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Home All issues Volume 188 / No 4 (2017) Bull. Soc. géol. Fr., 188 4 (2017) E3 Full HTML
Fluid flow in sedimentary basins
Bull. Soc. géol. Fr.
2 Organic matter ...
3 Seafloor fluid seepage
4 From the ...
5 The dual ...
6 Triggering and ...
BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 2017, 188, E3
Geological fluid flow in sedimentary basins
Les fluides géologiques dans les bassins sédimentaires
Aurélien Gay1* and Sébastien Migeon2
1 Géosciences Montpellier, UMR 5243–CC 60, Université Montpellier 2, place E.-Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
2 GEOAZUR, UMR 7329, 250 rue Albert-Einstein, Les Lucioles 1, Sophia-Antipolis 06560 Valbonne, France
* Corresponding author: aurelien.gay@gm.univ-montp2.fr
Key words: TOC / organic matter preservation / fluid seep / methane hydrates / bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) / dynamic seepage / seismic pipes / fluid migration
Mots clés : expulsion des fluides / préservation de la matière organique / hydrates de gaz / cheminées sismiques / migration des fluides
For over 50 years, sedimentary basins have been considered as the lithosphere's surface film, belonging to the subsurface domain and containing the vast majority of accessible mineral and energy resources. Beyond their human use, sedimentary basins are more importantly the ultimate exchange interface between the earth's main reservoirs. Firstly, between the upper lithosphere and the atmosphere-hydrosphere reservoirs, exchanges are mainly vertical. Next, between the onshore reservoirs, i.e., on the continental part, and the offshore reservoirs, i.e., in the submerged part of the margins, exchanges are lateral and may take place over great distances. Unexpected low accumulations and/or dry holes are becoming more frequent in petroleum exploration and gaining an understanding on lateral migration of fluids and bypass system are one of the geological challenges that must be addressed to reach ultimate reservoirs in the coming years.
In such context, the French coordination program Action Marges (AM) has been launched in 2008 in order to focus the continental margin research on a cross disciplinary research and develop new concepts that have an important impact for society, for resources and for risk assessment. The Action Marges project is coordinated by INSU with financial contribution of TOTAL, CNRS, BRGM and IFREMER. One of the themes is dedicated to "Fluids − Organic Matter − Mineral Matter" (FO3M) and the challenge was to define fluid flow as the centerpiece of a cycle starting from the organic matter preservation at seabed, its transformation during burial forming fluids, the upward fluid migration through fine-grained sediments, the temporarily fluid storage into reservoirs such as sedimentary bodies or gas hydrates, the fluid expulsion at seafloor, to its implications on seabed stability or climate change.
This special issue on geological fluid flow in sedimentary basins aims at bringing together recent results from the scientific community involved in the FO3M project since 2012, with a special focus on the interplay between mineralogical, geochemical, physical and biological processes occurring during fluid remobilization and migration within the shallow interval (0–1000 m) of sedimentary basins.
2 Organic matter preservation and shallow fluid migration
The initial sediment lithification starts with complex interactions involving minerals, shallow interstitial water, decomposing organic matter and living organisms. This is the eogenesis domain (0–1000 m below seafloor) in which the sediments are subjected to physical, chemical and mechanical transformations defining the early fabric of rocks (Fig. 1). This interval is intensively prospected for its geological resources (hydrocarbons, metal deposits, geothermal energy). In most basins worldwide, it consists of very fine-grained sediments and it is supposed to play the role of a seal for fluid migration. Local sand-prone deposits of various origin, architecture and thickness can also be found, acting as pathways or reservoirs for fluids.
For the first time, the solid phase BrOrg has been evidenced as a conservative tracer of the debromination of sedimentary organic matter in a shallow core (< 50 m) taken on the Nile deep-sea fan (Murat et al., this issue). The rate of debromination illustrates the complex interplay between organic matter, microbes and inorganic compounds in unconsolidated sediments. It obviously depends on the TOC, meaning that it increases with TOC up to 3% due to the availability of the bacterial population. However, the debromination process decreases for TOC higher than 4%. This is of high interest for organic-matter transformation as the BrOrg tracer determines how fine-grained organic-rich intervals become potential source rocks at depth and how bacterial populations modify fluids and organic matter characteristics during early stages of burial (Fig. 1). In addition, the BrOrg can be used as a tool for defining intervals that were "fluid engineers" in the eogenesis domain once the organic matter has been transformed at depths where diagenesis is the most active process for lithification (> 1000 m below seafloor).
However, the eogenesis domain is commonly affected by polygonal faulting due to a volume loss by contraction of smectite-prone clay sediments during burial (Andresen and Huuse, 2011; Cartwright, 2011; Gay et al., 2007). This process is of high interest to constrain fluids circulation within fractured reservoirs and/or preservation of the sediment-cover integrity but it is still not well constrained as this interval can either promote the migration of fluids from underlying reservoirs (Gay et al., 2004; Lonergan et al., 1998). In addition, mineralized fluids intensify diagenesis in the fracture planes, rendering this interval all the more impermeable (Laurent et al., 2012). The detailed analysis of the geometric relationships between high-impedance seismic anomalies and polygonal fault pairs reveals that they can act as a seal during early stages of burial (Ho et al., 2016). In the Congo Basin, the Pliocene-present interval contains widespread fluid escape features, at seabed and in the subsurface, indicating past and ongoing bypass of the regional seal which is intensely affected by a major polygonal fault system (Gay et al., 2004). Casenave et al., this issue have shown that this polygonal fault interval might also have sealing properties. In this case, fluids are mainly driven along major faults to reach the seabed, leading to more focused and localized fluid seeps (Fig. 1). The next challenge will be then to define where, when and how does this polygonal fault interval occur. This can only be done by understanding the behavior of clay grains and fluids during early burial stages.
In the Sobrarbe Delta (Eocene Ainsa Basin), diagenetic conditions were limited to low temperatures (up to 75 °C), meaning that sediments have been buried to a maximum of 2 km (Odonne et al., this issue). Both some sliding surfaces and their surrounding deposits were investigated. Results reveal higher smectite ratio close to the sliding surfaces and smectites were found at the wall of dissolution voids of K-feldspars (Fig. 1). This indicates that fluids preferentially circulated following the sliding surfaces that acted as major heterogeneity within the sediment pile. In these conditions, clay minerals such as smectite appear as a robust marker of shallow fluid circulation as the kaolinite requires a temperature of 130–140 °C to change into illite.
Schematic block illustrating new developments since 2012 in geological fluid production, migration and expulsion in sedimentary basins, based on studies conducted through the FO3M thematic action in the Action Marges project.
Once fluids (water, gas, oil or a mix) reach the seafloor, they are expelled in the water column forming sub-circular depressions called pockmarks (Hovland and Judd, 1988). Pockmarks have been reported in various depositional systems at water depths ranging from 30 m to over 3000 m (for a detailed review see Rollet et al., 2006; Gay et al., 2007). They generally form in unconsolidated, fine-grained deposits. They are cone-shaped circular or elliptical depressions, ranging from a few meters to 800 m or more in diameter and from 1 m to 80 m in depth. They concentrate in fields extending over several square kilometers. For the last decade, discoveries of new fluid seep structures were not reported although both academic and industrial surveys intensified.
However, the use of high-resolution geophysical imagery systems leads to the identification of unknown high-density field of pockmarks (about 3500 sub-circular pockmarks per square km) in unsuspected shallow marine environment (about 35 m water depth) like the Bay of Concarneau (France) (Baltzer et al., this issue). The pockmarks appear to be active as the fields limits coincide with the settlements of Haploops tube mats covering muddy deposits. To date, this is the highest density of pockmarks ever found in marine environment (Fig. 1). The acquisition of bathymetry and other geophysical tools in the same area in 2011 and 2014 was essential in order to determine lasting of Haploops communities related to fluid seeps within pockmarks.
In the Lower Congo Basin (LCB), the combined use of various datasets acquired during the last 15 years and including multibeam bathymetry, seismic data, seafloor videos, seafloor samples and chemical analyses of both carbonate samples and of the water column allowed the identification of two distinctive associations of pockmark-like seabed venting structures, located in water depths of 600–700 m (Casenave et al., this issue). These two features are called "spiders structures" because of their morphology consisting of a large and flat sub-circular depression (the body) surrounded by elongated depressions (the legs). The body consists of muddy low-reflective hemipelagic sediments, covered by patches of bacterial mats and empty shells, and seems dormant while the legs appear to be the present-day active seep location (Fig. 1). This observation is similar to what was already described for more conventional pockmark structures on the Nile margin (Bayon et al., 2008; Dupré et al., 2010; Migeon et al., 2014; Praeg et al., 2014) but it is the first time that such a specific seabed planform morphology associated with such a fluid-circulation activity is reported.
Pockmarks and gas seeps can also be detected on acoustic records as long as they are active (Dupré et al., 2015). This is the case in the Bay of Concarneau where acoustic flares were identified on Chirp profiles (Baltzer et al., this issue). This is also the case on the Romanian sector of the Black Sea where widespread gas flares were evidenced in the water column related to high fluid fluxes escaping from the seabed (Riboulot et al., this issue). Gas flares are a useful tool to easily identify active pockmarks during multibeam and 2D high-resolution seismic surveys (Fig. 1). They develop above active pockmarks and might be related to the presence of a gas-hydrate stability zone.
4 From the source to the seafloor
On the geophysical record, either 2D or 3D seismic data, vertical fluid pathways called pipes (or chimneys) are usually imaged as systematic disruptions and/or offset of the reflections within sub-vertical zones, 50–1000 m wide and up to 1000 m high (Løseth et al., 2011). This interpretation is also supported by observation of amplitude enhancement or dimming. On seismic profiles, the internal structure of pipes is characterized by bent reflections with offset upward (pull-up effect) or downward (pull-down effect) relative to the host stratigraphy by 20 to 150 ms TWT. Pipes are interpreted to represent a high-permeable vertical zone called a seal bypass system (Cartwright et al., 2007). They are thought to be caused by high fluid overpressure hydro-fracturing sediments of low permeability (Arntsen et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2009). This geophysical characterization seems actually well constrained in space and time. However, using a set of derived seismic attributes, it is now possible to identify the root of a pipe (i.e., the depth at which fluids are originating from) and the paleo-pockmark surface (i.e., the level representing the paleo-seafloor at the time the fluid expulsion started [was active?]). In the Gulf of Lion, the fluid pipe induces a deformation of surrounding unconsolidated sediments during upward migration, leading to the formation of a cone in cone or V-shaped structures (Gay et al., this issue). A multi-attribute calculation made on 3D seismic data allows the precise 3D mapping of the points of fluid injection while the top of the cone structure marks the top of the focused migration (Fig. 1).
It is classically invoked that most of the fluids reaching the seabed are originating from shallow buried levels (Fig. 1) although when carbonate crusts build at the seafloor there is undoubtedly a contribution of deeper fluids allowing oil or thermogenic gas to be expelled (León et al., 2010, 2014). This is the case in the Gulf of Lion (Gay et al., this issue), on the Romanian shelf (Riboulot et al., this issue) or in the Bay of Concarneau (Baltzer et al., this issue) where fluid releasing is attested. These vertical chimneys or pipes are among other acoustic anomalies usually present in the shallow sub-surface due to gas accumulations or carbonate precipitation (Fig. 1). In the Lower Congo Basin, such anomalies were identified on either 3D seismic data, HR 3D seismic data or 2D-AUV data (Casenave et al., this issue) corresponding to bright spots, elongated acoustic anomalies or black patches.
However, even with 3D seismic imagery, the full architectural pattern of the fluid network remains very complex to determine. Only a few examples of modern fluid-related systems have been studied in details at sea, probably because of the limited number of areas where VHR investigations of the seafloor/sub-surface together with 3D seismic data exists. It is then possible to better understand these features on field analogues, once the stratigraphic intervals hosting them have been uplifted due to tectonic activity and brought above the sea-level (Fig. 1). For instance, in the uplifted accretionary prism of Hikurangi Margin (New-Zealand), tubular concretions are outcropping in several Miocene mudrocks intervals (Malié et al., this issue). Most of the pipes are sub-vertical with their length-axis perpendicular or sub-perpendicular to the bedding plane. They are 10 to 40 cm in diameter and 50 cm to 10 m in length. In some cases, they are inter-connected, forming a real plumbing system. A direct comparison with seismic-scale features is still not realistic to manage because their dimensions are far below the seismic resolution. Anyway, this suggests that a fluid pipe few hundred-meters wide identified on the seismic record is most probably a set of several small-scale pipes together propagating in a large area of sediment impregnated with fluids (Fig. 1). This should be the target for the development of future research fields.
5 The dual role of hydrates in cover integrity
The sub-vertical fluid pipes (or chimneys) are often disrupted at depth by a high-amplitude reflection parallel to the seafloor. This reflection is interpreted as a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) corresponding to the lower thermodynamic limit of the gas-hydrate stability zone (Shipley et al., 1979; Kvenvolden 1988; Hyndman and Spence, 1992). This can be also considered as the top of the free-gas zone beneath the hydrates (MacKay et al., 1994). BSRs are characterized by a reverse polarity reflection compared to the seafloor. This is due to a decrease in seismic impedance and, therefore, of seismic velocity. The main restriction for the occurrence of hydrates is the presence/supply of sufficient amounts of stabilizing gas molecules (Rempel and Buffett, 1997). As outlined by Egorov et al. (1999), the steady-state model for gas hydrates requires a methane flux from below to compensate for its diffusive dissipation into the pore water (Sultan et al., 2014). This statement is confirmed on the Romanian shelf where BSRs are deflected upward (Riboulot et al., this issue), suggesting a localized positive heat flow anomaly probably due to an ascending movement of fluids through the sedimentary column (De Batist et al., 2002; Gay et al., 2006). It means that gas hydrates are locally not impermeable, allowing fluids to migrate upward along any major discontinuity such as faults, and then to form pockmarks at the seabed (Fig. 1). So, there is a close association between BSRs at depth, indicating an active fluid flux, and seafloor pockmarks. This is also the case in the Lower Congo Basin where the new "spider structures" are located above patches of BSR (Casenave et al., this issue).
As gas hydrates are usually considered impermeable, additional free gas may migrate laterally right beneath the hydrates. Once they find a way up, they can escape to the seabed. On the seismic record, this kind of seepage is often evidenced by hyperbolae located at the landward termination of the BSR and overlaid with seafloor gas escape structures (Fig. 1) (Riboulot et al., this issue; Casenave et al., this issue).
Gas hydrates have a dual role in sedimentary basins as they temporarily store fluids migrating from deeper geological horizons to their stability zone or as free gas beneath them and they avoid fluids to reach the seabed with properties similar to a barrier. In consequence, they can be considered as both a reservoir and a cover in the shallow subsurface (Fig. 1).
6 Triggering and control mechanisms
In the uplifted accretionary prism of Hikurangi Margin (New-Zealand), trending of fossil tubular carbonate concretions coincides with tectonic lineament suggesting that the main factor controlling the fluid expulsion and location is the tectonic activity (Malié et al., this issue). It is suggested that the tectonic uplift together with fault activity can shift the depth of the Hydrate Stability Zone (HSZ), leading to dissociation of pre-existing hydrates and releasing of methane.
Gas hydrates are also "climate sensitive" as they form or dissolve in response to sea-level variations controlling bottom seawater temperatures. In the Lower Congo Basin, the various stratigraphic levels hosting fluid escape structures have been correlated to sea-level rises following the latest Holocene lowstands (Casenave et al., this issue). This is due to free gas naturally migrating landward due to the pronounced tilting of the base of the gas hydrate stability zone at 600–700 m water depths (close to theoretical pinch-out of the BSR).
This relation with sea-level variations has also been evidenced in the Gulf of Lion where most of the modern pockmarks were formed during the last sea-level rise (Gay et al., this issue). León et al. (2014) have shown that in the western Mediterranean Sea, the propagation of internal waves alongshore may act together with the general sea-level rise at the beginning of the transgressive period as a hydraulic pump for fluids trapped at shallow depths, resulting in the formation of pockmarks (Fig. 1). It suggests that, at the beginning of each transgression, large amount of methane-rich fluids might be released into the ocean and atmosphere, possibly increasing the greenhouse effect (Dunkley Jones et al., 2010).
The effect of hydraulic pumping can be responsible for the formation of the large fields of pockmarks in the Bay of Concarneau (Baltzer et al., this issue). At a shorter time-scale, the high-frequency expulsion activity may be related to the action of spring tides (Fig. 1). Although the initial pockmark craters are thought to be formed during seismic events (Baltzer et al., 2014), pockmarks could be activated when the tidal pressure would be high enough during spring tides, leading to the formation of plumes in the water column.
As previously proposed by Hasiotis et al. (1996), these observations imply that gas supply towards pockmarks is a continuous process during the life-span of the seep structure (Fig. 1). It also means that the sediments within the migration pathways are loaded with gas, which is of high interest for seafloor hazards.
Recent studies of fluid migrations in sedimentary basins have shown that these phenomena are ubiquitous and interact with the surrounding sedimentary rocks over the basin's history, from its early opening stages, to the mature infilling, or even the ultimate exhumation stages. Finally, these fluids act as major markers for the geodynamic events that structure the basins.
In order to understand the role of fluids in sedimentary basins, several challenges must be met. We must, in particular, determine the source of the fluids, their pathways and the timing of these migrations and releasing at the seafloor. Thus, depending on the geodynamic context of a given basin and on its evolution over time, several fluid migration histories may overlap, though these fluid events are all preserved in the sedimentary record. The goal is thus to identify a number of geophysical, mineralogical and geochemical markers of fluid migration and expulsion. They are closely controlled:
by early sediment deformations and fracturing;
by the location of bodies and sedimentary sequences likely to temporarily store and/or conduct fluids laterally all along the margin;
by allocyclic phenomena such as sea-level variations.
In this special issue, the methods have combined complementary approaches to analyse fluid migrations in sedimentary basins:
geophysical characterisation based on 2D, 3D and 2D-AUV seismic data, core and exploratory well data;
sedimentological and mineralogical characterisation based on petrophysical data and crystallographic and texture analyses;
identification of geochemical markers on samples collected at various depths of the sedimentary column up to the surface;
definition of the mechanical parameters triggering and controlling fluid re-mobilisation.
The final goal of this research field will be to generate a concept of "fluid sequences" that, in a similar fashion to sequence stratigraphy, will be used as a direct approach to determine the migration pathways and potential traps, and to quantify the volume and nature of expelled fluids. This is of major importance as it will help determining the timing and activity of seafloor fluid expulsion leading to geohazard assessment (catastrophic fluid blow-out, landslide triggering, etc.). As a reverse approach, it will make possible to define the evolutionary status of a sedimentary basis and to infer its geodynamic context at any given period of its history. The aim is thus to significantly improve fluid expulsion models in sedimentary basins, which is a challenge for basin exploration (open window over the petroleum system, seafloor stability and fluid accumulation).
We would like to thank Cécile Robin, Gianreto Manatschal and Sylvie Leroy who have managed the scientific board of Action Marges project for the last 8 years. We thank all partners involved in this project, such as TOTAL, IFREMER, BRGM and CNRS-INSU.
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Cite this article as: Gay A, Migeon S. 2017. Geological fluid flow in sedimentary basins, Bull. Soc. géol. Fr. 188: E3.
© SGF, Published by EDP Sciences 2017
Spider structures: records of fluid venting from methane hydrates on the Congo continental slope
Repeated fluid expulsions during events of rapid sea-level rise in the Gulf of Lion, western Mediterranean Sea
Control of the geomorphology and gas hydrate extent on widespread gas emissions offshore Romania
Slope morphologies offshore Dakhla (SW Moroccan margin)
Bull. Soc. géol. France, 2016, vol. 187, n° 1, pp. 27-39
Recent high-resolution mapping of Guaymas hydrothermal fields (Southern Trough)


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August 19, 2022 | Agents of Impact
David Bank
Within the next few weeks, if everything goes according to plan, the first customers will make deposits in New Hampshire-based Walden Mutual Bank, the first mutual bank in the U.S. to be chartered in five decades.
As a "mutual," the bank's depositors will also be shareholders, with voting rights on any change of control or corporate structure. About three dozen local leaders serve as "corporators," who elect the bank's board of directors.
Hundreds of years old, mutual banks "were ripe for reinvention in the modern era," says CEO Charley Cummings, who is racing a September 30 deadline for final regulatory approval. "The mutual structure offered truly the opportunity to build an institution for the long term, indefinitely."
Cummings launched Walden to fill a financing gap for farm and food businesses in New England and New York. Few if any commercial banks in the region make agricultural loans; all but one of the federal Farm Credit System institutions that once served the region have closed. Mutuals themselves fell out of favor, in part, Cumming says, "because nobody gets rich."
The banking retreat is not surprising, given the decades-long decline in New England agriculture. But a resurgence in recent years, led by local, artisanal, often organic farm-to-table producers has made it the only area of the country where farmers, on average, are getting younger, not older.
Farm supply chain
Cummings identified the need for a new bank while building Walden Local Meat Co., which works with about 100 producers of grass-fed beef and pasture-raised pork, chicken and lamb, with its own slaughterhouse in Vermont. "It became clear there were some gaps in the existing lending infrastructure because we were always in the position of lending to our supply chain partners," Cummings told ImpactAlpha. Because of their higher costs of capital, non-bank lenders, including impact investors, charged interest rates as high as 10% to help farmers make the transition to organic agriculture.
"I looked at the underlying asset in that business and was scratching my head as to why there wasn't a bank that in that rate environment wouldn't fund it at 4%," Cummings says. Deposit being just about the cheapest source of lending capital, Cummings started jumping through the regulatory hoops needed to get a bank charter.
"The theory of change here is we can unlock a much brighter, much more significant rate of growth for this ecosystem by lowering its cost to capital," he says.
To supply the bank's core capital, he has raised about $21 million of a targeted $25 million in "special deposits" from more then 200 catalytic investors, including the regenerative ag investor Armonia, Beneficial State Bank's Kat Taylor and Kachuwa Impact Fund. A half-dozen of the commitments are for more than $1 million; many more are as small as $5,000. Because of the highly regulated structure for banks, Walden can accept such deposits from non-accredited investors who may not have access to other impact investments. The special depositors will get dividends equal to 30% of the bank's post-tax profits.
Cummings says terms sheets are in place, for example, for a $1.4 million dollar loan for the generation transfer of a grass-fed organic dairy, $415,000 for a farmland refinancing for a pasture-raised egg operation and a $78,000 in equipment financing for an organic bakery.
Accountability to stakeholders
Cummings cut his teeth nearly 20 years ago in a yes-in-my-backyard campaign to site wind turbines in Nantucket Sound, near his childhood home on Cape Cod. That project never got built after opposition from the Kennedy family in nearby Hyannisport, among others.
Now he's repurposing a structure that was designed to deliver stakeholder value, long before the advent of "shareholder primacy" in the 1970s.
"There seems to be an incredible amount of latent demand for real impact from an investment perspective, not the sort of widely available BS on public markets, but actual local, tangible, specific impact," he says. "You've got a lot of people saying, 'Hey, there are other stakeholders that matter in the formation and running of a business, beyond shareholders alone."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Why you won't find American's fares on Expedia or Orbitz
10/3/2012 — By Sean O'Neill
Courtesy twelvehearts/Flickr
In the good old days, passengers paid top dollar to fly on American.
Expedia and Orbitz have stopped showing nearly all American Airlines flights. If you want to book tickets on American, you have to go directly to the airline's site, aa.com, or shop at other major online travel agencies and search engines.
Expedia and Orbitz are battling with American about who controls the search results you see. The backstory says a lot about how airlines want vacationers to pay even higher prices for fares.
Here's the gist: American is jealous of Southwest, which has earned fatter profits over the years. American is especially jealous of how Southwest sells its tickets only through southwest.com, while preventing online travel agencies from selling its tickets. Southwest saves money by selling directly to its passengers, because it doesn't have to pay fees to middlemen.
Meanwhile, every time American posts a ticket on a site like Expedia, the airline has to pay about 10 percent in fees. Some of those fees go to the online travel agency, and some go to a middleman company that runs computer databases.
In contrast, every time a ticket is sold through American's own website, all of the traveler's money goes to the airline.
Even better for American, whenever a flier shops for a ticket directly on its aa.com site, the airline can up-sell the person on additional services, such as roomier seats.
American decided not to fully copy Southwest. It didn't want to stop listing its fares with all online travel sites—which provide about 17 percent of its revenue. So it came up with a half-way measure. The airline invented its own computer system, called Direct Connect, and asked Expedia and Orbitz to use it instead of the middleman's computer services.
This would give American the best of both worlds: The airline would continue to have its fares listed on major online travel sites, but it would no longer have to pay a fee of up to $4 per ticket to a middleman for its computer services to do so. Plus, its new computer system would let it upsell vacationers on profitable services.
But Expedia and Orbitz don't like Direct Connect. They don't like it for several reasons, but the most important one for budget travelers is that American's planned new system would ultimately make tickets more expensive—driving business down.
Tickets sold by online agencies like Expedia and Orbitz are 45 percent cheaper than ones sold by traditional travel agencies, says a survey by UBS quoted by the New York Times. American's new model would push up prices higher.
Expedia worried that the next shoe to drop would be for American to stop providing fares to it as well, not just Orbitz. So after American recently pulled its fares from Orbitz, Expedia stopped showing American's fares in solidarity with its competitor. It's an effort to team up and stop the airlines before they gain momentum and take actions that will push up prices.
Other airlines are watching the battle closely. On December 17, Delta, for one, stopped allowing three sites—CheapOAir.com, OneTravel.com, and BookIt.com—from listing its flights.
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When going with your ideal workout, mornings could easily be the best time to start it. Normally, our mood for physical activity at this time is very high, and good benefits such as better mood and metabolism go with morning exercise.
And in terms of squeezing simple exercises in a tight schedule, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can help maintain your morning ritual while keeping that muscle-toned body all throughout. One main perk of creating an HIIT-based workout is an increased capacity to build muscle in a body part you want to focus on.
A HIIT does not necessarily remind people to buy the latest workout gears or kick off a gym membership package. The keys to successfully performing a high-intensity workout are focus and discipline in order to get the maximum benefits.
Take a closer look at the exercise routine of rowers. Their normal sitting position is combined with alternate periods of heavy back-and-forth pulling of the paddle. Without the urgency of a big sport like rowing, weight loss enthusiasts can be inspired with that workout, in the form of rowing machines.
Rowing machines are designed to strengthen your cardiovascular muscles and stamina, the same as running on a treadmill. You work your hips heavily on rowing machines, emulating rowers on a boat race. So don't devote yourself to it if you're suffering from back or hip issues.
If you are aiming for an efficient exercise that works on your breathing core and muscle toning, rowing machines combined with HIIT will keep you pumping calories instantly. Extreme training calls for extreme effects; HIIT maintains the same pace of workout, the same as running on treadmill for a week.
Rowing machines can burn calories and flush fat in the process, turning it into a good workout equipment for dieters who want to lose weight easily. Doing it in intervals of high and low intensity every morning could potentially burn 300 calories in 30 minutes. The HIIT workout while rowing can put your system in hyperdrive while in a steady run.
It is proper to maintain rhythm while tightening the intensity of pulling and adjusting your hips. Once achieved, the whole workout can blast your upper body combined with the lower body, working 80-90% of your muscle capacity. The rapid boost of rowing for 30 seconds is followed by 1-minute resting periods, until you complete a 20-30 minute daily exercise.
If you think rowing exercises only work on toning your muscles, then think again. HIIT in rowing machines could increase your heart rate and expand your breathing cycle. Because of the varied intensities in rowing, it is a good cardio exercise, as well as improving metabolism.
With continuous use, rowing machines can build greater resistance to stress and burnout. Even the circulation function of your body is heightened, without losing the allure of building muscle. Target body parts in rowing are commonly the hips, buttocks, and legs. However, it also provides a full-body workout since the upper-body muscles such as shoulders and biceps are used. Because of the repetitive routine in HIIT, the core area is also contracted back and forth, resulting to tighter and more toned abdomen.
While creating greater resistance, your body improves its stamina. The alternate sessions of fast and slow movements can gradually put your body in shifting routines that could improve your breathing as you shoot for longer workout times. It allows your body to stretch into different intensity workouts outside of rowing machines. The mode of workout for HIIT is changing between shorter and faster exercises, until you reach your mark. Then the exercise will decrease per interval to allow your body to chill.
It is quite obvious how HIIT on rowing machines can complete your morning ritual. Even when you are chasing an 8:00 AM meeting or appointment, an HIIT workout will give your body a high-intensity boost for the rest of the day. It is appropriate for beginners and intermediates who want that benefit of losing weight. The best takeaway from HIIT rowing exercises should be to improve your oxygen intake and harness your lung and heart function.


Nowadays, family outings mean more than just taking the kids out for a good time; it also usually means that the fur babies are tagging along, too. Luckily, there are many dog-friendly restaurants and eateries in Cape Town.
We've rounded up some of these hotspots that allow you and your canine companion to hang out outside of your home. Some restaurants even go above and beyond by offering water bowls and biscuits.
Widely regarded as one of the Mother City's best restaurants and a firm favourite amongst Hollywood celebs- everyone from Sean Penn to Charlize Theron has been spotted there- Café Paradiso boasts a welcoming courtyard and garden that makes for a fabulous dining experience. Of course, it's also an ideal space for dogs. Do note: as a popular hotspot, especially during summer, the outdoor section fills up quickly, so it's best to book in advance.
As a seaside establishment in the idyllic Hout Bay, it comes as no surprise then that locals and international visitors flock to Dunes Restaurant. Adding to the appeal, of course, is the fact that pets are more than welcome to enjoy the space as well. So with ocean views, tasty grub and a festive ambience, Dunes deserves a spot on your must-visit list.
Situated in picturesque Noordhoek, The Red Herring features a welcoming interior and a sunset deck that looks out onto the stunning surrounds. Its reasonably priced fare (we hear their pizzas are amazing!) and relaxed atmosphere make it a favourite haunt. The best part? It's pet-friendly, and the restaurant even provides water bowls for your furry friends.
Situated on the Northern Slope of the iconic Table Mountain, this café boasts a stunning view that stretches from the Cape Flats to the Helderberg and Hottentots Holland Mountain ranges. It's the perfect pit stop when hiking with family, and, of course, dogs are more than welcome. P.S: there is a dog biscuit cookie jar if you want to give your pet a little treat!
With a designated pet play area and water bowls on hand, Die Damhuis is as pet-friendly as it gets. Soak up the summer rays, indulge in some of the best South African cuisine on the West Coast and watch your pup have an equally good time. What's more, the beach is right on our doorstep so that you can go for a pre- or post- meal stroll.
First things first: double check that the restaurant is pet-friendly. It's best to call and ask a manager as websites are often outdated.
Make sure your pooch is appropriately socialized. Restaurants can over stimulate a pet so make sure your dog is used to other people, loud noises and, of course, other dogs.
Make sure you have another human with you who can help watch and entertain the dog. Also, you might need to use the bathroom, so having someone else, there will make your life a little easier.
Not all pet-friendly restaurants provide water bowls, so keep one in your car, just in case.
Remember, there are other people in the restaurant so if your pet is causing some issues, the onus is on you to remedy the situation.


More Network Fiber is on the Way!
Hello to all our Conifer Communications Family, and Netflix fans out there!
You may have noticed more and more of the dreaded buffering lately when watching your favorite shows, and there is a good reason for it. So spare your TV, or laptop and please don't throw them out the window just yet.
The data usage on the Conifer Communications network has grown faster than we could have ever imagined. It has outpaced our network growth plans by a hundred miles. –But not to fear, new fiber is coming very soon.
Our upstream fiber providers are currently trenching and pulling the fiber needed to provide us with over 400% increase in bandwidth. It's going to be a beautiful thing.
This new bandwidth should ease peak time slow-downs and buffering issues that a lot of us are dealing with.
The Conifer team has been working on this new fiber since spring, but the elements are now coming together. Thank you for your patience as we work with our partners to get this up and running.
Looking forward to sending out more good news soon.


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Things to do before leaving Qatar
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This newly updated and move-in ready Venice walk Street duplex comes taking into account Venice beach and Abbot Kinney 1 block away! Each unit is nearly 800 sq. ft. like 2 bedrooms and 1 bathroom. come house to a shining and sunny floor plan featuring an upgraded kitchen and bathroom and hardwood floors throughout. The upstairs unit has generous built-out closets. This is a great opportunity for an owner-user or an allowance property in one of Venice's most desirable locations forlorn a block away from the beach. new features total a nice outdoor patio area, passable storage space, and laundry in the incite of the unit. a full 3 car Parking place provided in assist of units.
This versatile seashore side Multi-family tri-plex is located upon a peaceful side-street abandoned a few steps away from Ocean stomach walk Venice. Enjoy the seashore sands and the Pacific Ocean in supplement to an unbelievable selection of setting restaurants, retail, and local lifestyle establishments. This lot has two surgically remove buildings offering strong allowance potential, or a perfect place to call home. The main building houses a 2 bedroom and 2 bath unit, and it's own privately enclosed front, side and rear yard for entertainment and lounging. The second building is two stories, hosting a 2 bedroom 1 bathroom upstairs unit, and a 1 bedroom 1 bathroom downstairs unit. This property is with in close proximity to the renowned Abbot Kinney Blvd.
No expense has been spared in this exquisitely restored California Craftsman. Located upon one of Venice's most sought-after walk Streets, this property is just steps to the sand and surf. Enter through the front entre to a expansive and idyllic tummy lawn once wealth of room to keep busy and enjoy your morning coffee upon the large front porch. Each room is soppy past natural blithe that adorns the coffered ceilings and wide-plank white French oak floors. Throughout the home are very restored stunning Craftsman details such as cabinetry, indigenous vivacious fixtures, and historic built-in hutch. The expansive bustling room has two fireplaces, a large dining area, and profusion of windows to bring the natural elements indoors and have the funds for an airy and compliant space.


They are not required to know how to swim.
They are not required to know cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
They do not know the dangers of waterways or undercurrents.
They want to avoid complaints for not allowing you to do what you want.
They're looking to get fat tips by not restricting you so much and giving you more thrills. Some of them find their regular pay to be insufficient.
Meanwhile, people continue to be in danger under this guide, this company and this wholly inadequate system!
At 2am, Friday, 20th of September, Sydney time, NSW Police knocked at my door to deliver the shocking message of Nina's drowning. They asked me to contact DFAT which confirmed it. On Monday, the 23rd of September, her family and I flew out to Kathmandu with the primary intention of finding out exactly what had happened.
With the help of Australian Embassy officials, we were able to progress our agenda. In this week long trip, we had a chance to meet the trekking leader in charge of Nina's trek: Binod Pokharel. We met the manager of the involved trekking agency: Chet Prasad Bhatta from Advanced Adventures Nepal. We spoke to the attending police officers from Pokhara. We retraced Nina's steps at the incident site with Binod Pokharel. We also talked to some locals that were involved in the incident.
Binod allowed Nina to swim in a dangerous location.
Binod claims not to be able to swim himself.
Binod claims that Nina invited him to join her, but cited #2 as the reason to decline.
Binod is not familiar with the dangers of waterways.
Binod is not trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
The local villagerss knew it was a dangerous location and stayed well away from those waters. Binod claims he thought it was safe.
A) How and why would licensed a trekking guide – who is endorsed by The Nepalese Government – put his client in a risky situation that he himself is not prepared to be in?
B) How and why would someone who is not able to swim be licensed by The Nepalese Government as a trekking guide?
C) How and why would someone who is not familiar with the dangers of natural waterways be licensed by The Nepalese Government as a trekking guide?
D) How and why could someone who is not trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) be licensed by The Nepalese Government as a trekking guide?
E) Given that Nina had died under the supervision of Binod Pokharel, why has he not been immediately suspended pending an official investigation and review?
F) The local villagers knew to stay well away from that spot, especially at that time of year. Why didn't a licensed trekking guide have this knowledge?
This was not the first time that Nina had gone trekking in Nepal. She had previously gone with the same trekking company on The Everest Basecamp trek – but with a different guide. Chet Prasad Bhatta, the manager of the trekking company had befriended Nina. She trusted Chet and this company. In our conversations with him, Chet would proclaim that he hadn't lost a customer, he had lost his friend.
But what a shallow friendship it was. There is no acknowledgement of this incident on their website nor their Facebook page. Not a single word of sadness, no farewell, as if Nina never existed.
What I find utterly outrageous is this man constantly proclaims and promotes his company's professionalism. Yet he can find no fault in his current operations and consider this incident an unavoidable accident. Yes, trekking is inherently dangerous – but this did not involve any act of god. There was no earthquake, there was no avalanche, there were no sudden storms, there was no tsunami.
This incident occurred because a licensed trekking guide allowed his client to get into a risky situation and was ill-equipped to handle the consequences.
Indeed, in all our meetings with him, he would constantly be interrupted by phone calls and text messages. He is meeting the family of a client that has died and he does not even have the common courtesy to shut down his phone! This is not the conduct of a professional.
From the CEO of Trekking Agents' Association of Nepal (TAAN) right down to the porters, it is common knowledge that guides are eager to please their clients in the hopes of getting tips. So much so that they compromise their safety! It is my very strong opinion that Binod Pokharel was one such unscrupulous trekking guide. Nina, while strong willed, respected authority. She would never have swum there at the slightest suggestion that it was dangerous. Nina actually wanted to swim further downstream from the falls, where they saw children swimming. But Binod suggested going to the falls.
Perhaps it was because it was more visually impressive. Perhaps it was because it was more accessible from the trekking track than the original site. It is my belief that in this instance, Binod compromised Nina's safety thinking that it would increase his chances of getting a tip.
I spent a long time with Binod Pokharel. Nina was not the only client he's put at risk. He even had the gall to claim that he rescued them! If you have your own stories of risky operators in Nepal, please drop me a line.
Maybe we can start some sort of movement. Or if there already is one, let me know so I can help out.
Please, if you know anyone who is thinking about trekking in Nepal, tell them about this tragic story. Nina had so much to give to this world. She was set to take up a year long post as an Australian Youth Ambassador in Mongolia last October. Yet she was cut down in her prime, simply because she trusted someone who turned out to be incompetent.
Something is very wrong with the Nepalese trekking industry. Something has to change! It would be an utter travesty if this were to happen to someone else.
Update, 18 Nov 2013: Changed title from "Warning: Nepalese Trekking Guide Cause Death".
Update, 24 Nov 2013: Added concern "F". Added fact point #6.
Update, 26 Nov 2013: Chet has contacted me about a safety page on his company's website. Note the line: "CPR Course: After identifying the need for it, plans are on line to provide basic CPR course to our guides.".
This entry was posted in Contemplations and tagged Danger, Nepal, Nina Zhou, Trekking. Bookmark the permalink.
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Muay Thai is a hard martial art from Thailand. It is similar to other Indochinese styles of kickboxing, namely pradal serey from Cambodia, tomoi from Malaysia, lethwei from Myanmar and Muay Lao from Laos. Descended from muay boran, Muay Thai is Thailand's national sport.
The word muay derives from the Sanskrit mavya and Thai comes from the word Tai. Muay Thai is referred to as the "Art of Eight Limbs" or the "Science Of Eight Limbs" because it makes use of punches, kicks, elbows and knee strikes, thus using eight "points of contact", as opposed to "two points" (fists) in Western boxing and "four points" (hands and feet) used in sport-oriented martial arts. A practitioner of Muay Thai is known as a nak muay. Western practitioners are sometimes called nak muay farang meaning foreign boxer.
Reality SDC is a member of the Oceania Muay Thai Federation (OMTF) in Australia and the World Muay Thai Council (WMC).
The Head Coach originally trained for years under the tutelage of Steve Pietsch (of J&A Fitness Academy days) and his stable of fighters and continues to do so when time permits. Steve is the former Swiss Kickboxing Champion who fought the best that the Thai's could offer in the major stadiums of Thailand. Steve is the trainer of world champions such as Paul Slowinski, Ethan Shepp, Sam Harvey and other state, national and pan pacific champions including Charles August, David Gibbs, John Chianiotis, Simon Pietsch and Danny Verusio.
Reality SDC members and coaches travel regularly to Thailand to train at some of the top Muay Thai training camps. Most recently we have a great relationship with True Bee Gym in Pai, Northern Thailand.
Various forms of kickboxing have long been practiced throughout mainland Southeast Asia. Based on a combination of Chinese and Indian martial arts, practitioners claim they date back two thousand years. In Thailand, Muay Thai evolved from muay boran (ancient boxing), an unarmed combat method which would probably have been used by Siamese soldiers after losing their weapons in battle. Some believe that the ancient Siamese military created Muay Thai from the weapon-based art of krabi krabong but others contend that the two were merely developed alongside each other. Krabi Krabong nevertheless was an important influence on Muay Thai as can be seen in several kicks, holds and the movements in the wai khru which have their origins in armed combat.
Muay Boran, and therefore Muay Thai, was originally called dhoi muay or simply muay. As well as being a practical fighting technique for use in actual warfare, muay became a sport in which the opponents fought in front of spectators who went to watch for entertainment. These muay contests gradually became an integral part of local festivals and celebrations, especially those held at temples. It was even used as entertainment for kings. Eventually, the previously bare-fisted fighters started wearing lengths of hemp rope around their hands and forearms. This type of match was called muay kaad cheuk.
The ascension of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to the throne in 1868 ushered in a golden age not only for muay but for the whole country of Thailand. Muay progressed greatly during the reign of Rama V as a direct result of the king's personal interest in the art. The country was at peace and muay functioned as a means of physical exercise, self-defense, recreation, and personal advancement. Masters of the art began teaching muay in training camps where students were provided with food and shelter. Trainees would be treated as one family and it was customary for students to adopt the camp's name as their own surname. Scouts would be sent by the royal family to organise matches between different camps.
King Rama the VII pushed for codified rules for Muay Thai, and they were put into place. Thailand's first boxing ring was built in 1921 at Suan Kularp. Referees were introduced and rounds were now timed by clock. Fighters at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium began wearing modern gloves during training and in boxing matches against foreigners. Rope-binding was still used in fights between Thais but after the occurrence of a death in the ring, it was decided that fighters should wear gloves and cotton coverlets over the feet and ankles. It was also around this time that the term Muay Thai became commonly used while the older form of the style was referred to as muay boran. With the success of Muay Thai in the mixed martial arts, it has become the de facto style of choice for competitive stand-up fighters. As a result, western practitioners have incorporated much more powerful hand striking techniques from boxing although some Thai purists accuse them of diluting the art.


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Coty, Which Has Been Aging Ungracefully, Has A Turnaround Plan
by Thom Forbes @tforbes, July 2, 2019
Coty, which purchased 43 Procter & Gamble beauty brands for $12.5 billion in 2015, disclosed yesterday that it is undergoing a massive makeover to "build a culture of pride and performance" to rejuvenate the company and its brands sold in more that 150 countries around the world.
"The struggling cosmetics maker laid out a four-year restructuring plan, sending its shares down as much as 19%.… Sales in the consumer beauty division have fallen in the past four quarters, as the company wrestles with competition from more affordable and Instagram-friendly brands such as NYX, Kylie Cosmetics and ColourPop," writes Reuters' Aishwarya Venugopal.
"If we are able to stabilize our share in this moderately declining category, this will allow Coty to return back to growth," said Coty CEO Pierre Laubies during a call with analysts.
It will take a $3 billion writedown on the "botched" P&G acquisition, Leila Abboud reports for Financial Times, adding that revenue has stagnated, and the shares have halved since the deal was announced.
"The acquisition, which doubled Coty's size in an effort to compete with industry leaders L'Oréal and Estée Lauder, foundered during a complex integration process that involved 20,000 employees in 41 countries, working across 70 brands, and 16 manufacturing sites. Meanwhile, Coty's largest division, which sells mass-market consumer make-up brands like Max Factor and accounts for 40% of sales, began to lose market share to new brands," Abboud adds.
"Many women have shifted to higher-end and niche brands, and increasingly buy beauty products from online startups or outlets like Sephora and Ulta Beauty. Fighting back, CVS and Walgreens have looked to expand their selection while paring mass-market beauty names. The shift has meant sales declines for many once-popular brands, including Revlon Inc.'s namesake line and L'Oréal SA's Maybelline," writes Sharon Terlep for the Wall Street Journal.
"Clearly we are underperforming; we want to close the performance gap," Coty CEO Pierre Laubies, who took over from Camillo Pane in November, tells Terlep.
"While mass-market beauty brands as a whole are declining due to shifting consumer habits, Mr. Laubies said the bigger issue for Coty are the years of brand neglect and mishandling. 'Our performance is much lower' than the overall market, he said," Terlep adds.
"Coty says the mass beauty category has been declining 1% to 2%, which … Laubies called 'alarming' on the call following the announcement. The company plans to prioritize 20 brands including CoverGirl, Rimmel, Burberry and OPI," Tonya Garcia reports for MarketWatch.
"The pressure on our consumer beauty business has really been out of share losses, which are a big component of what we are trying to address with our turnaround plan," Laubies said. "And if we are able to stabilize our share in this moderately declining category, this will allow Coty to return back to growth."
Coty, which is based in New York City, has been a subsidiary of Joh. A. Benckiser (JAB) GmbH, the family-controlled German holding company, since 1992, according to Company-Histories.com.. In February, JAB Holdings announced that it planned to increase its holdings from about 40% of the company stock to as much as 60%, as Bloomberg's Tiffany Kary reports. JAB also owns controlling stakes in Krispy Kreme, Panera Bread, Keurig Dr Pepper and Peet's Coffee, among other global brands.
Mark Tepper, RBC Capital Markets president of strategic wealth management, told CNBC's "Trading Nation" last month that Coty's fundamentals don't support a long-term breakout, CNBC's Maggie Fitzgerald reported on Sunday (before its new plan was announced).
"Their overall strategy, in my opinion, is still flawed," Tepper said. "With their acquisition from P&G, they've basically doubled down on mass consumer, but consumer buying trends have changed. Consumers now want experience, they want prestige, they want boutique, not CoverGirl. And [Coty's] debt levels are sky high."
Not that others aren't succeeding.
Indeed, most of the the big "pure play" cosmetics companies -- L'Oréal, Estée Lauder, Shiseido, for example -- are doing well, Ian King observes for Sky News, citing four factors:
The emergence and expansion of a middle class in markets such as China and India, with hundreds of millions more customers seeking to spend more on looking good.
The increasing tendency of men to spend more on cosmetics and fragrances.
The aging population in established Western markets, driving both male and female customers to buy more products allowing them to retain a youthful appearance, with both hair and skin products.
Changes in societal behavior: the 'selfie' culture and the rise of influencers on social media has helped ensure that Generation Z and millennial consumers are every bit as interested in looking good as older generations.
But they will no doubt discover, as Coty has, that wrinkles and sags are inevitable.
More from Marketing Daily - Top of the News
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Have you got all the girls over to stay for the night? Do you want to test your powers of staying awake and being hyper? Get ready to be hyper-exhausted!
Make your guests promise they will try to stay awake all of or the majority of the night. If they don't, make them do a dare.
Do all your outdoor activities first, so you'll have the night for indoor stuff. Examples are jumping on the trampoline, riding on your bike, or going out bowling or to the cinema. etc.
Play games such as truth or dare, and ones that will have your friends on their toes, like scary stuff.
Talk about crushes and look in old yearbooks. This will make you closer to your friends and one chat can branch off into another very quickly. Just make sure you talk about anything secret in your room. But, if you aren't the kind of person to want to do this, you can do something different, but along the lines of this.
Now, depending on what time you started, it should be around 11:30PM-12:00 AM, so it is now time to sneak downstairs, or just get some caffeine and sugar!
Now that you're hyper, make prank calls! Call someone and maybe even...a radio station!
Now just call a radio station and request a song or whatever.
Makeovers! Use makeup to give each other a whole new look! Make sure you use cheap make-up.
Play American Idol! Go in and sing as weird people, but sometimes good, and then act out the three judges, Simon (mean) Paula (nice) and Randy (fair).
Play a card/board game! Monopoly, Jenga or Snap! If you have enough room, play Twister!
Do whatever you want, it's probably 5 AM by this time, so congratulations, you've pulled an all-nighter! Now it's time for some sleep!
Movies make you tired, so save them for last.
What if I'm having a sleepover and we have school the next day? Would it work or not?
It would still work, but I don't recommend it. You'll be exhausted at school the next day and you'll have trouble concentrating. If you're going to stay up all night, it would be best to do it on the weekend.
What if I start to feel tired?
Drink coffee or cola. Eat oranges or apples, or anything else that keeps you energized.
My friend wants to sleep early every night. What should I do?
Try to do something fun to cheer them up and maybe they won't be bored. But, if they're tired, let them sleep.
Is there a specific time to eat?
No. Just eat whenever you or your friends want.
What should the consequences be if I fall asleep?
I wouldn't have any consequences for yourself. Instead, maybe you could think of a reward for yourself if you stay awake, like one of your favorite snacks.
Do these tips actually work?
Yes, these do work. When I had a sleepover with my friends, I actually used this article and it helped us a lot.
How can I sleep easier?
Drink milk and honey before sleeping, and count sheep.
What if your parents see me when they go to the bathroom or when I go to get food?
Just tell them you had to use the bathroom, or that you were hungry.
What if I'm a kid?
It doesn't matter if you are a kid or not. But, for kids, it's better to not stay awake all night.
What if I have overprotective parents and annoying siblings who don't leave me alone?
Have a sleepover at your friend's house, then. Оr, don't pay attention to them.
Have fun. Getting bored will make you less hyper.
If a guest doesn't want to do an activity because you could get in trouble, like prank calls or make up, don't do it.
If a guest feels homesick make them feel like they are at home.
Try shoving ice cubes down your shirt to stay awake. Warning: this may cause you to go under warm cozy blankets, which could mean falling asleep easily!
Playing quizzes will make you think more, so it can help you stay awake.
If your parents want to go to bed, and they are light sleepers, move the sleepover downstairs so they won't be disturbed.
Give your friends some motivation to stay awake.
If you have an event the next day, I don't suggest you do this... i.e. school next day.
Make sure you know what your sibling will be doing. Chances are, you'll want them to sleep so you and your friends can have some alone time, but if you want you can let your sibling join in the fun - but they might cause trouble.
If a friend gets homesick, don't blame them, just do what they want and they may stay.
Your parents could get mad at you for prank calling.
If your eyes hurt and your head does too, GO TO SLEEP!
wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 57 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. This article has also been viewed 66,464 times.
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 66,464 times.


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Eagle Authors
Discover the books fellow Eagles are writing
Haydee Cuevas ('14), Jonathan Velázquez ('16) and Andrew Dattel ('95) coauthored Human Factors in Practice: Concepts and Applications, published in 2017 by CRC Press. Cuevas and Dattel are both assistant professors of graduate studies at the Daytona Beach Campus. Velázquez earned a Ph.D. in Aviation from Embry-Riddle and is an associate professor at Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamon Campus, School of Aeronautics.
Dennis Klein ('75) authored Normandy, 75 Years Later, a hard-cover, coffee table book, published in 2018 by Booklogix. A photographic journey to commemorate the 75-year anniversary (June 6, 2019) of the D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, the book includes roughly 300 color photographs that Klein took himself, "to show that time does help heal most wounds." A retired Delta Air Lines pilot, Klein earned a B.S. in Aviation Maintenance Management from Embry-Riddle.
Shem Malmquist ('99) and Roger Rapoport coauthored Angle of Attack: Air France 447 and the Future of Aviation Safety, published in August 2017 by Curt Lewis Aviation Books, an imprint of Lexographic Press. The authors conducted more than 300 interviews to tell the story of how an Airbus 330, en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris in 2009, went from cruising altitude to the bottom of the South Atlantic Ocean in just over four minutes. Malmquist is a B-777 captain, a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and a member of the International Society of Air Safety Investigators.
Retired U.S. Air Force Maj. Art Meikel ('84) authored and self-published a memoir, Mike 84: Vietnam 1969-1970, in 2016. A factual recounting of a year in Vietnam (1969-70), the book's title derives from Meikel's call sign as a forward air controller flying the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog during the war. "The book is the unfiltered version of what we really did and how things were actually conducted during our unit's tour," says Meikel, who holds a Master of Aeronautical Science from Embry-Riddle.
John Moktadier ('92) authored Airbus 330: The Ultimate Guide for Pilots, published in 2017 by Zeta Publishing. He previously authored Boeing 727 Flight Master (2004), also a pilot guidebook. Moktadier is currently a captain at Qatar Airways. He has been flying for the past 35 years and holds both Gold Seal Flight Instructor and Advanced Ground Instructor certificates from the Federal Aviation Administration. He earned a B.S. in Professional Aeronautics from Embry-Riddle.
Mark Ozeroff ('87) authored In the Weeds, published in September 2017. In this, his second novel, Ozeroff weaves humor, history and aviation together in a fictional story of the Vietnam War and the post-war 1970s. "My novel is an homage to light aircraft and to 1920s flyer Slats Rodgers, a contemporary of T. Higbee Embry and John Paul Riddle," says Ozeroff, who earned an MBA – Aviation from Embry-Riddle.
Donna Roberts ('10) authored Learning Styles: A Critical Analysis of the Varied Approaches to Learning Preferences, published in 2017 by Verlag Dr. Kovac. The book is a review of both the construct of learning styles and various popular assessment instruments. Roberts is an associate professor and chair of the social sciences and economics department and undergraduate research at the Worldwide Campus College of Arts & Sciences in Germany. She holds an MBA – Aviation and a Master of Aeronautical Science from Embry-Riddle.
Eagle Authors features traditionally and self-published books authored by Embry-Riddle alumni and faculty. To have your book considered, email liftmag@erau.edu.
Categories: Class Notes


Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, (born July 30, 1947, Paris, France), French virologist who was a corecipient, with Luc Montagnier and Harald zur Hausen, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. She and Montagnier shared half the prize for their work in identifying the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Barré-Sinoussi earned a Ph.D. (1975) at the Pasteur Institute in Garches, France, and did postdoctoral work in the United States at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. In 1975 she joined the Pasteur Institute in Paris, and in 1996 she became head of the Retrovirus Biology Unit (later called Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit) there.
When Montagnier led efforts at the Pasteur Institute in 1982 to determine a cause for AIDS, Barré-Sinoussi was a member of his team. Through dissection of an infected patient's lymph node, they determined that AIDS was caused by a retrovirus, which came to be known as HIV. Their work led to the development of new antiviral drugs and diagnostic methods.


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Best Things To Do & Days Out In Astle
Here at Day Out With The Kids we've found 1178 fun things to do in Astle for you and the family to discover, including indoor and soft play areas, museums and art galleries and tourist attractions.
What's more, the weather shouldn't be a problem – 886 of the attractions are indoors. Finding the right Astle day out for your family is easy – simply explore the links below or use the filters at the top of the page to plan your next adventure.
Want to know what to do with the nature lovers in your family? Walk on the wild side and visit our Animals listings for zoos, safari parks and wildlife parks. Or are you looking for nearby places to visit in Astle with a culture vulture? We've picked the best children's museums, discovery centres and historic locations in the Sightseeing section.
Astle
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Strike it lucky at Superbowl UK!
Superbowl UK Macclesfield
Ten Pin Bowling Alleys
Suitable for all ages •Indoor 5.5 miles from Astle
Suitable for 4+ •Outdoor 2.6 miles from Astle
Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre
Suitable for all ages •Indoor, Outdoor 2.9 miles from Astle
The Carrs Park
Suitable for all ages •Outdoor 4.8 miles from Astle
The Knutsford Treasure Hunt Trail
Holly Tree Riding School
Horse Riding and Stables
Suitable for 4+ •Indoor, Outdoor 6.4 miles from Astle
Wacky Warehouse - Waggon and Horses
Suitable for 0-12 •Indoor 6.7 miles from Astle
The Runway Visitor Park
Gauntlet Birds of Prey, Eagle & Vulture Park
Suitable for 4+ •Outdoor 7 miles from Astle
The Beech Tree Pub
Suitable for 0-12 •Indoor, Outdoor 7 miles from Astle
Congleton Paddling Pool
Wacky Warehouse - Heath Farm
Tatton Park
Congleton Museum
Suitable for 4+ •Indoor 7.2 miles from Astle
Happy Potter
Bruntwood Park
Bramhall Park
Fuzzy Eds Salt Cellar
Suitable for 0-12 •Indoor, Outdoor 8.8 miles from Astle
Adventure Attractions in Astle
Parks and Playgrounds in Astle
Climbing in Astle
High Ropes Courses in Astle
Activity Centres in Astle
National Parks in Astle
Animals Attractions in Astle
Zoos and Wildlife Parks in Astle
Safari Parks in Astle
Aquariums in Astle
Children's Farms in Astle
Petting Zoos in Astle
Sightseeing Attractions in Astle
Theme Parks and Funfairs in Astle
Museums and Art Galleries in Astle
Tourist Attractions in Astle
Landmarks in Astle
Castles and Palaces in Astle
Caves and Mines in Astle
Sports Stadiums in Astle
Tours and River Cruises in Astle
Stately Homes and Gardens in Astle
Railway and Transport Attractions in Astle
Sports and Activities Attractions in Astle
Ice Skating and Rollerskating in Astle
Ten Pin Bowling Alleys in Astle
Go Karting and Driving in Astle
Paintballing in Astle
Skiing and Snowboarding in Astle
Horse Riding and Stables in Astle
Cycling in Astle
Crazy Golf in Astle
Arts and Crafts in Astle
Laser Tag in Astle
Indoor and Soft Play Areas in Astle
Pottery Centres and Ceramic Cafes in Astle
Cinemas and Theatres in Astle
Trampoline Parks in Astle
Indoor Skydiving in Astle
Sports Centres in Astle
Water Attractions in Astle
Swimming Pools and Leisure Centres in Astle
Water Parks in Astle
Water Sports in Astle
Lakes in Astle
Sailing and Kayaking in Astle
Lidos in Astle
Beaches in Astle
Things to do in Astle - All Ages
Things to do in Astle - Babies and Toddlers
Things to do in Astle - Young Children
Things to do in Astle - Older Children
Things to do in Astle - Teenagers
Things to do in Astle - Indoor
Things to do in Astle - Outdoor


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Cycling, triathlon and random other thoughts
Richard Hammond and the Internet as a force for good
Posted on September 21, 2006 by Adrian Spender
If you live in the UK you'll most likely know about the BBC TV motoring entertainment programme Top Gear. If you are outside the UK then there's still a fair chance that you've heard about it.
When news that Top Gear presenter Richard Hammond had been involved in a serious crash whilst filming for the forthcoming series broke yesterday, my first instinct was to log onto Pistonheads, a motoring web site with a very active and entertaining set of forums which I spend far too much time reading. Given the affinity between PH'ers and the subject matter at hand, a large amount of messages were being posted about what had happened. As news filtered through that Richard had been taken to Leeds General Infirmary by air ambulance, in a critical condition after the jet powered vehicle he was piloting crashed at around 280mph, people's attention turned to wishing and praying for his recovery. Eventually people started coming up with ideas about how the members of Pistonheads could show their feelings. People in Leeds offered to buy flowers and deliver them, but then somebody mentioned the fact that they'd not be allowed in intensive care. A few more ideas were ventured, and then somebody suggested that we pull together and donate some money to the people who hopefully have saved his life.
Thus, quite quickly, the charity donation web site JustGiving was utilised to set up a page for PH'ers to donate to the Yorkshire Air Ambulance Service Charity. Initially the target was set at £340, the average cost of each sortie the helicopter makes (and it makes around 1000 per year.) That was soon passed, and as links were spread through the large network of motoring websites and forums in the UK and beyond, the amount began to spiral. A few people contacted friends in the media, and Sky News and the BBC picked up on it. The target figure was changed again and again as the amount being donated kept on rising. As I write, the amount donated stands at £20,133.00. When you add on the Gift Aid money which will be reclaimed from the government, the total leaps to over £25,000 – enough in itself to keep the air ambulance going for a week.
So, visit http://www.justgiving.com/PHRichardHammond, if not to donate, then just to witness the generosity of the web towards a deserving cause which helped out a popular UK TV presenter in his time of need and who might just be there for you or me one day.
Of course, the Yorkshire Air Ambulance is just one of many such services throughout the UK. None of which receive a penny of government money for the vital service they provide and rely entirely on sponsorship and charitable donations. My county of Hampshire does not currently have one, but plans are afoot for creating one. I'll certainly be watching this with interest and doing what little I can to help.
Good luck for a hopefully full recovery Richard, and my thoughts go out to his young family.
This entry was posted in Misc, Motoring by Adrian Spender. Bookmark the permalink.
3 thoughts on "Richard Hammond and the Internet as a force for good"
tallbloke on September 21, 2006 at 21:23 said:
Excellent observations Adrian, and I'd like to join you in wishing Richard a speedy and full rcovery.
Dunc on September 21, 2006 at 21:26 said:
Very well said that man!
A true community effort & spirit taht can be felt not just on PH but throughout the petrol-addicted side of the web.
Richard G Brown on September 22, 2006 at 07:45 said:
Great idea. I had occasion to call an ambulance in yorkshire a few weeks back and it was the air ambulance that came to the patient's rescue… a very good cause.