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The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50–60 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of the Nile meet. The languages extend through 17 nations in the northern half of Africa: from Algeria to Benin in the west; from Libya to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the centre; and from Egypt to Tanzania in the east.

As indicated by its hyphenated name, Nilo-Saharan is a family of the African interior, including the greater Nile Basin and the Central Sahara Desert. Eight of its proposed constituent divisions (excluding Kunama, Kuliak, and Songhay) are found in the modern countries of Sudan and South Sudan, through which the Nile River flows.

In his book The Languages of Africa (1963), Joseph Greenberg named the group and argued it was a genetic family. It contains the languages which are not included in the Niger–Congo, Afroasiatic or Khoisan groups. Although some linguists have referred to the phylum as "Greenberg's wastebasket", into which he placed all the otherwise unaffiliated non-click languages of Africa, specialists in the field have accepted its reality since Greenberg's classification. Its supporters accept that it is a challenging proposal to demonstrate but contend that it looks more promising the more work is done.

Some of the constituent groups of Nilo-Saharan are estimated to predate the African neolithic. For example, the unity of Eastern Sudanic is estimated to date to at least the 5th millennium BC. Nilo-Saharan genetic unity would thus be much older still and date to the late Upper Paleolithic. The earliest written language associated with the Nilo-Saharan family is Old Nubian, one of the oldest written African languages attested in writing from the 8th to the 15th century AD.

This larger classification system is not accepted by all linguists, however. Glottolog (2013), for example, a publication of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, does not recognise the unity of the Nilo-Saharan family or even of the Eastern Sudanic branch; Georgiy Starostin (2016) likewise does not accept a relationship between the branches of Nilo-Saharan, though he leaves open the possibility that some of them may prove to be related to each other once the necessary reconstructive work is done. According to Güldemann (2018), "the current state of research is not sufficient to prove the Nilo-Saharan hypothesis."

Characteristics
The constituent families of Nilo-Saharan are quite diverse. One characteristic feature is a tripartite singulative–collective–plurative number system, which Blench (2010) believes is a result of a noun-classifier system in the protolanguage. The distribution of the families may reflect ancient watercourses in a green Sahara during the Neolithic Subpluvial, when the desert was more habitable than it is today.

Major languages
Within the Nilo-Saharan languages are a number of languages with at least a million speakers (most data from SIL's Ethnologue 16 (2009)). In descending order:
Luo (Dholuo, 4.4 million). Dholuo language of the Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania, Kenya's third largest ethnicity after the Niger–Congo-speaking Agĩkũyũ and Luhya). (The term "Luo" is also used for a wider group of languages which includes Dholuo.)
Kanuri (4.0 million, all dialects; 4.7 million if Kanembu is included). The major ethnicity around Lake Chad.
Songhay (3.2 million all dialects, mostly Zarma). Spread along the Niger River in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, throughout the historic Songhai Empire, including its former capital Gao and the well-known city of Timbuktu and Djenne.
Teso (1.9 million). Related to Karamojong, Turkana, Toposa and Nyangatom
Nubian (1.7 million, all dialects). The language of Nubia, extending today from southern Egypt into northern Sudan. Many Nubians have also migrated northwards to Cairo since the building of the Aswan Dam.
Lugbara (1.7 million, 2.2 if Aringa (Low Lugbara) is included). The major Central Sudanic language; Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Nandi–Markweta languages (Kalenjin, 1.6 million). Kenyan Rift Valley, Kapchorua Uganda.
Lango (1.5 million). A Luo language, one of the major languages of Uganda.
Dinka (1.4 million). The major ethnicity of South Sudan.
Acholi (1.2 million). Another Luo language of Uganda.
Nuer (1.1 million in 2011, significantly more today). The language of the Nuer, another numerous people from South Sudan and Ethiopia.
Maasai (1.0 million). Spoken by the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania, one of the most well-known African peoples internationally.
Ngambay (1.0 million with Laka). Central Sudanic, the principal language of southern Chad.

Some other important Nilo-Saharan languages under 1 million speakers:
Fur (500,000 in 1983, significantly more today). The eponymous language of Darfur Province in western Sudan.
Tubu (350,000 to 400,000) One of the northernmost Nilo-Saharan languages, extending from Nigeria, Niger, and Chad into Libya. Most Tubu speakers live in Northern Chad close to the Tibesti Mountains. Tubu has two main varieties: the Daza language and the Teda language.

The total for all speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages according to Ethnologue 16 is 38–39 million people. However, the data spans a range from ca. 1980 to 2005, with a weighted median at ca. 1990. Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million.

History of the proposal
The Saharan family (which includes Kanuri, Kanembu, the Tebu languages, and Zaghawa) was recognized by Heinrich Barth in 1853, the Nilotic languages by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by Friedrich Müller in 1889, and the Maban family by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes in 1907. The first inklings of a wider family came in 1912, when Diedrich Westermann included three of the (still independent) Central Sudanic families within Nilotic in a proposal he called Niloto-Sudanic; this expanded Nilotic was in turn linked to Nubian, Kunama, and possibly Berta, essentially Greenberg's Macro-Sudanic (Chari–Nile) proposal of 1954.

In 1920 G. W. Murray fleshed out the Eastern Sudanic languages when he grouped Nilotic, Nubian, Nera, Gaam, and Kunama. Carlo Conti Rossini made similar proposals in 1926, and in 1935 Westermann added Murle. In 1940 A. N. Tucker published evidence linking five of the six branches of Central Sudanic alongside his more explicit proposal for East Sudanic. In 1950 Greenberg retained Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic as separate families, but accepted Westermann's conclusions of four decades earlier in 1954 when he linked them together as Macro-Sudanic (later Chari–Nile, from the Chari and Nile Watersheds).

Greenberg's later contribution came in 1963, when he tied Chari–Nile to Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman-Gumuz and coined the current name Nilo-Saharan for the resulting family. Lionel Bender noted that Chari–Nile was an artifact of the order of European contact with members of the family and did not reflect an exclusive relationship between these languages, and the group has been abandoned, with its constituents becoming primary branches of Nilo-Saharan—or, equivalently, Chari–Nile and Nilo-Saharan have merged, with the name Nilo-Saharan retained. When it was realized that the Kadu languages were not Niger–Congo, they were commonly assumed to therefore be Nilo-Saharan, but this remains somewhat controversial.

Progress has been made since Greenberg established the plausibility of the family. Koman and Gumuz remain poorly attested and are difficult to work with, while arguments continue over the inclusion of Songhai. Blench (2010) believes that the distribution of Nilo-Saharan reflects the waterways of the wet Sahara 12,000 years ago, and that the protolanguage had noun classifiers, which today are reflected in a diverse range of prefixes, suffixes, and number marking.

Internal relationships
Dimmendaal (2008) notes that Greenberg (1963) based his conclusion on strong evidence and that the proposal as a whole has become more convincing in the decades since. Mikkola (1999) reviewed Greenberg's evidence and found it convincing. Roger Blench notes morphological similarities in all putative branches, which leads him to believe that the family is likely to be valid.

Koman and Gumuz are poorly known and have been difficult to evaluate until recently. Songhay is markedly divergent, in part due to massive influence from the Mande languages. Also problematic are the Kuliak languages, which are spoken by hunter-gatherers and appear to retain a non-Nilo-Saharan core; Blench believes they might have been similar to Hadza or Dahalo and shifted incompletely to Nilo-Saharan.

Anbessa Tefera and Peter Unseth consider the poorly attested Shabo language to be Nilo-Saharan, though unclassified within the family due to lack of data; Dimmendaal and Blench, based on a more complete description, consider it to be a language isolate on current evidence. Proposals have sometimes been made to add Mande (usually included in Niger–Congo), largely due to its many noteworthy similarities with Songhay rather than with Nilo-Saharan as a whole, however this relationship is more likely due to a close relationship between Songhay and Mande many thousands of years ago in the early days of Nilo-Saharan, so the relationship is probably more one of ancient contact than a genetic link.

The extinct Meroitic language of ancient Kush has been accepted by linguists such as Rille, Dimmendaal, and Blench as Nilo-Saharan, though others argue for an Afroasiatic affiliation. It is poorly attested.

There is little doubt that the constituent families of Nilo-Saharan—of which only Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic show much internal diversity—are valid groups. However, there have been several conflicting classifications in grouping them together. Each of the proposed higher-order groups has been rejected by other researchers: Greenberg's Chari–Nile by Bender and Blench, and Bender's Core Nilo-Saharan by Dimmendaal and Blench. What remains are eight (Dimmendaal) to twelve (Bender) constituent families of no consensus arrangement.

Greenberg 1963

Joseph Greenberg, in The Languages of Africa, set up the family with the following branches. The Chari–Nile core are the connections that had been suggested by previous researchers.

Gumuz was not recognized as distinct from neighbouring Koman; it was separated out (forming "Komuz") by Bender (1989).

Bender 1989, 1991
Lionel Bender came up with a classification which expanded upon and revised that of Greenberg. He considered Fur and Maban to constitute a Fur–Maban branch, added Kadu to Nilo-Saharan, removed Kuliak from Eastern Sudanic, removed Gumuz from Koman (but left it as a sister node), and chose to posit Kunama as an independent branch of the family. By 1991 he had added more detail to the tree, dividing Chari–Nile into nested clades, including a Core group in which Berta was considered divergent, and coordinating Fur–Maban as a sister clade to Chari–Nile.

Bender revised his model of Nilo-Saharan again in 1996, at which point he split Koman and Gumuz into completely separate branches of Core Nilo-Saharan.

Ehret 1989
Christopher Ehret came up with a novel classification of Nilo-Saharan as a preliminary part of his then-ongoing research into the macrofamily. His evidence for the classification was not fully published until much later (see Ehret 2001 below), and so it did not attain the same level of acclaim as competing proposals, namely those of Bender and Blench.

Bender 2000
By 2000 Bender had entirely abandoned the Chari–Nile and Komuz branches. He also added Kunama back to the "Satellite–Core" group and simplified the subdivisions therein. He retracted the inclusion of Shabo, stating that it could not yet be adequately classified but might prove to be Nilo-Saharan once sufficient research has been done. This tentative and somewhat conservative classification held as a sort of standard for the next decade.

Ehret 2001
Ehret's updated classification was published in his book A Historical–Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan (2001). This model is notable in that it consists of two primary branches: Gumuz–Koman, and a Sudanic group containing the rest of the families (see Sudanic languages § Nilo-Saharan for more detail). Also, unusually, Songhay is well-nested within a core group and coordinate with Maban in a "Western Sahelian" clade, and Kadu is not included in Nilo-Saharan. Note that "Koman" in this classification is equivalent to Komuz, i.e. a family with Gumuz and Koman as primary branches, and Ehret renames the traditional Koman group as "Western Koman".

Blench 2006

Niger-Saharan, a language macrofamily linking the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan phyla, was proposed by Blench (2006). It is highly controversial and not accepted by mainstream linguistics. Blench's (2006) internal classification of the Niger-Saharan macrophylum is as follows.

Proto-Niger-Saharan
Songhay, Saharan, Maba, Fur, Kuliak, Berta, Kunama, Komuz, Shabo
Kado-Sudanic
Kado (Kadugli-Krongo)
Niger-Sudanic
East Sudanic
Niger-Central Sudanic
Central Sudanic
Niger-Congo

According to Blench (2006), typological features common to both Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan include:
Phonology: ATR vowel harmony and the labial-velars /kp/ and /gb/
Noun-class affixes: e.g., ma- affix for mass nouns in Nilo-Saharan
Verbal extensions and plural verbs

Blench 2010
With a better understanding of Nilo-Saharan classifiers, and the affixes or number marking they have developed into in various branches, Blench believes that all of the families postulated as Nilo-Saharan belong together. He proposes the following tentative internal classification, with Songhai closest to Saharan, a relationship that had not previously been suggested:

? Mimi of Decorse

Blench 2015
By 2015, and again in 2017, Blench had refined the subclassification of this model, linking Maban with Fur, Kadu with Eastern Sudanic, and Kuliak with the node that contained them, for the following structure:

Blench (2021) concludes that Maban may be close to Eastern Sudanic.

Starostin (2016)

Georgiy Starostin (2016), using lexicostatistics based on Swadesh lists, is more inclusive than Glottolog, and in addition finds probable and possible links between the families that will require reconstruction of the proto-languages for confirmation. Starostin also does not consider Greenberg's Nilo-Saharan to be a valid, coherent clade.

In addition to the families listed in Glottolog (previous section), Starostin considers the following to be established:

Northern "K" Eastern Sudanic or "NNT" (Nubian, Nara, and Tama; see below for Nyima)
Southern "N" Eastern Sudanic (Surmic, Temein, Jebel, Daju, Nilotic), though their exact relationships to each other remain obscure
Central Sudanic (including Birri and Kresh–Aja, which may prove to be closest to each other)
Koman (including Gule)

A relationship of Nyima with Nubian, Nara, and Tama (NNT) is considered "highly likely" and close enough that proper comparative work should be able to demonstrate the connection if it's valid, though it would fall outside NNT proper (see Eastern Sudanic languages).

Other units that are "highly likely" to eventually prove to be valid families are:
East Sudanic as a whole
Central Sudanic – Kadu (Central Sudanic + Kadugli–Krongo)
Maba–Kunama (Maban + Kunama)
Komuz (Koman + Gumuz)

In summary, at this level of certainty, "Nilo-Saharan" constitutes ten distinct and separate language families: Eastern Sudanic, Central Sudanic – Kadu, Maba–Kunama, Komuz, Saharan, Songhai, Kuliak, Fur, Berta, and Shabo.

Possible further "deep" connections, which cannot be evaluated until the proper comparative work on the constituent branches has been completed, are:

Eastern Sudanic + Fur + Berta
Central Sudanic – Kadu + Maba–Kunama

There are faint suggestions that Eastern and Central Sudanic may be related (essentially the old Chari–Nile clade), though that possibility is "unexplorable under current conditions" and could be complicated if Niger–Congo were added to the comparison. Starostin finds no evidence that the Komuz, Kuliak, Saharan, Songhai, or Shabo languages are related to any of the other Nilo-Saharan languages. Mimi-D and Meroitic were not considered, though Starostin had previously proposed that Mimi-D was also an isolate despite its slight similarity to Central Sudanic.

In a follow up study published in 2017, Starostin reiterated his previous points as well as explicitly accepting a genetic relationship between Macro-East Sudanic and Macro-Central Sudanic. Starostin names this proposal "Macro-Sudanic". The classification is as follows.

 Macro-Sudanic macrofamily
 Macro-Central Sudanic family
 Central Sudanic family
 Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi (West-Central Sudanic branch)
 Kresh-Aja-Birri
 East-Central Sudanic branch
 Mangbutu-Efe
 Mangbetu-Asoa
 Lendu-Ngiti
 Moru-Madi
 Krongo-Kadugli (Kadu) group
 Maba group
 Macro-Eastern Sudanic family
 Eastern Sudanic family
 Northeast Sudanic family
 Nubian group
 Tama group
 Nara language
 Nyimang-Afitti Group
 Southeast Sudanic family
 Surmic languages (Southern Surmic + Northern Surmic / Majang branches)
 Nilotic languages (Western, Eastern, Southern branches)
 Jebel group
 Temein group
 Daju group
 Berta group
 Fur-Amdang group
 Kunama-Ilit group
 Koman-Gumuz ("Komuz") family
 Koman family
 "Narrow Koman" group
 Gule (Anej) language
 Gumuz languages (group)
 Saharan family
 Western Saharan group (Kanuri-Kanembu + Teda-Dazaga)
 Eastern Saharan group (Zaghawa + Berti)
 Kuliak group
 Songhay group
 Shabo language (Mikeyir)

Starostin (2017) finds significant lexical similarities between Kadu and Central Sudanic, while some lexical similarities also shared by Central Sudanic with Fur-Amdang, Berta, and Eastern Sudanic to a lesser extent.

Dimmendaal 2016, 2019
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal suggests the following subclassification of Nilo-Saharan:

Dimmendaal et al. consider the evidence for the inclusion of Kadu and Songhay too weak to draw any conclusions at present, whereas there is some evidence that Koman and Gumuz belong together and may be Nilo-Saharan.

The large Northeastern division is based on several typological markers:
 tolerance of complex syllable structure
 higher amount of both inflectional and derivational morphology, including the presence of cases
 verb-final (SOV or OSV) word order
 coverb + light verb constructions
 converbs

Glottolog 4.0 (2019)
In summarizing the literature to date, Hammarström et al. in Glottolog do not accept that the following families are demonstrably related with current research:

Berta
Central Sudanic (excluding Kresh–Aja; Birri also questionable)
Daju (putatively East Sudanic)
Eastern Jebel (putatively East Sudanic)
Furan
Gule
Gumuz
Kadugli–Krongo
Koman (excluding Gule)
Kresh–Aja (putatively Central Sudanic)
Kuliak
Kunama
Maban (including Mimi-N)
Mimi-Gaudefroy (Mimi-D)
Nara (putatively East Sudanic)
Nilotic (putatively East Sudanic)
Nubian (putatively East Sudanic)
Nyimang (putatively East Sudanic)
Saharan
Shabo
Songhai
Surmic (putatively East Sudanic)
Tama (putatively East Sudanic)
Temein (putatively East Sudanic)

External relations
Proposals for the external relationships of Nilo-Saharan typically center on Niger–Congo: Gregersen (1972) grouped the two together as Kongo–Saharan. However, Blench (2011) proposed that the similarities between Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan (specifically Atlantic–Congo and Central Sudanic) are due to contact, with the noun-class system of Niger–Congo developed from, or elaborated on the model of, the noun classifiers of Central Sudanic.

Phonology
Nilo-Saharan languages present great differences, being a highly diversified group. It has proven difficult to reconstruct many aspects of Proto-Nilo-Saharan. Two very different reconstructions of the proto-language have been proposed by Lionel Bender and Christopher Ehret.

Bender's reconstruction
The consonant system reconstructed by Bender for Proto-Nilo-Saharan is:

The phonemes  correspond to coronal plosives, the phonetic details are difficult to specify, but clearly, they remain distinct from  and supported by many phonetic correspondences (another author, C. Ehret, reconstructs for the coronal area the sound  and  which perhaps are closer to the phonetic detail of , see infra)

Bender gave a list of about 350 cognates and discussed in depth the grouping and the phonological system proposed by Ch. Ehret. Blench (2000) compares both systems (Bender's and Ehret's) and prefers the former because it is more secure and is based in more reliable data. For example, Bender points out that there is a set of phonemes including implosives , ejectives  and prenasal constants , but it seems that they can be reconstructed only for core groups (E, I, J, L) and the collateral group (C, D, F, G, H), but not for Proto-Nilo-Saharan.

Ehret's reconstruction
Christopher Ehret used a less clear methodology and proposed a maximalist phonemic system:

Ehret's maximalist system has been criticized by Bender and Blench. These authors state that the correspondences used by Ehret are not very clear and because of this many of the sounds in the table may only be allophonic variations.

Morphology
Dimmendaal (2016) cites the following morphological elements as stable across Nilo-Saharan:
 Causative prefix: *ɪ- or *i-
 Deverbal noun (abstract / participial / agent) prefix: *a-
 Number suffixes: *-i, *-in, *-k
 Reflexive marker: *rʊ
 Personal pronouns: first person singular *qa, second person singular *yi
 Logophoric pronoun: *(y)ɛ
 Deictic markers: singular *n, plural *k
 Postpositions: possessive *ne, locative *ta
 Preposition: *kɪ
 Negative verb: *kʊ

Comparative vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary in different Nilo-Saharan branches:

Note: In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.

Population History
In the Sahel and East Africa Nilo-Saharan speakers are associated with the ruling class of powerful empires and sultanates that have dominated the region such as the Gao Empire, being the largest contiguous Songhai Empire that dominated the Sahel, West Africa, the Sahara/Maghreb and Central Africa, the Kanem-Bornu Empire in Central Africa, the Sultanate of Damagaram, the Wadai Empire, the Sultanate of Baguirmi, the Sultanate of Darfur, the Sultanate of Sennar, the Zabarma Emirate, and the Shilluk Kingdom.

The pastoralist Tutsi and the Rutara people of the great lakes are also of Nilotic ancestry and have led the powerful kingdom of Rwanda, the Kingdom of Burundi , the Kingdom of Bunyoro, the Kitara Empire, the Kingdom of Toro, the Kingdom of Buganda, the Kingdom of Karagwe, and the Kingdom of Rwenzururu established on the Bantu peoples from which they adopted the language, but preserved the bovine pastoralism of the Nilotic peoples.

See also
Languages of Sudan
Nilo-Saharan word lists (Wiktionary)

References

Further reading

Pertti Mikkola, 1999. "Nilo-Saharan revisited: some observations concerning the best etymologies". Nordic Journal of African Studies, 8(2):108–138.

External relationships
Roger Blench, 2011. "Can Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger-Congo noun classes?",  CALL 41, Leiden

External links
Roger Blench: Nilo-Saharan
Nilo-Saharan list (Blench 2012)
Map of Nilo-Saharan
Popular Overview of Nilo-Saharan

Proposed language families


William C. Nell was an #African American civic activist, abolitionist, and historian. Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Nell was the son of William Guion Nell, a prominent tailor and #black activist. William C. Nell was introduced to racial inequality and black activism from birth. In the 1830s, he became politically active as a member of the Juvenile Garrison Independent Society where he wrote plays and hosted political debates while being mentored by William Lloyd Garrison. Nell was a printer's apprentice for Garrison's newspaper, the Liberator. Nell came of age in the 1840s, as a leader in the campaign to desegregate the Boston railroad (1843) and Boston performance halls (1853). He was also a founding member of the New England Freedom Association in 1842, a black Boston organization that assisted fugitive slaves in their efforts to gain freedom.
Nell's activism had its greatest impact in ending segregation in Boston's public education system. This campaign began in 1840, as Nell co-authored a petition to the Massachusetts Legislature that had over 2000 signatures from the black Boston community demanding school integration. Nell's efforts to desegregate Boston's schools initiated a century-long nationwide campaign which climaxed in Brown v. Board of Education (1954-55).
Nell the historian published Services of Colored Americans in the Wars of 1776 and 1812 (1851) and The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (1855) two of the earliest histories of African Americans. In 1850 Nell ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Massachusetts Legislature on the Free Soil Party ticket. In 1861, he became the first African American to hold a federal position as clerk in the U.S. Postal Department. Nell also co-founded the Massasoit Guards, a black military company (1854), and successfully petitioned Boston to acknowledge African American Revolutionary War hero Crispus Attucks through annual celebrations beginning in 1858 and eventually with a memorial on the Boston Commons in 1888.
"William Cooper Nell (1816 – 1874)," in Boston African-American National Historic Site, National Park Service, (2002); William C. Nell, "The Triumph of Equal School Rights in Boston," in Philip S. Foner and Robert James Branham (eds.), Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787-1900 (Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press, 1998).


In a saucepan, heat the oil. Add the shallot and garlic and cook over moderate heat until softened, 3 minutes. Add the bourbon and carefully ignite it. Add the orange juice, molasses, vinegar, orange zest, thyme, cinnamon and salt and simmer over moderate heat until reduced to a scant cup, 15 minutes. Let cool.
One Serving: 215 cal, 7.2 gm fat, 0.5 gm saturated fat, 21 gm carb, 1 gm fiber.
Grill Match: Pork, duck breasts.


Such a deal.Travel around the world staying at the best hotels and eating at the best restaurants, all in search of the perfect steak--and a tax write-off.
But the IRS didn't buy Maurice Dreicer's argument. It couldn't buy his book, either, because Dreicer never got it published.
Still, failure to find a publisher isn't fatal. So why did Dreicer lose his case?
The facts give us some clues.
Sometime in the mid 1950s, Dreicer decided to write a book about searching for the perfect steak. During the next twenty-plus years, he lived on his inheritance and traveled all over the world with his secretary gathering material for the book. They stayed in the finest hotels, dined in the finest restaurants, and returned to some cities more than once.
After writing what Dreicer called his completed draft (but which apparently had some parts still in outline form), he sent it to one publisher and one agent. When they rejected it, he stopped trying to get the book published.
He put greater effort into trying to deduct travel expenses and his secretary's salary. The tax court judge rejected Dreicer's claim that writing was his business, but it took two appeals before Dreicer gave up.
The tax laws allow writers to deduct excess writing expenses if they are writing to make a profit. You don't have to succeed, but you do have to try. The profit motive shows that writing is your business rather than your hobby.
And note the word "profit." The higher your expenses, the more money you have to try to make. Even if Dreicer had gotten the book published, the effort required to recoup twenty years of travel and secretarial expenses is daunting.
This intent is the basic test. Unfortunately, the IRS and the courts aren't going to take the taxpayer's word. They look for objective evidence that the writer's activities are consistent with a profit motive.
Dreicer claimed that he intended to make a profit, but his actions didn't show it. Although he kept meticulous records, he didn't bother to prepare a polished manuscript and made minimal efforts to sell what he did write.
So it's no wonder the judge didn't believe Dreicer's claim that writing was his business.
For a tax case with a different result, stay tuned for next month's post on the case of the struggling artist.
On Sunday nights, I like to veg out on the couch with my family and watch something on TV to make us laugh (meaning no sports, pawn shop reality shows, or the news).
We came across a movie, right at the scene where a young boy watches his brother die after an accident with a saw. Certainly not a movie to make us laugh, but we were immediately drawn in to this biographical movie based on the life of Johnny Cash.
Johnny Cash was a great songwriter, as well as a singer. He is said to have written over one thousand songs, a hundred of which became hit singles. He also wrote a historical fiction novel.
Cash was able to use his own life sorrows to help others through their own struggles.
His inspirational story brought me to this question. What does it mean for a writer to walk the line?
Logically, it means a writer who balances his or her career with a stable home life. But ultimately, if you have the ability to take the passion and motivation inside you and turn it into words that identify with even one reader—you walk the line.
I had the honor of interviewing my favorite author last month – Randy Singer for those who missed it. This month, I have the honor interviewing another author who's in my top three (with Allistair MacLean being the other, but I'd have to conduct a séance to interview him, and most of you would frown at that.) This author is Amy Wallace, who wrote the excellent Defenders of Hope series, and has released the second book last fall of her latest series, Place of Refuge.
Jeff Reynolds: Welcome, Amy. I've noticed you have a bachelor's degree in Counseling and Guidance from the University of Louisville , and also are a graduate of the Gwinnett County Citizen's Police Academy . Where does your writing journey coincide with these degrees? How has your education affected your writing and your Christian life?
Amy Wallace: I graduated from U of L ( GO CARDS!) ages ago and the Citizen's Police Academy about nine years ago, both a fantastic experience. I attended the CPA, a volunteer, sixteen week, behind the scenes look at the police department, when I was working on my first suspense series about FBI Crimes Against Children agents. I wanted to better understand and honor the law enforcement professionals I highlighted in my novels.
My counseling degree has served me well in life and writing, to better understand human nature and observe in the real world what I write about in my stories. Not only that, but also to see how vital healing is to a healthy, loving relationship with God and others.
JR: If asked what my favorite fiction series is, your Defenders of Hope trilogy would be towards the top. I'm now reading Hiding In Plain Sight, the first in the Place of Refuge Series. Could you tell us about the series, and if you approached the writing any different between the two?
AW: Thank you very much for that high compliment!
The Defenders of Hope series is a suspense series about the FBI Crimes Against Children Unit in DC that focuses on hope and healing amid life's most challenging storms. The Place of Refuge series is a Mennonite romantic suspense series focusing on a small town police officer protecting her loved ones, her town, and the surrounding Mennonite community from uncharacteristic violence in Hiding in Plain Sight, and, in Nowhere to Run, a stalker who forces Ashley to put happily ever after on hold to protect and defend those she loves.
Writing these two very different series included tons of research, interviewing FBI and other law enforcement officers, and plenty of editing! I tried a few new things with plotting in the Place of Refuge series after having read James Scott Bell's Plot and Structure. But the biggest writing difference between the two series came in dealing with theme.
For Ransomed Dreams, Healing Promises, and Enduring Justice, theme grew as I wrote the stories. Ransomed Dreams' theme of healing through forgiveness became a deeper life lesson that forgiveness unlocks the future. For Healing Promises, the theme began as healing and hope amid life-shattering circumstances. The story grew out of a question I asked a Secret Service Agent: What would an FBI agent do with a cancer diagnosis? The theme grew and became Faith Under Fire and tackled the questions: Where is God when life hurts? Can God be trusted? For Enduring Justice, the theme deepened from healing from past abuse to secrets can't last forever. Justice isn't enough. Healing is.
The themes for the Place of Refuge books began with a simple theme and stayed pretty true to the original ideas. Hiding in Plain Sight's theme is control. Who is in control? Can He be trusted? Nowhere to Run is about protection. Is God powerful enough to protect His children?
JR: In October, 2011, you taught a course on Plotting. Does this mean you're a committed plotter? Or do you ever try Seat of the Pants writing? After all, you have done great plot twists in your story that I didn't see coming.
AW: I'm what James Scott Bell calls a Borg plotter. I'm a full time homeschooling mom, my first and favorite career, so I don't have time to just sit down and see where the story takes me. Which, according to my pantser friends, requires plenty of rewriting. I love doing the research and character charts and outlines that help me know my characters and story so well that when I sit down to write, I have a good idea where I'm going. Plus, to honor law enforcement officers who serve us well and many of whom have been a fantastic help to me with each of my stories, I feel compelled to get my facts and twists and suspense plot right and reasonable before I sit down to write. And even with all the plotting I do, there are always surprises along the way, which keeps the journey fun.
JR: Your books are full of heart-warming, feel-good topics like losing one's family, child-killing, cancer, and racism. What reaction have you had both from the publisher/editor end and from the readers?
AW: While my novels do hit on hard topics, the focus is always on healing. I believe to show the light and hope that are ours in Christ, we have to acknowledge the darkness where He shines brightest.
The reactions from publishers and readers have been overwhelmingly positive. In large part because my stories aren't just high intensity suspense, but because they are full of flawed, searching, real characters who connect with readers, and I pray lead them closer to Christ and the healing possible in Him.
JR: One thing all your books have is a set of discussion questions. Was this your idea or your publishers? Any response from people who used those questions you'd like to share?
AW: The discussion questions were something I wanted to include to help readers and book clubs connect even more to the story. One of my favorite responses was a long letter from a reader of Ransomed Dreams that detailed how this story helped her forgive her father and begin the painful process of reconciliation with someone who had abandoned her as a child. It made me cry to read how my characters and the theme of the novel touched this woman's heart to the point her life was changed for good and a vital relationship began to heal.
JR: Besides your fiction, you've been a contributor to Writing Inspirational Fiction, God Answers Mom's Prayers, and Chicken Soup for the Soul Healthy Living Series: Diabetes. (I'm not much for chicken soup -- I'm waiting for the Supreme Pizza with Jalapenos and Anchovies For The Soul books to come out.) What was that like?
I began my writing journey in creative non-fiction and learned how to write well in less than two thousand words. That's tough! I credit my first editors with teaching me how to make every word count and paint a picture.
JR: What do you have planned this year? I'm sure the second installment of Place of Refuge is coming out -- could you give us a preview? Also, am I correct that you'll be teaching a course on the ACFW Course Loop this year?
AW: I'm working on a new suspense series set both in current day Louisville , KY , and in Cold War Berlin , two places I love and miss terribly.
Yes, I'm teaching on the ACFW Course Loop about the gift of words and lessons learned in the writing trenches.
The second book in the Place of Refuge series, Nowhere to Run, came out in October 2012.
Police Officer Ashley Walters is ready to leave behind the nightmares and embrace the future ahead of her. Along with her best friend, Margo, and her fiancé, Patrick, Ashley is planning the wedding of her dreams.
But happily-ever-after is put on hold when Ashley's worst fears are confirmed: A stalker is watching her, and he's ready to strike. Forced to flee for her own safety and the protection of those she loves, Ashley finds refuge in a gentle Mennonite community in Shipshewana , Indiana . But danger lurks even there, and Ashley must face the greatest question of all: Is God powerful enough to protect His children?
JR: Besides writing, you also are a homeschool mom of three, a Bible study leader, a women's group speaker, a co-leader of a young writer's group, and a chocoholic. My guess is your spare time hobbies are eating and sleeping. How do these activities help with your writing, and how does your writing help with these activities?
AW: Yes, eating and sleeping are important to fit into my homeschooling, writing, and teaching schedule. So are reading, running, time with friends, Star Trek, and mom and daughter dates with my precious kiddos. All of those things together make life a joy and gift.
It really helps that I love writing and I love teaching! Teaching is one of my top two spiritual gifts, and I feel alive when I can share what God has taught me. Chocolate of course helps with all of life's difficult tasks. ;-) Teaching also inspires me to write better and understand how I do what I do. I began teaching a high school creative writing course this year and I love it! My students challenge me to write and teach my absolute best.
All of life helps with writing, making me sensitive to emotions, struggles, joys, and triumphs that bring fiction to life. And fiction helps me understand life. I work out my salvation and my wrestling matches with God at my computer.
JR: Thank you for your time. Could you tell us about your very creative website, and anything else we might be interested in?
AW: Thank you for having me on your blog! Thanks too for the kind words about my website~ Dark Chocolate Suspense (www.amywallace.com). It's a fun, interactive site that includes information about my books, about keeping kids safe, Bible studies, tips for writers, and fun quizzes about my stories. Please come and have some chocolate inspired fun and leave me a note in the guestbook! I love hearing from readers!
Gift of Gab or Dialogic Flab?
Like all good little fiction writers, we attend conferences, classes, and webinars that forbid us to pad the narrative in our novels. Books and articles, too, shake a finger in our faces and demand that we keep our descriptions lean, clean, and healthy, with only a small dollop of adjectives to sweeten our offerings.
With all the caloric concern about narrative, I've heard little about indulging in too much dialogue.
Except from my critique partner. She pinpointed several scenes in my current novel—consisting mostly of dialogue—that she believed served no purpose.
I had to admit I encouraged my characters to talk because I like to talk. We find each other fascinating conversationalists. My partner, less than mesmerized, insisted our dialogue should further the plot.
But that wasn't all. She said my last novel's epilogue needed to shed some pounds. Half its weight, actually.
She was kidding, right? I agreed that I'd set the action in three different scenes—too many for an epilogue. But I'd crafted those last encounters between my characters to summarize the camaraderie they'd experienced in my novel. I'd put rich words into their mouths that readers would roll on their tongues for days afterward.
Tell me, what right does a critique partner have to be right?
After spending survival camp with my characters for months, huddling at 4:30 a.m., interviewing them, arguing with them, clobbering them, and rescuing them, I wanted to coffee klatch with my buds one last time. So the dialogue ran on . . . and on . . . and on . . . .
Meanwhile, the future reader would no doubt give up on the book, give in to weighty subliminal suggestions, and head for the refrigerator.
How about you? Have you ever had to put your dialogue on a diet?
Many of my own life experiences have eventually found their way into a book. As such, I believe they lend a certain depth of realism that resonates with the reader. Both good and bad, bittersweet or joyous, my unique memories have shaped me into the woman I am today. I'd like to share with you some memories of my Granny, my Dad's mother. I am independent like Granny. My daughter, Chelsea, resembles her physically and I can see my grandmother in my daughter's smile. Granny taught me to be strong in the face of adversity and follow my dreams. I like to think I inherited some of her creativity and sense of humor, as well as her positivity and optimism.
When I was three, my parents divorced—a still rather uncommon event at that time. As she tells it, my mom was tired of my Dad's "ridiculous dreams," including his elaborate plans to build a bomb shelter in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis and his proclivity to chain smoke cigarettes. In some ways, I'm not sure he knew how to be a father. But in the quiet ways, he showed us he loved us by building things with his hands, including an elaborate dollhouse for me, complete with working electricity and chandeliers hand-beaded by Granny.
After they divorced, Daddy picked up my older brother and me on alternate weekends and he'd take us to visit Granny (with whom he lived at the time) a few miles away. She lived in an old but well-maintained two-story white house on Utica Pike, a narrow, two-lane road and homes with long, gravel driveways and sweeping front yards dotted with large weeping willow and gorgeous mimosa trees. We'd bake apple pies with fruit we picked in the backyard, string pearls, sip iced tea on the screened-in summer porch. My brother and I played with some of the same toys that belonged to my dad and his two brothers—antique toy soldiers probably worth a small fortune today. We listened to her stories of our grandfather's and father's respective stints in the Army and heard many a tale about the great flood of '37 (the "big one" that destroyed their favorite puppet show theatre). Stories of when the Ohio River froze over and they could slip and slide from Indiana to Kentucky. Tales of the Happy Hunting Grounds, her term for Heaven. Granny smelled of peppermints and Jungle Gardenia. She wore handknitted dresses she made with her increasingly arthritic hands. And she had a stole made from a real fox—head included—that scared us to death.
Some of my sweetest memories are sitting in her front yard, cheering on the Belle of Louisville steamboat as it raced Cincinnati's Delta Queen on the Ohio River in late April, a week or two before the Kentucky Derby each year. When I was seven, Granny took me to the National Doll Club Convention, held in Louisville that year. I'll admit I was embarrassed to be dressed up like a doll. Even had a write-up in the local newspaper, "Living Doll Attends Doll Show" featuring a photo of me in the dress she made and my doll with a matching outfit. I'll never forget the pride in Granny's voice as she introduced me to her doll club collector friends and bragged about how talented and special I was. She believed in me, and I'll never forget that.
By this time, Daddy had remarried and, for various reasons, there was a period of time when we didn't see him—or Granny—as much. Before I knew it, I'd graduated from high school and then college and moved to Dallas, independent and ready to greet the world and make my mark. I saw Granny every time I came home for the holidays and she was spunky and active as ever although she'd finally moved into a retirement center. She was born for a place like that. When she started painting in her 70s or thereabouts, she called herself a "Grandma Moses wannabe." Granny lived the type of life all of us would wish—rich and full with laughter, faith, family and friends. She had a heart attack at 82, and the Lord kept her around long enough to gather her three boys beside her to tell them she loved them before she made the leap into the Happy Hunting Grounds and onto the next adventure.
Yes, Granny had a very strong influence on the woman I am today, the mother I am today and yes, the writer I am today. If you've read my debut novel, Awakening, you might recognize my heroine Lexa's grandmother, Nana, down to the details of stringing pearls and sipping tea on the summer porch. And yes, even a mention of the Happy Hunting Grounds. She taught me that—with the Lord's help—I could do whatever I wanted. Dream big. And so I did.
I trust you have a "Granny" in your life, whether in cherished memories or beside you to hold your hand and help you see the best in people and life's situations, both good and bad.
Sleep well, Granny. I love you dearly, and I'll see you again one day.
JoAnn Durgin is the author of the popular Lewis Legacy Series (Torn Veil Books). The fourth book in the series, Daydreams, released in late 2012, as well as Meet Me under the Mistletoe, a 2012 Christmas novella (Pelican Group Ventures/White Rose Publishing). She also has a short story, Please, published in I Choose You, a romance anthology (OakTara Publishers). JoAnn lives with her husband, Jim, and their three children in her native southern Indiana. She's an estate administration paralegal in a large Louisville, Kentucky law firm. She'd love to hear from you via her website (www.joanndurgin.com) or at Author JoAnn Durgin on Facebook.
I speak from sad experience. I planned on writing my post tonight but yesterday I broke my thumb. That makes writing quite a task right now.
If I had started earlier this would have been a fabulous insight on the writing life. Because I procrastinated, it's kind of not.
Anyway, hope you all have great productive weekends!
Back in January I began a sixteen week Knitting Boot Camp. Although I've kept needles clicking for decades I had holes in my work. Not only has the instructor been filling them; my fellow knitters have proven comrades.
A month later my husband and I attended a Saturday Ballroom Boot Camp. For five hours we were drilled in five dances. We joined mostly for the pleasure of each other's company. But we anticipated two opposing benefits, too: intense challenge along with increased confidence. By day's end we'd stumbled over each other's feet and our heads were swimming, but we were smiling. We had a ball, pun partially intended.
The first boot camp has been finely detailed. The second boot camp was a rush of introduction. Both have benefit. So how could a boot camp form your writing?
It will force you to risk failing and looking inept. That's okay, you will and, in some ways, you are.
It will break you out of comfortable, familiar rhythms.
It will challenge your mind and body. One of the downsides, pun fully intended, of writing is the long seated backside.
It will sharpen your focus. You will have to concentrate. Your mind cannot take a detour, however short.
It teaches the value of a swift kick. A boot camp will give you a taste, not the full feast.
It will give the joy of camaraderie. Most everyone around you is struggling, too, and that fosters compassion and encouragement.
You will be delighted to find a new way of communicating.
And communicating, after all, is the point of writing.
What a joy self-expression is. Whether writing fiction, poetry, or non-fiction the way the author presents the material, the choice of what is said, even what is left unsaid are indicative of the writer's personality and experience.
As a child I was delighted when my father made up little ditties or spoke in verse. I never considered how they impacted me until I wrote a poem a day to sharpen my skills of observation and description. Later, I entered the La Porte County Poet Laureate Contest and performed in Arts in the Park for several years.
While studying the gospels, I imagined the motivations and conflicts of the individuals and framed fictionalized poems to express them. "Journey to Christmas" was followed by newly released, "Ten Days to an Empty Tomb" which is the good news of Easter told in story-poems. These contemporary poems explore thoughts and emotions of those encountering the days leading to the Passover, crucifixion, and resurrection. Human nature, reasoning, and choices are revealed provoking thoughtful meditation for those wanting to draw closer to Christ or simply share the story in a new way.
Here are three excerpts. Can you guess the character viewpoint?
I'll be Minister of Interior, Treasurer of Purse.
with no regrets for what I've withheld from You.
Does the earth quake for a human?
Will lightning and thunder toll?
while gambling dice are rolled?
This is a FREE DOWNLOAD TODAY, SUNDAY, AND MONDAY, MARY 9, 10, 11. If you do not have a Kindle Reader, that is a free download too. I hope you will follow the link, download a copy, and share the link with your friends. Perhaps you would even write a review on Amazon or comment on blogs about it. I value your feedback.
Mary Allen writes from NW Indiana and prays that this Easter be one of deeper joy and greater commitment to our Risen Lord. Many blessings IN ACFW friends.


text:
Q: PHP issue with checkbox post This is probobly a really stupid issue, but I cannot find out what is the issue. I have this form which I am using as a kind of 'settings' thing with checkbox's for the settings. But for some reason (I am unsure whether data is not getting posted or if its an issue with my function) the $_SESSION variable never gets any data in it.
Form code:
<form action="savesettings.php" method="POST" id="CSform">

Please note that all of your settings are stored via cookies

            <input type="checkbox" name="setting1" value="unchecked">Disable page visit alert on page load

            <button class="btn btn-sm btn-success onclickspin" id="MSSave">Submit</button>

</form>

Jquery function (This submits the form):
$("#MSSave").click(function(){
    $("#MSSave").html('');
    $('#MSSave').prop('disabled', true);
    $("#CSform").submit()
});

savesettings.php:
<?php
    include_once './includes/init.php';

    if (isset($_POST['setting1'])) {
        $_SESSION['startupalert'] = 'off';
    } else {
        $_SESSION['startupalert'] = 'on';
    }
    header('Location: index.php');
    echo $_POST['setting1'];
?>

Summary: The variable $_SESSION['startupalert'] does not get filled with any data.
EDIT: Forgot to mention that init.php only has session_start(); in it.
This is where the variable $_SESSION['startupalert'] is used
<?php
        if ($_SESSION['startupalert'] === 'off') {
            $_SESSION['visits'] = $_SESSION['visits'] + 1;
            } elseif (empty($_SESSION['firstvisit'])) {
                $_SESSION['firstvisit'] = 'false';
                $_SESSION['visits'] = 2;
                ?>

                <?php
            } else {
                ?>

                <?php
                $_SESSION['visits'] = $_SESSION['visits'] + 1;
        }
    ?>

A: Just to summarize in the solution from the comments:
Your jQuery needs to stop the form from submitting twice.  So, I recommend something similar to:
$("#MSSave").click(function(){
    $("#MSSave").html('');
    $('#MSSave').prop('disabled', true);
    $("#CSform").submit(function(e){
         e.preventDefault;  // this is new to your code
    )};
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Who dare try to silence the power of Elizabeth Warren? All senators should know that When Elizabeth Warren Speaks You Listen! Show off Liz Warren love with this political design, perfect for a democrat, liberal, feminist, and fighting for human rights!


text:
Q: What is the best and performant way to compare enums in c#? I am struggling with comparing enums. I have tested 5 different way(Equal, HasFlag, == operator , bitwise operator and is operator). Two of them(HasFlag and Equal) are not good way to use for comparing two enums. But other three ways are confusing me. I was trying to benchmark them but they are giving to me various results. Here the test methods.
[Flags]
public enum Typess
{
    First = 2,
    Second = 4,

public int testCount = 1000;
public int sampleCount = 10000000;

GC.Collect();
var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
float avarageTime1 = 0f;

for (int i = 0; i < testCount; i++)
{
    stopwatch.Reset();
    stopwatch.Start();
    for (int j = 0; j < sampleCount; j++)
    {
        TestEnum(Typess.First);
    }
    stopwatch.Stop();
    avarageTime1 += stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
Debug.Log(" Enum Test Consumed time : " + avarageTime1 / (float)testCount + " ms");

GC.Collect();
float avarageTime2 = 0f;
for (int i = 0; i < testCount; i++)
{
    stopwatch.Reset();
    stopwatch.Start();
    for (int j = 0; j < sampleCount; j++)
    {
        TestEnumByte(Typess.First);
    }
    stopwatch.Stop();
    avarageTime2 += stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
Debug.Log("Enum Byte Test Consumed time : " + avarageTime2 / (float)testCount  + " ms");

GC.Collect();
float avarageTime3 = 0f;
for (int i = 0; i < testCount; i++)
{
    stopwatch.Reset();
    stopwatch.Start();
    for (int j = 0; j < sampleCount; j++)
    {
        TestEnumIs(Typess.First);
    }
    stopwatch.Stop();
    avarageTime3 += stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds;
}
Debug.Log("Enum Is Test Consumed time : " + avarageTime3 / (float)testCount  + " ms");

private bool TestEnum(Typess testType) => testType == Typess.Second;
private bool TestEnumByte(Typess testType) => (testType & Typess.Second) != 0;
private bool TestEnumIs(Typess testType) => testType is Typess.Second;

Why these three methods giving me various result? Am I doing something wrong?
Thanks

A: Let's improve your test harness:
IEnumerable<TimeSpan> GenerateTestRuns(Func<Typess, bool> f, int samples)
{
    while (true)
    {
        int generation = GC.GetGeneration(0);
        Stopwatch stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
        for (int j = 0; j < samples; j++)
        {
            f(Typess.First);
        }
        stopwatch.Stop();
        if (generation == GC.GetGeneration(0))
        {
            yield return stopwatch.Elapsed;
        }
    }
}

The beauty of this code is that it will produce zero or more runs of the test where there were no garbage collections. The downside is that if there are always garbage collections this code will be stuck in an infinite loop.
It worked fine and always produced values in this case.
Here are the tests I ran:
Dictionary<string, Func<Typess, bool>> fs = new Dictionary<string, Func<Typess, bool>>()
{
    { "testType == Typess.Second", testType => testType == Typess.Second },
    { "(testType & Typess.Second) != 0", testType => (testType & Typess.Second) != 0 },
    { "testType is Typess.Second", testType => testType is Typess.Second },
};

Now the code to actually run the tests is this:
int testCount = 1000;
int sampleCount = 10000000;

Dictionary<string, TimeSpan> results = fs.ToDictionary(x => x.Key, x => TimeSpan.Zero);

for (int i = 0; i < testCount; i++)
{
    foreach (KeyValuePair<string, Func<Typess, bool>> kvp in fs)
    {
        foreach (TimeSpan ts in GenerateTestRuns(kvp.Value, sampleCount).Take(1))
        {
            results[kvp.Key] += ts;
        }
    }
}

foreach (KeyValuePair<string, TimeSpan> kvp in results)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{kvp.Key} each run in {kvp.Value.TotalMilliseconds / testCount} ms");
}

I ran using optimized code and I checked that the IL was calling the functions.
The results I got were fairly consistent:
(1)
testType == Typess.Second each run in 21.3049772 ms
(testType & Typess.Second) != 0 each run in 21.321223999999997 ms
testType is Typess.Second each run in 26.525582 ms

(2)
testType == Typess.Second each run in 20.9722699 ms
(testType & Typess.Second) != 0 each run in 20.9309871 ms
testType is Typess.Second each run in 26.0593333 ms

A: == operator: This operator compares the values of two enum variables and returns true if they are equal, or false if they are not. This is the recommended way to compare two enum values, as it is fast and efficient.
Bitwise operator: You can use the bitwise & operator to compare enum values that are decorated with the [Flags] attribute. This operator checks if the first enum value contains all the flags in the second enum value.
is operator: The is operator checks if an object is of a particular type. It can be used to check if an enum value is of a specific enum type, but it is not recommended to use it for comparing two enum values, as it is slower and less efficient than the other options. Additional type checking is performed.
In general, the == operator is the most efficient way to compare enum values, followed by the bitwise & operator for [Flags] enum values. The Equal method and is operator should generally be avoided for comparing enum values due to their lower performance.


text:
· Published May 13, 2020
Pac-12 releases statement in response to California State University announcement for fall semester
Sep 19, 2015; Los Angeles, CA, USA; General view of Pac-12 logo on the field at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before the NCAA football game between the Stanford Cardinal and Southern California Trojans. Mandatory Credit: Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports
On Tuesday, the California State University system made a stunning announcement that all 23 campuses would be closed for the fall semester. In the announcement, CSU Chancellor Timothy White said the universities will have classes online, rather than have students return to campus due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The announcement was significant for college football in the state of California. Three of the six Mountain West Conference West division teams are affected by it. Now the Pac-12 has responded with a statement of its own to address this situation.
Pac-12 will wait to make decision on college athletics
The Pac-12 statement, shared by Jon Rothstein of CBS Sports, indicates the Power-5 conference is not ready to make any decision:
"The Pac-12 and our member universities will make our own determinations on when our student-athletes can return to play and when and how campuses will reopen to students. These decisions will be based first and foremost on the health and well-being of all those connected to the Pac-12, and informed by the advice of public health and medical experts along with the state and local governmental orders. Every day we are learning new and important information that will inform our decisions, and we believe that there is great benefit to having as much relevant data as possible before making such decisions."
It's hard to argue with the logic behind this statement from the Pac-12. The most prudent thing to do at this time, while there is still plenty of time, is to wait and see.
Logistically, that may present other challenges. But it's difficult to make wise long-term decisions about things in this ever-evolving climate.
That being said, it appears some of the other top schools in California are already leaning toward no classes this fall.
Spokesperson for University of California (UC) system – which includes UCLA, Cal & UC Davis – tells @CBSLA, it also doesn't expect their campuses to fully reopen for in-person classes in fall
— Brett McMurphy (@Brett_McMurphy) May 13, 2020
We'll continue to follow this story as it develops.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In case the tenant does not follow the notice, an Unlawful Detainer activities may need to be registered so that the operator may regain possession of the house. Oftentimes, tenants are granted 30 days to repair the problem, in which time it is likely to call off the flooding. FREE Painting Instructions Most tenants shouldn't be permitted to paint.
If you're a industrial landlord or tenant who'd love to break a lease or begin legal activities, you have to seek help from a attorney. Notice to Cease or Contain Given while the tenant has produced a lease violation besides lease. To put it differently, they shouldn't only prove that he was denied a reasonable accommodation, but also that the refusal is the origin of the flooding proceeding. Usually, he or she does not have a right to repair the situation and remain in the apartment. He or she'll be asked to be responsible for repairs ( accumulated as rent ) when the dangerous sickness was a result of the tenant, a part of her or his nearest and dearest, or people. If he or she would like to vacate the premises initially, a lawyer ought to be consulted about the probable consequences and choices. Remember, if you are needing a great tenant having an issue you will manage, think about mediation.
In case the landlord is returning all of the safety deposit to the tenant, the landlord also comprises a cheque as well as this announcement. He might continue to keep all or a portion of the deposit. It is problematic to get a landlord to deal with unsatisfactory tenants. Landlords are intended to issue outside the eviction notices for several factors. The landlord also doesn't need to offer you a notice in the event the lease states what date it ends on. Always permit the upcoming landlord know they could get in contact with you for more clarification or information.
Tenants always need to find excellent landlords and landlords always need to find excellent tenants. In case the Tenant does not pay, the Court ordered flooding process starts. When he or she then gives the puppy for their friend, they could remain in the apartment. In case it goes wrong, you could be stuck with a poor tenant to get a lengthy moment.
The renter should save all outstanding rents in order that they can pay the rental that may be found owing from the court. He or she will need to look for another place to reside and vacate the present property. Occasionally, for people who have a bad renter, you could be tempted to say anything to some upcoming landlord in order to assist your tenant leave your premises.
A renter is under no obligation to move out of a rental unit in order to keep it is uninhabitable. If he or she prevails on the basis of the type of defense, then if the judgment includes an order of restitution from the renter, then it won't be regarded as an order of restitution in relation into the right to redeem. Such tenants don't need to leave the premises and create an uncalled aggravation for your landlord. Many renters don't have the funds to move quickly, and there is a serious lack of decent affordable housing.
It is crucial for the renter to reassess the first lease arrangement to discover whether the landlord needs a certain number of days' notice and some additional requirements for the tenant to meet if ending the property. Tenants must prolong a total of 7 days prior notice to the landlord about fix problems, and landlords need to offer a means to solve the matter, or upon application by the renter, Rentalsman can pick the rental to guarantee all repairs are accomplished in a timely manner. In the event the tenant fails to perform the things they're accountable for below the rental, it is regarded a violation. It is too simple for the renter to assert they never got the notice . You have to consult with your regional tenants' information service to get additional information (seeContact Factors ).
A template can spare you a great deal of time. You wish to opt for a restart template which will help you make an excellent first impression, even before people start analyzing. Apart from the restart, plus, the comprises a cover letter template.
Utilizing VisualCV's CV editor it is easy to change from 1 template into a different, so it is simple to use the very best template to the job each and every time you employ. You are in a position to observe that we've got both conventional black and white templates and a good deal of creative ones using colors and images added.
The entire assortment of resume templates is composed of a collection of advanced resume layouts. A variety of the templates are free while others cost a few bucks. As an example, a template may demonstrate how to set your CV. Another templates are easily accessible to Guru subscribers. Using a resume template has become an acceptable and smart practice for several explanations. You might also rearrange our templates' sections to have the ability to highlight your strengths. Templates also show you exactly what information you'll have to have on your CV, such as what information to place in each individual part of your CV, and which type of language to use. So cv templates need to be chosen carefully. Plenty of our CV templates utilize lovely fonts that you may not already have in your PC. Thus, to receive a fantastic job, you have to learn the best approach to make a CV and advertise yourself.
If you are not conscious of this resume writing tips, you can get your CV composed from the expert writers. If you're writing the CV on your own, you're in a position to design it with your requirement but you need to be careful if you're using the on-line design resume templates. In the event you opt to safeguard your cv, then you have to go over your 4 digit pin and your online cv url to the recruiter. You do not have to devote all them see which are necessary to your own CV. A superb CV is one which conveys data and information regarding its applier, But a fantastic CV is just one which grabs the recruiters focus immediately. In fact, people will advise you to make a fantastic CV to produce an lasting impression on your prospective employer.
You are ready to set your CV there. It's essential to organize your CV before you begin writing it. Tailor your CV or resume so it's clear you want to unite them especially.
You'll have to follow together with proper procedures for drafting your CV. The CV offers an unlimited quantity of space, therefore in the event that you have particular courses, projects, or papers which you want to emphasize, go ahead and do so. If you're searching for a project an extremely amazing and catchy CV is necessary, one which it's composed to find the perfect job.
If you haven't made your CVs nevertheless, you should dress it in a way to impress the companies so that they find no reason to reject you. Create a comprehensive collection of the info which you will need to incorporate, and use it so as to compile your CV. Also, you also ought to earn your CV in a manner that it highlights your true potential because after all, it's probably the most important role in receiving work. The CV should highlight accomplishments along with the abilities that make the work candidate match a particular job. If you're working with a CV that's been made using tables, then you do not have to do anything special to dedicate a extra page. You have to get started with creating a particular CV that shows that are considering working at home.
Remember your resume or CV should highlight your individual strengths. CVs provide a nearly infinite supply of potential sections. The very important matter to begin with is writing your personal CV.
To buy customized essays or papers visit our site. You're able to also incorporate any study abroad experiences here in case you have not already mentioned them. Do not contain things like high school unless it's your only schooling. Locating a wonderful level is vital. You'll get began receiving the best grades with our prominent services offering each and every customer an opportunity to purchase research papers no plagiarism cheap. All fringe students who are signaled from the Time-Language Publishing Industry is going to be held for. Prof, remember that your aim is to own, so be certain to find homework from each side of this circumstance.
This arrangement is generally employed by candidates applying for jobs at" conventional" associations or for both men and women which are staying in the identical field. It has to be utilized whenever your project goal is apparent. While this kind of format relies on a single career area, it might not be helpful to you if you are researching multiple occupation choices and do not have sufficient time to produce more than one resume. Choose an Appropriate Curriculum Vitae Format Make sure you go for a curriculum vitae format that's acceptable for the position you're applying for. Be certain you choose a curriculum vitae format that is acceptable for the position you are applying for. There you've got it, the newest program vitae format 2018 that will certainly help you get the work instead of your competitors.
Functional resumes mean to highlight your unique abilities and achievements which have been demonstrated through specific work related achievements. If you are aware that you are the complete most qualified for your job being supplied, reveal it. Customize your CV depending on the job which you want. Save previous great occupation, you may not call for something that is very difficult. If you need to begin searching for work, it is necessary that you get a great curriculum vitae that shows and describes all your own qualifications and experience in the clearest method. Aside from the things mentioned previously, it's also feasible to search for help online from professional writers to supply you a helping when composing one.
Empty fields will not be included in the closing. Whenever you make an application for a situation inside any of the member states of the EU, if you are studying or just trying to acquire expertise, among the most important issues is to be able to make your experience and abilities clearly understood to your possible employer. The place of a project manager needs particular abilities, and thus the software also experience a rigorous process of screening. Usually, areas 10 or more years old won't be contained, or if they're contained, omit dates of labour and particulars of the position and just include them within an bullet-point list. Listed below are some examples of information which might be included in your curriculum vitae. Through is a very small choice of mistakes that may be forced in a graduation author.
Obviously , a CV is for anyone seeking to apply for job or admission to a particular position. The CV or Curriculum Vitae is a candidate's very first opportunity in making a fantastic impression prior to your prospective employer. Your CV includes a substantial role in your search to discover the very best job for your skills and experience, meaning you should put lots of effort in to creating your resume template 2018 therefore it will meet the prerequisites of potential employers. Keeping it simple is the best thing that you might do to help your own CV since it's likely to make it a great deal easier for your visitors to find the info that they need. With this advice in mind, you will have the ability to personalize your CV so it's likely to come out better than the rest. Before you begin composing your Europass CV, then there aren't a lot of points which you have to understand. Europass CV is rather simple to fill , since you'll just need to stick to the instructions that it suggests.
The CV design is going to get skilled and creative appearance. You are not required to put in any excess software to get your selected software. Business plan tester applications won't ever be more affordable than a single sclerosis program. Additionally, it is a good idea to have any social media accounts you have who are connected to the job that you're after because it's going to help your customers gain insight in your own craft. The elements that you include will be determined by what it is you're applying for, so be sure you include the most significant information to fortify your candidacy in your CV. Additionally, there are certain sections most people now include in their CVs.
You are able to close the letter in several ways. As an example, application letters should be engaging that is telling your prospective employer you might be an asset to the venture. Next thing you need to remember is never to fail to indicate why you're writing the letter, so you now have to start talking about the very important things in your own letter.
Cover letters can help convince your prospective employer that you're the ideal match for the position that they'd really like to offer to a seasoned candidate. Resignation letters are among the top methods to formally exit a company with a positive tone and to reinforce your connection with the company and your colleagues later on. Or, you can need a letter asking holiday-related financial support for some other sorts of applications. Name the event and you're likely to find a letter for it. Needless to say, the consultation letter should also incorporate important details regarding the job. It is also considered official notice which the person was hired. Possessing a superb appointment correspondence is an equally substantial part the recruiting activity.
The correspondence has to be composed in an extremely professional way. A consultation letter is a necessary portion of the whole job training. Composing a consultation letter is very important since it conveys the conventional particulars. You might also want to discover the ideal sample appointment letter now available online.
You never know what letters you might need from the previous boss that s the main reason why it's very fantastic for you to leave their job with an excellent reputation. Considering all business letters aren't formal, an official business letter is written to get an official function only. They usually follow a standard format. Besides the special info, a Company Letter is crucial to demonstrate the professionalism and higher quality of communicating a particular business follows. Company letters have a particular format. Company request letters are followed by means of a bunch of communications.
Letters are typically sent to individuals within your enterprise. Writing a letter to your potential sponsor might be daunting procedure, but it does not need to be. It is frequently the very first notice that companies and individuals will get the event will happen. Luckily, there are lots of professional correspondence writing solutions on the internet to decide to write your little company or personal correspondence for you.
So as to make a fantastic impression, your letter should be perfectly assembled. Next aspect to consider is the final portion of this letter, you've got to close it in a positive tone, yet in a friendly way. To compose letters utilize the traditional document class letter. You might also take a look at the method to write an official letter. A professional small business letter frequently begins with the date on top, as from the Microsoft instance. It has to make a positive and profound effect on the minds of their recipients and should play a role in raising the disposition of the company.
The letter should be addressed to the perfect manager or broker. Download our templates today so that you are knowledgeable about the particular sections of appropriate letters. Your formal letter must include supporting statements which will help elaborate the objective of this letter. Most appropriate letters are utilized in business transactions that's the most important reason it is essential to know the usage of phrases and the way they're put together.
Every letter comprises four parts. The way your start a formal correspondence will be determined by how formal you've got to be. It follows a correct format that's used in every business enterprise. Formal letters are letters which are written with an official purpose or intent. They vary from casual letters in many of ways. Most appropriate letters benefit from business English.
Your correspondence needs to be addressed to a specific person, if at all possible. Donation letters are crucial to any company trying to raise capital. A letter will say what kind of auction item donations are necessary in addition to details of the upcoming event. Composing excellent little company letters is vital. Formal small business proposition letters consequently become lengthy affairs, nevertheless adhere to a layout that makes it simple for the reader to follow together with the advice presented.
Organize your abilities provides an opportunity to showcase your skills and experiences to prime companies for the rest of your resume. Soft skills, on the flip side, are not straightforward to measure.
As you proceed through the listing of skills previously, make a different list together with the skills which you already have. You have got to tailor precisely what you have on your list of abilities, abilities, and accomplishments in line with the work place you're at present applying for. By searching for a work name in the search bar, you will find a listing of professionals which are already in that job and search through their profile to know what abilities they have listed, both in their outline and expertise sections.
A practical resume should be utilized in several types of situations. A functional resume is an excellent choice for individuals who have openings in their pro experience. A functional resume can make it simpler for prospective employers to observe ways to add value to their company and may allow you to get your foot in the door to get a job interview. The lesser-known functional resume can be a great solution for certain positions requiring many technical skills or to find certain candidates with loads of potential.
If you are in doubt which abilities you would love to talk about, consider your previous experiences. Additionally, mention your prior job position in which you've implemented all of the abilities and abilities you have said in your resume. Next, you are likely to start to record your most important skills and skills. While working in a particular place, you could have developed skills it is likely to apply to another location. The working abilities are not limited to specialized strengths.
Because of how folks read resumes, you should be certain they see your abilities immediately. Functional and conventional resumes are not the sole resume types to select from. Functional resumes are mainly utilised to prolong a strong influence on your skills and techniques.
There are 3 types of resumes, each with its own benefits and pitfalls. Functional resumes are great for highlighting transferable skills which are applicable to a new field of work. They make it look like the offender is trying to hide something from the recruiter. They're extremely catchy and might or may not go well with the recruiters. A Functional Resume or Skills Resume is supposed to highlight your skills and achievements along with a resume rather than grouping them below the jobs or positions you have held as in a chronological resume.
Keep searching for ourtips and hints on how to construct a functional resume to make a winning resume that encompasses every one of your abilities, experiences and accomplishments linked to the work vacancy. There are two important techniques to find out the skills necessary for work. Hard skills are not skills that are tricky to find out. Remember, the huge majority of the distinctive skills which you place on your resume should be job-related abilities taken in the job description together with your finest transferable skills. Picking the essential skills can help you discover when you're a great fit for the position. 3 First, you need to select the very best skills for your own resume.
The next ways to work out what skills are necessary for a project is to hunt for people on LinkedIn which are already doing the occupation. Technical skills are something you have got or you do not, but they are always something which you're in a position to learn. They provide you with a valuable product for potential employers and has to be correctly highlighted to demonstrate your worth. The technical skills ought to be listed under distinct classes to underline the depth of your knowledge. Communication skills refer to the capability to communicate data in a really clear and comprehensible fashion, the capability to interact with exceptional people and personalities and also the capability to listen and comprehend what others are saying.
Maybe your skill set is totally different. There are a lot of primary types of example skills based cv used to make an application for job openings. Never include abilities which you're no more familiar with. To the contrary, it concentrates on the skills you have developed that match the requirements of the job for which you are applying. As a result of this, it is definitely better to highlight your skills along with the simple fact you have acquired multiple abilities, instead of drawing attention to the way you've jumped out of location to rank. In nearly all instances, your abilities can boost your hard skills. Whereas soft skills, like a favorable attitude or punctuality, are more challenging to teach.
Irrespective of the situation, it is best to be mindful and be sure you put in appropriate format to your correspondence. There's no particular format for invoices however there are a number of general formats. Prior to taking a peek at a sample, it is therefore essential to understand the perfect format, so you are mindful of the crucial pointers which needs to be cited in a letter. A invoice receipt format functions as a record for the two provider along with the customer that the transaction was completed and the associated consideration was removed so it needs to be generated in professional method.
Our service invoice template part of an assortment of bill templates made by Vertex42 for advisers, service providers, in addition to other small businesses. Much like other traditional invoices an online invoice templates incorporate a header part and a diagram inside its own physique. You're able to download the online invoice templates at a very nominal cost from reputed sites. Professional Services Invoice Template is a enormous means to enhance your productivity.
To make a statement at your own you just need to download a basic template form the internet. Also, determine the specific action you'd love to take in the event you do not acquire any payment whatsoever. Spreadsheet123's service statement, is prepared to utilize spreadsheet, which demands minimal customization and will help get you going in less time which you'll need to make a coffee.
Our service is economical and quite user friendly, without the necessity of leasing or buying a costly card terminal. Professional Courier agency is among the largest courier services providing business in India. Your client will likely enjoy the advantage, and it's a superb approach to make certain they are able to see the document. The very first thing ought to be altered to lure customers is the charging system. The perfect strategy is to just get in contact with your client so that you understand precisely what's happening.
Even when you're bartering goods and services, then you might use a bill of sale within an arrangement to prevent confusion. At any time you've completed a service and are prepared to be compensated, you always have to submit an invoice to your client. Thus, you might rest assured your term paper service will be delivered by way of an expert.
If lately you have begun your organization and are trying to create invoices which looks professional for your company customers then Spreadsheet123's Computer Repair Invoice is a great way of generating professional invoices to your business customers. It's possible to begin at 0001, or at case you wish to appear as if you've been in operation for a little time, then you may elect to begin with a larger number like 36245. Service companies are generally highly specialized, and distinct services call for various kinds of invoices. It is imperative that you keep devoted to your business due to its ongoing and healthful growth. Every company differs. Therefore businesses with many requirements can equally use them. After the completion of your order, it is going to send you an email confirmation if needed. The company gives Professional Courier nationwide monitoring number together with international monitoring facility for their clients in order that they can easily come to be aware of their merchandise present status online. More importantly it s VAT number should be put. Insurance businesses need specific data so as to consider requests for compensation or requests that your charges be counted toward your customer's deductible. By way of instance, if you're a public relations company you would say something like the paragraph below.
What you should do is to fill out the purchase form, create a payment, and in a few minutes, you're likely to receive your personal essay helper. To find a customized invoice just incorporate the information you want on the shape and create exactly what you'd like. Or perhaps you demand a handwritten invoice type your technician can complete in the region. In certain countries, you don't need a Bill of Sale to provide your car or truck. Generally, these items are observed on a charge of sale. For quite some time the GST Bill has been a topic of discussion mainly owing to its capability to revolutionize the entire tax system as well as the way it could earn life a great deal easier for taxpayers.
Commercial invoices have a better purpose. A commercial invoice is a worldwide delivery record given by the supplier to the client detailing the type and value of merchandise sold. A commercial invoice illustrates the trade that happens between the seller and buyer. A commercial invoice is used to figure tariffs, global industrial terms ( for example, CIF) and is popular for customs purposes.
Invoices aren't the same as receipts. Creating a commercial statement is a great deal of effort. A Commercial Invoice might be required for personal imports together with for business shipments. The initial small company statement, 1 backup connected to the cargo paperwork, and one copy joined to the shipment are required.
All invoices are made to supply records of transactions. All proforma invoices should be legal for a specific period. A pro forma invoice is introduced in the area of a industrial statement when there's no sale between the sender and the importer ( as an example, in the instance of an RMA for replacement goods ), or in case the specifics of the sale between the vendor and the buyer are these a commercial invoice is not yet available at the right time of the global shipment. The preceding invoice amount is going to be the particular same or close to the sum on the pro forma bill. Recurring invoices When you should make precisely the same invoice for a client monthly, it is ideal to utilize a recurring invoice.
Contain any distinctive instructions unique to this supplier, including the manner the dispatch has to be handled. You're likely to be clamoring for a more Canadian shipment once we are done here, so you are in a position to showcase your leading cross-border abilities. Your cargo is currently in Canada. In the event the shipment isn't designated for inspection, it's going to be printed instantly so it might go to its destination. Your shipment could be held up in customs until they get each the crucial documentation in the importing receiver. Insert the name and address of the person receiving the dispatch you're sending. All the FedEx International shipments call to get a commercial statement for a portion of their shipping plan.
With international shipping, you're technically exporting goods. You have to watch for the goods to reach the warehouse before you can self-clear. Regardless, you would have to mention the quantity of the merchandise, the unit cost, nation of origin etc. The additional fees listed below may not be included in the original cost of the broker services dependent on the custom made broker you are managing. Often the broker fee is concealed in the cargo charges. For example, FedEx broker fees have to be prevented in the specific same method. Condition that will cause the delivery costs, the person who receives your product. To start with, you have got the entire cost of the actual customs broker services. Recall which you are often quoting not only the purchase price of your merchandise, but the transport cost too.
Most agents need separate paperwork such as a credit application and a power of attorney so as to prepare an account. If a customs agent is employed with the intent of producing entry, the broker may allow using his bail to supply the vital coverage. Therefore, as soon as you're picking a customs broker, it is important your broker describe to you all the costs you are going to be paying in the future so it's very likely to be sure you will pay the quantity you are anticipating. Thus the customs duty shall be thought to be a portion of the thing cost and not a short-term cost. Otherwise, you might need to pay the standard duty and taxes on them.
There are two kinds of form, depending on the worth of the items sent. You can print habits forms for person or many shipments at the exact same moment. Entirely free Canada Customs Invoice forms are found on our website.
A commercial Invoice Template may be employed by authorities as it pertains to assessing the customs duties as well as recording the transaction figures. It makes it possible to draft statements with easy and fast. You have got a comprehensive business announcement template which will permit the exporter to mention every important facet of this package and you have got legible region to describe the commodity.


At Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Angela Koranteng was an accomplished student with a special dream. At a time when few women were breaking the gender barrier in male-dominated studies, Ms. Koranteng had her heart set on health sciences—but instead of treating patients, she wanted to be an engineer and build hospitals.
After a round of courses in computer programming, civil engineering and coding, Ms. Koranteng today has earned a degree and a title: professional African coder.
Coding is what makes it possible to create computer software, apps and websites. Your browser, your operating system, the apps on your phone, Facebook, and websites—they're all made with code. Coding can be learned at a university or boot camp.
Because boys are exposed to technical matters in childhood and girls are not, few young African women imagine themselves on a career track in engineering.
Even Ms. Koranteng's father was not sure that a path in coding was good for her. "He didn't know that coding would become one of the most in-demand skills across industries," she explained.
Today Ms. Koranteng works with a group called STEMbees, a Ghana-based nonprofit organization she helped to found, which mentors young women in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). Ms. Koranteng hopes that more girls in STEM will help bridge the gender gap in computing.
Unfortunately, training in STEM still attracts fewer women students than training in teaching, law, medicine or business.
But even in the most developed countries, the computer field is disproportionately dominated by men. In 2013 in the US, only 26% of computing professionals were female—down considerably from 35% in 1990 and virtually the same as in 1960. While the percentage of women in engineering has risen since 1990, the progress has been modest—from 9% in 1990 to 12% in 2013.
A 2012 US Department of Labor survey reported that women in the US comprised 30% of web developers, 25% of programmers, 37% of database administrators, 20% of software developers, and a little over 10% of information security analysts. Women also held less than 20% of chief information officer positions at Fortune 250 companies, and among the Fortune 100 tech companies, only four women held chief executive officer positions. At tech giants like Google, over 70% of technical employees were men.


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Mark Dennehy Named as Binghamton Devils Coach
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The Binghamton Devils new coach is Mark Dennehy. He takes over for Rick Kowalsky who left to become an assistant coach with Binghamton's parent team the New Jersey Devils. The announcement came today from New Jersey's Executive Vice President and General Manager Ray Shero and Tom Fitzgerald who is the Assistant General Manager/Binghamton Devils.
Dennehy is 50 years of age and was the head coach at Merrrimack College in Hockey East for 13 seasons. He had taken a job as Head Coach/Director of Hockey Operations with the Wheeling Nailers in the ECHL this summer.
Dennehy played collegiately with Boston College from 1987-1991 and followed that with one pro season with Ayr in the British Hockey League. In a press release from the Binghamton Devils Dennehy is slated to travel to Slovakia to coach Team USA's Under-17 Select Team for the Five Nations Tournament later this month
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Agnese N. Haury
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Agnese Nelms Haury (1923 – 2014) was a dedicated philanthropist with a passion for investing in innovative scholarship. During her life, she supported a wide range of people and organizations working on social and environmental justice. Although she developed wide interests while living and studying abroad, she maintained a lifelong commitment to the region of her birth and childhood, the American Southwest.
Early Education & Career: 1947 to 1965
Haury received a BA in history from Bryn Mawr College in 1947. After graduating, she became an editorial assistant with the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, helping to edit the United Nations News and International Conciliation and supporting the work of the Conference Group of Non-governmental Organizations.
In 1954, she began working at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as assistant editor of International Conciliation. She traveled to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Libya and Burma, surveying and writing treatises on those countries' economic and social problems and exploring their economic development possibilities. She wrote several reports for the United Nations and edited the 1962 UN Yearbook.
Remembering Agnese Nelms Haury: Video
Active in Arizona: 1965 to 1990
When Haury moved to Tucson in 1965, she helped to process and catalog artifacts recovered from the Snaketown Archaeological Project in Central Arizona. In 1967, she helped research and edit Gunnar Myrdal's renowned books Asian Drama and The Poverty of Nations. In 1968, she became the editor of the Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona.
From 1981 through 1990, Haury served as president of the Agnese N. Lindley Foundation (bearing the surname of her second husband, magazine and book editor Denver Lindley). The organization funded work in social and humanitarian challenges, civil and human rights issues, the arts, the environment and scientific research. It also supported journalism, civic affairs and economic advancement in less-developed countries. It's more than 200 projects included:
Preserving 100,000+ photos of the El Salvador conflict;
Launching an Inter-American Environmental Policy Center;
An initiative to increase the number of Indian groups gaining federal tribal recognition;
Research on the disappearing Yaqui and Samish languages;
Grants for an archaeological field school and excavations;
Scholarships in art conservation;
Musical commissions;
Support for tree-ring research and training;
Analysis of the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species and risks to biodiversity on the US-Mexico border;
Native seeds preservation;
Support for the Guardian newspaper;
An intern program for The Nation magazine and opportunities for young journalists to learn political and social reporting.
The Haury Legacy: 1990 to 2014
In 1990, widowed from her second husband, Agnese married widower Emil W. Haury, with whom she had formed a close friendship in the mid-60s, working under his direction in the Snaketown project.
Emil Haury was head of the University of Arizona (UA) School of Anthropology and director of the Arizona State Museum, avidly interested in dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) and world-renown for his work on the Paleo-Indians of the Southwest.
After her husband's death in 1992, Mrs. Haury established endowments for anthropology graduate students and the Agnese and Emil Haury Fellow in Archaeological Dendrochronology and funded construction of the Agnese and Emil Haury Southwest Native Nations Pottery Vault at the Arizona State Museum.
Her support spanned a wide range of UA and regional initiatives:
UA programs in public interest law and immigration paralegal training;
The Court Interpreter Training Institute;
The UA's Southwest Center, including recruiting prominent writer, conservationist and food activist Gary Nabhan;
The work of ecologist David Yetman and his TV programs, "The Desert Speaks" and "In the Americas";
Construction of the Bryant Bannister Tree-Ring Building, opened in 2013, which houses the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research and its irreplaceable collection of tree-ring specimens from around the world.
In 2014, the University of Arizona Foundation became the recipient of a $50 million bequest from the Haury Estate to establish an endowment in support of scientific and cultural studies rooted in social and environmental justice, with a focus on the American Southwest. The bequest, one of the largest in the University's history, founded the Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice.
Honors & Accolades
Distinguished Citizen Award, University of Arizona Alumni Association, 1983
Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, University of Arizona, 1999
Victor R. Stoner Award, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, 2007
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haury@email.arizona.edu
Agnese Nelms Haury Program
in Environment and Social Justice
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