Today is Thanksgiving Day here in Canada. In a few hours we will sit down to a turkey dinner followed by lemon cheesecake and we'll talk about some of the things we're thankful for. It's a great conversation to have, but it shouldn't be limited to one day.
In a familiar passage of Philippians, Paul wrote, "Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! Let your gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus" (Philippians 4:4-7).
There is so much good advice in these four verses! First, we are told to rejoice always. Paul feels so strongly about this he repeats it. Obviously, not everything in life causes us to rejoice, but we can always rejoice in this - God is near, even in those awful moments when hope and joy seem impossible.
Paul tells us not to be anxious about anything. Again, this sounds tough. There will always be things in this life that we wish were different, but Paul tells us not to dwell on them, not to worry or be anxious. What are we to do instead?
Pray. Ask God to change those things the need to be changed. But while we're asking Him to change the things we don't like, we also need to remember to thank Him for all the things that are good in our lives.
I think thanking Him serves two purposes. First of all, it's important to acknowledge all that God has given us. Everything, big or small, comes from God. Family, friends, employment, food, health, home, vehicle, clothing, books, pets, everything. "Every good and perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of heavenly lights, who does not change like shifting shadows" (James 1:17). If we give a gift to someone, it's nice to be thanked. My husband Paul (not to be confused with the apostle Paul!) has taught the boys to say thank you to me for every meal. A quick, "Thanks for supper, Mom" is a nice gesture and a reminder to them that the food didn't magically appear on the table.
Thanks to God doesn't have to be elaborate and full of fancy words. Neither does it have to take a long time. When you're running errands with a toddler in tow, a quick "God, thank you for this sunny day" is enough.
The other purpose for giving thanks is to remind ourselves of all God has already done and is still doing for us. Most importantly, He "so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life" (John 3:16). If He has love and power enough to save us from our sins and give us eternal life, surely He can help in every other situation we face. Remembering that is one way of allowing that unimaginable peace of God to guard your heart and mind, and to keep from worrying and being anxious about everything.
So today, whether you are Canadian or not, take a moment to give thanks to God. Lemon cheesecake is optional!
Here are Paul and my boys, God's gifts for which I am most thankful!


text:
package org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.spark;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

import org.apache.spark.Accumulator;
import org.apache.spark.AccumulatorParam;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaPairRDD;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaRDD;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.function.FlatMapFunction;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.function.PairFlatMapFunction;
import org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast;
import org.apache.sysml.parser.Expression.DataType;
import org.apache.sysml.parser.Expression.ValueType;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.controlprogram.caching.FrameObject;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.controlprogram.context.ExecutionContext;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.controlprogram.context.SparkExecutionContext;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.functionobjects.KahanPlus;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.InstructionUtils;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.cp.CPOperand;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.cp.KahanObject;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.spark.ParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction.RDDTransformApplyFunction;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.spark.ParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction.RDDTransformApplyOffsetFunction;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.spark.utils.FrameRDDConverterUtils;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.instructions.spark.utils.SparkUtils;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.io.FrameReader;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.io.FrameReaderFactory;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.MatrixCharacteristics;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.data.FrameBlock;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.data.FrameBlock.ColumnMetadata;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.data.InputInfo;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixIndexes;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.matrix.operators.Operator;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.MVImputeAgent;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.MVImputeAgent.MVMethod;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.RecodeAgent;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.encode.Encoder;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.encode.EncoderComposite;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.encode.EncoderFactory;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.meta.TfMetaUtils;
import org.apache.sysml.runtime.transform.meta.TfOffsetMap;

import scala.Tuple2;

public class MultiReturnParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction extends ComputationSPInstruction
{
	protected ArrayList<CPOperand> _outputs;

	public MultiReturnParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction(Operator op, CPOperand input1, CPOperand input2, ArrayList<CPOperand> outputs, String opcode, String istr ) {
		super(op, input1, input2, outputs.get(0), opcode, istr);
		_sptype = SPINSTRUCTION_TYPE.MultiReturnBuiltin;
		_outputs = outputs;
	}

	public static MultiReturnParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction parseInstruction( String str )
		throws DMLRuntimeException
	{
		String[] parts = InstructionUtils.getInstructionPartsWithValueType(str);
		ArrayList<CPOperand> outputs = new ArrayList<CPOperand>();
		String opcode = parts[0];

		if ( opcode.equalsIgnoreCase("transformencode") ) {
			// one input and two outputs
			CPOperand in1 = new CPOperand(parts[1]);
			CPOperand in2 = new CPOperand(parts[2]);
			outputs.add ( new CPOperand(parts[3], ValueType.DOUBLE, DataType.MATRIX) );
			outputs.add ( new CPOperand(parts[4], ValueType.STRING, DataType.FRAME) );
			return new MultiReturnParameterizedBuiltinSPInstruction(null, in1, in2, outputs, opcode, str);
		}
		else {
			throw new DMLRuntimeException("Invalid opcode in MultiReturnBuiltin instruction: " + opcode);
		}

	}

	@Override
	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	public void processInstruction(ExecutionContext ec)
		throws DMLRuntimeException
	{
		SparkExecutionContext sec = (SparkExecutionContext) ec;

		try
		{
			//get input RDD and meta data
			FrameObject fo = sec.getFrameObject(input1.getName());
			FrameObject fometa = sec.getFrameObject(_outputs.get(1).getName());
			JavaPairRDD<Long,FrameBlock> in = (JavaPairRDD<Long,FrameBlock>)
					sec.getRDDHandleForFrameObject(fo, InputInfo.BinaryBlockInputInfo);
			String spec = ec.getScalarInput(input2.getName(), input2.getValueType(), input2.isLiteral()).getStringValue();
			MatrixCharacteristics mcIn = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(input1.getName());
			MatrixCharacteristics mcOut = sec.getMatrixCharacteristics(output.getName());
			String[] colnames = !TfMetaUtils.isIDSpecification(spec) ?
					in.lookup(1L).get(0).getColumnNames() : null;

			//step 1: build transform meta data
			Encoder encoderBuild = EncoderFactory.createEncoder(spec, colnames,
					fo.getSchema(), (int)fo.getNumColumns(), null);

			Accumulator<Long> accMax = sec.getSparkContext().accumulator(0L, new MaxAcc());
			JavaRDD<String> rcMaps = in
					.mapPartitionsToPair(new TransformEncodeBuildFunction(encoderBuild))
					.distinct().groupByKey()
					.flatMap(new TransformEncodeGroupFunction(accMax));
			if( containsMVImputeEncoder(encoderBuild) ) {
				MVImputeAgent mva = getMVImputeEncoder(encoderBuild);
				rcMaps = rcMaps.union(
						in.mapPartitionsToPair(new TransformEncodeBuild2Function(mva))
						  .groupByKey().flatMap(new TransformEncodeGroup2Function(mva)) );
			}
			rcMaps.saveAsTextFile(fometa.getFileName()); //trigger eval

			//consolidate meta data frame (reuse multi-threaded reader, special handling missing values)
			FrameReader reader = FrameReaderFactory.createFrameReader(InputInfo.TextCellInputInfo);
			FrameBlock meta = reader.readFrameFromHDFS(fometa.getFileName(), accMax.value(), fo.getNumColumns());
			meta.recomputeColumnCardinality(); //recompute num distinct items per column
			meta.setColumnNames((colnames!=null)?colnames:meta.getColumnNames());

			//step 2: transform apply (similar to spark transformapply)
			//compute omit offset map for block shifts
			TfOffsetMap omap = null;
			if( TfMetaUtils.containsOmitSpec(spec, colnames) ) {
				omap = new TfOffsetMap(SparkUtils.toIndexedLong(in.mapToPair(
					new RDDTransformApplyOffsetFunction(spec, colnames)).collect()));
			}

			//create encoder broadcast (avoiding replication per task)
			Encoder encoder = EncoderFactory.createEncoder(spec, colnames,
					fo.getSchema(), (int)fo.getNumColumns(), meta);
			mcOut.setDimension(mcIn.getRows()-((omap!=null)?omap.getNumRmRows():0), encoder.getNumCols());
			Broadcast<Encoder> bmeta = sec.getSparkContext().broadcast(encoder);
			Broadcast<TfOffsetMap> bomap = (omap!=null) ? sec.getSparkContext().broadcast(omap) : null;

			//execute transform apply
			JavaPairRDD<Long,FrameBlock> tmp = in
					.mapToPair(new RDDTransformApplyFunction(bmeta, bomap));
			JavaPairRDD<MatrixIndexes,MatrixBlock> out = FrameRDDConverterUtils
					.binaryBlockToMatrixBlock(tmp, mcOut, mcOut);

			//set output and maintain lineage/output characteristics
			sec.setRDDHandleForVariable(_outputs.get(0).getName(), out);
			sec.addLineageRDD(_outputs.get(0).getName(), input1.getName());
			sec.setFrameOutput(_outputs.get(1).getName(), meta);
		}
		catch(IOException ex) {
			throw new RuntimeException(ex);
		}
	}

	private boolean containsMVImputeEncoder(Encoder encoder) {
		if( encoder instanceof EncoderComposite )
			for( Encoder cencoder : ((EncoderComposite)encoder).getEncoders() )
				if( cencoder instanceof MVImputeAgent )
					return true;
		return false;
	}

	private MVImputeAgent getMVImputeEncoder(Encoder encoder) {
		if( encoder instanceof EncoderComposite )
			for( Encoder cencoder : ((EncoderComposite)encoder).getEncoders() )
				if( cencoder instanceof MVImputeAgent )
					return (MVImputeAgent) cencoder;
		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * This function pre-aggregates distinct values of recoded columns per partition
	 * (part of distributed recode map construction, used for recoding, binning and
	 * dummy coding). We operate directly over schema-specific objects to avoid
	 * unnecessary string conversion, as well as reduce memory overhead and shuffle.
	 */
	public static class TransformEncodeBuildFunction
		implements PairFlatMapFunction<Iterator<Tuple2<Long, FrameBlock>>, Integer, Object>
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 6336375833412029279L;

		private RecodeAgent _raEncoder = null;

		public TransformEncodeBuildFunction(Encoder encoder) {
			for( Encoder cEncoder : ((EncoderComposite)encoder).getEncoders() )
				if( cEncoder instanceof RecodeAgent )
					_raEncoder = (RecodeAgent)cEncoder;
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<Tuple2<Integer, Object>> call(Iterator<Tuple2<Long, FrameBlock>> iter)
			throws Exception
		{
			//build meta data (e.g., recode maps)
			while( iter.hasNext() ) {
				_raEncoder.buildPartial(iter.next()._2());
			}

			//output recode maps as columnID - token pairs
			ArrayList<Tuple2<Integer,Object>> ret = new ArrayList<Tuple2<Integer,Object>>();
			HashMap<Integer,HashSet<Object>> tmp = _raEncoder.getCPRecodeMapsPartial();
			for( Entry<Integer,HashSet<Object>> e1 : tmp.entrySet() )
				for( Object token : e1.getValue() )
					ret.add(new Tuple2<Integer,Object>(e1.getKey(), token));
			_raEncoder.getCPRecodeMapsPartial().clear();

			return ret.iterator();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * This function assigns codes to globally distinct values of recoded columns
	 * and writes the resulting column map in textcell (IJV) format to the output.
	 * (part of distributed recode map construction, used for recoding, binning and
	 * dummy coding). We operate directly over schema-specific objects to avoid
	 * unnecessary string conversion, as well as reduce memory overhead and shuffle.
	 */
	public static class TransformEncodeGroupFunction
		implements FlatMapFunction<Tuple2<Integer, Iterable<Object>>, String>
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = -1034187226023517119L;

		private Accumulator<Long> _accMax = null;

		public TransformEncodeGroupFunction( Accumulator<Long> accMax ) {
			_accMax = accMax;
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<String> call(Tuple2<Integer, Iterable<Object>> arg0)
			throws Exception
		{
			String colID = String.valueOf(arg0._1());
			Iterator<Object> iter = arg0._2().iterator();

			ArrayList<String> ret = new ArrayList<String>();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
			long rowID = 1;
			while( iter.hasNext() ) {
				sb.append(rowID);
				sb.append(' ');
				sb.append(colID);
				sb.append(' ');
				sb.append(RecodeAgent.constructRecodeMapEntry(
						iter.next().toString(), rowID));
				ret.add(sb.toString());
				sb.setLength(0);
				rowID++;
			}
			_accMax.add(rowID-1);

			return ret.iterator();
		}
	}

	private static class MaxAcc implements AccumulatorParam<Long>, Serializable
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = -3739727823287550826L;

		@Override
		public Long addInPlace(Long arg0, Long arg1) {
			return Math.max(arg0, arg1);
		}

		@Override
		public Long zero(Long arg0) {
			return arg0;
		}

		@Override
		public Long addAccumulator(Long arg0, Long arg1) {
			return Math.max(arg0, arg1);
		}
	}

	public static class TransformEncodeBuild2Function implements PairFlatMapFunction<Iterator<Tuple2<Long, FrameBlock>>, Integer, ColumnMetadata>
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 6336375833412029279L;

		private MVImputeAgent _encoder = null;

		public TransformEncodeBuild2Function(MVImputeAgent encoder) {
			_encoder = encoder;
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<Tuple2<Integer, ColumnMetadata>> call(Iterator<Tuple2<Long, FrameBlock>> iter)
			throws Exception
		{
			//build meta data (e.g., histograms and means)
			while( iter.hasNext() ) {
				FrameBlock block = iter.next()._2();
				_encoder.build(block);
			}

			//extract meta data
			ArrayList<Tuple2<Integer,ColumnMetadata>> ret = new ArrayList<Tuple2<Integer,ColumnMetadata>>();
			int[] collist = _encoder.getColList();
			for( int j=0; j<collist.length; j++ ) {
				if( _encoder.getMethod(collist[j]) == MVMethod.GLOBAL_MODE ) {
					HashMap<String,Long> hist = _encoder.getHistogram(collist[j]);
					for( Entry<String,Long> e : hist.entrySet() )
						ret.add(new Tuple2<Integer,ColumnMetadata>(collist[j],
								new ColumnMetadata(e.getValue(), e.getKey())));
				}
				else if( _encoder.getMethod(collist[j]) == MVMethod.GLOBAL_MEAN ) {
					ret.add(new Tuple2<Integer,ColumnMetadata>(collist[j],
							new ColumnMetadata(_encoder.getNonMVCount(collist[j]), String.valueOf(_encoder.getMeans()[j]._sum))));
				}
				else if( _encoder.getMethod(collist[j]) == MVMethod.CONSTANT ) {
					ret.add(new Tuple2<Integer,ColumnMetadata>(collist[j],
							new ColumnMetadata(0, _encoder.getReplacement(collist[j]))));
				}
			}

			return ret.iterator();
		}
	}

	public static class TransformEncodeGroup2Function implements FlatMapFunction<Tuple2<Integer, Iterable<ColumnMetadata>>, String>
	{
		private static final long serialVersionUID = 702100641492347459L;

		private MVImputeAgent _encoder = null;

		public TransformEncodeGroup2Function(MVImputeAgent encoder) {
			_encoder = encoder;
		}

		@Override
		public Iterator<String> call(Tuple2<Integer, Iterable<ColumnMetadata>> arg0)
				throws Exception
		{
			int colix = arg0._1();
			Iterator<ColumnMetadata> iter = arg0._2().iterator();
			ArrayList<String> ret = new ArrayList<String>();

			//compute global mode of categorical feature, i.e., value with highest frequency
			if( _encoder.getMethod(colix) == MVMethod.GLOBAL_MODE ) {
				HashMap<String, Long> hist = new HashMap<String,Long>();
				while( iter.hasNext() ) {
					ColumnMetadata cmeta = iter.next();
					Long tmp = hist.get(cmeta.getMvValue());
					hist.put(cmeta.getMvValue(), cmeta.getNumDistinct() + ((tmp!=null)?tmp:0));
				}
				long max = Long.MIN_VALUE; String mode = null;
				for( Entry<String, Long> e : hist.entrySet() )
					if( e.getValue() > max  ) {
						mode = e.getKey();
						max = e.getValue();
					}
				ret.add("-2 " + colix + " " + mode);
			}
			//compute global mean of categorical feature
			else if( _encoder.getMethod(colix) == MVMethod.GLOBAL_MEAN ) {
				KahanObject kbuff = new KahanObject(0, 0);
				KahanPlus kplus = KahanPlus.getKahanPlusFnObject();
				int count = 0;
				while( iter.hasNext() ) {
					ColumnMetadata cmeta = iter.next();
					kplus.execute2(kbuff, Double.parseDouble(cmeta.getMvValue()));
					count += cmeta.getNumDistinct();
				}
				if( count > 0 )
					ret.add("-2 " + colix + " " + String.valueOf(kbuff._sum/count));
			}
			//pass-through constant label
			else if( _encoder.getMethod(colix) == MVMethod.CONSTANT ) {
				if( iter.hasNext() )
					ret.add("-2 " + colix + " " + iter.next().getMvValue());
			}

			return ret.iterator();
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Record new schools this year
Published: 06 Sep 2016 00:01
29 Schools for the Future buildings in 2016-17.
Twenty nine newly built or refurbished school buildings will open to pupils across Scotland during this academic year, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon announced today.
The new schools are part of the Scottish Government's £1.8 billion Schools for the Future programme, which will see a total of 112 schools rebuilt or refurbished by 2020.
This will be the highest number of school buildings to open in any one year since the programme began in 2009.
The announcement comes on the same day the First Minister unveils her 2016/17 Programme for Government.
Speaking ahead of a visit to see the construction work underway at the new Boroughmuir High School in Edinburgh, the First Minister said:
"Today we will publish our Programme for Government – an ambitious plan to improve the lives of people across Scotland.
"Education is at the heart of our plans, and I am committed to doing all I can to improve the life chances of every child and young person. Ensuring children are able to learn in new, modern, fit for purpose surroundings is a crucial part of this.
"By the end of this parliament we will have delivered 112 new or refurbished schools across every local authority in Scotland – more than double the number envisaged when the Schools for the Future programme started.
"These new school building projects also provide an important boost to local economies through the creation of construction jobs and apprenticeships. This is key to our committment to boost the Scottish economy through infrastructure investment. Last month, I announced £100 million spending on infrastructure in this financial year and later today, I'll also outline the key priorities for my government in the year ahead. It is a strong programme that will deliver the very best for Scotland. I will set out the details of that later today."
Due to restrictions on site access, the First Minister's tour is a broadcast-only visit.
Photographs are being taken on a pooled basis only and will be distributed by Reuters. Pictures will also be available on the First Minister of Scotland flickr page at https://www.flickr.com/photos/firstministerofscotland/
***REISSUE WITH NEW EMBARGO DATE***

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
THINGS TO DO IN BRIGHTON
BN1 BOOK CLUB
GAMING ECONOMY
BN1 Magazine
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Office Telephone Number: 01273 022991
Office hours: 10am-5pm Mon-Fri
For advertising, news, reviews, interview requests and news desk please fill out the contact form.
BN1 Magazine is the leading source of entertainment and lifestyle news in Brighton & Hove. From comedy and theatre to clubbing, music and festival line-ups, we cover a range of events across Sussex and beyond. We can help you find a fabulous vegetarian restaurant, catch an amazing new band at The Great Escape and see a hypnotising performance at Brighton Fringe. Sometimes all in the same weekend… Whether you're a student and new in town, trying to pack plenty of family fun into a visit or a local planning a massive night out, we'll tell you everything you need to know. From pubs and bars to art and shopping, it's time to kiss those lonely blues away in one of the world's most interesting cities.
© 2020- All rights reserved by Bn1magazine.co.uk.
© 2020 - All rights reserved by Bn1magazine.uk


I think you must be entering the wrong information at log in. Either that or you are entering a nick name that belongs to somebody else. Try using a different one. This should help you: C&C:Online User Guide.


text:
Q: How can I add more statements in IF condition in MySQL The documentation of IF suggests as below
IF search_condition THEN statement_list
    [ELSEIF search_condition THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END IF

How can I add more statements after THEN and assign more than one alias to them? For example:
IF Market="UK"
THEN
SUM(Order) AS Order, SUM(Amount) AS Amount
END IF

Is this the correct way to do so? Or if there is any other way please share your comments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
    // todo?
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
    #include <unistd.h>
#else
    // linux
    #include <stdlib.h>
#endif

/// Experimental C++11 bindings for displaz
///
/// The aim here is to make it simple to use displaz from an external C++
/// process to plot large numbers of points.  This is especially useful for
/// debugging geometric algorithms written in C++.
///
/// This interface is intentionally independent from the rest of the displaz
/// codebase to avoid any need for linking in a separate library - just include
/// this header and away you go.

namespace displaz {

namespace detail {

enum class PlyType
{
    uint8,
    uint16,
    uint32,
    int8,
    int16,
    int32,
    float32,
    float64,
};

template<typename T> struct PlyTypeMap { };
#define DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(cType, plyName)         \
template<> struct PlyTypeMap<cType> {                   \
    static const PlyType plyType = PlyType::plyName ;   \
    static const char* name() { return #plyName; }      \
};

DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(uint8_t,  uint8);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(uint16_t, uint16);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(uint32_t, uint32);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(int8_t,   int8);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(int16_t,  int16);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(int32_t,  int32);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(float,    float32);
DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE(double,   float64);

#undef DISPLAZ_DEFINE_PLY_TYPE

struct PointAttribute
{
    PlyType plyType;
    std::string plyTypeName;
    std::string name;
    // TODO: vector semantics
    // TODO: unscaled integers
    int bytesPerBase;
    int count;
    int bytesPerPoint;

    template<typename T>
    static PointAttribute create(const std::string& name, int count)
    {
        PointAttribute attr;
        attr.plyType = PlyTypeMap<T>::plyType;
        attr.plyTypeName = PlyTypeMap<T>::name();
        attr.name = name;
        attr.bytesPerBase = sizeof(T);
        attr.count = count;
        attr.bytesPerPoint = attr.bytesPerBase*count;
        return attr;
    }

    void store(std::vector<char>& data, const double* inData)
    {
        size_t index = data.size();
        data.resize(data.size() + bytesPerPoint);
        switch(plyType)
        {
#           define DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(ctype)                         \
                {                                                \
                    ctype* buf = (ctype*) &data[index];          \
                    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)              \
                        buf[i] = ctype(inData[i]);               \
                }
            case PlyType::uint8:   DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(uint8_t);  return;
            case PlyType::uint16:  DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(uint16_t); return;
            case PlyType::uint32:  DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(uint32_t); return;
            case PlyType::int8:    DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(int8_t);   return;
            case PlyType::int16:   DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(int16_t);  return;
            case PlyType::int32:   DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(int32_t);  return;
            case PlyType::float32: DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(float);    return;
            case PlyType::float64: DISPLAZ_DOCOPY(double);   return;
#           undef DISPLAZ_DOCOPY
        }
    }
};

}

/// List of points to be plotted
class PointList
{
    public:
        /// Add an attribute to each point
        ///
        /// This may only be called before any points are added using append()
        /// `name` is the name of the point attribute; `count` is the number of
        /// elements (for example, this should be 3 for a 3D vector)
        template<typename T>
        PointList& addAttribute(const std::string& name, int count = 1)
        {
            if (count > 4)
                throw std::runtime_error("Displaz can't display vector attributes of length > 4");
            if (m_data.size() > 0 && m_data[0].size() > 0)
                throw std::runtime_error("Cannot add attribute to nonempty point list");
            m_attributes.push_back(detail::PointAttribute::create<T>(name, count));
            m_data.push_back(std::vector<char>());
            return *this;
        }

        /// Remove all points from the list, keeping the attribute list fixed
        void clear()
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < m_data.size(); ++i)
                m_data[i].clear();
        }

        /// Append a new point to the list
        ///
        /// The values of all attributes added using `addAttribute()` must be
        /// provided in the argument list `args`.
#       if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_FULL_VER >= 180020827
        template<typename... Args>
        void append(const Args&... args)
        {
            // Temporarily convert args to double precision for implementation
            // convenience (double is sufficient to represent the possible
            // integral attribute types)
            double values[] = {double(args)...};
            size_t numVals = sizeof...(args);
            appendFromArray(values, numVals);
        }
#       endif

        /// Append a new point to the list
        ///
        /// See append() above for a more convenient way to do this
        void appendFromArray(const double* values, size_t numVals)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < m_attributes.size(); ++i)
            {
                detail::PointAttribute& attr = m_attributes[i];
                attr.store(m_data[i], &values[j]);
                if (j + attr.count > numVals)
                    throw std::runtime_error("Not enough values when adding point to point list");
                j += attr.count;
            }
        }

        /// Write point list to a file in native displaz format
        void writeToFile(FILE* ply) const
        {
            fprintf(ply,
                "ply\n"
                "format binary_%s_endian 1.0\n"
                "comment Displaz native\n",
                isLittleEndian() ? "little" : "big"
            );
            const char* propNames[] = {"x", "y", "z", "w"};
            for (size_t i = 0; i < m_attributes.size(); ++i)
            {
                const detail::PointAttribute& attr = m_attributes[i];
                fprintf(ply, "element vertex_%s "
#                       ifdef _MSC_VER
                        "%Iu"
#                       else
                        "%zu"
#                       endif
                        "\n",
                        attr.name.c_str(),
                        m_data[i].size()/attr.bytesPerPoint
                );
                for (int j = 0; j < attr.count; ++j)
                {
                    fprintf(ply, "property %s %s\n",
                            attr.plyTypeName.c_str(),
                            propNames[j]);
                }
            }
            fprintf(ply, "end_header\n");
            for (size_t i = 0; i < m_data.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (fwrite(m_data[i].data(), 1, m_data[i].size(), ply) != m_data[i].size())
                    throw std::runtime_error("Error writing point attribute");
            }
        }

    private:
        static inline int isLittleEndian()
        {
            union { uint16_t i; char c[2]; } u;
            u.i = 0x0001;
            return u.c[0];
        }

        std::vector<detail::PointAttribute> m_attributes;
        std::vector<std::vector<char>> m_data;
};

/// Class representing a remote displaz process
class Window
{
    private:
        /// Smart pointer to C file.  We're using C file IO, since we then have
        /// a more convenient way to get a temporary file
        typedef std::unique_ptr<FILE, int (&)(FILE*)> FilePtr;

    public:
        /// Set up interface to talk to displaz instance named `windowName`
        Window(const std::string& windowName = "")
            : m_windowName(windowName),
            m_hold(true),
            m_debug(false)
        { }

        /// Set plotting hold state so that plots will be overwritten or
        /// concatenated into the window depending on the value of `holdPlots`
        void hold(bool holdPlots = true)
        {
            m_hold = holdPlots;
        }

        /// Set shader to use
        void setShader(const std::string& shaderName)
        {
            m_shaderName = shaderName;
        }

        /// Plot a list of points into the displaz window
        void plot(PointList& points, const std::string& label = std::string())
        {
            std::string fileName;
            FilePtr ply = openTempPly(fileName);
            points.writeToFile(ply.get());
            std::string opts;
            if (m_hold)
                opts += " -add";
            if (!m_debug)
                opts += " -rmtemp";
            if (!m_shaderName.empty())
                opts += " -shader \"" + m_shaderName + "\"";
            if (!label.empty())
                opts += " -label \"" + label + "\"";
            opts += " " + fileName;
            sendMessage(opts);
        }

        /// Remove all datasets from the plot window
        void clear()
        {
            sendMessage("-clear");
        }

        /// Enable debug logging and disable deletion of temporary files
        void setDebug(bool debugMode)
        {
            m_debug = debugMode;
        }

    private:
        /// Launch a displaz process in the background with given options
        void sendMessage(const std::string& options) const
        {
            std::string cmd;
            std::string opts = options;
            if (!m_windowName.empty())
                opts += " -server \"" + m_windowName + "\"";
            cmd = "displaz -script " + opts;
            if (m_debug)
                std::cout << cmd << "\n";
            if (system(cmd.c_str()) != 0)
            {
                std::cerr << "Error launching displaz command:\n"
                          << cmd << "\n";
            }
        }

        /// Open a temporary FILE with name ending in .ply
        ///
        /// The full file name is returned in `fileName`.
        static FilePtr openTempPly(std::string& fileName)
        {
#           ifdef _WIN32
#           pragma message("TODO: Implement proper temporary file name support")
            fileName = "_displaz_temp.ply";
            FilePtr ply(fopen(fileName.c_str(), "wb"), fclose);
#           else
            fileName = "/tmp/displaz_cpp_XXXXXX.ply";
            int plyfd = mkstemps(&fileName[0], 4);
            FilePtr ply(fdopen(plyfd, "wb"), fclose);
#           endif
            return std::move(ply);
        }

        std::string m_windowName;
        std::string m_shaderName;
        bool m_hold;
        bool m_debug;
};

} // namespace displaz

#endif // DISPLAZ_BINDING_H_INCLUDED


text:
Home » Criminal Defense
Category: Criminal Defense
Recent Massachusetts Court Dates
In this podcast with Board Certified OUI lawyer Mike Bowser of Bowser Law, you can learn about possible OUI defense in Massachusetts courts and what to expect when you're faced with an OUI in MA.
John Maher: Hi. I'm John Maher. I'm here today with Mike Bowser, a board-certified DUI defense lawyer practicing in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Today we're talking about OUI defense in Massachusetts courts. Welcome, Mike.
Mike Bowser: Good morning.
John: Mike, what courts around Massachusetts have you had court dates out recently?
Mike: Oh jeez. Recently I've had enough trials in the last few months in Newbury Port, Oxbridge, which is down in Worcester County. I've been on trial in Brockton, Fall River and a number of courts across the state and my practice historically has always been one that I will travel to the corners of the Commonwealth. I've been out to Pittsfield and Greenfield and great Barrington, Holyoke –
John: Out in Western Massachusetts, yes.
Mike: I've been down the Cape and as I said, down on the South coast as well. A good defense plays anywhere.
What Approach to Take
John: Right. Is your approach different depending on what court you're appearing on?
Mike: Well, some courts are different in the way that the judges run their trial sessions and obviously, there are opportunities in some courts where you may decide to go Jury waived, in front of a judge only, versus a jury of six people, and that requires a level of knowledge about who the judge is, who is sitting in a particular court on a particular day, and certainly I go to places such as Oxbridge or Holyoke or Great Barrington.
Those are courts that I don't appear in every day. I do a ton of work through Middlesex, Essex County, I'm in Woburn courts all the time and I'm very familiar with everybody in those courts. If I go to a court that I'm not quite as familiar then, my job is to find out and get the knowledge that I need in order to make those decisions with my client and that's easily done if you know who to talk to and the questions to ask. I think you can walk into any courtroom prepared to put on a vigorous defense regardless of where you're from.
John: Do you know going into the court on a certain day what judge you're going to be appearing before, or is it a surprise when you walk in the courtroom?
Mike: It's not a surprise. There's a list in and a schedule that is published publicly and I always check the schedule to see who's going to be sitting in a particular court. But once you get to a courthouse and — I had a case this past year in Springfield and again, that's a court that I don't go to every week or month. I may be out there once or twice a year and there's several judges in Springfield and you don't know which one of those four or five judges will be sitting in the particular trial session.
Oftentimes you end up in a trial session, you tell them that you're ready for trial and you get sent out to a different session in front of a different judge. So who's sitting on the bench in a particular courthouse, that's general knowledge but depending on the courthouse. I was in a courthouse this past week where there's only one judge, and I knew who that judge was going to be. There's no question that's who's going to be sitting that particular day. But in the bigger courts, the busier courts, you might have four or five judges and they rotate through the trial session. So sometimes you don't know until the day of the trial who will be sitting in that trial session.
John: Have you noticed differences in the way that different courts or different judges approach OUI charges in Massachusetts?
Mike: No. They all follow the law as they're required and they all give you a trial whether it's a jury trial or a bench trial, according to the rules of Criminal Procedure and the rules of evidence. I've found a high level of consistency from one court to the next and I've always enjoyed trying cases in new courts and different courts just because you get to experience [and] meet different people. But most of the time, the process in and of itself, the defensive if you know your OUI case, whether it's bench or a jury trial, is very similar from one County to the next, from one courthouse to the next.
What Individuals Charged with an OUI Can Expect
John: What does that mean for people who are charged for an OUI offense? That basically they're going to get a fair trial and it doesn't make too much difference where they're being tried?
Mike: I think in some courts there may be — there might be a benefit because of a particular judge that might be in a particular court. But like I said, it's pretty consistent throughout the Commonwealth. I think it's very important that you have a lawyer who can try the case to a verdict, whether it is Springfield or Brockton or Newburyport. If you're prepared and you know what you're doing, you should be able to walk into a courtroom anywhere in the Commonwealth and get a good result and have a fair process.
John: Do you think that that's an advantage for you, as I know you're a defense lawyer, that you do travel all around the state and that you do have experience in all these different courts?
Mike: It's given me a certain comfort level and a level of confidence that I think is helpful to my clients. So yes, I've always enjoyed, as I said, going to different places as opposed to being stuck in the same court day in and day out. I think that you could certainly get into a rut if you are working in the same place every day, and I think that that variety and diversity has really helped me and it's built my confidence and it's built my ability to try a case anywhere.
John: All right, that's great information. Thanks again Mike for speaking with me today.
Mike: Thank you.
John: For more information about Mike Bowser, visit bowserlaw.com, or call 888-526-9737.
What to Expect After an OUI Arrest in Massachusetts
Board Certified OUI attorney Mike Bowser of Bowser Law discusses how to choose a lawyer for OUI defense in MA and what you can expect during the legal process.
John Maher: Hi, I'm John Maher. I'm here today with Mike Bowser, a Board Certified DUI defense lawyer practicing in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. And today, we're talking about choosing a lawyer for OUI defense in Massachusetts. Welcome, Mike.
Mike Bowser: Good morning. How are you?
John: Great. Thanks. So, Mike, what can you expect following an OUI arrest in Massachusetts? And then, how you go about finding and choosing a lawyer for OUI defense?
Mike: Sure. Most OUI arrests in Massachusetts, and when I say most, the vast majority of OUI arrest are first offenses. The person being arrested has little or no prior criminal record. Probably has never been arrested before. In following an OUI arrest, you are brought to a police station or a barracks. If there is a booking process, you may or may not submit to a breath test.
But typically, a bail commissioner would be brought into that booking area within [an] hour or two after your arrest, and they'll go through your record if you have any, where you live, where you work, those types of questions, and you'll be released on your personal recognizance. And personal recognizance just means you're released on your promise to appear in court.
In Massachusetts, if you're arrested on a weeknight, you're going to be appearing in court most often the next morning, the next morning being the first available court date for your arraignment. If it's a weekend, then you can expect to be given a date to appear the following Monday or Tuesday if you're arrested over the course of the weekend.
The exception to that rule is if there's an extensive record; it might be your third or fourth offense. Under Melanie's Law and a lifetime look back, then they may set a cash bail and require that you come up with some sum of money before you are released from the police custody. And again, that's typically only when you have an extensive record or some type of long criminal background.
John: So you're not spending the night in jail than usually?
Mike: Typically not. Usually, if the arrest occurs between 11 at night, 10 at night, even until one or two in the morning, a bail commissioner will be called out. You pay them a $40 fee and they will release you on personal recognizance with instructions to appear in court the next day. If it's getting very close or into the morning hours where it's six, seven o'clock in the morning already, a lot of the police departments will just hold you and then, bring you to court directly the next morning where you would be held in custody then brought to the courthouse the next day.
When to Contact a Lawyer for OUI Defense in MA
John: Is it important to call your attorney right from the police station or from jail or immediately after your released, the first thing you should do is get on the phone to your attorney?
Mike: In Massachusetts, the arraignment process the next day in court is standardized. Meaning when you go to court the next day, you check into the probation department. You show them the piece of paper that the bail commissioner gave you. That lets the probation department know who you are and what the charges are. And then you proceed to an arraignment session after checking into probation. And in the arraignment session, the judge and the clerk will call your case and they will tell you with that arraignment, that you can either apply for a court-appointed lawyer, if you qualify, or you can hire your own.
But the only thing the court is going to do at your arraignment is enter a not guilty plea on your behalf, and then instruct you to come back for a further date, usually several weeks out for a pre-trial conference with the lawyer of your choosing or with the court-appointed lawyer if they've given you a court-appointed lawyer and you qualify. In my experience, it is not necessary that you hunt down an attorney in the wee hours of the morning to represent you the next day at the arraignment. You really shouldn't rush to try to find someone for a process that really doesn't require an attorney.
John: If you're there without an attorney, do you need to make sure that you put in a plea of not guilty?
Mike: The court will do that routinely.
John: That's just a routine thing.
Mike: The only thing the court wants to do is enter a not guilty plea on your behalf. Give you the opportunity to leave and then make a decision as to hiring your own attorney.
How to Choose an OUI Lawyer
John: Okay, so then, the next step would be going and finding, and on choosing a lawyer for your OUI defense. How do you do that in Massachusetts?
Mike: Well, I can tell you from experience that people obviously spent a lot of time on the internet searching for an attorney, and I think it is critically important. It is so very important in Massachusetts that if you're going to defend the OUI case, meaning you're going to fight it, [if] you don't want to plead it out [and] you don't want to have that OUI on your record for the rest of your life, then you need to find a qualified trial lawyer. An attorney who can defend that case through a jury trial or through a bench trial to a verdict. And that's a long and arduous process.
It's not easy. That's the hard way to do things. And that is essentially what my practice is built upon, which is going all the way through to the end of a verdict in defending the cases vigorously as hard as I can from beginning to end. That being said, you don't just pick up the phone and call the first lawyer that you can find because not every lawyer is qualified to defend an OUI case. It requires a level of experience and expertise, and you should be looking for a lawyer who has a very, very long track record of successfully defending OUI cases through the trial process.
John: I think a lot of people might think, "Oh, the first thing I need to do is call my uncle who is a lawyer," or something like that, or, "I have a family friend who knows somebody who is a lawyer." But you're saying that most lawyers maybe don't know how to defend an OUI charge.
Mike: Lawyers are like any other profession. For instance, doctors, there are neurosurgeons, there are podiatrists, there are gastroenterologists. There are various types of specialties within any profession. Within the lawyer profession, there are certainly criminal defense lawyers and then even within that group, there's even a smaller group of people that are very experienced in OUI, DWI, DUI defense.
And I can tell you from experience that I've had plenty of folks that have called up their cousin, their uncle, their brother-in-law, who is a real estate, divorce, [or] bankruptcy lawyer and the best thing that that lawyer family friend of theirs can do is refer them to someone like myself. And I get plenty of those types of referrals for that reason because it is my niche.
The Importance of Choosing a Lawyer with Experience
John: Right. So is it important to hire then a lawyer with OUI experience from Massachusetts if you're charged with an OUI in Massachusetts?
Mike: Absolutely. Massachusetts is really is set up that you only have two choices. You're either going to plead the case out and receive the minimum mandatory penalty, especially with a first offense, and if that's the route that you're going to go, then you don't really have to be quite that choosy because anybody can walk you into a courtroom, plead you out and get you the minimum mandatory penalties.
Option number two is you're going to fight it. And that means you're probably going to end up in front of a judge or a jury of six people in a District Court at a trial. And if that is the route that you're going to go to protect yourself and to protect your interest, then you absolutely need to find a lawyer who has experience at trying these cases to verdict.
John: All right. That's great information, Mike. Thanks again for speaking with me today.
John: And for more information about Mike Bowser, visit bowserlaw.com or call 888-526-9737.
Automatic License Plate Recognition
There has been no shortage of debate, frustration, and outright paranoia over government use of surveillance equipment in recent times, and Americans' reasons for suspicion seem to be constantly growing in number. A tool in the U.S. government's arsenal that recently has become more commonly used is the automatic license plate reader (ALPR). This device, usually mounted in pairs on the back of police cruisers or on traffic lights at major intersections, is capable of capturing images of license plates automatically. The images captured can then be immediately saved and cross-referenced with a variety of databases that might contain the average citizen's information. Even from a basic description, one can see how technology like this might be prone to abuse. In examining the variety of potential and confirmed uses of this technology, it is clear that public concern is warranted.
ALPRs have been around for some time, however recently their deployment has become far more widespread. According to a report done by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) about 71% of all police departments in the United States utilize ALPRs as of 2012. As mentioned they tend to be found on the back of police cruisers and at major intersections, however they are not limited to those locations. The devices can be mounted anywhere on any road and are constantly photographing license plates. The cameras themselves are highly advanced; recent models are able to capture license plates of any style under any lighting condition and they can capture a lot of them. In 2012, the town of Grapevine, Texas reported that its police department on average captured the images of 14, 547 unique plates a day and had over 2 million plates stored in their database. Some individual ALPRs mounted on highway overpasses are capable of capturing the license plates of every vehicle that passes underneath them.
Since these ALPRs are deployed widely and take thousands of images every day, it is very difficult for any car to avoid detection. On the positive side of things this technology can help police officers track down missing persons, suspected or known felons and terrorists, sex offenders, or those in violation of their parole. The negative side is that the ALPRs send images of all the license plates they capture to police databases where they are saved regardless of whether or not the plate belongs to a person the police are looking for. Given the widespread deployment of these cameras it is likely that images of most people's (at least those in urban areas) license plates are stored in a police database. Saved with the license plate number are the location, date, and time of image taken, which allows for officers to track the movement of any car. In some towns and cities officers can also input known license plates into their cruiser's computer and receive alerts when the plate gets captured by a camera. This plethora of information that is available to the officers certainly makes it hard for wanted or suspected criminals in previously identified vehicles to escape detection, however it could have a variety of other less ideal uses.
Given the fact that the ALPRs store the information of every plate they capture, a list of troubling possibilities has been developing as the use of this technology has become more universal. Since these databases hold so many license plate numbers for indefinite amounts of time, were that data be leaked accidentally the effect could be enormous. As for police use of the data, officers could establish patterns of travel and driving habits for any given person. From there they could obviously deduce things like where one goes to church, where they get medical care, or whom they associate with. In other words, all of the things we tend to keep to ourselves and those we are acquainted with. When it comes to the alert feature, any officer could potentially use the alerts to track down anyone they want provided they know the person's plate number. An officer could also use the alert system to deal with personal affairs that have no bearing on police matters whatsoever.
These concerns are not just speculation, some of them have already occurred in practice. Recently the Boston Police Department suspended its ALPR program after the license plate numbers of 68,000 individuals were accidentally leaked to the Boston Globe. Fortunately there were no negative consequences since the Globe was the only institution that received the leak, however the occurrence of such incident suggests that the information might not be perfectly secure and that future leaks could occur. In New York it was reported that some officers used ALPRs in unmarked vehicles and drove around local mosques in order to catalog the license plates of those in attendance. This shows clearly that not only are these devices a threat to privacy, but that they also serve as a potential tool to enable improper police work. Given these incidents and those that could potentially occur it is clear that police use of ALPRs needs to be reevaluated and put under stricter scrutiny.
What Do Defense Lawyers Do?
What do defense lawyers do? Well, in the context of a DUI charge, a defense lawyer should do everything he or she can to protect the client.
I begin every client intake meeting by explaining Attorney/Client privilege, confidentiality and the fact that I am in the Protection business, not the Judgment business.
A DUI defense lawyer's only job is to protect the interests of the client within the ethical rules that apply to each case. It is the prosecutor's job to prove the case and it is the Court's job to preside over the proceedings, make appropriate rulings of law and impose sentence. A defense lawyer must consider such factors as potential loss of license, potential incarceration, fines, alcohol education/counseling and reciprocity issues that may apply across jurisdictions, when the client is a resident of Massachusetts, for instance, and he/she is facing a DUI charge in New Hampshire. A defense lawyer must properly advise a client of potential consequences so a client can make voluntary decisions regarding his/her case. The classic example is whether a client decides to proceed to trial or enter a plea. This can only be done when a defense lawyer has provided the best information and advice to allow the client to make an intelligent decision, knowing the facts, the law and the risks of proceeding to trial versus entering a plea.
A DUI defense lawyer will act as a shield for his client against the prosecution, and he will act as communicator for his client to the Court. The defense lawyer should seek to protect his client by challenging the prosecution at every turn on every possible issue. A defense lawyer should challenge the admissibility of evidence and assert all constitutional and/or statutory and/or administrative rule based violations. For example:
Did the arresting police officer have reasonable articulable factual grounds to initially stop and seize the client:
Did the arresting officer have probable cause to arrest the client;
Were field sobriety tests administered according to the officer's training and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) standards;
Can evidence of a field sobriety test be excluded, Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus evidence is admissible in New Hampshire, but not in Massachusetts;
Is evidence that the client refused to participate in field sobriety tests or a breath test admissible;
Was the breath test accurate, and were the proper procedures followed during the administration of the test, to include and observation period following correct implied consent process;
Is the blood test admissible, whether it be a hospital lab test, or a forensic sample from the state laboratory;
Can the prosecution prove a prior offense, can a prior offense be vacated because of a faulty plea process;
What is the penalty that applies to this particular case if there is a conviction following plea or trial;
BE PREPARED TO TRY THE DUI CASE TO VERDICT BEFORE A JUDGE OR JURY!
Negotiations with the prosecution, on behalf of a client, are constantly taking place, even as the defense lawyer challenges the government's case. Negotiating from a position of strength benefits the client. When a defense lawyer is prepared to try a DUI case to verdict, and the prosecution knows it, the prospect for a favorable plea resolution increases. When a plea option does not benefit the client, and a case must go to trial, the defense lawyer becomes the ultimate advocate, trying a case to verdict, hopefully a "not guilty" verdict.
Why do I need an attorney in a criminal case?
If you were charged with a crime and you find yourself before a court in Massachusetts or New Hampshire, my advice to you is don't ever go to court without a qualified attorney. You need someone like myself to go to court with you each and every time. The collateral consequences of a criminal conviction can affect so many other aspects of your life. You can lose your ability to gain financial aid as a student, public housing. You could lose your right to carry a firearm or your license to carry. You could lose your driver's license, you could lose your commercial driver's license. You could be denied the right to obtain citizenship. There are so many collateral consequences to a criminal conviction that you absolutely need to go to court with a qualified attorney to protect your rights. There are rules of evidence, there are rules of procedure, that apply to each and every case. And without a qualified attorney, you're going to lose the ability to effectively defend yourself before a court.
DRE Drug Evaluations: Are the Opinions of Police Admissible in Court?
Not all suspected OUI infractions involve alcohol, but in the past, police officers who performed vehicle stops due to erratic driving were limited by their inability to test drivers for substances other than alcohol. The Drug Recognition Evaluation (DRE, also drug recognition expert) was developed in 1979 by the LAPD to give law enforcement in the field a reliable means of testing for substances other than alcohol upon encountering an incapacitated driver who tests negative for alcohol. The drug recognition expert follows a 12 step protocol designed to effectively determine not only if a suspect is under the influence of a substance other than alcohol, but also what that substance is.
DRE in the Courtroom
Numerous cases have upheld the admissibility of DRE testimony in the courtroom, which suggests that the underlying theories of the Drug Recognition Evaluation program are sound. However, it has been argued that a critical examination of the DRE using the Frye and Daubert-Kumho tests for the admissibility of scientific evidence, drug recognition expert testimony should not be used as evidence that a driver was operating a vehicle under the influence of drugs.
In either case, it should be noted that there have been many OUI cases where the testimony of the DRE was admissible, but the prosecuting attorneys were barred from referring to the DRE certified officer as an "expert," even though it was acknowledged that his or her testimony was more informed than that of a layperson. For example, in a 1997 case, Judge Joan G. Seitz ruled that "reference to the trained police officer as an 'expert' in the presence of a jury would be a comment on the evidence and would lend undue weight to one person's testimony and credibility."
Currently, whether or not DRE testimony is admissible in the courtroom is decided on a case by case basis by the presiding judge.
The Case for Admitting DRE Testimony
Those who argue in favor of admitting drug recognition expert testimony often cite its basis in science, the longevity and usefulness of the program, and the fact that the protocol errs in favor of the subject being tested. In 1997, Judge Ronald Kessler observed that "Lay witness in Washington may testify to an opinion of alcohol intoxication… The plaintiff has established that a police officer trained in drug recognition protocol is more than a lay witness, i.e., has greater expertise in recognizing the physiological effects of certain controlled substances than the average citizen." Similarly, Judge Joan G. Seitz stated that "The DRE protocol relies upon a series of tests taken from other scientific and medical specialities. The technique is not novel. It simply relies upon a specific series of tests used for other purposes and relies upon the trained observer to interpret the behavior demonstrated by the subject. The subjective interpretation of the expert is qualified through training and the expert's conclusions are measured against the toxicological analysis of the subject's urine."
The Case Against Admitting DRE Testimony
Opponents of DRE admissibility often argue that while the basic scientific and medical procedure is sound, the individuals performing the Drug Recognition Evaluation are police officers, not trained scientists or medical professionals. Furthermore, though the DRE protocol has been in use for more than 30 years, no formal evaluation has been performed so the drug recognition evaluation program continues to be an experiment rather than a proven law enforcement tool. In 1992, a Baltimore judge ruled DRE testimony inadmissible, stating that "there is [not] a relevant scientific community whose general consensus is that the Drug Recognition Program with nothing else is sufficiently reliable to indicate that one is under the influence of a specific drug or even a specific category of drugs."
It is precisely criticisms like these that make it vital that anyone who has undergone a DRE evaluation needs to hire an experienced attorney ready, willing, and able to challenge the admissibility of the DRE opinion and protocol outside and inside of the courtroom based on the current state of the law as it relates to scientific evidence and expert opinions.
OUI attorney Michael Bowser has years of experience successfully defending those accused of drunk driving in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. If you have been charged with an OUI in Massachusetts or New Hampshire or have questions about OUI penalties in either state, it is vital that you talk to representation who understands the law. Call Attorney Michael Bowser today at 1-888-5BOWSER to discuss DUI penalties and your individual circumstances.
A CWOF is a continuance without a fining. You will see on a CORI, which is your Criminal Offender Record Information, or your BOP, your rap sheet, the letters CWOF, and that stands for continuance without a fining. What that means is that you've entered a plea, you've made an admission to the court that there is sufficient evidence to result in a guilty finding, however, based on either your lawyer's recommendation or the prosecutor's recommendation the court, being the judge, agrees to continue the matter without a fining for a period of time. And a guilty finding does not enter on your court record or on your CORI record. That's significant and important because under state law, it's not considered a criminal conviction. So you can avoid a criminal conviction by obtaining a continuance without a fining. During that one year that it's continued, your placed on probation, your subject to restrictions and conditions and if you violate the terms and conditions the CWOF can be vacated and a guilty finding entered on your record. So you can lose the benefit of the continuance without a fining if you violate the terms of your probation. In an OUI first offense, the most common disposition that you see by way of a plea is a continuance without a fining under the section 24 D of Chapter 90 the drunk driving statute.
People will oftentimes come in to see me on a second offense, OUI or DUI, and say to me "I had a continuance without a fining 6 years ago or 12 years ago, it's not a conviction." It is, for purposes of a drunk driving second offense, a conviction. The continuance without a fining is treated by the courts and the registry of motor vehicles as your first drunk driving offense, regardless of whether it's continued without a fining or not. For that reason, I am not a person who is in favor of walking into court, pleading clients out and getting a continuance without a fining on a typical first offense. I would rather try that case, obtain a dismissal or an acquittal of not guilty, and if a guilty enters, the penalty is, in all likelihood, going to be exactly the same, the only difference being it's a guilty fining vs. a CWOF. The reason being that continuance without a fining is going to be treated as your first offense for the rest of your life and under Melanie's Law, you've then given away a conviction, a first offense, that will be used against you, possibly for the rest of your life if you were ever to be charged again with a drunk driving offense.
It is in your best interest if you are placed in police custody, or if you're in a position, even at roadside, where you've been pulled over and an officer is asking you questions, you have the right to remain silent. You do not have to answer questions that are out to you. And I think very often people feel obligated by, whether it's a guilty conscience or they think it's the right thing to do to always cooperate and provide information to the police, it's not in your best interest. You've heard the expression "everything you say can and will be used against you," that is exactly what will happen. If you were at road side, if you've been pulled over, if the police begin to ask you questions, you should not answer the questions because everything that you say can and will be used against you. It will be construed and looked at from the perspective of an arresting officer who is making the arrest for a prosecution that's going to come later. Everything you say will be included in this report, and if it's damning, if it affects you adversely, it will certainly make it's way into the report and into the courtroom. If you refuse to answer questions, if you exercise your right to remain silent, that's not admissible, they can't use that against you in a courtroom, the fact that you've exercised your constitutional right to remain silent. It's always in your interest to be cooperative, to be polite, not to be belligerent, not to give the police a hard time, but at the same time, it's not in your interest to answer questions. The less you say, the better. As I said, be cooperative, polite, but keep your mouth shut, don't answer questions, and then talk to an attorney.


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Julius von Payer – the Teplice born explorer who discovered Franz Josef Land
https://english.radio.cz/julius-von-payer-teplice-born-explorer-who-discovered-franz-josef-land-8113568#player=on
Length of audio 13:04
Julius Payer, photo: Public Domain
Soldier, topographer, polar explorer, but also painter, Julius von Payer was a man of many skills. Despite being born in the West Bohemian spa town of Teplice, he is a figure unknown to most Czechs today. Nevertheless, his efforts were immortalised by the discovery of a polar archipelago which he named Franz Josef Land.
"In the year of 1868, during our ascent of the Ortler Alps, just one newspaper made it to the tents where my expedition was camping. It told the story of [Captain] Koldewey's preliminary expedition. That evening, I brought the herdsmen and foresters who were accompanying me to our campfire and held a lecture about the North Pole, astounded that there could be such people, who were capable of surviving such terrors of the cold and dark. I had no idea back then that, in a year's time, I myself would be taking part in an expedition to the North Pole…"
This is how Julius Payer begins his account of the Austro-German expedition to an uncharted land near the North Pole. He would end up would end up discovering an archipelago to the far north of Russia and call it Franz Josef Land, a name it still carries today.
Alpine Mountaineer
Payer was born in Šanov, Teplice, in today's Czech Republic to a retired officer of the Austrian army. His now deceased biographer, sociologist and cultural ethnographer Dr Jitka Ortová, wrote that he left Teplice while he was still a child.
"Julius spent his childhood in Teplice, but at the age of ten he had to leave the city to attend cadet school in distant Lobzów near the polish city of Krakow [which was then part of Austria-Hungary]. He was fourteen when his father died. Then he went to the Theresian Military Academy in Vienna's New Town where he learned to honour military uniforms and virtues, to serve the Emperor and his homeland (meaning the monarchy), but also gained an interest in exploration and gaining new knowledge."
"I had no idea back then that, in a year's time, I myself would be taking part in an expedition to the North Pole."
After leaving the academy Payer served in the Austrian army as a lieutenant and fought in the Battle of Custoza against the Sardinians in 1848 during the first Italian War of Independence. He was commanded by another accomplished Bohemian-Austrian – Field Marshal Radetzky – and distinguished himself in the battle, winning the honorary cross for capturing two Italian cannons.
Nevertheless, as he wrote himself years later in his book on exploration, Lieutenant Payer was already being tempted by another challenge while in Italy.
"For three years I was looking from the Verona plain full of desire towards the Alpine chain. I considered exploring the mountains of the Tyrolean Alps as my life mission."
This he would indeed start doing from the age of 21, while still an active army officer. His lust for adventure made him scale Austria's highest mountain, the Grossglockner, and a year later he became the first man to conquer Italy's 3,539 metre high mount Adamello.
These ascents were often dangerous. During one climb he fell down 250 meters into a gorge, but managed to walk away virtually unscathed.
It would be wrong to think of Julius Payer as a simple adventurer. His expeditions were accompanied by rigorous scientific notetaking and led to a relatively detailed map of the surrounding alpine region, a major advance when compared to previous attempts.
Julius Payer - 'Ota Kříž's funeral', photo: Public Domain
Journey to the Arctic
Julius Payer, Carl Weyprecht, photo: Public Domain
By the age of 26 Payer had already scaled some 118 alpine peaks and established a reputation as a competent topographer. It was at this time, in 1868, that Payer was invited by the German geographer August Petermann to participate in the Second German North Polar Expedition to study the shape and features of land surfaces in the Arctic. Dr. Ortová described its mission in her book on Payer in 1972.
"It was the first major voyage of German ships into the Arctic and included plans for spending the winter in the polar region.
"The expedition set out from the port of Bremen in the middle of June 1869 in early summer. It consisted of two ships with distinct names - the parent liner Germania and the auxiliary sailboat Hansa, which carried mainly a supply of coal.
"A month after setting sail Germania hit impenetrable ice off the coast of Greenland and only managed to reach the 75. degree north latitude in mid-August, despite dedicated attempts by the crew to break through."
Payer was intent on overcoming the natural obstacle and by using sleds he managed to travel two degrees further north, mapping out north eastern Greenland in the process.
The expedition only managed to return to Germany two years later in September 1870 amid celebrations of a different kind – the German states under the leadership of Prussia had defeated France and paved the way towards full German unification.
The discovery of Franz Josef Land
Payer's first trip to the Arctic may not have been a great success, but it was not by his own doing. Just two years later he was already leading another, this time Austro-Hungarian expedition to the polar region, together with ship captain Karl Weyprecht.
Rather than heading west towards Greenland, this expedition's task was to map out the regions north of Scandinavia and Russia. It was assumed that the warm Gulf Stream flowed through the seas in this area and that there was an unknown landmass east of the Svalbard – the Norwegian archipelago between mainland Norway and the North Pole.
"Unobstructed, as smoothly as on an inland lake, our ship glided across the shiny water. But rather than shores covered in blooming shrubs, we encountered pale, moving icebergs, which soon took on the appearance of fantastic ghosts in the fog, dissolving into nothingness."
Aside from the Teplice-born Austrian, the crew also included four Czechs - Josef Pospíšil, Eduard Orel Gustav Brosch and Ota Kříž, for whom it would prove fatal.
The expedition set out from Bremerhaven in 1872 headed for the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Payer described the voyage in his account.
"Unobstructed, as smoothly as on an inland lake, our ship glided across the shiny water. But rather than shores covered in blooming shrubs, we encountered pale, moving icebergs, which soon took on the appearance of fantastic ghosts in the fog, dissolving into nothingness. Our immediate surroundings became intangible and colourless, only faint shadows still hovering behind that fog. It seemed to us as if we were sailing without any proper destination."
It soon became clear that the original aims of the expedition could not be accomplished. The ships became trapped in the impenetrable ice sheets around Novaya Zemlya and were forced to drift into the unexplored north eastern regions, captives of their surroundings.
And yet it was this seeming disaster which led the expedition to their great discovery, carrying the helpless ships to the shores of a previously unknown land. Quick on his feet, Payer hoisted the Austro-Hungarian flag over the newly discovered landmass and proclaimed it Franz-Josef Land in honour of his emperor, the name which it still carries today.
Many sled expeditions were soon undertaken under Payer's leadership. The explorers reached as far as the 82. northern latitude, just 8 points away from the North Pole. The officer turned explorer did not forget to pay tribute to his native West Bohemian homeland, giving parts of the newly discovered archipelago the names Teplitz (Teplice) Bay and Šanov Island.
However, the hardest part of the journey was yet to come. It was clear that the ships would remain trapped in the ice. The two commanders therefore had to salvage the lifeboats and make their way some 360 kilometres south to Novaya Zemlya. Peyer described the situation in his book.
"Year after year passes in just the same manner over this inhospitable region in the far north. The feeling of loneliness here does not change with time. Only the sea birds could be heard whizzing over the rocky slopes and the ice sheets never ceased in their advance towards the coast, driven on by the incessant drum of the wind.
"Connected by rope, we made our way over the glacier and, as soon as we reached our stored provisions in Cape Germania, we started melting ice into water. We had learned that the liquid we had stored in our rubber bottles - coffee, rum and bouillon - did not give us strength, but simply increased our thirst."
"We had learned that the liquid we had stored in our rubber bottles, coffee, rum and bouillon, did not give us strength, but simply increased our thirst."
By a combination of luck and strong leadership, they eventually managed to reach water, and row on their lifeboats towards the archipelago, where the expedition was saved by the Russian fishing schooner Nikolai. This enabled them to reach Norway and the European mainland some two and a half years after they had set out.
A triumphal return to Vienna followed, but it was soon soured by the scepticism Payer encountered among his countrymen. Apparently, even his own brother did not believe the claims that the expedition had discovered a new landmass, which Payer had carefully sketched and mapped out. He was awarded just 44 Gulden for his discovery, the equivalent of an Austrian lieutenant's monthly salary, and was never brought on another expedition to the north again.
Some vindication came in 1876, when he was knighted and became Ritter Julius von Payer.
Julius Payer - 'Ortler Alps', photo: Public Domain
Plans to return to the Arctic
With his exploring days over, von Payer instead focused on his other hobbies. He studied painting at one of the most prestigious German art galleries in Frankfurt, producing a number of paintings depicting the struggles of polar explorers, and wrote an account of the Austro-Hungarian polar expedition. He also finally married, fathering a son and a daughter.
"…since there were no cameras at that time, everything was painted and drawn. And that was also great."
Payer never gave up on his dreams of venturing north again. His plans in his latter years, included a trip on which he could paint the Kejser Franz Josef Fjord in Greenland and at the age of seventy, he intended to join an expedition to the North Pole in a submarine.
None of them materialised and, in 1915, as war was being waged across the world, Payer let out his last breath in the small town of Bled situated near his beloved Alps.
Perhaps due to his Austrian nationality, Julius von Payer is a largely unknown figure in today's Czech Republic. However, his hometown of Teplice remedied this by erecting a monument to the explorer in 2017. One of those behind the initiative to build such a tribute was teacher and local politician Martin Ryba.
"He climbed the Alps, during his time in the army, and he was the first man to get to the top of many of their peaks. The army noticed him, and he was recruited into a polar expedition, and since there were no cameras at that time, everything was painted and drawn, a skill which he also excelled in."
Visitors of the spa town can find Julius von Payer's memorial in Šanov Park, just outside his birthplace.
To Antarctica! Czech scientists to study climate change, animals and stress
Czech pensioner becomes the oldest person to ski to both Poles
My work day is never the same, says Czech polar ecologist Marie Šabacká
Adventurer Pavel Sehnal - first Czech to reach both poles in gruelling Last Degree expeditions


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Home > Yacht Racing - Ocean & Coastal > Spanish Team MAPFRE
Volvo Ocean Race - Xabi Fernández: "The principle of proportionality has not been applied"
The International Jury today announced in Lisbon the resolution of the four protests that were affecting three of the Volvo Ocean Race teams: Team SCA, Dongfeng and MAPFRE.
Lisbon (Portugal), 3rd June 2015
The International Jury of the Volvo Ocean Race announced today in Lisbon the resolution of the four protests, which have affected there of the Volvo Ocean Race teams. The Jury, presided by Frenchman Bernard Bonneau, have penalised Team SCA with two additional points to their overall classification, and a point each for Dongfeng and MAPFRE.
Representing the Spanish team, MAPFRE's lawyer Luis Sáenz de Mariscal was present at the hearing along with the team's navigator Jean Luc Nélias.
After hearing the final decision of the International Jury, the reaction of MAPFRE's lawyer was clear, "This is an unfortunate incident; we committed a small error in navigation that took us in the wrong direction for about 700 metres inside Buzzard Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS). It is important to note that there was no merchant traffic, 6 knots of wind, full diurnal visibility and no danger to the navigation. The International Jury has penalised us for that and we have full respect such decision. Having said that, I do not agree with several issues involving these cases," specified Luis Sáenz de Mariscal.
"First of all, with the data that is available to us (AIS position reports), Brunel also sailed inside and in the wrong direction in the Buzzard TSS. However, the Race Committee did not protest Brunel. It is important to note that boats are not allowed to protest for these issues and only the Race Committee may do so."
Sáenz de Mariscal added, "Secondly, DongFeng breached the rule twice. The first time in Buzzard TSS – for more than one kilometre- and, about twelve hours later, for a second instance in the Boston to New York TSS – for more than four kilometres- (Mapfre had to change sails twice to respect that TSS). However, the International Jury decided to impose the same penalty to DongFeng (two breaches) than to Mapfre (one breach). Therefore, the penalties are not proportional to the breaches."
Co-skipper of the Spanish team, Xabi Fernández also added, "In my criteria the principle of proportionality has not been applied here. One point in a leg represents many hours of sacrifice, work, effort,and even risking your life in some cases. An action that didn't provide us with any kind of advantage, has been penalised with a point, and I feel that it is completely disproportionate. We believe there could have been another kind of sanction, such as time in stead of points, to compensate for the error, and which would not have distorted the general classification."
Pedro Campos, Director General of the Spanish team declared, "I believe that a large organisation such as the Volvo Ocean Race should reflect very deeply about the degree of confusion which exists in regard to the rules which define it. In my opinion, when four out of six boats competing make a mistake, and three are penalised for it, the rules are obviously not clear, particularly given that the best navigators in the world are taking part in this race, and they spend many hours and much effort to prepare each leg of the race."
Photo : © María Muiña/ MAPFRE
Filename: 22053b82-b287-431c-be71-0dccc967cd17.jpg
Album name: BYM / Spanish Team MAPFRE
URL: http://bymnews.com/photos/displayimage.php?pos=-260579


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'True Detective' Episode 2: Letting Go Is the Hardest Part (RECAP)
Martin Holmes January 15, 2019 6:30 pm
Spoiler Alert HBO
After the first episode of True Detective set the murky vibe and introduced the third season's mystery, the second installment, "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye," is more of a meditative slow-burn. We focus on the deteriorating mind-state of Wayne (Mahershala Ali), while the investigation pings from suspect to suspect, slowly teasing details in both the past and the present. Whether or not we can trust those details is an important question we have to ask ourselves.
The case of the Purcell children has come to define Wayne's life. It serves as his anchor, one that keeps him grounded to reality but also restricts him from moving forward. "You ever been someplace you couldn't leave, but couldn't stay at the same time?" asks Woodard (Michael Greyeyes), the local Trash Man who is interrogated about the crime. The gloomy detective doesn't respond to the fellow 'Nam vet, but by the end of the episode, we know the answer. Wayne is trapped in a limbo of his fragmented memories.
Whodunnit on 'True Detective' Season 3? An Investigation
All the possible suspects we were introduced to in the first two episodes.
In 2015, Wayne tells his son Henry (Ray Fisher) that the case helps him remember his life. Retreading the investigation and discussing it with the "True Criminal" documentary crew is not just the act of an obsessive mind that can't let go, it is a form of regression therapy. And yet the fractured state of these memories makes them wholly unreliable, not just for Wayne, but for the audience, and that could turn out to be the major strength of True Detective's storytelling in season three.
For example, when Elisa (Sarah Gadon), the documentary director, asks Wayne if he ever felt his theories were discounted because of his race, he tells her no. However, in 1980, after prosecuting attorney Jeff Kent (Brett Cullen) ignores Wayne's advice and goes public with vital information, he berates Roland (Stephen Dorff) for not backing him up, implying the higher-ups would have listened had it come from a white detective. It's unclear if Wayne just didn't want to admit this to the ratings-chasing Elisa or if it's something he'd genuinely forgotten due to his dementia. That's what makes this splintered narrative so intriguing.
Photo: HBO
The dead-ends in Wayne's memories are reflected in the empty paths he keeps following during the 1980 investigation. All the suspects he and Roland interview lead to nowhere. Woodward, whose wife and kids left him after he returned from the war, may be a sketchy figure to the townsfolk, but Wayne and Roland have no evidence to suggest he was involved in the death of young Will or knows the whereabouts of Julie.
Later, at Will's funeral, Lucy Purcell's (Mamie Gummer) creepy cousin Dan (Michael Graziadei) gives the detectives the short shrift. He confesses to leaving the Playboys in the boy's bedroom but denies having anything to do with the crime, claiming he was at a bar the night the kids went missing. Wayne and Roland also question the emotionally distraught grandparents but are cut-off by Tom Purcell (Scoot McNairy), who we learn may not be Julie's biological father.
The only solid lead arrives after Wayne asks Amelia (Carmen Ejogo) to ask her students if they recognize the spooky straw dolls. One boy remembers that Julie received one of the dolls on Halloween while they were trick-or-treating. He also recalls seeing Julie talking to two unknown adults wearing ghost sheets. Wayne shares his desire to keep this info under wraps so as not to tip off the killer. But this big clue is blown when Kent reveals the details in a public press conference, which only serves to stir up panic and paranoia.
'True Detective' Gets Back to Its Southern Gothic Roots in Eerie Season 3 Premiere (RECAP)
'True Detective' returns with a chilling new investigation and a top-notch performance from Mahershala Ali.
Frustrated and angry, Wayne and Roland chase down a child sex offender who recently moved to the area. It seems clear early on that neither cop believes he is the culprit, but they still take pleasure in beating him to a bloody pulp and threatening him with prison rape. "You will bleed black c**k," Wayne tells him. There is most certainly a twisted side to the man who was nicknamed Purple Hays by his fellow 'Nam soldiers. He also does a surprisingly good impression of a lightsaber.
Wayne leans further into his dark, lone-wolf persona across this episode, especially in his barside chat with Amelia. The two open up to one another about their backgrounds. He hunts. She's a vegetarian. He fought in 'Nam. She's anti-war. She wants to be a writer. He's dyslexic and more of a comic book guy - his favorites obviously being Batman and the Silver Surfer (two reclusive vigilantes). It's easy to see what Wayne means in 2015 when he tells his son, "She and I always had different ideas."
Despite these differences, there are also commonalities between the brooding detective and the friendly teacher. Both profess their desire not to get married - with Amelia admitting to backing out of a seven-month engagement. And both have a self-confessed "crazy" side. Wayne wears a clip-on tie because he's preoccupied with the thought of being strangled with it. While Amelia reveals she sometimes takes trips to St. Louis where she pretends to be a completely different person. It's fitting that these two marriage-opposing crazies ended up married with kids.
Towards the closing moments of the episode, Wayne and Roland are called back to the Purcell house after the family receives an ominous note. The message, made up of letters cut from a magazine, claims that Julie is "in a good place and safe" and warns "do not look, let go." But letting go is what Wayne finds so difficult, even when his mind is trying to let go for him, he battles against it.
In 1990, all Wayne can think about is Julie still being alive, but the lawyers are not forthcoming with details, at least at first. Alan Jones (Jon Tenney), one of the lawyers who used to work for Kent, does later meet up with Wayne and share some info. He tells him that they don't know if Julie's prints mean she was part of the robbery or a customer at the store. Jones also mentions he has "an appointment" with Roland, remarking that Wayne's former partner "has done well for himself." We don't yet know what Roland has become, but it doesn't appear the Purcell case has plagued him in the same way it has Wayne.
Wayne's obsession with the case has affected his family life. In 1990, he's inattentive to his young kids as his mind instead lingers on the child he was unable to find ten years ago. The Hays children grew up around the case; their father as the lead investigator and their mother writing a book about it. But Amelia was able to put it behind her and move on, writing six novels after her true-crime bestseller. Wayne, however, never let it go, leading to an estranged relationship with his daughter.
Roush Review: 'True Detective' Returns With a Haunting Mystery & Intricately Woven Story
Does time heals or make the truth harder to grasp?
At the end of the episode, 2015 Wayne is transposed from a family dinner with his grandkids to the street where the Purcell house used to be. He stands on the dark, empty road in his pajamas and slippers, a look of confusion and fear on his face. Ali, who is fantastic again throughout the episode, sells the despair and discomfort beautifully. Wayne is not only lost in his memories, which are now crashing into each other, but he is also displaced in time. He can't let go of the past but can't grab hold of it either.
Extra Case Notes
-The news about the straw dolls leads to further panic about Satanic rituals which I talked about in the premiere recap and how it related to the West Memphis Three case. In this episode, Elisa ties the dolls to pedophile rings and references the Franklin scandal which began in June 1988 in Omaha, Nebraska. The Franklin scandal was later discredited as a hoax.
-Elisa also makes reference to the "crooked spiral" which is a nod to season one. The symbol was carved into the back of Dora Lange and was often seen in Rust Cohle's visions. Whether this has a deeper meaning or is just a neat reference for True Detective fans remains to be seen.
-Sticking with Elisa, she drops a couple more nuggets of info when interviewing Wayne. First, she asks Wayne about him leaving the force in 1990 and then she asks for his opinion on the theories to do with "Julie and her father." Wayne doesn't answer these questions so we're none-the-wiser to what happened in either scenario. We also don't know if the "father" means Tom or Julie's biological dad.
-Major props to Scoot McNairy for his performance as Tom Purcell. He totally inhabits the role of the broken and tormented father. "I can't sleep and I can't wake up," is a heartbreaker of a line and McNairy delivers it with such emotion.
-Not much action from the purple Beetle teens in this episode but we do see a couple of them arguing in the background as Amelia asks around about the straw dolls.
-Wayne's daughter, Rebecca, is now a musician living in LA, according to Henry. Apparently the last time she saw her dad was at her mom's funeral.
True Detective, Season 3, Sundays, 9/8c, HBO
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12 Movie Stars Who Successfully Transitioned to TV (PHOTOS)


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Q: Can I safely charge an older iPhone using a USB-C to Lightning cable? The iPhone 12 now ships with a USB-C to Lightning cable. Is it safe to plug this into a USB-C charger on one end and an old iPhone, like an iPhone 5, on the other end? Obviously the iPhone 5 would have no idea that something like USB-C exist. So would it cause damage, or would it charge at slow USB-A speed, or would it use the maximum charging power that the iPhone can handle?
Would it also be Ok if the charger is high powered, like a 90 Watt charger used to charge a MacBook?

A: All Apple USB-C chargers support USB-PD, the power delivery specification to select a safe voltage for the connected device.  The voltages supplied are 5V, 9V, 20V, and sometimes something in the middle somewhere like 14.5V.  The current supplied at each voltage will be somewhere between 2 an 3 amps at the lower voltages, the higher voltages come with higher current from 3 to 5 amps.
Here's some educated guesses and close approximations at what volts and amps the different Apple, and non-Apple, USB-C/USB-PD power supplies will provide.

Power
5 Volts
9 Volts
15.2 Volts
20.4 Volts

12 watts
2.4 amps

18 or 20 watts
2.4 amps
2.x amps

27 watts
2.4 amps
3 amps

29 or 30 watts
2.4 amps
3 amps
1.x amps
1.x amps

45 to 61 watts
2.4 amps
3 amps
3 amps
2.x amps

82 to 96 watts
2.4 amps
3 amps
3 amps
4.x amps

The older iPhone might not know about USB-C but the charger knows that it will provide only 5 volts unless the iPhone asks for more.  Newer phones and laptops will ask for more, up to the maximum power it can take or the maximum the power supply can provide.
A pattern you may notice is that they wanted to keep the current between 2 and 3 amps, if more power was needed then step up the voltage first, and exceed 3 amps only once 20 volts is reached.  This was to keep cable costs low since a 5 amp cable had to use more material and be built to handle more heat.  There was also a preference for lower voltages as that kept the material costs low as well.


This article explains how you can (for practical purposes) put multiple pictures on your facebook profile. Basically you will go from multiple photos to something like this, ready to upload to facebook.
UPDATE: So, I tried uploading my image, but it looks like they are now limiting the dimensions of the profile picture. You can't have it a whole lot longer than it is wide. Unfortunate indeed.
First, go find a computer with Imagemagick installed on it already, or install it yourself. Fortunately, I had previously installed it on my own linux computer. If you go to the University of Michigan, like I do, you can also find it installed on some of the servers that you can SSH into for IFS. For example, sftp.itd.umich.edu has it installed. For the rest of this article I'm going to assume you are using IFS.
First, find the pictures you want on your profile. Edit them to suit your tastes by taking out red eye, cropping them, and what not. Or, just leave them be. Whatever.
Open an SSH terminal to that same folder.
Then press enter. It might take a short while. When the prompt comes back again, refresh the view of the folder (View -> Refresh) and download the output image. There ya go. Now, upload that image to facebook, and you are ready to rock! Contact me if you have any questions.
This entry was posted on Friday, January 6th, 2006 at 7:50 pm	and is filed under UofM Students. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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package org.zaproxy.zap.model;

import org.junit.Test;

import java.nio.file.Paths;

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;

public class SessionUtilsUnitTest {

    @Test
    public void shouldRetrieveExistingSessionFile() throws Exception {
        String session = "test.session";

        assertThat(SessionUtils.getSessionPath(session), is(equalTo(Paths.get("test.session"))));
    }

    @Test
    public void shouldAppendSessionFiletypeAndRetrieveSessionFile() throws Exception {
        String session = "test";

        assertThat(SessionUtils.getSessionPath(session), is(equalTo(Paths.get("test.session"))));
    }

    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
    public void shouldFailOnNullForSessionInput() throws Exception {
        SessionUtils.getSessionPath(null);
    }

}


2) The Contact Details will open up in the right panel.
3) You can then scroll down and see the "Account Activity" section.
How do I retrieve a voicemail, recording, or transcription?
How do I integrate with OneHQ?


This number has been identified to belong to Moorcroft.
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01617174264Who called me on this number... When I tried to return the call it just got cut.
01617172421Called me many times these last days but no voice mail, is it a safe number?
01617172110I am receiving numerous calls from this number despite having registered my number to block calls where possible.I never answer numbers I don't recognise but still consider this an intrusion...is there anything else I can do?
Do you think Moorcroft is not the owner of this phone?


Full payment is due at time of pickup. I require 50% of the price of the animal in order to hold a goat.
If interested in young goat kids or bottle babies, please see KIDS page, as I will not post kids on the FOR SALE page until they are weaned.
This girl definitely has the Kiko hardiness. Great hooves, good temperament. Kidded twin doelings 2/13/2019.
This yearling doe is beautiful and hardy. Great hooves, good temperament.
More Goats for sale soon!
Sold! Thank you Dennis and Dana!
*SOLD* Thank you Nigel and Kari!
SOLD! Thank you Stephanie and Spenser!
SOLD! Thank you Laura and Dusty!
Spunky 75% Kiko 25% Boer Buckling out of Patch and Firecracker. Sold as a bottle baby to Wayne and Maria from Mt. Vernon, WA.
This girl is a muscular, beautiful doeling with great hooves. She is a low maintenance girl out of Patch our unregistered 50/50 doe and Firecracker our 100% Purebred Kiko buck. If bred to a fullblood Boer buck she will give you 5/8 Kiko and 3/8 Boer kids, said to be the ultimate meat goat!
Bottle baby sold to Lea from Rochester, WA.
Firecracker throws beautiful colored kids: pure whites, browns, tans, blacks, solids, markings, forehead stars, etc.
Low maintenance hooves. Great parasite resistance. Excellent bloodlines. SOLD - Thank you Brenda!
Darla was a beautiful dappled doe (out of Bobette and Aubry and Sons Jack Sparrow buck). Sold to a nice couple in Molalla, OR.
Boomer was a happy going wether (out of Josette and Aubry and Sons Jest Checkin'). Sold to Amanda in Longview, WA.
Triplet bucklings out of Bobette and Firecracker. Sold as bottle babies to a family in Snohomish, WA.