Once you have the name, place, and date of death then you can search the local newspapers archives for a copy of the obituary posting. You can access our free list of all the newspapers and their obituary sections for the state of Missouri.
To order Death Certificates you can contact the Missouri Department of Vital Records which is listed below. If you want to order online you can use the following link to order a death certificate.
Remarks: State office has records since January 1910. Certified copies of most Missouri birth and death records are also available from local county health department. For details, please contact these offices directly. If event occurred in St. Louis (City), St. Louis County, or Kansas City before 1910, write to the city or county Health Department. Copies of these records are $13.00 each.
Personal check or money order should be made payable to Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Please include a legal size self-addressed stamped envelope. To verify current fees on birth and death records, the telephone number is (573) 751-6387.
Looking for the obituary section for a local newspaper? Please search through our full list of Missouri Newspapers and access their online obituary sections. Click here to access Missouri Newspapers.
Missouri Birth and Death Records Database - NEW!!!
The Belle Banner - Index of Obituaries, Births, etc.
The Maries County Gazette - Partial Index of Obituaries, Births, etc.
Obituaries From the "Current Wave"


Key making is a much sought after service in West Jefferson, OH area. General Locksmith Store is inundated with calls from people who need keys made for their homes, cars, and businesses. Key making isn't as easy a process as it used to be these days. The locksmith industry is churning out some very advanced locks that need keys that have been precision engineered to open.
We can make keys for your home, your business, and your car. We make garage door keys, window lock keys, mailbox lock keys and keys for your desks, lockers, luggage, postbox, your padlock, drawers, and cabinets.
How do we make high-security keys?
Not everyone is equipped to make high-security keys. If you're a car owner, for example, you have to request your dealer to make you new keys if you lose your old one. High-security keys are difficult to create – they have to be crafted just so to allow them to open locks. General Locksmith Store owns cutting-edge machinery that allows us to cut high-security keys in quick time. We own a fleet of mobile locksmith vans that let us provide our key cutting services at your location.
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Our locksmiths are trained professionals and good at their jobs. They are capable of making keys for a variety of locks. We make sure that our new keys are precision crafted and double check them for defects before handing them to you.
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Hey guys! First of all, I can't believe I actually reached 500 followers on this blog. Thank you all so much for following me. Today I will be talking about some products I've recently used up and briefly give my opinion on them. I decided to divide the products into two posts, as I have a few products and I don't want to make it super long, so this part is about haircare and makeup and the next one will be skincare. Anyways, let's dive into it!
L'Oréal colorista blue washout. I did a blogpost about this here. I currently have washed my hair around 5 times I think, I tried to not wash it too much as I loved it so much. But I've grown tired of it already, and now I can't wait for it to wash out. There is still some blue left in there, but it is more a greyish blue currently. Nonetheless, this product worked really well for me (probably because I had white hair to apply it on) but I would recommend using two bottles or more if you have longer hair.
Yes To Coconut conditioner. I did a blogpost about this here. This is by far one of my favorite conditioners ever. However, they don't seem to sell them anymore where I used to get them, so I'm currently on the hunt for new good hair products. So if you have any recommendations, please let me know in the comments.
Aussie conditioner. As my conditioner was empty and I couldn't find it anymore, I decided to give this brand a try as I've heard many good things about them. This also was a very good conditioner. However, I did run out of it fairly quickly and again, they stopped selling it where I got it. So bummer number 2.
L'Oréal silver shampoo. I finally finished this bottle, phew. That took me ages. I got this bottle about 2 years ago I think, and only now is it empty. This silver shampoo is definitely okay, however not the best I've tried. I did repurchase it though because it works.
This is kind of pathetic I guess, but the Benefit Precisely, my brow pencil is so far the only makeup product I've used up completely. I'm not sure I would repurchase this however as I ran out of it really quick and my Anastasia Beverly Hills brow wiz is just way more pigmented.
These were my empties regarding hair care and makeup. Have you tried any of these products? Or which products have you recently used up?


I am a freelance illustrator located in California. I enjoy working in both traditional and digital mediums.
UPDATED Show Schedule! Which will you be at???
UPDATED show schedule. I'm scaling back on cons in 2019, so catch me while you can.
In this episode, I talk about my first Spartan Race experience, my shoulder injury and how it's affecting my art, I talk at my local State College, and attempt a left-handed mural.
Join the livestream today for our SAITAMA drawing.
Your art is SO INCREDIBLE! So glad that Mattie found you at ComicCon! If you ever upload that "Concept" piece (purple visor/black and white) please let me know so I can share it on social!


The page provides the exchange rate of 1 Cuban Peso (CUP) to Thai Baht (THB), sale and conversion rate. Moreover, we added the list of the most popular conversions for visualization and the history table with exchange rate diagram for 1 Cuban Peso (CUP) to Thai Baht (THB) from Thursday, 18/04/2019 till Thursday, 11/04/2019. Latest update of 1 Cuban Peso (CUP) exchange rate.
Convert currency 1 CUP to THB. How much is 1 Cuban Peso to Thai Baht? — 1.24 Thai Baht.
Cuban Peso to Thai Baht, convert 1 CUP in THB.


Take a picture of a 2018 residential landscape project using Central Landscape Supply products and materials. Your project should include some (but not all) of the following products: ponds, retaining walls, paving stones, outdoor fireplaces, kitchens and furniture, lighting and nursery items. Submit your before and after shots with a list of Central Landscape Supply productsused to sales@centrallandscape.com. These photos should be 4" x 6" 300 dpi jpgs. You must be a Central Landscape Customer. Deadline for submission is November 16, 2018. Winners will be notified by phone, mail or email between November 30 and December 20, 2018. Winners will be announced February 2019.
*Grand Prize winner will receive 2 round trip tickets good anywhere in the Continental U.S. These tickets must be used within 1 year of issue. Value of $1000.00. Three additional winners will be chosen to have their photos appear in the 2019 Central Landscape Catalog.
Photos become the final property of Central Landscape Supply and we retain the right to use these photos in marketing and advertising of Central Landscape Supply.
ONE WINNER WILL BE SELECTED FOR THE GRAND PRIZE!
· Are connecting flights OK or Not?
· Cell phone number where we can send the confirmation and an email address where we can send the itinerary.
This prize can only be redeemed in the form of two airline TICKETS, purchased and provided by Central Landscape Supply, to the winners. It cannot be redeemed in cash, points or other form, TICKETS ONLY. Must be redeemed within 12 months, November to November, see date on Certificate, once you've been notified of winning the photography contest.


Dave advises Rob on how he should budget an irregular income throughout the year.
QUESTION: Rob sells commercial real estate and makes one or two big sales that he has to live on for the entire year. How should he budget the irregular income?
ANSWER: You need to set up a separate account for your living expenses. That account should have one year's worth of expenses in it and you need to pay yourself a monthly salary out of that. You'll have to live on a budget to do this.
In addition to that, you need 6 months of expenses as an emergency fund.


China announced its latest PV Development Five-Year-Plan which targets 20 GW of PV systems and one GW of solar thermal power to be completed by 2015.
Shanghai, 9 October 2012. China's domestic photovoltaic (PV) market made a slow start to the year, with just 720 megawatts (MW) installed in the first half, according to the latest research from IMS Research (recently acquired by IHS Inc. (NYSE: IHS)). However, installations are forecast to surge in the second half, with more than four gigawatts (GW) of PV installations to be completed, taking full year installations to five GW, according to the Q3'12 edition of the China PV Market – Supply and Demand Quarterly report, released in September.
In September, China announced its latest PV Development Five-Year-Plan which targets 20 GW of PV systems and one GW of solar thermal power to be completed by 2015. However, this plan did not bring the levels of financial stimulus that were expected. "While old issues like grid-connection and power transmission have still not been solved, new issues emerged in the second quarter of 2012, such as worsening bankability, poor credit conditions and a general slowdown of the Chinese economy," remarked Frank Xie, IMS Research's senior PV analyst based in Shanghai. "Many projects are said to have completed the bidding process; however, they are not yet under construction. Integrators are prioritizing projects to be completed by year end, and there will be a huge surge in installations in the final quarter of the year."
2012 has so far also bought difficult times for China's huge supplier base and utilization rates remained low as a result of a strong focus on cost control and caution over the ongoing EU trade investigation into Chinese PV products. Average utilization levels for PV polysilicon, wafers, cells and module manufacturers all declined in the third quarter; all were lower than 60 percent. Despite wafer production capacity in China declining in the third quarter, average utilization fell to just 58 percent; as an increasing number of cell manufacturers favored sourcing competitively priced wafers from third parties at a lower cost than manufacturing them in house. Utilization rates are forecast to recover slightly in the fourth quarter in response to the predicted boom in domestic installations.
Both inverter shipments and revenues declined in the second quarter of 2012 compared with the previous quarter as a result of weak demand. According to the report, the first half of 2012 saw inverter shipments of just 700 MW, less than half of the amount shipped in the second half of 2011. However, Xie holds a positive view for future inverter shipments in the second half of the year, adding: "The situation is set to improve, and China's rapidly expanding inverter supplier base is forecast to ship more than four GW of inverters in the second half of 2012."
Researched by IMS Research's Chinese analysts, the �China PV Market – Supply and Demand Q3'12' was published on 27 September and contains quarterly analysis and forecasts of the supply and demand dynamics of China's PV industry.


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STAFFkristi rinehart2019-09-10T19:55:20+00:00
Carol Loya – Executive Director and Founder
Carol founded Escape to Peace™ in 2013 to bring awareness to the issue of human trafficking in King County, WA. She was moved by her experience after seeing children as young as three years old sold in the slums of Thailand. She is the owner of TRUCE™ Spa, which she opened in 2008 at The Westin Hotel in Bellevue, WA. With civic engagement a large part of her life, Carol was previously a member of the Tateuchi Center ACT II Fundraising Guild in Bellevue, co-chair and board treasurer for Bellevue Collection Fashion Week, and treasurer for Bellevue LifeSpring Yarrow Point Circle. She has a B.S. in Accounting from Arizona State University and previously worked for KPMG, Boeing and National Maintenance Contractors, Inc. For nearly two decades, Carol has been involved in management and leadership programs including the Executive Program at the University of Washington Business School, and is trained and certified by The Protocol School of Washington in Washington D.C.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
The Foolish Bear
There lived a bear by a riverside in a jungle. One day, he felt hungry. He came out of his den to look for food.
The Father's love
SOME SOCIAL RULES THAT MAY HELP YOU:
The Swan and the Owl
The Donkey Who Nursed a Silly Dream
Once upon a time, a donkey worked for a potter. The donkey carried heavy loads for his master. However, the potter was very cruel and
The Mouse Which Saved the Eagle
In a jungle, there lived an eagle. The eagle had made his nest high up on a tree. At the foot of the tree, a
Times —Lucky and Unlucky
A stag, which lived in a jungle, decided to go for an outing with his family to another forest. The stag and his family enjoyed
The Ant Which Was Mightier Than the Elephant
There lived an elephant in a forest. It was big and powerful. The elephant was so strong that it could fell the trees. It could
The Woodpeckers Who Fought the Woodcutters
Once upon a time there was a group of woodpeckers, living in a jungle. They had built their homes in the trunks of trees and
The Crow Which Hated the Mouse
A crow lived in a tree. It had built its nest on this tree on which there were plenty of fruits and a lot of
The Wise Investment
In a village, there lived two friends, Tom and Jerry. Tom was not very wise. Jerry possessed good wisdom. One day, the two set out
The Tree That Lived For Others
Once upon a time, there were two trees in a forest. They grew side by side and were fast friends. In the course of time,
When Villagers Saw the Heavens
There lived a fool in a village, whose name as Alas. Alas would do some foolish act every now and then, and, as a result


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California AG Attempts To Undo Decision Striking Down Magazine Ban
By Cam Edwards | Aug 28, 2020 6:00 PM ET
Today was the deadline for California Attorney General Xavier Becerra to decide his next step in a challenge to the state's ban on so-called Large Capacity Magazines. Two weeks ago a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals declared that the ban violates the constitutional rights of residents, and we knew that Becerra wasn't just going to let that decision stand. The big question was whether Becerra would seek an en banc review from a larger panel of judges on the Ninth Circuit, or appeal directly to the U.S. Supreme Court, and on Friday afternoon Becerra ended the suspense by keeping the case in the Ninth Circuit for now with a request for the en banc review in the case known as Duncan vs. Becerra.
From the California Rifle & Pistol Association:
President and General Counsel Chuck Michel noted that, "By potentially sending this case to the Supreme Court, this case may present opportunity to set things straight on the underlying issue of what the standard of review test should be when considering any Second Amendment challenges. The Supreme Court seems inclined to do away with the complicated subjective tests that many courts have wrongly applied in Second Amendment cases, in favor of a clearer more objective "originalist" approach that considers the text, history, and tradition of a law to determine what infringements might be tolerated."
SCOTUS is likely going to get their hands on this case at some point, though with the en banc review it will be likely be at least mid-2021 before the en banc panel returns its decision. In the meantime, the ban on the sale of ammunition magazines that can accept more than ten rounds is likely to remain in place.
In his request for the 9th Circuit to review the three judge panel's decision, Becerra claims that if the ban is struck down, Californians will be put at greater risk for violence.
"Our commonsense gun safety measures here in California have a track record of success in doing what they were meant to do — keep our communities safe," said Attorney General Becerra. "We disagree with the Court's initial decision and will continue to use every tool we have to defend the constitutionality of our laws."
You can read Becerra's brief for yourself here, but this bit is really the key part of his argument.
California enacted its current LCM law to mitigate the devastation caused by mass shootings. The record confirms that the law advances that interest while also preserving gun owners' ability to defend themselves. The Second Amendment allows this type of regulation—and the consequences of invalidating it could be devastating.
This Court should grant rehearing en banc both to secure uniformity of its decisions and to ensure that California and other States retain the ability to adopt reasonable regulations addressing the deadly threat posed by LCMs.
Becerra notes that other appellate courts around the country have upheld similar bans, and argues that an earlier decision by the 9th Circuit upholding a local ban on "Large Capacity Magazines" in the city of Sunnyvale, California was similarly upheld in the 9th Circuit in a case known as Fyock vs. Sunnyvale. The problem for Becerra is that both U.S. District Judge Roger Benitez and the three judge panel both concluded that the Fyock case "was decided on a different record, using a different standard of review," and is therefor not binding on the 9th circuit in this case.
Becerra's argument that a ban on magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition doesn't violate the Second Amendment rights of residents is a bit of wishful thinking, and requires ignoring completely what the Supreme Court has said in the Heller and McDonald cases, as well as the guidance that the high Court issued in a case called Caetano vs. Massachusetts, which dealt with a ban on stun guns.
In that case, the U.S. Supreme Court made it clear that ""the Second Amendment extends, prima facie, to all instruments that constitute bearable arms, even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding." In other words, the Second Amendment doesn't just protect the right to own a musket. The guidance in Heller is even more explicit; arms that are in "common use for lawful purposes like self-defense" are those that have the greatest degree of protection under the Second Amendment.
As Ninth Circuit Judge Kenneth Lee pointed out in his decision two weeks ago, California's ban on Large Capacity Magazines declares some of the most commonly owned ammunition magazine in the country to be outside of the scope of the Second Amendment, in direct contradiction to what the Supreme Court said in Heller. More than half of the magazines in this country can accept more than ten rounds, so clearly they're in common use by law-abiding gun owners for a variety of lawful purposes, including training, competition, and self-defense.
Xavier Becerra is hoping that the eleven judges on the Ninth Circuit that will re-hear the case will have an anti-gun majority, but the odds of that happening are much lower than they would have been even a year ago. Thanks to Donald Trump's judicial appointments, there's now near parity in the circuit between Republican and Democrat-appointed judges, whereas in years past Democrat-nominated judges dominated the appellate court.
If Becerra is successful in getting the en banc panel to overturn the lower courts' decision, then the plaintiffs will certainly appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. If the en banc panel actually upholds Judge Benitez's decision, on the other hand, it's unclear what the AG might do.
There've been multiple occasions since the Heller decision where appellate courts have struck down gun laws, and rather than appeal to SCOTUS, anti-gun politicians have thrown in the towel in order to avoid a precedent-setting decision from the justices. The state of Illinois, for example, adopted a shall-issue concealed carry law after the Seventh Circuit ruled that the state's ban on carrying firearms violated the right to bear arms, while Washington, D.C. officials decided not to appeal a D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals decision declaring the federal city's "good cause" requirement for concealed carry licenses to be similarly unconstitutional.
If the en banc panel comes back and upholds Judge Benitez's decision, Becerra will have a tough choice ahead of him. Does he gamble that SCOTUS will take the case and rule in his favor, given the rumors that Chief Justice John Roberts has gone soft in his support of the Second Amendemnt? Or does he decide its not worth the risk, in which case Democrats in California might turn around and pass a ban on any ammunition magazine that can hold eleven rounds instead of ten. One thing is for certain; the anti-gun Democrats in charge of California aren't going suddenly embrace or even recognize our right to keep and bear arms.
Tags: CALIFORNIA SUPREME COURT SCOTUS CRPA MAGAZINE BAN DUNCAN V BECERRA


This is especially attractive as a salad. It is also a delicious ingredient in burritos.
At least 2 hours or up to 1 day before serving, combine beans, cabbage, carrot, and onion in a large bowl. Mix together mayonnaise, yogurt, and 2 tablespoons of the salsa in a small bowl.
Add the dressing to the vegetables and toss until the vegetables are well coated. Taste and adjust seasonings.
To serve, place 2 lettuce leaves on each chilled plate. Top with the slaw and a small amount of salsa.


text:
Decision Tree Training Algorithm
A Decision Tree Training Algorithm is a supervised eager model-based learning algorithm that accepts a tree meta-model to produce a predictor tree.
AKA: Predictor Tree Induction Method.
input: a Decision Tree Metamodel.
optional: a Decision Tree Prunning Criterion, a Decision Tree Splitting Criterion, ...
It can be implemented by a Decision Tree Training System (that solves a tree training task).
It can be a Discriminative Learning Algorithm.
It can be a component of a Decision Tree Ensemble Learning Algorithm (implemented by a decision tree ensemble learning system).
It can range from being a Classification Tree Learning Algorithm, to being a Ranking Tree Learning Algorithm, to being a Regression Tree Learning Algorithm.
It can (typically) be a Greedy Top-Down Algorithm.
It can be an Incremental Decision Tree Algorithm.
It can have [math]O(nm^2)[/math] Computational Complexity, for [math]n[/math] rows, and [math]m[/math] attributes.
It can range from being a Fully-Supervised Decision Tree Learning Algorithm to being a Semi-Supervised Decision Tree Learning Algorithm.
It can be a member of a Decision Tree Ensemble Learning Algorithm.
a Classification Tree Learning Algorithm, such as: C4.5, CART, RPART, ID3, CHAID.
a Ranking Tree Learning Algorithm.
a Regression Tree Learning Algorithm, such as: RPART, MARS, Conditional Inference Trees Algorithm.
Counter-Example(s):
a Logistic Regression Algorithm.
a Decision Graph Learning Algorithm.
a Decision Tree Testing Algorithm.
a Supervised Rule List Learning Algorithm.
an Inductive Logic Programming Algorithm.
a Latent Factor Algorithm.
See: Instance-based Learning Algorithm, Tree Learning Algorithm.
(Scikit-Learn, 2017) ⇒ Scikit-Learn (2007-2017) "1.10.6. Tree algorithms: ID3, C4.5, C5.0 and CART" Retrieved:2017-10-15.
QUOTE: What are all the various decision tree algorithms and how do they differ from each other? Which one is implemented in scikit-learn?
ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) was developed in 1986 by Ross Quinlan. The algorithm creates a multiway tree, finding for each node (i.e. in a greedy manner) the categorical feature that will yield the largest information gain for categorical targets. Trees are grown to their maximum size and then a pruning step is usually applied to improve the ability of the tree to generalise to unseen data.
C4.5 is the successor to ID3 and removed the restriction that features must be categorical by dynamically defining a discrete attribute (based on numerical variables) that partitions the continuous attribute value into a discrete set of intervals. C4.5 converts the trained trees (i.e. the output of the ID3 algorithm) into sets of if-then rules. These accuracy of each rule is then evaluated to determine the order in which they should be applied. Pruning is done by removing a rule's precondition if the accuracy of the rule improves without it.
C5.0 is Quinlan's latest version release under a proprietary license. It uses less memory and builds smaller rulesets than C4.5 while being more accurate.
CART (Classification and Regression Trees) is very similar to C4.5, but it differs in that it supports numerical target variables (regression) and does not compute rule sets. CART constructs binary trees using the feature and threshold that yield the largest information gain at each node.
scikit-learn uses an optimised version of the CART algorithm.
(Wikipedia, 2017) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning#Decision_tree_types Retrieved:2017-10-15.
(...) Decision tree learning is the construction of a decision tree from class-labeled training tuples. A decision tree is a flow-chart-like structure, where each internal (non-leaf) node denotes a test on an attribute, each branch represents the outcome of a test, and each leaf (or terminal) node holds a class label. The topmost node in a tree is the root node.
There are many specific decision-tree algorithms. Notable ones include:
ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) * C4.5 (successor of ID3)
CART (Classification And Regression Tree)
CHAID (CHi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector). Performs multi-level splits when computing classification trees.
MARS: extends decision trees to handle numerical data better.
Conditional Inference Trees. Statistics-based approach that uses non-parametric tests as splitting criteria, corrected for multiple testing to avoid overfitting. This approach results in unbiased predictor selection and does not require pruning.[1] [2]
ID3 and CART were invented independently at around the same time (between 1970 and 1980), yet follow a similar approach for learning decision tree from training tuples.
↑ Hothorn, T.; Hornik, K.; Zeileis, A. (2006). "Unbiased Recursive Partitioning: A Conditional Inference Framework". Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 15 (3): 651–674. JSTOR 27594202. doi:10.1198/106186006X133933.
↑ Strobl, C.; Malley, J.; Tutz, G. (2009). "An Introduction to Recursive Partitioning: Rationale, Application and Characteristics of Classification and Regression Trees, Bagging and Random Forests". Psychological Methods. 14 (4): 323–348. doi:10.1037/a0016973.
(Furnkranz., 2017) ⇒ Johannes Fürnkranz (2017) "Decision Tree" in "Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining" (2017) pp 330-335
(Furnkranz., 2017) ⇒ Johannes Fürnkranz (2017) "Decision Tree", in "Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining" (2017) pp 330-335
QUOTE: Well-Known Decision-Tree Learning Algorithms
The probably best-known decision-tree learning algorithm is C4.5 (Quinlan 1993), which is based upon (Quinlan 1983), which, in turn, has been derived from an earlier concept learning system (Hunt et al. 1966). ID3 realized the basic recursive partitioning algorithm for an arbitrary number of classes and for discrete attribute values. C4.5 (Quinlan 1993) incorporates several key improvements that were necessary for tackling real-world problems, including handling of numeric and missing attribute values, overfitting avoidance, and improved scalability. A C-implementation of C4.5 is freely available from its author. A re-implementation is available under the name J4.8 in the Weka data mining library. C5.0 is a commercial successor of C4.5, distributed by RuleQuest Research. CART (Breiman et al. 1984) is the best-known system in the statistical learning community. It is integrated into various statistical software packages, such as R or S.
Decision trees are also often used as components in Ensemble Methods such as random forests (Breiman 2001) or AdaBoost (Freund and Schapire 1996). They can also be modified for predicting numerical target variables, in which case they are known as regression trees. One can also put more complex prediction models into the leaves of a tree, resulting in Model Trees.
(Zhao et al., 2017) ⇒ Qian Zhao, Yue Shi, and Liangjie Hong. (2017). "GB-CENT: Gradient Boosted Categorical Embedding and Numerical Trees." In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web. ISBN:978-1-4503-4913-0 doi:10.1145/3038912.3052668
QUOTE: Latent factor models and decision tree based models are widely used in tasks of prediction, ranking and recommendation. Latent factor models have the advantage of interpreting categorical features by a low-dimensional representation, while such an interpretation does not naturally fit numerical features. In contrast, decision tree based models enjoy the advantage of capturing the nonlinear interactions of numerical features, while their capability of handling categorical features is limited by the cardinality of those features. …
(Wikipedia, 2011) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning
Decision tree learning, used in statistics, data mining and machine learning, uses a decision tree as a predictive model which maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value. More descriptive names for such tree models are classification trees or regression trees. In these tree structures, leaves represent classifications and branches represent conjunctions of features that lead to those classifications. In decision analysis, a decision tree can be used to visually and explicitly represent decisions and decision making. In data mining, a decision tree describes data but not decisions; rather the resulting classification tree can be an input for decision making. This page deals with decision trees in data mining.
(Rokach & Maimon, 2005) ⇒ Lior Rokach, and Oded Maimon. (2005). "Chapter 9. Decision Trees." In: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, Editors: Oded Z. Maimon, Lior Rokach ISBN:038725465X
ABSTRACT: Decision Trees are considered to be one of the most popular approaches for representing classifiers. Researchers from various disciplines such as statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition, and Data Mining have dealt with the issue of growing a decision tree from available data. This paper presents an updated survey of current methods for constructing decision tree classifiers in a top-down manner. The chapter suggests a unified algorithmic framework for presenting these algorithms and describes various splitting criteria and pruning methodologies.
(Breiman, 2001) ⇒ Leo Breiman. (2001). "Random Forests." In: Machine Learning, 45(1). doi:10.1023/A:1010933404324
ABSTRACT: Random forests are a combination of tree predictors such that each tree depends on the values of a random vector sampled independently and with the same distribution for all trees in the forest. The generalization error for forests converges a.s. to a limit as the number of trees in the forest becomes large. The generalization error of a forest of tree classifiers depends on the strength of the individual trees in the forest and the correlation between them. Using a random selection of features to split each node yields error rates that compare favorably to Adaboost (Y. Freund & R. Schapire, Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International conference, ***, 148–156), but are more robust with respect to noise. Internal estimates monitor error, strength, and correlation and these are used to show the response to increasing the number of features used in the splitting. Internal estimates are also used to measure variable importance. These ideas are also applicable to regression.
(Wilson, 2008a) ⇒ Bill Wilson. (2008). "The Machine Learning Dictionary for COMP9414." University of New South Wales, Australia.
tree induction algorithm: This article describes the basic tree induction algorithm used by ID3 and successors. The basic idea is to pick an attribute A with values [math]a_1, a_2, ..., a_r[/math], split the training instances into subsets [math]S_{a1}, S_{a2}, ..., S_{ar}[/math] consisting of those instances that have the corresponding attribute value. Then if a subset has only instances in a single class, that part of the tree stops with a leaf node labelled with the single class. If not, then the subset is split again, recursively, using a different attribute. This leaves the question of how to choose the best attribute to split on at any branch node. This issue is handled in the article on splitting criterion in ID3.
(Quinlan, 1996) ⇒ J. Ross Quinlan. (1996). "Improved Use of Continuous Attributes in C4.5." In: Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 4.
(Quinlan, 1993a) ⇒ J. Ross Quinlan. (1993). "C4.5: Programs for machine learning." Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN:1558602380
(Breiman et al., 1984) ⇒ Leo Breiman, Jerome H. Friedman, Charles J. Stone, and R. A. Olshen. (1984). "Classification and Regression Trees." Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN:0412048418
Retrieved from "http://www.gabormelli.com/RKB/index.php?title=Decision_Tree_Training_Algorithm&oldid=761526"


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 Rynkeby Foods – dansk producent af juice og saft, grundlagt i Ringe Sogn

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home BiographiesA Life Long Learner
A Life Long Learner
Written by Harold McNeill on October 30th, 2011. Posted in Biographies
The purpose of learning is growth, and our minds, unlike our bodies, can continue growing as we continue to live.
-Mortimer J. Adler
That's what learning is, after all; not whether we lose the game, but how we lose and how we've changed because of it and what we take away from it that we never had before, to apply to other games. Losing, in a curious way, is winning.
Richard Bach, The Bridge Across Forever, 1984
A Lifelong Learner
October 28, 2011 This past Friday family and friends gathered at Camosun College to join in the celebration with fifteen hundred students who completed program studies ranging from full degrees to certification in various trades and career specialities. Among those being recognized was our very own Lynn Frances McNeill, a woman who is the very definition of a 'lifelong learner'.
Born into an armed forces family (RCAF), Lynn was inspired at an early age to seek new challenges as she, her parents and four siblings (3 sisters and a brother) were transferred to bases in Canada and abroad. Settling in Canada, Lynn completed her formal education at the University Guelph eventually moving on to British Columbia. While working for the District of Campbell River, Lynn joined the RCMP as a civilian member where she accepted a secondment as an instructor, travelling throughout BC instructing members on the use of their new telecommunications systems. With a helicopter at their disposal, she also assisted the team of specialists installing mountain top satellite systems.
Photo: University of Guelph, Grad Photo
Seeking to spend more time with her young son, Lynn joined the Oak Bay Police Department as Executive Secretary to the Chief of Police, eventually moving on to a position with the Greater Victoria Hospital Society where she continued to hone her considerable administrative skills. Never one to back away from a serious challenge, in 1984 Lynn married Harold David McNeill.
When Glenlyon Norfolk School needed someone to oversee the merger of the administrative offices of the three, previously separate campuses, Lynn was tasked with the job. Following the merger, she continued as Office Manager and Board Executive Secretary where she worked closely with a succession of Headmasters. After a few years, Lynn began her own administrative business, contracting with the GNSS Board of Directors as the Board's Executive Assistant. For over twelve years, she remained an integral member of the GNS team.
Throughout this time, Lynn volunteered many hours as Deputy Director – Emergency Social Services in Saanich and as an Emergency Preparedness Instructor while also contributing as a volunteer member of the executive committees hosting various international soccer events in the Greater Victoria area. Again, travel formed a large part of this volunteer experience.
When a new position became available at the BC Pension Corporation, Lynn jumped at the opportunity, continually upgrading and accepting new challenges within the organization.
At every step of her professional and personal life, Lynn has transformed the offices and organizations in which she has worked or volunteered by applying her incredible energy and organizational skills. The dances, picnics, children's parties, bed races, sporting events, theme parties and dozens of other events she helped to organize, will long be remembered.
During those same years, a new passion bubbled to the top – travel planning. Lynn has always been prevailed upon to complete travel plans, while at work for executive members and staff; at home for friends and family. It followed that upon her retirement from the Pension Corporation, Lynn would become a full-time travel planner as she and Harold back-packed around Canada, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. It was, of course, these travels that led Lynn to pursue her most recent challenge.
From January to June 2011, she completed an intensive Travel Counselling Course offered by Camosun College. Graduating with honours, she received her Travel Counsellor's certification as well as numerous other certificates that will serve to enrich travel experiences for all of her clients.
Today Lynn is an independent consultant with the Expedia Cruise Ship Centers, working out of the Bevan Street office in Sidney, BC. There she continues to expand her knowledge of the travel industry. Everyone who knows Lynn will agree that she always gives 100% to the task at hand and, for those who don't know her, this fact will soon be recognized.
If you need help with your travel plans, be they by land, sea or air, just give Lynn a call at:
250 656-5441 Toll Free: 1-800-561-2350
Expedia email: lynnmcneill@cruiseshipcenters.com or lynn@travelynn.ca
Or visit her website at: www.cruiseshipcenters.ca/LynnMcNeill
Call Lynn and begin pursuing your vacation dreams.
Tags: Camosun College, Lynn McNeill


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United Way helps provide free medicine
Angela Moore, left, and Latoya Lloyd select boxes of free bandages Thursday during the Over-the-Counter Medicine Give Away Day at the Impact Center.
Ryu expected to start as Dodgers host the Marlins
Colorado takes 4-game losing streak into matchup with New York
Mariners take 6-game skid into matchup with Angels
By Corey Davis
As she walked out the door of the Impact Center at Word Tabernacle Church with a bag of free medicine, Beulah Wilkins offered her gratitude Thursday for the variety of medications given to her and nearly 1,000 people from across the Twin Counties.
"It's awesome, and one of the best outreach community events that has ever been done in this area," Wilkins said. "It's especially great for us seniors, because medicine is so high these days. I never thought I would see the day that I would have to make a choice of whether to buy food or buy medicine."
The Over-the-Counter Medicine Give Away Day was sponsored by the United Way Tar River Region in partnership with NC MedAssist, a statewide nonprofit pharmacy providing free prescription medicines to low-income, uninsured people. The collaboration also brought out resources from other local nonprofit agencies.
There was no identification or eligibility requirement for the participants, organizers said.
Kristin Young, communications director for NC MedAssist, said the free medicine giveaway was made possible because of a grant by the Kate B. Reynolds Charitable Trust for any person or family needing over-the-counter medicine.
She added all of the medicine was donated from the Second Harvest Food Bank in Charlotte. The over-the-counter medicine not given away was boxed up and sent to local free clinics, Young said.
"This is medicine that can cost upward to $25, so this is really saving people money," she said. "This is also really filling people's medicine cabinets."
Trishonda Roberson, executive director of the Impact Center, said the event provided free medications to people who normally would go to the emergency room for reasons such as having a common cold, fever, flu symptoms or minor pain relief.
Ginny Mohrbutter, executive director of United Way Tar River Region, said each person received $100 worth of over-the-counter medicine, which included 10 items such as allergy relief, pain relief, indigestion relief, cold medicine, first-aid and vitamins for all ages. In addition, people received $20 or more worth of products consisting of bandages, gauzes, toothbrushes and toothpaste, she added.
The first 200 attendees at the event received shopping bags from Nash County Travel and Tourism, Mohrbutter said.
"We had this as one of the four focus areas for United Way," she said. "When we learned about the free over-the-counter giveaway, it was a wonderful opportunity for some of our local citizens to get some of the products that they may not normally be able to afford. For some of them to get free products here, it allows them to have money for food or money for other items they may need in their lives."
Nearly 400 volunteers offered their services in such roles as pharmacy consultants, client 'personal shoppers' and over-the-counter medicine sorters at the giveaway event, Morhbutter said.
Pharmacist Richard Kos, owner of Almand's Drug Stores, offered advice for anyone who wanted to know how the over-counter-medicines could affect them taking prescription medicines and also talked to them about any existing medical condition they're experiencing, Morhbutter added.
In addition, an out-of-date or unused prescription and over-the-counter medicine drop off was available from the Nash County Sheriff's Office for people looking to dispose their prescription or over-the-counter medicine, organizers said.
"This is part of what United Way does and we like to unite the community around causes that are going to help our local community," Morhbutter said.
STORY:20160929016United Way helps provide free medicine/News/2016/09/30/United-Way-helps-provide-free-medicine.html-1story


Police are appealing for witnesses after a pedestrian died following a collision involving a car in Chelmsley Wood.
The woman suffered serious injuries in Chester Road, near the Moor End Avenue junction, around 5.45pm last night (Tuesday 6 November).
The 79-year-old from Chelmsley Wood sadly died in hospital a few hours following the collision.
The driver of the Ford Focus involved remained at the scene and is helping officers with their enquiries.
PC Michelle O'Brien, from the Serious Collision Investigation Unit at West Midlands Police, said: "Our thoughts remain with the family of this lady and we are supporting them at this traumatic time.


Cat's Eye Carving » Blog Archive » Church visits.
When I'm out and about I like to make time to stop and admire the Churches on my route.
A few weeks ago I found myself making a detour home because of a road closure and this beautiful Church is what I found. It had a timber framed brick tower with some lovely carving around the doorway.
Upleadon is between Ledbury and Tewkesbury. there are also a number of very fine quality Sandstone and slate memorials in the Churchyard. Hard to imagine that these are up to 300yrs old and the carving is barely worn. The chisels would have only been iron but they would have been forged to a very high standard.
I was installing a memorial at Orcop Church just South of Hereford and once the job was complete I took some time to have a look around and take some photos, this one memorial with a charming inscription, no fancy carving but this gentleman was obviously much loved.
On the other stone. you can see the lamination that takes place over the 200-300 years. This Churchyard is high on a hill and probably gets a lot of extreme weather therefore erosion is more apparent in contrast to Upleadon which is down very low and is well protected.
On my way home, I stopped at Weston Under Penyard Church on the A40 between Ross on Wye and Huntley.
I appears to have been a Norman Church originally looking at the pillars and carvings inside, but there was obviously much later architectural features on the outside. There were once more some exquisite mid 18th century headstones and tombs outside, showing small amounts of wear but what surprised me was that some of the modern granite memorials were dissolving under the Yew trees where the local sandstone ones were fine. it just goes to show that the local stone is more durable.
I like looking at things that are interesting, carvings that I see may sit in my subconscious and one day I will be carving some detail and it will have been inspired by what I have observed.
Looking at tombstones and memorials helps to inform me about the various stone and how it weathers in different landscapes, altitudes and the impact surrounding flora has on it. It is also about the styles of lettering how it was carved and the fashions of the day.
Maybe next time you are passing a Church you will stop and just look.


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Kerry Education and Training Board (Kerry ETB) in partnership with its members, staff and stakeholders are committed to creating and promoting the development of a lifelong learning society in Kerry, so that all who live there have access to the education and training required to fulfil their potential and meet their personal, social, cultural, economic and civic needs.
Our Commitment to you our Customer
Kerry ETB is committed to providing a professional, effective and responsive service to all our customers. We will treat all our customers with respect and make every effort to ensure that the services we provide reflect your needs and expectations.
This Customer Charter is Kerry ETB's public statement on the levels of service you can expect when dealing with Kerry ETB. This outlines our commitment to you, the customer, and describes:
The level of service you can expect when contacting or visiting Kerry ETB.
The level of service you can expect when availing of Kerry ETB services.
How your input can contribute to the improvement of our services.
The level of service you can expect when contacting or visiting Kerry ETB
Whether you write, telephone, e-mail us or call to Kerry ETB in person, we will deal with your enquiry efficiently and promptly and treat you with courtesy and respect.
Written Contact
Kerry ETB will acknowledge correspondence within 5 working days.
Kerry ETB will issue a reply within 20 working days. If such a reply cannot be issued within this timeframe, then an interim reply will be issued, informing you that the matter is continuing to receive attention.
Kerry ETB will ensure replies carry details of the contact person and contact telephone number.
Kerry ETB will ensure that replies will be in clear, simple language, free from jargon and technical terms as far as possible.
Kerry ETB will ensure that all emails will be acknowledged in accordance with our Email Communication Policy.
Kerry ETB will provide a courteous, helpful, friendly and prompt answering service.
Kerry ETB reception staff are available to answer telephone calls during office hours.
Visiting the Office
Kerry ETB will provide clean, accessible public offices, comply with occupational and safety standards and, as part of this, facilitate access for people with disabilities and others with specific needs.
The level of service you can expect when availing of Kerry ETB services
We recognise that different groups of customers will have different priorities when availing of our services and therefore may require specific commitments regarding service levels.
Customers with Disabilities
Kerry ETB will ensure that the needs of people with disabilities are identified and catered for. Kerry ETB will make every effort to ensure that access to all areas of our buildings and to all of our services is maintained for people with disabilities and others with specific needs.
We will ensure that payments to suppliers are made in accordance with applicable Prompt Payment legislation and regulations.
Service through Irish
Kerry ETB will respond in Irish to all written correspondence received in Irish
Kerry ETB will respond to telephone calls within one working day by a member of staff who can deal with queries in Irish.
We are committed to meeting our obligations under the Official Languages Act 2003.
Websites/Publications
Kerry ETB are committed to the ongoing maintenance and development of our website to ensure that they are accessible, informative and up to date.
Kerry ETB will continue the drive for simplification of rules, regulations, information leaflets and procedures.
Kerry ETB will take a proactive approach in providing information that is clear, timely and accurate, is available at all points of contact and meets the requirements of people with specific needs.
Equality/Diversity
Kerry ETB aims to carry out our services in an impartial manner in accordance with the equality legislation (under the grounds of gender, marital status, family status, sexual orientation, religious belief, age, disability, race and membership of the Traveller Community).
Kerry ETB will treat everyone with respect and dignity.
Kerry ETB will identify and work to eliminate barriers that prevent accessing services. An example of this might be social and economic circumstances, and geographical barriers to services.
Better Co-Ordination
Kerry ETB will foster a more coordinated and integrated approach to the delivery of public services.
Internal Customer
Kerry ETB will ensure that staff members are recognised as internal customers and that they will be supported and consulted with regard to service delivery issues as appropriate.
Kerry ETB is committed to improving our services. Please refer to our 'Customer Feedback Form' should you wish to suggest ways that we could improve our service. This form can be found on our website here.
Kerry ETB is committed to maintaining an accessible, transparent and simple-to-use system of dealing with complaints about the quality of service provided and ensuring that such complaints are dealt with in a consistent, fair and transparent manner.
If you are unhappy with the service you have received and if the issue cannot be resolved to your satisfaction with the staff member or section you have been engaged with, you can make a formal complaint to the Customer Service Officer (see contact details below).
How do you make a complaint?
Complaints can be made in writing. Please complete the Customer Complaint form which can be downloaded below.
Issues not covered by Customer Complaint
Any complaint under the Leadership and Management Process.
Refusal to enrol or expulsion of students under Section 29 of the 1998 Education Act.
Complaints from parents of students (under 18) or students (over 18) against a member of Kerry ETB staff. These issues should be addressed under the "Code of Practice for Dealing with Complaints made by Parent/s, Guardian/s of a students or by a Student (who has reached the age of eighteen) currently enrolled in a school/centre, against a Staff member employed by Kerry Education and Training Board (ETB)" available from the relevant school or centre.
Kerry ETB commitments to dealing with Complaints
Kerry ETB will acknowledge all complaints within 5 working days.
Kerry ETB will consider all complaints and issue a reply to your complaint within 20 working days. Where this is not possible, we will send you an interim reply explaining the position and advising you when you will receive a substantive response.
All complaints will be treated promptly, fairly and impartially.
We will endeavour to learn from mistakes to ensure that errors are not repeated.
If the complaint has not been resolved to your satisfaction it may be referred for internal review by Kerry ETB. Requests should be sent, in writing, within ten working days of the date of the initial decision to Customer Service, Kerry ETB, Centrepoint, John Joe Sheehy Road, Tralee, Co. Kerry or customerservice@kerryetb.ie.
It is the policy of Kerry ETB that such internal reviews will be carried out by a more senior staff member than the person who investigated and responded to the initial complaint.
The Outcome of the request for review will issue within 20 working days. Where this is not possible, we will send an interim reply explaining the position and advising you when the outcome of your request will be received.
If the Complaint is still unresolved?
If, following the review, the complaint is still unresolved to the satisfaction of the complainant it may be referred by using the online 'Make A Complaint' on www.ombudsman.ie or in writing to the Office of the Ombudsman:
18 Lower Leeson Street
Telephone +353 1 639 5600
LoCall 1890 22 30 30
Fax 353 1 639 5674
Email: ombudsman@ombudsman.gov.ie


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Appellate Tribunal stays sale of Electrosteel to Vedanta
The appellate tribunal has ordered a status quo and directed resolution professional Dhaivat Anjaria to explain how Vedanta was chosen winning bidder.
Sangita Mehta
Rakhi Mazumdar
Updated: May 02, 2018, 12:10 IST
MUMBAI|KOLKATA: The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal has stayed Vendata Resources' acquisition of Electrosteel Steels under the bankruptcy procedure following an appeal by bidder Renaissance Steel, that had questioned the evaluation process adopted by the resolution professional.
The appellate tribunal on Monday ordered all parties to maintain status quo and directed resolution professional (RP) Dhaivat Anjaria to explain how Vedanta was declared the winning bidder. It also directed the committee of creditors to Electrosteel to file a comparative matrix of the bidders within 10 days.
"Lenders will have to justify on what basis Vedanta was selected over others; the process followed and the evaluation process on arriving at how is the bidder," said a senior person aware about the development.
Concerned parties have been asked to reply to court by May 17. Prior to the court ruling, Electrosteel's resolution plan was seen to be the first success case of large accounts that were referred to bankruptcy court following directions by Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In early April, the Kolkata bench of bankruptcy court had approved a resolution plan passed by Electrosteel Steel's lenders to allow billionaire Anil Agarwal's Vedanta Resources acquire the bankrupt steel company for Rs 5,320 crore.
The resolution professional had declared Vedanta as the highest bidder and had entered into negotiations with the company. Emails sent to Vedanta and Renaissance Steel did not get any response as of press time Tuesday. This is the second time Renaissance raised concerns about the Electrosteel resolution process. Previously, on March 20, court ordered the RP to give a hearing and reply to concerns raised by it.
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), which looks into bankruptcy petitions, had then directed the RP to place all objections of Renaissance Steels against Vedanta and Tata Steel before the committee of creditors (CoC) for an "independent consideration".
Then, Renaissance moved the tribunal to prevent the RP from proceeding with further negotiations with Vedanta, the highest bidder, till the issue of its eligibility and that of Tata Steel was determined. But it did not get a stay. The bidders for Electrosteel, included Tata Steel, a fund-backed by Edelweiss, Vedanta Resources and Renaissance Steels.
In a statement issued on the day bankruptcy court approved the resolution plan, Vedanta said a wholly owned subsidiary of it would acquire Electrosteel's shares for Rs 1,805 crore and provide additional funds of Rs 3,515 crore by way of debt. "Upon implementation of the resolution plan, the company will hold approximately 90% of the paid up share capital of Electrosteel," it had said, adding that the remaining 10% would be held by Electrosteel Steels' existing shareholders and financial creditors. NCLAT has also ordered steering committee not to spend any amount except that required for day to day operations.
Renaissance Steel
Electrosteel
Appellate Tribunal


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Carriera professionistica
McDuffie fu scelto nel primo giro del Draft 1993 dai Miami Dolphins. Giocò come punt returner e wide receiver di riserva prima di essere promosso nel ruolo di titolare, divenendo il ricevitore preferito di Dan Marino. Le sue 415 ricezioni in carriera lo pongono al quarto posto nella storia dei Dolphins. Nel 1998, McDuffie guidò la NFL con 90 passaggi ricevuti, l'unico giocatore nella storia della franchigia. Ad eccezione di Mark Clayton e Mark Duper, McDuffie ricevette più passaggi da Marino di qualsiasi altro giocatore dei Dolphins, con cui giocò per tutta la carriera.

Palmarès
Dolphins Walk of Fame (classe del 2013)

Statistiche

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


A web application allowing approved School Bus Carriers and Boards of Education access to download and search the public passenger disqualification list, which is required during the first and third weeks of each month.
Authorized users of the service will have access to the disqualification list which is required to be viewed twice monthly by School Bus Carriers and Boards of Education. The online service automates the process for users accessing the required list 24x7x365.


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Oklahoma City Readies Modern Streetcar as Centerpiece of Major Redevelopment Plan
33 Comments on Oklahoma City Readies Modern Streetcar as Centerpiece of Major Redevelopment Plan
» Five-to-six mile system would connect downtown redevelopment areas to other inner-city neighborhoods.
Few American cities have as ambitious an urban reconstruction plan as Oklahoma City, which intends not only to reroute the primary highway through town but then also to rebuild the area adjacent to the Oklahoma River, doubling the size of the downtown core. The project, called Core to Shore, is notable in the degree to which it prioritizes the construction of dense, walkable neighborhoods through the use of government funds to spur private investment.
Until late last year, however, it lacked a significant public transportation element, unsurprising since the capital of this Plains state has never had the concentration of employment or housing to make the implementation of major new transit lines truly necessary.
But Republican Mayor Mick Cornett liked the idea of integrating a streetcar into the redevelopment plans, and so he worked to include it in a referendum approved by voters last December, pushing a $130 million public transportation plan towards reality.
Yesterday, Oklahoma City councilors endorsed a partnership with the Association of Central Oklahoma Governments with the goal of determining where exactly the streetcars will run, and how they'll be integrated into the existing and future transportation system at a new centralized transit hub. It will be the first serious plan for transit improvements in this city in forty years.
The Modern Transit Project has been lobbying for a streetcar system for several years, arguing that it would serve as a useful addition to the transportation offerings downtown and serve as a connector between local bus, intercity bus, and intercity rail offerings, each of which is currently located in different parts of town. The group's proposal for the roughly six-mile line (sketched out above) would stretch north along two branches from Union Station, where intercity buses converge, to the State Capitol Complex to the northeast and the Oklahoma Heritage Museum to the northeast, passing most of downtown's major destinations and connecting two hospitals. The eastern branch would include a stop at the Santa Fe station where Amtrak trains call and the western branch would feature a connection to the bus transfer center.
This alignment, however, is just a proposal: the city-chartered partnership will estimate capital and operations costs of potential lines by late this year or early 2011, with final decisions about spending by the city council to be made thereafter.
Mayor Cornett was a major proponent of the MAPS 3 campaign, third in a series of measures designed to garner public support for specific projects through a local regional sales tax that will be in effect for seven years and nine months. MAPS, passed in the early 1990s, resulted in a series of public infrastructure improvements, and MAPS for Kids, passed in 2001, paid for new schools. But the $777 million MAPS 3, which will replace a sports facilities sales tax set to expire at the end of this month (when MAPS 3 collection will begin), was primarily focused on downtown improvements.
In addition to $130 million dedicated to transit (of which $120 100 million would go to the streetcar), $130 million will go to a new central park in the center of the redevelopment area; $280 million to the construction of a new convention center; and several hundred million dollars more to upgrades to sidewalks, trails, the Oklahoma River parkland, the local fairgrounds, and the completion of new senior centers.
The public approved the program by a 54% majority.
Unlike most transit plans, which are developed as stand-alone projects, Oklahoma City's interest in integrating its streetcar directly into its downtown redevelopment is refreshing. Though one may dispute the value of rebuilding Interstate 40 in a new trench just blocks from its former location (especially since the new right-of-way removes existing rail capacity), the decision by the city to build a broad new boulevard in the place of the old freeway is undoubtedly a good one: it will extend development potential south of downtown and improve the city's overall walkability.
In addition, the decision by the city to use tax revenue collected now to fund the rail line, rather than bonds to be paid back later, makes the MAPS 3 program significantly more fiscally responsible than most urban transit programs, which typically rely on the accumulation of municipal debt. This decision will ensure that the streetcar does not weigh down on the city's budget over the next few decades, leaving possibilities open for further transit investments.
The strong electoral endorsement of the streetcar program last December through the MAPS 3 vote certainly can't hurt, either.
Indeed, the Association of Central Oklahoma Governments is already at work on a light rail plan that would link downtown with Tinker Air Force Base, Edmond, Norman, and other suburban communities. Planning for these lines has only just begun. Oklahoma City's leaders, of course, also want connections to the nation's future high-speed rail network, with a goal of eventually connecting the city with Dallas and Kansas City. Of the projects currently being discussed, though, that's the one that's furthest off.
← Amtrak Planning Major Push to Operate True High-Speed Lines → Light Rail Along Road Rights-of-Way: a Cheap Solution to an Expensive Proposition
33 replies on "Oklahoma City Readies Modern Streetcar as Centerpiece of Major Redevelopment Plan"
Kudos for Oklahoma City! Perhaps this could become a trend in the Sun Belt cities.
Have they managed to redesign the plan so that it doesn't conflict with the existing state plan for intercity rail from Oklahoma City to Tulsa and/or Wichita yet?
It shouldn't be that hard to make them compatible, but….
John Bredinsays:
It's a bit odd if they're trying to promote development in the "core to shore" area that the proposed streetcar route doesn't actually enter the area but swings past it on the wrong side of the proposed expressway reroute.
Yes, they're talking about entrenching the highway rather than elevating it, but it would still be *somewhat* of a barrier to pedestrians. (Example: the Kennedy-Dan Ryan just west of downtown Chicago. The wide no-man's-land is a bit intimidating IMHO, and when I worked in the area, I very rarely crossed the expressway for lunch.)
It would be better for the streetcar line to go south of the expressway *at least* a block or two into the redevelopment area. I understand the plan is for the line to U-turn at old Union Station as a hub, but the line would still pass Union Station if it U-turned farther south on the other side of the new expressway.
Why is the route U-shaped instead of linear?
Gabriel Ratenersays:
With this current proposal it would make little sense to ride this future line from one end to the other. So essentially what seems to be the proposal is two connected lines; Why not? there would be no foreseeable advantage to separating the line into two parts. If however you are suggesting that the line should keep going southerly either to will rogers Airport or to Norman via Moore instead of making a northerly U turn, then I agree, with one exception, I believe a grade separated light rail line would be better than a streetcar for these lines due to their greater lengths (10+miles). Personally I support the current streetcar proposal with the addition of an upside down J shaped Lightrail line with the western terminus at the airport the vertex of the line in downtown OC and the eastern terminus in downtown Norman.
What happened to the proposed 150 MPH, electrified high speed rail line that was to run between oklahoma city and Tulsa? has this project simply been abandoned due to lack of stimulus funds? if this line where to be built, now would be the time, in accordance with this redevelopment plan, no one wants to remodel downtown OC a second time.
Brettsays:
The high speed rail link will probably be accounted for in the project. Space will be left for that access into Union Station. The only problem is that capacity at union station will probably be somewhat limited.
Assuming this HSR line is built, it will likely share tracks with slower trains within OC city limits, as with other HSR system around the world, which slow down and share tracks within city limits (such as the TGV entering Paris). with the relocation of I-40 to a current railroad right of way, finding an effective, inexpensive right of way into downtown OC for HSR will be rather difficult, even though future HSR could possibly run adjacent to the new I-40 then turn north into union station. Unfortunately this option would require extra widening of the future I-40 corridor.
Yep, that's the problem: the I-40 relocation trashes the approach routes from both Ft. Worth and Tulsa to OKC Union Station.
I suppose a through train from Tulsa-OKC-Ft. Worth could go to the current (Santa Fe) station with new curves north of Main Street to connect to the Tusla lines.
NikolasMsays:
I really think that if any HSR line goes through OKC it will be in a N-S orientation (aka the Santa Fe), from DFW up to Tulsa and a branch to Wichita/KC. The Union Station was built for E-W travel and isn't on any HSR dream map that I have seen.
Tom Elmoresays:
Fascinating report. All those big shots and hangers-on named above have actually actively pressed or run interference for the absolutely unnecessary destruction of the 8-block-long, twelve-track-wide OKC Union Station rail yard — but now they're "big rail transit advocates."
And aren't The Emperor's new clothes particularly lovely today?
Truth is hard to come by in Oklahoma — especially in Oklahoma City. Worse yet, the local Gen-X-ers and their successors are evidently uniquely afflicted with a sort of political dyslexia/naive materialism that makes them absurdly easy prey for the oil and auto-dealer money that has dominated the state since it destroyed our original electric streetcars and interurbans in the late 1940s. "Those who refuse to learn the lessons of history are doomed to repeat them?" Yep. Bingo. Exactly like that.
OKC Union Station's magnificent rail yard was the only hope this state had for development of a comprehensive regional and statewide rail transit system in our lifetimes. Now it is gone — its destruction protected and hastened by the sort of gullible, blank-eyed yip yap seen once again right here.
"TransportPolitic?" Uh — I dunno — but I'd suggest that any real analysis of the "politics" of transportation, especially in Oklahoma, might need to dig just a little bit deeper than this.
Richsays:
So we sacrificed space for 12 tracks at Union Station for the I-40 realignment to maybe get a single track? Great planning OKC.
Evan Stairsays:
Several excellent points have been made in the commentary that have great merit.
First, the comments about a linear system are correct. How does one get from the state capital complex and the OU Health Sciences Center to the Oklahoma Heritage Museum or St. Anthony Hospital in this plan? The proposal is not even based upon a circular-multidirectional flow. A system that best approximates a grid is of course the best.
CORE TO SHORE: WALKING OR DRIVING
As mentioned, the proposal shows that Core to Shore residents will still be required to cross I-40 to reach the streetcar. The streetcar should run all the way to the Oklahoma River. This brings up another point. What is one solution to use when something is visually obtrusive? You can bury it.
WHAT CLASSIFIES AS AN EYESORE?
My how the automobile and 20th Century Modern support structures have fallen, becoming eyesores, blocking the view of glass and steel buildings that replaced beautiful skyscrapers such as the Biltmore Hotel. Few of us outside of San Francisco are old enough to remember a time when streetcars ran at ground level. Mid-to-late 20th Century planners put them underground and called them "subways." Now the proposal is to put the streetcars in the front of beautiful Union Station because they used the back-yard to bury the expressway. We have been a throwaway society for longer than you might think.
High Speed Rail (HSR) will be delivered in a vastly different manner than it is in Europe, Asia, or Japan. In this region of the country, HSR growth will be incremental. We will have to rebuild what was cast aside between 1940 and 1990. Many passenger trains in this nation ran between 90 mph and 110 mph in the 1930's. What was it I said about our throwaway society?
SOCIALIST SOCIETY OR SIMPLE LACK OF VISION
Those who complain about their taxes being too high and the fact we are becoming a socialist society should consider that all of these infrastructure "replacements" began when the nation found rail as passé. Consider that the Nixon administration created Amtrak as a pall bearer for the nation's passenger rail industry. Essentially, Nixon and earlier LBJ let the for-profit freight railroads get away with disposing of a marginal segment of their business. First when Mail/Express… then went privately owned passenger railroads. Now our only solution is… GULP! Amtrak. Let's do it right this time please!
THE STREET CAR RACES THE BULLETT TRAIN.
A statement has been made that High Speed Rail between Oklahoma City and Tulsa is further off than the Oklahoma City streetcar system. It is my understanding that MAPS 3 first proposes to "study" the prospects of a streetcar system. The race is still in doubt until the studies are complete. We may not have either for at least 20 years.
Evan Stair
O. Gail Poolesays:
Evan Stair is so correct. Just looking at the preliminary sketch should cause concern to any taxpayer expecting to pay for the foibles of the OKC Studs. Amazing to me is that the Penn Square merchants as well as the OKC Zoo, Remington Park and Cowboy Hall are content to help pay for a system that pays zero attention to their existence, while the Western route destination appears to be an obvious bow to the prime OKC Studs ensconced at the "Gaylord-Pickens Oklahoma Heritage Museum".
Good sense would seem to dictate at least a twenty year build-out as a part of the more immediate 5-year plan. Ah, but so it goes as in my lifetime I've witnessed the destruction of downtown (Prey Plan), along with the genius' who thought the tunnels a great idea. Now we witness ANOTHER ill-conceived, half-ass attempt to catch up with the rest of our major cities. When will the ego gallery start thinking about accommodating its own citizens instead of the visitors?
"Indeed, the Association of Central Oklahoma Governments is already at work on a light rail plan that would link downtown with Tinker Air Force Base, Edmond, Norman, and other suburban communities. Planning for these lines has only just begun." So says the article text, above.
Yes, indeed — now that OKC Union Station's fabulous rail yard, which already had existing rail connections to the venues noted, plus to Will Rogers World Airport, has been dug up and destroyed by the "debt boys" at ODOT, ACOG is — as usual — "Johnny on the spot" —-20 years too late.
Make no mistake about it: the OKC Union Station yard was not destroyed by people who did not know what they were doing, and it was no "mistake" that the laughable lapdogs at ACOG ran interference for this mindless destruction with their usual "dumb act." That "dumb act" is what the folks at ACOG get paid for.
Did I mention that the 55,000 square-foot terminal building at OKC Union Station was purchased 20 years ago by OKC Metro Transit — using federal transit dollars — for the express purpose of becoming our regional transit center?
That more public money is now being spent on an ACOG "study for a new rail hub" even before the last public dollar required for the complete destruction of the historic and irreplaceable Union Station rail yard is expended should serve as an obvious opening for the whole matter to be turned over to a federal grand jury.
Why does OKC need such a big railyard? Based on any reasonable expected future traffic, it should be able to work with 4-6 tracks. Trains don't need to sit idle at the station for hours on end collecting dust; they can turn around and earn revenue again within minutes.
The sleeping car passengers for Chicago, Atlanta and New York like to arrive early and settle in before the rest of the train arrives or they like to sleep in when the train arrives at 4 AM…
I can't tell whether you're sarcastic or not.
Sarcastic. They need room for the water tower and the colliery too. Not to mention a Harvey House.
So that's why we should destroy the whole thing so that we can make we don't use the wasted space?
No, it's not why you should destroy. But it's why you shouldn't preserve if there's a better use for the land. Every city in America seems to want its own Grand Central; none seems to care that it's not the steam era anymore. Nowadays trains can run through or turn around quickly, and unless you expect Tokyo's levels of traffic, your train stations don't need Tokyo's platform track count.
Every city in America seems to want its own Grand Central?
It's not what Oklahoma City "wants." It's what Oklahoma City HAD, until the week of 9-11-09 — and has had for 80 years: The last, grand capitol-city rail passenger center in the West remaining unused with all its original train-handling space intact. This included the spectacular Robinson and Walker street underpasses speeding arterial street traffice beneath the broad yard at both ends.
What group of governments in their right collective minds would have destroyed such an improbable treasure (strangely, serendipitously untouched by the wild-eyed and much-lamented insanity of 1970s "Urban Renewal") in the post 9-11-01 world? (Answer: Oklahoma governments populated by the comic lapdogs of the most corrupt and corrupting industries in the world.)
12 yard tracks? Let's see: Two dedicated tracks for bi-directional handling of electric light rail. Two for regional commuter trains. Two for intercity passenger trains + two for Mail and Express freight handling (the Mail and Express facilities at OKC Union Station were virtually fully intact, including underground tractor-tram tunnels connecting the expansive Express Room and three passenger platforms via fully operational elevators…) Two tracks for bypassing the freight trains of two different freight lines. And two tracks for private equipment, special train handling and utility. All this — if you deign to leave the streetcars on the north side of the terminal building "in the street."
That's "12," isn't it.
"Too many?"
Not if you already have them — or have the original space, grades and engineering where they once lay.
But, no — rather than see the value and growth potential in what you already have, you quietly acquiesce to their destruction to make way for four miles of expressway that might have been put nearly anywhere (or dispensed with altogether in favor of common sense and longstanding bypass capacity). After all, you "need" another couple of freeway lanes for the sake of capacity — but you DON'T need the historic rail yard, although yours is perhaps the only capitol metro in the West that has opted out of even rail planning. After all, ODOT says it's all worth "zero" — unlike the "unfunded highway maintenance liability" that wise and thoughful bureaucracy has racked up over the last 30 years — likely far exceeding $40 billion.
But now, they all say, we "need a new rail center."
What they really "need" — and what Oklahoma needs — is for these thugs to be vigorously prosecuted for clear criminal malfeasance and misuse of the public trust and deliberate vandalism/destruction of irreplaceable historic transportation assets.
Um, no. Two tracks for light rail may or may not be part of the mainline station; it depends on how the system sorts itself out whether LRT should run into the station area or not. A city the size of OKC doesn't even need light rail – it needs good regional rail. This leaves commuter and intercity rail, which can share four tracks.
Freight doesn't need to be at the same station as passengers, and in fact shouldn't. You don't want people to breathe diesel fumes from idling freight trains. Regional passenger rail can be electrified, in which case the ideal station design would look completely different; freight can, too, but it's much harder. And if you really think mail sorting and express freight need their own dedicated tracks, right next to passenger space, you need to find your lost time machine and go back to when you came from, in the steam era.
Isn't the REA office right next to the Harvey House Restaurant. . .
Guessing I haven't had the great fortune to trip over you or your pal hereabouts over the last 20 years as we've worked to preserve our railway assets, I'll just relax and let you tell ME "where the Harvey House is." It's always a great pleasure to run into such experts.
You're the one with the freight fantasies. Putting an express office and the freight house in the middle of downtown made sense in 1890. Why would there need to be significant freight handling in the middle of a 21st Century North American city?
The first railway depot including mail and express facility was put out here on this particular part of the then largely empty prairie in 1888, a water stop on the AT&SF near the North Canadian River. It was known simply as "Oklahoma Station." There was no "downtown," "uptown," or "town," period. That grew up around the depot/mail and express facility, very much the same way business, housing and other development/redevelopment will inevitably center around lines of efficient transport in the future.
Meanwhile, intercity passenger trains will always require sustaining revenue. No industry ever did a better job of reliably and economically moving mail and express freight than the passenger component of the nation's commercial railroads. If intercity passenger trains have a future at all in the USA, so will daily, scheduled, rail-borne movement of these specialized, niche-market cargoes. If the US Postal Service has a future, it's either going to have to successfully argue for significant perpetual subsidy — or change its business model.
The taxpayers can insist on intelligent reuse of existing assets to lower the costs and other near-term negative effects of redeveloping rail passenger services — or we can allow the highway lobby and its army of co-dependent enablers to continue to do what they have done here in Oklahoma City. If they can't keep rail development away altogether, their contractor pals will be just as happy forcing us to pay for it twice.
Actually, modernized intercity passenger rail lines rarely include freight components, especially niche-market freight. The mixed traffic projects in recent years, for example the Swiss base tunnels, are based on the opposite concept: they allow heavier freight trains, by cutting off steep grades and detours.
Express mail service is something else – it's light enough that trains can be built to the same specs as passenger rail, for example TGV La Poste. But the mail sorting facilities are not put in downtown regions, but further out, where there's less traffic and lower real estate cost. And regardless, TGV La Poste is a tiny niche and Class I freight would not change its business model to accommodate it. The future of US rail freight is not in HSR derivatives, but in better multimodal transportation.
Adirondacker is right. 2010 isn't 1888. What worked then may well be daft today.
Bob D. Rounsavellsays:
Local passenger rail service potential still needs to be developed regardless of whatever else may be in the planning stage. Oklahoma owns lots of rail right-of-way that can be developed at a reasonable price.
According to ODOT data the old Frisco rail line between OKC and Tulsa can be upgraded for around $110-115 bringing passenger rail to both OKC and Tulsa in a relatively short period of time. About six million dollars would upgrade the track north from OKC to the Kansas line with eventual service extending to Wichita and Kansas City.
Perhaps that is too reasonable for the powers that be in Oklahoma to comprehend. The key to this is that for a small amount of hard-to-come-by dollars, we could develop local passenger rail service to much of the state regardless of what happens with high-speed rail. This is service that could be made available in a very short period of time.
I suggest readers of this give special attention to the comments provided by Tom Elmore and Evan Stair. These two gentlemen have given countless hours of their time trying to get officials to adopt a sensible local serving system of passenger rail for years now. It's about time people started listening to them. This is quite doable for a few dollars in a short amount of time. Why don't we just do it?
It may be of interest to some to know that the federal District Court of Appeals in DC has now called for oral arguments in the matter of the appeal of the STB's decision that cleared the way for ODOT's destruction of OKC Union Station rail yard.
Darla Reynolds-Sparkssays:
It is a pleasure to read the sane and indepth views of Mr. Elmore and others who obviously are not shilling for the robber barons and frauds who perpetrate Oklahoma's crimes against it's citizens.
Robert Mannsays:
As a slightly displaced Oklahoma resident and one time transportation planner and politician I spent several hours talking to various officials in the State Capitol. In the 1990's I tried to get attention focused on Union Station and the state passenger rail network or rather the lack thereof.
Restored Amtrak service between KC-Newton-OKC-Dallas etc and or OKC-Tulsa-KC/STL could be greatly enhanced by a state network taking full advantage of the ownership of a massive amount of trackage.
The humble RDC (Rail Diesel Car) a self propelled coach which can be rebuilt with a small snack-lounge section could easily make Oklahoma the envy of the nation. With a hub out of Union Station in OKC there are the following lines:
OKC-Chickasha-Lawton-Altus
OKC-El Reno-Weatherford-Clinton-Elk City
OKC-Guthrie-Crescent-Enid
OKC-Shawnee-McAlester-poteau-Ft.Smith
As well as lines:
Bartlesville-Tulsa-Muskogee-Ft. Smith
Enid-Clinton-Altus
Even with a single car train each way daily, this would be the most comprehensive network in America and much of it on State owned track. As to private operators why not a tax-train system, whereby the railroad would get a "magic number" as a direct tax credit. A credit of say 105% of the total chargeable costs of running the RDC service. The state could take care of promotion, advertising and such through it's tourism division. Not only would such a network provide a local choice service it would appeal to thousands of railroad tourists around the globe. Early morning and evenings the RDC cars could take care of rush hour commutes in OKC and TULSA as a bonus.
The railroad passenger opportunity would require track repair on the branchlines, but there is no need for high speed in such a local service. The whole plan would require the Union Stations in OKC and TULA to become functional again, but then rail encourages development. $2 billion in Memphis, $3 billion in Tampa and Portland, and countless billions all along the California network makes one dream of what an economic rocket Oklahoma could become.
http://www.metrojacksonville.com/
http://jacksonvilletransit.blogspot.com/
http://www.freewebs.com/lightrailjacksonville/
Notable in the diagram at the top of the article here is "no service to the largely Hispanic south town and Capitol Hill areas.
Lines shown are clearly mainly "tourist lines" laid out in such a way as to keep the fading white majority from having to rub elbows with folks of darker skin.
This fits very well with the "tradition" of diverting public transit dollars to muddy-river joy-rides for those with time and disposable income to throw away. Yep. OKC's "riverboats," though bearing the logos of local big-oil outfits, were purchased in significant part with federal transit dollars on the word of local officials. Real transit users, meanwhile, sit out in the weather at unshielded bus stops — waiting for buses that "may or may not show up today."
Meanwhile, a fabulous Union Station facility purchased decades back with a federal transit grant for the purpose of becoming the area's regional hub is put under ten-lanes of concrete by a state already drowning in $40+ billion of unfunded highway maintenance requirement.
Perhaps the new motto for OKC should be something like "the closer you look, the uglier it gets…"
My strong suggestion to out-of-town "analysts" would be — take any transit PR received from OKC's official government outlets with a shaker or two of salt.


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