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Press Releases > Trade > Real Estate > House Prices Break ?200,000..
House Prices Break ?200,000
House price inflation continued to rise strongly in December, breaking though the ?200,000 barrier for the first time, according to new figures out today by the Department of Communities and Local Government.
Adjusting prices for the season, the average property now costs ?201,090 as property prices surged to 9.9 per cent in the last month of 2006, a full percentage point up from November's figure.
But this growth was not blanket across the UK. Perhaps because average prices are already so high at ?208,525, England's house price inflation was found to be 8.9 per cent while Scotland's was 15.2 per cent and Wales' 9.1 per cent.
However the clear winner for the year was Northern Ireland, where annual property price inflation stood at a monumental 39.9 per cent at the end of the year. The region appears to be benefiting from the newfound political stability as well as a pick-up in its economy, spurred on by the growth in the Republic.
Furthermore, house prices have been rapidly rising in Ireland for a number of years now and this wave seems to have finally cross over the border to the north.
Due to the chronic shortage of properties on the market, smaller homes were the biggest gainers in value in December as buyers were forced to increasingly compete with each other for more affordable housing.
The average flats increased by 2.6 per cent from November to December, while bungalows jumped by 2.2 per cent and semi-detached homes were up by 1.6 per cent. By contrast, the price of detached houses across the UK dropped by 0.8 per cent.
However in spite of the good news for property investors, Oliver Gilmartin, an economist from the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (Rics) claimed that the market may begin to struggle due to affordability issues faced by all-important first-time buyers.
"With average house prices breaking the ?200,000 mark in December, the housing market has breached a psychological barrier which will further the woes of first time buyers," he said.
"There was little Yuletide cheer for would be buyers with house prices up countrywide, despite two interest rate rises in 2006."
A healthy flow of first-time buyers is always essential in the housing market to start off a chain of moves that allows homeowners to move up the housing ladder.
Although Mr Gilmartin admitted that the recent rate rises "will start to slow the market in 2007", he stated that raising deposits would become a serious issue for many buyers.
He added: "Even in the East Midlands, the average house price is now ?146,183 which is over five times the average income."
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by Jimwatson (few years ago!)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Have you possibly been frustrated at the potential client of trying to hire your latest blockbuster DVD, the need to drive in order to your nearby wall plug merely to be told "they are typical booked out". Presently there is undoubtedly an alternative working with fast Press Streaming gadgets via the internet strong to your Plasma television system. In this posting you can uncover which system may possibly suit your needs!
This seemed to be my knowledge recently any time trying to rent often the Blu-ray Cowboys and even Extraterrestrials. That got me personally reasoning, what about buying a person on the new Media Decorations and even attaching it to be able to my Flat screen television?
Possessing a good fairly fast world wide web speed of 11MBytes/sec would certainly let me personally to start up a whole " new world " of digital media, through streaming music files plus internet radio to HI-DEF movies from the wants connected with Netflix and Blinkbox. Although which device would certainly suit my system, due to the fact my internet router will be situated with my study upstairs.
I could buy a unit like the more costly D-Link Boxee which consists of a wireless network or perhaps spend less money in addition to go for the new Sony SMP-N200 which is more of a easy terme conseill� in half the particular cost.
Due to the fact being introduced a several years ago the D-Link Boxee which was capable to participate in a extensive range of video and even music files has undergone a good program upgrade. Is actually value is �200 and can easily play top quality audio formats (FLAC in addition to WAV) as well as HD video clip (inc MKV files). Outputs include two USB electrical sockets to enable it to connect to be able to external products and that can include things like an external Hard generate. This might effectively develop a inexpensive web server. Also the Boxee will converse with any NAS (Networked Storage Device) in your system which often will permit someone to surf your library involving video clip, tunes and multimedia data.
Remarkably, Boxee now has some sort of dedicated BBC iPlayer application onboard which means this is easier to find the way close to and as longer as you have from very least 2MB/sec internet accelerate, surfing around quality should certainly not certainly be a problem.
Even so just what struck my interest often the most was the fact of which the movie-streaming supplier Blinkbox had now registered in order to contain a dedicated Video app too. YouTube seemed to be also catered for in addition to some sort of big plus regarding tunes fans the addition of Spotify.
It appears that D-Link are on to a winner here!!
Exactly what about an affordable alternative? Properly as I stated previously the Sony SMP-N200 may provide a simple Smart-TV upgrade. Coming in on just under �99 it can also play a good variety of video and audio files, although that will not likely handle MKV as well as AAC Files over the particular network. that will having said that play the two these platforms via the USB input.
This unit includes wi-fi and it is software food selection are easy to find their way around and similar to those people found on the Blu-ray people and Tv set. A big plus intended for those of us having aged Tv set is the fact that the SMP-N200 also sports analogue sound and part video outputs.


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Senegal judge closes gas corruption case
The report alleged a company run by Sall, Agritrans, was given a secret payment of $250,000 by a gas company that sold shares in Senegalese gas fields to BP.
AFP | 2 January 2021 [FR]
[Eds: This news is relevant to farmlandgrab.org because for a while, media explored possible links between Agritrans and the new owners of Senhuile, « Les Fermes de la Teranga »]
by Laurent Lozano
A Senegalese judge has closed a case, citing lack of evidence, of alleged corruption over the sale of gas contracts to British energy giant BP, media reports said.
The case made waves in the West African state after Britain's BBC broadcaster named the brother of President Macky Sall in the investigation, sparking a public outcry.
Liberation daily published Friday a December 29 ruling by the examining magistrate finding insufficient evidence to continue an investigation begun in June 2019 into alleged wrongdoing including fraud, money laundering and criminal association.
The magistrate and public prosecutor's office did not respond to an AFP request for information on the case.
Sall alluded to the case, however, in an interview with television reporters late Thursday.
"According to the report I have read the examining magistrate cannot incriminate or jail someone without proof of wrongdoing," the president said.
Sall added he had personally called for the investigation after his younger brother Aliou Sall was named in connection with the case. Aliou Sall and BP have denied wrongdoing.
The alleged connection with the president increased public interest in the case with the impoverished West African country pinning great hopes on the recent discovery of hydrocarbon sources off its coast.
In 2012, shortly before Sall took office, Senegal's then government awarded energy exploration rights to Petro-Tim, a part of Timis Corporation, run by Romanian-Australian businessman Frank Timis, despite its lack of experience in the sector.
The investigation President Sall ordered concluded Petro-Tim should not receive the concessions but the deal went ahead.
The BBC reported BP bought Timis's stake in the gas field for $250 million in 2017, adding the British energy giant would also pay Timis some $10 billion over 40 years in royalties — money which would otherwise accrue to the Senegalese state.
The examining magistrate heard evidence among others from Aliou Sall and found the allegations unproven, adding the contracts concerned predated the Macky Sall presidency.
The investigation had been instrumental in Aliou Sall's June 2019 resignation from a state-run savings fund which he had headed since 2017.
He has stepped down from his job with the Timis group on a $25,000-a-month salary in October 2016 after being accused of a conflict of interest by the opposition
https://www.macaubusiness.com/senegal-judge-closes-gas-corruption-case/
[1] http://farmlandgrab.org/30035
[2] https://farmlandgrab.org/29215


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Sierra Nevada (spansk: "snedækket bjergkæde") er navnet på flere forskellige bjergkæder:
 Sierra Nevada, Spanien i Andalusien
 Sierra Nevada, USA i Californien og Nevada
 Sierra Nevada, Mexico, også kendt som det Trans-Mexikanske Vulkanske Bælte
 Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas i Chile og Argentina
 Sierra Nevada de Mérida i Venezuela
 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta i Colombia)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Harry Houdini's niece discovers a talent for real magic in this 1926-set YA novel.
Until age 12, Piper Weiss lives in an orphanage and a series of foster homes that never quite work out, mainly because bizarre things always seem to happen around her. Then Piper's father—gaunt and pale, with cavernous eyes—arrives, taking her to live with her uncle Ehrich Weiss, who is better known to the world by his stage name: Harry Houdini. He and his wife, Bess, are childless, and they welcome Piper, who enjoys her new life of good food, silk sheets, and a backstage view of Houdini's performances. Although Houdini is dedicated to exposing fraudulent mediums, Piper has unsettling encounters with the genuinely supernatural (including, for example, zombies). She learns to walk through mirrors and also discovers nefarious plans to reanimate freak-show corpses and create a demonic army. Meanwhile, in London, the 13-year-old daughter of Arthur Conan Doyle has an urgent message for Houdini from the spirit world: "For the human race to survive, the girl must survive. But for the girl to survive, the magician must die." It seems the end times are coming, and Piper has a role to play—but first she'll have to escape a black magician's minion called Flapper, the vampire vamp. Herdling (Fantastic Four/Inhumans: Atlantis Rising, 2014, etc.) offers a wildly entertaining story. Barring a few anachronisms, he uses his Roaring '20s backdrop to great advantage. The slang-slinging Flapper is a particularly successful creation; like other minor characters, she's well-rounded and not unsympathetic, which manages to make her even more chilling. Piper is an appealing heroine: a scrappy Annie-like orphan who stands up for her friends with courage and wit. Her rise from orphan to pampered niece is irresistible fantasy, but Herdling seldom takes his story to expected places. He lucidly explains complicated matters, from how to escape a straitjacket to Egyptian theories of the soul. Disappointingly, though, the book leaves readers waiting for resolution with few storylines resolved; however, a sequel is planned.
Plenty of storytelling magic, although the story's not yet finished.
After running away to a Coney Island "Freak Show," Houdini's niece gets drawn into an apocalyptic battle with an occultist and his evil minions in this YA novel.
In Piper Houdini: Apprentice of Coney Island (2015), Herdling (Deadpool Classic Omnibus, 2015, etc.) introduced his plucky, redheaded heroine, who grew up in orphanages before going to live with her famous uncle, Erich Weiss (aka the great stage magician Harry Houdini). After some complicated adventures, supernatural and otherwise, Piper ran away to Coney Island's Dreamland Circus Sideshow. Now it's the summer of 1926, and Piper, nearly 13, is thrilled to live and work with her family of sideshow "freaks"—a term of endearment among them: "It's just another way of calling us unique," says Johnny "Half-Boy" Hart. Piper reunites with her Creole friend, Sal, and his brother, a zombie, who joins the sideshow as "Punchinello the Painless Man." But the performers are in danger from Dr. Roy Crandon, a surgeon who performs grotesque experiments at the bidding of Aleister Crowley (the famous, real-life occultist), who's possessed by the demon Choronzon. Piper investigates her own true identity, following clues such as an H.P. Lovecraft story that was ghostwritten for Harry Houdini. Meanwhile, Crowley engineers Piper's participation in a ceremony meant to help demons possess humankind, leading to a dramatic, supernatural confrontation involving Piper's friends, including Arthur Conan Doyle's daughter. As with the first book, Herdling combines period detail—such as flappers, speak-easies, Rudolph Valentino, and spiritualists—with an engaging heroine and Lovecraft-ian supernatural horrors into a nonstop action adventure. However, it leaves little time to consider the characters and their relationships or for events to have much impact on them or for significant realizations to sink in. That said, the book still retains an underlying emphasis on friendships and family relationships, no matter how oddly assorted they may be, and this offers a good, important counterpoint to all the supernatural weirdness. Herdling also has a good ear for dialogue and 1920s slang, adding a note of fun to the dark, occult shenanigans.
Somewhat overpacked but still highly entertaining.
Finished it in 2 nights…Long awaited sequel to Herdling's first Piper Houdini story. If you haven't read that one, you should check it out prior to reading this one. As with the first story, strong character development, mystery, mythology, and a good dose of action make this a must read series and Glenn Herdling a writer to watch out for in the future.
Potter Fans Have An Alternative!…I enjoyed this immensely. The amount of research to bring that level of authenticity must've been staggering. Plus there's laughs, there's tense moments, there are clever turns of concept, this out-Hogwarts Hogwarts… I will have a hard time containing myself until the second book is out. This should easily be a pitch book for a major motion picture– here's hoping!
An addictive page turner…Mr. Herdling has written a very enjoyable first novel for all ages. I especially liked the character introduction and development from chapter to chapter. I also thought his use of historical individuals and locations was educational as I did look them up for additional information and background. Great job combining fact and fiction. Looking forward to the continuing saga of Piper Houdini.
Nice mix of fantasy with history…Combine a lovable 12-year-old protagonist with the most famous illusionist, vampires, an evil surgeon, and side-show performers, and you have the making of a very entertaining story. A unique twist on life with Houdini. Looking forward to reading the second book.
It combines historic personalities with modern legends in a fantastic setting. It features fascinating personalities…Piper Houdini was very unusual novel. It combines historic personalities with modern legends in a fantastic setting. It features fascinating personalities. I can't wait for the second volume!
Piper Houdini Brings The Magic Back To YA Fiction…Piper Houdini: Apprentice of Coney Island is a thoroughly amazing adventure, that will capture the imaginations of readers ages 8 to 80.
Magical…This book is magical in many ways. Herdling is an excellent writer and a careful researcher of his subjects. His story is well-crafted and grounded in a period of history that includes everything from the master magician, Houdini, to flappers and the Great Migration of African Americans from South to North. Piper is an endearing and relatable character that I'm sure adults and young adults alike will enjoy. A great debut novel from Glenn Herdling.
A Joy Ride…I gave myself over to the charming Piper Houdini and what a joy ride it was! Glenn Herdling is a great story teller, and his graphic depiction of New York City lurches you from your comfortable seat and places you in the bowels of old Coney Island, with its sideshow freaks, haunted house, and creaking boardwalk. Take this ride with all its vampires, magic mirrors, and freaks of nature…and enjoy it!!!
What a fun read!…What a fun read! I picked it up with no expectations at all, not even knowing what kind of story it was going to be or any inklings of the plot/characters, and had a great time with Piper.
A bygone age that never was…A good plot, interesting characters and a richly developed setting and interesting time period. The book is a fun read and unpredictable. The magical, fantasy elements in the story make the story distinctively it's own world. I'll be waiting anxiously for the next installment.
Loved it!…Fascinating! Would definitely read more by this author!
What a fun book! Great take on a well known icon…What a fun book! Great take on a well known icon. A perfect book for adults interested in Houdini & couldn't be better for a kid's reading list.
and makes you feel like you are part of the world that the main…Wow! This book is unbelievable! while reading this book I couldn't get myself to stop. The story line keeps you reading more and more, and makes you feel like you are part of the world that the main character is in. I don't usually take the time to give reviews to different products on amazon, but this one was so good I just felt like I had to.
Bravo! A real fun read…Fantastic book for kids of all ages. I read the first chapter with my 13-year old daughter because we both like fantasy books. We were hooked. We downloaded the book and finished it in a day or two. Good, multidimensional characters. Great plot with twists and turns. I highly recommend it.
Best way to describe this book…Best way to describe this book…my daughter read it first and immediately demanded to know when she could read the second book!! Great fun!
Well Worth the $3.99…It was an interesting read. For me someone who isn't always into magic or wizardry, it was a book that caught me and was a quick read. I am looking forward to the sequel now that I read the first chapter of if. Obviously people that are interested in fantasy, magic, Harry Potter and so on would enjoy this book, but for only $3.99, it is well worth the money and time. I did learn and attain knowledge that I would have not known.
Four Stars…Fun read. Looking forward to the sequel.
Glenn Herdling has always found himself fascinated by superheroes. As a youngster, it was The Incredible Hulk. At Marvel Comics, it was Spider-Man, Namor the Sub-Mariner and Dr. Strange.
But when Herdling finally decided to write a novel, he shunned the male superheroes he had identified with and their mythical worlds and fashioned a young-adult female orphan from New York City's Roaring '20s whose uncle is the world's most famous magician.
LEWISBURG — Glenn Herdling, a 1986 Bucknell University graduate, will be signing copies of his new novel, Piper Houdini: Apprentice of Coney Island, at Barnes & Noble at Bucknell University on Saturday, June 4, between 3 and 5 p.m.
Glenn Herdling, a former editor and writer for Marvel Comics, has published "Piper Houdini: Nightmare on Esopus Island," the second book in a series about the fictional niece of the legendary Harry Houdini. The character is a 12-year-old girl living in Coney Island during the 1920s.


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Inter Are Losing The Scudetto To Roma - Zdenek Zeman
By Salvatore Landolina
Zeman believes Inter will not be able to reclaim a slipping title...
Former Roma coach Zdenek Zeman believes Inter will end up without any titles at the end of the season, claiming they have thrown away the Scudetto.
Roma lead the Nerazzurri by a point, and this week's fixtures will paint a clearer picture as to who is more likely to win the title. The Lupi clash with city rivals Lazio, while Inter entertain Juventus.
"In January everyone was saying that Inter had already won the title, and that only they could lose it... now they are making that possible," he told Les TV.
Roma can strengthen their grip on the title by beating Lazio on Sunday - a game that is causing a big stir in Rome.
"The derby is the game of the fans. Players ought to pay the fans for the spectacle they offer in the stands.
"It has always been like this for games like this."
Become a fan of Goal.com International on Facebook! Just click onto Facebook.com/Goal to join the beautiful game's leading fan community...


The latest entry in the oft-neglected Viking/alien crossover subgenre is about space pilot Kainan (Caviezel) who crash lands on earth circa 709AD and finds he's not alone. A strange monster escapes and attacks the local Norse population and its up to Caviezel to join forces with the indigenous warriors, and kill this ravenous starbeast. Fun, but instantly forgettable.


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Deformscape: From Backyard to Optical Illusion
Appearances are deceiving in one contemporary-art collector's backyard.
By: Mimi Zeiger
Spoiler alert! The Japanese maple in Jeff Dauber's San Francisco backyard is not at the center of a carbon-sucking vortex. Sorry, sci-fi fans, but the Berkeley-based architect Thom Faulders's perfectly flat deck only looks like its far corner has its own warped gravity. Ever since Francesco Borromini's Gallery Spada, in Rome, forced perspectives and architectural patronage have gone hand in hand, but whereas the Renaissance architect employed a mathematician to make that arcade seem longer through foreshortening, Faulders used 3-D–modeling software to achieve Deformscape's dipping effect.
"I wanted someone to barf when they look at it," says Dauber, a senior executive at Apple. "The deck looks like it is sloping away from you." Dauber is not your standard-issue Silicon Valley techie; he's covered in tattoos and owns an impressive, challenging collection of contemporary art (including a mosque made out of gun parts, by the sculptor Al Farrow). Five years ago, he hired Faulders to transform his Potrero Hill residence into a bachelor-pad-cum-art-gallery (see "Puzzle Master," June 2006). The architect gave the space visual interest while still preserving it as a backdrop for Dauber's art. Notably, the ceiling and walls, which appear to undulate, are made of a smooth pattern of interlocking CNC-milled MDF panels. Pattern is an obsession shared by architect and client: it's apparent in almost all of Faulders's architecture and, of course, on Dauber's body. With the new project, Dauber wanted an outdoor room for entertaining and was unsentimental about building over the sloping 550-square-foot yard behind his house—especially since it would provide him with a new canvas. "I needed more walls because I couldn't add another limb," he jokes. With the exception of a few programmatic demands—built-in grill, concealed sound system, outdoor heaters, irrigation, and, naturally, nausea—he gave Faulders free reign.
To maximize the amount of usable space, Faulders delivered a bare white surface that would emphasize the lone tree. "It was like designing a swimming pool to create a flat deck," he says. He modeled a vortex around the maple in the program Rhino, collapsing the resulting wire frame into a 2-D pattern that could be used to produce custom-milled, marine-grade plywood tiles, each of which was then positioned by hand. Installed, what seem to be painted black lines are, in reality, gaps: the tiles sit atop industrial-fiberglass grating that allows rainwater to drain through to the tree's roots. "It's really difficult to build an abstraction," Faulders says. "The final product has nothing to do with materiality or how it was constructed. All the intensive labor disappears."
More from Metropolis
The effect is best seen from the two spots in the house with views of the deck (the office door and the bathroom window), vistas that are tailored to Dauber's height. Even Faulders is left out. "Part of the challenge is that it was custom designed for me," Dauber says, "and I'm six inches taller than Thom."
How a Health Care Clinic Applied Trauma Informed Design to Serve the LGBTQIA+ Community
A Floating Learning Center Is Inspired by a Salmon's Eye
Building Pittsburgh's Med-tech Future on an Industrial Past


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Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper
Craig Collinson, Linda Dunne, Clare Woolhouse
The focus of this paper is to consider visual portrayals and representations of disability. The images selected for analysis came from online university prospectuses as well as a governmental guidance framework on the tuition of dyslexic students. Greater understanding, human rights and cultural change have been characteristic of much UK governmental policy regarding disability (e.g. The Disability Discrimination Act, 2005) and legislation has potentially strengthened the quest for equality of opportunity. However, publicly available institutional promotional visual material appears to contradict policy messages. To interrogate this contradiction, this paper presents a tripartite critique whereby three researchers provide a self-inventory of their backgrounds and theoretical and ontological positioning, before presenting their differing interpretations of visual representations of disability. Following an agreed methodological and analytical framework, they addressed the question: what do visual representations of dyslexia and disability look like and what messages do they convey?
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
disability Social Sciences
interpretation Social Sciences
university Social Sciences
visual material Social Sciences
equality of opportunities Social Sciences
cultural change Social Sciences
Collinson, C., Dunne, L., & Woolhouse, C. (2012). Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper. Studies in Higher Education, 37(7), 859-873. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.555817
Collinson, Craig ; Dunne, Linda ; Woolhouse, Clare. / Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper. In: Studies in Higher Education. 2012 ; Vol. 37, No. 7. pp. 859-873.
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title = "Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper",
abstract = "The focus of this paper is to consider visual portrayals and representations of disability. The images selected for analysis came from online university prospectuses as well as a governmental guidance framework on the tuition of dyslexic students. Greater understanding, human rights and cultural change have been characteristic of much UK governmental policy regarding disability (e.g. The Disability Discrimination Act, 2005) and legislation has potentially strengthened the quest for equality of opportunity. However, publicly available institutional promotional visual material appears to contradict policy messages. To interrogate this contradiction, this paper presents a tripartite critique whereby three researchers provide a self-inventory of their backgrounds and theoretical and ontological positioning, before presenting their differing interpretations of visual representations of disability. Following an agreed methodological and analytical framework, they addressed the question: what do visual representations of dyslexia and disability look like and what messages do they convey?",
author = "Craig Collinson and Linda Dunne and Clare Woolhouse",
journal = "Studies in Higher Education",
Collinson, C, Dunne, L & Woolhouse, C 2012, 'Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper', Studies in Higher Education, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 859-873. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.555817
Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper. / Collinson, Craig; Dunne, Linda; Woolhouse, Clare.
In: Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 37, No. 7, 11.2012, p. 859-873.
T1 - Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper
AU - Collinson, Craig
AU - Dunne, Linda
AU - Woolhouse, Clare
N2 - The focus of this paper is to consider visual portrayals and representations of disability. The images selected for analysis came from online university prospectuses as well as a governmental guidance framework on the tuition of dyslexic students. Greater understanding, human rights and cultural change have been characteristic of much UK governmental policy regarding disability (e.g. The Disability Discrimination Act, 2005) and legislation has potentially strengthened the quest for equality of opportunity. However, publicly available institutional promotional visual material appears to contradict policy messages. To interrogate this contradiction, this paper presents a tripartite critique whereby three researchers provide a self-inventory of their backgrounds and theoretical and ontological positioning, before presenting their differing interpretations of visual representations of disability. Following an agreed methodological and analytical framework, they addressed the question: what do visual representations of dyslexia and disability look like and what messages do they convey?
AB - The focus of this paper is to consider visual portrayals and representations of disability. The images selected for analysis came from online university prospectuses as well as a governmental guidance framework on the tuition of dyslexic students. Greater understanding, human rights and cultural change have been characteristic of much UK governmental policy regarding disability (e.g. The Disability Discrimination Act, 2005) and legislation has potentially strengthened the quest for equality of opportunity. However, publicly available institutional promotional visual material appears to contradict policy messages. To interrogate this contradiction, this paper presents a tripartite critique whereby three researchers provide a self-inventory of their backgrounds and theoretical and ontological positioning, before presenting their differing interpretations of visual representations of disability. Following an agreed methodological and analytical framework, they addressed the question: what do visual representations of dyslexia and disability look like and what messages do they convey?
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Collinson C, Dunne L, Woolhouse C. Re-visioning disability and dyslexia down the camera lens: interpretations of representations on UK university websites and in a UK government guidance paper. Studies in Higher Education. 2012 Nov;37(7):859-873. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.555817


Well, Microsoft have been thinking along these lines too, and as such we have Azure Sphere! The Microcontrollers (MCU) that allow this IOT functionality will soon be connected to the internet and Microsoft have a 3 pronged approach to this with Azure Sphere certified MCUs, Azure Sphere OS and Azure Sphere Security Service.
Check out the Azure Sphere webpage at Microsoft for a more detailed breakdown of this and how it can help you build more secure connected products.


text:
{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Confirm cancellation {% endblock %} {% block content %}

BETA

Cancelling a local land charge

Are you sure you want to cancel this charge?

						Charge ID
						LLC-7CLZU

						Location description
						1 Clinton Street

							St. Thomas

							Exeter

							EX1 1AX

						Registered on
						3 May 2017

						Law
						Town and Country Planning Act 1979 section 106

Yes, I want to cancel it

No, I don't want to cancel it

{% endblock %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Next weekend, on Sunday November 6th at the 10:30am Mass Bishop Thomas Dowd will be here to confirm our 7 young parishioners who have been preparing for the past year. Please come support and congratulate them.
If you would like to be a part of this tradition please call the office. We would like to impress the Bishop who will be seeing this for the first time.
First I would like once again to thank all who participated in the Fall Fair. It was, for me, filled with a spirit of joy, collaboration and service. With this Fall Fair we are able to pay our bills and assure our social service to those in need, as Christ compels us to in the Gospel.
"A Christian house of prayer is both a sign of the ecclesial communion of people at a specific place and also a symbol of the heavenly dwellings that God has prepared for us all. In God's house we gather together to pray in common or alone and to celebrate the sacraments, especially the Eucharist.
For this reason we are called to participate in the building up of our faith community. We need to have wonderful events like the Fall Fair, where we nurture our friendships and support our community with our, time, talent and treasure, and to come to the banquet of Christ, to nurture our spirit through the Eucharist, allowing ourselves to be in the comforting presence of God. With the joy that these two elements brings we cannot help then to welcome new families and friends to our parish family.
I thank again, all who supported our Fall Fair and I invite all parishioners to continue to support and participate as full members of Christ's mystical body here in Verdun.
We invite you and ask that you extend this invitation to the friends and members of your family to join with us, if possible, on Sunday October 30th at 10:30am. During the procession of gifts you will have an opportunity to bring a photo of your deceased loved one(s) and place it in front of the altar to remain there until the Feast of All Souls on November 2nd.
"Together We Hold The Future in our Hands." International negotiations to find a solution to the crisis of climate change is far from achieving goals set at the Kyoto Conference. We must now focus on the post Kyoto era. The urgent need for action requires a strong political will and civil society must make their voices clearly heard. Only then can we hope to achieve a post Kyoto agreement and to develop mechanisms to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To have your voice heard sign the D&P postcard.
Get your Christmas shopping done early by joining us for our 1st Annual Artisan Fair, Saturday Nov. 12th between 9am-3pm. Featuring local (and not so local), artists, community and social organizations, who will all be offering works of fine arts, crafts, bake goods and so much more. These works are unique and original and can't be bought in stores. They are a pleasure to view and a joy to own. Fine dining at a reasonable prices available.


text:
Aaron Colen
House Freedom Caucus denounces budget deal, citing 'unsustainable' spending increases
'All sides should go back to the drawing board'
Rep. Mark Meadows (R-N.C.), chair of the House Freedom Caucus. (Katherine Frey/The Washington Post via Getty Images)
The House Freedom Caucus announced its opposition to a bipartisan two-year budget agreement reached by President Donald Trump and congressional leaders that increases spending by more than $300 billion.
Both sides need to continue negotiations and work toward a deal that does not add more debt, the Freedom Caucus said in a statement. Here's more:
"Our country is undeniably headed down a path of fiscal insolvency and rapidly approaching $23 trillion in debt. This is completely unsustainable, and we owe taxpayers and future generations better. We should be working together on a bipartisan basis to cut spending and balance our budget—or, at bare minimum, holding to the existing spending caps to prevent a significant problem from becoming even worse. All sides should go back to the drawing board and work around the clock, canceling recess if necessary, on a responsible budget agreement that serves American taxpayers better—not a $323 billion spending frenzy with no serious offsets."
Because the president supports the deal, and it should have enough support to pass the House without the Freedom Caucus, there will not likely be any further work done on this deal.
"I am pleased to announce that a deal has been struck with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy — on a two-year Budget and Debt Ceiling, with no poison pills," Trump tweeted Monday. "This was a real compromise to give another big victory to our Great Military and Vets!"
Although the statement from the Freedom Caucus was not a surprise, it is still meaningful that some in the GOP are still sounding the alarm about already out-of-control spending that is only getting worse.
Every time a deal goes through in which many or most Republicans don't even go through the motions of caring about fiscal responsibility, the less credibility the party has when we oppose the outrageous costs of Democratic proposals like Medicare for All or the Green New Deal.
If we send the message now that money is no object, it won't work out well if we suddenly change our tune for a Democratic president or Senate. So although statements like this one from the Freedom Caucus might seem futile, it's still important that the message of fiscal responsibility be heard in our government.


text:
Christian Life Community (CLC, CVX) is a worldwide lay Catholic community. The origins of the Christian Life Community [CLC, CVX] date back to the Sodality of Our Lady created in 1563 by the Jesuit priest Jean Leunis and a group of students in the Roman College, who wished to follow in the footsteps of the lay groups that had developed since 1540 in different parts of the world thanks to the work of St. Ignatius Loyola and his companions.
In 1584, Pope Gregory XIII approved the first Sodality in his document "Omnipotentis Dei," and in 1587 Pope Sixtus V issued the document "Superna Dispositione", authorizing the institution of other Sodalities affiliated to the original one and open to everyone. In many European countries, the Sodality was known as the Marian Congregation.
The serious crisis which the Society of Jesus suffered in the 18th century, leading in 1773 to its suppression by Pope Clement XIV, weakened the sodalities, which became a mass movement that was quite different from what the founder had originally intended.
It 1948, following the publication of the apostolic constitution "Bis Saeculari", in which Pope Pius XII laid down guidelines for the lay apostolate, the need was felt to renew the Sodality of Our Lady and to group all the national Sodalities together into an international federation.
In 1952 the World Federation of the Sodalities of Our Lady was established. Further renewal took place in 1960s, at the time of the Second Vatican Council, resulting in a new name: "Sodality of Our Lady" was replaced by "Christian Life Community and the Federation became The World Federation of the Christian Life Communities. It was recognized by the Holy See in 1971 as a Catholic international organization. Further renewal saw the World Federation become one world community in 1982. On Dec. 3, 1990, the Pontifical Council for the Laity decreed the Christian Life Community to be an international association of the faithful of pontifical right.
In 2010, CLC (Hong Kong) has over 150 members divided into around 15 small communities. Apart from individual members actively taking part in different kinds of services in the church and other sectors, we also serve as a community in education, the ministry of the Word and in promoting Ignatian Spirituality.
CLC is a member of the Conference of International Catholic Organizations [ICOs ]. As a nongovernmental organization [NGO], CLC has consultative status with the U.N. Economic and Social Council and UNICEF.
CLC is governed by a General Assembly, made up of the Executive Council and delegates sent by the national communities. The Executive Council, which is responsible for implementing the decisions and policies adopted by the General Assembly, comprises the president, the vice president, the secretary, the treasurer, ecclesiastical assistant, the deputy ecclesiastical assistant and three council members.
Before it transformed into CLC, the Sodality of Our Lady, established under the Society of Jesus, was guided by Rules promulgated by the Father General of the Society of Jesus. As General of the Society of Jesus, Fr Pedro Arrupe further transformed the CLC into an autonomous lay community, and now it is guided by its General Principle and other defining documents. These were last revised and approved by the Holy See on April 1991. (For Chinese Version of GP, click here.)
Logo Explanation
The source and the instrument of CLC spirituality are the Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola. A central position is given to Our Lady in the life of the community, for her cooperation in the work of redemption is the supreme model for the members on which to base their own cooperation with Christ's mission. The Logo represents this union of Christ as the Centre and Mary as the model by the combination of XP [the Greek letters CH [Chi] and R [Rho], signifying Christ and M signifying Mary.
The Mission of the CLC derived from its specific vocation as an Ignatian Lay Apostolic Prophetic Community, as expressed in its General Principle and in various defining documents. The Community's sense of mission translates into specific service "according to the circumstances of time and place" as St. Ignatius expressed it.
Graced History of Hong Kong CLC
Prior to 1967 The Sodality of Our Lady [Marian Congregation] was established in Hong Kong.
1967 New name and new beginning: Christian Life Community
1968 Pope Paul VI confirmed the General Principles of the World Federation of the Christian Life Communities
1970 5th World General Assembly (WGA) in Santo Domingo: "a crisis and a challenge" (the GP were amended and approved in 1971 by the Holy See).
1971 HK had about 200 members in 15 CLC groups, most of them students in 9 High Schools or in 2 Universities. There were 4 young adult groups [2 of university graduates, and 2 in parishes].
1972 World Vice- EA Fr. Nick Rieman SJ and Executive Secretary Jose Gsell visited HK from 8 to 10 July.
1973 6th WGA in Augsburg, Germany: "the call to be free, the liberation of all men and women". (delegates left CLC now)
1976 7th WGA in Manila/Philippines: "the call to be poor, poor with Christ for a better service". (delegates left CLC now)
1978 Fr. Sean O Cearbhallain S.J. became national E.A.
8th General Assembly in Rome: call towards a World Community, at the service of One World (Sean & 2 delegates who left CLC now)
1st Asia-Pacific meeting took place for 3 days. One of the fruits was the AP Formation Programme, for 1 month, July-August 1981, in Manila.
Eadaoin Hui did the month-long Spiritual Exercise: our first member to do so.
1st HK Formation Programme for youth plus a 6 or 8 Days' retreat.
Evergreen CLC made a group 19th Annotation Spiritual Exercises.
Eadaoin Hui, sent by the Community to help as a guide for the annual retreat, starting a ministry which has continued and grown.
Since 1980, CLC has conducted formation programmes for youth and adults, short retreats, and Spiritual Exercises for individuals and groups.
1981 Asian Formation Programme.[Manila] Eadaoin Hui, Annie Lam, Sean participated.
9th WGA in Providence: the challenge to be one World Community on mission to bring about justice. (Sean, Eadaoin Hui & Joseph Chan)
The World ExCo appointed a Commission, [HK + France with Fr Nick Rieman S.J. USA] as Chair, to start updating the GP incorporating the notion of 'World Community' & etc (Sean, Eadaoin & Jennie)
Fr. Patrick O'Sullivan and Jose Gsell visited HK and gave workshops
HK Federation eventually became CLC (Hong Kong)
Annie Lam, a member of World ExCo Formation Team working group exploring the role of EA, Guides, Coordinators in CLC.
established Leunis Institute & set up Covenent scheme to fund & support formation for CLC
1983 Formation materials prepared for student CLC groups
1984 Annie Lam represented CLC at the Youth Colloquium in the Vatican
1985 Annie Lam represented CLC in International Catholic Organisations Colloquium
10th General Assembly in Loyola: seeing Mary as model of our mission, being asked to do "whatever Christ tells us". (Sean, Eadaoin Hui & Jennie Chor)
Eadaoin Hui elected as Consultor for World ExCo
1987 Set up the rehabilitation team to support our EA in HK
1989 Jennie Chor attended the meeting in Rome on the revision of GP.
11th General Assembly in Guadalajara: an international community "at the service of the Kingdom, to go out and bear fruit". (Sean, John Tan & Grace Tse)
The revised GP (and GN) approved & confirmed by the Holy See
Formation of lay guides for Spiritual Exercises, using video tapes from Creighton University USA.
1992 Celebration of the Silver Jubilee of CLC
1993 Fr. Elizalde, World Vice-EA of CLC, visited Hong Kong to share on community, common ministry and preparing for the World Assembly
12th WGA in Hong Kong: CLC Community in Mission "I have come to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were blazing already!" (Sean, Amy Chan & Annie Lam).
This was the first time the WGA was held on secular premises not in a Catholic institution: more in line with our theme of mission in the secular world.
After several months of community discernment, CLC accepted the invitation to assume responsibility for (MSS) and (MPS)
Loyola Centre, a collaboration between individual CLC members and Jesuits to promote Ignatian Spirituality, began. The Centre organized regular Nine Week Daily Life Retreats.
Annie Lam represented CLC in attending the 4th World Conference on Women organized by the United Nations in Beijing.
CLC [HK] formally assumed responsibility for MSS and MPS
A student faith sharing group was formed in MSS.
13th General Assembly in Itaici: Deepening our identity as an apostolic Community – clarifying our common mission. "CLC, a letter from Christ, written by the Spirit, sent to today's world.". (Sean, Daphne Ho & Alice Law)
Fr. Patrick O'Sullivan was invited to come to HK to give a retreat and public talks
First pilgrimage to Loyola
HK Federation legally changed name to Christian Life Community (Hong Kong). Henceforth membership refers to individuals, not groups.
On Sept 9th, the practice of formal commitment in CLC was resumed. 37 members made permanent commitment and 15 temporary.
Marie Schimelfenig [USA] gave a Formation Programme on living the Ignatian Charism as a lay person.
Formation Programme for potential lay guides for Spiritual Exercises began
14th WGA in Nairobi, "Sent by Christ, members of one body" (Sean, Sandra Chan & Sonya Chan)
World ExCo co-opted Sandra Chan as Consultor
Joseph Chor attended Jesuit-Lay Partnership Workshop in Manila
MSS CLC is formed
SJ-CLC collaboration: several members joined SJ retreat & workshop in Taiwan
Set up Word Ministry (Shalom, books translation, etc)
Gilles & Leah (WCLC secretary) attended our GA
Web retreat materials in Chinese
Organise Ignatian Conference in HK with SJs: Finding God in the 21st Century
AP-Link assembly in Manila (Fr Greg, Joseph Chor & Julie Yip)
Word Ministry – Publication of the first book, Chinese translation of "Guidelines for Prayer from the School of Saint Ignatius" by Bethy Oudot, French CLC member
Establish Reflection Team
Re-instate Leunis Institute to promote Ignatian spirituality (e.g. Manresa & Cardoner Programme)
15th WGA in Fatima, "Journeying as an apostolic body: our response to this grace from God" (Fr Robert Ng, Carrie Wong & Sonya Chan)
Word Ministry – Publication of the second book, Chinese translation of "Finding God in all things' by Fr. Brian Grogan S.J.
Word Ministry – Publication of the third book, the Chinese translation of "Personal Vocation Fr. Herbert Alphonso SJ.
Fr Laurence Murphy was invited to give guide formation program and public talks
Fr. Patrick O'Sullivan was invited to give formation programme and public talks
HK now have over 100 adult members and over 70 student members in 12 adult CLC groups and 4 student groups respectively [1 of university and 3 in secondary schools].


text:
Interview: As its second decade begins, On The Beach is hitting a new gear
The online travel agent has taken control of its tech and is starting to explore foreign markets with a new Swedish site. Edward Robertson speaks to chief executive Simon Cooper
It's been five years of hard labour but On The Beach finally has full control of its own website.
And if it is a surprise that a company so reliant on its site is only now fully in control of it, founder and chief executive Simon Cooper is keen to explain why.
When On The Beach was originally set up in 2004, it was simply easier to outsource the technology as a bespoke platform, which supported it from the company's birth until it was achieving a turnover of £150 million.
In 2010 and 2011 the company then started insourcing the site and rewrote the core platform in a new language. Only now, after a further three years of optimising the site, is it functioning to Cooper's satisfaction.
If five years seems like a long time to take, he says much of it was down to the fact that building the new site involved an inevitable on-the-job learning process.
He adds: "When one maps out a plan you probably only map out the first steps in detail, you launch and learn and the rest of it comes from that learning."
Cooper also believes the advantages of having complete control of the site far outweigh the amount of time it took to achieve.
He says: "The ability to grow a brand by spending money online [on elements such as pay-per-click advertising] existed and that doesn't exist now, so you need to be clever at delivering with online differentiated product.
"How the hell can you do that without having the ownership of all your own platforms?
"We're now also able to go from the inception of an idea to launch within weeks, not months.
"[We can focus on] new product and new delivery of product. Most of it we can relate to customer experience improvement, whether it is a hotel we didn't sell before or the presentation of the hotel."
This has led to a business where the proportion of bookings now taken online is between 92% and 93%, although January saw the figure hit 95%. The business still stays true to the name. All holidays sold are beach holidays, with short and mid-haul - including Egypt, the Canaries and all key Mediterranean destinations - on offer.
"It's always been our longer-term plan to deliver long-haul beach, but there's so much room to grow still on short to mid-haul that it is easier for us to stick with what we have," says Cooper.
He adds this is particularly the case given how much space for growth he still sees in the UK market, especially with 17 million passengers booking short-haul holidays, only 45% of whom are booking online.
Cooper says: "How much share we can grab depends on our ability to grow our proposition and we're doing a pretty good job of that."
Nor does he feel any temptation to take more control of the product sold by the On The Beach and start competing with tour operators.
"Not being committed to stock means we don't have to factor in 15% to 20% [extra to the price] for unsold seats. There's no chance of unsold seats or beds for an OTA," Cooper says.
"As long as room exists for growth with our model at the rates we're experiencing then… we don't need to make that jump. I believe we can keep on growing at 30% per annum for the foreseeable future."
Instead, he has set his eyes on the continent with the first international website hard-launched in Sweden at the start of 2015. The main attraction is that Scandinavia boasts the highest penetration of holidays sold online, up to about 60%.
And while Cooper enjoys preaching to the converted, he still believes that markets such as Germany and Italy, which have particularly low penetration points, will come round to booking online. "It seems inevitable to me, not just because it is easier and the quality of the experience is better," Cooper argues. "The value proposition that an OTA can provide for a beach holiday is higher, making it better value.
"The Germans will probably find their reticence will be broken down as the young become older. Do I see a point where Germans are 50% booking online? Yes. How long will it take? It is difficult to say."
Big adjustments
Cooper is also deeply aware of the effort required to launch successfully an OTA overseas, compared with the many bed banks that have launched in the UK and then trodden foreign paths.
He says: "It is different for every market; it is not about taking 200,000 hotels and selling them there. It is about offering completely different product [relevant to the market]."
And while Cooper has one eye firmly set overseas for future expansion, he has no intention of moving operations there, even with the much-anticipated changes coming to the Package Travel Directive.
He adds: "We haven't yet got full clarity as to what the regulations will look like or how onerous they will be.
"I certainly think any benefits one can get by moving offshore would be negated by the cost of the value proposition of being UK-based and Atol-protected."
How to get the most out of Melbourne in 24 hours
TTG Media announces return of LGBT-friendly Travel Company of the Year award


text:
Last ditch attempt made to save historic Battle of Britain Club in Uxbridge
A desperate search is on to find a last-minute investor
Martin ElveryLocal Democracy Content Editor
A last ditch attempt is being made to save an RAF club next to the base where the Battle of Britain was once coordinated.
In the 100th anniversary year of the RAF, the Battle of Britain Club in Uxbridge will close when its lease is handed back to the Ministry of Defence (MOD) in order to clear the club's outstanding debts.
Ironically the date for the handover is July 9 - the day before the anniversary of the beginning of the historic air battle - on July 10 1940.
The club, which consists of two prefabricated Nissen huts, has been open for 71 years and lies near to the the Battle of Britain bunker at RAF Uxbridge from where the epic battle was marshalled.
RAF news
Prize for Battle of Britain centre
Boris Johnson joins 100 celebrations
RAFA club threatened with closure
Battle of Britain bunker now open
Alan Wright, who is chairman of the club, is now desperately searching for a last-minute sponsor or investors who can plough some cash in to save the iconic club, and members have started a petition calling on the RAF Association - which holds the lease - to give the club one more chance.
Mr Wright said: "It is with a heavy heart and great sadness that I have to let everyone know of the great possibility that the Battle of Britain Club Uxbridge may have to close its doors for the final time on the July 9 2018.
"The Royal Air Force Association headquarters in Leicester has come to the conclusion that this historic club is no longer viable due to insurmountable debts and the dilapidated condition of the building, despite finally starting to see a slight profit, but seemingly all too late."
It is understood the club had not been billed for its rent for 16 years and so had not paid. The MOD billed the club earlier this year for the outstanding £160,000 but can only claim £60,000 as it can only claim debts going back six years.
Mr Wright says that he thinks faults lie on both sides for allowing the debts to build up. He says past club committees lacked the "guidance" to be able to make progress in paying off creditors.
The building comprises of two Nissen huts which were used by the US Air Force as field hospitals (Image: Battle of Britain Club)
He adds that most of the debts are now clear apart from the outstanding amount on the lease which the club had hoped RAFA would be willing to renegotiate.
But RAFA says handing the lease back to the MOD is the "only viable solution".
Ailsa Gough, area director south east and eastern at RAFA, said: "The Battle of Britain Club is run on behalf of the club committee by a management company. 2017 financial reports, prepared by that company, clearly show significant long-term debts and an operating loss for the year. These financial difficulties mean that ongoing costs, including those necessary to bring the premises up to appropriate standards, to pay monthly rent and to clear debts cannot be covered by the club.
"The only viable course of action is for the surrender of the lease to the landlord and the management company has been given notice."
She added: "We are in regular contact with our Uxbridge branch and are supporting them to find alternative premises for their meetings, so they can continue to support members of the RAF family in their area."
The club has paid host to community groups and celebrations for 70 years (Image: Battle of Britain Club)
Mr Wright paid tribute to the club's management company, Arizona, and the "continued support from its directors" which he says has allowed the club to keep going up to now.
He is also appealing for visitors to the newly re-eopened Battle of Britain bunker visitor attraction at the former neighbouring RAF Uxbridge site, to visit the club to socialise and help boost its revenue.
He said: "I appeal for the support of the members, the local community and wider for this fight in the hope we can save the club and keep this vital part of local history and a facility that is popular and vital to the local community going for many more years."
"We welcome any assistance or support from the local council, residents and trades people, to save this iconic club and much needed community asset.
The Battle of Britain Club was founded on the present site in early 1947 and officially opened its doors on September 8 1951.
The Nissen huts, which originally formed part of a US Air Force field Hospital in Prestwick, Scotland, from where they were transported to Uxbridge.
The huts are home to the RAFA Uxbridge branch, and the Battle of Britain Club. The club is used by a number of community groups.
The club and branch have a membership of approximately 521, some of whom are RAF veterans.
You can sign the petition to keep the club open here .
RAF Uxbridge


A frequently asked question during Nuvation's Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layout review meetings is, "Are 50-ohm traces being used for the digital signals in this PCB layout?" Often the answer to this question is "yes". However when making decisions that balance cost, performance, and manufacturability, the correct answer can also be "no" or "not for all the digital signals". Alternative approaches can include focusing on the "controlled impedance" of PCB transmission lines and/or using other trace-impedance values.
Let's examine a layer-stack design and see how the PCB trace width affects layer count (cost) and trace impedance (performance). In Figure 1, routing channels of the same width are shown on a signal layer for three PCB transmission lines: a 100-ohm differential pair, a 50-ohm and 60-ohm single-ended.
Right: One 100-ohm differential-pair with 4mil trace / 5.5mil space.
Middle: Two 60-ohm traces for single-ended with 4mil trace / 4mil space.
Left: One 50-ohm trace for single-ended with 6.5mil trace / 7.4mil space.
Note: This example assumes the minimum trace width and spacing are 4mils.
In this case, the engineer needs to make trade-off decisions on using either 50-ohm traces, which use up more PCB space and possibly more layers, or 60-ohm traces which use up less PCB space and possibly less PCB layers.
The reference designs and recommendations in the documents provided by IC manufacturers are often used as starting points for schematics and PCB layouts in board-level hardware designs.
The techniques adopted for designing high-speed digital interconnects in these documents were most likely re-used in the designs for specific end-products. For example, the decision to use a memory interface without termination could have been determined due to the large operating margins of the memory in the reference schematic. However, for cost savings, the design engineer may choose alternate devices with different I/O buffer characteristics from those used in the reference design. The engineer would then need to decide if the non-terminated memory interface should remain in the new design.
Reference designs are an essential part of making PCB design decisions. However, it is important to have a deep understanding of the principles and limitations behind the techniques being applied in the reference designs. Only then can optimal design trade-off decisions be made.
Electrically long (tpcb > 0.2x tr) PCB traces are acting as a PCB transmission line (PCB TL). Electrically short traces (tpcb < 0.2 x tr) are acting as a lumped LC circuit. The impedance-controlled trace (PCB TL) should be specified in a PCB design file to ensure that the PCB is fabricated with the trace impedance within the specified values. The PCB fabricator can also measure the actual trace impedance and generate a report for you upon request.
Flight-time tpcb in the PCB traces is the only parameter associated with PCB layout among the parameters involved in determining whether or not a PCB trace is a PCB transmission line. It is important in a product design team to have consensus that it is the task of both the electrical design engineer and PCB designer to design appropriate type of PCB transmission lines for digital signals.
The table below shows what values the PCB TL impedance should be in order to match the terminations (referring to Figure 2).
Note 1: Wherever possible, Zpcb-TL can be set equal to Zo so that there is no reflection back from driver to receiver.
Note 2: Assuming a high impedance input.
Impedance-matched PCB TLs are the best choice for signal integrity (SI) performance because they eliminate signal reflections between the driver and the receiver. However, termination resistors on PCB TLs increase the BOM cost and the power consumption when end-termination (RT) is used. End-termination (RT) is suitable for multi-drop links, and source-termination is a good choice for uni-directional signals, like clocks. When margins for logic voltage and timing are large enough, non-terminated PCB TLs are often seen in many digital interfaces.
PCB traces will behave differently depending on the length of the trace (or flight-time) as well as the I/O characteristics of digital driver and receiver and the terminations employed. PCB trace width is a factor in determining both the PCB trace impedance and the yield of trace routing channel – low yield of the routing channel demands high PCB layer count. There should be options for choosing the impedance of PCB transmission lines, and a 50-ohm trace (PCB TL) is not the only choice.
While the IC manufacturer's reference designs are essential, they should not be considered as the "best practices" for the PCB design of a new product. This is because the process of determining what is "best" is one of making design trade-off decisions that balance performance, cost and manufacturability. It is an important step to characterize the PCB traces for each digital interface presented in a design accordingly in order to optimize the entire PCB design and achieve high signal integrity.
References: Johnson, H. (1993). High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic. New Jersey: Pearson Education.