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Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) (Patients)
Post Date: Oct 13, 2017
Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of vulvar cancer.
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of vulvar cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.
General Information About Vulvar Cancer
Key Points for this Section
Vulvar cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the vulva.
Having vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or HPV infection can affect the risk of vulvar cancer.
Signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching.
Tests that examine the vulva are used to detect (find) and diagnose vulvar cancer.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
Vulvar cancer forms in a woman's external genitalia. The vulva includes:
Inner and outer lips of the vagina.
Clitoris (sensitive tissue between the lips).
Opening of the vagina and its glands.
Mons pubis (the rounded area in front of the pubic bones that becomes covered with hair at puberty).
Perineum (the area between the vulva and the anus).
Anatomy of the vulva. The vulva includes the mons pubis, clitoris, urethral opening, inner and outer lips of the vagina, vaginal opening, and perineum.
Vulvar cancer most often affects the outer vaginal lips. Less often, cancer affects the inner vaginal lips, clitoris, or vaginal glands.
Vulvar cancer usually forms slowly over a number of years. Abnormal cells can grow on the surface of the vulvar skin for a long time. This condition is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Because it is possible for VIN to become vulvar cancer, it is very important to get treatment.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for vulvar cancer include the following:
Having vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN).
Having human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Having a history of genital warts.
Other possible risk factors include the following:
Having many sexual partners.
Having first sexual intercourse at a young age.
Having a history of abnormal Pap tests (Pap smears).
Vulvar cancer often does not cause early signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms may be caused by vulvar cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:
A lump or growth on the vulva.
Changes in the vulvar skin, such as color changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer.
Itching in the vulvar area, that does not go away.
Bleeding not related to menstruation (periods).
Tenderness in the vulvar area.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking the vulva for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
Biopsy: The removal of samples of cells or tissues from the vulva so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
The stage of the cancer.
The patient's age and general health.
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Stages of Vulvar Cancer
After vulvar cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the vulva or to other parts of the body.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.
In vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin.
The following stages are used for vulvar cancer:
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the vulva or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
Pelvic exam: An exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. A speculum is inserted into the vagina and the doctor or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease. A Pap test of the cervix is usually done. The doctor or nurse also inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and places the other hand over the lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The doctor or nurse also inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas.
Pelvic exam. A doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. This is done to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and rectum are also checked.
Colposcopy: A procedure in which a colposcope (a lighted, magnifying instrument) is used to check the vagina and cervix for abnormal areas. Tissue samples may be taken using a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) or a brush and checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
Cystoscopy: A procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
Proctoscopy: A procedure to look inside the rectum and anus to check for abnormal areas. A proctoscope is inserted into the anus and rectum. A proctoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
X-rays: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body. To stage vulvar cancer, x-rays may be taken of the organs and bones inside the chest, and the pelvic bones.
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to find out if cancer has spread to these organs. A contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the contrast dye moves through the kidneys, ureters and bladder, x-rays are taken to see if there are any blockages. This procedure is also called intravenous urography.
CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy: The removal of the sentinel lymph node during surgery. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor. It is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor. A radioactive substance and/or blue dye is injected near the tumor. The substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes. The first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are not found, it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be done during surgery to remove the tumor for early-stage vulvar cancer.
Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood:
Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body.
Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body.
When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the primary tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.
Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if vulvar cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually vulvar cancer cells. The disease is metastatic vulvar cancer, not lung cancer.
metastasis: how cancer spreadsMany cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.
These abnormal cells are not cancer. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) may become cancer and spread into nearby tissue. VIN is sometimes called stage 0 or carcinoma in situ.
In stage I, cancer has formed. The tumor is found only in the vulva or perineum (area between the rectum and the vagina). Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB.
Tumor sizes. The size of a tumor may be compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), peanut (2 cm), grape (3 cm), walnut (4 cm), lime (5 cm), egg (6 cm), peach (7 cm), or grapefruit (10 cm).
In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread 1 millimeter or less into the tissue of the vulva. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
In stage IB, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters or has spread more than 1 millimeter into the tissue of the vulva. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Millimeters (mm). A sharp pencil point is about 1 mm, a new crayon point is about 2 mm, and a new pencil eraser is about 5 mm.
In stage II, the tumor is any size and has spread into the lower part of the urethra, the lower part of the vagina, or the anus. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.
In stage III, the tumor is any size and may have spread into the lower part of the urethra, the lower part of the vagina, or the anus. Cancer has spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC.
In stage IIIA, cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes that are smaller than 5 millimeters or in one lymph node that is 5 millimeters or larger.
In stage IIIB, cancer is found in 2 or more lymph nodes that are 5 millimeters or larger, or in 3 or more lymph nodes that are smaller than 5 millimeters.
In stage IIIC, cancer is found in lymph nodes and has spread to the outside surface of the lymph nodes.
In stage IV, the tumor has spread into the upper part of the urethra, the upper part of the vagina, or to other parts of the body. Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB.
In stage IVA:
cancer has spread into the lining of the upper urethra, the upper vagina, the bladder, or the rectum, or has attached to the pelvic bone; or
cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes and the lymph nodes are not moveable or have formed an ulcer.
In stage IVB, cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis or to other parts of the body.
Recurrent Vulvar Cancer
Recurrent vulvar cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the vulva or in other parts of the body.
Treatment Option Overview
There are different types of treatment for patients with vulvar cancer.
Four types of standard treatment are used:
Biologic therapy
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
Treatment for vulvar cancer may cause side effects.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Different types of treatments are available for patients with vulvar cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Surgery is the most common treatment for vulvar cancer. The goal of surgery is to remove all the cancer without any loss of the woman's sexual function. One of the following types of surgery may be done:
Laser surgery: A surgical procedure that uses a laser beam (a narrow beam of intense light) as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor.
Wide local excision: A surgical procedure to remove the cancer and some of the normal tissue around the cancer.
Radical local excision: A surgical procedure to remove the cancer and a large amount of normal tissue around it. Nearby lymph nodes in the groin may also be removed.
Ultrasound surgical aspiration (USA): A surgical procedure to break the tumor up into small pieces using very fine vibrations. The small pieces of tumor are washed away and removed by suction. This procedure causes less damage to nearby tissue.
Vulvectomy: A surgical procedure to remove part or all of the vulva:
Skinning vulvectomy: The top layer of vulvar skin where the cancer is found is removed. Skin grafts from other parts of the body may be needed to cover the area where the skin was removed.
Modified radical vulvectomy: Surgery to remove part of the vulva. Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.
Radical vulvectomy: Surgery to remove the entire vulva. Nearby lymph nodes are also removed.
Pelvic exenteration: A surgical procedure to remove the lower colon, rectum, and bladder. The cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed. Artificial openings (stoma) are made for urine and stool to flow from the body into a collection bag.
Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may have chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:
External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.
Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.
The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat vulvar cancer, and external radiation therapy may also be used as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, a body cavity such as the abdomen, or onto the skin, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Topical chemotherapy for vulvar cancer may be applied to the skin in a cream or lotion.
See Drugs Approved to Treat Vulvar Cancer for more information.
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient's immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
Imiquimod is a biologic therapy that may be used to treat vulvar lesions and is applied to the skin in a cream.
Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
For information about side effects caused by treatment for cancer, see our Side Effects page.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI's clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
It is important to have regular follow-up exams to check for recurrent vulvar cancer.
Treatment Options by Stage
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN)
Treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) may include the following:
Removal of single lesions or wide local excision.
Laser surgery.
Ultrasound surgical aspiration.
Skinning vulvectomy with or without a skin graft.
Biologic therapy with topical imiquimod.
stage I vulvar cancer
Treatment of stage I vulvar cancer may include the following:
Wide local excision for lesions that are less than 1 millimeter deep..
Radical local excision and removal of nearby lymph nodes.
Radical local excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy. If cancer is found in the sentinel lymph node, nearby lymph nodes are also removed.
Radiation therapy for patients who cannot have surgery.
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
stage II vulvar cancer
Treatment of stage II vulvar cancer may include the following:
Modified radical vulvectomy or radical vulvectomy for large tumors. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed. Radiation therapy may be given after surgery.
stage III vulvar cancer
Treatment of stage III vulvar cancer may include the following:
Modified radical vulvectomy or radical vulvectomy. Nearby lymph nodes may be removed.Radiation therapy may be given after surgery.
Radiation therapy or chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by surgery.
Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for patients who cannot have surgery.
stage IVB vulvar cancer
Stage IV Vulvar Cancer
Treatment of stage IVA vulvar cancer may include the following:
Radical vulvectomy and pelvic exenteration.
Radical vulvectomy followed by radiation therapy.
There is no standard treatment for stage IVB vulvar cancer. Treatment may include a clinical trial of a new treatment.
Treatment Options for Recurrent Vulvar Cancer
Treatment of recurrent vulvar cancer may include the following:
Wide local excision with or without radiation therapy to treat cancer that has come back in the same area.
Radical vulvectomy and pelvic exenteration to treat cancer that has come back in the same area.
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without surgery.
Radiation therapy followed by surgery or chemotherapy.
Radiation therapy as palliative treatment to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
A clinical trial of a new treatment.
To Learn More About Vulvar Cancer
For more information from the National Cancer Institute about vulvar cancer, see the following:
Vulvar Cancer Home Page
Lasers in Cancer Treatment
Drugs Approved to Treat Vulvar Cancer
HPV and Cancer
For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:
Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer
For Survivors and Caregivers
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government's center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at NCI's website. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Vulvar Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated . Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/vulvar/patient/vulvar-treatment-pdq. Accessed . [PMID: 26389324]
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's E-mail Us.
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Spotify Finally Launches In The U.S., Here's How to Get It! (iPhone & Android Apps Also Available)
By Ben Reid | July 14th, 2011
Following an announcement last week, Swedish-owned online music streamer Spotify is today making its long-awaited debut in the US market. The service, which has well established itself as a game changer in legitimate music services, currently stands second only to iTunes in the digital music revenue for the major European record labels. With over ten million users in Europe and boasting an impressive 15 million song catalogue, it is looking to make a lasting impression stateside, predicting 50 million users in its first year.
Most worldwide business success stories will inevitably have a crack at the lucrative US market and Spotify is no exception to this. The service does have the potential to be a huge hit as there is no other product like it in the US. Around 15% of the current European market are paying subscribers who enjoy an ad-free service with the ability to store songs for offline play amongst other features. Alternatively, Spotify offers a free service, in which users can browse through and stream any of the 15 million and growing library of tunes.
How To Get It:
Spotify is currently in its invite-only beta phase, and offers three different packages to US customers. With the free version you can enjoy unlimited access to the vast library of available music, integrate your pre-existing music files through Spotify, and sync with your cellphone or iPod but does feature an ad here and there. The Unlimited version has the aforementioned features but is completely ad-free, and will set you back $4.99 a month. Finally, the premium subscription comes with all the bells and whistles you would expect from a premium service. You can listen to your music online or offline, as well as enhanced sound quality and access to exclusive material. It costs $9.99 a month.
It has been reported that Spotify will collaborate with Facebook, a deal which would certainly give Spotify a great promotional platform. Facebook's 150 million US users will begin to see music in their news feeds and will have the ability to share tracks and playlists with their friends through their Spotify profiles if they choose to sign up.
The iPhone, iPad and iPod touch App has also been released today, which you can grab here via the App Store. Requires iOS 3.0 or later.
Check out our iPhone Apps Gallery and iPad Apps Gallery to explore more apps for your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch.
You can follow us on Twitter or join our Facebook fanpage to keep yourself updated on all the latest from Microsoft, Google and Apple.
Prime Day Lightning Deal: $50 iTunes / App Store Gift Card For $40

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Looking for a treat that will help make the season even more merry and bright? Then look no further than Rutter's Eggnog! If you have not had Eggnog before, now is the time to try it! Eggnog is a rich, sweet, creamy, dairy-based beverage traditionally made with milk, cream, sugar, whipped egg whites, and egg yolks with origins dating back to the 1700's. This is a delicacy that our Dairy whips up ever holiday season. Rutter's Eggnog can be enjoyed straight or used as a mixer. Check out some great Eggnog recipes on our Rutter's Dairy site.
You can purchase it in half gallons, quarts, and pints at any of our 69 store locations!
June is National Dairy Month, which started in 1937 as a way to simply promote drinking milk. It was initially created to stabilize the dairy demand when production was at a surplus, but has now transitioned into an annual tradition that celebrates the contributions the dairy industry has made in the world. Dairy products are a natural nutrient powerhouse. From being packed with protein for active muscle recovery to vitamin A to help uphold healthy skin, dairy product's health benefits are as great as it tastes.
This month we celebrate our dairy and all of the great products that they produce! Check out the Dairy's website to find out more information: ruttersdairy.com.
4 generations of the Rutter's Family won the Supreme Champion award at the 2016 York Fair!
This award is given out to the best cow and best heifer of all the breeds. The Champion Guernsey, Champion Holstein, Champion Brown Swiss, and Champion of all other breeds at the show compete in a Best of Show Competition. The Supreme Champion is the Best of Show Award.
Heifers are cows that do not yet give milk and cows are ones that do give milk. Therefore, the Rutter's were awarded for the youngest and the oldest cows.
Congratulations to the Rutter's Family!
Ah egg nog…the official drink of the holiday season. The first swig of the sweet dairy and nutmeg drink floods our palates with refreshment, and pulls in memories of family, friends, and who could forget snow days!
The most common egg nog recipes call for milk, heavy cream, nutmeg, and of course eggs. This has been the standard recipe for hundreds (if not thousands) of years. This is also the way most families make their own egg nog for holiday gatherings. Since this recipe has stood the test of time this is why Rutter's chose to use the same recipe for their egg nog. Rutter's chose to stand by this tried and true recipe, and use the highest quality ingredients to offer customers the best egg nog on the market.
Come visit your local Rutter's store and get your egg nog today!
What is the Whole Truth About Whole Milk?
Over the years it seems as if food regulations are always changing. One year a certain food item that has been deemed to boost metabolism may be under investigation the following year for actually doing the opposite. Recently, whole milk has been brought back into the spotlight, and is being put in the hot seat to see if it's really as bad as they say it is.
Times magazine and Washington Post recently published articles bringing forth evidence that sheds new light about whole milk. While it does have a higher concentration of saturated-fats it also contains higher amounts of vitamins and nutrients. While it is true whole milk does contain a higher number of calories than low-fat and non-fat milk, evidence shows that those who drink whole milk are less likely to become obese. The findings also show there isn't a link between saturated dairy fat and cardiovascular disease or Type 2 diabetes.
Whole milk is considered to be a nutrient rich food. This means that there is a bunch of micronutrients packed into each calorie. With so many nutrients this allows the consumer to feel fuller for a longer period of time. So instead of consuming a glass of low-fat milk and feeling the pang of hunger for a breakfast sandwich an hour later, consuming a glass of whole milk will sustain you for longer and potentially not needing an snack or pick-me-up throughout the day. Another hypothesis why whole milk is not linked with cardiovascular disease is because micronutrients found in whole milk produce more energy for our bodies which will increase metabolism. By increasing metabolism this ultimately gives a whole milk consumer more energy to exercise and participate in activities. With increased activity this ultimately leads to a healthier heart.
As with every food, whole milk is good in moderation. A person could not be sustained on whole milk alone and receive all the key vitamins and nutrients their body needs. A balanced diet of fruits, proteins, and vegetables in cohesion with whole milk are what the studies in Times and the Washington Post were examining. With the USDA re-examining food guidelines and portioning with the ever changing American diet, it will be interesting to hear what new unveiling they have for whole-milk consumers.
Rutter's Unsweetened Iced Tea… A healthy choice for a healthy lifestyle.
Our Unsweetened Iced Tea is a black tea blend with a bold, smooth flavor in a convenient take home package!
Sweeten or flavor it YOUR WAY!
Add sweetener, 100% fruit juice, syrup, honey or spices.
Rutter's Dairy got its start in York County in 1747, when Springetts Penn, grandson of Pennsylvania's founder William Penn, deeded land to the Rutter family.
Today, under the third generation of family leadership, Rutter's Dairy delivers dairy products throughout the mid-Atlantic region.
Rutter's Dairy produces Central Pennsylvania's favorite milk, chocolate milk and iced tea products.
All of Rutter's milk is produced on local farms and comes from cows not treated with artificial growth hormones.
Rutter's milk has been voted Best Milk for 13 years straight in the York Daily Record/Sunday News Best of York reader's poll. Last year, Rutter's improved both of its chocolate milk products and several iced tea products by removing high fructose corn syrup and replacing it with real sugar.
We recently transformed the design of our half gallon bottles of milk, iced tea and orange juice products, as part of our continued commitment to innovative packaging. Our new modern package pays homage to our old-fashioned glass milk bottles. The new bottle's clear plastic material allows you to easily see the liquid product before making the purchase!
Snow Day Homemade Ice Cream with Rutter's Milk!
Step 1: Fill a gallon bowl with snow or crushed ice.
Step 2: Add about 6 tablespoons of salt to the snow or ice. Mix for 5 minutes.
Step 4: Wait 5-8 minutes for the mixture to freeze into ice cream.
Step 5: When it feels frozen enough to eat, remove the inner bag and rinse it well with water to remove any salt.
Step 6: Grab a spoon and eat the ice cream right out of the bag!
Just in time for the Holiday's, Rutter's Egg Nog is back!
This sweetened dairy-based beverage is made to perfection.
Add spirits, or enjoy on it's own Rutter's Egg Nog is sure to be your favorite holiday treat!
Check out these great Egg Nog based recipes!


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THE RACE TO 2020
A featured presentation of the Washington Examiner
Rep. Ron DeSantis on the biggest no-brainer bill of the 115th Congress
By Daniel Allott
Following a spate of sexual harassment allegations against members of Congress, Florida Rep. Ron DeSantis introduced a bill in late November that should win an award for the biggest no-brainer legislation of the year. The bill would end the secret system members of Congress were using to pay off their accusers.
The Congressional Accountability and Hush Fund Elimination Act would bar the use of taxpayer money to pay settlements or awards for workplace harassment and discrimination claims. The new legislation would also require that the names of the lawmakers, the nature of the allegations against them, and any settlement payments be made public within 30 days. The bill would further require any member who has ever paid a settlement to reimburse the treasury with interest.
"When you're engaging in misconduct, to then have the taxpayer bail you out for the misconduct, and then keep it all secret from the public, that is just totally unacceptable," DeSantis, R-Fla., one of the bill's co-sponsors, said.
Under a 1995 law, even if the lawmaker was found guilty of misconduct, his or her name would be kept confidential. "They set up a permanent fund, basically unlimited, that would pay these claims as they come in," DeSantis said. The fund had been used more than 200 times for a total of more than $17 million in payouts over the last two decades.
The two keys to the new bill, DeSantis said, are to keep the information public and to make sure taxpayers aren't forced to fund settlements.
"Now the victims, you can keep them confidential, that's fine," he said. "But if you have a member, like a [Rep. John] Conyers cutting a check, or some of these guys, that's a major problem and the taxpayer has the right to know that."
Asked whether the disclosure agreements should be made retroactive, DeSantis said it should be up to the victims. But the names of members paying the claims should not be covered by any prior confidentiality agreement. "You can't bar the taxpayer from having access to how their money is spent," he said.
This video was originally featured as a part of the Washington Examiner's series The Race To 2020: The people and places that will define a presidency. You can read more here.


International competitions «Tikhvin-2012» – 3rd stage of World Cup was held from July 30 to August 6, 2012. Vladimir Skrabov won blitz and tournament with classical time control. See final standing and standing in World Cup after 3rd stage.
The Section-64 FMJD in accordance with the calendar of the Section-64 competitions in 2012 holds from July 30 (arrival day) to August 7, 2012. international competitions «Tikhvin-2012» – World Cup.
– for foreign participants and participants at the special invitation of the organizers – no fee.
– for participants, representing Leningrad region – 250 rubles.
– for participants, representing Tikhvin – 100 rubles.
– for other participants – 1000 rubles.
Participants who took 1-3 places in both programs will be awarded by diplomas of Section 64 FMJD, medals and money prizes. Participant who took a 1st place also will be awarded by the Cup. The winners of 4 – 6 places in the main program will be awarded by money prizes.


Soundlands' second season launches with Annea Lockwood's live Piano Burning performance as part of a re-creation of all three of her 60s / 70s Piano Transplant series.
A rare opportunity to see Annea Lockwood perform her seminal 1968 work Piano Burning – at once sound art, performance, music and spectacle. Part of the Soundlands ongoing festival of sound art, Piano Burning is hosted by The Old Goods Yard Artists' Collective who will also follow the performance with their own artistic responses.
As prescribed in Annea Lockwood's 1969 score, the piano is beyond repair.
Piano Burning performed by Annea Lockwood (NZ/USA) with guests Xenia Pestova (NZ/CAN/CY), Ed Wright (ENG/CY) and Sarah Westwood (ENG ).
Soundlands is linking up three venues to screen live footage of all three of her Piano Transplant works for one evening only.
Annea Lockwood is a New Zealand born composer now settled in the USA. During the 1960s she collaborated with sound poets, choreographers and visual artists, and also created a number of works such as the Glass Concerts which initiated her lifelong fascination with timbre and new sound sources.
In 1968, and in synchronous homage to Christian Barnard's pioneering heart transplants, Lockwood began a series of Piano Transplants in which defunct pianos were burned, drowned, beached, and planted in an English garden.
Many of her compositions include recordings of natural 'found sounds' and can be heard on labels such as Lovely, Harmonia Mundi and Ambitus.
Refreshments available and informal opportunity to meet the artists while Brian Nylon spins piano orientated lounge discs.
No parking available on site. Park in Menai Bridge (five mins walk).
Presented by Soundlands for Bangor Sound City in partnership with Harwich Festival of the Arts and The Old Goods Yard Artists' Collective.
Thank you to: Dan Rosen; Rachel, Keith, Femke and all at The Old Goods Yard Collective; Roger Hughes; Andy, Xenia & Ed at Bangor University School of Music; Real Institute.
Bangor Sound City is funded by Arts Council of Wales.


The dirt road wasn't as smooth as it looked. The Crapmobile bounced Elizabeth around, rocking her to and fro as Reuben guided them deeper through the woods.
Regardless of the of continuously knocking her elbow against the truck door, Elizabeth couldn't help but enjoy the scenery. Light filtered through the canopy of leaves casting rays down on the foliage below. It was the sort of place Elizabeth imagined as a kid. The setting to those fairytales that Adelaide used to read to her at night.
The rough ride came to a stop when they had spotted water. The calm surface reflecting the rolling landscape around it like a mirror.
"This looks like a good spot," Reuben said, parking on the edge of the small clearing. "There's even a place for a small fire ready to go."
Elizabeth slid out of the truck, her flip-flops meeting the rocky surface. She had never been somewhere so green. It was pure and untouched – very different to the structured cities she was used to.
"How's this for your first time camping?" Reuben said, coming up beside Elizabeth who stood on the edge of the lake.
The fresh water lapped against her bare toes. "Better than I was initially expecting."
"Well that's good, just don't raise your expectations any higher."
Elizabeth blinked at Reuben's retreating back. He had slipped on a light plaid flannel earlier that afternoon and she couldn't help but admire how the material moved with his shoulders.
"There's no room service out in the wilderness." Even though he didn't turn around Elizabeth could sense the dimple indented in his cheek. "Now let's get moving, we have a few things to do before it gets dark."
"Like what? It's not like we have a tent to set up or anything."
"You want to eat, don't you?"
Elizabeth shadowed him back to the truck. "Don't we have more of those snacky things?"
"We did..." Reuben twisted to raise a brow at her. "Until someone ate them all."
Warmth spread through Elizabeth's face when Reuben opened the passenger side door. A pile of empty wrappers littered the cloth seats – one tumbling to the dirt below.
Elizabeth's jaw unhinged. "So we have no food?"
"Well," Elizabeth went to reach for the map in the dashboard. "Can't we go out and buy some?"
"Sure, do you happen to know where we are? Maybe you can direct me to the nearest grocery store."
Elizabeth's eye twitched at Reuben's use of sarcasm. "Then what do you suggest we do?"
"Fishing?" A cloud of disbelief appeared over Elizabeth's head. "We didn't buy any fishing rods."


EFS Combust was a new company in the race car industry looking to amp up their look. We gave some minor tweaks to their existing logo and an updated color scheme to set them apart from competitors. Using a mix of navy and bright pops of yellows and greens along with simple clean graphic elements, we were able to take all of their marketing materials from brochures and billboards to tradeshow exhibits and videos to the next level.


Image Title: Free Standing Black Marble Pedestal Sink Bathroom 90 Cm X 40 Cono Throughout Inspirations 12. Filename: free-standing-black-marble-pedestal-sink-bathroom-90-cm-x-40-cono-throughout-inspirations-12.jpg. Image Dimension: 600 x 900 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Zackary Balistreri. Uploaded Date: Wednesday - May 09th. 2018 16:47:19 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: homedit.com.
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Leads, leads, leads. Marketers are obsessed with leads. The problem is that only a surprising few marketers have a firm grasp on the ins and outs of the lead generation ecosystem. True, it can be confusing. But, we don't believe it has to be. That's why LQ Digital has put together this handy white paper to explain the common pitfalls of the lead generation ecosystem and how breaking the supply chain – to help you weed out the "good" leads from the "bad" – can be your recipe for long-term business growth.
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In this Ethereum cloud mining article, we conduct the analysis of the cryptocurrency in terms of its future and profitability. With the growth of bitcoin, ETH feels its impact as well. Thus, in this review, we go over the mining prospects of the digital currency. We also show what to look for when designing a profitability calculator and what platforms are available.
Ethereum is an open source platform that uses blockchain records, much like what bitcoin has. The cryptocurrency established itself in July 2015 by developer Vitalik Buterin, who proposed the structure of the platform in 2013. After the ICO, the algorithm that separates ETH from others was born, called Ethash, a proof of work (PoW). It is a modified version of Dagger-Hashimoto where smart contracts are used to secure transactions.
It is worthy to note that in recent months, the Ethereum developers have been working towards proof of stake (PoS). This development will make the coin unminable, as to battle growing fluctuations of value in recent months. This has a major impact on both mining and cloud mining properties. To understand just how major the change is, let's take a look at the mining difficulty in Etherscan's chart below.
Mining operations for Ethereum were quite profitable until mid-2017 when the announcement was made regarding PoS. The difficulty rate of awarded blocks rose tremendously and organization behind the coin will continue doing so. This signifies the point that cloud mining of the coin would be changed from mining into futures contracts. You purchase the right to hold current value of Eth while hoping that price will increase as times goes by. But this way, it would no longer be cloud mining but rather futures margin trading.
As for the price, like almost all other cryptocurrencies out there, it seems that ETH also follows bitcoin's fluctuations. As shown below, whenever bitcoin grew or fell recently, Ethereum followed it nearly identically.
Due to the large BTC price growth, the above chart did change positions in December 2017 but the price trend remained the same. ETH follows closely BTC, which we believe will continue to be the case in foreseeable future. This movement might be changed is when PoS is implemented fully and introductions of new developments announced.
There are several aspects of cloud mining profitability analysis that you need to be aware of. The first is the mining difficulty, as it defines daily payouts expressed in ETH. Its difficulty increased greatly in recent month and developers are not hiding the fact that they wish it unminable.
This will make the cloud mining contracting in Ethereum pretty much useless as soon as PoS is implemented. It is still too early to say exactly when the new algorithm will take place. But it can be said that either this or next year will see the change being made.
Next in line is the value of the cryptocurrency, which follows bitcoins most closely. If bitcoin grows, so does Ethereum. With payout made on daily basis, it depends on bitcoin how profitable your coin will be. Much the same stands for all other coins, Zcash, Monero, and Litecoin, which implies risk and opportunity at the same time.
Lastly, unlike bitcoin but similar to other cryptos does not include maintenance fees when cloud mining market is in question. Most of the companies offering the service do not charge you the daily fee, making the coin a bit more profitable than bitcoin. Other coins like Zcash, Monero, and Litecoin also do not come with daily costs as well.
When it comes to contract length, all coins are mined under similar requirements. The contract length differs from platform to platform. The lifetime contracting is a lot rarer occurrence for Ethereum (and others) than a fixed period. In most cases, the obligatory program would last between a year and three years, with one and two years being the most popular.
Fixed period plans tend not to be so fixed after all. Organizations offering the service reserve the right to change or cancel plans according to the market trends.
In this review, we go over companies that offer Ethereum cloud mining plans for clients around the world. The chosen platforms that you can reach for cloud mining plans in this article are Genesis Mining, Hashflare, and MiningRigRentals.
In terms of popularity and strength of mining farms, genesis Mining comes on top. Established in 2013, cloud mining website offers three main plans for you to choose from regarding Ethereum. These are Small, Medium, and Large plans, all of which are available at this moment. You can check out more details in the snapshot below.
Ethereum contracts, compared to other coins, are the most expensive in Genesis Mining at this moment. Contracts last for 2 years at the moment.
A Hashflare program, unlike Genesis Mining, has no specific plans but offers contracts worth of $2.20 per 100 TH/s. These programs last for a year while payouts are made on daily basis, just like with other companies out there. There are no maintenance fees while hardware used for mining from the company's side are GPU Rigs.
MiningRigRentals offers a different environment than its counterparts, Genesis Mining and Hashflare for cloud mining investors. The marketplace is peer-to-peer (P2P) based and allows individuals to make their own deals with each other. Thus, contracting length, maintenance fees, daily payouts, and other indicators depend on individual pools. You can check out the ETH market in a snapshot below.
When compared to other coins, Ethereum cloud mining plans are the riskiest of the bunch. We would not recommend engaging in contracts that span over 6 months, due to the fact that cryptocurrency is moving from PoW to PoS. Soon, it will be unminable and your payouts may stop in its tracks at any time in the near future.
How to Rent Hashing Power at Mining Rig Rentals?


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City of Auburn » City Hall » Parks, Arts, & Recreation » Sports and Athletics » Youth Sports
The Parks Department manages over 900 acres of park land including 33 developed parks and 22 linear miles of trails.
23,500 visited the Auburn Farmers Market in 2018, the highest customer attendance since 2012.
Last year, over 13,000 people attended performances at the Auburn Avenue Theater.
Over 1,800 youth and 1,700 adults participated in sports programs through Auburn Parks, Arts & Recreation.
The Auburn Parks, Arts & Recreation Department offers various seasonal sport leagues for kids. A summary of each activity is included below along with the assignment/eligibility procedures. To check out the current season league offerings, visit Auburn @ Play On-line.
View all youth league schedules
Field Use Request Form (PDF)
Youth Sports Individual Registration Form (PDF) - only for select basketball
Select Basketball League
Grades 4-8 (Winter) & Grades 4-7 (Summer): This is a competitive league we are planning to have separate divisions. Grade levels maybe combined if necessary. This is a combined league with Sumner/Bonney Lake and Puyallup. Home games will be played in Auburn. Each team will play 9 games (Winter) 8 games (Summer). Registration is by team only no individual registrations. Practices start in November (Winter), games December through early March. Summer is late June through early August.
Select Basketball League Roster form (PDF).
Baseball/Fastpitch:
Pee Wee T-ball (Ages 3-4): This is a introductory sports program to prepare children for our league sports program. Players will learn the basic skills of throwing, catching, base running and hitting. After a few weeks of practice some modified games will be implemented. Some parent participation maybe required. Tuesday 5:30-6:15 PM or 6:30-7:15 PM or Thursday sessions from 5:30-6:15 PM or 6:30-7:15 PM. Fee is $45, resident discount fee is $36.
Baseball - Kindergarten Rules (PDF): For children who will be entering Kindergarten in the fall of the current year and for those who are currently in Kindergarten. Baseball Kindergarten is a coed instructional team sports program emphasizing sportsmanship and fundamentals in a fun-filled atmosphere. This program will be t-ball and coach pitch for those who are ready for it. Baseball Kindergarten has practices and games on Tuesdays and Thursdays June 2-July 30. Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Baseball - Grades 1-2 Rules (PDF): League is a coed instructional machine-pitch program emphasizing sportsmanship and fundamentals in a fun-filled atmosphere. Practices and games are on Mondays and Wednesdays June 1-July 29. Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Baseball - Grades 3-4 Rules (PDF): League is a natural progression from our instructional leagues. Teams play with 10 fielders, receive five pitched by their own pitcher and game scores are not recorded. Teams practice and play eight league games on Mondays -Thursdays, June 3-August 8. Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Girls' Fastpitch - Grades 3-4 Rules (PDF): League is a natural progression from our instructional leagues. Teams play with 10 fielders, receive five pitched by their own pitcher and game scores are not recorded. Teams practice and play eight league games on Mondays -Thursdays, June 1-August 13 Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Baseball - Grades 5-6 Rules (PDF): Teams play with nine fielders and balls and strikes called by an umpire. Teams practice and play eight league games on Mondays -Thursdays, June 1-Aug 13. Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Girls' Fastpitch - Grades 5-6 Rules (PDF): Teams play with nine fielders and balls and strikes called by an umpire. Teams practice and play eight league games on Mondays -Thursdays, June 1-August 13. Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Baseball - Grades 7-8 Rules (PDF): Baseball teams play with nine fielders and balls and strikes called by an umpire. Teams practice and play eight league games on Mondays -Thursdays, June 1-August 13. Fee $73, resident discount fee is $60. $10 Early bird discount if registered by May 6.
Dodgeball (grades 1-5): Practices (one day per week) will be Monday-Thursday evenings games will be mostly on Saturdays with an occasional week night game. Practices start in March, games start in April. Separate leagues for K-1st, 2nd-3rd, 4th-5th grade, levels may be combined if necessary. Separate boys and girl's leagues will be offered.
Flag Football (grades 3-5): Six-a-side, passing, no contact league. Games and practices are on Monday and Wednesday evenings. Practices start mid-November, six league games will be played in January.
Golf (age 9-14): Learn the basics of golf through group lessons. Demonstrations and instructions offered for ages 9-14 years in the summer. June 22-25; July 6-9; 8:00-9:30 AM, $24/$30.
Pee Wee Soccer (ages 3-4): This is a introductory sports program to prepare children for our league sports program. Players will learn the basic skills of dribbling, passing, receiving, and shooting. After a few weeks of practice some modified games will be implemented. Some parent participation maybe required.
Youth Soccer (grades K-8): This fall program, registration in June and July practice begins in September and continues through early to mid-November. Registration deadline is first Wednesday of August. Boys and girls play in separate leagues. Each player receives a t-shirt and a ball. Older Grades maybe combined with Covington Parks & Recreation league.
Additional Youth Soccer Information
Track & Field (grades 1-8): The Auburn Parks and Recreation Department Youth Track & Field program is a recreational program for boys and girls in grades 1 through 8. It includes a variety of running and field events. Sportsmanship, conditioning, leadership, and confidence are reinforced. Participants will learn the proper fundamentals of track and field events in a fun-filled atmosphere and get an opportunity to compete with other kids in various meets in Auburn, Issaquah, Snoqualmie & Renton. Early registration is due on the first Wednesday in May.
Tennis Quick Start (ages 5-7): QuickStart Tennis is an exciting new play format for learning tennis, designed to bring kids into the game by utilizing specialized equipment, shorter court dimensions and modified scoring, all tailored to age and size. Lessons will be held at the tennis courts at Auburn High School, 3rd ST NE & E ST NE on Tuesdays or Thursdays from 4:30-5:15 PM.
Tennis - Youth (ages 8-13): Beginner and intermediate players are welcome. Those 14 and older may participate in the adult lessons. Lessons will be held at the tennis courts at Auburn High School (Tuesday/Thursday) or Game Farm Park (Monday/Wednesday) from 5:30-6:30 PM, Registrants are required to supply their own tennis racket and one can of new unopened tennis balls.
Tennis - Adult Beginner (ages 14+): Tennis lessons will be offered for beginner and advanced beginner players. Learn the fundamentals of tennis: forehand, backhand, and serving. Lessons will be held at the tennis courts at Auburn High School (Tuesday/Thursday) from 6:30-7:30 PM. Registrants are required to supply their own tennis racket and one can of new unopened tennis balls.
Tennis - Adult Intermediate (ages 14+): Participants will fine tune skills and learn and develop strategy for match play. Instruction will be in a 'team tennis style' practice atmosphere with both fundamental instruction and match play. Tennis experience is necessary. It is recommended that participants receive lessons prior to enrollment. Pre-requisite: minimum beginning lessons. Lessons will be held at the tennis courts at Game Farm Park Monday/Wednesday from 6:30-8:00 PM, Auburn High School Tuesday/Thursday, 7:45-9:15 PM. Registrants are required to supply their own tennis racket and one can of new unopened tennis balls.
Assignment/Eligibility Procedures
First priority is given to children who reside or attend a public or private school in the Auburn or Dieringer School District boundaries, including all Auburn street addresses. Participants must play in grade level in which they are currently enrolled (i.e. players are not allowed to play up or down a grade level). When registered by the published deadline players are assigned to teams by the following priorities:
Returning players are placed with the same head coach as the previous year, provided player attends the same school as the coach's child. Parents can request players not be retained by returning coach.
Non-returning players are assigned to teams based on the school they attend or would attend, e.g., home school, STEP program.
If there are enough registrations for more than one team from a school, teams are filled in the order registrations are received. The balance of players, if not enough for a full team, will be combined with another school.
If registered after the published deadline, players are assigned to a team by the parks staff. Assignments are based on the need for players on teams, not necessarily the school the student attends. Late fees may be assessed.
Players from outside of the Auburn and Dieringer school district boundaries will be accepted after the deadline and assigned to teams as needed.
The City does not discriminate for any reason, to include discrimination on the basis of sex in the operation, conduct, or administration of its community athletic programs. Sports leagues that use City of Auburn public facilities are also forbidden from discriminating on the basis of sex in the operation, conduct, or administration of community athletic programs. Concerns or questions related to Sex Discrimination in community recreation program requirements should contact the Recreation Manager.
Coaches Needed: Volunteers are needed to make the youth sports programs a success. We are always recruiting coaches and assistant coaches. Coaches are certified through the National Alliance for Youth Sports (NAYS). Contact us if you would like to assist with this year's program. Volunteer assignments are made on the basis of completing the following:
Completing a City of Auburn Volunteer Application
Passing a National background check
For more information call 253-931-3043, email Auburn Sport Leagues, or fill out the online Volunteer Application.
Sponsors Needed, for Spring/Summer & Fall sports seasons: We are continuously looking for sponsors for youth sport teams. Fee is $195 per team. Contact Auburn Sports Leagues if interested.
Land O'Frost is a proud sponsor of Youth Sports Leagues in Auburn. For discounts on Land O'Frost products, please visit the Land O'Frost promotions page.


text:
Q: How to emulate MySQL SUBSTRING_INDEX() in scala? How can I emulate MySQL function SUBSTRING_INDEX() in scala using scala string functions?
For example
MySQL:
SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('This is test number one', ' ', 3);
returns This is test
How to achieve same in scala?

A: I didn't test this one but I think it should work as expected;
 def substringWithIndex(str: String, splitter: String, index: Int): String = {
    str.split(splitter).zipWithIndex.foldLeft("") { (acc, i) =>
      if(i._2 == 0)
        i._1
      else if(i._2 < index)
        acc + splitter + i._1
      else
        acc
    }
  }

A: I don't get this either. This is a bit simpler solution that works as desired.
object Main {
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    val str = "this is a string"
    val substring = takeWords(str, ' ', 3)
    println(substring) // yields "this is a"
  }

  def takeWords(s: String, splitAt: Char, n: Int): String = {
    s.split(splitAt) take n mkString(" ") //or whatever separator you need
  }
}

A: def substringIndex(str: String, n: Int, splitter: String = "\\s+"): String =
    str split splitter take n mkString " "

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Most of the people get angry over small, simple and silly matters which not only harms the self physically and emotionally but also pollutes the whole atmosphere of the office and home besides irreparable loss in cordial relationship. The main causes of anger are ego, fear or frustration.
Ego: We always think that we are always right and rest of the world is wrong. What we are saying must be heard and followed. Ego is just like dust in the eyes. Without clearing the dust, we can't see anything clearly. So clear the Ego and see the world. Egoistic person can't have the capacity to listen to the truth. So most people avoid such type of people as dealing with them is very stressful and nobody wants to add stress in their lives. In short we can say that we get angry if our ego is not satisfied, if it is satisfied, we feel happy.
Frustration: "Anger always comes from frustrated expectation"-Elliott Larson. Most of the times anger comes from frustration which has very bad impact on our mind and body. When things do not go as we wish or as we plan and there is an obstacle we immediately become frustrated and angry on persons around us. There are people who can deal with these problems in a calm and rational manner but there are many who are internally weak and have no control on their thoughts react angrily. Frustration not only creates anger but also leads to depression because a frustrated person sees everything as a problem and becomes negative. In society people will hurt you with their words and action and you cannot change them but you can change the thoughts and develop a habit of let go. Accepting life is one of the way of avoiding frustration.
In some cases hormonal imbalances can also the cause angry reactions. Low level of Testosterone harmone produces variety of symptoms i.e. feeling of depression, mood swings and often associated with male anger and aggression. Similarly when women go through menopause numbers of hormonal changes happen in the body which has large effect on physical changes besides number of emotional problems like mood swings. Thus during menopause estrogen hormonal balance is disturbed and people become more impulsive and react angrily. This imbalance can be corrected with medicines, change life style besides meditation.
If you want to get rid of this most dangerous disease sit and analyse why you get angry. Most of the things done during anger will cause you regret and pain. If you could see the video of yourself getting angry, the humiliation definitely will be helpful in curing the disease called anger.
"My friends, love is better than anger. Hope is better than fear. Optimism is better than despair. So let us be loving, hopeful and optimistic. And we'll change the world"–Jack Layton.
Life is simple. we complicate it.
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A good while ago, I read an article by the creator of viemu, clearing up a lot of the misconceptions about vi, as well as explaining why it's a good idea (and why it's been very popular for the last 30 years+). The same guy also has a great set of graphical cheat sheets that teach the basics a few bits at a time.
I've been convinced for the past 2 years in fact. But I still really haven't gotten around to force myself to learn vi as my primary editor, the learning curve is just too high. When I get down to work, acceptable but immediate productivity (using my current editor) has so far won over tremendous productivity farther down the line (using vi).
Does anybody have any good tips to help get past the learning curve? It can be straight out tips, some other tutorial or article, whatever.
Edit: Note that I'm aware of the vim/gVim, Cream and MacVim (etc.) variants of vi. I kept my question about vi to refer to the vi family as a whole. Thanks for all the great answers.
Good luck to everyone in their Vim mastery.
First of all, you may want to pick up Vim; it has a vastly superior feature set along with everything vi has.
That said, it takes discipline to learn. If you have a job and can't afford the productivity hit (without getting fired), I'd suggest taking on a weekend project for the sole purpose of learning the editor. Keep its documentation open as you work, and be disciplined enough not to chicken out. As you learn more, become efficient and start relying on muscle memory, it won't be as hard to stick with it.
I've been using Vim for so long that I don't even think about what keys to press to search or navigate or save. And my hands never leave the keyboard. To use Vim is one of the best choices I've made in my programming career.
The first thing I'd do is lay a piece of paper or a book over your arrow keys and your ins/home/end/pgup/down keys. Those aren't needed in Vi.
Next I'd get used to hitting ctrl+[ whenever you're told to hit escape. It's much faster and you won't need to take your hands off the keyboard.
Then, just practice practice practice.
edit The reason for avoiding the arrow keys is that they slow you down. One of the largest benefits of Vim is the speed it allows you. The arrow keys also prevent you from really embracing the modal nature, which is very powerful when mastered.
Step 0: learn to touch type. Seriously - if your fingers don't know where the keys are then vim is going to be a pain. And even if you reject vim, touch typing will improve your programming (ask Steve Yegge ) by making the mind to monitor link friction free. There is a lot of software that can help you improve your typing.
Step 1: use vimtutor to get you started. It is in gvim (under the help menu I think) or you can just type 'vimtutor' at the command line. It will take 30-45 minutes of your time and then your fingers will know the basics of vi/vim and you should be able to edit files without wanting to hurl your keyboard out of the window.
Step 2: use vim everywhere. See this question for tips and links for using vim and vi key bindings at the command line, from your web browser, for composing emails, in your IDE ... You need to use vim to embed the key bindings in your muscle memory.
Step 3: learn more about vim. You will only have scratched the surface with vimtutor. You can watch this video or read this article (both about the "Seven habits of effective text editing". You can read about tips and tricks on StackOverflow. You can browse vimtips. Learn a litle often would be my advice - there is so much out there that sticking to bite-size chunks will be the best way to make the knowledge stick.
I've been a on-again, off-again user of vim throughout the years (doing the occasional sys admin job). I just recently started spending more time doing my programming work in it. I'd suggest starting with gvim too. It integrates well with most OS environments, and (even better), you can fall back to the mouse when you need to :).
To get going with vim, run through the vimtutor (bundled with gVim) once or twice (takes an hour or so). I can't overstate how helpful it was for me! Especially the first parts about the different ways to move through a document, and how edit actions are recorded with motion commands, etc, etc. After that, things will be MUCH clearer.
Then, start doing quick, minor edits with it (notepad-replacement stuff) 'till you are comfortable enough to do useful editing at a rapid clip. Then try doing your day-to-day work in it. You'll find yourself pining for the "repeat last action" command in other editors in no time!
You asked for good tips to help get past the learning curve on the vi text editor. Many of the previous answers suggest you use no other editors. I think that is good advice. Switching to vi from a more graphical editor requires a change in mindset. It requires thinking in terms of commands, rather than visual changes.
Here's the key. As I became comfortable with one of the commands, I drew a line through it with a pencil. I could still see it if I needed it, but it was symbolic to me that I had mastered that command. That gave me confidence and motivation as I could see regular progress. Once I had most of them crossed off, I removed them and added some of the more rarely used commands. I continued this process until I was satisfied with my command of vi. I knew I had reached that point when I realized I had not crossed off any commands or even looked at the list in a long time.
A couple years ago I had need to work on a UNIX platform where vi was the only editor available. I bought a little pocket reference book on vi, but hardly used it. I ended up making lists and posting them on the wall as I did the first time I used vi. By the end of the first week, I was very comfortable even though it had been five years since I had used vi.
For me VI is a good emergency editor, but not something I want to use if there is any other alternative available. I realize this is not for everyone though, I'm not saying it's horrid or anything, I just personally prefer a discoverable UI.
But you really have to know VI if you do anything significant in Linux!
That will get you through any editing emergency. There is nothing you can't do with those few commands (and navigation of course). The rest you can "Tack on" as you need them.
Keep a reference or book available though--when you NEED to use VI, you probably won't be able to browse the web--but the man page may be somewhat useful.
force yourself not. the path to mastery love is.
You should start with vim (Vi IMproved) and especially its GUI - gVim. The GUI has menus and on Windows you can use the copy, cut and paste shortcuts, so you can replace Notepad immediately. And since the menus display the shortcuts (vim commands) you could learn a lot.
Another thing that you should do from the beginning is to configure vi for your needs. For example, you can transform vim into a Python IDE. By doing this, you'll have no excuse for using another editor, because vi will offer you everything you need.
delete all other text editor apps.
Then you will have to learn it.
Every time you're doing a complex editing task, keep wondering if there is a more efficient way to do it. Most times, when it's something that you can describe in simple terms (like "swap paragraphs of text" or "delete everything after the X character in commented lines"), it's something you can do in just a couple of keystrokes in vim.
Use a spaced repetition flash card program such as mnemosyne, supermemo, or anki to incorporate learning and retaining new commands into your daily routine. It's not enough to be using vim as your daily editor. To master it, you have to be storing those codes in your head, laying in wait for the time when they're the ideal solution to the task at hand.
I wrote a guide to efficient editing with Vim a while back. You may find it helpful.
I'd step back for a minute and ask yourself "why do I want to learn this editor? What makes me think it'll be faster or better than my current text editor?" Then learn those features that will make Vi(m) indispensable to you.
For instance, Vim's CTags integration is completely indispensable for me. I work with a very, very large codebase, and the ability to jump to a function or class definition in one keystroke (regardless of which file it's in) is an absolutely killer feature, one I have trouble working without.
Use your .vimrc file to make macros that automate common tasks.
A lot of basic editing can be done using only these commands. Once you get comfortable, the rest don't look too difficult.
BTW, I'd like to add that I used to rely on vi for my primary text editor, but now only if I have to. In my case, productivity is better when I use tools like Emacs or Visual Studio (please note: "in my case"). Try more than one tool and choose the one that helps your productivity the most. Good luck!
It sounds silly, but playing roguelike games (such as Nethack or Angband) is a fun way to get comfortable with using the h/j/k/l keys for cursor navigation.
Write down all the short-cuts and features that you use in your current editor while you're using it at work. Then sit down on Saturday morning and using Google and stack overflow find out how to do each one of those in vi. Probably best if you use a sheet (or sheets) of paper for this.
Now disable/delete the other editors at work so that it'll take you longer to find and re-install them than look at your comparison sheet and do it in vi - i.e. you have no choice.
Lastly, publish your list of crossover shortcuts from your old editor to your new one on your blog.
Change your login shell to vi?
First, force yourself to use ed, then vi will seem like a luxury?
Use the vi key bindings in bash?
Just start using vi all the time?
It seems to me that learning an editor isn't terribly different from learning a language. Immersion works best.
I use vi for really quick edits or when I can't use X11 for some reason, but I live in emacs. Really powerful editors are worth taking the time to learn.
My recommendation is to come up with some simple programs and write them, start to finish, using VI.
Odds are, you will be too frustrated at first by the learning curve to force yourself to use them at work or in any time-sensitive environment.
I've done this before to get familiar with environments/editors, and it works pretty well.
Edit: forgot to mention that you should do this entirely from the console to avoid any temptation to use the mouse!
I remember when I first started learning emacs, it was after I was already very comfortable with Vim, and I was in the same or similar boat that you were, where I knew how to get a lot done in another editor, so as I started using emacs, it was always painfully slow.
However, I think what you'll have to do is just absorb a little bit of the pain, and always, always, ALWAYS make sure that you look up the documentation for doing something that you know you can do in your previous editor, such as moving to the end of a line, or selecting a region of text.
It also helps if you have a local vi-expert on hand that you can ask questions, or if you're like our company, you promote pair programming. That way when you're trying to do something that should be easy, you can simply ask someone, they'll show you how, and if you're using the editor regularly for a few weeks, you shouldn't have to ask more then a couple of times before it becomes second nature.
If you don't have any local resources, there are plenty of books/tutorials/reference sheets online that should be able to answer most of your questions.
The main reason for me to use vi is ssh (or Putty on Windows): When you're logged into a Unix server remotely, then vi is always available. And it works with VT100 when neither the cursor keys nor backspace/delete are mapped.
Also having a book like VI Editor Pocket Reference helps greatly.
gVIM has a really good tutorial (link in the Start menu group).
I found working through that helped to get over the initial learning hump; and then switching my Visual Studio to ViEMU helped me hone my VI skills.
Also, the screencasts at http://vimcasts.org/ are great!
You could get your hands on one of the original Happy Hacker keyboards (no arrow keys) and place your (wireless) mouse out of reach each time you start editing.
It's easy to write out a big list of commands/shortcuts, but it's difficult to remember them all without practice.
Focus on one new command at a time. When it becomes automatic, say after using it for a week or two, add another to your repertoire.
You'll be taking the long way around to accomplish certain things in the short term - these are obvious opportunities for new shortcuts to learn.
In my experience it was easier when I tried not to take on too much at once.
My number one suggestion: learn to type fast, without needing to look at the keyboard.
If you can't touch type and are always hunting-and-pecking for the colon or the hjkl or :%s/foo/bar, forget about it. Typing can be faster than using the mouse, but if that's not the case for you, vi's not going to work.
But combine good typing skills, ssh and screen and vi will be natural.
Face the fact that it will create an immediate performance hit. When learning a new tool you need to be able to do something that you know how to do with other tools so the problem isn't your problem. After using the new tool a while it will disappear and you will be only focusing on the underlying problem.
With something like vim (as others have said, vim is vastly superior to vi) it is important to reread and browse the documentation periodically. The interface is completely undiscoverable without it. With each new reading you will see a feature and say, "ah ha, that would have solved this issue I was trying to figure out last week", and will file it away in your brain. Solutions connected to real-world problems that you've had are much easier for you to remember than random shortcuts.
In the end you can use vim with a fairly small subset of it's features, so don't be overwhelmed with all the bells and whistles. Think of all the features in Word, do 99% of the people use them?
ESC gg=G to reindent code and :retab to convert tabs to spaces or spaces to tabs was what hooked me to vim. So actually you don't need to be forced to use it, you just have to learn when it can help you increase your speed.
Start using vim for simple editing, like config files or html. Learn the commands as you need them.
Search google for a good .vimrc used by someone who uses a toolchain that resembles yours. Turn on syntax highlighting. Find a nice color scheme.
Learn macros because Vim is the best for automated tasks and snippet insertion, like formatting a few words into a complex XML tag or converting a CSV to an HTML table.
You might want to start out with Cream. Cream describes itself as "a modern configuration" of vim. Basically, it is a special version of vim which looks and feels like any other text editor for all practical purposes. But enable the "expert mode" and you have all the power and behavior of vim.
So you can start using Cream as a regular text editor and then experiment with the "expert mode" until you are comfortable enough to fully switch to vim.
Install gVim on all platforms you use.
Then run through the the vimtutor (:help vimtutor or vimtutor at the command line).
I say you definitely want to start using it for all your editing. If you fear a loss of productivity then take a weekend to practice it solid (I once did this to switch to dvorak from qwerty and had my productivity high enough by Monday and managed to stick with it after).
It's worth the effort and you won't look back!
Personally, what I had to do was make sure that I could use the Vim key-bindings (or at least, close enough) in several applications. Having to completely switch how I edited text whenever I changed editors made it too hard to get the Vim editing style committed to muscle memory.
In my case, Viemu + vimperator did the trick.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged vim editor text-editor vi or ask your own question.
What is in your .vimrc?
How not to give up on VIM?
What are ways to reduce mode errors while learning vim?
Why should I learn vi?


text:
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The barque James Craig was built by Bartram, Haswell & Co. in Sunderland, England in 1874. Originally named Clan Macleod, her maiden voyage was to Peru.For 26 years she plied the trade routes of the world carrying general cargoes during which period she rounded Cape Horn 23 times. In 1900 she was purchased by Mr J J Craig of Auckland and was used on trans-Tasman trade routes as a general cargo carrier.
In 1905 she was re-named James Craig and then a short six years later, in 1911, she was laid up because increasing competition from steam ships made sailing vessels uneconomical. She was then stripped and used as a copra hulk in New Guinea.After the First World War there was an acute shortage of cargo ships. This gave James Craig a new lease of life after being towed from New Guinea to Sydney for re-fitting. Her return to service was brief because in 1925 she was reduced to a coal hulk at Recherche Bay, Tasmania. In 1932 she was abandoned and became beached after breaking her moorings in a storm.
She remained beached until 1972 when volunteers re-floated her. In 1973 she was towed to Hobart where temporary repairs were carried out. She was towed to Sydney in 1981 and restoration work commenced. The James Craig's restored hull was re-launched in February 1997.
Off Sydney Heads, on a glorious summer day in February 2001, she hoisted all her 21 sails for the first time in nearly 80 years and is now fully operational.
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