It can be a: Fact Statistics Simile Metaphor Literary" Famous people"tions Joke Anecdote Dogma Words like "love" and "hate" are excellent choices as it is impossible to define them in short. It can be interesting or not; it may relate to your studies or work. What is a definition essay is the initial question to answer if you want to master one more tricky type of academic writing. Turnitin celebrates the writing process. A student will barely earn a high grade for a word which requires several sentences or even words to describe. Look at the detailed description of each papers section below. 100 Brilliant College Definition Essay Topics The article has mentioned some of the great ideas to discuss explain in a definition paper. Deep words may demand a lot of words/phrases to describe them - that is when a teacher may give a specific assignment to the class.
Sudoku - Official Site What s Better: Movies Or Books? How to Write, essay in upsc Exam?
Essay, begin with selecting a proper topic. Turnitin partners with institutions and instructors all over the world. From computer code plagiarism to contract cheating, protect your culture of academic integrity with confidence. If a student does not want to start the paper with the direct definition, a hook may open the essay. The characteristics of a person who deserves to be called the Great You have seen the most common samples of topics students choose when receiving definition essay tasks. Many times, a complicated term with multiple meanings cannot be explained in a sentence or two without sharing vivid examples.


text:
uncg (25)
university of north carolina at greensboro (23)
greensboro college (3)
greensboro college (n.c.) (3)
north carolina college for women (2)
north carolina college for women - students (2)
north carolina state normal and industrial college (2)
student activities -- north carolina -- greensboro (2)
programs (26)
ua108.3 class of files (21)
guilford vertical files (greensboro public library) (4)
ua111 university archives scrapbook collection (2)
mss305 frances peden summerell scrapbook, 1913 - 1916 (1)
mss307 elisabeth moffitt thames scrapbook, 1915 - 1919 (1)
oh003 uncg centennial oral history project (1)
wv0047 eloise rallings lewis papers (1)
mss. coll. 113 allen-mcfarland family papers (1)
mss292 fannie northrop kletzien scrapbook, 1921 - 1925 (1)
martha blakeney hodges special collections and university archives (21)
summerell, frances peeden (1)
thames, elisabeth moffitt (1)
wesley foundation (woman's college of the university of north carolina) (1)
kirchoff, bruce (1)
kletzien, fannie northrop (1)
landon, margaret (1)
lewis, eloise patricia rallings (1)
north carolina agricultural and technical state university (1)
Description: baccalaureate
Oral history interview with Eloise Patricia Rallings Lewis, 1999
WV0047 Eloise Rallings Lewis Papers
Primarily documents Eloise Patricia Rallings Lewis's nursing education; service with the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) and Cadet Nurse Corps during World War II; and her career in nursing education, particularly her tenure as dean of the School of Nursing...
Oral history interview with Margaret Landon, 1990 [text/print transcript]
OH003 UNCG Centennial Oral History Project
Margaret Landon (1926-1995) became an assistant professor of nursing in the School of Nursing at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) in 1971. She served as the director of its baccalaureate program and retired in 1986. Landon...
Scrapbook 1932-1950--Bennett College
Mss. Coll. 113 Allen-McFarland Family Papers
This scrapbook was most likely presented to Ms. Dorothy Allen McFarland by J.P. Allen in June, 1940, possibly as a gift upon Ms. McFarland's graduation from Bennett College. The scrapbook includes a clipping of a class portrait of Ms. McFarland as...
[A&T College Commencement. 1934]
Guilford Vertical Files (Greensboro Public Library)
A complete program from the 1934 Agricultural and Technical College (North Carolina A&T State University) commencement. The address was given by Richard B. Harrison and the Baccalaureate Sermon by Miles Mark Fisher.
[Annual sermon program, 1911]
A program for Greensboro Female College's 1911 Baccalaureate Sermon which was given by Reverend J. W. Daniel of Columbia, South Carolina. Includes several psalm lyrics.
A program for Greensboro Female College's 1913 Baccalaureate Sermon which was given by Bishop Collins Denny.
A program for Greensboro Female College's 1914 Baccalaureate Sermon which was given by Reverend L. P. Howard of Durham, North Carolina.
Elisabeth Moffitt Thames scrapbook, 1915 - 1919
MSS307 Elisabeth Moffitt Thames Scrapbook, 1915 - 1919
The scrapbook includes mounted or inserted photographs, pictures, invitations, correspondence, clippings, cards, postcards, valentine cards and book, certificates, booklets, advertising matter, and class assignments (including typed English paper);...
[Fannie Northrop Kletzien scrapbook, 1921-1925]
MSS292 Fannie Northrop Kletzien Scrapbook, 1921 - 1925
This scrapbook, created by Fannie Northrop Kletzien between 1921 and 1925, contains material relating to Kletzien's student experience at the North Carolina College for Women (now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Kletzien, of...
[Frances Peden Summerell scrapbook, 1913-1916]
MSS305 Frances Peden Summerell Scrapbook, 1913 - 1916
Frances Peden Summerell of China Grove, North Carolina, attended the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) from 1913-1916. She participated in the Y.W.C.A., Athletic Association,...
[Class of 1917 folder]
UA108.3 Class Of Files
The Class of 1917 folder contains material pertaining to the 1917 graduating class of North Carolina State Normal and Industrial School (State Normal, now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Included in the folder are programs from the...
The Class of 1919 folder contains material pertaining to the 1919 graduating class of North Carolina College for Women (NC College for Women, now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Included in the folder are programs from the 1919...
The Class of 1927 folder contains material pertaining to the 1927 graduating class of North Carolina College for Women (NCCW, now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)" Included in the folder are printed programs from 1927 commencement...
The Class of 1929 folder contains material pertaining to the 1929 graduating class of North Carolina College for Women (NCCW, now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro). Included in the folder are printed programs from 1929 commencement...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
New Challenges for Maturing Democracies in Korea and Taiwan
Larry Diamond,
Stanford University Press, page(s): 408
New Challenges for Maturing Democracies in Korea and Taiwan takes a creative and comparative view of the new challenges and dynamics confronting these maturing democracies.
Numerous works deal with political change in the two societies individually, but few adopt a comparative approach—and most focus mainly on the emergence of democracy or the politics of the democratization processes. This book, utilizing a broad, interdisciplinary approach, pays careful attention to post-democratization phenomena and the key issues that arise in maturing democracies.
"As two paradigmatic cases of democratic development, Korea and Taiwan are often seen as exemplars of both modernization and democratization. This volume both contributes and moves beyond this focus, looking forward to assess the maturation but also the risks to democracy in both countries. With its strong comparative focus and a sober appreciation of how hard it can be not to just to attain but to sustain democracy, it represents a major contribution."
— Benjamin Reilly, Dean, Sir Walter Murdoch School of Public Policy and International Affairs, Murdoch University
What emerges is a picture of two evolving democracies, now secure, but still imperfect and at times disappointing to their citizens—a common feature and challenge of democratic maturation. The book demonstrates that it will fall to the elected political leaders of these two countries to rise above narrow and immediate party interests to mobilize consensus and craft policies that will guide the structural adaptation and reinvigoration of the society and economy in an era that clearly presents for both countries not only steep challenges but also new opportunities.
Larry Diamond is a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford. He is also Director of Stanford's Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law. Gi-Wook Shin is Director of the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, the Tong Yang, Korea Foundation, and Korea Stanford Alumni Chair of Korean Studies, and Professor of Sociology at Stanford.
Clothcover Purchase
Paperback Purchase
State-building


This is not the latest version of Wavebox available.
Unlike browser tabs, which work independently, Wavebox brings everything together as a single suite of web apps. For example, you'll get notified on anything new across all your apps without having to check each tabs individually. You'll also find it easier maintain context across workflows and stay focused.
Setup starts you with a trial version that can be upgrade to perpetual adding a purchased license key.
Wavebox is not working on 32 bit Windows versions anymore. Only 64 bit releases will be provided.
$packageArgs['file'] = $env:USERPROFILE + "\AppData\Local\wavebox\Update.exe"
This discussion is only about Wavebox and the Wavebox package. If you have feedback for Chocolatey, please contact the google group.
Tell us what you love about the package or Wavebox, or tell us what needs improvement.
Deployed from e27d7a207f. You are on web.4. UTC time is currently 25 Apr 2019 23:00:44 +00:00.


text:
Obama's government should stay out of kids bathrooms and locker rooms: Donald Trump
The federal government should leave sexual regulation of the nation's K-12 bathrooms and locker rooms to state and local governments, Donald Trump said in multiple interviews Friday."I believe it should be states' rights and I think the states should make the decision, they're more capable of making the decision," Trump told the audience for ABC's Good Morning America. When pressed, he repeated his pro-federalism policy: "I just think it should be states' rights. I think many things actually should be states' rights, but this is a perfect example of it." The candidate was asked about bathrooms because of President Barack Obama's Friday decree that the nation's 100,000 public schools open their bathrooms and locker rooms to kids of both sexes whenever even a single child or teenager announces he or she has the "gender identity" of the opposite sex. The new rule — which is not law but is backed by federal threats to sue or slash funding — would impact roughly 55 million children. Trump followed the same pro-federalism script when asked about Obama's bathroom policy on NBC's Today show. "I think this should be a states' issue. It's become a huge story and yet it affects — and everybody has to be protected, if it's one person — but it's a tiny, tiny portion of the population, and it's become a massive story," Trump said.
Trump declined to get into the justice of Obama's support for transgender claims and the "gender identity' ideology. Trump is willing to try and protect Americas youth before he is even president. Our kids should not be forced to deal with gender identity issues, due to the fact they are to young to understand at such a young age. I almost feel though as if this is being pushed on our kids, because modern day American children are some of the easiest minds to manipulate in our current American society. There obviously is an agenda behind gender identity, when the first people who our schools teach it to is our K-12 students in America. This is the take down of perhaps the American way of life, and who does the Obama government choose to start this identity crisis with? That's correct they start it with the kids, because they will believe anything the school tells them.
Raymond Troy triplett link
I agree with mr trump


Dante Lewis wanted a Regular Nintendo for his birthday and all he got was a remix Soulja Boy's Donk from his alter ego, Mr. Joy Fantastic(k).
This entry was written by Charley Feher, posted on October 5, 2009 at 5:27 pm, filed under Chiptune, Download, Music, Rap, Virginia and tagged Dante Lewis, Donk, Nintendo, Remix, Soulja Boy. Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post.


text:
Q: Wordpress php echo link not working I am just trying to add links in the footer credits with a simple echo. The links show up in the footer but when you click on them you are given a 404 page. The pages do exist and if you type them in manually or use a html link the pages appear. What am I doing wrong??
add_filter( 'genesis_footer_creds_text', 'custom_footer_creds_text' );
        function custom_footer_creds_text() {
            echo '

';
            echo 'Copyright © ';
            echo date('Y');
            echo ' · Privacy Policy · Terms of Use';
            echo '

';
        }

Outputs:

Copyright © 2013 · Privacy Policy · Terms of Use

A: It's very likely that you copy-pasted the url from somewhere, right?
Try rewriting the whole line by hand, as you may have copied some invisible characters without your knowledge.

A: Try replacing:
echo ' · Privacy Policy · Terms of Use';

with:
echo ' · Privacy Policy · Terms of Use';

You can also try home_url() instead of get_site_url().  If this doesn't fix it, there is some other factor we don't know about influencing things.  If this doesn't help please post the HTML output (e.g. view source) of the footer as seen on the live site so we can see the URL being generated.

A: Looks like there is a space in the url. I clicked on the link http://speakeasy.stagetheweb.com/privacy-policy/ and your page came up properly. But when I click the link there appears to be a tab or   or something in the address bar.
So maybe try:
$privacylink = rtrim("/privacy-policy/");

echo ' · Privacy Policy ·';

If that doesn't work, it may be something in your .htaccess file

A: See, There is an invalid character in your code.

This may work. I just removed the invalid character in your code. Replace the block with this.
add_filter( 'genesis_footer_creds_text', 'custom_footer_creds_text' );
        function custom_footer_creds_text() {
            echo '

';
            echo 'Copyright © ';
            echo date('Y');
            echo ' · Privacy Policy · Terms of Use';
            echo '

';
        }

A: If it is a filter, you should return the value. Try:
add_filter( 'genesis_footer_creds_text', 'custom_footer_creds_text' );
function custom_footer_creds_text( $creds )
{
    $creds = '';
    $creds .= '

';
    $creds .= 'Copyright © ';
    $creds .= date( 'Y' );
    $creds .= ' · Privacy Policy · Terms of Use';
    $creds .= '

';

    return $creds;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In a fantastic gesture, Barcelona's Kevin-Prince Boateng has reimbursed a fan the money he spent to sign him for his Serie A fantasy football team, shortly before he made the move to the Camp Nou.
Via Instagram, the account known as 'GodSaveTheKingBorn' messaged Boateng to ask for the player to return the money he invested to sign him for his fantasy team.
"You should reimburse me, what will I do now? Will I send you my account number?" he wrote.
Boateng's reply was immediate and he did indeed pay back the fan the money he spent on his team.
"Hi Renato, I've already paid you back. A big hug," said Boateng.
"I'd like to do two things, thank you in person or give this money to charitable causes and the ticket [to visit him in Barcelona] will be paid for by me," he replied.


When the doorbell rings and you don't expect any visitors, the noise may even irritate you if you are in the middle of something, but this could be an innocent annoyance. On the other hand, it could also alarm you. You would wonder: do intruders knock on doors? Oh, yes, they do! It's the new method since they want to test whether someone would come to the door or even check who is inside or take a quick look of the door locks. They pretend to be salesmen and they come up with all sorts of ideas to approach a soon to be targeted house. Some come at night. No doorbells or any locomotion. They check the perimeter of the house on their own pace and whether you keep the windows open. Now if you have forgotten to do lock repair or they find the back door unlocked, they will get to action right away or bring their friends the following night.
Take matters into your hands. You don't have to put up a huge sign saying that you are ruthless, but take care of the security door locks, the windows, study the recent technologies and even become a locksmith for a day engaging on locksmith services.
Your security starts at your gate and a smart intercom will definitely help you see who is standing at your door. It goes without saying that you must have the garage door repaired properly and the remote controls secured and it would be clever to install lights all around the house. Though, the most important thing is to have the locks replaced because it is one thing seeing someone in the yard and completely different sensing that someone is attempting to break in. In this case, you can rest assured that modern locks are reliable and strong. On the other hand, intruders don't like messing with complicated high tech systems and usually proceed with other less protected premises.


text:
Flyleaf SciFi & Fantasy Book Club
Flyleaf Romance Book Club
Flyleaf Book Lovers' Club via Meetup
CHCCS MS LitCon Selections
Seawell Elementary: Despite the Best Intentions
Browse Flyleaf
Audiobooks via Libro.fm
Ebooks via Hummingbird
300 Pieces or Fewer
500 - 2,000 Pieces
Alibabette Notebooks
Flyleaf Merch
Flyleaf Merch on Bonfire - Staff Fundraiser
Mugs, Caps, and More
Community Fundraisers
Mariposas Scholarship Fundraiser
Flyleaf Bestsellers
30 Books to Read Now - Updated!
Books to Anticipate
What to Read Now - Kids & YA
Kids Picture Books
Kids Graphic Novels
Kids Middle Grade
Libros en español para niños
NPR's Best Books for Young Readers
Fight Back: An Antiracist Reading List
Essential Reading for Locals
Shop Online: Curbside pickup and shipping options available now!
Chicka Chicka Boom Boom (Chicka Chicka Book, A) (Board book)
By Jr. Martin, Bill, John Archambault, Lois Ehlert (Illustrator)
1 on hand, as of Jan 17 12:40am
(Kids Board Books)
The complete edition of the bestselling children's favorite, Chicka Chicka Boom Boom, is now available as a Classic Board Book!
A told B
and B told C,
"I'll meet you at the top
of the coconut tree."
When all the letters of the alphabet race one another up the coconut tree, will there be enough room?
Of course there is always enough room for this rollicking alphabet chant that has been a children's favorite for more than twenty years! Bill Martin Jr and John Archambault's rhythmic text keeps the beat with Caldecott Honor illustrator Lois Ehlert's bold, cheerful art. This winning combination has created a series of enduring Chicka Chicka favorites, and now, for the first time ever, the complete edition of the original Chicka Chicka Boom Boom story is available as a Classic Board Book. With sturdy pages and rounded corners, this portable edition of an irresistible alphabet romp will delight a new generation of young readers.
Bill Martin, Jr. (1916–2004) has been called "America's favorite children's author." He wrote more than 300 books for children, including the classic texts Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?, illustrated by Eric Carle; and Chicka Chicka Boom Boom, illustrated by Lois Ehlert.
John Archambault is a poet, journalist, and storyteller who worked with Bill Martin, Jr. on several projects. He lives in Idyllwild-Pine Cove, California.
Lois Ehlert has created numerous inventive, celebrated, and bestselling picture books, including Chicka Chicka Boom Boom, Holey Moley, The Scraps Book, Mice, Ten Little Caterpillars, RRRalph, Lots of Spots, Boo to You!, Leaf Man, Waiting for Wings, Planting a Rainbow, Growing Vegetable Soup, and Color Zoo, which received a Caldecott Honor. She lives in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Publisher: Little Simon
Series: Chicka Chicka Book, A
Maximum Grade Level: P
Juvenile Fiction / Concepts / Alphabet
Juvenile Fiction / Concepts / Sounds
Kobo eBook (March 22nd, 2011): $7.99
Board book (June 22nd, 2010): $12.99
Hardcover (October 1st, 1989): $18.99
Hardcover (September 22nd, 2009): $18.99
Paperback (October 24th, 2006): $10.99
Flyleaf Books | 752 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, NC 27514 | 919-942-7373
TEMPORARY COVID-19 HOURS and OPERATIONS:
Online orders 24/7 at www.flyleafbooks.com
Curbside pickups: Monday through Friday, 11 am - 5 pm; Saturday, 11 am - 3 pm
Staff available by phone: Monday through Saturday, 11 am - 3 pm
Copyright ©Flyleaf Books
If you need assistance with this website, please contact us


Composer Neal Acree talks about scoring Revelation, Overwatch, World of Warcraft and more. OverAchiever segment features Zachary Schroeder talking about his platinum trophy in Wolfenstein: The New Order. Emily hosts a panel called Game Music Melee at GlitchCon in Minneapolis. You can support Level with Emily Reese on Patreon.


People routinely ask me what in the world I mean by the term "business intuition" and how I came to get involved in its application to everyday business matters. Here is an audio interview conducted with me by my colleague Kip Eddy in 2002, some ten years after I began to work in this field. At first this was little more than an avocation which was completely separate from my consuming day job as an academic administrator, and several years before applications of intuition to business matters became my principal and passionate professional interest.
The process of refining this talent has always involved the fusion of academic training with a kind of deep "knowing" that arose without understanding fully how I knew.


During this season of gratitude, we wanted to take a moment to thank you for your purchase of Appliance Art products. Your purchase of an Appliance Art dishwasher or fridge cover, Instant Stainless appliance cover, or Instant Granite countertop cover supports our families. Our work family is pictured above: from left to right, Demarco, Alison, Don, and Carlos. And, of course, Max the dog.
Alison has her hands full with Declan, soon-to-be four years old. Declan's favorite food is ice cream, no matter the temperature outside. And looks just like his dad, Grant. Grant started Appliance Art in 2009 and was taken too quickly from Lung Cancer in 2014.
Don and Jane and their two boys (Everett, 8yo, and Hank, 2yo) added Max to the mix as a puppy of 8wks and he is GROWING fast!
And Carlos keeps everyone and everything straight – we would literally be lost without him.
We are so grateful to you and your family for bringing our family into your home through our products. The products we make are typically used in the kitchen, and we feel like the kitchen is the heart of the home. We would love to see your purchase in your home, and feature it on our sites!


The mind body harmonizer may be used for relaxation and help relieve conditions of stress.
The mind body harmonizer may also assist with Meditation and even with Lucid Dreaming.
The mind body harmonizer helps increase focus & concentration, attention and mindfulness.
Brain Electrotherapy Stimulation (BES), is used in this small, portable electronic device that creates a safe, non-invasive signal that, when attached directly to the earlobes, sends a weak electric waveform to the brain that helps induce a state of relaxation & stress relief. It also helps to improve concentration, reduces Obsessive Compulsive Behaviour, helps with learning and it can assist meditation.
I am experiencing positive effects and am totally delighted with my purchase. Helps with sleep, concentration, memory etc.
I want you to know that I am pleased with the Harmonizer. I'm coming to the end of my two-week period of using it twice a day. So far I've just been using the Standard 40 hertz frequency. I haven't yet explored the other two. I would say that the greatest benefit so far has been not getting into a negative state that hangs on for hours or days. There must be more firing of the synapses and I now have help in dealing with stress, without all the complexity of trial and error as well as the side effects from medication.
I am very thankful I found this device, I feel completely flipped from how I was two weeks ago. From not wanting to get out of bed to happy, healthy and back to my old hobbies. Thank you for this bringing this technology to Canada, I hope others find it as helpful as I have.
I use your Mind Body Harmonizer daily with numerous clients. I believe pairing anxiety provoking thoughts and memories with the more relaxed physiology that the device produces, enhances the therapeutic efficacy of our sessions. Several clients have purchased a unit for home use between sessions. I have purchased a few other types of similar units in the past and this is the best quality product at a good price. The multiple settings are also a plus. With the meditative setting seeming the most desirable.
I have been able to strengthen my meditation practice through using the Harmonizer, which is why I go it. I had been using a standard CES I ordered through the Swingle Clinic in Vancouver several years ago for general relaxation, and I was satisfied with it for that purpose. But of its 2 settings, neither one helped with meditation as the Harmonizer has done. For this reason, I am glad I got the Harmonizer and consider it money well spent!
Do you know of a group who might be interested in learning more about this amazing device?
Contact us and we'll help organize an informal informational session that some might find helpful.


Take a look at some of the projects that our team at Renovations of Excellence Ltd. has completed in the past. You can browse through everything from kitchen renovations to exterior updates. If you are interested in seeing more examples of our work or if you would like to speak to us about a renovation idea of yours, we would love to hear from you. You can conveniently reach us by telephone and email.


text:
Five of the best advances: how assistive technology is reshaping social care
A run-down of the most interesting devices Community Care encountered on our visit to Wigan council's assistive technology showcase
By Alex Turner on February 7, 2018 in Adults
The Orcam MyEye can assist people with visual impairments read text, recognise faces and identify objects. Photo: Alex Turner
One early-January day, Community Care spent a morning in an untenanted council bungalow in Wigan – on the face of it perhaps an unlikely location to demonstrate how the internet of things is revolutionising assistive technology.
But the local authority has put the small home to use as a showcase for devices it believes can be of use to social workers and health professionals in supporting people to stay living independently. Some are already being used when planning support and reviewing care packages, with more expected to be put into use during 2018.
For more on the project and its implications, read the full story on our trip to Wigan. Here we showcase some of the most interesting pieces of assistive technology on display.
Cameras are now being used to promote independent living.
The Orcam MyEye (pictured above) is a different device. Mounting onto the frame of a pair of glasses, it can assist people with visual impairments by reading text, recognising faces and identifying objects. The information is relayed to the wearer via a small earpiece microphone.
The Ring smart video doorbell enables front doors to be answered remotely via friends' or relatives' smartphones, which display images of who is standing in the doorway.
The Illumy sleep mask uses pulsing tonal colours to assist with waking and sleeping. Photo: Alex Turner
Several devices in the bungalow are geared around promoting restful sleep which people with learning disabilities, autism, dementia and a range of mental health problems are less likely to experience.
The Illumy sleep mask uses pulsing red-toned light to help wearers become calm and fall asleep and blue tones to assist with waking up. In an adjacent bedroom the Zeeq smart pillow conceals a range of functions including a vibration alarm to encourage movement when snoring is detected, and analysis of sleep quality, which is sent to a smartphone app. Both are likely to be trialled this year.
The HAPIfork monitors eating speeds and durations. Photo: Alex Turner
In the kitchen of Wigan council's bungalow are a number of gadgets to help people maintain eating and drinking habits. The HAPIfork monitors the speed and duration at which meals are eaten, with indicator lights and gentle vibrations alerts if you're eating too fast.
The Smarter iKettle, meanwhile, is controlled by a smartphone and can have water boiling by the time someone enters their kitchen, meaning people do not have to stand for as long when making a hot drink.
Get an alert on bad eggs with the Quirky-Egg-Minder. Photo: Alex Turner
The Quirky Egg Minder, as its name suggests, keeps tabs on eggs and sends notifications to prevent bad ones being eaten.
"We bought [the latter] as a bit of fun, to show how far tech has gone," says Stevens, "but actually we've had professionals who've said 'I work with someone who cooks and that could be really useful.'"
Sensors can now send data to applications and mobile devices. Photo: Alex Turner
Motion detectors have been used for more than a decade so people can keep an unobtrusive eye on elderly relatives. Now, a much more sophisticated array of sensors, which send data to backend applications and communicate with mobile devices, can build detailed pictures of people's lives to help with care planning.
"We know, if someone has everything in, about temperature, light levels, if they sleep in the living room, when they sit on the sofa, if someone comes to visit them and whether the front door is opened at night," says Hellen Bowey, chief executive of Alcove, one of the firms whose sensors Wigan uses.
By writing 'rules' based on the information the sensors give out, alerts can also be triggered when something goes awry. Bowey cites an example of a woman who fell in her bathroom soon after her carers had left; because sensors recognised that she had entered the room but not left, social care staff were notified within 45 minutes.
Voice-activated assistants
Amazon's Echo smart speaker, with its digital assistant Alexa, has been being trialled by Wigan council, as well as other authorities such as Hampshire, over the past year. Google's Home, a competing voice-activated device, was also installed in Wigan's bungalow when we visited, though Stevens says for the moment its usefulness lags slightly behind.
The digital assistants can help people with reduced mobility or cognitive impairments by enabling voice control of things light lighting, heating and curtains opening or closing, as well as providing reminders, for instance around medication. The Echo, which in its latest 'Show' iteration adds a video screen, has also been adapted to facilitate carers checking in and out of people's homes, and to enable residents to summon help by voice command alone.
Council to revise charging policy for adults receiving social care MPs launch inquiry into long-term adult social care funding Adult social care minister role upgraded Councils cannot cherry pick eligible care needs warns ombudsman
Councils should have choice to bin independent reviewing officer role, says fostering stocktake
Sensor-activated social work: how assistive technology helps maintain contact and control living space


It's no accident you just typed in a search term related to search engine optimization or SEM and and found us here in the West Yellowstone search results – we used specific strategies and technical maneuvers to increase our visibility here in search engines.
Over 80% of consumers use search engines to find local businesses, and 90% of searchers never go past Page 1 of Google. Also, 94% of people will click on Organic Results rather than paid advertisements, and trust organic results more than ads which increases avg conversion rate. Without good SEO you are losing over 90% of all West Yellowstone prospects searching online for the exact products and/or services your business provides.
SEO, or Search Engine Optimization, is basically the process which gets your business to show up as the #1 result on Google (or other search engines) when someone searches for the products or services your business provides in West Yellowstone. Our SEO agency knows the proper steps to get your website in the top Google results no matter the location or size of your business.
Search Engine Optimization can also be known as SEO. When people enter their keywords to seek for information, search engines return a list of results ranked in accordance with a set of relevance criteria. The procedure is free, and in that accord, site owners are tasked with aligning their stuff to increase their websites recognition. SEO can be defined as the procedure of enhancing the amount and caliber of traffic to your site through natural search engine results.
Look at SEO as a large banner that you view every day as you head into town in West Yellowstone. If you see it advertising a sale in a clothing store, visit that store, and possibly try some new brands, thus contributing to the growth of the store. The exact advertisement policy works with SEO. People searching online for a specific topic or information will be interested in a company that keeps on getting displayed on their search page.
For instance, someone looking for a good restaurant to dine at in West Yellowstone will choose a place that pops up on the first page of results, not the second or the third. Keep in mind that running a successful firm needs investments.
The use of smartphones and tablets is tightly connected with the rise of social media platforms. It is not surprising to see full conversations about businesses on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. When a user is hunting for a treatment for their problem, it is necessary that you'll be there right on the top of the page. If you have quality content and can provide the best solution to that user's problem, both you and your website will receive an instant vote of confidence.
Local businesses in West Yellowstone can use this insight to get recommendations from local customers. If you are afraid that SEO is a waste of time and money, consider how many people move into your city on a yearly basis, all looking for something.
In the past, it was hard for a small business in West Yellowstone to compete with the big guys. SEO is an inexpensive and equal platform everybody can use to attract customers. An established brand may overlook the importance of SEO, thus creating opportunities for small businesses to take advantage of. At the end of the day, trust gets generated and potential customers become loyal customers and advocates of your brand.


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Hannah Szenes - חנה סנש , Szenes Hanna  (Budapest, 17 de juliol de 1921 –Budapest, 7 de novembre de 1944) va ser una poeta jueva i paracaigudista, que va participar en la resistència antinazi durant la Segona Guerra mundial. Es considera una heroïna nacional a Israel.

Va néixer a Hongria i va emigrar a Mandat Britànic de Palestina a la tardor de 1939. Va estudiar en una escola agrícola i vivia en un quibuts. Tenia por per la seva mare, que va deixar a Budapest i així va decidir tornar a Hongria. Es va allistar en algunes missions especials com a paracaigudista i va ser entrenada per l'exèrcit britànic. Més tard el març de 1944, es va llançar en paracaigudes sobre Iugoslàvia. L'objectiu de la seva missió era ajudar els pilots aliats, els jueus europeus i la resistència anti-nazi.

Després de diversos mesos passats amb els partisans iugoslaus, va travessar la frontera amb Hongria. Va ser capturada gairebé immediatament i va ser empresonada i torturada per la seva transmissió de ràdio. L'octubre de 1944, va ser jutjada per alta traïció i executada un mes després. Després de la guerra, les seves restes van ser portades des de Budapest a Israel, on va ser enterrada a Mont Herzl, Jerusalem. El seu diari i poemes es van publicar després de la guerra.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 The Hannah Senesh Legacy Foundation
 Zionism & Israel – Hannah Senesh: Biography

Jueus hongaresos
Militars
Poetes hongaresos
Morts a Budapest
Executats
Naixements del 1921
Morts per arma de foc
Escriptors jueus
Artistes de Budapest

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some people were born with amazing talent and this boy is one of them. At a very young age, Kieron Williamson from the United Kingdom was gifted with such wonderful drawing skills.
When Williamson was only 5-year-old, he saw this port with beautiful scenery and suddenly asked for a paper and colored pencils from his parents. He immediately drew the scenery and it looked amazing!
At the age of 5, it is such an accomplishment to be able to draw this well.
When Williamson's mother discovered that her son likes to paint, she took him to a painting class hoping that he will learn some more professional skills.
However, Williamson refused to go to the class after few times of attending. The reason was simply because he thought there's nothing more the teacher can teach him. That is when the parents figured out that their son is a little painting prodigy.
Hence, they invited a more skilled teacher to guide Williamson in his paintings.
One day, a painting manager coincidently saw Williamson's painting and mesmerized by his work. At the age of 7, Williamson has already opened three exhibitions! During that time, 16 of Williamson's paintings were sold out in just 14 minutes and he earned a total of £17,000 (USD 21,848) in split seconds!
Many collectors came from the United States to buy Williamson's paintings.
Some even started to line up as early as two days before the exhibition starts just to get their hands on his paintings.
Williamson setting up his gallery.
With that much money that he made for selling paintings at the age of 7, Williamson didn't let the money go to waste and bought a house for his parents. At the age of 8, Williamson became one of the most famous painters in the industry at that time.
Williamson bought a house for his parents.
Williamson particularly loves landscape paintings and even won the title of "Little Monet". Claude Monet was a French painter and a founder of French Impressionist painting. Williamson's paintings were sold in 35 different countries with an output of more than £6 million (USD 7711188).
Experts explained that Williamson doesn't like ordinary painting with vivid colors like the other children. Be it his brushstrokes or landscape selection, his technique is more mature than ordinary people.
He likes to use color combinations like gray and yellow for skies, and black and white for birds in his picture—making his work somehow exudes a "mature sadness" feeling to it.
One of his landscape paintings.
Williamson used white color for the birds.
Nobody would've guessed that a little boy drew this.
Now at the age of 16, Williamson is still painting and making a lot of money from his work. However, he firmly believes that painting shouldn't be a means to get more money.
"I will not let painting be a means of making money. I will draw all the scenery that I like and can touch my heart, but I won't paint it when I don't like it. I will never sell my soul," said Williamson.
Williamson believes paintings shouldn't be a means for money.
Williamson will only paint things that can touch his heart.
Among his latest painting—it's breathtaking!
It's hard to find a pure talent with a skills like Williamson these days. We hope to see more of your work in the future, Kieron!
Previous articleCollege entrance exam top scorer draws attention for her incredible reference book and study notes!


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Q: Excel addins for office 2013 We have on hand some custom-made Excel add-ins that were designed to work with Excel 2003.  We would like to upgrade to Office 2013, but the add-ins do not function properly in the new version.  Is it possible to convert these add-ins to work with Office 2013? If so, what is the best way convert them?

A: As far as I know there is no utility to convert VBA code from one Office vintage to another.  The object model has changed in numerous, small ways as each new version has come out; an impressive effort was made to retain forward compatibility, but problems have still been inevitable (I've encountered them myself).  I have to imagine it would be too difficult to make a universal conversion tool that would be guaranteed to retain the functionality of old code.
So, I'm afraid you're facing a debugging/re-coding campaign to get your custom add-ins working again for Excel 2013.  My preferred resource for this sort of thing is MSDN; when the code throws an error, search for the problematic object/function on Google with, say, Excel Range.FillDown site:msdn.microsoft.com.  It will hopefully provide sufficient information to get the code working again, as long as you have someone with a reasonable programming background to interpret it.
If you don't have a suitable software developer on hand, you might try a freelance contracting service such as eLance.

A: Is your office 2013 64-bit? If so, source of the problem may not be Office 2013 itself. 64bit and 32bit macros are not competible. You can try to install 32bit version.


Today's show is the second part of the Life & Death theme. After last week's exploration of life songs, we're now looking at the other side, featuring songs with the death concept in the title and/or lyrics (or at least with that general concept). Thanks to you listeners, we have a full lineup of rich songs — all worth hearing.
"If a man in the morning hear the right way, he may die in the evening without regret," according to Confucius.
Wall Of Death – R.E.M.
This entry was posted on Friday, December 10th, 2010 at 1:56 pm. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


A Collett's Winter Holiday in the amazing Dolomites can be tailored to meet all of your requirements and preferences. Activities include Snowshoeing, Winter Walking, Downhill Skiing and Cross Country Skiing.
With their explosive shapes and unique colours, the Italian Dolomites are undoubtedly among the most beautiful and spectacular mountains in the world. Without question, they are the crown jewels of the alpine range. At every turn you are stopped in your tracks by the awesome beauty and sheer magnificence of this classic mountain environment. Should you decide on a holiday amid such splendour, you will remember it forever.
Request the Colletts Ski Holidays Brochure today for inspiration on the trip of your lifetime!
Colletts Ski Holidays - Italy Brochure Eileen S. said: Again passed to my family. Thankyou.


Giovanni wasn't easy to find.
Miles eats asparagus, but his brother doesn't.
I think Ramiro is enjoying himself.
I never realized Ofer was interested in French.
Let Malus make the decisions.
Piotr is lying face down in the sand.
Lenora gave some candy to his grandchildren.
I thought Wendy would sleep until noon.
Reiner is unable to do this.
Gypsy mistook me for my brother.
Debbie is treating a patient.
Pantelis knows that Ram won't be coming.
In the heat of the moment, Johnnie slapped Edmund.
You'll never be as good as Liz.
I don't blame Shankar for retiring.
I wanted Gigi to try harder.
Carlos put his hands over his ears.
Duke is taking this hard.
Joel was sewing large pieces of fabric into a flag.
Terry met Herbert three years ago.


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Again: Herring named development director
Susan Norman
in County Government Archives, Top Stories & Breaking News
Sunday, June 2. 2013
The Barrow County Board of Commissioners on May 28 appointed the county's former planning director to the key post of director of economic and community development. Guy Herring starts work June 3. It will be the fourth time that he has worked in the county's planning department since graduating from college in 2000. The county hired him right out of college in June 2000 as a senior planner, but he left after 10 months. He returned as the senior planner in November 2003 and stayed six months. Then he returned in April 2005 as the director of planning and zoning but left that post weeks after Danny Yearwood began his four-year term as BOC chairman in early 2009. Herring's new salary is $92,000. That is about $22,000 or 31 percent more than he was earning at the time of his 2009 resignation.
#1 Jessica on 06/03/13 at 08:21 AM [Reply]
Really? This is the 4th time this guy has been hired, with a 31% raise? Barrow County, didn't you learn your lesson the first 3 times???
#1.1 Grumpy on 06/04/13 at 12:27 PM [Reply]
Jessica, that's the wrong question. Your question should have been, "Who is he kin to?"
or "Why are we continuing to hire incompetent relatives of our elected leaders?"
#1.1.1 Hmmm on 06/04/13 at 01:29 PM [Reply]
It's called "crony capitalism"...
Its why major employers are on the other side of the county line...
Its why local business are doing everything they can to get annexed into the metropolitans and out from under the thumb of the thugs in the county government...
Its why you are paying to renovate and move the county government BACK INTO the Court House from the ANNEX...
Its why you have to pay more for less from the county...
#2 Jessica on 06/04/13 at 01:28 PM [Reply]
There was a candidate more than qualified, with experience in both planning and economic development. I am sure there were quite a few who were qualified, whose families had prayed and gotten their hopes up that this was the perfect opportunity. And to know that no one had any real consideration from the beginning, obviously this was all decided upon but hey, let's just interview a few people so it looks like we considered all candidates. Sounds like between the Board of Commissioners and the Board of Ed., Barrow County isn't being painted in a pretty picture right now.
[ Top level ]#1: Jessica on 2013-06-03 08:21 #1.1: Grumpy on 2013-06-04 12:27 #1.1.1: Hmmm on 2013-06-04 13:29 #2: Jessica on 2013-06-04 13:28
What is nine minus eight?


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1 0 3000 0 300 120 30 http://fingerguns.net 960 1
Live Action Final Fantasy TV series announced
Paul Collett
Given the popularity of Game of Thrones, Fantasy TV shows seem to be getting a bit of a resurgence.
Recently we have been treated to some glimpses of Henry Cavill as in the role of Geralt in the upcoming Witcher TV series. Now we have some details seeping through the gaps in the interweb that Sony Pictures are going to partner with Square Enix and Hivemind to create a Final Fantasy TV Series.
There is literally next to no information about this new project but we do know that the show will be set in Eorzea, the setting for Final Fantasy XIV, which just happens to be my favorite Final Fantasy just behind FF IX. Talent wise, even less information is known but two names have cropped up for the writing, Ben Lustig and Jake Thornton.
As usual, we'll update you with more information when we get it.
GamesNewsPaul
Final FantasySony PicturesSquare EnixTV show
Leaked gameplay footage of Marvel's Avengers
Just a ton of Final Fantasy VII Remake Screenshots
E3 2019: The Complete E3 Trailer Collection
E3 2019: The Square-Enix E3 Trailer Collection
Mini-Mech Mayhem Rev...
[Rumour] Is this the...


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Yondani Chak Cheung Butt (January 13, 1945 - August 28, 2014) was an orchestral conductor. He was born in Macao of Chinese parentage.  He studied music at Indiana University and the University of Michigan. He also had a PhD in chemistry, on which subject he has published numerous research papers, particularly on polyene photochemistry. He studied conducting with Wolfgang Vacano (1906-1985) at Indiana University, majoring in chemistry. He continued to study conducting with Josef Blatt (1906-1999) at the University of Michigan while pursuing his chemistry degree.

As founder of Symphonie Canadiana, he led the orchestra on major tours throughout North America. Since 1983, he held the position of Resident Conductor of the Victoria International Festival, creating the Concerti Extravaganza series, for which he conducted more than 23 concertos in six weeks. Butt recorded and performed in the US, Canada, Latin America, Asia and Europe. He led the Philharmonia Orchestra of London, London Symphony Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic, the American Symphony (with which he performed a Brahms cycle in New York), Hamilton Philharmonic of Canada, Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de Mexico, Singapore Symphony, Seoul Philharmonic, Japan Gunma Symphony and Het Gelders Orkest, amongst many others. He recorded the First Symphony of Mahler, the Glazunov Third through Sixth Symphonies, the Saint-Saëns Second, and many more works.

In 1995, Butt received an MRA Gramophone Award in the Symphony category for his recording of Glazunov's Sixth Symphony. He had won the same award in 1986 for his interpretation of Rimsky-Korsakov's Third Symphony. His recording of Glazunov's Third Symphony is recognized by the Glazunov Society as definitive, and earned him the title of Honorary Patron of the Society. His extensive discography includes works by Elgar, Glière, Grieg, Kodály, Lalo, Liszt, Mahler, Raff, Saint-Saëns, Sibelius and Richard Strauss.  His recording of Goldmark's Rustic Wedding Symphony featured in the classical charts and was a Gramophone Magazine Critics' Choice.

In the early 2000s, Butt suffered damage to his vocal cords, and retired from conducting. However, in 2009 he returned to the podium, working with the London Symphony Orchestra to record many of the Austro-German classics, including Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann and Wagner, as well as works by Tchaikovsky, and a disc of French classics.

Butt was also a composer.  He studied free counterpoint and composition with Bernhard Heiden.  In Indiana, he studied piano with Sidney Foster, a protégé of Isabelle Vengerova and David Saperton at the Curtis Institute. In Michigan, he studied ensemble with Eugene Bossart (1917-2011) and piano with Karen Keys.

Butt died on August 27, 2014 (10:45am on August 28, 2014 Beijing Standard Time) after a sudden illness while living in China.

References

Orchestra leaders
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
1945 births
2014 deaths
Indiana University alumni


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High-definition television
Previous (Hieros gamos)
Next (High-intensity discharge lamp)
Projection screen in a home theater, displaying a high-definition television image.
High-definition television (HDTV) is a digital television broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition TV, or SDTV). HDTV is digitally broadcast because digital television (DTV) requires less bandwidth if sufficient video compression is used.
1 History of high-definition television
1.1 Color
1.2 Modern systems
1.3 The rise of digital compression
1.4 The demise of analog HD systems
2 Inaugural Digital HDTV Public broadcast
2.1 Modern digital compression and standardization
3 HDTV sources
4 Notation
4.1 Standard display resolutions
4.2 High-Definition display resolutions
4.3 Standard frame or field rates
5 Broadcast station format considerations
5.1 Types of media
6 Technical details
6.1 Advantages of HDTV expressed in non-technical terms
6.2 Disadvantages of HDTV expressed in non-technical terms
7 Contemporary systems
8 Recording and compression
9 Table of terrestrial HDTV transmission systems
10 TV resolution
History of high-definition television
Further information: Analog high-definition television system
The term high definition once described a series of television systems from the 1930s and 1940s, starting with the British 240 line and 405 line black-and-white systems introduced in 1936, and including the American 525-line NTSC system established in 1941. However, these systems were only "high definition" when compared to earlier systems.
The British high definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service in November 1936, using both the Baird 240 line and Marconi-EMI 405 line systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937.
A brief itemized history of early analog HD systems follows; these would be considered standard definition television systems today.
1936: System-A, UK: 405 lines @ 50 Hz, discontinued 1986
1938: Several countries used a 441 line system, France in 1956 being the last to discontinue it
1939: System-M, USA: 525 lines @ 60 Hz
1952-1956: European adoption of 625 lines @ 50 Hz with PAL and SECAM color coming in 1956
1956: French (monochrome) 819 line @ 50 Hz system launched, discontinued 1986
All used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 405 line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3.
The post–World War II French 819-line black-and-white system was high definition in the contemporary sense, but was discontinued in 1986, a year after the final British 405-line broadcast. Experimental 405 line color transmissions were made in the 1950s using a modified NTSC system.
Since the formal adoption of DVB's widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems are now regarded as standard definition television systems. In Australia, the 625-line digital progressive system (with 576 active lines) is officially recognized as high definition.[1]
In Mexico, Guillermo González Camarena (1917–1965), invented an early color television transmission system. He received patents for color television systems in 1942 (U.S. Patent 2,296,019), 1960, and 1962. The 1942 patent (filed in Mexico on August 19, 1940) was for a synchronized color filter wheel adapter for monochrome television, similar to the field sequential color receiver demonstrated by Baird in England in July 1939[53] and by CBS in the United States in August 1940. _|_
On August 31, 1946, González Camarena sent his first color transmission from his lab in the offices of The Mexican League of Radio Experiments at Lucerna St. #1, in Mexico City. The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz and the audio in the 40 meter band. He made the first publicly announced color broadcast in Mexico, on February 8, 1963, of the program Paraíso Infantil on Mexico City's XHGC-TV.
In 1958, the U.S.S.R. created Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, "Transformer"), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution for the purpose of television conferences among military commands; as it was a military product, it was not commercialized.[2]
Modern systems
In 1969, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 aspect ratio, a slightly wider screen format than the usual 4:3 standard.[3] However, the system was not launched publicly until late in the 1990s.
In 1981, the first HDTV demonstration in the United States was held. It had the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system.[4] Upon visiting a demonstration of the Japanese Multiple sub-nyquist sampling Encoding system (MUSE) HDTV system in Washington, U.S. President Ronald Reagan was most impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the U.S. Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the U.S., including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirement.
A new standard had to be radically efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC standard for SDTV. It was commonly understood only a digital system could possibly bring desired results, however nothing such had yet been developed. Pattern-recognition research for cruise missile development at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory provided the basis for developing the MPEG set of compression standards.
The rise of digital compression
As soon as the MPEG-1 standard provided the foundation for digital TV, development of modern TV standards started worldwide. After finalization of MPEG-2 in mid 1993, the DVB organization within the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) developed the ETSI standard 300-327 by the end of December 1993.
It became known as DVB-T for digital terrestrial TV. DVB-S and DVB-C standards soon followed for terrestrial, satellite, and cable transmission of SDTV and HDTV. In the U.S. the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard. The DVB-S2 standard is based on the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirement.
In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, with the world already strongly demarcated into two camps, 25/50Hz and 30/60Hz, related by reasons of picture stability to the frequency of their mains electrical supplies.
The WP considered many views and through the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate, but due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. (It has been suggested that the 16:9 ratio was chosen as being the geometric mean of 4:3, Academy Ratio, and 2.35:1, the widest cinema format in common use, in order to minimize wasted screen space when displaying content with a variety of aspect ratios.)
An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed at the first meeting of the WP at the BBC's R & D establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively-interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively-scanned lines).
It also includes the alternative 1440 x 1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 720p format (720 progressively-scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an "enhanced" television format rather than a true HDTV format,[5] and so was not included, although 1920x1080 and 1280x720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several U.S. SMPTE standards.)
The demise of analog HD systems
However, even that limited standardization of HDTV did not lead to its adoption, principally for technical and economic reasons. Early HDTV commercial experiments such as NHK's MUSE required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition (SDTV) broadcast, and despite efforts made to shrink the required bandwidth down to about 2 times that of SDTV, it was still only distributable by satellite. In addition, recording and reproducing a HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV. Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcast analog HDTV, known as "Hi-vision," featuring a 5:3 aspect ratio screen with 1,125 interlaced lines (1,035 active lines) at the rate of 60 fields per second. The single satellite transponder MUSE service was turned off on January 1, 2007.
In Europe, analog 1,125-line HD-MAC test broadcasts were performed in the early 1990s, but did not lead to any established public broadcast service.
Inaugural Digital HDTV Public broadcast
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the 1990s by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television companies and MIT. (The Grand Alliance includes AT&T, General Instrument, MIT, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, and Zenith.)[6] On April 6, 1997, CBS went on the air with WCBS-HD from the top of the Empire State Building, New York, doing demos and evaluations.[7] Astronaut John Glenn's return to space, on board the Space Shuttle Discovery wasn't the only thing launched on October 29, 1998. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch during the live coverage of the lift-off.[8] The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.[8] The broadcast was made possible by the Harris Corporation, which sponsored the equipment necessary for transmitting and receiving the broadcast.[8] The broadcast was hosted by former CBS News anchor, Walter Cronkite, former Gemini/Apollo era astronaut Pete Conrad and former NBC News anchor Mary Alice Williams.[9]
Modern digital compression and standardization
Digital compression methods such as MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC allow the bandwidth of a single analog TV channel (6 MHz in the US) to carry up to 5 standard-definition or up to 2 high-definition digital TV channels instead.
Most developed nations have plans in place for a transition to digital television, but not necessarily (or exclusively) to HDTV.
For example, as of February 17, 2009, the U.S. terminated all full-power terrestrial analog broadcasting (although some smaller local stations have later deadlines), with both standard definition TV (SDTV) and HDTV being allowed.[10]
Current HDTV broadcast standards include ATSC (North America, parts of Central America and South Korea), DVB (Europe, Australia, parts of Asia, South America and Africa), and ISDB-T (Japan, Brazil).
However, there could be future HDTV interoperability issues.
The Chinese HDTV system uses an Intellectual Property free MPEG-2 CODEC that may have some coding interoperability issues with current DVB CODECs
The Brazilian HDTV system uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (as opposed to MPEG-2, the DVB standard) for the video coding, a potential source of interoperability problems
The fundamental DVB resolution (720, 1080) and frame rate specifications (24, 25, 30/29.97) have not been modified by any modified DVB HDTV system in current use or development
HDTV universally provides a 5.1-channel surround sound audio using the Dolby Digital (AC-3) format
HDTV sources
The rise in popularity of large screens and projectors has made the limitations of conventional Standard Definition TV (SDTV) increasingly evident. An HDTV compatible television set will not improve the quality of SDTV channels. It will make it even worse because of scaling artifacts. To display a superior picture, high definition televisions require a High Definition (HD) signal. Typical sources of HD signals are as follows:
Over the air with an antenna. Most cities in the U.S. with major network affiliates broadcast over the air in HD. To receive this signal an HD tuner is required. Most newer high definition televisions have an HD tuner built in. For HDTV televisions without a built in HD tuner, a separate set-top HD tuner box can be rented from a cable or satellite company or purchased.
Cable television companies often offer HDTV broadcasts as part of their digital broadcast service. This is usually done with a set-top box or CableCARD issued by the cable company. Alternatively one can usually get the network HDTV channels for free with basic cable by using a QAM tuner built into their HDTV or set-top box. Some cable carriers also offer HDTV on-demand playback of movies and commonly viewed shows.
Satellite-based TV companies, such as Digit-Alb (in Albania), Astra (in the Netherlands), Premiere (in Germany), DirecTV and Dish Network (both in North America), Sky Digital, and freesat (in the UK and Ireland), Bell TV and Star Choice (both in Canada) and NTV Plus (in Russia), offer HDTV to customers as an upgrade. New satellite receiver boxes and a new satellite dish are often required to receive HD content.
Video game systems, such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and digital set-top boxes that rely on an Internet connection, such as the Apple TV, can output an HD signal. The Xbox Live Marketplace, iTunes Music Store, and PlayStation Network services offer HD movies, TV shows, movie trailers, and clips for download, but generally at lower bitrates than a Blu-ray Disc.
Most newer computer graphics cards have either HDMI or DVI interfaces, which can be used to output images or video to an HDTV.
The optical disc standard Blu-ray Disc (25GB-50GB) can provide enough digital storage to store up to 10 hours of HD video content, depending on encoder settings.[11]
A DVD-R disc (~4.7GB-9GB) can also provide storage for up to 3 hours of HD video content, readable by a Blu-ray player, PlayStation 3 video game console or Blu-ray drives installed on PC towers, depending on encoder settings.[12]
HDTV broadcast systems are identified with three major parameters:
Frame size in pixels is defined as number of horizontal pixels x number of vertical pixels, for example 1280 x 720 or 1920 x 1080. Often number of horizontal pixels is implied from context and is omitted.
Scanning system is identified with the letter p for progressive scanning or i for interlaced scanning.
Frame rate is identified as number of video frames per second. For interlaced systems an alternative form of specifying number of fields per second is often used. Recently the uniform notation of specifying number of frames per second both for progressive and interlaced video became increasingly popular.[13]
If all three parameters are used, they are specified in form frame size scanning system frame rate. Often, one parameter can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.
For example, 1920x1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1920 pixels wide and 1080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 50 fields(25 frames) per second, each frame being 1920 pixels wide and 1080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 60 fields (30 frames) per second, each frame being 1920 pixels wide and 1080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high, 1280 pixels horizontally are implied.
While 50Hz systems have only three scanning rates: 25i, 25p, and 50p, 60Hz systems operate with much wider set of frame rates: 23.98p, 24p, 29.97i/59.94i, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, like 23.98p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. High definition television allows using both fractional and whole rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.98p is called 24p.
For commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context, for example, a "1080i television set." A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second. Most HDTV systems support resolutions and frame rates defined either in the ATSC table 3, or in EBU specification. The most common are noted below.
Standard display resolutions
Standard Definition usually refers to 480 vertical lines of resolution or more.
Resolution (W×H)
Active Frame (W×H)
Canonical Name(s)
Pixels (Advertised Megapixels)
Display Aspect Ratio (X:Y)
Pixel Aspect Ratio - Standard "4:3" (X:Y)
Pixel Aspect Ratio - Widescreen "16:9" (X:Y)
ITU-R BT.601
720×480 710.85×486 480i/p 345,600 (0.3) 3:2 4320:4739 10:11 5760:4739 40:33 Used for 525-line/ (60 * 1000/1001) Hz video, e.g. NTSC-M
720×576 702×576 576i/p 414,720 (0.4) 5:4 128:117 12:11 512:351 16:11 Used for 625-line/50 Hz video, e.g. PAL-I
When resolution is considered, both the resolution of the transmitted signal and the (native) displayed resolution of a TV set are taken into account. Most HDTV sets contain video scalers and will "upscale" or "upconvert" the transmitted signal to that of the set's native format.
Sometimes the progressive versions of these video formats are referred to as EDTV, or "Enhanced Definition Television." This is slightly misleading, for although a progressive frame contains double the image information as that of an interlaced frame, Standard Definition is already capable of displaying progressive frames, for example in MPEG video with the appropriate "Progressive" flag set. Despite this, 480p/576p signals are not typically broadcast, an example of such would be Australia's SBS HD channel, broadcast in 576p.
High-Definition display resolutions
High Definition usually refers to 720 horizontal lines of video format resolution or more.
Video Format Supported
Native Resolution (W×H)
Aspect Ratio (X:Y)
1280×720 1024×768
XGA 786,432 (0.8) 16:9 4:3 Typically a PC resolution XGA; also exists as a standardized "HD-Ready" TV on the Plasma display with non-square pixels.
921,600 (0.9) 16:9 1:1 Typically one of the PC resolutions on WXGA, also used for 750-line video, as defined in SMPTE 296M, ATSC A/53, ITU-R BT.1543, Digital television, DLP and LCOS projection HDTV displays.
WXGA 1,049,088 (1.0) 683:384
(Approx 16:9) 1:1
Approx Typically a TV resolution WXGA; also exists as a standardized HDTV displays as (HD Ready 720p,1080i), TV that used on LCD HDTV displays.
1920×1080 1280×1080 1,382,400 (1.4) 32:27
(Approx 16:9) 3:2 Non-standardized "HD Ready," TV. Used on HDTV Plasma display with non-square pixels.
1920×1080 1920×1080
2,073,600 (2.1) 16:9 1:1 A standardized HDTV displays as (HD Ready 1080p) TV, that used on LCD HDTV displays. Used for 1125-line video, as defined in SMPTE 274M, ATSC A/53, ITU-R BT.709.
3840×2160 3840×2160 8,294,400 (8.3) 16:9 1:1 Quad HDTV for DCI Cinema 4k standard format, (Currently, there is no HD Ready 2160p Quad HDTV format until 2015).
A common native resolution used in HD Ready LCD TV panels is 1366 x 768[14] pixels instead of the ATSC Standard 1280 x 720 pixels. This is due to maximization of manufacturing yield and resolution of VGA, VRAM that comes with a 768 pixel format. Hence, LCD manufacturers adopt the 16:9 ratio compatible for the HD Ready 1080p video standard. Nevertheless, every HDTV has an overscan processing chipset to fix resolution scaling and color rendering, eg LG XD Engine, SONY BRAVIA Engine. Only when viewing 1080i/1080p HD contents under HD Ready 1080p where there is true pixel-for-pixel reproduction, and for HD ready LCD TV, do some signals undergo a scaling process which results in a 3-5 percent loss of picture.
Screen Resolution (W×H)
Clean Aperture 876,096 (0.9) 16:9 1:1 Used for 750-line video with raster artifact/overscan compensation, as defined in SMPTE 296M.
Clean Aperture 2,001,280 (2.0) 16:9 1:1 Used for 1125-line video with raster artifact/overscan compensation, as defined in SMPTE 274M.
HDCAM/HDV 1,555,200 (1.6) 4:3 4:3:1 Used for anamorphic 1125-line video in the HDCAM and HDV formats introduced by Sony and defined (also as a luminance subsampling matrix) in SMPTE D11.
It should be noted that the numbers used for "HD-Ready" image resolutions do not constitute acceptable 750- or 1125-line video signals in most standards-compliant hardware; in this respect terms such as "720p" and "1080p" are mostly used for advertising, though that does not necessarily mean that HD-Ready TVs labeled in this manner are incapable of accepting those formats as input.
Additionally, the "Clean Aperture" numbers are almost always contained within the frames of their respective "Production Aperture" numbers (for example, a 1888×1062 rectangle would be contained within a 1920×1080 frame). This is to maintain compatibility with analog signals, which can often become distorted close to the edge of the frame. It also increases the chance that a digital signal being played on overscan-enabled equipment will display the entire picture visibly.
Standard frame or field rates
23.976p (allow easy conversion to NTSC)
24p (cinematic film)
25p (PAL, SECAM DTV progressive material)
30p (29.97p in drop frame) (NTSC DTV progressive material)
50i (PAL & SECAM)
60i (59.94i in drop frame) (NTSC, PAL-M)
Broadcast station format considerations
HDTV resolution SDTV resolution
At the least, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. The field and frame rate should match the source and the resolution. A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture, when compared to the uncompressed source.
Types of media
Standard 35 mm photographic film used for cinema projection has higher resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second. To be shown on television in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frames per second, causing an acceleration of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frames per second would cause a perceptible acceleration if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 pull-down: over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.
Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because all computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p is usually used for Blu-ray Disc.
One of the first DVB-S2 tuner cards.
Networked dual-tuner for ATSC and QAM
HDTV signals and colorimetry are defined by Rec. 709. MPEG-2 is most commonly used as the compression codec for digital HDTV broadcasts. Although MPEG-2 supports up to 4:2:2 YCbCr chroma subsampling and 10-bit quantization, HD broadcasts use 4:2:0 and 8-bit quantization to save bandwidth. Some broadcasters also plan to use H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, such as the BBC which is trialing such a system via satellite broadcast, which will save considerable bandwidth compared to MPEG-2 systems. Some German broadcasters already use H.264/MPEG-4 AVC together with DVB-S2 (Pro 7, Sat.1, and Premiere). Although MPEG-2 is more widely used at present, it seems likely that in the future all European HDTV may be H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Norway, which is currently in the progress of implementing digital television broadcasts, is using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for present SD Digital as well as for future HDTV on terrestrial broadcasts. In parts of Sweden the standard is already in use for HDTV terrestrial broadcasting, reaching about 25-30 percent of the population. Brazil was the first country in the American continent to begin broadcasting H.264 AVC video and HE-AAC audio as the main program (or multi) compression and the same H.264 AVC in LDTV 240p using AAC-LC as audio for mobile DTV devices, not only mobile phones.
HDTV is capable of "theater-quality" audio because it uses the Dolby Digital (AC-3) format to support "5.1" surround sound. The pixel aspect ratio of native HD signals is a "square" 1.0, in which each pixel's height equals its width. New HD compression and recording formats such as HDV use rectangular pixels to save bandwidth and to open HDTV acquisition for the consumer market. For more technical details see the articles on HDV, ATSC, DVB, and ISDB but the ISDB-Tb used primarily in Brazil uses HE-AAC that is more flexible than AC-3 and lower royalty fees.
Television studios as well as production and distribution facilities, use the HD-SDI SMPTE 292M interconnect standard (a nominally 1.485 Gbit/s, 75-ohm serial digital interface) to route uncompressed HDTV signals. The native bitrate of HDTV formats cannot be supported by 6-8 MHz standard-definition television channels for over-the-air broadcast and consumer distribution media, hence the widespread use of compression in consumer applications. SMPTE 292M interconnects are generally unavailable in consumer equipment, partially due to the expense involved in supporting this format, and partially because consumer electronics manufacturers are required (typically by licensing agreements) to provide encrypted digital outputs on consumer video equipment, for fear that this would aggravate the issue of video piracy.
Newer dual-link HD-SDI signals are needed for the latest 4:4:4 camera systems (Sony Cinealta F23 & Thomson Viper), where one link/coax cable contains the 4:2:2 YCbCr info and the other link/coax cable contains the additional 0:2:2 CbCr information.
Advantages of HDTV expressed in non-technical terms
High-definition television (HDTV) yields a better-quality image than standard television does, because it has a greater number of lines of resolution. The visual information is some 2-5 times sharper because the gaps between the scan lines are narrower or invisible to the naked eye.
The lower-case "i" appended to the numbers denotes interlaced; the lower-case "p" denotes progressive. The interlaced scanning method, the 1,080 lines of resolution are divided into two, the first 540 lines are painted on a frame, the second 540 lines are painted on a second frame, reducing the bandwidth. The progressive scanning method simultaneously displays all 1,080 lines of resolution at 60 frames per second, on a greater bandwidth. (See: An explanation of HDTV numbers and laymen's glossary.)
Often, the broadcast HDTV video signal soundtrack is Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, enabling full, surround sound capabilities, while STBC television signals include either monophonic or stereophonic audio, or both. Stereophonic broadcasts can be encoded with Dolby Surround audio signal. Brazil opted to upgrade the ISDB-T Japanese standard to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC in the video compression and HE-AAC for audio compression because Dolby is not open and the royalty fees are more expensive than that of H.264 and renamed the upgraded standard to ISDB-Tb that now became the International ISDB-T standard.
Disadvantages of HDTV expressed in non-technical terms
In practice, the best possible HD quality is not usually achieved. The main problem is that many operators do not follow HDTV specifications fully. They may use slower bitrates or lower resolution to pack more channels within the limited bandwidth, reducing video quality.[15] The operators may use a format that is different from the original programming, introducing generation loss artifacts in the process of re-encoding.[16] Also, image quality may be lost if the television is not properly connected to the input device or not properly configured for the input's optimal performance, which may be difficult because of customer confusion regarding connections.
Appropriate cabling must be used. Either HDMI or component video cables must be used to support a high-definition signal. For instance, if composite or S-Video cables are used for connections from a cable box or satellite dish then only an SDTV quality picture will be seen. HDMI cables provide the best picture and sound but are also generally more expensive than component cables. Component video cables are RCA cables that are color coded for proper signal. They consist of three video cables (green, blue, and red), two audio cables (red and white), and they carry an analog signal. HDMI cables carry all the video and audio in one cable using a digital signal.
As high-definition video broadcasts are digital, the disadvantages of digital video broadcasting also apply. For example, digital video responds differently to analog video when subject to interference. Unlike in analog television broadcasting, in which interference causes only gradual image and sound degradation, interference in a digital television broadcast will freeze, skip, or display "garbage" information. This problem is particularly pronounced in the 8VSB modulation standard used for over-the-air transmission in the United States, which is highly sensitive to dynamic multipath interference that may be introduced by moving objects between the transmitting and receiving antennas. For instance, it is impossible to receive a 8VSB-modulated HDTV signal in a moving vehicle, and it may be difficult to maintain reception during high winds in locations where large trees are situated in the line between broadcasting antenna and receiver.
In order to view HDTV broadcasts, viewers may have to upgrade their TVs at some expense. Adding a new aspect ratio makes for consumer confusion if a display is capable of one or more ratios but must be switched to the correct one by the user. Traditional standard definition programs and feature films (mostly movies from before 1953) originally filmed in the standard 4:3 ratio, when displayed correctly on a HDTV monitor, will have empty display areas to the left and right of the image. Many consumers aren't satisfied with this unused display area and choose instead to distort their standard definition shows by stretching them horizontally to fill the screen, giving everything the appearance of being too wide or not tall enough. Alternatively, viewers may choose to zoom the image which removes content that was on the top and bottom of the original TV show.[17]
Broadcasters may demand, or cable-television operators may elect, to place HD signals in a premium band that requires higher cable fees. Some satellite companies may offer local HD channels as a service at additional cost (transmission comes from satellite). This leads some broadcasters to offer on-air broadcasts of local HD signals as a premium service to subscribers. Viewers may be denied some television channels that they expected, be allowed only access to the non-digital, and obviously sub-standard non-digital signal, or have to install an antenna to receive the digital broadcasts. Such issues entail economic and legal disputes more than technology.
Another disadvantage of HDTV compared to traditional television has been consumer confusion stemming from the different standards and resolutions, such as 1080i, 1080p, and 720p. Complicating the matter have been the changes in television connections from component video, to DVI, then to HDMI. Finally, the HD DVD vs. Blu-ray Disc high definition storage format war for a period of time created confusion for consumers. This particular format war was recently "settled" with Blu-ray emerging as the victorious standard.
Contemporary systems
Components of a typical satellite HDTV system:
1. HDTV Monitor
2. HD satellite receiver
3. Standard satellite dish
4. HDMI cable, DVI-D and audio cables, or audio and component video cables
Besides a HD-ready television set, other equipment is needed to view HD television. Cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD.[18]
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, the high definition disc BD, internet downloads, and the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles.
Recording and compression
HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to a HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, Sky HD's set-top box, Dish Network's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers, or TiVo's Series 3 or HD recorders), or a HDTV-ready HTPC. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some free, some for a fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature. The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams make it unlikely that an uncompressed storage option will appear in the consumer market soon. Realtime MPEG-2 compression of an uncompressed digital HDTV signal is also prohibitively expensive for the consumer market at this time, but should become inexpensive within several years (although this is more relevant for consumer HD camcorders than recording HDTV). Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals such as W-VHS recorders are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.
In the United States, as part of the FCC's "plug and play" agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" Firewire (IEEE 1394) upon request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004, boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C.[19] This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content.
Table of terrestrial HDTV transmission systems
Main characteristics of three HDTV systems
ISDB-T
Source coding
Main Profile syntax of ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2 – Video)
ATSC Standard A/52 (Dolby AC-3) As defined in ETSI DVB TS 101 154 - as H.264 AVC and/or ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2 – Layer II Audio) and/or Dolby AC-3 ISO/IEC 13818-7 (MPEG-2 – AAC Audio)
Channel coding
Outer coding
R-S (207, 187, t = 10) R-S (204, 188, t = 8)
Outer interleaver
52 R-S block convolutional (I=12, M=17, J=1) 12 R-S block
Inner coding
rate 2/3 Trellis code Punctured convolution code(PCC): rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8; constraint length = 7, Polynomials (octal) = 171, 133
Inner interleaver
12 to 1 Trellis code bit-wise, frequency, selectable time
Data randomization
16-bit PRBS
8VSB (Only used for over the air transmission)
16VSB (Designed for cable, but rejected by the cable industry, cable TV uses 64QAM or 256QAM modulation as a de facto standard) COFDM
QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
Hierarchical modulation: multi-resolution constellation (16QAM and 64QAM)
Guard interval: 1/32, 1/16, 1/8 & 1/4 of OFDM symbol
Two modes: 2k and 8k FFT BST-COFDM with 13 frequency segments
DQPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
Hierarchical modulation: choice of three different modulations on each segment
Three modes: 2k, 4k and 8k FFT
TV resolution
Digital Video Resolutions
Usage Examples Definition (lines) Rate (Hz)
Interlaced (fields) Progressive (frames)
Low; MP@LL
LDTV, VCD 240; 288 (SIF) 24, 30; 25
Standard; MP@ML
SDTV, SVCD, DVD, DV 480 (NTSC, PAL-M) 60 24, 30
576 (PAL, SECAM) 50 25
EDTV 480; 576 60; 50
High; MP@HL
HDTV, BD, HD DVD, HDV 720 24, 30, 60; 25, 50
1080 50, 60 24, 30; 25
This table illustrates total horizontal and vertical pixel resolution via box size. It does not accurately reflect the screen or pixel shape (aspect ratio) of these formats, which is either 4:3, or 16:9.
Digital Video Broadcasting
SDTV (Standard Definition Television)
↑ Brian Coleman, SBS jubilant with its 576p HD broadcasts, Broadcast + Media. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ 625-net, in the Russian Federation: problems and prospects of implementation (in Russian). Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Martyn Williams, Researchers Craft HDTV's Successor, PC World. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Larry Bloomfield and Jim Mendrala, Digital TV Tech Notes, Issue #2. Tech-notes.tv. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Larry Bloomfield and Jim Mendrala, Digital TV Tech Notes, Issue #41. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Carolo Basile, et al., The U.S. HDTV standard: the Grand Alliance, IEEE Spectrum (4):36–45.
↑ Larry Bloomfield and Jim Mendrala, Digital TV Tech Notes, Issue #1. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Paige Albiniak, HDTV: Launched and Counting, Broadcast & Cable. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ IMDB, Space Shuttle Discovery: John Glenn Launch, Internet Movie Database. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ How Stuff Works, How Digital Television Works. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ How Stuff Works, How HD-DVD Works. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Video Help, Basic Blu-Ray Authoring with HDV source. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ BBC, Draft HD delivery for BBC worldwide. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Blog Spot, 1366x768 resolution problems on HDTV, HD-Ready, and High Definition TV. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ The Widescreen Movie Center, DirecTV HD Image Quality. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ PC Magazine, DirecTV's HD future is MPEG-4. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Answers.com, HDTV display modes. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ Hidefster, HDTV information. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
↑ DTCP, 5C Digital Transmission Content Protection White Paper. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
Bartlett, Eugene R. 1990. Cable Television Technology and Operations: HDTV and NTSC Systems. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070039577.
Briere, Danny, and Pat Hurley. 2007. HDTV For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 047009673X.
Dupagne, Michel, and Peter Benjamin Seel. 1997. High-Definition Television: A Global Perspective. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0813829259.
All links retrieved December 24, 2017.
Brazil begins HDTV transmissions with Japanese standard, from The Inquirer.
US Government HDTV and DTV official site.
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC).
High-definition television history
History of "High-definition television"
Retrieved from //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=High-definition_television&oldid=1008461


text:
Blockchain Bites: Bankrupted Cred's Missing Millions, Bitcoin Miners' Quarterly Losses and More
The top stories in bitcoin, crypto and more – all in one place.
Daniel Kuhn
Crypto lender Cred's bankruptcy is more than it appears. Two publicly traded bitcoin mining firms reported this week: Neither are profitable. ECB President Christine Lagarde has a "hunch" about the digital euro.
Chapter...12?
Cred's Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing doesn't tell the whole story. With $67.8 million in assets and $136 million in liabilities, the crypto lender called it quits last weekend, leaving hundreds of depositors worrying about their collected $100 million loaned to the company. Cred has officially blamed malfeasance on the part of an outside investor entrusted with 800 BTC, although corporate insiders also say a $39 million line of credit to a Chinese lender went south. "There's a lot else going on," Daniyal Inamullah, former head of capital markets at Cred, said. CoinDesk's Nathan DiCamillo investigates.
Bleeding BTC?
Two publicly traded bitcoin mining companies are nearing profitability. Marathon and Hut 8, prominent within the sector, both narrowed quarterly losses, according to quarterly financial statements. Marathon bumped revenues to $835,184 in Q3, a 160% increase from the same period last year, while also recording a net loss of nearly $2 million. The company's loss per share, however, dropped from 12 cents to 6 cents a share year over year. Meanwhile, Hut 8 saw C$5.3 million (about US$4 million) in Q3 mining revenue, down 43% from the previous quarter, but also managed to trim its losses of C$0.07 a share in Q3 2019 to C$0.01 this quarter.
CBDC 'hunch'
European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde has a "hunch" there will be a digital euro in two to four years. At a virtual panel yesterday, Lagarde said an European Union-wide central bank digital currency should be explored, "If it is going to facilitate cross-border payments." The ECB previously said it is researching a CBDC. The latest statements are another indicator of what to expect and when: "A digital euro will not be a substitute for cash," Lagarde said. "It will be a complement." Separately, Benoit Coeure, head of the Innovation Hub at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), said any potential CBDC for the supranational bank could involve blockchain. "Everything is possible," he said.
Audited and attacked
Decentralized finance (DeFi) platform Akropolis suffered a $2 million loss following a sophisticated "flash loan" attack. According to the platform's founder Ana Andrianova, the attacker pulled out tranches of $50,000 in DAI from the project's yCurve and sUSD pools, leveraging derivatives platform dYdX. While much is said about the audit trails of novel DeFi protocols, especially after hacks, Akropolis' code was in fact audited twice: once by CertiK and also by firms SmartDec and Pessimistic.
Exchange flows
Bitcoin flows to Binance from Huobi have reached an all-time high. According to data provided by CryptoQuant, some 18,652 bitcoins, worth nearly $300 million, were transferred from Huobi to Binance from Nov. 2 to Nov. 11. The bustling trade spiked ever since the Huobi chief operating officer, Robin Zhu, went missing at the beginning of the month. For months, Chinese regulators have been clamping down on crypto trading platforms, as part of a broader sweep of the fintech industry.
Ant Group's suspended IPO was the work of slighted CCP officials – but it also links back to China's digital yuan experiments. (CoinDesk)
Uniswap farming ends in four days, potentially freeing up $1.1 billion in ETH (Cointelegraph)
Sythentix now has a Brent Crude oil future trading pool. (CoinDesk)
"Severe" bug found in core library for Ethereum and Ethereum Classic has been fixed. (Decrypt)
Dignity and bitcoin
"The systems don't always work," Robby Gutmann, co-founder of Stone Ridge Holdings Group, told NLW in his first podcast interview since the company made waves by investing heavily in bitcoin. That's why the $10 billion alternative asset manager has placed its "primary treasury reserve" in bitcoin.
In short, bitcoin is an exit from an inflating monetary base that has failed to serve the public. Last month, Stone announced it would stash more than 10,000 BTC with its crypto subsidiary NYDIG. This follows other corporate firms like MicroStrategy and Square moving some of their cash treasuries into bitcoin, also citing monetary debasement.
"The expansion of the money supply in the U.S. hasn't shown up in growth of CPI in a measurable way, but in other measurements of inflation," Gutmann said. Notably, Gutmann considers the prospect of living a "dignified" retirement as an ideal marker for inflation.
"The idea of financial security is much broader in bitcoin," he said, when claiming that only a "single-digit number" of fiat monetary systems are functional or scale. "Can I save my day's labor in something I can spend tomorrow next week," isn't a question most U.S. workers are confronted with, but it may be a legitimate concern elsewhere.
That's why a bitcoin-based world economy could better serve nations that weren't part of the industrializing processes of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Gutmann further explained NYDIG's thesis is in fostering the "long-term development of an open source monetary system." This includes opening some of its in-house bitcoin infrastructure up to other companies – "we won't be the last people that have this challenge" – and applying for New York State's "BitLicense '' and a limited trust charter.
"To the extent we can move the bitcoin project forward, it feels like we can do something measurable in society today around this idea of financial security for people outside the first world," he said.
The full, hour-long interview can be found here.
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