text:
October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. 72 days remain until the end of the year.
1548 – The city of La Paz is founded by Alonso de Mendoza.
1568 – The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent.
1572 – Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the relief of Goes.
1720 – Caribbean pirate Calico Jack is captured by the Royal Navy.
1740 – France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction, and the War of the Austrian Succession begins.
1781 – The Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in Austria.
1803 – The United States Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.
1818 – The Convention of 1818 is signed between the United States and the United Kingdom, which settles the Canada–United States border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.
1827 – In the Battle of Navarino, a combined Turkish and Egyptian fleet is defeated by British, French and Russian naval forces in the last significant battle fought with wooden sailing ships.
1883 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
1904 – Chile and Bolivia sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, delimiting the border between the two countries.
1910 – The hull of the RMS Olympic, sister-ship to the ill-fated RMS Titanic, is launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
1935 – The Long March, a mammoth retreat undertaken by the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party a year prior, ends.
1941 – World War II: Thousands of civilians in German-occupied Serbia are murdered in the Kragujevac massacre.
1944 – World War II: The Soviet Army and Yugoslav Partisans liberate Belgrade.
1944 – Liquefied natural gas leaks from storage tanks in Cleveland and then explodes, leveling 30 blocks and killing 130 people.
1944 – American general Douglas MacArthur fulfills his promise to return to the Philippines when he commands an Allied assault on the islands.
1947 – The House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of the Hollywood film industry, resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.
1951 – The "Johnny Bright incident" occurs in Stillwater, Oklahoma.
1952 – The Governor of Kenya declares a state of emergency and begins arresting hundreds of suspected leaders of the Mau Mau Uprising.
1961 – The Soviet Union performs the first armed test of a submarine-launched ballistic missile, launching an R-13 from a Golf-class submarine.
1962 – People's Republic of China launches simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line, igniting the Sino-Indian War.
1968 – Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy marries Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis.
1973 – "Saturday Night Massacre": United States President Richard Nixon fires U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus after they refuse to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who is finally fired by Robert Bork.
1973 – The Sydney Opera House is opened by Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction.
1976 – The ferry George Prince is struck by a ship while crossing the Mississippi River. Seventy-eight passengers and crew die, and only 18 people aboard the ferry survive.
1977 – Rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd's airplane crashes. Lead singer Ronnie Van Zant and guitarist Steve Gaines perish in the crash.
1981 – Two police officers and an armored car guard are killed during an armed robbery carried out by members of the Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground.
1982 – During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death in the Luzhniki disaster.
1991 – A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes the Uttarkashi region of India, killing more than 1,000 people.
2011 – Libyan Civil War: Rebel forces capture Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi in his hometown of Sirte and kill him shortly thereafter.
888 – Zhu Youzhen, emperor of Later Liang (d. 923)
1475 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian poet and playwright (d. 1525)
1496 – Claude, Duke of Guise (d. 1550)[1]
1554 – Bálint Balassi, Hungarian writer and noble (d. 1594)[2]
1612 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, Anglo-Irish nobleman, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland, Cavalier (d. 1698)[3]
1616 – Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (d. 1680)[4]
1620 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (d. 1691)
1632 – Christopher Wren, English physicist, mathematician, and architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (d. 1723)[5]
1632 – Edward Hungerford, English politician (d. 1711)[6]
1660 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1723)[7]
1677 – Stanisław Leszczyński, King of Poland (d. 1766)[8]
1711 – Timothy Ruggles, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, (d. 1795)[9]
1718 – Catherine Gordon, Duchess of Gordon, Scottish aristocrat (d. 1779)[10]
1719 – Gottfried Achenwall, German historian, economist, and jurist (d. 1772)[11]
1740 – Isabelle de Charrière, Dutch author and poet (d. 1805)
1759 – Chauncey Goodrich, American lawyer and politician, 8th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (d. 1815)
1780 – Pauline Bonaparte, French sister of Napoleon (d. 1825)
1784 – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1865)
1785 – George Ormerod, English historian and author (d. 1873)
1790 – Patrick Matthew. Scottish farmer and biologist (d. 1874)
1801 – Melchior Berri, Swiss architect and educator, designed the Natural History Museum of Basel (d. 1854)
1808 – Karl Andree, German geographer and journalist (d. 1875)
1819 – Báb, Iranian religious leader, founded Bábism (d. 1850)
1819 – Karol Mikuli, Ukrainian-Polish pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1897)
1822 – Thomas Hughes, English lawyer and judge (d. 1896)
1832 – Constantin Lipsius, German architect and theorist (d. 1894)
1847 – Frits Thaulow, Norwegian painter (d. 1906)
1854 – Arthur Rimbaud, French soldier and poet (d. 1891)
1858 – John Burns, English union leader and politician, President of the Board of Trade (d. 1943)
1859 – John Dewey, American psychologist and philosopher (d. 1952)
1864 – James F. Hinkle, American banker and politician, 6th Governor of New Mexico (d. 1951)
1874 – Charles Ives, American composer (d. 1954)
1882 – Margaret Dumont, American actress (d. 1965)
1882 – Bela Lugosi, Hungarian-American actor (d. 1956)
1885 – Jelly Roll Morton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (Red Hot Peppers and New Orleans Rhythm Kings) (d. 1941)
1887 – Prince Yasuhiko Asaka of Japan (d. 1981)
1889 – Johann Gruber, Austrian priest and saint (d. 1944)
1890 – Aleksander Maaker, Estonian bagpipe player (d. 1968)
1891 – Samuel Flagg Bemis, American historian and author (d. 1973)[12]
1891 – James Chadwick, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
1893 – Charley Chase, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1940)[13]
1894 – Olive Thomas, American model and actress (d. 1920)
1895 – Rex Ingram, American actor (d. 1969)
1895 – Morrie Ryskind, American writer/director (d. 1985)
1897 – Yi Un, South Korean general (d. 1970)
1900 – Ismail al-Azhari, Sudanese politician, 3rd President of Sudan (d. 1969)
1900 – Wayne Morse, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 1974)
1901 – Frank Churchill, American film composer (d. 1942)
1901 – Adelaide Hall, American-English singer, actress, and dancer (d. 1993)
1904 – Tommy Douglas, Scottish-Canadian minister and politician, 7th Premier of Saskatchewan (d. 1986)
1904 – Enolia McMillan, American educator and activist (d. 2006)
1904 – Anna Neagle, English actress, singer, and producer (d. 1986)
1907 – Arlene Francis, American actress and television personality (d. 2001)
1908 – Stuart Hamblen, American singer-songwriter, actor, and radio show host (d. 1989)[14]
1909 – Carla Laemmle, American actress and photographer (d. 2014)
1909 – Yasushi Sugiyama, Japanese painter (d. 1993)
1910 – Chen Liting, Chinese director and playwright (d. 2013)
1912 – Ruhi Su, Turkish singer-songwriter (d. 1985)
1913 – Grandpa Jones, American singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1998)
1914 – Fayard Nicholas, American actor, dancer, and choreographer (d. 2006)
1917 – Stéphane Hessel, German-French activist and diplomat (d. 2013)
1917 – Jean-Pierre Melville, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973)
1918 – Martin Drewes, German soldier and pilot (d. 2013)
1918 – Robert Lochner, American-German soldier and journalist (d. 2003)
1919 – Tracy Hall, American chemist and academic (d. 2008)
1920 – Nick Cardy, American illustrator (d. 2013)
1920 – Fanny de Sivers, Estonian-French linguist and academic (d. 2011)
1920 – Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Indian lawyer and politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010)
1921 – Manny Ayulo, American race car driver (d. 1955)
1921 – Hans Warren, Dutch poet and author (d. 2001)
1922 – John Anderson, American actor (d. 1992)
1922 – Franco Ventriglia, American opera singer (d. 2012)
1923 – Robert Craft, American conductor and musicologist (d. 2015)
1924 – Robert Peters, American poet, playwright, and critic (d. 2014)
1925 – Art Buchwald, American soldier and journalist (d. 2007)
1925 – Tom Dowd, American record producer and engineer (d. 2002)
1925 – Roger Hanin, Algerian-French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
1926 – Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, English lieutenant and politician, founded the National Motor Museum (d. 2015)
1927 – Joyce Brothers, American psychologist, author, and actress (d. 2013)
1927 – Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, Indian poet and critic (d. 2007)
1928 – Michael O'Donnell, English physician, author, and journalist
1931 – Richard Caliguiri, American lawyer and politician, 54th Mayor of Pittsburgh (d. 1988)
1931 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 1995)
1931 – Ken Morrison, English businessman (d. 2017)
1932 – Rosey Brown, American football player and coach (d. 2004)
1932 – William Christopher, American actor and singer (d. 2016)
1932 – Rokurō Naya, Japanese voice actor (d. 2014)
1933 – Barrie Chase, American actress and dancer
1934 – Bill Chase, American trumpet player (d. 1974)
1934 – Eddie Harris, American saxophonist (d. 1996)
1935 – Jerry Orbach, American actor and singer (d. 2004)
1936 – Bobby Seale, American activist, co-founded the Black Panther Party
1937 – Cancio Garcia, Filipino lawyer and jurist (d. 2013)
1937 – Wanda Jackson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1937 – Juan Marichal, Dominican baseball player and sportscaster
1937 – Emma Tennant, English author (d. 2017)
1938 – Emidio Greco, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1938 – Iain Macmillan, Scottish photographer and educator (d. 2006)
1939 – Patrick Hughes, English painter, illustrator, and photographer
1940 – Kathy Kirby, English singer (d. 2011)
1940 – Robert Pinsky, American poet and critic
1940 – Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa, Cameroonian filmmaker
1941 – Anneke Wills, English actress[15]
1942 – Earl Hindman, American actor (d. 2003)
1942 – Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German biologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate
1942 – Bart Zoet, Dutch cyclist (d. 1992)
1943 – Dunja Vejzović, Croatian soprano and actress
1944 – Nalin de Silva, Sri Lankan physicist and philosopher
1944 – David Mancuso, American party planner, created The Loft (d. 2016)
1945 – Ric Lee, English drummer (Ten Years After)
1946 – Diana Gittins, American-English sociologist, author, and academic
1946 – Lewis Grizzard, American comedian and author (d. 1994)
1946 – Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate
1946 – Richard Loncraine, English director and screenwriter
1946 – Lucien Van Impe, Belgian cyclist
1946 – Chris Woodhead, English civil servant and academic (d. 2015)
1948 – Peter Combe, Australian entertainer
1948 – Sandra Dickinson, American-English actress and composer
1948 – Piet Hein Donner, Dutch jurist and politician, Dutch Minister of Justice
1948 – Melih Gökçek, Turkish journalist and politician, Mayor of Ankara
1949 – Valeriy Borzov, Ukrainian-Russian sprinter
1950 – Tom Petty, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2017)
1950 – William Russ, American actor and director
1951 – Al Greenwood, American keyboard player
1951 – Patrick Hall, English lawyer and politician
1951 – Ken Ham, Australian-American evangelist
1951 – Leif Pagrotsky, Swedish businessman and politician
1951 – Claudio Ranieri, Italian footballer and manager
1952 – Melanie Mayron, American actress and director
1952 – Derek Ridgers, English photographer and art director
1952 – Wilma Josefina Salgado, Ecuadorian politician and economist
1953 – Keith Hernandez, American baseball player and sportscaster
1953 – Richard McWilliam, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Upper Deck Company (d. 2013)
1953 – Bill Nunn, American actor (d. 2016)
1954 – Steve Orich, American composer and conductor
1955 – Thomas Newman, American composer and conductor
1955 – David Profumo, English author and academic
1955 – Aaron Pryor, American boxer
1956 – Danny Boyle, English director, producer, and screenwriter
1956 – Martin Taylor, English guitarist
1957 – Jane Bonham-Carter, Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury, English politician
1957 – Chris Cowdrey, English cricketer and sportscaster
1957 – Hilda Solis, American academic and politician, 25th United States Secretary of Labor
1958 – Valerie Faris, American director and producer
1958 – Lynn Flewelling, American author and academic
1958 – Scott Hall, American wrestler
1958 – Mark King, English singer-songwriter and bass player
1958 – Dave Krieg, American football player
1958 – Viggo Mortensen, American-Danish actor and producer
1959 – Mark Little, Australian comedian, actor, and screenwriter
1960 – Konstantin Aseev, Russian chess player and trainer (d. 2004)
1961 – Audun Kleive, Norwegian drummer and composer
1961 – Kate Mosse, English author and playwright
1961 – Ian Rush, Welsh footballer and manager
1961 – Les Stroud, Canadian director, producer, and harmonica player
1961 – Michie Tomizawa, Japanese voice actress and singer
1962 – David M. Evans, American director and screenwriter
1962 – Dave Wong, Hong Kong-Taiwanese singer-songwriter and actor
1963 – Julie Payette, Canadian engineer and astronaut
1963 – Nikos Tsiantakis, Greek footballer
1963 – Stan Valckx, Dutch footballer and manager
1964 – Kamala Harris, American lawyer and politician, 32nd Attorney General of California
1964 – Tomoko Yamaguchi, Japanese actress and singer
1965 – Norman Blake, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1965 – Jonathan I. Schwartz, American businessman
1965 – Mikhail Shtalenkov, Russian ice hockey player
1965 – William Zabka, American actor and producer
1966 – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Jordanian militant Islamist (d. 2006)
1966 – Allan Donald, South African cricketer and coach
1966 – Patrick Volkerding, American computer scientist and engineer, founded Slackware
1967 – Elizabeth Carling, English actress and singer
1967 – Kerrod Walters, Australian rugby league player
1967 – Kevin Walters, Australian rugby league player and coach
1968 – Susan Tully, English actress, director, and producer
1969 – Laurie Daley, Australian rugby league player and coach
1969 – Juan González, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
1969 – Labros Papakostas, Greek high jumper
1970 – Sander Boschker, Dutch footballer
1970 – Neil Heywood, English-Chinese businessman (d. 2011)
1970 – Aapo Ilves, Estonian poet and illustrator
1970 – Michelle Malkin, American blogger and author
1971 – Snoop Dogg, American rapper, producer, and actor
1971 – Eddie Jones, American basketball player
1971 – Kamiel Maase, Dutch runner
1971 – Dannii Minogue, Australian singer-songwriter and actress
1972 – Pie Geelen, Dutch swimmer
1972 – Will Greenwood, English rugby player and sportscaster
1972 – Brian Schatz, American academic and politician, 11th Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii
1974 – Bashar Rahal, Emirati-American actor and producer
1974 – Brian Limond, Scottish comedian and writer
1974 – Ed Hale, American singer-songwriter, writer and socio-political activist
1976 – Nikolaos Bacharidis, Greek footballer
1976 – Dan Fogler, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1976 – Nicola Legrottaglie, Italian footballer and manager
1977 – Matt Jansen, English footballer and manager
1977 – Leila Josefowicz, Canadian-American violinist
1977 – Erko Saviauk, Estonian footballer
1977 – Sam Witwer, American actor and musician[16]
1978 – Virender Sehwag, Indian cricketer
1978 – Paul Wilson, Scottish bass player and songwriter
1979 – Vasyl Baranov, Ukrainian footballer
1979 – Paul Ifill, English footballer
1979 – John Krasinski, American actor, director, and producer
1979 – Paul O'Connell, Irish rugby player
1979 – Paul Terek, American decathlete
1980 – Chad Robinson, Australian rugby league player (d. 2016)
1980 – José Veras, Dominican baseball player
1981 – Dimitris Papadopoulos, Greek footballer
1981 – Francisco Javier Rodríguez, Mexican footballer
1982 – Kristian Bak Nielsen, Danish footballer
1982 – Becky Brewerton, Welsh golfer
1983 – Flavio Cipolla, Italian tennis player
1983 – Luis Saritama, Ecuadorian footballer
1983 – Michel Vorm, Dutch footballer
1984 – Mitch Lucker, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
1984 – Florent Sinama Pongolle, French footballer
1984 – Andrew Trimble, Irish rugby player
1985 – Dominic McGuire, American basketball player
1985 – Alphonso Smith, American football player
1985 – James Sutton, English race car driver
1986 – Wanlop Saechio, Thai footballer
1986 – Elyse Taylor, Australian model[17]
1987 – Raphael Hackl, German rugby player
1988 – Candice Swanepoel, South African supermodel and philanthropist
1989 – Jess Glynne, English singer-songwriter
1990 – Sam Mataora, Cook Islands rugby league player
1992 – Ksenia Semyonova, Russian gymnast
1992 – Ferhat Yazgan, Turkish footballer
1996 – Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Indonesian badminton player
1998 – Jordan Ridley, Australian rules footballer[18]
460 – Aelia Eudocia, Byzantine wife of Theodosius II (b. 401)
967 – Li Yixing, Chinese governor
1122 – Ralph d'Escures, archbishop of Canterbury
1139 – Henry X, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1108)
1187 – Pope Urban III
1327 – Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell (b. 1300)
1401 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
1423 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
1439 – Ambrose the Camaldulian, Italian theologian
1438 – Jacopo della Quercia, Sienese sculptor (b. c. 1374)
1524 – Thomas Linacre, English physician and scholar (b. 1460)
1538 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490)
1570 – João de Barros, Portuguese historian and author (b. 1496)
1602 – Walter Leveson, Elizabethan member of parliament, Shropshire landowner (b. 1550)
1631 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1550)
1640 – John Ball, English clergyman and theologian (b. 1585)
1652 – Antonio Coello, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1611)
1713 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician and academic (b. 1652)
1740 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1685)
1865 – Champ Ferguson, American guerrilla leader (b. 1821)
1870 – Michael William Balfe, Irish violinist and composer (b. 1808)
1871 – Karl Christian Ulmann, Latvian-German theologian and academic (b. 1793)
1883 – George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall (b. 1797)
1890 – Richard Francis Burton, English-Italian geographer and explorer (b. 1821)
1894 – James Anthony Froude, English historian, novelist, biographer and editor (b. 1818)
1900 – Naim Frashëri, Albanian poet and translator (b. 1846)
1908 – Vaiben Louis Solomon, Australian politician, 21st Premier of South Australia (b. 1853)
1910 – David B. Hill, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of New York (b. 1843)
1926 – Eugene V. Debs, American union leader and politician (b. 1855)
1928 – Jack Peddie, Scottish footballer (b. 1876)
1935 – Arthur Henderson, Scottish-English politician, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1863)
1936 – Anne Sullivan, American educator (b. 1866)
1940 – Gunnar Asplund, Swedish architect and academic, co-designed Skogskyrkogården (b. 1885)
1941 – Ken Farnes, English cricketer and soldier (b. 1911)
1950 – Henry L. Stimson, American colonel, lawyer, and politician, 46th United States Secretary of State (b. 1867)
1953 – Werner Baumbach, German colonel and pilot (b. 1916)
1956 – Lawrence Dale Bell, American industrialist and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation (b. 1894)
1957 – Michalis Dorizas, Greek-American javelin thrower and football player (b. 1890)
1964 – Herbert Hoover, American engineer and politician, 31st President of the United States (b. 1874)
1967 – Shigeru Yoshida, Japanese politician and diplomat, 32nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878)
1968 – Bud Flanagan, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1896)
1972 – Harlow Shapley, American astronomer and academic (b. 1885)
1977 – Steve Gaines, American guitarist (b. 1949)
1977 – Ronnie Van Zant, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
1978 – Gunnar Nilsson, Swedish race car driver (b. 1948)
1983 – Yves Thériault, Canadian author (b. 1915)
1983 – Merle Travis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1917)
1984 – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
1984 – Paul Dirac, English-American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
1987 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1903)
1988 – Sheila Scott, English pilot and author (b. 1922)
1989 – Anthony Quayle, English actor and director (b. 1913)
1990 – Joel McCrea, American actor (b. 1905)
1992 – Werner Torkanowsky, German-American conductor (b. 1926)
1993 – Yasushi Sugiyama, Japanese painter (b. 1909)
1994 – Burt Lancaster, American actor (b. 1913)
1995 – Christopher Stone, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1942)
1995 – John Tonkin, Australian politician, 20th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1902)
1999 – Calvin Griffith, Canadian-American businessman (b. 1911)
1999 – Jack Lynch, Irish footballer, lawyer, and politician, 5th Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1917)
2001 – Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (b. 1949)
2003 – Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918)
2004 – Anthony Hecht, American poet and educator (b. 1923)
2004 – Chuck Hiller, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1934)
2005 – Shirley Horn, American singer and pianist (b. 1934)
2005 – Eva Švankmajerová, Czech painter and poet (b. 1940)
2005 – André van der Louw, Dutch lawyer and politician, 16th Mayor of Rotterdam (b. 1933)
2006 – Arnold Viiding, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1911)
2006 – Jane Wyatt, American actress (b. 1910)
2007 – Max McGee, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1932)
2008 – Gene Hickerson, American football player (b. 1935)
2010 – W. Cary Edwards, American politician (b. 1944)
2010 – Bob Guccione, American publisher, founded Penthouse magazine (b. 1930)
2010 – Eva Ibbotson, Austrian-English author (b. 1925)
2010 – Max Kohnstamm, Dutch historian and diplomat (b. 1914)
2010 – Farooq Leghari, Pakistani politician, 8th President of Pakistan (b. 1940)
2011 – Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan colonel and politician, Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1942)
2011 – Mutassim Gaddafi, Libyan colonel (b. 1977)
2011 – Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, Libyan politician (b. 1942)
2012 – Przemysław Gintrowski, Polish poet and composer (b. 1951)
2012 – Paul Kurtz, American philosopher and academic (b. 1925)
2012 – Dave May, American baseball player (b. 1943)
2012 – John McConnell, American activist, created Earth Day (b. 1915)
2012 – E. Donnall Thomas, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
2012 – Raymond Watson, American businessman (b. 1926)
2013 – Jovanka Broz, Croatian-Serbian colonel (b. 1924)
2013 – Don James, American football player and coach (b. 1932)
2013 – Lawrence Klein, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
2013 – Joginder Singh, Kenyan race car driver (b. 1932)
2013 – Larri Thomas, American actress and dancer (b. 1932)
2013 – Sid Yudain, American journalist, founded Roll Call (b. 1923)
2014 – René Burri, Swiss photographer and journalist (b. 1933)
2014 – Oscar de la Renta, Dominican-American fashion designer (b. 1932)
2014 – Christophe de Margerie, French businessman (b. 1951)
2015 – Makis Dendrinos, Greek basketball player and coach (b. 1950)
2015 – Arno Gruen, German-Swiss psychologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1923)
2015 – Kazimierz Łaski, Polish-Austrian economist and academic (b. 1921)
2015 – Michael Meacher, English academic and politician, Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (b. 1939)
2015 – Ian Steel, Scottish cyclist and manager (b. 1928)
2016 – Robert E. Kramek, former United States Coast Guard admiral (b. 1939)
2016 – Junko Tabei, Japanese mountaineer (b. 1939)
2018 – Wim Kok, Dutch prime minister (b. 1938)
Christian feast days:
Acca of Hexham
Aderald
Artemius
Caprasius of Agen
Hedwig (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
Irene of Tomar
Magdalene of Nagasaki
Margaret Marie Alacoque (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
Maria Bertilla Boscardin
Mater Admirabilis
Arbor Day (Czech Republic)
Heroes' Day (Kenya)
Revolution Day (Guatemala), one of the two Patriotic Days (Guatemala)
Vietnamese Women's Day (Vietnam)
World Osteoporosis Day
World Statistics Day
^ Hugh Chisholm (1910). The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information. The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
^ Albert Tezla (1970). Hungarian Authors; a Bibliographical Handbook. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-674-42650-4.
^ Nicholas Canny; Nicholas P. Canny (12 August 1982). The Upstart Earl: A Study of the Social and Mental World of Richard Boyle, First Earl of Cork, 1566-1643. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-521-24416-9.
^ John Lemprière; Eleazar Lord (1825). Lempriere's Universal Biography: Containing a Critical and Historical Account of the Lives, Characters, and Labours of Eminent Persons, in All Ages and Countries. Together with Selections of Foreign Biography from Watkin's Dictionary, Recently Published, and about Eight Hundred Original Articles of American Biography. R. Lockwood. pp. 177–.
^ Adrian Tinniswood (2002). His Invention So Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren. Pimlico. pp. 330–. ISBN 978-0-7126-7364-8.
^ Fayette Phelps Leach (1932). Thomas Hungerford of Hartford and New London, Conn: And Some of His Descendants with Their English Ancestors. Supplement.
^ Sylvanus Urban (1864). THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE. pp. 767–.
^ Stanley S. Sokol; Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane; Alfred L. Abramowicz (1992). The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-0-86516-245-7.
^ Henry Stoddard Ruggles (1897). General Timothy Ruggles, 1711-1795. Priv. print.
^ George Naylor, The Register's of Thorrington (n.n.: n.n., 1888). Hereinafter cited as Registers of Thorrington.
^ Norman L. Johnson; Samuel Kotz (26 September 2011). Leading Personalities in Statistical Sciences: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-118-15072-6.
^ Heinz Dietrich Fischer; Erika J. Fischer (1994). American History Awards, 1917-1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-3-598-30177-3.
^ Brian Anthony; Andy Edmonds (23 December 1997). Smile When the Raindrops Fall: The Story of Charley Chase. Scarecrow Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-4617-3418-5.
^ The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press. 16 December 2004. pp. 923–. ISBN 978-0-19-984044-1.
^ Scott, Cavan; Wright, Mark (2013). Doctor Who Whology: The Official Miscellany. London: BBC Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781849906197.
^ Rose, Mike (October 20, 2018). "Today's top celebrity birthdays list for October 20, 2018". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
^ FashionModelDirectory.com, The FMD -. "Elyse Taylor - Fashion Model - Models - Photos, Editorials & Latest News - The FMD". The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com.
^ "Senior List". Essendon Football Club. Retrieved 4 October 2018.


text:
Blueprints (reprographic copies) (7)
Transcripts (4)
Sculptors (4)
occupational folklore (3)
Concrete construction (2)
Cvil Engineering (2)
Johns, Jasper, 1930- (2)
Nanette L. Laitman Documentation Project for Craft and Decorative Arts in America (2)
Osborn, Robert Chesley (2)
Shahn, Ben (2)
Stella, Joseph (2)
Watkins, J. Elfreth (John Elfreth) (2)
Zorach, William (2)
Adams, Molly (1)
All-American Mohawk Company (1)
American Ambulance Field Hospital (Juilly, France) (1)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (1)
American Council of Learned Societies (1)
American Folk Art Gallery (1)
American Society of Civil Engineers. (1)
Amsterdam (Netherlands). Stedelijk Museum (1)
Annapolis Waterworks (1)
Apollo Piano Company (1)
Arneson, Robert (1)
Arthur Lodge Productions. (1)
Artschwager, Richard, 1923- (1)
Indians of North America (1)
Bermuda Islands (1)
Bhaktapur (Nepal) (1)
Cincinnati (Ohio) (1)
Corinth (Miss.) (1)
DeKalb (Ill.) (1)
Eastern Transvaal (South Africa) (1)
Ixopo (South Africa) (1)
Johannesburg (South Africa) (1)
Natal (South Africa) (1)
North Tonawanda (N.Y.) (1)
Port Elizabeth (South Africa) (1)
Pretoria (South Africa) (1)
Soweto (South Africa) (1)
Tahiti (French Polynesia: Island) (1)
National Anthropological Archives (1)
Query: Metal-workers -- North Carolina
Ebendorf, Robert, 1938-
0.554 Gigabytes
AAA.ebenrobe
The papers of metalsmith and jeweler Robert Ebendorf measure 4.8 linear feet and 0.554 GB and date from 1920 to 2015, with the bulk of the material from 1960 to 2010. The papers document Ebendorf's career through scattered biographical material; business correspondence with galleries, universities, and professional groups as well as personal correspondence with friends and family, including a large collection of mail art; artist statements, teaching philosophies, and reflections by Ebendorf as well as writings by others; application materials for the artist's position as Belk Chair at East Carolina University, student fellowship applications, and other teaching files; audio and video recordings of interviews in digital format; inventories, invoices, and publicity material, including several folders of notes and materials for retrospectives; exhibition catalogs, news clippings, and other printed material; sketches, cut paper, and collage work loose and in sketchbooks; and photographic materials of the artist, friends, family, and artwork.
Fendrick Gallery records
Fendrick Gallery
106.4 Linear feet
AAA.fendgall
The records of the Fendrick Gallery measure 106.4 linear feet and span the years 1952 to 2001. The bulk of the collection is comprised of artist's files that document the gallery's relations with and representation of over 300 contemporary artists and sculptors, including Robert Arneson, William Bailey, Daniel Brush, Wendell Castle, Robert Cottingham, James Drake, John Dreyfuss, Walter Dusenbury, Roger Essley, Helen Frankenthaler , Sam Gilliam, Jasper Johns, Raymond Kaskey, Claude and Francois Lalanne, Albert Paley, Joseph Raffael, Carol Summer, and numerous other artists. Also found are subject, exhibition, commission, administrative, and financial files, as well as files documenting the gallery's relationship with other museums and galleries.
Donald J. Stubblebine Collection of Theater and Motion Picture Music and Ephemera
Hauber, Joseph R.
Stubblebine, Donald J., 1925-2010
1866-2009, undated
285 Cubic feet (600 boxes)
One of the most comprehensive collections of material relating to musical stage and film productions, the collection consists of an assortment of material including sheet music written specifically for or included in stage and screen musicals, television programs, Big Band performances, and radio. Some productions may have been produced under more ...
Cummings Structural Concrete Company Records
Cummings, Robert A., 1866-1962
1884-1952 and undated
The Cummings Structural Concrete Company Records consists primarily of correspondence and business records documenting Robert A. Cummings' firm, consulting work, and participation in professional associations, especially the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1892-1893, circa 1900-1939; technical data and publications on soils testing, 1900-1939;...
Garfield & Company Records
United States. War Production Board.
Science, Medicine and Society, Division of (NMAH, SI).
Garfield & Co.
15 Cubic feet (17 boxes, 11 oversized folders)
The collection documents Garfield and Company, a pharmaceutical manufacturer in New Jersey during the twentieth century. Garfield and Company, founded by Isidor Z. Garfield (1863-1951), made Seidlitz Powder, a commonly known medication composed of tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium sodium tartrate that was used as a mild cathartic by dissolving it in water and then drinking it. Materials include customer files, invoices, correspondence, advertising and packaging materials, calendars, posters, financial records, and an oral and video history with Julius Garfield, son of Isidor Z. Garfield.
Donald H. Sultner-Welles Collection
Sultner-Welles, Donald H. (Sultner, Donald Harvey), 1914-1981
Janus, Allan
Hanfstaengl, Erna
87.6 Cubic feet (318 boxes)
This collection is primarily the work of one individual, Donald Harvey Sultner, known professionally as Donald Sultner-Welles (1914-1981). The collection forms a written and visual record of Sultner's family, life, and career from 1913-1980. Its major strength is Sultner's photographic documentation of the world during his travels, ca. 1950-1980. W...
Thomas Warren Sears photograph collection
Olmsted Brothers
Sears, Thomas Warren, 1880-1966
American Society of Landscape Architects
44.5 Cubic feet (4,317 glass negatives. 363 film negatives. 182 glass lantern slides. 12 photograph albums. 56 plans and drawings. 3 monographs. )
AAG.SRS
The Thomas Warren Sears Photograph Collection documents examples of the design work of Thomas Warren Sears (1880-1966), a landscape architect and amateur photographer from Brookline, Massachusetts. Sears, who was based for most of his career in Philadelphia, designed a variety of different types of landscapes ranging from private residences, schools, and playgrounds to parks, cemeteries, and urban housing developments located primarily in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New York. In addition to some of Sears' design work, images in the collection document Sears' domestic and foreign travels, design inspirations, and family. The collection includes over 4,800 black and white negatives and glass lantern slides dated circa 1899 to 1930. While most images show private and public gardens, there are a significant number of unidentified views and views photographed in Europe during two trips he took there in 1906 and 1908. Few images are captioned or dated. In addition, there are over 50 plans and drawings, most notably for Balmuckety in Pikesville, Maryland and Reynolda in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and 3 monographs by or about Sears.
June 27-July 8, 2001
United States National Museum. Superintendent of Construction for the United States National Museum Building
24.02 cu. ft. (20 record storage boxes) (1 12x17 box) (1 16x20 box) (5 tall document boxes) (11 folders oversize materials)
Record Unit 81
The National Museum Building Construction Records, 1894 - 1919 (bulk 1903 - 1911), document the process and methods used to construct the National Museum Building that is now known as the National Museum of Natural History. These records primarily refer to the management of the construction aspects of the project, documenting specifications ...
Robert I. Levy papers
Levy, Robert I. (Robert Isaac), 1924-
262 sound recordings
37.4 Linear feet (71 boxes, 5 map-folders)
NAA.2014-11
The Robert I. Levy papers document his field work, research and professional activities from 1949-2001 and primarily deal with his work studying social organization, culture, and their psychological effects in Tahiti and Nepal. The collection consists of correspondence, field notes, sound recordings of interviews with informants in Tahiti and Nepal, interview transcripts and analyses, language and culture research materials, maps, and color slides. Also included are files about his books, articles, essays, and lectures; course materials from his time as a professor at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD); and conference files.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
U.S. Department of Labor Cites Contractors in Montana Following Severe Burns
OSHA News Release
U.S. Department of Labor Cites Contractors in Montana
Following Severe Burns
BILLINGS, MT – The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) cited a Billings general contractor and a Rock Springs, Wyoming, subcontractor for exposing workers to numerous safety hazards, causing an employee to suffer severe burns. The companies face $249,516 in proposed penalties.
On May 5, 2017, a Coleman Construction Inc. employee suffered third-degree burns when compressed oxygen inside an underground duct caused a fire. The subcontractor was cited for failing to provide mechanical ventilation or an underground air monitoring system, and failing to report the hospitalization of the burned employee in a timely manner. The company faces $189,762 in proposed penalties.
OSHA also cited the general contractor, JTL Group, doing business as Knife River, for not ensuring that safety precautions were taken at the worksite. Proposed penalties total $59,754.
"Confined workspaces pose an immediate and substantial danger to workers," said OSHA Area Director Arthur Hazen, in Billings. "It is vitally important that employers properly identify, test, control, and ventilate the atmosphere to ensure the safety of workers in confined spaces."
The companies have 15 business days from receipt of the citations and penalties to comply, request an informal conference with OSHA's area director, or contest the findings before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.
Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA's role is to ensure these conditions for America's working men and women by setting and enforcing standards, and providing training, education and assistance. For more information, visit www.osha.gov.
Leo Kay, 415-625-2630, kay.leo.f@dol.gov
Jose Carnevali, 415-625-2631, carnevali.jose@dol.gov
Release Number: 17-1441-MON
U.S. Department of Labor news materials are accessible at http://www.dol.gov. The Department's Reasonable Accommodation Resource Center converts departmental information and documents into alternative formats, which include Braille and large print. For alternative format requests, please contact the Department at (202) 693-7828 (voice) or (800) 877-8339 (federal relay).


text:
Sanders survives all attacks in Democratic Party debate
Daniel Pejovic, Staff Writer|March 16, 2020
The South Carolina Democratic debate the night of Feb. 25th was the wild west. Vermont senator Bernie Sanders came into the debate as the frontrunner, according to all national polls, and also left the state as the deserved frontrunner the next day.
A barrage of attacks towards Sanders were to be expected as the race was beginning to heat up. The night kicked off with the moderates going after Sanders. First was Former South Bend, Indiana Mayor Pete Buttigieg, who initialized the moderate assault of Sanders by trying to convince the American people that Sanders would in turn be even more divisive than Donald Trump himself. Buttigieg would announce his withdrawal from the race just a week after the debate.
"If you think that the country is divisive now, then wait until we have a Sanders versus Trump climate," said Buttigieg.
The approach toward Sanders by Buttigieg was met with similar sentiment by presidential-hopeful Tom Steyer, who has since also dropped out as well. Given that both of these men have since dropped out of the presidential race shows just how much that sentiment worked on those who favor Sanders.
Moreover, Former Vice President Joe Biden joined the attack on Sanders, voicing his displeasure with Sander's voting against measures to make the waiting period longer for the purchase of handguns following the Charleston church shootings in South Carolina in 2015. This was a hard-hitter for the South Carolina crowd as it seemed Biden had gained control of the debate.
"I'm not saying (Sanders) is responsible for those nine deaths, but that man would not have been able to get that weapon with the waiting period," said Biden.
It was not long before Senator Elizabeth Warren joined in on the fight. While the Massachusetts senator has been rather standoffish on Sanders, she decided to go after him a bit. Warren admitted that she shares many of the same beliefs as Sanders, but the main difference between him and her is that she is less divisive and polarizing of a candidate.
It is clear now, the Warren's dig at Sanders had no effect, as she had to drop out of the race after her disastrous Super Tuesday results on Mar. 3. Moreover. She has yet to officially endorse a remaining candidate, which will only reflect negatively on her the longer she stays silent on the matter.
No matter what occurred in the debate, Sanders was not phased. He focused on the very issues that got him to where he is today regardless of what was thrown his way.
"Our campaign is about changing American priorities," exclaimed Sanders. "Instead of giving tax breaks to billionaires, we are going to have high quality, universal, childcare for every family in this country."
As the debate shifted to education for a rather long period, Senator Sanders showed just how much he hasn't flip-flopped on his beliefs his whole life, which is more than any other candidate in the running can say. Instead of trying to appease others, Sanders stuck to what he truly believes from the point of view of the average American. Politics aside, Sanders cares about people first. Sanders prioritizes what is right for the American working class and looks at every single political issue with that very priority in the front of his mind.
This is the very reason why he is still standing. Despite all of the billionaire funded Super-PACS that have endorsed Biden, despite all of the democratic establishment endorsing his opponent, Bernie Sanders will forever represent the American working class. It is for those reasons that he is the candidate that is most well-equipped to go toe-to-toe with Donald Trump in the 2020 general election.
Daniel Pejovic
CSEL teams up with local senior housing community
Edmonds College's Service Learning program has partnered with Shepherd's Garden, a local low-income housing community for seniors 62 or older.�...
College counselors adapt to remain available to students
Mental health is more important than ever during this time, which is why Edmonds College counselors have been hard at work to continue offering their ...
Service learning went virtual this quarter
With the pressure of COVID-19, the majority of Edmonds College was forced to be remote for Spring Quarter. Unfortunately, this includes service learni...
How a local produce stand is managing mid-pandemic
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, simple trips to the grocery store have become a tedious task. Two months after Governor Jay Inslee made restrictions o...
Students facing financial hardships can receive aid through grants and programs
In the uncertain times of the COVID-19 pandemic, students attending Edmonds College need more support than ever. Many have recently found themselves u...
Schools need to take more action against sexual violence
One of the best ways to combat sexual violence is a better understanding of consent, and understand how to react if they witness to a sexual assault. ...
Students get free counseling- use it, you probably need it
It is no secret that college students are faced with a lot of stress and anxiety. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA...
Impeachment: it's what he deserves
Surprise! Voting actually matters!
As I recently turned in my ballot for the November 5th election this year, I went with a sense of pride and excitement. Being able to vote has always ...
More representation needed in the entertainment industry
Fair representation in movies and TV has long been something the film industry has to work on. While films of the last decade or so have diversified s...
Locals are finding creative ways to celebrate graduates
EdCC is out, Edmonds College is in
Culinary department spices things up with new food truck
Gov. Inslee orders all colleges to move online


text:
Q: UICollectionView change frame size for iphone How can I change the UICollectionView layout size from the code (width and height) ?
(Not the cell size).
This image here is used to adjust height and width :

Need some clearance on how to do this.

A: refer to the delegate the of
Getting the Size of Items
[– collectionView:layout:sizeForItemAtIndexPath:][1]
Getting the Section Spacing
– collectionView:layout:insetForSectionAtIndex:
– collectionView:layout:minimumLineSpacingForSectionAtIndex:
– collectionView:layout:minimumInteritemSpacingForSectionAtIndex:
Getting the Header and Footer Sizes
– collectionView:layout:referenceSizeForHeaderInSection:
– collectionView:layout:referenceSizeForFooterInSection:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php
//This file has the complete footer content. Please do not modify the author name. Rest you can modify according to your need. :)
?>

zBzQuiz Web Application v1.0

Developed by Bhavyanshu Parasher

Contact Support

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rue des Chartreux 9 (in the center, right next to Greenwich where we are having the conference dinner).
Be there early, it gets busy, so you will have to wait in the line to get a table, no reservations, not a good idea to go in a big group.
More like a kiosk, you get your food and eat it standing outside on the high tables. Not open for dinner, just lunch.
Have more then 2000 types as recorded in the The Guinness Book of Records.


I am trying to control a 32 to 1 multiplexer with 5 address lines (A0-A4). I want to create a 5-bit binary counter that outputs the bits to the pins of the arduino.
But for now a 5-bit binary counter will be sufficient.
Any suggestions are welcome as I am new to the Arduino programming environment.
go to ti.com and look for cmos counter.
chip like 74HC4040 will do, is 14 bits.
you can find smaller ones, like 8 bit.
or use a 4 bit and add another flip-flop for bit 5.
If they are on pins all over the place then extract the bits and use a series of digitalWrites() to set the pins.
I have the same requirements, and solved it as below, with 6 working lines. The countPins output a normal binary sequence up to whatever is set by "switchbank"


text:
MOOCs Could Be Effective for Employee Upskilling
MIT's Initiative for the Digital Economy Taps First Partner
By Joshua Bolkan
MIT's Initiative for the Digital Economy (IDE) has added a private partner as its first member.
Created "to address the impact of digital technology on business, the economy and society, including broad sociological changes," according to a news release, IDE is teaming up with Accenture owing to the consulting, technology and outsourcing company's shared "interest in defining new business models necessary to be successful in the digital world."
IDE aims to engage MIT students and faculty in areas relevant to the "digital revolution" to make recommendations for policy makers and industry leaders regarding the digital economy.
As part of the partnership, Accenture has committed to partner with MIT by participating in joint research projects, contributing to IDE's research and technology roadmap, mentoring students and participating in a fellowship program for five years.
"We are pleased to have the support of Accenture's thought leadership as we continue build out an interdisciplinary focus and conduct research in various areas such as new digital models, big data and productivity," said Andrew McAffee, associate director for the Initiative on the Digital Economy at the MIT Sloan School of Management, in a prepared statement. "The IDE looks forward to growing the program with Accenture as we pave the way towards better understanding how digital technology is transforming the world today."
Joshua Bolkan is contributing editor for Campus Technology, THE Journal and STEAM Universe. He can be reached at [email protected].
Using Video to Drive Student Success – Full webinar recording with Odessa College


Rachel Charlotte Williams Biggs (c. 1763—1827) lived an incredible life in an age when the world was dominated by men. Joanne Major and Sarah Murden, dedicated historians and authors of several non-fiction books about the Georgian Age, have written an amazing biography about an extraordinary lady. In A Georgian Heroine: The Intriguing Life of Rachel Charlotte Williams Biggs, they uncover the bizarre but true story of Mrs. Biggs, who was a playwright and author, a political pamphleteer and a spy, working for the British Government. It's a treat for me to present Sarah's and Joanne's post about Mrs. Biggs' connection to the man who plotted to kill Napoleon.
The uniform dress for the army became the norm in the mid-17th century. Styles and decoration depended on status and image of the troop, and the wearer of the uniform. In contrast to today's camouflage, uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries displayed bright and contrasting colours. The idea was to make it easier to distinguish units in battle, and to enable commanders to spot their troops on battlefields that often were obscured by smoke from cannons.
In the 18th century, uniforms for the lower ranks were often mass-produced. Uniforms usually had standard sizes and designs to make it easier to replace them on campaign. In Britain, troops were equipped with new uniforms once a year.
It's 1798. Admiral Horatio Nelson is on a mission to support the Neapolitan monarchy in Naples. He has already made a remarkable carreer, even if his greatest success is still to come. He is also marked by war: He has lost an arm and suffers from coughing spells. In Naples, he stays with the British Ambassador Sir William Hamilton, and his wife lovely Emma Hamilton.
The rose is the national flower of England. It is, however, not the rose we know today that became the symbol of the country. The English rose – rosa gallica officinalis –was, roughly said, a wild rose. It was very popular in British gardens of the 18th century, as its fruits could be used as tea, marmalade, or as medicine (thus the alternative name apothecary's rose).
It was only from the mid-18th century that natural philosophers and gardeners began to experiment with new varieties of roses that had been introduced from other countries. By the end of the 18th century, cultivated roses had spread throughout Europe, and with it a new enthusiasm for this beautiful flower.
Caroline of Brunswick (1768 –1821) had the misfortune of being unhappily married to George, Prince of Wales. The Prince refused to communicate with her, and permitted her to see her daughter only once a week. Being freezed out of Carlton House, Caroline set off for a long trip throughout Europe in 1814.
What seems to be a reasonable thing to do today was the beginning of a long lists of scandals in the eyes of her contemporaries. Her husband, trying to find reasons to divorce her, sent agents to spy on her, and her every movement was reported back to England.


text:
Lucky Thompson – album muzyczny złożony z nagrań dokonanych przez amerykańskiego saksofonistę jazzowego Lucky'ego Thompsona w latach 1944 – 1950. Thompson występował w tym czasie zarówno z własnym zespołem, jak również w składach orkiestr i zespołów prowadzonych przez innych znanych muzyków (Dizzy Gillespie, Count Basie, Charlie Parker, Fletcher Henderson). Występuje też w roli muzyka towarzyszącego Dinah Washington. CD wydany został przez włoskie wydawnictwo Musica Jazz (MJCD 1103) i był dodany do pisma "Musica Jazz" nr 5/1995. Wybór nagrań:
Francesco Petillo.

Lista utworów

Wykonawcy
 1. Hot Lips Page and his Orchestra: "Hot Lips" Page – trąbka, Lucky Thompson, Lem Johnson – saksofony tenorowe, Ace Harris – fortepian, John Simmons – kontrabas, Sidney Catlett – perkusja. Nowy Jork, 8 marca 1944. Soliści: Page, Johnson, Harris, Thompson, Page.

 2. Count Basie and his Orchestra: Harry Edison, Al Killian, Ed Lewis, Joe Newman – trąbki, Ted Donnelly, Eli Robinson, Louis Taylor, Dicky Wells – puzony, Earle Warren, Jimmy Powell – saksofony altowe, Buddy Tate, Lucky Thompson – saksofony tenorowe, Rudy Rutherford – saksofon barytonowy, klarnet, Count Basie – fortepian, Freddie Green – gitara, Rodney Richardson – kontrabas, Shadow Wilson – perkusja. Hotel "Lincoln", Nowy Jork, 23 grudnia 1944. Soliści: Tate, Edison, Basie, Thompson.

 3. All Stars Orchestra: Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Stuff Smith – skrzypce, Erroll Garner – fortepian, George Wettling – perkusja. Nowy Jork, 26 grudnia 1944.

 4. Lucky Thompson's All Stars: Karl George – trąbka, Jay Jay Johnson – puzon, Rudy Rutherford – klarnet, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Bill Doggett – fortepian, Freddie Green – gitara, Rodney Richardson –  kontrabas, Shadow Wilson – perkusja, Thelma Love – śpiew. Los Angeles, wrzesień 1945.

 5. Freddy Green and his Kansas City Seven: Buck Clayton – trąbka, Dickie Wells – puzon, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Sammy Benskin – fortepian, Freddie Green – gitara, Rodney Richardson – kontrabas, Shadow Wilson – perkusja. Los Angeles, wrzesień 1945.

 6. The Willie Smith Six: Howard McGhee – trąbka, Willie Smith – saksofon altowy, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Arnold Ross – fortepian, Eddie Safranski – kontrabas, Lee Young – perkusja. Los Angeles, 12 listopada 1945.

 7. Dinah Washington z towarzyszeniem Lucky Thompson's All Stars: Karl George – trąbka, Jewel Grant – saksofon altowy, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Gene Porter – saksofon barytonowy, Milt Jakson – wibrafon, Wilbert Baranco – fortepian, Charles Mingus – kontrabas, Lee Young – perkusja, Dinah Washington – śpiew. Los Angeles, 12 grudnia 1945.

 8. George's Dukes and Dutchess: Karl George – trąbka, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, pozostali (?): saksofon altowy, fortepian, kontrabas, perkusja. Los Angeles, grudzień 1945.

 10. Dodo Marmarosa Quartet: Dodo Marmarosa – fortepian, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Ray Brown – kontrabas, Jackie Mills – perkusja. Los Angeles, 11 stycznia 1946.

 11. Slim Gaillard and his Orchestra: Howard McGhee – trąbka, Marshall Royal – klarnet, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Dodo Marmarosa – fortepian, Slim Gaillard – gitara, Bam Brown – kontrabas, Zutty Singleton – perkusja. Los Angeles, styczeń 1946.

 12. Tempo Jazzmen: Dizzy Gillespie – trąbka, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Milt Jackson – wibrafon, Al Haig – fortepian, Ray Brown – kontrabas, Stan Levey – perkusja. Los Angeles, 6 lutego 1946.

 13. Junior Jazz at the Auditorium: Howard McGhee – trąbka, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Jimmy Bunn – fortepian, Irving Ashby – gitara, Red Callender – kontrabas. Los Angeles, 1946.

 14. Ike Carpenter and his Orchestra: (prawdopodobnie) Lou Obergh, Gerald Wilson – trąbki, Tommy Pederson –  puzon, George Weidler –  saksofon altowy, Ted Wash – saksofon altowy, klarnet, Lucky Thompson, Ralph Lee –  saksofony tenorowe, Joe Cook – saksofon barytonowy, Ike Carpenter – fortepian, John Kitzmiller – kontrabas, Bob Hummell – perkusja. Los Angeles, kwiecień 1947.

 16. Lucky Thompson and his Lucky Seven: Neal Hefti – trąbka, Benny Carter – saksofon altowy, Lucky Thompson –  saksofon tenorowy, Bob Lawson – saksofon barytonowy, Dodo Marmarosa – fortepian, Barney Kessel – gitara, Red Callender – kontrabas, Jackie Mills – perkusja. Los Angeles, 22 kwietnia 1947.

 17. Charlie Parker All-Stars: Kenny Dorham – trąbka, Charlie Parker – saksofon altowy, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Milt Jackson – wibrafon, Al Haig – fortepian, Tommy Potter – kontrabas, Max Roach – perkusja. Royal Roost, Nowy Jork, 26 lutego 1949.

 18. Lucky Thompson and his Orchestra: Ray Copeland – trąbka, Ted Kelly – puzon, Sahib Shihab – saksofon altowy, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Pritchard Cheseman – saksofon barytonowy, Edwin Swanston – fortepian, Peck Morrison – kontrabas, Al Walker – perkusja. Nowy Jork, 1950.

 19. Fletcher Henderson and his Orchestra: Dick Vance – trąbka, Eddie Barefield – klarnet, Lucky Thompson – saksofon tenorowy, Fletcher Henderson – fortepian, John Brown – kontrabas, Jimmy Crawford – perkusja. "Cafe Society", Nowy Jork, 21 grudnia 1950.
Dla utworów nr 9 i 15 – brak danych.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 oryginalna wkładka do CD MJCD 1103

Albumy Lucky'ego Thompsona
Albumy jazzowe
Albumy kompilacyjne
Albumy muzyczne wydane w roku 1995

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mary Catherine O'Connor
Lifecycle Policy
The Dirty Secret Hiding in Our Outerwear
Patagonia pulled on a thread and found migrant workers suffering under servitude in its supply chain. Will its disclosures prompt other brands to air their dirty laundry (or even look for it) as well?
Photo by Markus Grossalber/Flickr
Outside Online
When's the last time you read about sweatshops in the news? Back in the late '90s, when U.S. brands Gap and Nike were facing major public relations battles over child labor? Or perhaps you'll recall that in 2013, more than 1,000 workers perished when Rana Plaza, a deteriorating Bangladeshi garment factory, collapsed. Either way, you probably do not associate your gear closet with unethical labor practices. Turns out, you probably should.
In early June, Patagonia revealed on its company blog, the Cleanest Line, that three years ago it discovered evidence of "egregious employment practices," including debt bondage, among seven of its suppliers. It worked to remediate the problem, only to discover that it was widespread, so it created a special policy across all its Taiwanese suppliers to root out the practice.
Debt bondage "creates a form of indentured servitude that could also qualify, less politely, as modern-day slavery. And it's been happening in our own supply chain," the company wrote.
Though it's a private company, Patagonia is known for being radically transparent about its supply chain's environmental and social impacts and for working hard to be a good corporate citizen. So if Patagonia had this kind of forced labor in its supply chain, does that mean it's likely other outdoor brands do as well?
Yes, it does, say labor rights experts, including Rich Appelbaum, who chairs Global and International Studies and Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. None of the experts we spoke to for this story were surprised by Patagonia's finding.
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text:
Big Boi, "Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors"
It shouldn't come as a surprise that Big Boi's Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors takes a sharp stylistic turn away from 2010's Sir Lucious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty. Big Boi has always had his ears open to everything and seems to get creatively restless easily. So, he reeled in tons of collaborators and injected his southern hip hop with indie electronic sounds.
The guest work on the record is all over the map. There are more genre-standard team-ups, like A$AP Rocky, Kelly Rowland and Ludacris, and then there's the more unexpected crossovers into indie territory with Wavves' Nathan Williams, Phantogram and Little Dragon.
Actually, Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors is so heavy on collaborations that it makes the record as a whole a little schizophrenic. When he's working with his contemporaries — on "In the A," he brings in T.I. and Ludacris, and he has UGK and Big K.R.I.T. on "Gossip" — it sounds like the Big Boi we're used to. But big chunk of the album features indie pop duo Phantogram and Swedish EDM group Little Dragon. It's a risk, trading the funkier southern hip-hop beats for synthy, thudding EDM sounds, and it pays off more than it falls flat. That's especially true on "Thom Pettie," which strikes an excellent balance of styles.
Where collaborations struggle, Big Boi holds them up. He's still one of the most technically gifted rappers out there, and he's not letting himself coast on reputation or lean on collaborators. He's the consistently strong element of Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors. That's weird to say, since it's his album, but it's easy to get caught up thinking about the contributions of everyone else.
It's all going to be divisive. A single person might love half the record and not the other half, and fans as a group will either appreciate the experimentation or gripe about it. At least we can all agree Big Boi's still got it.


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text:
Q: How to print really large numbers within a tribonacci sequence So i recently did a university exam and one of the questions asked us to create a program that would print out the nth number in the tribonacci sequence (1,1,1,3,5,9,17,31...). These numbers were said to go as large as 1500 digits long. I created a recursive function that worked for the first 37 tribonacci numbers. But a stack overflow occurred at the 38th number. The question had warned us about this and said that we would somehow need to overcome this, but i have no idea how. Were we meant to create our own data type?
double tribonacci(int n){
    if(n < 4){
        return 1;
    }else{
        return tribonacci(n-3) + tribonacci(n-2) + tribonacci(n-1);
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
    double value = tribonacci(atoi(argv[1]));
    printf("%lf\n", value);
}

This is the solution i wrote under exam conditions, which was within 15 minutes.
The program took the value of n from an input in the command line. We were not allowed to use any libraries except for stdlib.h and stdio.h. So with all that said, how might one create a data type large enough to print out numbers with 1500 digits (since the double data type only holds enough for up until the 37th tribonacci number)? Or is there another method to this question?

A: You should use some arbitrary-precision arithmetic library (a.k.a. Bigints or bignums) if your teacher allows them. I recommend GMPlib, but there are others.
See also this answer (notably if your teacher wants you to write some crude arbitrary precision addition).

A: You require a different algorithm. The code posted cannot suffer from an integer overflow, as it does all its calculations in doubles. So you are probably getting a stack overflow instead. The posted code uses exponential time and space, and at N=38 that exponential space is probably overflowing the stack. Some alternatives, in increasing order of efficiency and complexity:

*

*Use the "memoization" technique to optimize the algorithm you have.

*Build up the answer starting by calculating N=4, and iterating upwards. No recursion is then needed.

*Do the mathematics (or find someone who can) to get the "closed form solution" that allows direct calculation of the answer. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number#Closed-form_expression for how this works for regular fibonacci numbers.

You will also need a "big number" data structure - see other answers.

A: For a development time limited exam solution, I'd definitely go for the quick & dirty approach, but I wouldn't exactly complete it within 15 minutes.
The problem size is restricted to 1500 characters, computing tribonacci indicates that you will always need to carry subresult N-3, N-2 and N-1 in order to compute subresult N. So lets define a suitable static data structure with the right starting values (its 1;1;1 in your question, but I think it should be 0;1;1):
char characterLines[4][1501] = { { '0', 0 }, { '1', 0 }, { '1', 0 } };

Then define an add function that operates on character arrays, expecting '\0' as end of array and the character numbers '0' to '9' as digits in a way that the least significant digit comes first.
void addBigIntegerCharacters(const char* i1, const char* i2, char* outArray)
{
    int carry = 0;
    while(*i1 && *i2)
    {
        int partResult = carry + (*i1 - '0') + (*i2 - '0');
        carry = partResult / 10;
        *outArray = (partResult % 10) + '0';
        ++i1; ++i2; ++outArray;
    }
    while(*i1)
    {
        int partResult = carry + (*i1 - '0');
        carry = partResult / 10;
        *outArray = (partResult % 10) + '0';
        ++i1; ++outArray;
    }
    while(*i2)
    {
        int partResult = carry + (*i2 - '0');
        carry = partResult / 10;
        *outArray = (partResult % 10) + '0';
        ++i2; ++outArray;
    }
    if (carry > 0)
    {
        *outArray = carry + '0';
        ++outArray;
    }
    *outArray = 0;
}

Compute the tribonacci with the necessary number of additions:
// n as 1-based tribonacci index.
char* computeTribonacci(int n)
{
    // initialize at index - 1 since it will be updated before first computation
    int srcIndex1 = -1;
    int srcIndex2 = 0;
    int srcIndex3 = 1;
    int targetIndex = 2;

    if (n < 4)
    {
        return characterLines[n - 1];
    }
    n -= 3;
    while (n > 0)
    {
        // update source and target indices
        srcIndex1 = (srcIndex1 + 1) % 4;
        srcIndex2 = (srcIndex2 + 1) % 4;
        srcIndex3 = (srcIndex3 + 1) % 4;
        targetIndex = (targetIndex + 1) % 4;
        addBigIntegerCharacters(characterLines[srcIndex1], characterLines[srcIndex2], characterLines[targetIndex]);
        addBigIntegerCharacters(characterLines[targetIndex], characterLines[srcIndex3], characterLines[targetIndex]);
        --n;
    }

    return characterLines[targetIndex];
}

And remember that your least significant digit comes first when printing the result
void printReverse(const char* start)
{
    const char* printIterator = start;
    while (*printIterator)
    {
        ++printIterator;
    }
    do
    {
        putchar(*(--printIterator));
    } while (printIterator != start);
}

int main()
{
    char* c = computeTribonacci(50); // the real result is the array right-to-left

    printReverse(c);
}

As said, this is kindof quick & dirty coded, but still not within 15 minutes.
The reason why I use a separate char per decimal digit is mainly readability and conformity to the way how decimal math works on pen&paper, which is an important factor when development time is limited. With focus on runtime constraints rather than development time, I'd probably group the numbers in an array of unsigned long long, each representing 18 decimal digits. I would still focus on decimal digit groupings, because this is a lot easier to print as characters using the standard library functions. 18 because I need one digit for math overflow and 19 is the limit of fully available decimal digits for unsigned long long. This would result in a few more changes... 0 couldn't be used as termination character anymore, so it would probably be worth saving the valid length of each array. The principle of add and computeTribonacci would stay the same with some minor technical changes, printing would need some tweaks to ensure a length 18 output for each group of numbers other than the most significant one.

A: You need to replace the + operation with an operator ADD made by yourself and encode BigIntegers as you wish -- there are lots of ways to encode BigIntegers.
So you need to define yourself a datatype BigInteger and the following operations
ADD : BigInteger, BigInteger -> BigInteger
1+  : BigInteger -> BigInteger
2-  : BigInteger -> BigInteger
<4  : BigInteger -> boolean
The constants 1,2,4 as BigInteger

and after having replaced these things write a standard function to compute fibb in linear time and space.


text:
Computational Invariant Theory. 2nd Enlarged Ed. with two Appendices by Vladimir L. Popov, and an Addendum by Norbert A'Campo and Vladimir L. Popov
Vol. 130: Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. Iss. VIII: Invariant Theory and Algebraic Transformation Groups. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015.
Derksen H., Kemper G.
Under the general editorship: R. V. Gamkrelidze, Vladimir L. Popov.
It is more than 10 years ago that the first edition of this book has appeared. Since then, the field of computational invariant theory has been enjoying a lot of attention and activity, resulting in some important and, to us, exciting developments. This is why we think that it is time for a second enlarged and revised edition. Apart from correcting some mistakes and reorganizing the presentation here and there, we have added the following material: further results about separating invariants and their computation (Sects. 2.4 and 4.9.1), Symonds' degree bound (Sect. 3.3.2), Hughes' and Kemper's extension of Molien's formula (Sect. 3.4.2), King's algorithm for computing fundamental invariants (Sect. 3.8.2), Broer's criterion for the quasi- Gorenstein property (Sect. 3.9.11), Dufresne's generalization of Serre's result on polynomial invariant rings and her result with Jeffries (Sect. 3.12.2), Kamke's algorithm for computing invariants of finite groups acting on algebras (Sect. 3.13), Kemper's and Derksen's algorithm for computing invariants of reductive groups in positive characteristic (Sect. 3.13), algorithms by Müller-Quade and Beth, Hubert and Kogan, and Kamke and Kemper for computing invariant fields and localizations of invariant rings (Sect. 4.10.1), and work by van den Essen, Freudenburg, Greuel and Pfister, Kemper, Sancho de Salas, and Tanimoto on invariants of the additive group and of connected solvable groups (Sect. 4.10.5).
Last but not least, this edition contains two new appendices, written by Vladimir Popov, on algorithms for deciding the containment of orbit closures and on a stratification of Hilbert's nullcone. The second appendix has an addendum, authored by Norbert A'Campo and Vladimir Popov, containing the source code of a program for computing this stratification. We would like to thank Bram Broer, Emilie Dufresne, Vladimir Popov, Jim Shank, and Peter Symonds for valuable comments on a pre-circulated version of this edition, Vladimir Popov and Norbert A'Campo for their contributions to the book, and Ruth Allewelt at Springer-Verlag for managing the production process and for gently pushing us to finally finish our work and hand over the files. Ann Arbor,MI, USA Harm Derksen Munich, Germany Gregor Kemper July 2015
Research target: Mathematics
Priority areas: mathematics
Full text (PDF, 2.50 Mb)
Sample Chapter (PDF, 79 Kb)
Keywords: Invariant theory
Структура алгебры форм Якоби для системы корней $F_4$
Адлер Д. В. Функциональный анализ и его приложения. 2020. Т. 54. № 3. С. 8-25.
We prove the polynomiality of the bigraded ring $J_{*,*}^{w, W}(F_4)$ of weak Jacobi forms for the root system $F_4$ which are invariant with respect to the corresponding Weyl group. This work is a continuation of the joint article with V.A. Gritsenko, where the structure of algebras of the weak Jacobi forms related to the root systems of $D_n$ type for $2\leqslant n \leqslant 8$ was studied.
An application of global Weyl modules of sl(n+1)[t] to invariant theory
Chari V., Loktev S. Journal of Algebra. 2012. Vol. 349. No. 1. P. 317-328.
We identify the sl(n+1) isotypical components of the global Weyl modules W(kω1) with certain natural subspaces of the polynomial ring in k variables. We then apply the representation theory of current algebras to classical problems in invariant theory.
The D_8-tower of weak Jacobi forms and applications
Adler D., Gritsenko V. Journal of Geometry and Physics. 2020. Vol. 150. P. 103616.
We construct a tower of arithmetic generators of the bigraded polynomial ring J_{*,*}^{w, O}(D_n) of weak Jacobi modular forms invariant with respect to the full orthogonal group O(D_n) of the root lattice D_n for 2\le n\le 8. This tower corresponds to the tower of strongly reflective modular forms on the orthogonal groups of signature (2,n) which determine the Lorentzian Kac-Moody algebras related to the BCOV (Bershadsky-Cecotti-Ooguri-Vafa)-analytic torsions. We prove that the main three generators of index one of the graded ring satisfy a special system of modular differential equations. We found also a general modular differential equation of the generator of weight 0 and index 1 which generates the automorphic discriminant of the moduli space of Enriques surfaces.
According to a recent paper \cite{bopt13}, polynomials from the closure $\ol{\phd}_3$ of the {\em Principal Hyperbolic Domain} ${\rm PHD}_3$ of the cubic connectedness locus have a few specific properties. The family $\cu$ of all polynomials with these properties is called the \emph{Main Cubioid}. In this paper we describe the set $\cu^c$ of laminations which can be associated to polynomials from $\cu$.
In this article we prove in a new way that a generic polynomial vector field in ℂ² possesses countably many homologically independent limit cycles. The new proof needs no estimates on integrals, provides thinner exceptional set for quadratic vector fields, and provides limit cycles that stay in a bounded domain.
Новые информационные технологии. Тезисы докладов XVIII международной студенческой конференции-школы-семинара
М.: МИЭМ, 2010.
Метод параметрикса для диффузий и цепей Маркова
Конаков В. Д. STI. WP BRP. Издательство попечительского совета механико-математического факультета МГУ, 2012. № 2012.
Is the function field of a reductive Lie algebra purely transcendental over the field of invariants for the adjoint action?
Colliot-Thélène J., Kunyavskiĭ B., Vladimir L. Popov et al. Compositio Mathematica. 2011. Vol. 147. No. 2. P. 428-466.
Let k be a field of characteristic zero, let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over k and let g be its Lie algebra. Let k(G), respectively, k(g), be the field of k- rational functions on G, respectively, g. The conjugation action of G on itself induces the adjoint action of G on g. We investigate the question whether or not the field extensions k(G)/k(G)^G and k(g)/k(g)^G are purely transcendental. We show that the answer is the same for k(G)/k(G)^G and k(g)/k(g)^G, and reduce the problem to the case where G is simple. For simple groups we show that the answer is positive if G is split of type A_n or C_n, and negative for groups of other types, except possibly G_2. A key ingredient in the proof of the negative result is a recent formula for the unramified Brauer group of a homogeneous space with connected stabilizers. As a byproduct of our investigation we give an affirmative answer to a question of Grothendieck about the existence of a rational section of the categorical quotient morphism for the conjugating action of G on itself.
Absolutely convergent Fourier series. An improvement of the Beurling-Helson theorem
Vladimir Lebedev. arxiv.org. math. Cornell University, 2011. No. 1112.4892v1.
We obtain a partial solution of the problem on the growth of the norms of exponential functions with a continuous phase in the Wiener algebra. The problem was posed by J.-P. Kahane at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm in 1962. He conjectured that (for a nonlinear phase) one can not achieve the growth slower than the logarithm of the frequency. Though the conjecture is still not confirmed, the author obtained first nontrivial results.
Обоснование адиабатического предела для гиперболических уравнений Гинзбурга-Ландау
Пальвелев Р., Сергеев А. Г. Труды Математического института им. В.А. Стеклова РАН. 2012. Т. 277. С. 199-214.
Cross-sections, quotients, and representation rings of semisimple algebraic groups
V. L. Popov. Transformation Groups. 2011. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 827-856.
Let G be a connected semisimple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k. In 1965 Steinberg proved that if G is simply connected, then in G there exists a closed irreducible cross-section of the set of closures of regular conjugacy classes. We prove that in arbitrary G such a cross-section exists if and only if the universal covering isogeny Ĝ → G is bijective; this answers Grothendieck's question cited in the epigraph. In particular, for char k = 0, the converse to Steinberg's theorem holds. The existence of a cross-section in G implies, at least for char k = 0, that the algebra k[G]G of class functions on G is generated by rk G elements. We describe, for arbitrary G, a minimal generating set of k[G]G and that of the representation ring of G and answer two Grothendieck's questions on constructing generating sets of k[G]G. We prove the existence of a rational (i.e., local) section of the quotient morphism for arbitrary G and the existence of a rational cross-section in G (for char k = 0, this has been proved earlier); this answers the other question cited in the epigraph. We also prove that the existence of a rational section is equivalent to the existence of a rational W-equivariant map T- - - >G/T where T is a maximal torus of G and W the Weyl group.
Новые информационные технологии. Тезисы докладов XIX международной студенческой конференции-школы-семинара


text:
Keturi Brūkšniai
Book (graph theory)
A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.
Books may also refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals or newspapers. The body of all written works including books is literature. In novels and sometimes other types of books (for example, biographies), a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, and so on). An avid reader of books is a bibliophile or colloquially, bookworm.
A shop where books are bought and sold is a bookshop or bookstore. Books can also be borrowed from libraries. Google has estimated that as of 2010, approximately 130,000,000 unique titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, printed books are giving way to the usage of electronic or e-books, though sales of e-books declined in the first half of 2015.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Book
Keturi brūkšniai is a polemical book by Lithuanian historian Edvardas Gudavičius, written in the Lithuanian language. It was published in 2002 by Aidai in Vilnius (ISBN 9955-445-55-6). It does not have any proper title, but publishers and book sellers usually put four dashes (Lithuanian: Keturi brūkšniai) as the title.
Gemeinsamer Verbundkatalog (German)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Keturi_Brūkšniai
In graph theory, a book graph (often written ) may be any of several kinds of graph.
One kind, which may be called a quadrilateral book, consists of p quadrilaterals sharing a common edge (known as the "spine" or "base" of the book). A book of this type is the Cartesian product of a star and K2 .
A second type, which might be called a triangular book, is the complete tripartite graph K1,1,p. It is a graph consisting of triangles sharing a common edge. A book of this type is a split graph. This graph has also been called a .
Given a graph , one may write for the largest book (of the kind being considered) contained within .
The term "book-graph" has been employed for other uses. Barioli used it to mean a graph composed of a number of arbitrary subgraphs having two vertices in common. (Barioli did not write for his book-graph.)
Theorems on books
Denote the Ramsey number of two (triangular) books by
If , then (proved by Rousseau and Sheehan).
There exists a constant such that whenever .
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Book_(graph_theory)
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text:
On 17 March 1977 a British Airtours Boeing 707 being used for pilot training crashed and caught fire during its take-off roll at Glasgow Prestwick Airport. All four crew members on board survived.

Aircraft
The aircraft was a Boeing 707-436, registered as G-APFK, and first flew in 1960.  Its construction number was 17712  and its four engines were Rolls-Royce Conway 508 turbines. The aircraft entered service with BOAC on 29 September 1960, transferred to BEA Airtours on 30 December 1971 and finally British Airtours on 1 April 1974.

Flight
On board were: a 29-year-old first officer trainee; a 48-year-old flight commander; a captain trainee who was acting as flight engineer; and a supervisory first officer seated behind the commander. After the standard pushback and engine starting procedures, the commander relayed the crosswind information from the control tower to the trainee first officer, who was in control for the take-off. The wind forecast was 18 knots, increasing to 35 knots. No flight number was assigned to the training session.

Accident
After receiving take-off clearance from the tower, the crew taxied the aircraft to runway 31 for departure. The trainee first officer commenced the take-off run by applying full power to the engines. As the crew rotated the aircraft from VR speed (), the flight commander pulled back engine No.1's thrust lever, saying "Engine number one's failed.", which was followed by, "I have it." The crew applied left rudder trim and the aircraft climbed to . The aircraft suddenly began to descend and the left wing dropped 20 degrees. The engine simulated as failing struck the left edge of runway 31. The aircraft then yawed and rolled to the right, and engine No.4 struck the ground. The aircraft slid sideways down the runway, tearing off all four engines and collapsing the landing gear while bursting into flames. It came to rest at the intersection with runway 3. During evacuation one crewman was injured.

Investigation
The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) began an investigation the day after the accident. According to the flight data and cockpit recorders, an engine failure would be simulated as an exercise for the two trainees to quickly demonstrate procedures for restarting or shutting down the failed engine. The AAIB determined the pilots did not deal with the failure as quickly as recommended. Usually, a pilot must deal with failed engine in 1 1/2 seconds, but the trainee first officer took 2–3 seconds.

Probable cause
After investigating the crash for one year and four months, the  AAIB published its final report in September 1978, stating the probable cause of the accident:
"A loss of control which resulted from a delay in taking full corrective action during a simulated outboard engine failure exercise during take-off."

Aftermath
G-APFK was damaged beyond repair in the accident and fire. It was written off in November 1978 and scrapped in 1979.

References

British Airtours accidents and incidents
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1977
March 1977 events in the United Kingdom
Aviation accidents and incidents in Scotland