhaps company. Whatever it was, it required a good deal of travel. Some of my brothers, I recognized the signs of sea trade. Others vinters, others wandering merchants without any interest in particular wares. But despite my observations and innocent questions during celeberations, the beating heart of the family was still obscured.
I had hoped to gain some understanding from my father, when he lingered in the house. Sometimes he would have an accountant over for dinner to discuss matters of business—but never what business. Only that this and that deposit was in order, that this and that would be available then. Where theses sums came from, no, never. Not a word.
That was, until one summer morning. My mother woke me early, my grumbling bringing more sure shaking of me awake.
"Get dressed. Today is a very important day." She said quietly, perhaps earnestly afraid of startling me. I yawned and looked up in confusion.
"What's today?" I asked, my tired mind cycling through a calendar of tests and holiday's and appointments.
"Today is the day you're father is taking you to work."
I wore my finest clothes. We rode on two fine horses for two days—up into the hills, where our old family estate was. We rode through fields I had seen from my window and woods my brothers hunted foxes in. I never had the taste for hunting, it was a cruel and one-sided game. At the least, hunting a boar or bear in the older days put one at risk. What might a fox do to a rich man surrounded by friends? Bit him with needle teeth?
We spent our first night in a traveling house in the woods. The innkeeper, a smiling woman who's eyes never fully opened and exuded a warmth that reminded me of freshly cooked sweets, was familiar with my father. Despite their difference in character, they greeted each other like old friends. She smiled at me, and spoke to me.
"Oh and look at how big he is! Are you sure he's not your brother?" She said, patting my shoulders and laughing. "Still, not too big for chocolate I hope, I've some homemade—let me go get it for you, you'll love it."
My father waited patiently for her to return. Not one word until she returned with some slightly mishappen sweets.
The room was smaller than mine at home, even smaller since it was shared. My father removed an old book to read and sat in the corner, a pair of half-mooned glasses from his suit. I had tried asking questions—where we were going, what was expected of me when we got there, who we might meet with, what we might see. But he stayed silent, reading his book through the night.
I had studies to do. I sat at the desk, facing into the darkness of the woods, reading my book. Looking up, I thought I saw a fox, staring at the window with envy from the underbrush. And then it was gone.
The next day's ride was deeper into the woods—past people who stared at strangers, but averted their eyes when I glanced at them. Carts heavy with logs passed us by—one seemed intent on running us off the road, hurtling down towards us. I pulled horse to the side, but my father stayed still and resolute—and sure enough, the blind horse slowed. Perhaps the driver, face red and eyes glaring, lost his nerve and pulled the reigns while I was not looking. Perhaps my father new some trick with horses. The attempt wasn't a surprise to him.
Despite being our ancestral home—the home my great-great grandfather had built by hand, using only local lumber—I had never been to this wood. The trees felt familiar, probably because they were kin to the hunting forests of my brothers. The stone paved road wound its way through ancient trees—a mighty expense, for only one home. Even overgrow with moss and cracked with roots, the stones shone in the sunlight like a river.
The silence my father had as we rode up the hill stifled any wonder the sights could have presented. At last we came to the end of the road—an iron wrought gate, with a heavy chain around it and verdigrised lock.
"We walk the rest of the way." My father said, his voice sudden as he came down from the horse. "Not much farther now."
I was too stunned to ask what he meant. He pulled his coat up,and opened the gate with a small silver key.
We walked a bit farther. Maybe it was a mile. And then it appeared, like a storm suddenly rising on the horizon.
Peeling paint and plaster revealed the brick and stone work below. The roof had a faded coat of arms on it, five flowers blooming in a star. A pair of knights reclined at either side, their spears ready to defend the door. Ivy encrusted lions flanked the stair case, to the heavy, oaken door. Wrapped around it too was a heavy chain, with a shining silver lock. My father wordlessly produced a small gold key—one that seem bent and twisted. But the lock opened with a click, and the heavy chain was removed.
My father ignored my inquiries—what work brought us to such a decrepit house, even if it were our own? There were no clients, no offices, no way of attracting patronage. He merely gestured I follow into the dust and cobweb strewn house.
The distance between doors stretched farther than between our home and the iron gate. The silence was so heavy, it was as if a third had joined our party. Their footsteps interjected between the creaking of old panels, the sigh of slanting supports and tarnished silver. They kept pace with my father, and his occasional mumble or murmur—only faintly made out as 'a little further yet'—were always to this unseen third. Never to me.
Until we came to the basement door. The chain of silver around the handle, free of times touch, seemed unreal amidst the decay. My father paused, a crude iron key in his palm.
"I think its time we talked business." He said, turning to me. I nodded silently. Words would not come to me at the sudden focus.
"Down there…down there's the real family business." He said, pointing with the key. "And it's all going to be yours. Your brothers, they've got a knack for the little stuff. For wandering and buying and selling—they're good at what they do. But without what's down there, it'd all have fallen apart a long time ago."
The door rattled violently. My father glanced over as I started back.
"I'm going to open the door. Someone is going to fall down the stairs." He said, turning back to the door. "Whoever it is, they won't come back home. "
"Wait, what do you—" I started before he held his hand up.
"Who ever doesn't fall down the stairs is going to travel around for a bit. Maybe go and drink themselves silly." He said slowly. "Then go home and tell your mother that something terrible happened—like what I told my mother. And what I guess my father told my grandmother. And then, they'll spend a year doing…whatever it is. And then they'll come back here, with someone else, and someone else will fall down the stairs.
"And if no one falls down the stairs," He said, seeing the dawning horror in my eyes. "Then things will fall apart. Money will dry up, fortune will twist and bend, and whatever's down there will get hungry. Some families, they make their fortune off the sweat of a worker or the blood of a farmer, the tides of the sea. We make ours, our business, with these stairs. And when we can't have enough of it anymore, and we find someone else to take on the job…well. This is where we exit."
He turned back to the door.
"I'm going to open the door. And someone is going to fall down those stairs. Only one person will know if they were pushed."
He reached down. The lock clicked open. A noise was made, like a howling wolf. Teeth and eyes were seen shining in the dark. Was there one figure, bent over in the darkness, mishappen claws peeking into the light? Were a hundred eyes owned by a singular mass? Or was the darkness filled by a hundred hungry limbs?
My father's body struck the floor with a dull thud. The doors were slammed shut. The locks were clicked shut. I found my way in silence.
I like the basic premise of this story–I'm not sure it quite works, and probably the twist is a bit predictable. But overall, I'm happy with it. A good one to revisit on the Patreon. I'll add in more links about current events when I get a better handle on them. Until then, next time! We see strange images from a different old manor!
The Beast Must Feed
This Week's Prompt:117. A secret living thing kept and fed in an old house.
The Resulting Story: The Family Business
This prompt resembles another prompt we covered some time ago, about secret rooms in castles and homes. There might be some overlap in what we discuss here and what was touched upon there. There is the creature of Glamis Castle we discussed then—a monstrous, vampiric or amphibian offspring that was kept in a secret chamber apart from humanity. There was the strange beast that guarded the castle Orlando fought. Both of these strange monsters lurk in secret around the castle, but they are not so often described as being "fed".
For that, the first creature or entity that came to mind was a spirit from Chinese folklore—a gu . This is a creature, often a centipede, that is created by trapping a number of poisonous insects and animals in a jar, and waiting to see which one emerged victorious. This creature is the most venomous, having absorbed the venom of all the dead creatures it has killed. These creatures could appear, disappear, cause lights to appear, infect food and drink, and in some cases control the souls of dead victims. They resemble all sorts of insects and toads and serpents. More pressingly for us, they were able to shift a victims wealth to the sorcerer who created them. In many stories, this monstrous spirit had an appetite that had to be maintained, so that the family's prosperity could continue.
Symbols for the Gu poison and Jincan (Golden Silkworm, a related creature)
A comparable sort of spirit was documented in Wales. Some of them are more akin to ghosts, but one knight by the name of Sir David Llwyd had a familiar spirit bound in a great book. He once left home without taking the book with him, and realizing his mistake, sent a servant home to fetch the book. The child, curious as young boys are, opened the book after which the spirit appeared and demanded orders. The boy, in shock, told the spirit to go and toss stones into the river—and the spirit obeyed, filling the air with stones the boy had to dodge, until the river was full. Then, it came back demanding more orders—and so the boy in desperation asked the stones be thrown back where they came from. Luckily, this delay in the books delivery has caught Sir David's attention and he arrives on the scene, commanding the devil back into the book, ending the chaos as he closes it. While this demon required no feeding, it is in need of constant supervision.
Sometimes, these hideous beings do not wait to be bound, but instead bind another. A lady in the woods was apparently infamous for this behavior, bewitching a man named Einion with illusions such that his wife, Angharad, seemed a decayed old hag, and the spirit the most beautiful of women. He split their wedding ring in two when he departed with the spirit, taking half the golden ring with him. As he wondered under her spell, he by chance looked under his ring, and saw on the horizon that which he desired most. He decided then to put the half the ring under his eyelid to see that spot forever—and while he was trying to do so, a man in white with a staff rode up to him. Hearing his plight, the man offered to take him back to his wife. When Einion got on and looked behind him, he did not see the Lady of the Woods, but only vast hoof prints in the ground. The man in white asked if he wished to see the Lady of the Woods, handing him his staff with which to see the goblin. And the Lady of the Woods was a horrifying repulsive witch of great size. As he screamed, the man cast his robe over him, and took them both to the hill near Trevelir.
The Lady in the Woods, meanwhile, had taken on the shape of a young knight and made love to Angharad—having told her that Einion was dead. And they prepared to marry, as the Lady of the Woods promised to make her the most noble woman in Wales. At the wedding, where everyone had gathered, there was a contest to play a harp that Einion had left behind, the best harp in Wales. None could play the harp, but at last Einion arrived—appearing to his wife as a decrepit old man—and offered to play. And this won Angharad's heart, although she could not break the illusion—even with the ring restored. So Einion granted her the staff and she saw the goblin's true shape. After she was revived from fainting, the illusion ended, the banquet and pageantry vanished, and they returned to happy lives.
A more classical beast in the castle story comes to us from Italy. Here, we have a lady with only one son. Oh how she loved her son. Once, while her son and his companions were out hunting, she was visited by a strange lady. The lady asked to put her horses up with the ladies—who refused, as her horses would mix with no others. As she turned to leave, however, her son and his companions returned. The mysterious woman was in fact a fairy—and she bewitched the entire company to become satyrs. Satyrs, brutish and monstrous until the lady could find one who would marry him as he was. In the meantime, he and his companions had to stay in the stables away from home.
As his mother failed to find marriage in the land, the prince waited in the stables for rescue. And espied one day, in the gardens near the stables, the daughter of a duke. With a hand he beckoned her over, because like most satyrs he had the upper body of a man and the lower body of a goat. She drew near, but seeing his form, was disgusted and ran off.
The next day the same pattern repeated, as he asked if she wished him well and she protested she did not despite her approaches. The narrator informs us that she cannot yet say she loves him, and in fact goes to her mother about the affair. The mother warns her daughter to stay away from the monsters, and she does so for a month—before at last returning. The prince entreats her so sweetly that she is moved—or perhaps it is his promise of suicide if she rejects him. At last, she say she wishes him well—and at last the fairy comes forth and breaks the spell.
Which I admit confuses me, as the fairy swore only when he was wed would the curse be lifted. I suppose the prince was especially fortunate his fairy was fickle.
King Zahak is a more royal example of a hidden hunger. A man of spectacular charisma, but little self control and wisidom, the devil Ahriman advised him to murder his own father and become king of Arabia. Then, the same devil became his cook—and an excellent one at that! For his service, Zahak asked the cook what gift he would want. And the cook asked only to kiss Zahak twice—on each shoulder. Zahak allowed it, and from the kisses sprang two black serpents who attacked and bit at Zahak. The cook took his leave, not seen again as Zahak struggled with this curse. The snakes could not be cut free—they simply regrew whenever they were cut off. Eventually, a doctor came—again Ahirman in disguise—and revealed to Zahak that the only cure for his affliction was to eat a dish prepared with the brains of two men. And so, Zahak turned to grotesque cannibalism.
Zahak, consulting about those snakes
In time, the Emperor of Iran fell out of favor with the people. Zahak arrived to them as a savior, and with a great army drove out the emperor, chasing him down and eventually executing him by sawing him in half. However, his hunger did not abate. His agents find two men each day to give him. Two heroic men, Armayel and Garmayel, seek to rescue these victims by becoming royal cooks and replacing one of the human brains with brains of a sheep. The saved man was sent away to the mountains to live. In time, after centuries of tyranny, Zahak was overthrown—but that is a story for another time.
Comparable in some ways to Zahak, but also to Bluebeard, is the story of Prince White Pig. Here a boy traveling on a road insults an old fairy while traveling. For this, he is cursed to be a pig by day (although the most handsome prince by night, which…I'm unsure such curses work as intended). His father builds a stone enclosure for him to live in. The prince decides to marry, and a bride is found. Of course, when the pig-groom who has spent all day wallowing goes to kiss her, she slaps him back. The prince than devours her. And a second bride, who undergoes the same 'trial'. The third bride is kind to him, and thus lives long enough to see his handsome princely nature by night. She must not reveal this fact about her husband, however, or she will need a steel dress and steel shoes to find him again.
Of course, to the surprise of none, the taunting of her mother becomes too much and she reveals at last the real nature of her husband. Eventually, with the aid of fairies, she finds that her husband is back to being a prince and about to marry a princess. With the help of a servant, she saves her husband from the princess who was drugging him every night. After they speak, they go to the king, who lets them leave as husband and wife.
Which, I mean, he did eat two other human beings for slapping him, I'm not sure he's exactly husband material.
There is also of course the ancient Minotaur. For those unfamiliar with the story, Poseidon once sent King Minos a snow white bull as confirmation of his king ship—on the condition that it be sacrificed to the Earthshaker. King Minos, however, found the bull to beautiful to sacrifice and kept it. In revenge, the god of the sea made the queen Pasiphae fall in love with the bull—and the queen had the inventor Daedalus devise a way for her to make love to the bull. The result of this was the Minotaur, half man and half bull.
The minotaur was a fierce being and, being neither man nor beast, had no natural source of nourishment. So he fed upon human flesh, and thus had to be contained. Daedalus was again employed to create a labyrinth to contain the monster, and every seven years offerings, Athenian youths were offered to the beast.
There seems to be a common line with these monsters however. These creatures that demand blood and must be imprisoned give or are correlated to an ascent to power. Zahak receives power from Ahriman—and receives his hunger from Ahriman. The bull secures Minos's kingship…and brings the Minotaur. The gu demon brings wealth but also threatens the family and is used to feed on the populace. Even the pig and satyr princes derive from uses of power and rudeness—and in the case of the pig, turn literally from man-eating monster into heroic prince like night and day. Sir David's familiar granted him extreme power and knowledge—even if it cost him his curacy—and the lady of the woods took the shape of noble ladies and knights in her travels.
To keep the old power alive, the old monster must be fed sounds like the basis for a gothic horror story indeed. We will see what sort of monster dwells in the old house next time…but until then. What stories of beasts in the basement have you heard?
Busk, Rachel Harriette, 1831-1907. Roman Legends: a Collection of the Fables And Folk-lore of Rome. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1877.
Carrière, Joseph Médard. Tales From the French Folk-lore of Missouri. Evanston: Northwestern university, 1937.
Pang, Carolyn. "Uncovering 'Shikigami': The Search for the Spirit Servant of Onmyōdō." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 40, no. 1, 2013, pp. 99–129. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41955532. Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
Sikes, Wirt, 1836-1883. British Goblins: Welsh Folk Lore, Fairy Mythology, Legends And Traditions. Boston: J.R. Osgood, 1880.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


ISTANBUL: Turkey and Iran on Monday started a joint military operation against Kurdish rebels on Turkey's eastern border, state-run Anadolu news agency quoted the interior minister as saying.
"We will announce the result later," he said.Soylu did not specify precisely which PKK bases the planned operation targeted but President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has in the past said it would be against militant hideouts in Iraq.
The Turkish military has often bombed PKK bases in Iraq's mountainous northern regions as part of its decades-long operations against the group. Iranian security forces have also fought the PKK affiliate, the Party of Free Life of Kurdistan (PJAK). Both groups have rear bases in neighbouring Iraq.


text:
The jaguars extremely powerful bite, which can pierce through a turtles shell, makes it the mammal with the strongest jaw in the animal kingdom.
A.False
B.True
Answer:A
This designer and owner of a huge womens furnishings enterprise is also respected for his social activism, which delights his politically liberal father-in-law Mario Cuomo, the former governor of New York.
A rock journalist (whose original first name was Mark) won the National Book Critics Circle Award for his 1995 memoir Shot In The Heart. The book tells the true story of the authors relationship with his infamous sibling, a convicted and executed murderer. What was the name of the murderer?
Diana Nemerov, an internationally acclaimed photographer, committed suicide some 12 years after her divorce from a young actor whom she had married against her wealthy parents' wishes. Name the actor, who is best known for his frequent appearances on M*A*S*H*.
The author of these words -- American actor, writer, and stand-up comedian, is known for his ironic, witty, and sometimes confusing jokes and lines.
This great comedian, whose career spanned vaudeville, film, radio, and television, was especially popular for the team performances with his wife - the well-known comedienne Gracie Allen.
Which famous American comedian made this ironic statement about marriage?
This famous one-liners author starred along Roberto Benigni in 2003s, Coffee and Cigarettes.
Although this comedian initially considered becoming a lawyer, he eventually got into comedy.
A grandmother is watching her grandchild playing on the beach when a huge wave comes and takes him out to sea. She pleads, please God, save my only grandson. I beg of you, bring him back. And a big wave comes and washes the boy back onto the beach, good as new. She looks up to heaven and says: He had a hat!
This English-born American comedian, who was also a violinist, is well known for his "one-liners, which were short and simple but at the same time very effective.


text:
A2Z BUZZER
Buzz for Everything
Hollywood Songs
Bhojpuri Songs
WhatsApp Status Video
Superhit Bhojpuri Movie
Latest Hindi Dubbed Movies
WWE Fight
Shaktimaan Episode
Free Forum Posting Sites for SEO 2019
Amazing and Interesting Facts About India
By Ashish / February 1, 2019
Some amazing facts about India
Some interesting facts about India with pictures that will make you feel proud to be an Indian.
Indian army is the third largest active army after United States & China.
Image by DNA India
India Post Office Network has the largest Postal Network in the world with 154,965 Post Offices (as on 31.03.2017) of which 139,067 are in the rural areas.
Photo from Wikipedia
India's Chail Cricket ground, surrounded by thick forests of deodar, is the highest cricket ground in the world, which was built in 1893 and it is located at an altitude of 2,444 metres.
Image by Sportskeeda
Invention of Shampoo is an Indian concept. The word shampoo entered the English Language is itself derived from the Sanskrit word champu, which means to massage.
Image from Pinterest
The name of India is derived from Indus (river), which originates from the Old Persian word Hindus.
Image from YouTube
The crowd of Kumbh Mela is so massive which is visible from the space too.
Image by Theatlantic
In 1980, Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment, APPLE, the first satellite of India was transported on a bullock cart for testing. And it was successfully launched by Ariane-1, from Kourou, French Guiana on June 19, 1981.
Image from Reddit
Chess also known as Chaturanga is one of the oldest games, originated in India before the 6th century AD. and it is believed that Persians created a more modern version of the game after the Indians.
Photo by The Vintage News
Chai (Tea) is India's National Drink. After China, India is the largetst producer of tea in the world.
Photo by Whatsanswer
Amazing Facts of human's Body
Superhit Bhojpuri Movies
Best WhatsApp Status Video 2019
Latest Bhojpuri Video Songs 2019
New Hollywood Video Songs
Bollywood Video Songs of 2019
Copyright © All rights reserved. Copyright © A2Z Buzzer | Theme by AF themes.


text:
Giant Freakin Robot > Sci-Fi
Syfy's 12 Monkeys Tries To Change The Future: This Week's TV Picks
By David Wharton | 5 years ago
A few weeks back we got to check out Ascension, the first volley in Syfy's renewed focus on making ambitious science fiction television. That miniseries was something of a mixed bag, but this week Syfy has another new series up at bat, one we are still skeptical about: 12 Monkeys, based on Terry Gilliam's cult classic time travel flick. The show launches this Friday night, but you don't have to wait to get your first look at it. You can watch the first nine minutes of the pilot below.
Gilliam's 12 Monkeys — which was itself based on the French short film La Jetee — is one of my favorite time travel stories of all time, a bleak and eccentric narrative that swallows its own tail during a haunting climax. While the general setup is the same, Syfy's 12 Monkeys will take the story and characters in very different directions. In Syfy's version, time-traveler James Cole (Aaron Stanford) is sent back not just to learn about the plague that has ravaged his future time period, but to prevent that future from happening, if possible. Madeline Stowe's psychiatrist from the movie has become virologist Dr. Cassandra Railly (Amanda Schill) in the series, and with that change of career comes a more direct involvement in trying to ensure mankind actually has a future to look forward to. And what about Goines, played in the original film by Brad Pitt at his batshit-bonkers best? Syfy's 12 Monkeys will be pulling a Starbuck and turning Goines into a woman — and a math genius, no less.
There are still a thousand ways 12 Monkeys could go horribly wrong, but we're a lot more optimistic now than we were when Syfy first announced the project. Here's hoping the show's future isn't as grim as the one Cole is trying to prevent. 12 Monkeys premieres this Friday night at 9/8c on Syfy. It will be followed by the season premiere of Helix, a show we're a lot less enthusiastic about. Check out the rest of this week's TV picks below.
Face Off (Syfy, 9/8c) — "Return of the Champions"
Season 8 begins with three returning champions joining the competition as coaches. Also: Oscar winner Rick Baker introduces the artists to their first Spotlight Challenge.
Marvel's Agent Carter (ABC, 9/8c) — "Time and Tide"
Jarvis is arrested. Meanwhile, a secret is revealed.
Person of Interest (CBS, 10/9c) — "Control-Alt-Delete"
Control, who oversees the handling of relevant numbers for the government, begins to question the methods and intentions of the Samaritan program. Meanwhile, alarming news reports of a pair of vigilantes rampaging through the Northeast begin to surface.
American Horror Story (FX, 10/9c) — "Show Stoppers"
Maggie tries to prove her loyalty to Jimmy. Meanwhile, the Twins receive troubling information about Chester.
Nova (PBS, 9/8c) — "Big Bang Machine"
CERN scientists prepare to restart the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator. The plan is to run it at a higher energy than before, when it detected a subatomic particle that may be the elusive Higgs boson.
Constantine (NBC, 8/7c) — "The Saint of Last Resorts, Part 2"
Conclusion. John risks his life when, in order to fend off a vicious attack, he summons a demon into himself; at the same time, Chas, Zed and Anne Marie race against time to save their friend.
Grimm (NBC, 9/8c) — "Wesenrein"
The Wesenrein act on their many threats against Monroe and Rosalee's marriage; at the same time, Nick and Hank bring Wu to a place where he's sure to find the answers he's seeking; and Juliette attempts to come to grips with her new reality.
Helix (Syfy, 10/9c) — "San Jose"
In the second-season premiere, those who survived the horrors of Arctic Biosystems attempt to move on with their lives. However, they find themselves unable to escape the long reach of Ilaria Corporation as they battle a new deadly virus on a mysterious wooded island inhabited by a cult that has no ties with the outside world.
MythBusters (Discovery, 9/8c) — "The Busters of the Lost Myths"
The 'Busters are once again putting Hollywood to the test, and this time it's the Indiana Jones movies in their crosshairs. Maybe they'll nuke a fridge?
The Librarians (TNT, 8/7c) — "And the City of Light / And the Loom of Fate"
'And the City of Light' – A missing-person case leads to what could be an alien invasion in a small town.
'And the Loom of Fate' – Dulaque changes the course of fate, putting Baird through alternate time lines that show the Librarians' transforming destinies and her own doom. The Season 1 finale.
Resurrection (ABC, 9:01/8:01c) — "Steal Away"
A series of inexplicable events leads Bellamy to believe that Rachael and her unborn child are in danger; at the same time, Preacher James is predicting that the baby's birth will unleash an ancient evil; and Margaret rallies the Returned at the government facility.
Syfy's 12 Monkeys Flashes Back To The Future In Yet Another Clip
Watch The Next Three Minutes Of Syfy's 12 Monkeys Right Here
How Syfy's 12 Monkeys Series Will Differ From The Movie


Military surgeons must assume a leadership role in combat casualty care in circumstances that are far less than ideal. This handbook provides much of the information needed to tackle these issues and features state-of-the-art principles and practices of forward trauma surgery as used by military physicians in far flung locations around the globe. In this volume you'll learn such integral skills as: - Tactical field care - Field dressing - Applying pressure dressing - Treating burns - Treating inhalation injuries - And more! Tactical Combat Casualty Care and Wound Treatment is the most trusted and up-to-date manual offered by the Department of Defense for military medical personnel in the field.


text:
Chicago Brawler: The Woman Who Could Beat Rahm Emanuel
By Emily Cadei
Aerial photo of New York City
SourceShutterstock
The Chicago mayor's race could have implications for the national discussion about race, class and inequality that continues to roil American politics.
The rumor going around Chicago political circles these days is that Karen Lewis has a soft side.
Yes, the same Karen Lewis who rages against the city's top-down power structure on the nightly news. The woman who, as president of the Chicago Teachers Union, had the cajones to take on Mayor Rahm Emanuel — almost universally regarded as the biggest SOB in American politics — and won. The woman who seems game to try to topple Emanuel again from his post as mayor. It'd be a Herculean task, even though Emanuel is clearly wounded. But Chicagoans are bracing for the kind of political brawl the likes of which even this city, known for its bare-knuckled politics, hasn't seen in decades.
I think she's meaner than Rahm.
– a longtime Republican Illinois political consultant
As Lewis has begun making the rounds of town halls and listening sessions to test the political waters, she's appeared reflective, personable, soft-spoken, even. Political insiders who've heard this second-hand relate it to me with some incredulity, given how scary the 61-year-old longtime schoolteacher can seem on TV. Large and imposing — Lewis has struggled with her weight but a recent weight-loss surgery helped her lose 50 pounds — she wears her hair pulled tightly back in a bun and has mastered the art of the don't-mess-with-me scowl.
"I think she's meaner than Rahm," says a longtime Republican Illinois political consultant.
Colleagues and friends of Lewis' insist she can be warm and fuzzy. "I've seen her in the school in which she taught; she wasn't teaching anymore, but I went back with her one day … and I watched the kids really connect with her, the teachers really connect with her," says Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, of which CTU is an affiliate. "And you can't make that up."
"Emilyyy, it's Kareeen," Lewis almost sings across the line when I answer. For a woman I've never met before, it's an unexpectedly friendly greeting.
You're going to balance the budget on the back of poor children?
-– Karen Lewis
Lewis proves frank and funny. Why'd she spend only two years at the University of Illinois at Chicago med school? Lewis doesn't miss a beat: "I flunked out." She's no dummy, though. She was the only African-American woman in her Dartmouth graduating class, shortly after it went co-ed.
The daughter of two public school teachers from Hyde Park, Lewis next worked as a substitute chemistry teacher — her favorite subject — while plotting her next steps. But teaching stuck, and talking about it, Lewis emanates warmth. It's challenging, she says, but "emotionally satisfying." Like "performance art" with immediate feedback.
But the minute you venture into enemy territory, Lewis snaps into tough-talking, no-nonsense mode, upbraiding you as she must have done any number of teenagers caught skipping class or smoking in the bathroom over 22 years in Chicago schools.
It happens to me when asking about Emanuel's school closures; in the summer of 2013 alone, Chicago Public Schools closed nearly 50 of them. The mayor and his supporters say shutting down these underperformers where attendance was dwindling, most in poor and minority neighborhoods, would close a yawning budget gap.
"Let's go back to the truth," she interrupts pointedly. "That's what they said, but that's not what happened."
Indeed, the impact has been hotly contested, but several investigations suggest there really haven't been much savings. Supporters say it's too early to fairly judge. But even if the closures did shore up Chicago's schools budget, "you're going to balance the budget on the backs of poor children?" Lewis asks with scorn. "Yeah, no."
As she sees it, it's part of a vendetta by Emanuel and his allies. Emanuel, like his former boss, President Barack Obama, is "very enamored of corporate school reform." Read: charter schools. Lewis also opposes his efforts to weaken teacher tenure and make testing a bigger part of teacher evaluations.
To Lewis, a "move against public education is a move against democracy."
You can expect plenty more of that heat if Lewis challenges Emanuel, as she seems poised to do. She's formed an exploratory committee, hired a spokesperson and chipped $40,000 of her own money into the effort. An August poll showed Lewis leading Emanuel 43 to 39 percent. But she has not declared yet. A Lewis victory, should it happen, could signal a sea change in Chicago politics and the city's image. The idea of a black, Jewish (she converted a few years back) female union leader would have been hard to imagine in the Daleys' Chicago. But maybe not in Oprah's, or Obama's.
Hopes were high when Emanuel was elected in 2011, fresh off a high-profile stint as Obama's chief of staff. But the brash former congressman has struggled with the city's long-standing problems — budget deficits, pension liabilities, inner city stagnation — and his profane, my-way-or-the-highway approach has alienated many. Still, he has two important resources: a huge war chest, and time. The first round of the nonpartisan race is Feb. 24. (Democratic Alderman Bob Fioretti and others will compete.)
So far, she's focused on equity and justice, but has offered little to appeal to people worried more about the city's fiscal state.
Lewis and Emanuel have clashed before — and it was ugly. In 2012, Emanuel pushed through a law raising the voting threshold for unions to authorize strikes, from 50 to 75 percent. Ensuing contract negotiations broke down. Less than two months out of a hotly contested presidential election in which Democrats were relying on union support, the standoff quickly attracted national attention. And to the awe of many, Lewis rallied the vote to strike — the first teachers strike Chicago had seen in 25 years.
"Rahm was in some ways the best organizer that the CTU had," says Weingarten. "He created the conditions by which the union had no other choice."
Both sides had to compromise, but the union, which fended off Emanuel's most significant restructuring proposals, was widely seen as the victor. And the episode exposed a big chink in Emanuel's armor. Lewis has risen as Emanuel has fallen, and it's not a coincidence. A representative from Emanuel's political operation did not respond to a request to comment.
Across the country, teachers and other union members "feel like they are under assault," says Tom Bowen, a Democratic consultant in Chicago. Lewis' anger, and her success in taking on The Man, perfectly capture that zeitgeist. A Lewis-Emanuel race could become a proxy fight for national battles over unionization. A Lewis victory would land her in the fairly rare position, in 21st-century American politics, anyway, of union leader-turned-elected official. The AFT, for one, has pledged to chip in $1 million to Lewis' campaign if she runs — though she'll have a tough time matching Emanuel's war chest, already at $8 million.
Her other major challenge will be broadening her message to more affluent voters. So far, she's focused on equity and justice, but has offered little to appeal to people worried more about the city's fiscal state. "That's a big question," says Eric Adelstein, a veteran Chicago Democratic consultant who's staying neutral in the mayor's race. "When you're running for mayor, you're the personification of the city." And Chicago is one of the most sprawling, diverse cities in the country.
But residents are clearly tiring of the tough guy act, so the real test for these political street fighters may be whether they can keep the gloves on. Lewis' soft side could turn out to be her biggest asset of all.
Emily Cadei Follow Emily Cadei on Twitter Contact Emily Cadei
OZY Edu
Chicago's Crime-Busting Model Is Sweeping the Nation
A unique partnership between the city, Chicago University, the police and policymakers is helping to crack down on criminality.
Can He Make Chicago's Streets Safe Again?
Can the embattled Chicago Police Department be reformed by one of its own?.
Trump Called It 'Carnage.' For Her, It's Family
"So, I decided to do everything a gang did.
Public Schools: The New Immigration Sanctuaries?
Sanctuaries are no longer just for cities and campuses — now they're in your preteen's schools too.
Why Wild Gesticulating Could Indicate Genius
British researchers have found that gesturing helped children generate a greater number of creative ideas.
The Holocaust's First Historian
Meet the man whose interviews helped bring the Holocaust to light.
Making the Doctor's Office Wait Suck Less
This woman had a clever idea for making money in the health care industry.
The Surprising Gift of a Colonial Education
For years, a veritable convoy of Indian teachers made its way to Ethiopia to teach every year.
A New Ambassador for Charter Schools
Predominantly Latino West Denver is home to a charter-school renaissance, launched by a long-haired, freckly educator.
Who Made the News?
Bill Gates, Condi Rice and others stopped by OZY this year.
Political Battles Ahead for the Common Core Standards
Controversy over Common Core education standards looks set to become an issue in the next presidential campaign season.
Gangsters Schooling Grad Students
Ivory-tower types have a history of coming to the aid of underserved communities — often without success.
What if Hillary Doesn't Run in 2016?
While you're busy taking for granted that the former Madame Secretary will make a 2016 run, we're wondering: What could be the Democratic Party's plan B if that's not how it goes down?.
Changing the Story on Inner City Youth
Could teaching community organizing to high school students represent the next big leap for education reform? An innovative group in Baltimore known as The Intersection is showing it can work in one of the most challenging urban areas in the U.
A Celebrity Selfie Is Worth a Thousand Words
Michael Lewis Photographer Michael Lewis takes pictures of famous people for a living – and ups the hilarity by jumping into their portraits.


text:
representative heuristic definition psychology
Our prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object. The multinomial processing tree m… A 280lbs guy that is 6-foot-tall is more likely to be a wrestler than an accountant. ), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. May result in Let's imagine the following scenario: Consider Laura Smith. Self-centered, he nonetheless has a deep moral sense.". Participants were exposed to responses in a one-shot public goods game between four players that were ostensibly collected in an earlier experiment. The representativeness h… The representativeness heuristic can play a major role in many real-life decisions and judgments. How long will it take to complete a term paper? Representativeness Heuristic is a cognitive bias explored by Kahneman and Tversky in their article Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness (1972). to answer the question. psychology and cognitive science, there are two aspects of heuristic processing that are still the topic of considerable debate. Consider, for example, how members of a jury might determine a defendant's guilt or innocence. Print Representativeness Heuristic: Examples & Definition Worksheet 1. In their classic experiment, Tversky and Kahneman presented the following description to a group of participants: "Tom W. is of high intelligence, although lacking in true creativity. How Heuristics Help You Make Quick Decisions or Biases, 4 Common Decision-Making Biases, Fallacies, and Errors, How Cognitive Biases Influence How You Think and Act, How Time, Complexity, and Ambiguity Influence Our Decisions, How the Availability Heuristic Affects Your Decision Making, The Affect Heuristic: How Your Feelings Influence Your Decisions. The representativeness heuristic is one heuristic that we use when making judgments. claimed that a new model of recognition heuristic use was needed due to the confound between recognition and further knowledge. Goldstein and Gigerenzerclaimed that further knowledge about the recognized object is ignored and is therefore insignificant. A heuristic is simply a mental shortcut. Probabilistic reasoning. How high will mortgage rates be in five years? ), Readings in philosophy and cognitive science. Take a closer look at what the representativeness heuristic is and how it works. Heuristic definition is - involving or serving as an aid to learning, discovery, or problem-solving by experimental and especially trial-and-error methods; also : of or relating to exploratory problem-solving … These rules work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases. The representativeness heuristic is just one type of mental shortcut that allows us to make decisions quickly in the face of uncertainty. The representativeness heuristic was first described by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman during the 1970s. Social Psychology, and Human Nature. Baumeister, RF & Bushman, B. Assessments of guilt can also depend upon how well the crime represents a certain crime category. A novel research idea is given in this paper: using the corresponding relation and grey interconnect degree to check this psychology in the international petroleum futures market, and give an empirical test for some events such as OPEC meetings and the war. Lindström and colleagues (online first, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General) (PDF, 962KB) tested whether a "common is moral" heuristic could account for judgments of morality. This video comes from a complete social psychology course created for Udemy.com. Read our, Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Availability Heuristic refers to how easily something that you've seen or heard can be accessed in your memory. Log in. While this can lead to quick thinking, it can also lead us to ignore factors that also play a role in shaping events. Firstly, it is not clear how some heuristics, such as the representativeness heuristic (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973), can be formally defined. Sometimes these mental shortcuts can be helpful, but in other cases, they can lead to errors or cognitive biases. It was during the 1950s that the Nobel-prize winning psychologist Herbert Simon suggested that while people strive to make rational choices, human judgment is subject to cognitive limitations. How Do We Form Impressions of Other People? However, it can also lead to errors. In their classic 1974 book Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Tversky and Kahneman describe one example of how the representativeness heuristic can influence our perceptions of other people. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Many people when asked this question g… One […] Representativeness heuristic is a cognitive bias. representativeness heuristic This is the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case. First, you have to understand what a heuristic is. How well an individual fits into these representations of each profession affects our view of how probable it is they hold one of these positions. Simulation Heuristic Understanding the Simulation Heuristic. When we use past experiences to make decisions, we are using heuristics. Is it more likely that Laura works at a bank? For every decision, we don't always have the time or resources to compare all the information before we make a choice, so we use heuristics to help us reach decisions quickly and efficiently. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1993). The representative heuristic psychology is one of the unreasonable psychologies existing in the financial market. According to some social psychologists, human beings have the tendency to be cognitive misers—that is, to limit their use of mental resources when they need to make a quick decision or when the issue about which they must make a decision is unimportant to them. Sometimes these mental shortcuts can be helpful, but in other cases, they can lead to errors or cognitive biases. Psychology Definition of AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC: n. a common quick strategy for making judgments about the likelihood of occurrence. What the researchers found was that people were highly likely to believe that Tom was an engineering major, despite the fact that there was a relatively small number of engineering students at the school where the study was conducted. Block, MD. He has a strong drive for competence. While this shortcut can speed up the decision-making process, it can also lead to poor choices and stereotypes. _____ are credited with first identifying the representativeness heuristic. If the accused looks like what the jurors think a criminal should look like, with a menacing presence, scruffy face, and angry eyes, they might be more likely to perceive that individual as guilty of the crime of which he or she is accused. If it looks like a duck…The representative heuristic is your brain's knack for assigning a high probability in categorizing/diagnosing a situation or item based on how well it fits one of our preexisting prototypes.The representative heuristic is just as likely to strike in assessing situations and people as it is objects. Or, is it more likely that she works at a bank AND is active in the feminist movement? Anchoring and adjustment 4. In her spare time, she enjoys aromatherapy and attending a local spirituality group. In psychology, heuristics are simple, efficient rules, hard-coded by evolutionary processes or learned, which have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems, typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information. Belmont, CA: Wadworth, Cengage Learning; 2014. For example, a person accused of abducting a child for ransom may be more likely to be viewed as guilty as someone accused of kidnapping an adult for no ransom. When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" known as heuristics. First described by psychologists Tversky and Kahneman in the 1970s, the representativeness heuristic is a decision-making shortcut that … "In the representativeness heuristic, the probability that Steve is a librarian, for example, is assessed by the degree to which his is representative of, or similar to, the stereotype of a librarian," Tversky and Kahneman explain. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. These comparisons can be useful for some problems, but this can also lead to the type of bias that results in people wrongly establishing cause and effect. Two cab companies serve the city: the Green, which operates 85% of the cabs, and the Blue, which operates the remaining 15%. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds. Representativeness uses mental shortcuts to make decisions based … Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Definition Life requires people to estimate uncertain quantities. direct democracies aren't feasible to use anymore, but was common in ancient greece - it is where all people directly decide an issue and participate in laws. His writing is rather dull and mechanical, occasionally enlivened by somewhat corny puns and by flashes of imagination of the sci-fi type. Purely rational decisions would involve weighing such factors as potential costs against possible benefits.1 But people are limited by the amount of time they have to make a choice as well as the amount of information we have at our disposal. It demonstrates that people tend to "force" statistical arrangements to match with their beliefs when making judgements about the probability of an event under uncertainty. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. The easier it is to generate scenarios that lead to the event, the more probable the event is perceived or judged to be more likely. Hilbig et al. The representative heuristic, which deals with biases when categorizing (perhaps random events or probabilities), potentially skew our judgment. Cambridge: MIT Press. This heuristic can also play a role in the assessments we make about other people. The representativeness heuristic describes when we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype in our minds . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning; 2014. This is the heuristic approach to answering the question because you used some information you already knew to make an educated guess (but still a guess!) Tversky and Kahneman The representative heuristic is when you organize objects by their similarities and categorize them around a prototype. The representativeness heuristic is used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty. devised a multinomial processing tree model for the recognition heuristic. Heuristics (also called "mental shortcuts" or "rules of thumb") are efficient mental processes that help humans solve problems and learn new concepts. This person is also described as tidy, meek, and detailed with a passion for order and structure. For example, representative heuristic relies on our imagination to align with preconceived stereotypes of people and objects. Finally, the base-rate heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision based on probability. Typically, the individual bases these judgments on the salience of It is one of a group of heuristics (simple rules governing judgment or decision-making) proposed by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahnemanin the early 1970s as "the degree to which [an event] (i) is similar in essential characteristics to its parent population, and (ii) reflects the salient features of the process by which it is generated". People were likely to believe that Tom was an engineering major based on representativeness, ignoring other pertinent information such as the small number of engineering students. What is the probability of a soldier dying in a military intervention overseas? A heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows an individual to make a decision, pass judgment, or solve a problem quickly and with minimal mental effort. the referendum on the EU Constitution). People have several strategies they can use to limit their use of mental resources; one such group of strategies is heuristics.Heuristics are They describe an individual who is seen as shy, withdrawn, helpful, but not necessarily concerned with the world of reality. People tend to think of things they remember as more important than things they don't remember as easily. These processes make problems less complex by ignoring some of the information that's coming into … Psychology Definition of REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC: Psychological term in which people judge the probability of a hypothesis by ascertaining how well the hypothesis mimics available data. Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments, Ⓒ 2020 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 430-454. A farmer, for example, might be seen as hard-working, outdoorsy, and tough. Other factors such as overall intelligence and accuracy of perceptions also infl… Based on the description above, is Sarah more likely to be a school teacher or a holistic healer? How Algorithms Are Used for Problem Solving in Psychology, 5 Ways Your Brain Makes Mistakes or Can Even Lie to You, Attribution Can Be Prone to Biases When Explaining Behavior of Others, 9 Little Habits That Make You a Better Decision Maker, Types of Cognitive Biases That Influence Your Thinking and Beliefs, How Your Decisions Are Biased by the First Thing You Hear, Effective Problem-Solving Strategies and Common Obstacles, Dunning-Kruger Effect: Why Incompetent People Think They Are Superior, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox. We tend to develop ideas about how people in certain roles should behave. (1972). Heuristics are described as "judgmental shortcuts tha… Unfortunately, many examples of the representativeness heuristic involve succumbing to stereotypes. She fits in with our existing ideas of how a holistic healer might behave. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. While both crimes represent kidnapping, the first is a more representative example because it fits better with what most people think of when they hear the word "kidnapping.". Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" known as heuristics. Decision framing 5. A heuristic technique, or a heuristic (/ h j ʊəˈr ɪ s t ɪ k /; Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω, heurískō, 'I find, discover'), is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but is nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation. Many people would identify her as a holistic healer based on representativeness. Bernstein, D. Essentials of Psychology. Ever wonder what your personality type means? A cab was involved in a hit-and-run accident. A librarian, on the other hand, might be viewed as being quiet, organized, and reserved. For every decision, we don't always have the time or resources to compare all the information before we make a choice, so we use heuristics to help us reach decisions quickly and efficiently. When faced with uncertainty while trying to make a decision, people often rely on a mental shortcut known as the representativeness heuristic. He seems to feel little sympathy for other people and does not enjoy interacting with others. She majored in economics at university and, as a student, she was passionate about the issues of equality and discrimination. In reality, it is far more likely that Sarah is actually a school teacher based purely on probability. however, a modern example of a direct democracy would be the use of referendums (e.g. Sarah loves to listen to New Age music and faithfully reads her horoscope each day. He has a need for order and clarity, and for neat and tidy systems in which every detail finds its appropriate place. A multinomial processing tree model is a simple statistical model often used in cognitive psychology for categorical data. Just because an event or object is representative does not mean its occurrence is more probable. There are many ways to try to answer such questions. Like other heuristics, making judgments based on representativeness is intended to work as a type of mental shortcut, allowing us to make decisions quickly. Much like the availability heuristic Opens in new window, the simulation heuristic is related to the ease by which people can construct scenarios that fit a particular event. Hilbig et al. What Is the Representativeness Heuristic? Availability heuristic 3. A representativeness heuristic is a cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario. Representativeness Heuristics A popular shortcut method in problem-solving is Representativeness Heuristics. When we make decisions based on representativeness, we may be likely to make more errors by overestimating the likelihood that something will occur. The next time you are trying to make a decision, consider the way in which the representative heuristic might play a role in your thinking. Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Kahneman and Tversky did a lot of work in this area and their paper "Judgement under Uncdertainty: Heuristic and Biases" [1] sheds light on this. A. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. New York: Cambridge University Press. The representative heuristic is another example. School teachers are far more common than holistic healers. She is 31, single, outspoken and very bright. Let's look at an example of information processing errors, commonly referred to as heuristic simplification. The participants were then divided into three separate groups and each group was given a different task. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by comparing information to our mental prototypes. Heuristics come in all flavors, but two main types are the representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic. Tom's description matched with what they believed was a good representation of an engineering major, so the representativeness heuristic led them to make a judgment about what major he was likely pursuing. However, availability heuristic uses recent events in order to help judge future events occurring. In A. I. Goldman (Ed. Prospect theory 2 Representativeness Heuristic Used to judge membership in a class Judge similarity to stereotypes People are insensitive to prior probability of outcomes They ignore preexisting distribution of categories or base rate frequencies This heuristic governs the thought process that involves making associations and comparisons to existing models. If you had to make a judgment about which profession this individual likely holds, which one would you select: farmer, salesman, airline pilot, librarian, or physician? It can be useful when trying to make a quick decision but it can also be limiting because it leads to close-mindedness such as in stereotypes. (1982). On the psychology of prediction. Although many scholars Judgment Heuristics and Biases Try these cases yourself. In this particular example, we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds.
Ham And Cheese Pasta Recipe, Rapidminer Vs Python, Modern Carpet Texture Seamless, Resorts In Texas, Ww1 Wounded Records, Petunias For Sale Near Me, Best Vocabulary Apps For Iphone, Organic Chemistry Clipart,
2020 representative heuristic definition psychology