Now the bad news. On that same day I received from one of the Einstein specialists whose tendentiously edited interviews were included in the film the information that the US Public Broadcasting Services (PBS) has commissioned Andrea Gabor to re-write the "Einstein's Wife" web pages (which would seem to imply that PBS intends to retain the film in their schedules). I'll briefly outline the background to this decision.
In March 2006 I submitted a detailed complaint to the PBS Ombudsman concerning the gross errors and misconceptions on the PBS "Einstein's Wife" web pages and the associated school Lesson Plans. After much delay, David Davis, VP National Production, Oregon Public Broadcasting, informed me in December 2006: "We are looking for additional scholarly review to help us know how to proceed in making sure that the web site content is as accurate as possible." In the meantime, against the advice of the PBS Ombudsman, PBS has been continuing to schedule the film and to maintain the website, the latter now having an editorial note stating that the contents are under review and that PBS is conducting "a thorough review…before determining what, if any,[sic] changes should to be made to the site content".
Thanks for sending your articles. I admire you for having the guts to go through the whole series of entangled falsehoods… I particularly appreciate your account of how I was "set up" to be used as a foil for the 'Joffe proof.' What you may not know is that I was constantly reassured, in spite of my misgivings, by the Aussies who produced the show that it was not going to be tendentious in any way!
One might have thought that these views from knowledgeable Einstein specialists would have been a sufficiently damning "scholarly review" to persuade PBS to ditch the whole project and admit that they had made a mistake in promoting the film. Not a bit of it. They have now commissioned a writer to maintain the project who is almost totally lacking in the scholarly credentials essential for the purpose for which she has been engaged.
Evidence: Something that can be tailored to the requirements of my arguments.
Quite possibly it is this sentence that led Gabor to suggest that when they started the Zurich Polytechnic course in 1896 for a diploma to teach physics and mathematics in secondary school, Einstein "must have been somewhat in awe of his unusual female classmate, who was three and a half years his senior",(p. 7) apparently ignorant of the fact that Einstein was remarkably self-assured from a relatively early age and not inclined to be in awe of anyone, not even his teachers at the Gymnasium in Munich which he left at the age of fifteen. The Einstein biographer Albrecht Fölsing recognized that the "fictitious dialogues" and the "combination of fictional invention and pseudo-documentation" contained in Trbuhović-Gjurić's book disqualifies it as a source of reliable information, but this insight evaded Gabor and she cites it on some twenty occasions as if it were a serious work of scholarship.
Gabor again references Trbuhović-Gjurić's book for this information. However, in the article alluded to by Trbuhović-Gjurić as the source of her report, Joffe did not claim that he saw the original papers, nor that the papers were signed Einstein-Marity. As John Stachel has meticulously demonstrated, the account presented as fact by Trbuhović-Gjurić and recycled by Gabor is nothing but tendentious inference based on a false premise. Gabor's reliance on Trbuhović-Gjurić's deeply flawed book has again led her astray.
This sentence in a letter to Marić in 1901 does not, as the uninitiated are likely to assume, directly relate to Einstein's development of his special relativity theory some four years later. And, as Stachel points out, against this one use of "our" here there are a dozen occasions in the letters to Marić when Einstein uses "I" and "my" when referring to his ideas on this same topic, the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Holton observes in this connection: "But careful analysis of the matter by established scholars in the history of physics, including John Stachel, Jürgen Renn, Robert Schulmann, and Abraham Pais, has shown that scientific collaboration between the couple was minimal and one-sided. Einstein's occasional use of the word our was chiefly meant to serve the emotional needs of the moment." Those who have been influenced by the erroneous claim that the sentence quoted by Gabor reveals that Marić collaborated with Einstein on the special theory of relativity should read Stachel's comprehensive analysis of Einstein's use of personal pronouns in the letters in question.
There are numerous other errors and misconceptions in Gabor's chapter, as can be seen from my more detailed critique. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the fact that PBS have commissioned to re-write their "Einstein's Wife" web pages someone so lacking in the scholarly credentials that should be a requisite for such an undertaking indicates that they are intent on preserving the essentials of their deeply flawed website, with its Lesson Plans that come close to being a brainwashing exercise. In the words of Robert Schulmann, who has knowledge in depth of the relevant material, it is unconscionable that PBS be a party to distributing dubious historical claims as classroom material to teachers and students, whose task it is to instruct and learn the proper use of evidence and respect for historical sources. Moreover, it is difficult to see how the website could be maintained unless PBS is intending to continue to promote the "Einstein's Wife" film (including to school teachers and students), the gross deficiencies of which are apparent from the above comments by Einstein specialists, who deplore its "blatant perversion of the role of Mileva Marić", its "distasteful manipulation of facts", and the "whole series of tangled falsehoods" that it contains.
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, which co-produced the film, has demonstrated that it wishes to maintain respect for accuracy in the documentaries that it promotes and intellectual honesty in their production by withdrawing it from its schedules. For PBS to continue with its current plan can only bring it into disrepute. The PBS executives responsible for the decision to continue to promote "Einstein's Wife" should think again.
6. Benson & Stangroom (2004), p. 38.
7. Trbuhović-Gjurić (1983), p. 41; (1991), p. 47.
8. Forsee (1963), pp. 11-12.
9. Trbuhović-Gjurić (1983), p. 41; (1991), p. 46 (my translation – A. E.).
11. Trbuhović-Gjurić (1983), p. 79; (1991), pp. 111-12.
12. Stachel (2005), pp. liv-lxxii.
13. Renn & Schulmann (1992), p. 39.
14. Stachel (2002), p. 36.
15. Holton (1996), pp. 190-91.
16. Stachel (2002), pp. 33-36.
Benson, O. & Stangroom, J. (2004). The Dictionary of Fashionable Nonsense: A Guide for Edgy People. London: Souvenir Press.
Einstein, A. (1987-2006). The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Princeton University Press.
Forsee, A. (1963). Albert Einstein: Theoretical Physicist. New York and London: Macmillan.
Holton, G. (1996). Einstein, History and Other Passions. Harvard University Press.
Martínez, A. A. (2005). Handling Evidence in History: The Case of Einstein's Wife.
School Science Review, March 2005, 86 (316), pp. 49-56.
That Changed the Face of Physics. Princeton University Press, pp.


text:
Intro Notes for Numbers
Home » Bible Book Intros » Numbers » Intro Notes for Numbers
This should have been the story of Moses leading the Israelite invasion into Canaan.
But Moses never steps foot in Canaan. The entire generation of adults age 20 and above misses the invasion, too. Joshua and Caleb are the only exceptions, because of their confidence in God.
The plan was to march north out of the Sinai Peninsula and overrun Canaan's cities in the southland first. But the Israelites choke. Scouts come back with a report that terrifies them. The enemy has walled cities, strong armies, and giants.
"Looking up at them, we felt like grasshoppers. And looking down at us, they felt we looked like grasshoppers, too" (Numbers 13:33).
Israelites refuse to attack. For that vote of zero confidence, God, who has already shown them his power in ways as dramatic as the 10 plagues of Egypt, sentences them to 40 years in the desert badlands.
Afterward, an elderly Moses, soon to die, leads the next generation to the east bank of the Jordan River. It's the staging ground for the invasion that Moses won't live to see.
Enroute to the river, Israelites respond to attacks from several armies by defeating them and taking their land. Two tribes of Israel decide to settle there, in what is now Jordan. But they also agree to join the invasion.
The story of Numbers starts with Moses taking a census, apparently to see what kind of an army God has to work with. That's where the book gets its name, Numbers. The ancient Hebrew name, however, is Bemidbar, "in the wilderness."
There's no byline. We don't know who wrote Numbers. Ancient Jewish tradition says Moses wrote the Bible's first five books, from Genesis to Deuteronomy, under the direction of God. "God had the angel of his presence [possibly a way of referring to God himself] tell Moses the story of creation…until the time God will build an eternal temple for his people" (Jubilees 1:26, Dead Sea Scrolls).
One clue Moses may not have written all of it: "Moses was a humble man. The humblest man on earth" (Numbers 12:3). If he wrote that, he had chutzpah, and maybe a personality disorder.
Many scholars, perhaps most, say Numbers was likely pieced together from several sources. They say one source seems to come from priests, who wrote about sacrifices and worship rituals. Other sources are storytellers reporting tales such as one about a seer named Balaam, who had a temporarily talking donkey.
Scholars usually date these events to sometime between the 1400s-1200s BC. Stories in the Book of Numbers span a generation. "You're going to die in the badlands. While you wait to die, your children will spend the next 40 years as herders in the badlands—suffering the consequences of your sins" (Numbers 14:32-33). Numbers is the story of what happens just before, during, and shortly after that 40-year stretch.
There are three main locations in this part of Israel's story.
Sinai. Israelites are camped at the foot of Mount Sinai, the location of which is uncertain today. But it seems somewhere in the Sinai Peninsula.
Desert. They spend a generation living as wandering herders in the Sinai and as far north as the border of Israel. They spend perhaps much of that time near an oasis called Kadesh, which most scholars say was along the Egypt-Israeli border, on Egypt's side.
Jordan River. On the move again toward the Promised Land in what is now Israel and Palestinian territories, they camp near the east side of the Jordan River, across from Canaan's border town of Jericho. That puts them in the plains of Moab, in what is now the country of Jordan.
Numbers is part of the story of how the descendants of Jacob—renamed "Israel" by God—put his name on the map as the nation of Israel.
Numbers continues the saga that started in Exodus, with Moses freeing the Israelites from slavery and beginning to lead them back to their ancestral home of Canaan. That's in what is now Israel and Palestinian territories.
They take the scenic route through the desert badlands, perhaps to bypass Egyptian forts and outposts along the shorter coastal route. They camp for about a year at the foot of Mt. Sinai, where Moses first met God at the famous burning bush. There, Moses gets many of the laws that still govern observant Jews today. Leviticus preserves many of those laws, too.
Numbers tells the story of what happens next. The planned invasion becomes a slow-motion, 40-year meandering journey, dodging enemies when possible. After a generation in the desert, Israelites walk and, when necessary, fight their way from the Sinai to the plains of Moab. That's just across the Jordan River from their first target in Canaan: the city of Jericho.
The story of the birth of Israel will continue in Deuteronomy with Moses saying goodbye. He will remind the Israelites of the laws they need to honor, and of what will happen to them if they don't honor them. In time, centuries later, the worst that Moses predicts will happen. Jews will worship idols and Israel will fall.
Back to Numbers
Numbers Bible Atlas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Observer pattern in a distributed application I'm developing a Java application that will be executed in more than one computer. I'm using the observer pattern to make changes visible and Hibernate to persist entities.
The observer pattern works fine if I create several instances of my Observer (by clicking a button) and changes are reflected in every window.
But if I create several instances of my Observer by executing .jar file, the observer pattern doesn't work. I think this is alike executing the application in various computers.
I'd like to know how I can make changes visible in a remote computer.
Here's my Server class
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Observable;

public class Server extends Observable{
    private ArrayList clients = new ArrayList();

    public Server() {
    }

    public void addClient(String name){
        this.clients.add(new Client(name, this));
        this.setChanged();
        this.notifyObservers();
    }

    public ArrayList getClients() {
        return clients;
    }

    public void setClients(ArrayList clients) {
        this.clients = clients;
    }

    public void sendMessage(Message message){
        Iterator iter = this.clients.iterator();
        while(iter.hasNext()){
            Client client = (Client)iter.next();
            if (message.getSender()!= client){
                client.recibirMensaje(message);
            }
        }
    }

    public Client searchClient(String name){
     Client auxClient = null;
     boolean state = false;
     Iterator iter = this.clients.iterator();
     while (iter.hasNext() && state == false){
         Client unCliente = (Client)iter.next();
         if (unCliente.getName().equals(name)){
             auxClient = unCliente;
             state = true;
         }
     }
        return auxClient;
    }
}

Here's my Client class
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Observable;

public class Client extends Observable {
    private String name;
    private ArrayList messages = new ArrayList();
    private Server server = new Server();

    public Client() {
    }

    public Client(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Client(String name, Server server) {
        this.name = name;
        this.server = server;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public ArrayList getMessages() {
        return messages;
    }

    public void setMessages(ArrayList messages) {
        this.messages = messages;
    }

    public Server getServer() {
        return server;
    }

    public void setServer(Server server) {
        this.server = server;
    }

    // Enviar mensaje al servidor
    public void enviarMensaje(String msg){
        this.server.sendMessage(new Message(msg, this));
    }

    // Enviar mensaje a un solo destinatario
    public void enviarMensaje(String msg, Client unDestinatario){
        unDestinatario.recibirMensaje(new Message(msg, this, unDestinatario));
    }

    public void recieveMessage(Message message){
        this.messages.add(message);
        this.setChanged();
        this.notifyObservers();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name;
    }

}

Here's my Message class
import java.util.Observable;

public class Message extends Observable {
    private String msg;
    private Client reciver;
    private Client sender;

    public Message() {
    }

    public Message(String msg, Client sender) {
        this.msg = msg;
        this.sender = sender;
    }

    public String getMsg() {
        return msg;
    }

    public void setMsg(String msg) {
        this.msg = msg;
    }

    public Client getReciver() {
        return reciver;
    }

    public void setReciver(Client reciver) {
        this.reciver = reciver;
    }

    public Client getSender() {
        return sender;
    }

    public void setSender(Client sender) {
        this.sender = sender;
    }

    public Message(String msg, Client sender, Client reciver) {
        this.msg = msg;
        this.reciver = reciver;
        this.sender = sender;
        this.reciver = reciver;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return sender.getName() + ": " + msg;
    }

}

The observers are two JFrame that show a list of objects (Clients ans Messages) when one of them is added from the same JFrame.
Alberto.

A: Not sure why nobody has answered this question in nearly 6 years.
But one way to do this for distributed systems is to use a Publish/Subscriber model. There are lots of similarities to the the traditional observer pattern, except now you add a message buss that all computers can access. Here the observed object (called a publisher) publishes change information to what is often called a "topic" on the message buss. An observer can get notified of those change messages by subscribing to the appropriate topic rather than directly registering with the observed object.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Danger is the name of the game for an undercover cop. And the last thing James wants is for the fiery beauty to come anywhere near the notorious biker gang he's trying to take down. Yet Lana has no intention of giving up her case, which means that he'll have to keep her close to keep her safe. It's a risky proposition, especially when their blazing sexual chemistry reignites an unforgettable passion.Contains mature themes.


The Lanzhou Legend Hotel is the first international 4-Star hotel in the Gansu Province. Whether you are visiting Lanzhou for business or for the famous Silk Road Tour, Lanzhou Legend Hotel is your ideal choice for sheer comfort and repose.
Lanzhou Legend Hotel offers 362 elegantly furnished guest rooms and suites for business travelers and vacation seekers. All rooms feature a wide array of amenities including independent air-conditioning control, international direct dial/domestic direct dial,mini bar and broadband internet port. All rooms are also decorated with original Chinese paintings inspired by the "Flying Celestials" murals found in the Dunhuang Grottoes.
At the Zen Chinese Restaurant located on the 2nd level, our Master Chefs are always ready to pamper guests with authentic Cantonese cuisine from Shark Fin or Abalone to meticulously prepared Cantonese dishes.
The Tiffany Restaurant offers sumptuous dinner buffet with a breathtaking choice of seafood and delicacies from Asia, China and other parts of the world. Guests can also choose from a complete a la carte menu offering a variety of desserts and confectionery.
The function rooms and the grand ballroom can accommodate guests numbering between 15 and 450, with the latest audiovisual equipment. The business center provides fax, translation, photocopying and typing services. Other facilities include baby sitting, foreign exchange, a flower shop, a ticket reservation desk and limousine hire facilities.
The Hotel's restaurants offer a variety of international and provincial cuisine to suit the taste of the most discerning diner. The Tiffany Restaurant specializes in continental and western style food and serves buffet breakfast and buffet dinner. The Zen Chinese Restaurant serves the very best of Cantonese cuisine with the freshest of seafood. The Korean Restaurant serves ethnic Korean and Japanese food.
Array42801002Price for date from 2019-04-26 to 2019-04-29 can not be loaded, please try other hotels.
The hotel was very nice, the staff very friendly and could communicate in English. The amenities in the room were good. They provide a terry cloth bathrobe and the bedding was excellent quality. The breakfast buffet had both English and Chinese food and was good. more..


text:
package com.wealdtech.android.fabric.validator;

import android.view.View;

/**
 */
public interface Validator
{
  boolean validate(View view);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Portsmouth City Council is seeking public opinions on rules around where dogs can go within the city.
The city's current legislation covering rules on walking dogs on and off leads and dog fouling is set to expire and a new public space protection order will be brought in. Ahead of this the council wants to know if people are happy with the rules or would like anything changed.
The new order would be almost identical to the existing rules. The only change proposed is additional time during March and April when dogs can go on the beach between Southsea Castle and the Royal Marine's Yomper statue, something that was successfully trialled this year and last year.
Cllr Linda Symes, Portsmouth City Council's Cabinet Member for Culture, Leisure & Sport, said: "We're very keen to get people's views on any changes they think should be made to the rules we have around dogs in the city, or if they think they're fine as they are. It's important we get public opinion on this so that we can make sure what we have is fit for purpose."
To see the existing rules and give opinions on what new ones should be visit portsmouth.gov.uk/consultations by Monday 24 July.


The Patrons' Club of the Janáček Philharmonic Ostrava is related to the tradition of patronage, which was a basic principle of Czech artistic and cultural life for centuries, and which stood at the birth of a number of cultural institutions. Thanks to the club, you can become a member of an elite society and enjoy the highest levels of comfort at the most interesting classical music concerts in the Moravian-Silesian Region. The Patrons' Club will allow you to express your sympathy not only towards the JPO, but to culture in the region as a whole – for example by offering financial support for a specific concert cycle or artistic project, or by contributing to the maintenance of individual instruments. Both private individuals and legal entities (companies, organizations) can become patrons of the JPO.
In addition to the special bonuses that the title of "Patron" includes, we have also prepared a special programme for the Patron's Club, which includes the possibility of a personal meeting with the chief conductor, a music-related meeting or a private music evening.


Momma4Life: Teen Beach 2 Review "Out Now"
My kid's loved Teen Beach movie I can honestly say we have watched this movie so many times I have lost count. This was such a great movie even I loved it. Yes I did see the first one and the movies just come together and it's interesting. I love all the music in the movie and the dancing. Both my son and daughter know practically all the moves and dance every time this comes on. Im not going to go on about the movie because I don't want to mess it up for others who haven't seen it but just know even if you don't have little ones you have to see this movie. I find even though I have seen it more then once I still am glued it it. So go and check it out you won't be sorry!!
Washes Ashore on Disney DVD "Now"


A recent report on the computed tomography market by ResearchAndMarkets.com predicts the global computed tomography (CT) market to grow with a CAGR of 5.2 percent over the forecast period of 2018-2024.
The study referenced in the report covers the analysis of the leading geographies such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and RoW for the period of 2016 to 2024. North America dominates the world market and is anticipated to grow at the highest CAGR over the forecast period.
In terms of revenue, the global CT scanners market is estimated to be at $6.4 billion by 2022, according to Transparency Market Research. The growth of the global CT scanners market is projected to increase at a CAGR of 5.9 percent during the forecast period of 2017 to 2022. This growth is attributable to gaining traction from a number of factors such as increasing preference of the patients for minimally invasive diagnostic procedures, recent product improvements including the advent of portable CT scanners, improve health care infrastructure in various emerging economies, and rising geriatric population.
"The health care industry has witnessing prosperous and substantially dependent on product innovation. The growth factor of CT scanners market is similar to the health care industry, which consist incredible potential for development and revenue generation for key players globally, especially for those vendors who can stay in-sync with the latest technologies. These advancement are driving growth of the global CT scanners market," according to a press release.
"CT scan is a mature imaging technique that has witnessed substantial modifications and improvements over the past few years. Technological advancements have reduced the dose of radiation without hampering the quality of image. Such technological advancements coupled with the procedural benefits of CT scan over other imaging modalities such as MRI and X-ray are boosting adoption of CT scanners across numerous applications, which in turn is driving growth of the global CT scanners market," the press release adds.
The global computed tomography market is driven by factors including an increase in cardiovascular diseases, orthopedic disorders and cancer, according to Future Market Insights. An increasing global geriatric population, technological advances and growing public awareness regarding health care are also factors driving the market.
"The global computed tomography market is expected to register a double digit Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)for the forecast period," according to Future Market Insights.
The computed tomography systems market had revenues of $4.3 billion in 2016 across 39 major markets, ReportsnReports.com states.
By the end of the forecast period in 2023, the global CT systems market will exceed $12 billion, with a CAGR of 18.2 percent, according to ReportsnReports.com.
Global Market Insights echoes the call for growth in the CT market.
"CT scanner market size was valued over $4.7 billion in 2016 and is expected to witness more than 5 percent CAGR from 2017 to 2024," Global Market Insights reports.
"Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases across the globe will serve to be a high impact rendering factor for CT scanner market growth. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer are difficult to manage and cause a significant cost burden on the health care sector. Key to better management of these diseases is accurate diagnosis of conditions in early stages. As CT scanner allows the early and accurate diagnosis of several chronic diseases, its demand is forecasted to increase with the rising prevalence of chronic diseases," according to Global Market Insights.


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Apples are one of the things we are never short of here in Normandie and as there are many interesting, ancient, festive dishes associated with them, I will be presenting a few for this series. We have an old traditional cider apple orchard and although we grafted some of the trees with old eating apple varieties, others still have the same ancient small sharper flavoured fruits of yore. However, by leaving our cider apples on the trees, sometime around the end of September and through to the beginning of November these respectively become 'eaters'. Because they are often much smaller than dessert and cooking apples, cider varieties lend themselves very easily to individual appetiser dishes. Furthermore because they still retain a slightly acidic tang, they are eminently suitable to be stuffed with sweetmeats. If you are using dessert apples then alter the sugar accordingly. For an extra festive touch I like to add a dusting of mixed spice or similar.
Chop the fruit and nuts. Add the sugar, lemon zest and juice and the spirit if you are using it. Set aside for a while to allow the flavours to develop and the fruit to absorb the liquid.
Seal the gaps left by the removal of the two latter with a raisin.
Mix the coconut and butter into the stuffing and use a teaspoon to stuff the apple halves.
Pour in 3-4 tablespoons of cold water around the base of the apples. This will stop them drying out before they are cooked through, it will also mean they will part-steam and be juicier but still hold their shape.
Cover the dish with baking parchment and place in the middle of the oven for around 25 minutes.
Whisk the cream and sugar together for the Chantilly. Place the cooked apples on a festive plate and allow to cool slightly before topping each apple half with a teaspoonful of Chantilly and dust with icing sugar and (if liked) mixed, apple pie or similar spice.


I constructed a magnetic pendulum with movable brush – a simple v1 hack based on my idea for a physics based calligrapher – and played around with it for half an hour in my garage.
The brush and magnets were ordered via Amazon and the rest could be purchased from our local hardware store; everything cost about $80.
It feels like this thing has potential to make some very interesting graphics. I don't know much about Chinese characters or Calligraphy, so for me this is all just cool physics-inspired "graphics" at the moment.
The rare-earth magnets can stick together so much, that one needs a putty knife and a lot of force to get them apart. High powered magnets are a must though to scale the pendulum up in size (and a larger scale is needed to lower the pendulum frequency).
The pendulum in its current v1 size is to fast; it needs to be longer to lower the frequency of the swings.
The v1 rope construction tangles and the fishing line is too stretchy. To make this work, the pendulum suspension needs to be more rigid.
The brush control in v1 was too simple and very hard to control. One needs to move the brush height very quickly, because one needs to be able to make short stroke segments to be able to compose characters. One probably needs to use an electro-mechanical linear actuator for good brush control.
I tried to compare the paths with the ones from the digital simulation with my pendulum, and it totally did not match. The mechanics of the real pendulum have nothing to do with the simplified simulated physics. However, when building the pendulum, I would have like to have a calibrated simulation to be able to predict what happens when sizes are changed.
The physical texture of the ink brushed on the paper is so much nicer than the computer images I made before.
While untangling the fishing wire holding the brush, I though: Could one paint with light onto photo-sensitive paper or using a long-exposure digital camera picture? A light source is the ultimate in toggle "speed" as light can be switched on an off very quickly.
My friend Hung Keung had the idea, that the placement of magnets could align with a Chinese character. I only have 5 magnets at the moment, so could take any graphics of a character with 5 marked magnet positions, print it out, and place it on the metal as a template for positioning the magnets.
The next step will be to evolve this to a v2 version with a longer more rigid pendulum suspension made from wood and a weight-down the brush with electronic control.


Every year our friends at Nystagmus Network name the first Wednesday of November 'Wobbly Wednesday' to raise awareness of the eye condition which affects 1 in 1,000 people in the UK. Here, at The Royal National College for the Blind (RNC), nystagmus is the most common eye condition among our student body and affects a third of our younger learners. Nystagmus is rarely an isolated eye condition and is typically a secondary symptom which escalates another eye condition. It can be congenital (from birth) or can be acquired later on in life, often as a result of brain trauma, other diseases or disorders.
The short video below is a close up of Tiri's eye which highlights her nystagmus. On the screen her eyes are involuntarily moving in a circular direction (torsional).
Tiri is extremely knowledgeable about her own range of complex visual impairments and the impact they have on her everyday life, she goes on to say "It's complicated; I consistently have abnormal results in eye tests and the professors and eye doctors cannot formally establish exactly what I have." However, Tiri is able to recognise a whole host of symptoms and attribute them to different eye conditions when she meets new people, she has met hundreds of young people and families affected by visual impairment since her mum, Laura Hughes, set up a charity in Devon called Moorvision in 2007. Tiri, who is currently studying AS Level Maths and Chemistry, says that this has helped fuel her passion for genetics, which she is hoping to pursue as a career in the future.


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You are at:Home»Coast Guard»Secretaries' Cup up for grabs Saturday
Secretaries' Cup up for grabs Saturday
By Mike Hoffman on	 September 10, 2010 Coast Guard, Football, Merchant Marines
The Coasties celebrate around the Secretaries' Cup in 2003. (Coast Guard photo)
Forget Air Force's conference matchup with BYU or Navy's attempt to lick its wounds against Georgia Southern after getting upset by the Maryland Kenny Tates. There is a cup to be won Saturday at 2:30 p.m. in New London, Conn.
First, we'd like to thank Bill, a loyal reader, for the reminder. This Saturday, the Coast Guard Academy and Merchant Marine Academy will play in their 39th meeting for the right to own the Secretaries' Cup.
If this year's meeting is anything like last year's, get in your car and drive up to New London now or plan to huddle around your television to watch on Al Gore's invention.
The Merchant Marine Mariners took home last year's cup in a nail biter, winning 33-27 in double overtime. Coast Guard tied the game with 1:29 left in regulation with a touchdown and two-point conversion, but lost after missing a field goal with 5 seconds left in the fourth quarter.
The Coasties won the first-ever Secretary's Cup. Yes, that's not a typo. Secretary was singular while the Coasties and Merchant Marines fell under the Department of Transportation. Once the Coast Guard fell under the beacon of bureaucracy (i.e. the U.S. Department of Homeland Security) in 2003, the cup was forever pluralized. Although the Coast Guard won the first meeting in 1949, it was the last time they led the series. The Mariners lead the series 26-12.
It falls to Coast Guard's trio of quarterbacks to reclaim the cup Saturday. Senior Jesse Karr is in a fight for the starting spot with three other quarterbacks who have taken collegiate snaps. Karr threw for 1,640 yards last year and earned New England Football Conference second team honors.
The Secretaries' Cup is Coast Guard's season opener. Not so for the Mariners. Merchant Marine edged Galludet last weekend 35-34 on a last second 11-yard touchdown catch by freshman wide receiver Chaise Dunn. If the Coasties hope to reclaim the cup, they will have to slow down senior running back Karl Heimbrock who ran for 155 yards and scored three touchdowns in the Mariners season opener.
Coast Guard will have home field advantage this year for the first time since 2007. Last year's game was played on the Mariners home field to avoid having the Merchant Marines open their season with three straight home games.
However, there is something to be said about getting the kinks worked out in a season opener. The Mariners had that luxury last Saturday, Coast Guard did not, so they will inevitably be a bit rusty.
Here at After Action, we'll take experience and home field advantage and say Coast Guard wins this week. The Coasties took the Mariners to two overtimes last year without having one quarterback on the roster with any collegiate experience. This year they have three and reclaim the Secretaries' Cup.
Prediction: Coasties 30, Mariners 28


When Your Friends are Jealous that You're Divorced | Two HappyHomes Inc.
I've had friends tell me outright that they love being divorced. I've had other married friends tell me that they're jealous and I have it so good. They even go so far as to say they should get divorced too, cause, you know, the break is so nice. Um, ok, but that's easy to say when you're not a single parent.
Still... I'm going to come out and say it... divorce isn't all bad. And neither is coparenting.
Take Friday at 8:43 am, for instance, the kids got on the bus and I had a long weekend coming up that was kid-free. I have to admit I was in a pretty good mood at that time of the day. I was looking forward to getting some things done at home, running errands, getting some business done on the weekend which meant a lunch meeting, and even seeing some friends Saturday night. None of these things could have been accomplished had I had the kids last weekend. More importantly, I had some me-time, which after a long week of homework, gymnastics, and swim classes, seems pretty nice - indulgent even.
I've even been know to take a night off and watch a chick flick with some Indian food and a glass (or bottle) of wine. Kind of amazing!!
Ok, here comes the (major) guilt. My kids just left me for three days, I should NOT be practically skipping back into the house.
Or is it society that's telling us to feel that way? That we need to be so entirely focused on the kids at all times, that we're not supposed to have our own lives? That when they're gone we can't switch focus and put some time and effort into taking care of our own needs (whether it be grocery shopping or a pedicure!)? I just have to say I don't agree with that. I know that can't just be me.
Now, don't get me wrong, my kids were gone for three nights last weekend (usually it's two), so by Monday morning I was totally depressed and missing them. And, I have to admit, I do have a pretty good coparenting setup. I feel lucky that I get along with my ex, and that the time away from the kids is usually short and sweet. Plus my kids take these transitions pretty well. When I tell them they are going to dad's for three sleepovers they are usually pretty psyched. The days when the switch didn't go so smoothly had me in more of heart-wrenching kind of sadness after the drop offs. Those are few and far between now (thank god!).
So, next time someone tells you that they're jealous that you don't have your kids every other weekend... Just say you bet, and then tell them you're late for your massage!
Do you feel happy or sad after the kids leave? And, either way, do you have that horrible guilty voice in the back of your head, telling you that it should be one way or the other? I'd love to hear stories from other parents about their own feeling during transition time.


When Rose French, a former silent film star best known for periodic binges and recently leaving her fifth husband, is found dead in a deserted garden, only Frank Clyde, a friend and social worker, believes it was murder. His subsequent investigation of the local natives of Santa Barbara is both suspenseful and hilarious. Millar does it again.
There are worse crimes than murder.
Cleo Jasper, a beautiful woman in her early 20s drops out of sight while attending an exclusive school for the learning disabled. Shortly before her disappearance, she had wandered into the law offices of Tom Aragon, the engaging young hero of Ask for Me Tomorrow and The Murder of Miranda. Cleo's older brother, Hilton, hires Aragon to find the vulnerable girl and bring her back home. Hilton's dedication to his little sister is tinged with guilt - and perhaps something more - for he has already alienated his wife and son by his devotion to Cleo.
Lucille Morrow was blessed -- a beautiful woman with a devoted husband. One day a mysterious messenger delivered a package, and suddenly Lucille Morrow was gone. Dominated by fear, she committed herself into an asylum. Searching for the cause, Inspector Sands follows a long trail which takes him to an abyss of horror, murder and retribution the likes of which he's never seen.
After the notorious 'Middle Street Massacre' of 1951, when the majority of Brighton's criminals wiped one another out in a vicious battle as the local police force enjoyed a brief stop en route for an ice cream, Inspector Steine rather enjoys life as a policeman. No criminals, no crime, no stress. He just wishes Sergeant Brunswick would stop insisting that perhaps not every criminal was wiped out that fateful day. So it's really rather annoying when an ambitious - not to mention irritating - new Constable shows up to work and starts investigating a series of burglaries.
When Miranda Shaw, rich and recently widowed, and Grady Keaton, the head lifeguard at the Penguin Beach Club, drop out of sight at the same time, rumors begin to circulate among the other members and employees of the club. And when Miranda's jewels are spotted in an estate auction, the rumors turn ugly, and Tom Aragon is called in to search for the missing couple.
Tom Aragon. The engaging young Chicano lawyer who solved the bizarre mystery in Ask for Me Tomorrow has to take an even stranger case with the highly dubious assistance of a nine-year-old monster named Frederic Quinn, who claims he has Mafia connections at his exclusive private school.
Award-winning novelist Margaret Millar is at her daffiest and deadliest in The Murder of Miranda.
©1979 Margaret Millar Survivor's Trust (P)2012 Audible, Inc.
If you've listened to books by Margaret Millar before, how does this one compare?
No, I have not. I can not say I would buy another. The ending was worth the listen, but the full story as slow.
It was Ms White's reading that saved this story for me. She does a fab job on all of the characters. Too bad the story lacked a major punch, except the end.


Flossy is the bossiest girl around. She's bossy at home and she's bossy in school. She's bossy to her friends and she's bossy to her cat. Sometimes she's even bossy to her teacher! Flossy doesn't understand why no one will listen to her. One day, Flossy meets Edward, a boy who may be just as bossy as she is. Has Flossy finally met her match?
I really liked this book. Like Flossy, many kids are bossy and hopefully this book will show them that bossing people around is not a good thing. Edward is bossy too, and when Flossy meets him he starts bossing her and she realizes that being bossy is not a good thing.
I think this would be a great book for parents to read to their small children. Also, some children get their first experience of being with a group of other children when they go to school, so I think this book would be a great addition to all kindergarten or first grade reading lists. The earlier you teach children not to be bossy, the better they'll get along with their classmates.
The illustrations are done by the author, and I think she did a fabulous job.
Paulette Bogan admits she was bossy as a child. She is the author and illustrator ofVirgil & Owen, which was chosen as one of Bank Street Best Children's books of the Year 2016, Virgil & Owen Stick Together, which won a Mom's Choice Award Gold Medal for Picture Books, and Lulu The Big Little Chick, which won a Children's Choice Book Award. She lives in New York City with her husband, three daughters, and two dogs. They ALL think she is STILL bossy. But they've never told her to go to her room!
I'd love to read this to my niece, but she's 25.
Thanks for the review, Vicki! I love your idea of kindergarten and first grade reading lists!
This looks like a cute book.


Place the Bull's-Eye™ Ant Station wherever ants are entering the home, and finally gain some control over those sweet-eating ants and common household ants. Simply press in the perforated side of the Bull's-Eye Ant Station can with a pointed object such as a nail, screwdriver, or pair of scissors, and place the trap beside nests or where ants crawl. It's safe for children and pets to enter the treated area when Bull's-Eye Ant Station is in use. Use two bait stations to control larger nests. When the ants have cleared out, remove the trap and dispose of it according to the Storage and Disposal instructions.


Once upon a time, when the clock struck noon, American workers would set aside their tools, sit down, and eat lunch—maybe a burger or a salad—possibly with a beer. But the halcyon days of lunch could soon be ending.
Restaurants' lunchtime traffic dipped 2% in 2016, a slump the industry has largely blamed for its recent slow growth. Part of the problem, analysts say, is that e-commerce has cut down on trips to physical stores, hurting once-popular mall restaurants. Also not helping: An increasing numbers of Americans are working from home—and eating there too.
But lunch's largest existential crisis is the millennials and Gen Z-ers who are replacing the midday meal with snacks. There are now 12 billion annual visits to restaurants and food-service outlets that amount to just a quick nibble. Instead of three-martini lunches, younger consumers are opting for faster, cheaper alternatives like fresh fruit, yogurt, and chips.
Industry watchers say the trend shows no signs of abating. "Lunch is likely ceding share to breakfast," says Fitch Ratings director Carla Norfleet Taylor. The firm has called out breakfast, coffee, and snacks as industry bright spots.
To compete, restaurants are getting promotional. Starbucks (sbux) has a new $8 "Power Lunch," and Buffalo Wild Wings (bwld) is promising that if lunch isn't served in 15 minutes or less, the meal is on the house.
In times of desperation, it turns out, there really is such a thing as a free lunch.


Situated only metres from the beautiful Swan River and Langley Park is Crowne Plaza Perth. Located on a leafy terrace in the fashionable east side of Perth City, the Crowne Plaza Perth provides an escape from the bustle of the CBD whilst still being close to the action. This Perth accommodation offers valet parking and use of the business centre, fitness centre and laundry facilities at no additional cost. Crowne Plaza Perth fulfils the needs of the busy traveller whether it be for business or leisure this Perth accommodation provides the perfect place to unwind after a long day.
Many activities are available such as complimentary bicycle hire is available from concierge. This is a superb way to take in the Swan River, why not take a picnic and stop through Kings Park and admire the Bell Tower. Also within easy walking distance is the Barrack Street Jetty, from here you can board cruises that take you along the Swan River or catch a ferry to the Perth Zoo for the day. At the hotel there is a 20 metre outdoor lap pool located on a deck off the 3rd floor with views over the terrace and river, Gusti's Restaurant & Bar's alfresco dining and 24 hour room service to enjoy. The hotel is also located adjacent to Riverside Drive, allowing quick and easy access to outer Perth suburbs, with Perth Domestic Airport and Perth International Airport only 15-20 minutes from the hotel.
Crowne Plaza Perth offers a range of contemporary rooms, some provide balconies to enjoy your very own view of the Swan River. All rooms are light and airy with a focus on neutral colours.
Standard Room: Bedding is 1 Queen Bed or 1 Double Bed or 2 Double Beds.
Deluxe Room: Bedding is 1 Queen Bed or 1 Double Bed or 1 King Bed.
Superior Room: River views. Bedding is 1 Queen Bed.
Premium Room: River views. Bedding is 1 King Bed or 1 Queen Bed.
Gusti Restaurant & Bar: Dine on seasonal specialities while enjoying the views over the Swan River and Langley Park. There is also an alfresco area to drink your coffee, wine or even your cocktail. Open for breakfast, lunch and dinner, offers 24 hour room service and caters for conference and function groups as pre-arranged.
Lobby Bar: Located on the ground floor enjoy a cool pre-dinner or late night drink or snack.


Existing Domain Name Sales customers can link their new Uniregistry account to their Domain Name Sales account to automatically import their domains, pricing, parking, and brokerage settings.
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6. Once the Market is linked to your Domain Name Sales account, your Public and Private Market profiles will auto-fill with the data from Domain Name Sales. Ensure the information is complete and up to date and then click 'Finish'.
7. From here you may select 'Add domains' to begin adding domains to your account or 'View My Market Domains' to be directed to your Market domains view.
What are the domain level settings in the Uniregistry Market?


At graduation, students finally reap their rewards after years of hard work and perseverance in this incredibly meaningful occasion. Graduation ceremonies are not just an ordinary assembly of students, parents, and faculty. It's a significant event for which those attending have had great anticipation in the preparation of the program. In order to smoothly carry out the proceedings, program coordinators need to consider state-of-the-art audio-video equipment rentals for this important event of a lifetime.
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Make sure your students get the graduation they deserve by using AV services provided by Immedia. Our goal is to deliver a perfect and flawless graduation ceremony that students, parents, and faculty can be proud of. Contact us today!


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Valuation and Pricing of Agricultural Irrigation Water Based on Macro and Micro Scales
Next Article in Special Issue
The Influence of Geotextile Type and Position in a Porous Asphalt Pavement System on Pb (II) Removal from Stormwater
Drought Analysis in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin Using the Standardized Precipitation Index
The Testing of Standard and Recyclable Filter Media to Eliminate Hydrogen Sulphide from Sewerage Systems
10.3390/w10081045
Tu, M.
Traver, R.
Clogging Impacts on Distribution Pipe Delivery of Street Runoff to an Infiltration Bed
Min-Cheng Tu
* and
Robert Traver
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
Water 2018, 10(8), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081045
Received: 4 July 2018 / Revised: 3 August 2018 / Accepted: 4 August 2018 / Published: 7 August 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Urban Water Drainage Systems)
The performance of flow through orifices on a perforated distribution pipe between periods with and without partial clogging (submersion of part of the distribution pipe) was compared. The distribution pipe receives runoff and delivers it to an underground infiltration bed. Clogging appeared in winter but was reduced in summer. Performance of flow delivery was found to be defined by the effective pipe length and the pressure head. ANCOVA (ANalysis of COVAriance) was used to examine the clogging effect with flow rate plotted against the effective pipe length times the square root of the mean pressure head, and found that it was significant during low or no rainfall. During larger storms, clogging had little effect on pipe performance. Clogging might be caused by leaves and other trash accumulating in the lower section of the pipe in winter and its effect was insignificant when the water level rose in the pipe, utilizing significantly more orifices on the distribution pipe. Larger storms might also move the debris, thus exposing the orifices. The current maintenance schedule was sufficient to keep the distribution pipe at a satisfactory performance even though partial clogging can exist.
ANCOVA; blockage; clogging; efficient; green infrastructure; infiltration bed; orifice; perforation; performance; Philadelphia; pipe; stormwater
The use of underdrain distribution pipes in the design of Stormwater Control Measure (SCM) is a common practice in bioretention and permeable pavement systems, particularly when the subsoils have lower infiltration properties [1]. These underdrains are designed to evacuate water from a SCM to a defined outfall point. Most analyses for the clogging of such systems are limited to clogging of the filtering media [2,3,4] or the permeable pavement surface [5,6], with a few studies focusing on the clogging of distribution pipes under permeable pavement systems [7]. Since sediment is primarily captured by the surface layer [8], clogging of distribution pipes are not considered by most studies, and distribution pipes are not considered as a restriction to water movement [9].
In Philadelphia, the "Green City, Clean Waters" initiative was adopted in 2011 as part of the city's Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan. Over 1100 green infrastructures (GIs) have been built in Philadelphia since then [10]. Due to the limited building space in Philadelphia, many GIs have been built under sidewalks in the road right-of-way. For a typical tree trench GI built in Philadelphia, the runoff from the road surface enters an inlet structure, and a perforated distribution pipe transports and delivers water into the subsurface infiltration bed (i.e., a SCM), thus the flow direction is reversed from that of the application described earlier. Pretreatment is limited to a trash guard (a meshed filter bag) under the inlet grate or a sumped inlet due to space constraints.
Clogging analyses for similar systems are scarce. The hydraulic performance of similar systems has been investigated [11,12], but not the effects and characteristics of the clogging of an inflow distribution pipe as far as the authors could find. From the related field of drip irrigation, past studies have indicated that clogging is possible in similar systems [13], but the differences in pipe specifications and sources of water preclude a direct comparison. In addition to sediment, trash and/or leaves, stormwater runoff from road surfaces can be products from vehicle waste, atmospheric deposition, and road materials [14]. Since the characteristics of non-point pollution from stormwater runoff are complex [15], studies dedicated to the clogging of distribution pipes from untreated stormwater runoff are required.
Urbanization is a global trend. By 2010, more than 50% of the world's population had moved into urban areas and such a population shift was achieved in the United States in the early 20th century [16]. As urban area expands, controlling non-point pollution from urban areas becomes more important as the impact to receiving water bodies from the complex human activities intensifies [17,18]. For such urban areas with limited building space, designs similar to the tree trench GI built in Philadelphia will play an important role in the future of urban stormwater management. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to understand the effects and characteristics of clogging and a cost-effective strategy in the maintenance of the distribution pipes of such systems.
2.1. Site Information
The SCM under investigation was constructed in 2013 in the northern suburban area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at approximately 40.07° N, 75.17° W (the sidewalk outside Hill Freedman World Academy). It is in the Cfa (humid subtropical) climate region according to the Koppen–Geiger climate classification system [19] with an average annual precipitation of 1054 mm from 1981 to 2010 [20]. Most monthly precipitation is distributed from 76 mm to 97 mm, with the exceptions of February as the driest month (66 mm) and July as the wettest month (109 mm). The average annual snowfall is 584 mm, which is typically from December to April with a peak in February.
As shown in Figure 1, this system is composed of five curbside planters, an underground rock infiltration bed in which the planters sit, two inlet structures (GI1 and GI2) collecting runoff from both sides of the street (with directly connected impervious drainage area of 2494 m2), and one distribution pipe delivering water collected by the inlet structures to the rock infiltration bed. The two inlet structures (GI1 and GI2 in the top section of Figure 1) are connected by a culvert with a diameter of 203.2 mm (sloped to GI1). Another perforated pipe with the same diameter (sloped to GI1) delivers water from the GI1 curb inlet structure to the rock bed (bottom section of Figure 1). Meshed trash guards (Figure 2) were installed in each inlet structure to reduce the amount of trash entering the distribution pipe. Inside the rock bed, the distribution pipe was uniformly perforated with an unspecified specification (personal communication with Philadelphia Water Department) and had an adverse 0.5% slope following the general design practice to bring debris towards the pipe entrance by gravity to facilitate maintenance cleaning. The only overflow points of the system were the street inlets GI1 and GI2, with GI1 located at a lower elevation. All dimensions were based on design drawings and post-construction invert measurements.
Instrumentation for this site included a weather station assemble comprising a Campbell CR800 data logger, a LI200X-L pyranometer (±3% typical error), a TE525 rain gage (±1% error) [21], a Hukseflux LP02-L25-P pyranometer (±10% error for daily sums) [22], and a Vaisala WXT520 multi-purpose weather station (±0.3 °C error for temperature, ±0.5 hPa for barometric pressure while temperature under 30 °C, ±3% for relative humidity less than 90%, ±3% for wind speed less than 35 m/s, ±3° for wind direction, and 5% for precipitation) [23], one HOBO [24] pressure transducer (±0.05% typical error) in each inlet structure (two total), an area-velocity sensor (±1 mm/s error for velocity and ±1 mm error for depth) with a ProSiren data logger [25] to measure the flow rate entering the distribution pipe at the entrance, a HOBO pressure transducer at the bottom of an observation well in the rock bed, and one set of soil moisture sensors [26] at various depths in each tree pit (five sets in total). All data had the same temporal interval of 5 min.
2.2. Observation
During the period from June 2016 to April 2018, periodic ponding in the inlet structure that submerged part of the distribution pipe entrance was observed during several field visits. Figure 3 shows a typical situation of such partial clogging. Collected water depth data of the GI1 inlet structure provided a more holistic view for periods of such partial clogging in Figure 4. The overflow depth of the inlet structure and the invert of the distribution pipe inlet are marked with black horizontal lines in Figure 4.
Figure 4 shows several long episodes of partial clogging as exhibited by continuous ponding above the invert of the pipe inlet (0.82 m) during the following range of dates: 25 February 2017–10 April 2017, 17 April 2017–5 May 2017, and after 31 January 2018. Ponding was also observed before 25 January 2017, but data collection was interrupted in winter 2016–2017, so the beginning of that partial clogging episode could not be determined. On 25 January 2017, a subsurface distribution pipe cleaning was performed, comprising of the injection of pressurized water jets into the distribution pipe and subsequent vacuuming. This was the only subsurface cleaning during the observation period from June 2016 to April 2018. Following the cleaning, the partial clogging situation was solved for a short period of time, but reconstituted during the storm on 25 February 2017. Note that all long partial clogging episodes happened in winter or spring.
In addition to those long episodes, several short episodes of partial clogging (e.g., 25 May 2017 and 19 June 2017) were also evident during summer. The data from 25 May 2017 contained two events with the first event being free from and the second exhibiting significant partial clogging, as shown in Figure 5. Rainfall associated with the two storms was separated by more than six hours, so they were considered as two distinct storms. After the first peak of the second storm, the water depth recession rate in the GI1 inlet structure after cessation of rainfall reduced significantly when compared to that of the first storm, showing partial clogging of the distribution pipe. For all storms, the water level in the rock bed was always lower than that in the inlet structure, as shown in Figure 5. In Figure 5, the bottom of the inlet structure was the datum for all water depths or elevations. As the bottom of the rock bed is higher than that of the inlet structure, the water depth in the rock bed showed a flat line when dry.
One phenomenon that was not explained in both Figure 4 and Figure 5 was the low water depth in the inlet structure at the final balance state for periods without partial clogging. It was around 0.6 m from the bottom and significantly lower than the invert of the distribution pipe inlet (0.82 m), which could only have been caused by a leaking inlet structure. The leaking rate varied significantly. For example, based on the water depth recession rate from the invert of the pipe inlet (0.82 m) to the final depth (0.6 m), Figure 5 shows a much faster leaking rate for the first storm than that for the second storm. As excavation of the site was not possible, it could only be hypothesized as the result of the variation of soil moisture and groundwater level in the surrounding soil. Nevertheless, the leaking rate was very small at about 8 × 10−6 m3/s (based on the first storm of Figure 5) or less, so its effect could be ignored. Water recession was accelerated below the pipe invert in Figure 5 as the water surface area above the pipe invert (i.e., including water in the pipe) would be much larger than that between the invert of the pipe inlet and the leaking point (i.e., only water in the inlet structure). The leaking point in the inlet structure was located during the subsurface pipe cleaning on 25 January 2017 when the inlet structure was pumped dry, shown as the small stream of water circled by the red oval in Figure 6. In Figure 6, water flowed back into the inlet structure, which can only be explained by the saturated condition of the surrounding soil caused by the high ponding situation before 25 January 2017.
The observations based on field visits and collected data showed a complicated nature of partial clogging of the distribution pipe. Despite a few short episodes in summer, most partial clogging episodes were clustered in winter. The effect of undersurface pipe cleaning was short lived in winter, but most of the partial clogging situations were mitigated by itself in summer without human intervention. Even though such partial clogging did not appear to increase the tendency of overflow (only the short episode on 19 June 2017 had overflow), how such partial clogging affected the performance of the distribution pipe should be understood. If an impact on the distribution pipe performance did exist, the patterns of its influence (i.e., uniform influence across all storms, or higher influence towards small/large storms) should be evaluated in order to decide on a maintenance strategy against such partial clogging, and to avoid the loss of system performance during large storms.
Ongoing research determined that the flow rate sustained by the distribution pipe was limited by the orifices on the pipe wall, so the following analyses were based on the orifice flow equation. Assuming that the partial clogging blocked a portion of the orifice area, the orifice equation for a single orifice can be rewritten as Equation (1). In Equation (1), q is the orifice flow rate, ϵ is the portion (ranging from 0 to 1) of the orifice area that is functional, C is the orifice discharge coefficient, a is the orifice area before partial clogging happens, g is the gravity constant (9.8 m/s2), and h d is the pressure head driving the orifice flow (called "driving head" hereafter).
q = C ( ϵ a ) 2 g h d
Equation (1) can be rearranged for ϵ in Equation (2).
ϵ = q C a 2 g h d = q ( C 2 g ) ( a h d ) ∝ q a h d
In Equation (2), C and g can be considered constants, so ϵ is linearly proportional to q a h d . The authors decided to assume the discharge coefficient C as a constant, based on the fact that the discharge coefficient C for parallel flow (i.e., flow in the pipe is parallel to the plane of the orifice) was in a narrow range of 0.61–0.64 [27].
For orifices uniformly distributed on a section of perforated pipe, Equation (2) can be rewritten as Equation (3), where Ε is the mean portion of clogging on the section of pipe, Q is the sum of the orifice flow generated by the section of pipe, A is the total orifice area on that section of pipe, n is the number of orifices on the section of pipe, h d , i represents the driving head at the i-th orifice, and h d , m e a n represents the mean driving head among all orifices on the section of pipe. The approximation performed in Equation (3) delivered a low approximation error after being tested by actual examples of a numerical series. The goal of the derivation was only to provide a means to compare the relative magnitudes of partial clogging among different events.
Ε ∝ Q A ∑ i = 1 n h d , i n ≈ Q A ( ∑ i = 1 n h d , i n ) = Q A h d , m e a n
Since the orifices are uniformly distributed on the perforated pipe, the total orifice area on the section of pipe is linearly proportional to the length of the pipe which allows orifice flow; therefore, performance index i (Equation (4)) can be derived to represent the performance of the perforated pipe based on Equation (3), with higher values representing less influence from partial clogging (i.e., higher performance).
i = Q l e f f h d , m e a n
where l e f f is the effective length of distribution pipe that allows orifice flow, which is the equivalent length of water column with the same volume of water (V) in the pipe and the cross-sectional area (A) of the pipe, as explained by Equation (5).
l e f f = V A
Detailed definitions of parameters (for h d , m e a n and l e f f ) for the performance index under various scenarios are discussed below. Figure 7 describes the operation of a typical distribution system. The datum was set at the elevation of the center of the distribution pipe at its inlet. Water elevation in the rock bed and in the inlet structure were z R and z i n , respectively, with difference h d . Along the centerline of the pipe (with inclination angle θ ), the length of water (along the pipe centerline) above and below the water in the rock bed (elevation z R ) was l a b o v e ( ∝ h d ) and l b e l o w ( ∝ z R ), respectively. For the condition considered by Figure 7, z R and z i n were both lower than the top of the distribution pipe. Other conditions were analyzed as provided below.
From the recorded data, the water surface inside the distribution pipe and that in the inlet structure were very close to each other in elevation as the difference of the velocity head was proven to be negligible. This implied that the driving head was the water surface elevation difference h d . The driving head was constant anywhere below the rock bed water surface z R . The driving head above z R was simply the hydrostatic pressure of the water column above z R , with zero at the top of the water column and linearly increasing to h d at the elevation of z R . The mean driving head ( h d , m e a n ) acting on the pipe can thus be derived in Equation (6) below.
h d , m e a n ≅ ( h d 2 l a b o v e + h d l b e l o w ) ( l a b o v e + l b e l o w ) = [ h d 2 ( h d csc ( θ ) ) + h d ( z R csc ( θ ) ) ] ( z i n csc ( θ ) ) = ( h d 2 2 + h d z R ) z i n
The effective pipe length was simply provided by Equation (7):
l e f f ≅ z i n csc ( θ )
Other than the condition depicted in Figure 7, four other possible conditions were analyzed as illustrated in Figure 8. All items in Figure 8 were defined previously, except for h d 1 and h d 2 , which indicates the distance from the water surface in the inlet structure to the top and the inlet of the distribution pipe (along its centerline) in Figure 8b, respectively. Note that conditions with either z R or z i n below the top of the distribution pipe inlet were excluded from consideration as the effective length of water in the pipe of such conditions cannot be based on the pipe length with a fully wetted perimeter like that of the other considered conditions.
Analyses based on Figure 8a were similar to those done for the water column above z R in Figure 7, with the mean driving head and the effective pipe length calculated by Equations (8) and (9) below:
h d , m e a n ≅ z i n 2
Intense storms created conditions depicted by Figure 8b–d, where the water elevation in the inlet structure builds up quickly. The distribution pipe was completely full, but water in the rock infiltration bed can still be relatively shallow. Similar to Equation (8), the mean driving head for Figure 8b was provided by Equation (10) below, and the effective pipe length l e f f is simply the length of the whole pipe.
h d , m e a n ≅ h d 1 + h d 2 2
Figure 8c has a form similar to that of Figure 7 with the mean driving head for Figure 8c provided by Equation (11) below, while the effective pipe length ( l e f f ) is the length of the whole pipe ( l p i p e ).
h d , m e a n ≅ ( ( h d + h d 1 2 ) ( l p i p e − l b e l o w ) + h d l b e l o w ) l p i p e
where l b e l o w is the length of pipe under z R and is given by l b e l o w ≅ z R csc ( θ ) .
The last condition (Figure 8d) had a constant driving head throughout the distribution pipe because the whole pipe was submerged, thus h d , m e a n = h d , and the effective pipe length l e f f is the length of the whole pipe l p i p e .
Variations of orifice performance can be examined by plotting the measured flow rate against l e f f h d , m e a n , as shown by Figure 9 with the data with zero flow excluded. All data from November 2016 to April 2018 was utilized in Figure 9. According to Equation (4), the flow rate Q divided by l e f f h d , m e a n in Figure 9 represents performance. The dates of partial clogging and no clogging were determined from Figure 4. Thick black lines in Figure 9 represent the linear regression lines generated through ANCOVA, as discussed below.
l e f f h d , m e a n appeared to be a strong predictor for flow rate with p < 0.0001 for both the non-clogging and partial clogging data. ANCOVA (ANalysis of COVAriance) was utilized to examine the effect of partial clogging on the distribution of the pipe performance. Similar to the popular ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance), ANCOVA tests the null hypothesis that two population means are equal, but ANCOVA considers the effect of a "covariate", which is likely to be correlated with the dependent variable [28]. Such a covariate was coded as one dummy variable of either 0 (represents no clogging) or 1 (represents partial clogging) in the linear regressions in this research. The shift of linear regression lines due to the covariate in Figure 9 between periods with and without clogging appeared to be small through visual inspections, but statistical analyses by ANCOVA showed strong evidence (p < 0.0001) that partial clogging, on average, had an impact on performance.
The above ANCOVA result was based on all data, with a large portion of the data from periods with very slow drawdown of water level in the inlet structure after the storms ended, as illustrated in Figure 5. As the focus of this research was on how partial clogging can affect orifice performance during larger storm events (when overflow occurs), the results from periods with slow drawdown and lower rainfall intensities were of less interest. Table 1 provides the ANCOVA results with the different rainfall intensity criteria below which shows which data entries were excluded. The p-value showing no difference in performance between no clogging and partial clogging were in bold.
Table 1 shows that even though partial clogging had a significant effect during dry periods or low-intensity storms, its effect declines as the storm intensity increases. When rainfall intensity was higher than approximately 0.65 mm/5 min, the effect of partial clogging was not statistically distinguishable, and thus did not impact system performance. The distribution of data with a rainfall intensity criterion of 0.65 mm/5 min is provided in Figure 10, while the distribution of data with a rainfall intensity lower than the criterion was provided in Figure 11 for comparison. Thick black lines represent the linear regression lines generated through ANCOVA. Please note that the scale on the y-axis in Figure 11 is different from that of Figure 9 or Figure 11. Again, the shift of linear regression lines due to the covariate of clogging appeared to be small in both figures through visual inspection; however, statistical analyses by ANCOVA provided clear evidence that the effects of clogging could not be distinguished (p = 0.152, Table 1) in Figure 10 but were significant (p < 0.0001) in Figure 11.
First, the drawdown data of the infiltration bed were examined. The relation between water depth and drawdown rate exhibited little variation throughout the observation period, thus showing no clogging of the infiltration bed. Therefore, the infiltration bed had no influence in explaining the results from the above analyses.
Second, the Froude number was examined. It was determined that 99.89% of non-zero flow during storms was in the subcritical state; therefore, the effect from switching between subcritical and supercritical states could be ignored.
The records of subsurface maintenance done in the past were then examined to explain the results from the analyses. The archived video observation (20 June 2016) showed a significant quantity of debris deposited close to the 90-degree turn of the pipe near the entrance, as shown in Figure 12a. After passing the debris pile, the distribution pipe was generally clean, as Figure 12b shows. Another subsurface maintenance performed on 25 January 2017 found more debris, and the debris was piled mostly in the lower (i.e., close to the inlet) 30 m of the pipe. The spatially uneven distribution of debris might be explained by the reversed slope of the distribution pipe that would bring most debris back to the entrance.
Since most debris was accumulated near the lowest point of the distribution pipe, it appeared to cause partial clogging as water lower than the elevation of the debris cannot enter the rock infiltration bed through the orifices at the bottom section of the pipe. However, during storm events, the incoming water either moved the debris block, thus exposing the orifices, or overtopped the debris block thus accessing the remaining distribution pipe. Such moving of debris can cause the partial clogging to break temporarily (e.g., 10 April 2017–17 April 2017) as observed in Figure 4.
In Figure 12a, it was visible that a significant portion of debris appeared to be leaves and paper with only a small portion being plastic, even though a trash guard had been installed in the inlet structure to minimize the amount of leaves entering the inlet structure with runoff. Due to the ample supply of fallen leaves in late autumn in Philadelphia, the debris pile would potentially continue to grow in winter if the leaves can get past the trash guard.
As the supply of leaves is ample in winter and most winter storms are low in both depth and intensity, the clogging effect was significant in winter. As larger storms appeared in summer, the leaves and debris could be pushed into the higher end of the pipe, thus exposing the orifices. No subsurface cleaning was performed after January 2017 in the observation period; therefore, such mechanisms can sustain the pipe performance (during larger storms) for at least a full year. In any event, scheduled cleaning of the distribution pipe is recommended to reduce the amount of accumulated debris as the debris does not disappear completely and could still cause short episodes of partial clogging during the summer. If left unchecked, the accumulated debris may block the distribution pipe and cause a significant drop in system performance.
Partial clogging of a distribution pipe system was found by both visual observations and data analyses as evidenced by continuous ponding in the inlet structure, partially submerging the entrance of the distribution pipe. The impact on orifice performance of the distribution pipe from such partial clogging was examined by plotting the flow rate vs. l e f f h d , m e a n where h d , m e a n is the mean driving head and l e f f the effective pipe length. ANCOVA was used to determine the impact of partial clogging on orifice performance of the distribution pipe. Although partial clogging was found to exhibit a statistically significant effect on pipe performance, its effect declined with higher rainfall intensity, and was eventually not distinguishable when rainfall intensity was higher than approximately 0.65 mm/5 min. From ongoing research, the system overflowed only when the rainfall intensity was higher than approximately 3.3 mm/5 min. Therefore, partial clogging did not have any detrimental effect on the overflow generating characteristics of this system.
The subsurface maintenance records showed that most debris was piled up near the lower portion of the distribution pipe, which caused the observed partial clogging. However, the incoming water during larger storms (rainfall intensity higher than approximately 0.65 mm/5 min) either moved the debris block thus exposing the orifices, or overtopped the debris block thus accessing the remaining distribution pipe, so the performance of the distribution system during larger storms was not affected. It was hypothesized that most debris was composed of leaves, which are in abundant supply during late fall and early winter in Philadelphia. This explained why the occurrence of partial clogging was most frequent in winter.
Partial clogging was difficult to completely eliminate even with the installation of a trash guard and cleaning of the distribution pipe (the first clogging happened only one month after cleaning in January 2017). For drainage systems with space limitations such as the system under examination by this research, effective pretreatment is often not an option. Therefore, it poses a question to maintenance staff and practitioners—do we need to multiply the maintenance cost to eliminate all observed partial clogging? The result of this research implied that it is not necessary to increase the cleaning frequency to eliminate all partial clogging. In Philadelphia or locations with similar climate and flora, a typical trash guard and regular (once to twice per year) pipe cleaning was sufficient to keep the distribution pipe system at a satisfactory performance. Typical partial clogging does not harm the system performance during storms, when sufficient pipe delivery performance is needed the most.
However, such guidelines are qualitative, and more specific quantitative directives are required. For future research, two directions are suggested on this topic:
Find the minimal maintenance schedule needed to maintain the performance, and
Find the relations between the distribution pipe specification, pipe diameter, orifice size, orifice density), and the minimal needed maintenance schedule, so that a balance between construction cost and maintenance cost can be found.
Conceptualization, M.-C.T.; Methodology, M.-C.T.; Software, M.-C.T.; Validation, M.-C.T.; Formal Analysis, M.-C.T.; Investigation, M.-C.T. and R.T.; Resources, R.T.; Data Curation, M.-C.T.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, M.-C.T.; Writing-Review & Editing, R.T.; Visualization, M.-C.T.; Supervision, R.T.; Project Administration, R.T.; Funding Acquisition, R.T.
This publication was developed under Assistance Agreement No. 83555601 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to Villanova University. It has not been formally reviewed by the EPA. The views expressed in this document are solely those of Villanova University and do not necessarily reflect those of the Agency. The EPA does not endorse any of the products or commercial services mentioned in this publication.
The support from Philadelphia Water Department was crucially important for the success of this study and is highly appreciated, particularly the assistance from Stephen White and Chris Bergerson. The assistance from Cara Albright who designed and set up all instrumentation is also noted and highly appreciated.
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Figure 1. Plan view (top) and profile view (bottom) of the site under investigation.
Figure 2. Trash guard installed in the GI1 inlet structure (Date: 18 October 2016).
Figure 3. Ponding in the inlet structure due to partial clogging of the distribution pipe (Date: 30 March 2017).
Figure 4. Water elevation in the GI1 inlet structure between June 2016 and April 2018.
Figure 5. Rainfall depth and water depth (inlet structure and rock bed, with the bottom of the inlet structure as the datum) from events without (first storm) and with (second storm) partial clogging on 25 May 2017.
Figure 6. Leaking point in the inlet structure (Date: 25 January 2017).
Figure 7. Profile view of a typical distribution system in this research.
Figure 8. Conditions considered in the pipe performance determination in addition to the condition of Figure 7. (a) Water in the rock bed is lower than the whole pipe and the pipe is half-full; (b) water in the rock bed is lower than the whole pipe and the pipe is full; (c) water in the rock bed is between the lower and higher ends of pipe, and the pipe is full; (d) water in the rock bed submerges the whole pipe.
Figure 9. Performance plotted as flow rate vs. h d , m e a n l e f f for all data.
Figure 10. Performance plotted as flow rate vs. h d , m e a n l e f f for all data with 5-min rainfall depth >0.65 mm.
Figure 11. Performance plotted as flow rate vs. h d , m e a n l e f f for all data with 5-min rainfall depth <0.65 mm.
Figure 12. Images of debris deposition conditions before subsurface cleaning (Date: 20 June 2016). (a) Debris observed at the lower end of the pipe; (b) typical pipe condition above the lower end.
Table 1. ANCOVA results with different rainfall intensity thresholds below which data is excluded.
Rainfall intensity criteria (mm/5 min) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.8
Number of data points—no clogging 829 288 166 87 79 74 64
Number of data points—partial clogging 3448 364 199 120 103 100 77
ANCOVA p-value <1 × 10−4 <1 × 10−4 0.0179 0.0453 0.152 0.182 0.539
Tu, M.-C.; Traver, R. Clogging Impacts on Distribution Pipe Delivery of Street Runoff to an Infiltration Bed. Water 2018, 10, 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081045
Tu M-C, Traver R. Clogging Impacts on Distribution Pipe Delivery of Street Runoff to an Infiltration Bed. Water. 2018; 10(8):1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081045
Tu, Min-Cheng, and Robert Traver. 2018. "Clogging Impacts on Distribution Pipe Delivery of Street Runoff to an Infiltration Bed" Water 10, no. 8: 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081045
Water, EISSN 2073-4441, Published by MDPI


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twist open capsule and mix contents with food. Palatable to even the most finicky eater.
Active Ingredient: MicroLactin (dried milk protein).
Each capsule of Duralactin Feline contains: 200 mg of MicroLactin (dried milk protein).


text:
Briefing for firms interested in high-speed rail assets company tender to be conducted in July
Singapore's Minister for Transport Khaw Boon Wan and Malaysia's Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Abdul Rahman Dahlan sign the High Speed Rail MOU at the Prime Minister's official residence on July 19, 2016. PHOTO: ST FILE
Zhaki Abdullah
Jun 6, 2017, 6:00 pm SGT
http://str.sg/4LDc
SINGAPORE - An industry briefing will be conducted in July for firms interested in participating in the tender for the assets company for the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High Speed Rail (HSR) project.
The briefing will be conducted by Malaysia's MyHSR Corporation - a unit under the Malaysian Ministry of Finance tasked with undertaking the rail project - and Singapore's Land Transport Authority, the two agencies announced in a joint media release on Tuesday (June 6).
The assets company AssetsCo will be responsible for designing, building, financing and maintaining all rolling stock and rail assets such as power and signalling systems.
The briefing is open to all "qualified entities" and will serve as a platform for MyHSR and LTA to share key features of the project, as well as tender parameters and technical specifications.
"It will also provide an opportunity for a dialogue between MyHSR, LTA and the industry," said the two agencies.
Interested parties can visit the MyHSR website or the LTA website for more information on registering for the industry briefing.
The 350km Kuala Lumpur-Singapore HSR is slated to be completed by end-2026 and cut travel time between the two cities to 90 minutes.
HSR to S'pore nice to have but priority is to improve Malaysia's existing rail system: Mahathir
Deferred High-Speed Rail deal: Malaysia informs Singapore of $15m remittance
Singapore agreed to high-speed rail deferment to show goodwill to neighbour
Singapore-KL high-speed rail deferment: Delay not likely to affect prices of property, say experts
Singapore-KL high-speed rail deferment: Issues at play in project's future
Singapore-KL high-speed rail deferment: Hitting pause button will allow KL to review project specifications
Singapore, KL sign deal to defer high-speed rail
Singapore, Malaysia to ink agreement today to defer high-speed rail project


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Not everyone is vulnerable to the potential attack vector that researchers from INRIA, a French research institute, and Microsoft disclosed recently. In order to be vulnerable, the computer or server must support a class of deliberately weak export cipher suites. Support for these weak algorithms has remained in many implementations, however they are typically disabled by default. Nevertheless, the researchers discovered that several implementations incorrectly allow the message sequence of export ciphersuites to be used even if a non-export ciphersuite was nogotiated. This post shows how you can test a server to detect if it has been configured to allow export cipher suites to be used.
The nmap scan that we will launch will list all supported SSL/TLS ciphers and protocols. The scan will use the ssl-enum-ciphers nmap NSE script for this task.
-p 443: This indicates the port that we want to scan. Here we only scan port 443 which is the most common SSL/TLS port. If you have SSL/TLS servers running on other ports, you can add them by separating them with commas, e.g. -p 443,8080,8443,8888. If you leave out the -p parameter, nmap will scan a default list of the most common ports.
--script ssl-enum-ciphers: This indicates that the ssl-enum-ciphers NSE script should be executed on every found open port. This script will enumerate all SSL/TLS ciphers and protocols that the scanned server supports.
192.168.1.17: This indicates the machine to scan.
If the server you are scanning supports the weak export ciphersuites, then the word EXPORT will be present in the name of the ciphersuite.
The example below shows the output of an nmap scan on a server that still supports the export ciphersuites. The fact that the export ciphersuites are still supported can be clearly seen in the output: the list of supported ciphersuites clearly shows ciphersuites containing the word "EXPORT" in their name.
The example below shows the output of an nmap scan on a server that does not support export ciphersuites. The fact that export ciphersuites are no longer supported can be clearly seen in the output: there is no ciphersuite with the word "EXPORT" in its name.