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Journal of Experimental Medicine (20)
J D Capra
Localization of the binding site for the monocyte immunoglobulin (Ig) A-Fc receptor (CD89) to the domain boundary between Calpha2 and Calpha3 in human IgA1.
L Carayannopoulos, J M Hexham, J D Capra
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.4.1579
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A serves as the first line of humoral defense at all mucosal surfaces and is present in large quantities of blood. In playing its role in humoral immunity, IgA interacts with a variety of effector molecules present both in serum and on the surfaces of immune and inflammatory cells. To study these interactions, we previously established expression of human IgA1 in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses and showed that the expressed antibody is a structurally and functionally intact polypeptide useful for examining the molecular properties of IgA. Indeed, since the C alpha 2 N-linked glycosylation site lies near the Fab-distal pole of C alpha 2, the inability of a mutant IgA1 lacking C alpha 2 N-glycosylation to bind its cognate receptor suggested that the monocyte Fc alpha receptor (mFcalphaR) recognizes IgA at a hinge-distal site encompassing the boundary between the C alpha 2 and C alpha 3 domains. In this report, we utilize both domain-swapped IgA/IgG and point-mutated IgA chimeras to verify the above hypothesis. Using an antigen-specific rosetting assay and a mFc alpha R-expressing cell line, we show that (a) C alpha 2 and C alpha 3 together are necessary and sufficient for binding; (b) neither the IgA hinge nor the tailpiece is necessary for binding; (c) mutations away from the interdomain boundary do not affect binding; and (d) mutations located near the three-dimensional boundary between C alpha 2 and C alpha 3 completely disrupt binding. Taken together, these results localize the mFc alpha R recognition site on IgA to the boundary region between the second and third constant domains--a site analogous to that recognized by Staphylococcus aureus protein A on IgG. The use of this hinge-distal site is, to date, unique among Fc receptors of the Ig superfamily.
Analysis of somatic mutation in five B cell subsets of human tonsil.
V Pascual, Y J Liu, A Magalski, O de Bouteiller, J Banchereau, J D Capra
Using a series of phenotypic markers that include immunoglobulin (Ig)D, IgM, IgG, CD23, CD44, Bcl-2, CD38, CD10, CD77, and Ki67, human tonsillar B cells were separated into five fractions representing different stages of B cell differentiation that included sIgD+ (Bm1 and Bm2), germinal center (Bm3 and Bm4), and memory (Bm5) B cells. To establish whether the initiation of somatic mutation correlated with this phenotypic characterization, we performed polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequence analysis of the Ig heavy chain variable region genes from each of the B cell subsets. We studied the genes from the smallest VH families (VH4, VH5, and VH6) in order to facilitate the mutational analysis. In agreement with previous reports, we found that the somatic mutation machinery is activated only after B cells reach the germinal center and become centroblasts (Bm3). Whereas 47 independently rearranged IgM transcripts from the Bm1 and Bm2 subsets were nearly germline encoded, 57 Bm3-, and Bm4-, and Bm5-derived IgM transcripts had accumulated an average of 5.7 point mutations within the VH gene segment. gamma transcripts corresponding to the same VH gene families were isolated from subsets Bm3, Bm4, and Bm5, and had accumulated an average of 9.5 somatic mutations. We conclude that the molecular events underlying the process of somatic mutation takes place during the transition from IgD+, CD23+ B cells (Bm2) to the IgD-, CD23-, germinal center centroblast (Bm3). Furthermore, the analysis of Ig variable region transcripts from the different subpopulations confirms that the pathway of B cell differentiation from virgin B cell throughout the germinal center up to the memory compartment can be traced with phenotypic markers. The availability of these subpopulations should permit the identification of the functional molecules relevant to each stage of B cell differentiation.
Molecular characterization of a cross-reactive idiotope on human immunoglobulins utilizing the VH4-21 gene segment.
K N Potter, Y Li, V Pascual, R C Williams, Jr, L C Byres, M Spellerberg, F K Stevenson, J D Capra
The anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibody (Ab) 9G4 binds a cross-reactive idiotope (CRI) present in a select group of human autoantibodies. This Id has been localized to the portion of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chains encoded by the VH4-21 gene segment, a member of the human VH4 family. This gene segment is utilized by essentially all cold agglutinin (CA) Abs with I/i specificity isolated from patients with CA disease stemming from chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. In this study, mutational analysis of a CA has been used to determine the structural basis for 9G4 binding to Abs utilizing the VH4-21 gene segment. Recombinant CA H chain mutants were produced and their 9G4 reactivity determined. Mutants were generated by exchanging VH4-21 sequences in the FR1, CDR1, and CDR2 with corresponding sequences from a closely related gene segment V71-2, a VH4 family member that is associated neither with Abs having CA activity nor with Abs that react with 9G4. The results indicate that the motif AVY at amino acid positions 23-25 in FR1 defines the 9G4 idiotope. Reaction of these recombinant Abs with a polyclonal rabbit anti-CA antiserum absorbed to render it specific for a CA CRI also maps predominantly to FR1. These findings indicate that the solvent-exposed FR1 plays an important role in eliciting an immune response to Igs.
Novel rearrangements at the immunoglobulin D locus. Inversions and fusions add to IgH somatic diversity.
K D Meek, C A Hasemann, J D Capra
J Exp Med (1989) 170 (1): 39–57.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.170.1.39
IgH rearrangements (VH-D, D-JH) are central to the generation of antibody diversity. The majority of the diversity seen in the third hypervariable region is generated by the D segment and at the joints formed by both junctional and N segment variation during D-JH and VH-D rearrangements. The mechanisms that regulate rearrangement are thought to obey the 12/23 rule, wherein D-D or VH-JH rearrangements are precluded. Here, we present evidence that D-D fusions do in fact occur, either as direct or inverted rearrangements. The fused D segments so generated may be fully capable of proceeding in subsequent D-JH and VH-D rearrangements. The resultant VH-D-D-JH recombinations add another dimension to the potential repertoire of IgH V regions by increasing the level of combinatorial diversity and by providing additional sites for N region variation.
Structural characterization of antiidiotypic antibodies. Evidence that Ab2s are derived from the germline differently than Ab1s.
K Meek, C Hasemann, B Pollok, S S Alkan, M Brait, M Slaoui, J Urbain, J D Capra
We have found that syngeneic Ab2s in the antiarsonate system are serologically and structurally similar to one another. In contrast, the allogeneic Ab2 response is heterogeneous and derives from a large number of unrelated germline gene segments. The Ab2 response of the BALB/c strain to polyclonal A/J Ars A molecules can probably best be compared with a response to a foreign protein and might have been predicted in a strain that completely lacks the H chain V region gene from which the Ab1 derives. Partial variable region sequences of Ab2s from three other systems in addition to previously reported Ab2 structures indicates that this difference in allogeneic vs. syngeneic Ab2s may be a general phenomena. These data support Jerne's hypothesis of complementary V region genes existing in the germline. However, there is good evidence that these antiidiotypic antibodies are not derived directly from the germline, as somatic processes most likely play an important role in their generation. The D segments of Ab2s in the arsonate system as well as in other systems, are novel in structure and cannot easily be explained by previously described germline D segments. D-D fusion may play a role in the generation of the third hypervariable region in these antibodies.
Complete amino acid sequences of variable regions of two human IgM rheumatoid factors, BOR and KAS of the Wa idiotypic family, reveal restricted use of heavy and light chain variable and joining region gene segments.
M M Newkirk, R A Mageed, R Jefferis, P P Chen, J D Capra
Evidence derived from the complete amino acid sequences of the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains of two members (BOR and KAS) of the Wa idiotypic family of human rheumatoid factors suggests that not only are the light chains of these molecules derived from possibly one variable region gene segment, but the heavy chain variable regions are all derived from the VHI subgroup of human V region genes. These molecules exhibit a surprising conservation in the size of D region, and all use the JH4 gene element. This restriction in use of VL, VH, D, and JH suggests all of these elements may play a crucial role in either antigen binding and/or expression of the crossreactive idiotype.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the gene encoding the alpha chain of the human T cell receptor.
M L Hoover, J Marks, J Chipman, E Palmer, P Stastny, J D Capra
Two allelic forms of the T cell antigen receptor alpha chain gene were discerned by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) employing the T cell antigen receptor alpha chain probe pGA5, and the restriction enzyme Bgl II. Analysis revealed that the polymorphic fragments are detected by a probe specific for the constant region exon of the T cell antigen receptor alpha chain gene. Furthermore, the polymorphic fragments were shown to segregate within families. The two allelic forms yield two homozygous states, 3.2/3.2 and 2.9/2.9, at a frequency of 76.5 and 2.9%, respectively, within the normal population. The heterozygous state was observed in 20.6% of the population. The discovery of allelic forms of both the alpha and beta chains of the T cell antigen receptor genes may provide a unique opportunity to study heritable markers of T cell function in several human diseases.
Complete amino acid sequence of heavy chain variable regions derived from two monoclonal anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies of BALB/c mice expressing the major cross-reactive idiotype of the A/J strain.
K Meek, D Jeske, M Slaoui, O Leo, J Urbain, J D Capra
The primary structure of A/J anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ars) antibodies expressing the major A-strain cross-reactive idiotype (CRIA) has provided important insights into issues of antibody diversity and the molecular basis of idiotypy in this important model system. Until recently, this idiotype was thought to be rarely, if ever, expressed in BALB/c mice. Indeed, it has been reported that BALB/c mice lack the heavy chain variable segment (VH) gene that is utilized by the entire family of anti-Ars antibodies expressing the A/J CRI. Recently, however, it has been possible to elicit CRIA+, Ars binding antibodies in the BALB/c strain by immunizing first with anti-CRI and then with antigen. Such BALB/c, CRIA+ anti-Ars antibodies can be induced occasionally with antigen alone. VH region amino acid sequences are described for two CRIA+ hybridoma products derived from BALB/c mice. While remarkably similar to each other, their VH segments (1-98) differ from the VH segments of A/J CRIA+, anti-Ars antibodies in over 40 positions. Rather than the usual JH2 gene segment used by most A/J CRIA+ anti-Ars antibodies, one BALB/c CRIA+ hybridoma utilizes a JH1 gene segment, while the other uses a JH4. However, the D segments of both of the BALB/c antibodies are remarkably homologous to the D segments of several A/J CRIA+ antibodies sequenced previously, as are the amino terminal amino acid sequences of their light chains. These data imply that BALB/c mice express the A/J CRIA by producing antibodies with very similar, if not identical, light chain and heavy chain D segments, but in the context of different VH and JH gene segments than their A/J counterparts. The results document that molecules that share serologic specificities can have vastly different primary structures.
Molecular localization of human class II MT2 and MT3 determinants.
C K Hurley, R C Giles, G Nunez, R DeMars, L Nadler, R Winchester, P Stastny, J D Capra
The specificities of the monoclonal antibodies I-LR2 and 109d6, which recognize MT2- and MT3-like serologic determinants, respectively, have been confirmed by panel testing. In addition, the relationships of these antibodies to other monoclonal antibodies and alloantisera have been studied by means of cell surface fluorescence, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and immunoprecipitation. Using these monoclonal antibodies, molecules encoded by the HLA-D region have been isolated and characterized by amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping. By these criteria, the major populations of molecules bearing MT2- and MT3-like determinants are indistinguishable from DR molecules.
Amino acid sequence diversity within the family of antibodies bearing the major antiarsonate cross-reactive idiotype of the A strain mouse.
C A Slaughter, J D Capra
VH region amino acid sequences are described for five A/J anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ars) hybridoma antibodies for which the VL region sequences have previously been determined, thus completing the V domain sequences of these molecules. These antibodies all belong to the family designated Ars-A which bears the major anti-arsonate cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) of the A strain mouse. However, they differ in the degree to which they express the CRI in standard competition radioimmunoassays. Although the sequences are closely related, all are different from each other. Replacements are distributed throughout the VH region and occur in positions of the chain encoded by all three gene segments, VH, DH, and JH. It is likely that somatic diversification processes play a dominant role in producing the sequence variability in each of these segments. The number of differences from the sequence encoded by the germline is smallest for antibodies that express the CRI most strongly, suggesting that somatic diversification is responsible for loss of the CRI in members of the Ars-A antibody family. There is an unusual degree of clustering of differences in both CDR2 and CDR3 and many of the substitutions are located in "hot spots" of variation. The large number of differences between the chains prohibits the unambiguous identification of positions at which alterations play a major role in reducing the expression of the CRI. However, the data suggest that the loss of the CRI is associated with a definable repertoire of somatic changes at a restricted number of highly variable sites.
Structural analysis of a human I-A homologue using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an MB3-like specificity.
R C Giles, G Nunez, C K Hurley, A Nunez-Roldan, R Winchester, P Stastny, J D Capra
Monoclonal antibody IVD12 was used to isolate and characterize a human Ia molecule present on B cells that generally display DR4 or DR5 phenotypes. The specificity of binding of IVD12 to human peripheral blood B cells from 75 normal individuals and 19 homozygous human lymphoblastoid B cell lines was identical to the supertypic specificity MB3 previously defined. Furthermore, IVD12-reactivity was shown to segregate with HLA in three informative families. In each family, individuals positive for IVD12 binding were also positive for DR4 or DR5. Using IVD12, a molecule has been isolated from the homozygous cell line PRIESS (DR4/4) and has been shown by amino acid sequence analysis to be homologous to the murine I-A and human HLA-DS molecules. These findings suggest that the MB3 specificity is found on a molecule encoded by loci distinct from those loci which encode HLA-DR molecules. This molecule represents the third family of HLA-D region molecules isolated from the cell line PRIESS. Both HLA-DR and HLA-SB molecules from this cell line were previously shown by amino acid sequence analysis to be I-E-like but distinct from one another. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the HLA-D region contains at least six loci encoding distinct alpha and beta chains for the HLA-SB, HLA-DR, and HLA-DS molecules.
Ubiquitous nonimmunoglobulin p-azobenzenearsonate-binding molecules from lymphoid cells.
A F Clark, J D Capra
A ubiquitous nonimmunoglobulin molecule that binds p-azobenzenearsonate (ABA) has been detected in the cytoplasm of several murine cell lines, including T cell hybridomas as well as in normal liver and spleen. Similar to many recently described antigen-specific T cell factors, this ABA-binding protein has a 62,000 mol wt, and, when analyzed by direct binding, the molecule reacts with several different rabbit anti-idiotypic antisera specific to the ABA system. The presence of this antigen-specific, "idiotype positive" molecule in many different cells indicates that it is not an important immunoregulatory molecule.
T cell hybrids with arsonate specificity. I. Initial characterization of antigen-specific T cell products that bear a cross-reactive idiotype and determinants encoded by the murine major histocompatibility complex.
A Pacifico, J D Capra
T cell hybrids have been constructed between the BW5147 thymoma cell line and A/J splenocytes from mice suppressed with the p-azophenylarsonte hapten. Three independently derived cloned lines have been chracterized. Each secretes or sheds a 62,000-dalton antigen-specific product bound by rabbit antisera directed against the arsonate cross-reactive idiotype. In addition, each of the antien-specific molecules contains determinants encoded within the I region of the murine major histocompatibility complex. Peptide mapping analysis indictes that, whereas these molecules are remarkably similar, each is individually distinct in primary structure. The availability of cloned T cell lines that produce antigen-specific idiotype-positive I region-containing products should facilitate a more thorough dissection of the interrelationships of T-B interctions in the arsonate idiotypic system.
Presence of highly conserved idiotypic determinants in a family of antibodies that constitute an intrastrain cross-reactive idiotype.
E Lamoyi, P Estess, J D Capra, A Nisonoff
It has been shown that A/J anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies that share a major cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) comprise a family of closely related, but nonidentical, molecules. Our results demonstrate that 12 of 14 monoclonal hybridoma products that express the CRI have in common at least one highly conserved idiotypic determinant. It is proposed that this reflects conservation of a portion of the amino acid sequence, presumably in hypervariable regions. That the conserved determinant(s0 are located in the region of the hapten-binding site is indicated by the ability of haptens to inhibit idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions involving the conserved, or public determinants.
Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. IX. Framework differences in the heavy- and light-chain-variable regions of monoclonal anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice differing with respect to a cross-reactive idiotype.
P Estess, E Lamoyi, A Nisonoff, J D Capra
Amino terminal amino acid sequence analyses have been performed on the heavy and light chains of induced monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the hapten p-azophenylarsonate. Four of the eight antibodies react with conventional antisera to the previously described A/J anti-arsonate cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). Of the 16 chains analyzed, all but one contain sequence differences in their first framework segment (residues 1-30) that distinguish them from the heavy- and light-chain sequences found in anti-arsonate antibodies isolated from A/J serum or ascites fluid. The presence of such framework differences appears to be independent of whether or not the hybridoma antibodies bear the CRI. In spite of the framework substitutions, all four of the CRI-positive hybridoma antibodies have variable (V)-region frameworks that are very similar to each other and to the CRI-positive molecules found in A/J serum. Two of the four CRI-negative molecules are also structurally similar to the serum antibodies. Two others, however, are strikingly different from any serum anti-arsonate antibody thus far described and appear to reflect a completely separate repertoire of anti-arsonate antibodies in the A/J MOUSE. In addition, serological analyses with an anti-idiotypic antiserum generated against a CRI-positive hybridoma product suggest that each monoclonal antibody may possess individual antigenic specificities different from the determinant(s) detected with the conventional rabbit anti-CRI. The consistent appearance of framework substitutions in what has been thought to be a homogeneous antibody population has important implications for our understanding of the generation of antibody diversity and for the precise chemical definition of an idiotype.
Studies on the clonal origin of multiple myeloma. Use of individually specific (idiotype) antibodies to trace the oncogenic event to its earliest point of expression in B-cell differentiation.
H Kubagawa, L B Vogler, J D Capra, M E Conrad, A R Lawton, M D Cooper
IgA myeloma proteins of kappa- and lambda-types were isolated from two patients. These were used to produce and purify anti-idiotype antibodies of both broad (myeloma-related) and narrow (individual myeloma) specificities. The anti-idiotype antibodies were conjugated with fluorochromes and used as immunofluorescent probes to trace in the patients clonal expansion at different levels of B-cell differentiation. Our results (a) confirm that B lymphocyte precursors in IgA plasma-cell myelomas are involved in the malignant process, (b) show that B lymphocytes of the malignant clone include those expressing each of the major heavy-chain isotypes, mu, delta, gamma, and alpha, and (c) provide strong circumstantial evidence that pre-B-cell members of the malignant clone are also increased in frequency. T cells expressing idiotypic determinants were not detected. These findings argue that the initial oncogenic event may occur in a B-stem cell and is not influenced through stimulation by antigen. An interesting association was the increased frequency of related clones of B lymphocytes as detected by their reactivity with anti-idiotype antibodies of broad specificity. Neither plasma cell nor pre-B-cell members of these related clones were increased in frequency. Anti-idiotype antibodies or helper T cells reactive with myeloma-related idiotypes could be responsible for this phenomenon. We discuss other implications of these findings and speculate that all of the various phenotypes of B-lineage malignancies may result from oncogenic processes affecting stem cell targets.
Structural studies on the murine Ia alloantigens. V. Evidence that the structural gene for the I-E/C beta polypeptide is encoded within the I-A subregion.
R G Cook, E S Vitetta, J W Uhr, J D Capra
The E/C alpha- and beta-subunits of intra-I-region recombinants were analyzed for primary structural variation by comparative tryptic peptide mapping. The E/C alpha-polypeptides from B10.A, B10.A (3R) and B10.A (5R) showed complete coincident elution of peptides; the E/C beta-chains from B10.A and 3R (or 5R) were approximately 40% different. This suggests that the structural gene for the E/C beta-polypeptide is within the I-A subregion.
Studies on the murine Ss protein. I. Purification, molecular weight, and subunit structure.
J D Capra, E S Vitetta, J Klein
The murine Ss protein has been isolated and purified. Using specific antisera, the radiolabeled protein has a mol wt of 120,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. It is composed of two basic subunits of 23,000 and 14,000 daltons. The smaller molecular weight subunit contains a single disulfide bridge, is devoid of carbohydrate, and may represent the murine equivalent of beta2-microglobulin.
SIMILARITIES IN THE LIGHT CHAINS OF ANTI-γ-GLOBULINS SHOWING CROSS-IDIOTYPIC SPECIFICITIES
H. G. Kunkel, R. J. Winchester, F. G. Joslin, J. D. Capra
A marked homogeneity of the light chains was observed in an analysis of 17 IgM proteins with anti-γ-globulin activity. The V region subgroups of the light chains were determined by both sequence and antigenic analysis. The latter procedure permitted large scale screening for comparisons with control proteins. The two methods showed general agreement in the determination of Kappa III proteins; all proteins positive by antigenic analysis were also positive by sequence but exceptions were noted in the opposite direction. The anti-γ-globulins showed by antigenic analysis a 92% incidence of VK III light chains as compared to an incidence of 27% among 81 control proteins without this activity. A similar selection was observed for an antigen (VK III b) which subdivided the kappa III proteins. The major Wa group of anti-γ-globulins which had been delineated previously on the basis of cross-idiotypic specificity was primarily responsible for the special light-chain selection. All the proteins of this group contain VK III light chains and all were of the VK III b type. Current evidence indicates that additional light-chain similarities were involved in the cross-idiotypic specificity of the Wa group. It thus appears that for the anti-γ-globulins various levels of selection of light chains are manifest ranging from a preponderance of kappa type, of kappa III subgroup, of kappa III b sub-subgroup and perhaps of still further subdivisions to account for the cross-idiotypic specificity.
CROSS-IDIOTYPIC SPECIFICITY AMONG MONOCLONAL IGM PROTEINS WITH ANTI-γ-GLOBULIN ACTIVITY
H. G. Kunkel, V. Agnello, F. G. Joslin, R. J. Winchester, J. D. Capra
Through the use of absorbed idiotypic antisera prepared against single isolated monoclonal IgM anti-γ-globulins, partial cross-idiotypic specificity was demonstrated with other IgM anti-γ-globulins. Such antisera classified these proteins into at least three groups. The major group which included 60% of the anti-γ-globulins was particularly homogeneous. The anti-γ-globulin specific antigens were detected best in hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition systems. They were not found in monoclonal IgM proteins that lacked anti-γ-globulin activity although related antigens were detected at low concentrations in pooled immunoglobulin preparations as well as in heterogeneous anti-Rh antibodies. Several lines of evidence were obtained indicating that the antibody combining site was involved in the specific determinants. Attempts were made to analyze the fine specificity of each anti-γ-globulin for the Fc fragment of different subclasses of human immunoglobulins as well as those of other species. Differences were observed but these were not readily related to the cross-specificity antigens. The anti-γ-globulin specific antigens were very analogous to those previously described for monoclonal IgM cold agglutinins. Although each protein could be distinguished from all the others on the basis of individual idiotypic antigens, the antigens common to the specific groups of proteins with each of these activities were prominent and readily detected with multiple antisera. The results indicate basic similarities between proteins of a given activity even in unrelated individuals.


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24 Oct 2009 - 15 Aug 2018
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Home » Publications » World Watch Magazine » Online-Only Content
Sources and Resources for "Livestock and Climate Change"
Livestock and Climate Change
by Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang
FAO on livestock
Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Steinfeld, H., Gerber P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. & Haan, C., Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006.
GHGs across all industries
"World Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2005," World Resources Institute, http://www.wri.org/publication/world-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-2005
Volumes of livestock sales
FAO statistical databases, http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx#ancor
"Meat Production Continues to Rise," Brian Halweil, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5443
"Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/1678.php
GHGs from livestock respiration
"A Radical Approach to Kyoto," Alan Calverd, Physics World, July 2005.
GHGs from forest, grassland, and soil
"Forest Industry Carbon Assessment Tool," http://www.ficatmodel.org/landing/index.html
GHGs from coal and biofuel
Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, Nicholas Stern, London, U.K., Her Majesty's Treasury, 2006.
20-year timeframe for methane
Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ed. J.T. Houghton, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Projected human population growth
"World Population to Exceeed 9 Billion By 2050," http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/pressrelease.pdf
Financial results of food companies following disruptive climate events
"Whole Foods Market Reports Fourth Quarter Results," http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/company/archives/Q405financial.php
"Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management," Robert S. Hirsch, U.S. Department of Energy, http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/others/pdf/Oil_Peaking_NETL.pdf
"Energy Future: A Significant Period of Discomfort," http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/safety_security/energy_security/hirsch_peak_oil_production.html/t_blank
"Ethanol fuels concern of US farmers," The Age, http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/ethanol-fuels-concern-of-us-farmers/2007/01/28/1169919212154.html?page=2
Sales of soyfoods
"Sales and Trends," http://www.soyfoods.org/products/sales-and-trends
Soy meal as byproduct of biofuel
"Biofuels Impact on Crop and Food Prices: Using an Interactive Spreadsheet,"
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/2009/967/ifdp967.htm
Investments in renewable energy infrastructure
"Investors must learn to play a leading role," Financial Times, September 15, 2008.
Groceries in recession
"The squeeze is on: When the grocery budget bursts, smarter shopping hits the menu," Kristen Browning-Blas, Denver Post, January 14, 2009, http://www.denverpost.com/lifestyles/ci_11437603
Opportunities for rural poor
You Can Hear Me Now: How Microloans and Cell Phones Are Connecting the World's Poor to the Global Economy, Nicholas P. Sullivan, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2007.
Labor relating to livestock
Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
"Bound Promises: Contemporary Slavery in Rural Brazil," http://www.witness.org/index.php?option=com_rightsalert&Itemid=178&task=story&alert_id=54
Water use relating to livestock
Food, Energy, and Society, Third Edition , Ed. David Pimentel and Marcia Pimentel, Ithaca, New York, 2007.
Health and nutrition relating to livestock
"Diet and Chronic Degenerative Diseases: Perspectives from China," T. Colin Campbell and Chen Junshi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994; 59 (suppl): 1153S-61S.30.
Why should people act on your article when an agreement may be forthcoming this December in Copenhagen to reverse climate change by reducing fossil fuel?
Because of the high amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the life cycle and supply chain of livestock products, even major progress in reducing fossil fuel use would not eliminate the need to reduce meat and dairy consumption.
Your article recommends meat and dairy analogs, which would be made from crops such as soy and wheat. But isn't the farming of crops such as soy just as big a problem as meat?
The largest adverse impacts in growing soy and other crops come from the conversion of carbon-absorbing forests and other sensitive habitat in one place or another. But meat and dairy analog projects need much smaller quantities of soy and wheat than those presently grown for meat and dairy projects. Therefore, today's trend of increasing worldwide soy and wheat production would be stopped if analogs replace meat and dairy products. Already-converted land would be more than enough to supply soy and wheat for analog projects. We recommend against any more forest being converted for the purpose of growing crops - or in fact for any other purpose.
There are already campaigns underway for "Meatless Mondays" and the like. Why wouldn't they suffice?
Recommending that meat not be eaten one day per week suggests deprivation. This is not how any food product is normally marketed. Consumers tend to act on marketing that pitches for them to buy food that is tasty, economical, easy to prepare, and healthful. When a brand advertiser markets such a product, it normally pitches that the product be eaten all the time. For example, Coca-Cola is not advertised to consumers as a beverage to switch to from Pepsi-Cola once a week, but all week long.
Isn't methane the key greenhouse gas from livestock - and if so, then why does your article not focus more on methane?
Methane is important, but so are other GHGs. For example, the impact of any CO2 exhaled by livestock may be larger than the same amount of CO2 emitted from any other industry. That's because other industries emit CO2 with particulates - such as sulfates - believed to have a cooling effect that offsets CO2's warming effect, while breath has no such particulates.
It is also important to focus on emissions attributable to carbon reduction foregone by using land to graze livestock and grow feed. That's because a foregone reduction of any magnitude has exactly the same effect as an increase in emissions of the same magnitude. More important, carbon reduction available from land used for livestock and feed is the only feasible way to absorb a significant amount of today's atmospheric carbon in the near term.
Your article suggests that NGOs' estimate of 50 billion livestock may be more credible than the estimate of 21.7 billion in the FAO's Livestock's Long Shadow. Why should people believe in an NGO estimate over the one contained in Livestock's Long Shadow ?
After our article was submitted for publication, we discovered that the FAO's own statistical division says that there were 56 billion livestock in 2007.
The article claims that biofuels can substitute for coal. How is that possible?
If more land is used to grow crops for biofuels (which may happen whether or not it is desired), care is needed to have the use of biofuels replace coal usage, rather than become added to it. This is possible to envisage. In the past, biofuels and coal have both contributed to global energy supplies but their fungibility has been limited. However, they have recently become more substitutable for each other, as capacity for biofuel production has been ramped up in many countries, the construction of new coal-fired power plants has been halted in some countries (including in the U.S.), and cars that can run on either electricity or biofuel - or both - have become increasingly available. This trend of increasing substitutability can be expected to continue.
Why should methane be accounted for under a different timeframe than carbon dioxide?
Each GHG should be accounted for in proportion to the time it survives as a GHG in the atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the choice of timeframe in accounting for different greenhouse gases is a policy decision, not an issue of science. Using a 20-year timeframe for methane is supported by the following IPCC recommendation:
If the policy emphasis is to help guard against the possible occurrence of potentially abrupt, non-linear climate responses in the relatively near future, then a choice of a 20-year time horizon would yield an index that is relevant to making such decisions regarding appropriate greenhouse gas abatement strategies. In addition, if the speed of potential climate change is of greatest interest (rather than the eventual magnitude), then a focus on shorter time horizons can be used.
Can't methane be managed by mitigating it rather than avoiding it?
The livestock sector has reacted to discussions of the climate risks for which it is responsible by stating that it is working on developing new feed for livestock, and on converting manure to biogas. Such efforts would reduce methane emissions. However, developing new feed is still at the stage of research and development. Even if it moves to implementation, it is likely to be more expensive to grow than present feed, and unlikely to be taken up quickly in many parts of the developing world. While there are already some active projects to convert manure to biogas, even if the number of such projects were dramatically increased, and new feed implemented, these measures can mitigate at most a few percent of GHGs worldwide. If at the same time the number of livestock doubles, as the 2006 FAO report projects, then GHGs from all other aspects of the livestock sector might double, while GHGs from other industries are reduced. This would make the percentage of GHGs attributable to livestock even more unacceptable than it is today.
Why is it important to account for GHGs from cooling meat and dairy products?
The 2006 FAO report excludes GHGs attributable to refrigerants used for livestock products, such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons. Most of these gases have a global warming potential that is hundreds or thousands of times stronger than that of CO2. Much more refrigeration is needed along the supply chain for livestock products than is needed for alternative products.
Why is it important to account for GHGs from cooking meat and dairy products?
The 2006 FAO report excludes GHGs attributable to cooking livestock products. Even with the most efficient cooking methods, meat typically requires cooking at higher temperatures and for longer periods than do meat alternatives. However, meat is often cooked using stoves, barbeques, and street vendors' facilities, which in developing countries are often fueled by charcoal or kerosene. These methods are widespread and often culturally ingrained, but also highly inefficient and carbon intensive. They entail periods of heating and cooling for each cooking event, so are even more carbon-intensive per unit of thermal energy used than are coal-fired power plants. Deforestation is often exacerbated by the production of charcoal. Therefore, GHGs from cooking livestock products are significantly higher than those from cooking alternative products.
Why is it important to account for GHGs from waste management related to livestock products?
The 2006 FAO report excludes GHGs attributable to waste management related to livestock products - that is, the distribution and disposal of inevitably large amounts of waste livestock products throughout the wholesale, retail, and consumer food chain. GHGs from the waste management of livestock products are significantly higher than GHGs from the waste management of alternative products. Much more than in alternative products, a large proportion of livestock products becomes waste in the form of bone, fat, and past-the-due-date spoiled products. Some such waste is converted into rendered products, in processes that typically use significant amounts of energy. The FAO report does not make clear whether it accounts for GHGs resulting from that energy usage. The FAO report states explicitly that it does not account for GHGs resulting from the disposal of some livestock waste in waterways, where it kills algae that absorb carbon, as well as other aquatic life that then emits GHGs while rotting. The FAO report states that lack of data makes extrapolating the amount of resulting GHGs impossible. In addition, the FAO report does not account for GHGs emitted from livestock waste disposed in landfills or incinerators, either of which would emit significant amounts of GHGs.
Why is it important to account for GHGs from livestock byproducts?
The 2006 FAO report excludes GHGs attributable to the production, distribution, and disposal of byproducts, such as products made of leather, feathers, skin, and pelage, and their packaging. Processes in the production of these byproducts are responsible for a much higher volume of GHGs than processes in the production of alternatives.
What would be the effects on health and nutrition from replacing livestock products?
Health and nutritional outcomes among consumers would generally be better than from livestock projects, in light the greater affordability of analogs (while poor malnourished people may not be able to afford meat and dairy products), and in light of the high incidence of obesity and overweight conditions and chronic degenerative diseases linked to livestock products, but not to meat and dairy analogs.
How did you come up with the idea of replacing livestock products with analogs?
Meat and dairy analogs make it easy for people accustomed to eating meat and dairy products to improve on their existing preferences. These analogs enable individuals in (and from) every region of the world to retain their family recipes and cultural traditions in food virtually unchanged.
Many people who partly or fully stop eating livestock products begin by consuming meat and dairy analogs, and most continue to consume them. Many tell of how trying analogs persuaded them that they could replace livestock products in their meals.
A significant measure of success in marketing analogs has already been achieved. Improvements in various attributes of analogs can potentially be achieved, which could help lead to greater success.
Dairy consumers regularly see dairy analogs as possible choices side by side with dairy products, while meat consumers do not regularly see meat analogs next to meat products. This may help explain why sales of dairy analogs have increased much faster than sales of meat analogs. For example, sales of soy milk have increased in the U.S. and in some other countries by over 20% per annum in recent years, while the increase in sales of meat analogs has been much smaller.
Many examples exist of analogs being avidly sought by consumers. For example, among foods, margarine is now often preferred over butter. In the apparel and furniture sectors, inexpensive knock-offs generally achieve a much higher volume of sales than the expensive designer versions on which they are based. For the small percentage of consumers unable to consume foods made of soy or gluten, other protein-rich foods are readily available.
Doesn't chicken have a lower carbon footprint than beef, meaning that replacing beef with chicken would be a good alternative to replacing all meats with analogs?
One conceivable strategy would involve distinguishing between different types of livestock products according to the amount of GHGs for which they are responsible, and then substituting livestock products with a smaller GHG footprint for livestock products with a higher GHG footprint. However, this would not be an effective strategy - because each kilogram of every livestock product is responsible for almost the same amount of GHGs. There is little variability between types of livestock when it comes to livestock respiration, land used to grow feed, and most of the other factors discussed in this article, which are responsible for most of the GHGs attributable to livestock products generally. The main factors involving significant variability are enteric fermentation, grazing, and amount of feed required to produce beef and dairy products. However, the difference that these factors make in total GHGs attributable to beef and dairy products vs. other livestock products is relatively insignificant. Therefore, eating chicken instead of beef (for example) would not result in any appreciable slowing of climate change.
When the FAO estimated that 18% of GHGs worldwide were attributable to livestock, it was perhaps reasonable for them to recommend measures to mitigate emissions rather than broadly avoid them. With the new, much higher estimate in this article, broadly avoiding emissions attributable to livestock becomes critical. It is now possible to understand that the dramatic expansion of the livestock sector in recent decades may imperil humanity, and that there may be no way to manage the climate risk of either the food industry or the world at large other than by replacing livestock products with better alternatives.
The 2006 FAO report recommends no action to prevent what it predicts will be a doubling of livestock production within several decades. Yet action seemed warranted five years before publication of the 2006 FAO report, when in 2001, one of its authors co-authored Livestock Development, a proposed development finance strategy that would "avoid funding" of large-scale livestock projects.
With the estimate of GHGs attributable to livestock made in the previous article, it may be even more important now than when the 2001 Livestock Development report was published for development finance institutions to implement a strategy of not funding large-scale livestock projects. No action to prevent a doubling of livestock production is inconsistent with the commitment to reducing GHGs by signatory nations to the Kyoto Protocol, and with actions being taken in other industries and economic sectors to reduce the GHGs for which they are responsible.
Published in World Watch Magazine, November/December, Volume 22, No. 6
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: place html canvas in table cells I have a table. I am trying to display inside the tally boxes column the html canvas I created. I have a 10 records so the canvas should display 10 times inside the table. This is what I've done so far:

var c4 = document.getElementById("c4");
var c4_context = c4.getContext("2d");

function Vertical_2px_Red() {
for (i=0;i<10;i++){
c4_context.beginPath();
c4_context.moveTo(20+i*100, 20);
c4_context.lineTo(100+i*100, 20);

c4_context.moveTo(20+i*100, 20);
c4_context.lineTo(20+i*100, 100);

c4_context.moveTo(100+i*100, 20);
c4_context.lineTo(100+i*100, 100);

c4_context.moveTo(20+i*100, 20);
c4_context.lineTo(100+i*100, 100);

c4_context.moveTo(100+i*100, 100);
c4_context.lineTo(20+i*100, 100);
c4_context.strokeStyle = "Red";
c4_context.stroke();
}
}
My html form:

                {{label.table.cName}}
                {{label.table.cVote}}
                {{label.table.cTB}}
                {{label.table.cNV}}

                {{value.no}} {{label.table.period}} {{value.name}}
                {{value.votes}}
                <canvas id="c4" width="500" height = "200" style="border:solid 1px #000000;"></canvas>

The canvas output is 10 tally boxes.
Now, I want to display the canvas output to the tally boxes column of each row. But it doesn't work. What is the mistake I've done. Any answer would be much appreciated. Thank you

A: You'll need to give each canvas a unique ID,for one thing. Technically it's not legal to have > 1 item with the same ID. Construct the ID using something in the value of your ng-repeat. Maybe value.no if that is a unique number.
You'll need to modify your javascript to get the appropriate contexts and write into them. Probably do that at the end of the page or on a page load.
Or the better way is probably to make a directive that contains your canvas and the necessary function to draw into it. The directive will be responsible for creating the unique ID based on the values passed in and it will then know how to reference and draw into the context.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This amazing pop-up store is situated in the busy area of Soho. The space is an ideal venue for a Pop-Up Store, Product Launch or Brand Launches.
This open retail unit has a large frontage with a sleek window display and is filled with a well-lit natural light. The interiors are creative with white walls and wooden floors giving the space a stylish feel.
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text:
/**
 * Particleground demo
 * @author Jonathan Nicol - @mrjnicol
 */

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
  particleground(document.getElementById('particles'), {
    dotColor: '#999999',
    lineColor: '#666666'
  });
  var intro = document.getElementById('intro');
  intro.style.marginTop = - intro.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px';
}, false);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Scientists identify 29 planets where aliens can observe Earth from a distance
Tuesday, June 29, 2021 by: Ramon Tomey
Tags: alien life, broadcast transmissions, European Space Agency, extraterrestrial beings, Gaia catalog, Jackie Faherty, Lisa Kaltenegger, military bases, Space, star systems, UFO sightings, unidentified flying objects
(Natural News) The question of whether life exists outside the Earth has been around for some time. But a recent study has posed a different question – whether extraterrestrial beings have been observing our planet before without us knowing. In an effort to answer this question, scientists have discovered 29 planets where aliens could be watching Earth by eavesdropping on radio and television transmissions.
Astronomers identified nearby 1,715 star systems where alien observers could have discovered the Earth by watching it "transit" or pass by across the face of the sun. Of these star systems, they found 46 with planets close enough to pick up broadcast transmissions coming from the Earth. From the 46, the researchers estimated that there were 29 potentially habitable planets that were well-positioned to witness an Earth transit – and pick up radio and TV signals.
Cornell University astronomy professor Lisa Kaltenegger and American Museum of Natural History astrophysicist Jackie Faherty authored the paper – which was published June 23 in Nature. They turned to the European Space Agency's Gaia catalog of star positions and motions to find out any star systems well-positioned to observe the Earth's transit across the sun.
"One way we find planets is if they block out part of the light from their host star," said Kaltenegger. "We asked: 'Who would we be the aliens for if somebody else was looking?' There is this tiny sliver in the sky where other star systems have a cosmic front seat to find Earth as a transiting planet."
Kaltenegger and Faherty found a number of notable planets perfect for extraterrestrial life to observe Earth. One star they found, the red dwarf Ross 128 in the Virgo constellation, was positioned close enough to receive broadcasts from Earth at about 11 light-years away. It also had a planet nearly twice the size of Earth, with any suitably equipped life there managing to observe the Earth's transit for more than 2,000 years. However, this planet lost the vantage point for viewing Earth 900 years ago.
Another star called Trappist-1 was also positioned close enough for aliens to tune in to human broadcasts at 45 light-years away. It hosted at least seven planets – with four in the temperate, habitable zone. But the two researchers noted that the four planets in Trappist-1 will not be in a position to witness an Earth transit for another 1,642 years.
Aliens have also made their presence known here
Kaltenegger and Faherty came amid renewed interest in alien life and unidentified flying objects (UFOs). Once dismissed as a conspiracy theory, a number of U.S. military officers have acknowledged sightings of UFOs near military bases and nuclear installations.
Some saw extraterrestrial beings deactivate nuclear technology, a CBS News report said. Erstwhile Air Force Capt. Robert Salas said back in 1967, 10 Minuteman nuclear missiles under his purview were suddenly set to the "no-go" position. At the same time, security personnel at the Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana where Salas was stationed told him of a "mysterious red glowing object" in the sky.
Another military officer shared how missiles needed to be reactivated following UFO visits. Retired Air Force nuclear missile targeting officer Robert Jamison said he had to go out and restart missiles rendered inoperable after UFOs appeared near them. (Related: Former US military officer claims UFOs shut down nuclear missiles.)
Furthermore, retired Air Force Col. Charles Halt shared that back in December 1980, three patrolmen investigated strange lights in a forest in England. The soldiers reported approaching a triangular spacecraft "approximately three meters on a side," with a "dark metallic appearance" and "strange markings." Halt added: "They were observing it for a period of time, and then it very quickly and silently vanished at high speed."
Two nights after the UFO's initial appearance, Halt's superior at the RAF Bentwaters military base said the craft had returned. Halt found indentations in the ground, broken branches and low-level background radiation when he and his team investigated. They also witnessed various lights moving silently in the sky alongside the disturbances on the ground. (Related: CIA declassifies documents featuring mysterious UFO sightings.)
Visit UFOs.news to read more articles about extraterrestrial beings observing humans.
Previous :Mysterious disease hits hundreds of birds in US mid-Atlantic area
Next : HYPOCRISY: Professor slams Australia for insisting on human rights – but not for its own citizens
More news on alien life
Marine life is thriving on the Antarctic seafloor, even after being trapped under the ice for 50 years
Astronomers pick up radio signals from planets outside our solar system for the first time
Theoretical physicist says contacting alien life is a terrible idea
CLAIM: Interstellar object 'Oumuamua' may have dropped sensors on Earth to give alien civilization readings of the planet
Oxford researcher: Humanity should look for star-sized structures called "Dyson spheres" to find aliens
Harvard physicist: Earth should sign an interstellar treaty with alien civilizations to prevent cosmic catastrophe
Poll: Americans who believe alien intelligence exists increased over the past decade
Jupiter's Europa may have pockets of water that could support alien life – study
Massive temple spotted on Mars 'identical' to an ancient Japanese tomb
https://www.naturalnews.com/2021-06-29-scientists-identify-planets-for-aliens-watching-earth.html
Scientists identify 29 planets where aliens can observe Earth from a distance


Image Title: Outdoor Shower Kit Theme Pic Kits For Sale Hot And Cold Medium Size In Outside Ideas 10. Post Title: Outside Shower Kits. Filename: outdoor-shower-kit-theme-pic-kits-for-sale-hot-and-cold-medium-size-in-outside-ideas-10.jpg. Image Dimension: 600 x 600 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: getricochet. Uploaded Date: Monday - October 22nd. 2018 12:54:19 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: zillow.com. Showers Outdoor Shower Kit Enclosures Superb Enclosure Decorating For Outside Kits Idea 19. Outdoor Shower Kit Cedar Enclosure Designs Ideas Kits For Outside 7. Outdoor Shower Enclosure Kits Walpole Outdoors With Regard To Outside Plans 13. The Best Outdoor Shower Standard House Mount Stonewood Products In Outside Kits Ideas 4. Stall Outdoor Shower Kits Indoor Decor Attach An Intended For Outside Remodel 5. Outdoor Shower Kits Double Stall Outdoorshowers Outside Pertaining To Designs 2. Cape Cod Outdoor Shower Company Control Plumbing Kit Pertaining To Outside Kits Design 12. Outdoor Shower Enclosures Home Depot With Regard To Outside Kits Inspirations 14. Outdoor Shower Enclosures Cape Cod Kits Regarding Outside Inspirations 17. Outside Shower Kit Corner Kits Lowes Diy Amazon Nahsep Org Intended For Plans 11.


We will leave Cape Town early and travel north up the N7,onwards through the wheat fields and orange orchards to Gifberg near Van Rynsdorp, a welcome stopover that will enchant you.
Be prepared for a long haul. Today we head for the Augrabies National Park that lies astride the mighty Orange river. Our arrivals in the late afternoon, giving you time to view the spectacular Augrabies Falls, where the Orange River crashes through a narrow gorge and down a 56mdrop.
At dawn we will enjoy a game drive, where after we tackle the rest of the road via Upington to the Kalahari National Park, arriving in the late afternoon, in time for a refreshing swim and sundowners at Twee Rivieren Rest camp. Night drives are highly recommended (optional extra provided by the Park) and need to be pre-booked, so advise if you wish to go on one.
We will spend a further night at Twee Rivieren before heading off to Mata-Mata. On the way we are almost guaranteed to see giraffe amongst a host of other desert animals and birds.
We will spend two nights at this rustic rest campon the Namibia border. The camp boasts a good hide overlooking the waterhole.Flocks of sand grouse and doves frequent it regularly. From here we will do regular game drives.
We have now crossed over to Nossob, arguably the crown jewel of the park and also the gateway to the Botswana side of the park. Birding at waterholes such as Kubitje Quap are absolutely out of the top draw. This camp also has a great hide overlooking a waterhole and great game drives possibilities both north and south.
Now it is time to head back to Twee Rivieren and our last night in the park before the heading south.
We will get an early start on the sun and head south as far as Upington before heading west towards Kimberley and the newest jewel in the SAN parks crown, Mokala National Park. Here we will not only kind many rare species of antelope but also many savannah birds. We will take a day's break to explore this pristine wilderness taking advantage of their pool and restaurant.
Today we head for the Karoo National Park. We should reach the park by late afternoon and be in time to do a game drive before dinner. We will be up early the following morning which will be the last day of the safari. After breakfast we can do a short game drive before heading back to Cape Town.
The home of the red dunes and the raptor capital of Southern Africa.


text:
IBN TV Dar es Salaam
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Dunia Leo
IBN TV Cable began airing in March 2003. The station has grown exponentially during the past decade and offers a blend of content that features a unique balance of religious teachings, educational documentaries and entertaining productions. The channel aims to provide its audience with captivating programs that present a balance between Islamic and non-Islamic genres while bridging the gap between Muslims and non-Muslims.
The channel is Tanzania's first to host shows in 3 different languages – English, Urdu and Gujarati – allowing its viewership to expand beyond language barriers. Having aired over 80,000 hours of content featuring a blend of religious, social and current affairs, the channel now reaches thousands of decoders in the Dar es Salaam market.
The variety of programs aired on IBN TV coupled with the choice of languages provides the audience with a diverse array of shows to follow. This has allowed the channel to expand its distribution network to include every major cable provider in Dar es Salaam.
Our in-house team has expanded over the years to cater for all age groups and interests; from the aspiring artist to the innovative cook and everything in-between, the channel guarantees quality programs that will leave its viewers with an unforgettable television experience.
© 2022 Al Itrah Foundation . All Rights Reserved. | Powered by Extreme Web Technologies


As an independent builder, with over thirty years of experience, our reputation is very important to us in the industry. We will deal honestly with you, keeping you informed of the prices of any extras you opt to have over and above our standard specification.
We will continue to communicate effectively with you, especially as regards build schedule and the countdown to taking possession of your new Allanwater home. We will endeavour to ensure that you always get a satisfactory answer, no matter what your question and that will extend to after you have moved into your new home too.
Allanwater Homes are quality through and through, built with the very latest energy efficient materials to minimise CO2 emissions. Our "as standard" specification includes many features other builders would class as extras. We like to give buyers real choice too so there is a wide range of tiling and kitchen styles on offer, along with superior white sanitary ware in the bathrooms.
We are known in the industry for offering our buyers real flexibility over the layout of their new home. We really can tailor a property to suit you – we can also suggest how changes could be made to layouts based on our considerable experience. It's your home and your way of living. So whether you work from home and want to use a bedroom or a dining room as an office; you would like an en-suite for a teenager off another bedroom or you've always fancied a dressing area, we will work with you to help you realise your desires. As we are not a huge volume builder we are not restricted by monthly build targets. Our build schedule does, of course, play a part but we will advise what it is possible at what stage and we may even let you change your mind!


text:
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Explore the Bible: Opportunity Knocks
The Explore the Bible lesson for Feb. 17 focuses on Genesis 41:15-21, 33-40.
Margie Clayton
According to writers of The Innocence Project, DNA fingerprint tests first were used in 1984 by British Geneticist Alec Jeffreys and now are used to solve crimes as well as to identify unknown family members. Before the DNA testing was available, some innocent people were sentenced to prison, and some even received the death penalty. Today, the criminal justice system in the United States is transformed because of the DNA testing used to solve crimes, protect the innocent and vindicate those who are wrongly convicted.
A Problem (Genesis 41:15-21)
Joseph was wrongly convicted and confined to prison when Potiphar's wife accused him of attempted rape. Joseph told Potiphar "He could not do such a wicked thing and sin against God" (Genesis 39:9). As a result of the accusation, he was thrown in prison. However, the Lord gave him favor with the warden. Joseph was given the responsibility of supervising all of the prisoners and the activities. Because the Lord was with him, Joseph was successful in all he did (Genesis 39:22-23).
On one occasion, Joseph interpreted dreams of Pharaoh's butler and baker after they were confined to prison; the butler would be free and the baker would be killed. Three days later, the dreams came to pass for the butler, who was released from prison, and the baker, whom the king ordered to be killed. Joseph was careful to recognize and give God credit for the dreams as well as the interpretation. Before the butler's release, Joseph made one request; remember me when you are released, but the butler did not remember Joseph when he was restored (Genesis 40:20-23).
On another occasion, Pharaoh needed someone to interpret two of his dreams. Disturbed about the dreams, he asked if there was anyone in the kingdom to interpret the dreams. Finally, the butler remembered Joseph as an interpreter of dreams. Joseph made it clear to Pharaoh, "I cannot do it, but God will give Pharaoh the answer he desires" (Genesis 41:16).
God is able to use the believer in all kinds of circumstances. When we are faced with difficulties, for ourselves or others, we must recognize that God's wisdom helps us make the best decisions. We must remain humble before God and never miss the opportunity to share with others that God is the source of all wisdom.
Share with each other some difficult times and how God's wisdom helped you to overcome.
A Plan (Genesis 41:33-36)
Regardless of the cost, Joseph chose to remain faithful and obey God. While he faced the rejection of his brothers, they threw him in a cistern and sold him into slavery. However, God favored him and placed him in the house of Potiphar to rule. Later, he faced the anger of Potiphar when his wife wrongly accused him of attempted rape. As a result, he was thrown into prison. While in prison, God favored him by allowing the warden to place him over the prisoners and their activities. Also, his gift to interpret dreams was used when the butler and the baker needed answers.
Through all of his difficulties, Joseph remained obedient to God's will and was given favor with Pharaoh to interpret his dreams regarding the seven years of prosperity followed by seven years of famine (Genesis 41:25-27). This unique gift of interpreting dreams and the gift to present a plan to prepare for the famine came directly from God. Joseph could have stopped with the interpretation of the dreams, but he revealed a plan to Pharaoh that would save the whole world from famine (Genesis 41:33-36).
Choosing to obey God may cause hardships and oppositions. God promises to be with the believer and stand by every word he has spoken (Isaiah 55:10-11). As believers, we should embrace our spiritual gift, remain faithful to God, and then watch him work through us in specific situations.
How have you helped others to overcome hardships by allowing God to use your spiritual gift?
A Place (Genesis 41:37-40)
Joseph could have given up during the prison experience. Instead, he remained faithful to God by using his spiritual gift to help others. Joseph learned to recognize God in every way, to remain humble and faithful during the transitions, and to give him credit for everything. Pharaoh recognized something was extraordinarily special about Joseph. To Joseph's surprise, Pharaoh assigned him to carry out the plan to save many people from famine. Above all, God was honored through Joseph as he moved into this new role.
While God may use dreams to share his plans, he also uses Scripture to accomplish his purposes. Scripture equips us for every good work. "All scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteous, so that the servant of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work" (2 Timothy 3:16-17).
God reminds the believer, in the story of Joseph, to be confident in knowing he will equip them to accomplish his purposes in their lives. In difficult times and in times of false accusations, we must consistently rely on the wisdom of God to protect and use us for his service.
Margie Clayton is minister of education at Berean Tabernacle Baptist Church in Liberty.
We seek to inform, inspire and challenge you to live like Jesus. Click to learn more about Following Jesus.
If we achieved our goal—or didn't—we'd love to hear from you. Send an email to Eric Black, our editor. Maximum length for publication is 250 words.
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text:
Q: Can I automatically run a virtual machine (made by vmware in fedora OS) at startup in fullscreen? I am an administrator of a student lab with 20 PCs.
I was thinking of a way to protect those machines in the long run with the presence of some students with destructive behaviour.
The most suitable solution to install a Linux OS and use virtual machines to load Microsoft OS. This way once the OS fails I can simply replace the VM with a clone that was previously made.
The point is that most students have no experience with Linux, that's why I need to load the Virtual machine automatically at login and in full-screen view so that The startup process ends up in Microsoft OS through the virtual machine (VMWare based) in Linux platform.

update :
I'm using Fedora13 Linux distribution. I believe that part of launching the VM in full-screen is more difficult than automatically launching VMWare at startup. Is there some way I can tell VMWare to launch a particular virtual machine in full-screen when it starts on boot?

A: Yes you can, The easiest way to do this is to set GDM to automatically login as a particular user, then setup vmware to run as that user automatically on boot. ~/.Xclients is likely the file you need to edit with the vmware command. If you tell me what distribution you're using, I can point you closer to the right direction.

A: Also, instead of virtual machines you could PXE boot the machines to boot off an ISCSI image that can quickly be restored just like a VM snapshot.  It is more work to setup but the OS runs natively on the PC.
Similar to virtual machine setup you create a base image and the use COW (copy on write) versions for each PC.
There are links to set this up.  Just search for PC COW ISCSI.


text:
Home USA Beware of sophisticated scams and rug pulls, as thugs target crypto users
Beware of sophisticated scams and rug pulls, as thugs target crypto users
This year has been an important year for the cryptocurrency industry when it comes to mass adoption. A recent report by Grayscale Investments showed that more than a quarter of American investors (26%) expressed their opinion on Bitcoin (BTC), up from 23% in 2020. As the holiday season approaches, financial services provider MagnifyMoney has also found that nearly two : A third of Americans surveyed hope to get free encryption this year.
While the rise of cryptocurrencies is notable, fraud in digital assets has also increased. An article on the Chainalysis blog highlighting the Crypto Crime Report 2022 showed that fraud was the dominant form of cryptocurrency in terms of transaction volume this year. The report states that over $7.7 billion worth of cryptocurrency has been seized from fraud victims worldwide. According to previous research from Chainalysis, this number represents an 81% increase from 2020, when fraudulent activity decreased significantly from 2019.
Source: String Analysis.
Fraud is the biggest threat to building trust in cryptocurrency
Kim Grauer, Head of Research at Chainalysis, told Cointelegraph that while there have been many different crimes related to cryptocurrency, the fraud has become the largest in terms of value that criminals receive. She added that fraud poses a serious threat to building trust in the crypto ecosystem as it can prevent people from investing in digital assets.
Grauer also mentioned that there has been a rise in the number of decentralized finance (DeFi) fraud cases this year. With annual revenue estimated at $5 billion across all DeFi protocols, this should come as no surprise. But what is more interesting is that Chainalsyis found that fraudulent activity this year contributed to its fraud profits. According to Grauer, Chainalysis gives an example of a drag buddy where a person or developer suddenly decides to stop a project and run away with the money:
"Pulling the carpet has accelerated crypto scams this year. Apart from financial fraud, scammers have also taken advantage of several vulnerabilities in the crypto world. In total, they stole $2.8 billion in cryptocurrency."
While fraud is a relatively new crime, Grauer believes such incidents are becoming common in the growing DeFi ecosystem. To put this in perspective, a blog post from Chainalysis notes, "Trukmatter has become a scam in the DeFi ecosystem, accounting for 37% of all crypto-related frauds in 2021, up from 1% in 2020."
The Chainalysis blog also provides examples of some of the biggest scams of 2021. For example, the AnubisDAO case has been called the second largest scam of the year, with more than $58 million worth of cryptocurrency stolen. According to the post, AnubisDAO was launched on October 28, 2021 with the aim of offering a decentralized currency backed by a number of assets. However, the project had no website or technical document, and all developers worked under pseudonyms. Miraculously, AnubisDAO managed to raise nearly $60 million in one night, but after 20 hours, all of that money was gone from AnubisDAO's liquidity pool.
While AnubisDAO showcases the widespread DeFi carpet feature, new cases occur almost daily. One of the early investors in Ethereum and DeFi, who wished to remain anonymous, told Cointelegraph that on December 19, 2021, they fell victim to a scam. An anonymous source said the project is called "up1.network," noting that several early Ethereum investors discussed Up1 in a Discord group chat. they added:
"People I trust mentioned the project, so I checked it out. I found it strange to see the Up1 gift, but thought it might have something to do with my DeFi token. Then I connected to my MetaMask wallet and clicked get distribution. But I kept I get the error. I did this three times and gave the project access to my account."
Unfortunately, as soon as Up1 gained access to his account, three DeFi tokens worth $50,000 were immediately seized. They stated, "I have revoked access to the Etherscan ex post so that they cannot steal the tokens." An Ethereum investor then examined the DeFi platform Zerion as he announced that DeFi tokens had left their wallets. Zerion also gave them the address of the wallet where the money went, with a message:
"0xc28a580acc42294787f44cffbaa788eaa4958056; You have given the Smart Contract Page 3/ Unlimited access to your funds (check who you have given access and cancel it here)."
While AnubisDAO and Up1 are examples of DeFi carpet pulls, it is important to note that the Non-porishable Token (NFT) ecosystem is also vulnerable.
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text:
Lyelliana ancyloma är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Turner 1917. Lyelliana ancyloma ingår i släktet Lyelliana och familjen mätare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Mätare
ancyloma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
The Order of Time
By author: Carlo Rovelli
THE #1 SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER
The bestselling author of Seven Brief Lessons on Physics takes us on an enchanting, consoling journey to discover the meaning of time
'We are time. We are this space, this clearing opened by the traces of memory inside the connections between our neurons. We are memory. We are nostalgia. We are longing for a future that will not come'
Time is a mystery that does not cease to puzzle us. Philosophers, artists and poets have long explored its meaning while scientists have found that its structure is different from the simple intuition we have of it. From Boltzmann to quantum theory, from Einstein to loop quantum gravity, our understanding of time has been undergoing radical transformations. Time flows at a different speed in different places, the past and the future differ far less than we might think, and the very notion of the present evaporates in the vast universe.
With his extraordinary charm and sense of wonder, bringing together science, philosophy and art, Carlo Rovelli unravels this mystery. Enlightening and consoling, The Order of Time shows that to understand ourselves we need to reflect on time -- and to understand time we need to reflect on ourselves.
Translated by Simon Carnell and Erica Segre
Extraordinary. . . you should read it
Modern physics has found its poet. A captivating, fascinating, profoundly beautiful book. . . Rovelli is a wonderfully humane, gentle and witty guide for he is as much philosopher and poet as he is a scientist
A dizzying, poetic work in which I found myself abandoning everything I thought I knew about time
Wonderful. . . Time is something we think we know about instinctively; here he shows how profoundly strange it really is
Meet the new Stephen Hawking. . . I've never seen special relativity explained so well, never visualised it less fuzzily, never felt such a jolt of shock at what it implies
A joy to read. . . Rovelli writes easily, vividly and brilliantly - he is as at ease with Beethoven as he is with Boltzmann's constant, and verses by Horace launch each chapter, one of which ends with a couplet from the Grateful Dead. . . A delight
A deep - and remarkably readable - dive into the fundamental nature of time. . . written with enough charm and poetry to engage the imagination of anyone who reads it
Highly original. . . The heart and humanity of the book, its poetry and its gentle tone raise it to the level and style of such great scientist-writers as Lewis Thomas and Rachel Carson
Rovelli is one of our great scientific explicators. . . Not since Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time has there been so genial an integration of physics and philosophy
Physics' literary superstar makes us rethink time. . . The Order of Time will surely establish Rovelli among the pantheon of great scientist-communicators
An elegantly concise primer makes theoretical physics intelligible. . . stunningly written
A masterly writer. . . In this little gem of a book, Mr. Rovelli demolishes our common-sense notion of time. . . an ambitious book that illuminates a thorny question and succeeds in being a pleasurable read
Carlo Rovelli has achieved almost prophetic status
The physicist transforming how we see the universe
With the publication of his million-selling Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, Carlo Rovelli took his place with Stephen Hawking and Richard Feynman as one of the great popularisers of modern theoretical physics
The most fun physicist to be with -- as well as the greatest explainer of physics
Anyone with the least interest in the science of the physical world will be by turns astonished, baffled and thrilled by what Rovelli has to say about the true nature of time, which has little in common with our everyday conception of it
Carlo Rovelli is a theoretical physicist who has made significant contributions to the physics of space and time. He has worked in Italy and the US, and is currently directing the quantum gravity research group of the Centre de physique théorique in Marseille, France. His books Seven Brief Lessons on Physics and Reality Is Not What It Seems are international bestsellers translated into forty-one languages.
PHI015000
SCI055000
Bertrams Buyer's Notes:
The bestselling author of }Seven Brief Lessons on Physics{ is back with a thrilling exploration of the meaning of time. Bringing together science, art and philosophy, Rovelli attempts to unravel the mystery of time, as well as inviting us to imagine a world where time is in us and we are not in time.
There Is No Planet B: A Handbook for the Make or Break Years
Gastrophysics: The New Science of Eating
Other Minds: The Octopus and the Evolution of Intelligent Life
Magic of Reality: How we know what's really true
Exactly: How Precision Engineers Created the Modern World
Longitude 10TH Anniversary


16:17:24 - Checking Destination For OS Type.
16:17:25 - Clearing any Read Only Attributes.
16:20:12 - Copying files for driver.cab repackaging.
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此外 KB917537, KB926247, KB939373 因为是选择性安装.
像 IIS 是需要先安装,再装 NET 1.1 的.
Any mirror i cannot download from rapidshare.