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Taxonomic perils and pitfalls of dataset assembly in ecology: a case study of the naturalized Asteraceae in Australia
Brad R. Murray‡, Leigh J. Martin‡, Megan L. Phillips‡, Petr Pyšek§|
‡ University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
§ Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Corresponding author: Brad R. Murray ( brad.murray@uts.edu.au )
Academic editor: Ingolf Kühn
© 2017 Brad R. Murray, Leigh J. Martin, Megan L. Phillips, Petr Pyšek.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Murray BR, Martin LJ, Phillips ML, Pyšek P (2017) Taxonomic perils and pitfalls of dataset assembly in ecology: a case study of the naturalized Asteraceae in Australia. NeoBiota 34: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.34.11139
The value of plant ecological datasets with hundreds or thousands of species is principally determined by the taxonomic accuracy of their plant names. However, combining existing lists of species to assemble a harmonized dataset that is clean of taxonomic errors can be a difficult task for non-taxonomists. Here, we describe the range of taxonomic difficulties likely to be encountered during dataset assembly and present an easy-to-use taxonomic cleaning protocol aimed at assisting researchers not familiar with the finer details of taxonomic cleaning. The protocol produces a final dataset (FD) linked to a companion dataset (CD), providing clear details of the path from existing lists to the FD taken by each cleaned taxon. Taxa are checked off against ten categories in the CD that succinctly summarize all taxonomic modifications required. Two older, publicly-available lists of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia were merged into a harmonized dataset as a case study to quantify the impacts of ignoring the critical process of taxonomic cleaning in invasion ecology. Our FD of naturalized Asteraceae contained 257 species and infra-species. Without implementation of the full cleaning protocol, the dataset would have contained 328 taxa, a 28% overestimate of taxon richness by 71 taxa. Our naturalized AsteraceaeCD described the exclusion of 88 names due to nomenclatural issues (e.g. synonymy), the inclusion of 26 updated currently accepted names and four taxa newly naturalized since the production of the source datasets, and the exclusion of 13 taxa that were either found not to be in Australia or were in fact doubtfully naturalized. This study also supports the notion that automated processes alone will not be enough to ensure taxonomically clean datasets, and that manual scrutiny of data is essential. In the long term, this will best be supported by increased investment in taxonomy and botany in university curricula.
Big Data, comparative ecology, conservation, harmonized dataset, macroecology, taxonomic cleaning
Large datasets in plant ecology, composed of hundreds or thousands of species, are increasingly being assembled by combining existing lists of species (van Kleunen et al. 2015). The value of such datasets for addressing research questions is first and foremost determined by the quality of taxonomic accuracy underpinning their plant names. The task of merging multiple source datasets into one plant ecological dataset that is clean of taxonomic errors is seldom straightforward because lists that have not been actively maintained become outdated and riddled with incorrect or obsolete taxonomy (Soberón and Peterson 2004, Hulme and Weser 2011). This can lead to a lack of taxonomic congruence among existing lists and ultimately the assembly of a taxonomically unreliable dataset (Jansen and Dengler 2010). The use of unreliable datasets is of concern as they increase the risk of reaching questionable ecological conclusions and making poorly informed conservation and management decisions (Pyšek et al. 2013).
Taxonomic cleaning during the assembly of plant ecological datasets can be an especially difficult process for non-taxonomists, not only because of the inherent complexities of taxonomy and the ongoing nature of taxonomic change (Chapman 2005), but also given the recent decline of taxonomic expertise and resources (Wheeler 2014, Halme et al. 2015) that would normally be the first point of contact for taxonomic assistance (Gotelli 2004). The sorts of problems that need to be overcome during the assembly of plant ecological datasets include, among others, locating scientifically reliable source datasets, resolving issues of synonymy so that species' names are correct and currently accepted, and, where relevant, assigning the correct ecological status (e.g. rare, naturalized, invasive) to each species' name. For instance, a status of common may have switched to a status of rare by the time of dataset assembly (e.g. Murray and Hose 2005). Despite these problems, the increasing global availability of large volumes of ecological data and the growing reliance on Big Data to address the world's environmental problems mean that efforts must continue to assemble taxonomically clean and reliable datasets.
In an effort to assist ecologists not familiar with the finer details of taxonomic cleaning and who may not have previously assembled an ecological dataset, our first aim in the present study is to describe the range of taxonomic difficulties likely to be encountered when combining existing lists of plant species into a harmonized dataset. To facilitate this, we present a systematic taxonomic cleaning protocol for merging multiple source datasets into a single plant ecological dataset. The protocol draws partly on established knowledge and procedures for taxonomic cleaning (e.g. Chapman 2005, Chavan 2007, Kooyman et al. 2012, Pyšek et al. 2013, Mathew et al. 2014) and expands upon these in a systematic way to include searches for taxa new to a study region since the production of source datasets, confirmation of the occurrence of taxa in the region through manual inspection of distribution records, and verification of the ecological status of taxa. Our second aim is to present a case study that assembles a dataset of naturalized species and infra-species in the Asteraceae in Australia by merging two publicly available source datasets (Groves et al. 2003, Randall 2007). Importantly, we use this case study to quantify the impacts and to highlight the ramifications of ignoring the critical process of taxonomic cleaning.
Dataset design
Data cleaning identifies inaccurate and incomplete data and improves the quality of a dataset through correction of detected errors and omissions (Chapman 2005). We describe an eight step protocol for taxonomic cleaning (Fig. 1) that produces a final dataset (FD) linked to a companion dataset (CD). The FD is the cleaned dataset of species and infra-species (together referred to as taxa) ready for use in ecological studies (Suppl. material 1). The CD provides clear details of the path from source dataset to the FD taken by each taxon that has required some form of cleaning (Suppl. material 2).
A Flowchart of the eight steps in the taxonomic cleaning protocol B Ten categories in the companion dataset that are populated with taxon names during the cleaning process, located adjacent to relevant steps in the protocol C A walkthrough of the case study of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia, with a numerical breakdown of the taxa in the working list at each step to the production of the final and companion datasets.
The first four columns in both datasets contain genus, species, infra-species marker, and infra-species names while the fifth column contains the title(s) of the source dataset(s) in which taxon names occur. Central to the construction of the CD is checking off each taxon name against one or more of 10 categories listed in the CD. Each category, which has its own column in the CD for noting whether a taxon meets the requirements of the category, is described in full detail below (examples of each category are provided in Table 1). The CD is critical as it allows future studies to trace the origin of taxa in the FD exactly in the taxonomic form that they were collected and revisit them if need be. A comment column is included in both the FD and CD to ensure clearly articulated pathways of communication about the cleaning process between the two datasets. The 10 categories and comments columns transparently summarize all taxonomic modifications and updates, additions of new taxa, and taxon exclusions.
Descriptions of the 10 categories in the companion dataset with examples of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia. FD = final dataset, CD = companion dataset, GD = Groves et al. (2003), RD = Randall (2007).
Descriptions and taxa examples
1. Clone A taxon with an identical entry of its name in more than one source dataset.
Facelis retusa has the same name in GD and RD. Facelis retusa is placed in the FD and in the CD checked off against the clone category.
2. New A taxon found to occur either within a study region or in clades that are the focus of a study, since the time when the source datasets were originally constructed.
Bidens aurea has become naturalized in Australia since the preparation of GD and RD. Bidens aurea is placed in the FD and in the CD checked off against the new category.
3. Synonym A taxon with an old, no longer accepted scientific name listed in a source dataset, and that is now recognized by a new, currently accepted scientific name.
Cnicus benedictus in GD and RD is a synonym of the currently accepted name Centaurea benedicta. Centaurea benedicta is placed in the FD and Cnicus benedictus is placed in the CD checked off against the synonym category.
4. Infra-species A taxon whose [genus + species] and [genus + species + infra-species] names in source datasets are taxonomically valid.
Centauria nigrescens ssp. nigrescens in GD and Centauria nigrescens in RD are both valid names. We placed Centaurea nigrescens ssp. nigrescens in the FD and Centaurea nigrescens in the CD checked off against the infra-species category, as we chose to include [genus + species + infra-species] names in the FD over [genus + species] names.
5. Problem A taxon in a source dataset for which there is either current uncertainty regarding the correct name that should be used or whose name cannot be officially verified.
Palafoxia rosea cannot be taxonomically verified and is excluded from the FD and placed in the CD checked off against the problem category.
6. Non-region A taxon in a source dataset that is found on close inspection not to occur in the study region.
Brachylaena discolor does not occur in Australia (both known herbarium records are from overseas) and is excluded from the FD and placed in the CD checked off against the non-region category.
7. Island A taxon in a source dataset that is found on a nearby island, not on the mainland study region.
Picris hieracioides is not on mainland Australia but has possibly been recorded on nearby Norfolk Island. Picris hieracioides is excluded from the FD and placed in the CD and checked off against the island category.
8. Cultivated A taxon in a source dataset that is found in the study region, but only in cultivated form.
There are no examples of naturalized Asteraceae in the source datasets that are only in Australia in cultivation.
9. Residence A taxon in a source dataset that is native when the focus of the study is on exotic taxa, or a taxon that is exotic when the focus of the study is on native taxa.
There are no examples of naturalized Asteraceae in the source datasets excluded from the FD because they are native to Australia.
10. Status A taxon whose ecological status in the source dataset does not match the required status.
Anacyclus radiatus is excluded from the FD and placed in the CD checked off against status because it is doubtfully naturalized in Australia.
Taxonomic cleaning protocol
The eight step protocol presented here can be used to integrate any number of source lists, ranging from two to hundreds, into a single dataset from which taxonomic uncertainties and inaccuracies have been removed. The protocol is applicable to any taxonomic clade and in a consistent manner both to the assembly of datasets that target one or more geographic regions (from local plant communities to continental or global floras). The protocol can also be used to assemble comparative datasets that require large numbers of taxa to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses which may not necessarily be tied to a particular geographic region. Recently-developed automated processes for various aspects cleaning (e.g. Cayuela et al. 2012, Boyle et al. 2013, Pennell et al. 2016) can be implemented while following our protocol.
We do not explore issues related to cleaning geographic coordinate records of taxa as these have been covered in detail elsewhere (e.g. Chapman 1998, Chapman 2005, Kooyman et al. 2012, Maldonado et al. 2015, Robertson et al. 2016). Our check for the occurrence of taxa in a region (step 6) is simple in that we are interested in whether a taxon is either in the study region or not. However, this step of the protocol does require careful scrutiny of available data such as inspection of comments on herbarium records and perhaps even new field surveys to ensure that specimens were collected within the study region.
Step 1: Locating source datasets
Protocol. Datasets can be obtained from a wide range of sources, including published floras, scientific papers, herbaria and museums. There is also an expanding availability of relevant data from sources such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, www.gbif.org), the Global Invasive Species Dataset (GISD, www.issg.org) and the TRY Plant Trait Dataset (TRY, www.try-db.org). Each source dataset used during dataset assembly is given a unique title to keep track of the origin of taxon names throughout the cleaning process.
Confidence that source datasets are scientifically reliable and have been produced carefully is an essential requirement for dataset assembly. No matter how much a source dataset is cleaned, if the underlying compilation of taxa in the source dataset is questionable, then use of the dataset will subsequently lead to the assembly of an unreliable dataset. The best-case scenario is found in regions with a long history of botanical work and record-keeping. In such cases, obtaining reliable and up-to-date source datasets is straightforward. For example, the alien flora of the Czech Republic has been carefully described (Pyšek et al. 2002, Pyšek et al. 2012a), and a solid body of research which has used and refined this work provides a supportive framework for new research (e.g. Mihulka et al. 2003, Pyšek et al. 2003, Chytrý et al. 2005, Křivánek and Pyšek 2006, Chytrý et al. 2009, Phillips et al. 2010, Pyšek et al. 2012b). The strength of such source datasets is that there is usually a wealth of information about how they were built, including references, contained in peer-reviewed papers. There is an important point of distinction, in terms of confidence in a source dataset, between regions with such dataset availability and regions which have lists that are perhaps only available online and that are not attached to an institution, lacking any information about their construction or ongoing taxonomic maintenance.
Naturalized Asteraceae. Australia was permanently settled by Europeans in 1788, and even within the first 14 years of settlement, 29 exotic plant taxa that were introduced either accidentally or deliberately had started to naturalize (Groves 2002). Since then, over 2,500 plant taxa have become naturalized across the continent (Groves et al. 2005). Our case study assembled a dataset of species and infra-species in the Asteraceae that have become naturalized in the natural environment in Australia since permanent European settlement. We selected the Asteraceae for our study because a large number of taxa in the group have become naturalized in Australia and many have become invasive and problematic across the landscape (Radford and Cousens 2000, Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001, Hamilton 2005, Dodd et al. 2015).
Two publicly available datasets of naturalized plants in Australia were used, Groves et al. (2003) and Randall (2007) (referred to as GD and RD respectively, here and in the FD and CD), to merge naturalized Asteraceae from these source datasets into a single dataset. These are older sources of information, but we selected these to specifically demonstrate the problems that are to be expected and the errors that can arise when combining existing lists of plant species into a harmonized dataset. The book by Groves et al. (2003), commissioned by the Department of Environment and Heritage in 2000 and the Bureau of Rural Sciences in 2001, was compiled by 14 plant specialists from all the States and Territories of Australia with high-level expertise in taxonomy and botany. Naturalized exotic plants were defined as species or infra-species that have been introduced, become established and that reproduce naturally in the wild, without human intervention, consistent with descriptions in Richardson et al. (2000). The book by Randall (2007), which not only provides a comprehensive list of all exotic plant species introduced to Australia, but also identifies those that have become naturalized somewhere in Australia, was a publication of the CRC for Australian Weed Management and represents a development of A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall 2002), a major dataset of all weedy flora of the world. Both GD and RD source datasets represent the results of years of meticulous botanical work.
Step 2: Preparing a working list
Protocol. All taxa from the source datasets are placed in an initial working list that is a precursor to the FD. Some taxa will be present more than once in the working list under exactly the same name when source datasets are merged. These repeat entries are kept in the working list at this stage with their different source titles.
Naturalized Asteraceae. There were a total of 537 taxa of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia in the working list resulting from the merging of GD and RD.
Step 3: Managing clones
Protocol. Clones are repeat, completely identical entries of a taxon name from more than one source dataset. Once all clones have been identified, their occurrence in the working list is reduced to a single-name entry for each cloned taxon. Each cloned taxon is placed in the CD and checked off against the clone category (Fig. 1), retaining all source titles for each taxon. This step is important for record keeping as it provides an initial evaluation of consistency among source datasets (Chapman 2005).
Naturalized Asteraceae. There were 209 clones across the 328 unique taxa derived from both source datasets. This translates to 76.6% of the 273 taxa in GD and 79.2% of the 264 taxa in RD that were initially common to both datasets, leaving 64 taxon names found only in GD and 55 taxon names found only in RD.
Step 4: Identifying new taxa
Protocol. This step ensures that the FD contains all taxa currently known to occur either within a target region (sensuPyšek et al. 2004) or in clades that are the focus of study. Taxa new to a study region (e.g. newly discovered natives, recent introductions of exotics or non-endemic natives) and recently described taxa – since the time when the source datasets were originally constructed – need to be identified. Each new taxon is attached to a unique source title to keep track of the origin of the taxon name and placed in the FD. The names of these new taxa and their source titles are also placed in the CD and checked off against the new category in the companion dataset (Fig. 1).
Naturalized Asteraceae. To gather information about newly naturalized taxa in the Asteraceae in Australia since the compilation of the two source datasets, we conducted a literature search of publications from the Australian state herbaria and botanical gardens including Austrobaileya, Cunninghamia, Telopea, Muelleria, Journal of the Adelaide Botanical Gardens and Nuytisia. These journals periodically publish lists and records of plants newly recorded or identified as naturalized within Australia. We located three sources documenting new naturalizations in Australia, Hosking et al. (2007), Hosking et al. (2011) and Parsons (2012).
Step 5: Correcting taxon names
Protocol. This step requires careful scrutiny of taxon names in the working list to ensure that taxa are represented with their currently accepted and correct names. How difficult a task this is will ultimately depend on the availability of up-to-date taxonomic information via sources such as publications, online datasets and tools, detailed herbarium records, and taxonomists and their expertise. The guiding principle when updating taxa with their currently accepted names is to adopt a taxonomic system that provides an accepted, current authority in the jurisdiction of interest. Where no single authoritative source is available and competing taxonomies exist, researchers will need to make a choice and be explicitly clear about their taxonomic choices. This step in the process also corrects misspellings and lexical variants (i.e. different ways of writing the same name), and misapplications (where an incorrect name has mistakenly been given to a taxon), with any corrected taxon names checked in case they are clones of taxa already in the working list (step 3), to ensure that clones are limited to single-name entries. In some cases, it might be helpful to make use of automated recognition and correction tools for plant taxonomy, such as TaxonStand (Cayuela et al. 2012), the TNRS (Boyle et al. 2013) and taxonlookup (Pennell et al. 2016). If such tools are implemented, the version used must be carefully documented as these tools are also reliant on their underpinning sources of taxonomic information being maintained and kept up-to-date.
One of the most difficult taxonomic cleaning issues is dealing with the complex issue of synonymy. In taxonomy, a synonym is an old, no longer accepted scientific name that applies to a taxon that is now recognized by a new, currently accepted scientific name. Homotypic synonyms are problematic when assembling a dataset from multiple source datasets, as the inclusion of two or more names that refer to the same taxon (i.e. two or more names given to the same type specimen) leads to pseudo-replication in the dataset and thus problems with subsequent analyses and conclusions. Heterotypic synonyms consist of different names for different type specimens, which were all at one point considered distinct taxa, but which have now been lumped into the one taxon. Heterotypic synonymy needs to be resolved not only because the single, up-to-date taxon could have a broader geographic range than its constituent synonyms (an important distinction for macroecological studies of range size variation), but also because variation in life-history and ecological traits will probably be greater for the wider ranging up-to-date taxon (an important detail for comparative studies of life-history variation). It is also important to identify and correct any homonyms in the working list, which refer to a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon, as well as any misapplications (i.e. where a taxon has been incorrectly identified). Once all issues of synonymy have been identified, the single currently accepted name of a taxon is retained in the working list and non-current or misapplied names are excluded from the working list and placed in the CD and checked off against the synonym category (Fig. 1). Source titles are retained for each taxon with specific notes kept on the link that each synonymous taxon has to its currently accepted name in the working list, remembering that the working list becomes the FD at the end of the process.
It may become apparent that source datasets have chosen a different approach in relation to infra-species epithets. For example, a taxon might be represented with a [genus + species] name in one source dataset, but represented with [genus + species + infra-species] name in another (and in some cases both might be included). Sometimes, in checking the up-to-date names of such taxa, both names are considered to be current. An approach for dealing with infra-species in dataset assembly is to decide at the outset whether to include infra-species epithets across the whole working list, or if not, to pool infra-species into a [genus + species] name where appropriate. The latter approach can perhaps be used to deal with 'difficult' taxonomic groups where there are unresolved taxonomic issues. This pooling approach, however, can have disadvantages. Pooling infra-species into one larger taxon ignores potentially important differences among infra-species in their geographic distribution, life history, physiology and ecology. We suggest that where possible, infra-species are included in the working list. In such cases, the [genus + species] name that is not used is placed in the CD and checked off against the infra-species category and only the [genus + species + infra-species] name is retained in the working list with the relevant source title (Fig. 1). Where infra-species are not recognized, then [genus + species + infra-species] names are placed in the CD and checked off against the infra-species category, and the [genus + species] names are placed on the working list. The infra-species category provides the opportunity to contrast patterns emerging from the FD in analyses with and without infra-species if desired.
Some taxa may need to be removed from the working list, placed in the CD and checked off against a problem category (Fig. 1). These are either taxa for which there is current uncertainty regarding the correct name that should be used for the taxa in question or taxa whose names cannot be officially verified.
Naturalized Asteraceae. We used the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI, http://www.anbg.gov.au/apni/) and the Australian Plant Census (APC, http://www.chah.gov.au/apc/about-APC.html) to determine currently accepted names for all taxa in our working list. The system of nomenclature adopted for APC is endorsed by the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH), while APNI is maintained by the Australian National Botanic Gardens in collaboration with the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research and the Australian Biological Resources Study.
Step 6: Confirming occurrence in target region
Protocol. If a research goal is to include all taxa within a specific geographic region, then taxa in the working list are verified for their occurrence within that target region. This step may also include the requirement that taxa are identified as native or exotic to the region. Official plant censuses and herbarium records curated and maintained by national herbaria or botanic gardens, among other sources of reliable information, can be inspected closely to provide such verification. Ground truthing in the field may be required if there is real uncertainty about the occurrence of taxa in the region.
Taxa are removed from the working list, placed in the CD and checked off against the non-region category if there are no verified records of them in the target region (Fig. 1). This can happen, for instance, when specimens collected well outside the region are kept in herbaria and then those records are incorrectly entered into distributional datasets for the region which are then used as source datasets in dataset assembly.
Taxa are removed from the working list and placed in the CD and checked off against the island category if they are not found in the mainland target region, but are found on nearby external islands (Fig. 1). It is desirable to keep such taxa separate from those in the non-region category, as it might be argued for some studies, for instance, that it is important to perform analyses with and without nearby island species. For example, taxa in the island category might be excluded if seeking to identify those taxa that have naturalized within a mainland study region. These taxa might be included, however, if the goal is to identify taxa that have penetrated broader national biosecurity and quarantine systems where the island is considered part of the nation.
Taxa that only occur in the target region because they have been cultivated there, and which do not occur naturally in the wild, are removed from the working list, placed in the CD and checked off against the cultivated category (Fig. 1).
If a study is focused specifically on taxa native to the region, then exotic taxa are excluded from the working list and placed in the CD and checked off against the residence category (Fig. 1). If a study is about exotic taxa, then native taxa are excluded and placed in the residence category. Alternatively, this category need not be included in the CD, but rather a separate column distinguishing native from exotic taxa can be included in the FD if comparisons between natives and exotics are desired in the study.
Naturalized Asteraceae. We used APNI and APC to determine non-region, island and cultivated taxa or native residency of taxa in Australia that would exclude them from the FD. If a name wasn't found in APNI, which provides a comprehensive record of every scientific plant name in taxonomic literature concerning Australia, this meant that the name had not been used in the scientific literature as referring to a taxon occurring within Australia. If a name was excluded from APC, this meant that the name was not considered by CHAH to be in Australia. We then scrutinized herbarium records in Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH, www.avh.chah.org.au) to seek further evidence of occurrence of species in Australia. The AVH resource is maintained by CHAH and provides on-line access to Commonwealth, State and Territory herbarium records. These records provide important information on the date and location of collection and if specimens were obtained overseas, from islands or cultivated plants, or from plants occurring in natural habitats.
Step 7: Verifying ecological status
Protocol. Dataset assembly often requires a final clean so that only taxon names with a particular ecological status or statuses, related to their distribution and abundance within the target region, are included. These might include, for example, datasets comprised of taxa classified as either naturalized, invasive, declining, or threatened. We have included this step in the taxonomic cleaning process because this a particular area where taxonomy and ecology overlap considerably and they should not be considered separately (Graham et al. 2004, Wheeler 2004, Halme et al. 2015).
The definition of ecological status in the source datasets must be clear and should preferably comply for the most part with published and widely adopted descriptions. In the field of invasion ecology, for instance, there are widely adopted schemes for consistent terminology (e.g. Richardson et al. 2000, Blackburn et al. 2011). Only if these definitions are similar should source datasets be put through the process simultaneously. If two or more source datasets differ substantially in their classification schemes, and these differences cannot be resolved, it is advisable to treat the datasets independently and put them through the process separately to produce two separate FDs. For example, species invasiveness might be determined as level of impact in one source and as rate of spread and geographic range size in another, and it is important that these two definitions of invasiveness are not considered the same. If a taxon name does not have the appropriate ecological status, it is excluded from the working list, placed in the CD and checked off against a status category in the companion dataset (Fig. 1). If more than one ecological status is assessed, then separate columns are included in the CD representing each status. As an alternative, this category need not be included in the CD, but rather a separate column distinguishing the status of each taxon can be included in the FD if comparisons between or among statuses are the focus of the study (e.g. the study seeks to compare rare and common taxa in the dataset).
Naturalized Asteraceae. The naturalized status of each taxon in Australia was reviewed by carefully examining source datasets in conjunction with APC, APNI and AVH. In particular, the APC states clearly if taxa are doubtfully naturalized, and we excluded those taxa from the FD.
Step 8: Producing the final and companion datasets
Protocol. The working list at this stage of the process becomes the FD of taxa linked to the CD. The FD has now been cleaned and is the primary, up-to-date inventory of species that can be used with confidence and transparency in dataset studies. In both the FD and CD, it is important to ensure that the language and terminology used in the comments columns are consistent, to ensure ease of use when cross-walking the datasets.
Naturalized Asteraceae. The FD is presented in Suppl. material 1 and the CD is presented in Suppl. material 2.
Summary patterns in the FD and CD
The FD of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia contained 257 taxa. Four of these taxa (1.6%) were new, recorded as naturalized in Australia since the publication of the source datasets. There were 278 taxa in the CD. A total of 173 taxa (67.3% of the FD) were clones across the FD and CD with the same currently accepted name in both source datasets. There were 54 taxa (21.0%) in the FD that were either found only in GD (23 taxa, 8.9%) or only in RD (31 taxa, 12.1%) under their currently accepted name. Thus, a total of 227 taxa (88.3%) in the FD were unchanged from the source datasets. A total of 26 updated names (10.1%) not found in GD or RD were included in the FD.
A walk-through of the taxonomic cleaning process
The source datasets GD and RD were selected (step 1, Fig. 1) with the working list containing 537 taxon names after their merger (step 2, Fig. 1). Management of clones led to the removal of 209 duplicate taxon names (e.g. Ambrosia artemisiifolia) leaving 328 distinct taxon names in the working list (step 3, Fig. 1). We added 4 new taxa (e.g. Pentzia globosa) resulting in 332 taxa in the working list (step 4, Fig. 1). A total of 88 taxon names were excluded as they were either problematic (e.g. Chrysocoma coma-aurea); they were [genus + species] names that were replaced with valid [genus + species + infra-species] names (e.g. Chrysanthemoides monilifera in RD was excluded and Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera and Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata in GD were included); and/or they were old synonyms that required updating with currently accepted names (step 5, Fig. 1, e.g. four taxon names in GD, Xanthium cavanillesii, Xanthium italicum, Xanthium occidentale, Xanthium orientale were excluded and the currently accepted name Xanthium strumarium in RD was included). In some cases during this step, the currently accepted names or [genus + species + infra-species] names appeared in one or both of GD and RD. For example, Cineraria lyrata in RD was updated to Cineraria lyratiformis which appeared in both GD and RD (Suppl. material 2). In other cases, the old synonyms were replaced with a total of 26 updated names that were not in the source datasets (e.g. Oligocarpus calendulaceus was included and its synonym Osteospermum calendulaceum in GD and RD was excluded).
At the end of step 5, there were 270 taxa in the working list. Five taxa were found not to be present in Australia (e.g. Gazania serrata) and their removal left 265 taxa in the working list (step 6, Fig. 1). Eight taxa were identified as doubtfully naturalized (step 7, Fig. 1, e.g. Cichorium endivia) and their removal left 257 taxa in the working list which became the FD (step 8, Fig. 1). Among these eight taxa, Brachylaena discolor was excluded both because its two herbarium records were collected overseas and because it is considered doubtfully naturalized, while Picris hieracioides was excluded because it does occur on mainland Australia, its presence on an external island (Norfolk Island) is questionable due to misidentification and because it is also considered doubtfully naturalized.
Several outcomes of our dataset assembly of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia demonstrate how critical it is to implement taxonomic cleaning. Although our study only dealt with a few hundred taxa, the outcomes of the study have direct implications for even bigger data studies involving thousands of taxa. First, the cleaned dataset contained 257 taxa. Had the cleaning protocol not been implemented, and a dataset constructed simply by merging the two source datasets (with just the straightforward removal of duplicate names), the assembled dataset would have contained 328 taxa. This equates to a considerable and unacceptable overestimate of taxon richness of naturalized Asteraceae in Australia by 71 taxa (27.6%). Such a high level of taxonomic inaccuracy is especially unsuitable for comparative plant studies that require accurate representations of phylogenetic relationships (Gotelli 2004). Second, any taxonomic cleaning process must account not just for nomenclatural issues (step 5), it must also include careful scrutiny of the occurrence (step 6) and ecological status (step 7) of each taxon. Had we not manually inspected the actual distributional records of each taxon, the assembled dataset would have contained 270 taxa, an overestimate of taxon richness by 13 taxa. Third, where there is any reasonable gap in time between dataset assembly and the construction of the source datasets, the literature must be scoured for evidence of new taxa that need to be added to the dataset (step 4). While in our case, this involved searching for and finding four recently naturalized taxa in Australia, in other cases, this might include newly described taxa within study clades.
Implementation of our cleaning protocol has also demonstrated that it is unlikely that a reliance on automated processes for cleaning will be all that is required to completely clean and prepare datasets. Indeed, previous work has described data cleaning and taxonomic scrutiny of Big Data as 'intelligent processes' (Chavan 2007), requiring the involvement of skilled individuals with taxonomic expertise to be fully effective. Kooyman et al. (2012) pointed out that even after automated taxonomic cleaning, each taxon in an assembled dataset must be individually inspected to ensure all taxonomic inaccuracies have been dealt with. While there have been recent efforts to automate the most time-consuming process (step 5) of cleaning (Cayuela et al. 2012, Boyle et al. 2013, Pennell et al. 2016), coordination of effort across a global or even more regional scales to provide combined automation of step 5 with steps 4 (new taxa), 6 (confirming occurrence) and 7 (verifying status) in particular will be much harder to achieve in the foreseeable future, and these steps will for some time require human vetting and expertise. This is especially so for step 6, as distributional records need to be inspected. With these records, there is often much detail and little consistency in how comments and notes are provided, making efforts to establish an automated process rather difficult. In addition, it is critical to understand that automated approaches are still reliant on the sources used for nomenclatural cleaning being regularly maintained and updated to reflect current taxonomic knowledge. Unfortunately, the approach to ensuring currently valid names are used has generally been haphazard in broader curatorial practice (Costello and Wieczorek 2013), but there is much scope for it to become more systematic as these datasets grow and receive more attention based on their value in the age of Big Data (Zermoglio et al. 2016).
The number of clones in the FD, taxa found in both GD and RD under their currently accepted names, was moderately high (67%). This is probably unsurprising given the meticulous nature with which the source datasets were constructed. Nevertheless, the differences between the two source datasets point to issues that need to be considered when merging datasets. For instance, the 21% of taxa in the FD that were either found only in GD or only in RD under their currently accepted name demonstrate that using more than one source dataset when possible is likely to lead to a higher number of relevant taxa in the FD and that disparate source datasets are likely to differ in their taxonomic content (e.g. Hulme and Weser 2011). At this stage, it is unclear why our two source datasets each contained taxa that the other did not. It is also interesting to note that in nearly ten years since the publication of the latest dataset (RD), 26 updated taxon names needed to be inserted into the FD with the removal of 88 other names for issues related to synonymy, infra-species epithets and problematic circumstances. These numbers are not insignificant and indicate that even in a short period of time, taxonomy is incredibly dynamic.
A key strength of the protocol presented in this paper is that it presents a simple step-by-step approach for taxonomic cleaning that can easily be adopted by non-specialists who are assembling a plant ecological dataset, perhaps for the first time. In addition, it systematically coordinates steps in a way that especially targets the construction of plant ecological datasets, particularly because it includes ecological aspects (i.e. occurrence, status) and the need to search the most up-to-date sources for taxa new to study regions (if a target area approach is used) or taxonomic clades (if a broader comparative study is involved). Further detailed descriptions of taxonomic cleaning can be obtained by consulting sources such as Chapman (2005) and Mathew et al. (2014). The production of both a final dataset and a companion dataset via our protocol make it very clear that we believe it important to be transparent about not only which taxa are included in a study, but also about those taxa not included and the reasons for their exclusion. The recent retraction of a published paper from the journal Biology Letters (Hanna and Cardillo 2014) on the grounds that the ecological dataset contained substantial errors lends weight to the argument of transparency in dataset presentation. Analysis of a revised dataset has produced considerably different outcomes compared with the original study, and will lead to a new publication in a different journal (Retraction Watch at http://retractionwatch.com/2016/12/27/error-laden-database-kills-paper-extinction-patterns/).
This is the first botanical study that details the types and amounts of taxonomically-related errors that arise when source datasets are merged to assemble an ecological dataset. A small number of studies, however, have begun to empirically address the issue of taxonomic reliability in the sorts of large datasets available for use in large dataset studies in animal ecology. Zermoglio et al. (2016), for example, analysed 1000 scientific names taken at random from VertNet, an aggregator of vertebrate biodiversity data from natural history collections. They found that less than 47% of names were currently valid. Our cleaning protocol removed 27% (88 out of 328 taxon names at step 2) based on similar nomenclatural issues. Although this percentage is not as high as that reported in Zermoglio et al. (2016), it still represents the highest number of taxa requiring attention (excluding the removal of duplicate names). The high prevalence of synonymy is not surprising as this type of issue is the most difficult and time consuming to solve (Zermoglio et al. 2016). In this context, consultation with specialist taxonomists is highly desired (Gotelli 2004). However, such expertise has become less available in recent times (Wheeler 2014). In the long term, this problem will best be solved by increasing the taxonomic expertise of ecologists building and using datasets containing large numbers of species. Thus, our study provides further evidence to support calls for continued investment in plant systematics and the representation of taxonomy and botany in university curricula (Wheeler et al. 2012, Pyšek et al. 2013, Bebber et al. 2014, Wheeler 2014, Deng 2015).
Big data can be used effectively in a targeted way in ecological studies to address major scientific and societal problems (Hampton et al. 2013). However, the value of any analysis of large ecological datasets depends on the quality of the underlying taxonomic data (Valdecasas and Camacho 2003). The challenge is that taxonomic cleaning during dataset assembly is an incredibly difficult task. This difficulty, compounded by the global decline of taxonomic expertise, leads to situations where ecological datasets are often used without much attention being given to the quality of the underlying taxonomic data (Maldonado et al. 2015). This is concerning because a lack of appropriate taxonomic consideration can have serious impacts on the robustness of outcomes from large dataset studies (Jansen and Dengler 2010, Duarte et al. 2014, Zermoglio et al. 2016). The protocol we have presented here is helpful because it brings together an integrated management plan that combines usually disparate elements of dataset assembly which are not always considered together in a systematic way for plant ecological datasets. Our study has clearly shown that ignoring the critical process of taxonomic cleaning can lead to serious dataset problems that will likely lead to incorrect ecological conclusions.
BM, LM and MP thank the members of the Murray Ecology Lab at the University of Technology Sydney for helpful discussions, and Joyce Byers for comments on a draft of the manuscript. PP was supported by project no. 14-36079G Centre of Excellence PLADIAS (Czech Science Foundation), long-term research development project RVO 67985939 and Praemium Academiae award (The Czech Academy of Sciences).
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Mihulka S, Pyšek P, Pyšek A (2003) Oenothera coronifera, a new alien species for the Czech flora, and Oenothera stricta, recorded again after two centuries. Preslia 75: 263–270.
Murray BR, Hose GC (2005) Life-history and ecological correlates of decline and extinction in the endemic Australian frog fauna. Austral Ecology 30: 564–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01471.x
Parsons RF (2012) The deliberate introduction to Australia of the shrub genus Pentzia (Asteraceae) and its subsequent persistence and spread. Cunninghamia 12: 239–246. https://doi.org/10.7751/cunninghamia.2012.12.019
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Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster G, Williamson M, Kirschner J (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135498
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Pyšek P, Chytrý M, Pergl J, Sádlo J, Wild J (2012b) Plant invasions in the Czech Republic: current state, introduction dynamics, invasive species and invaded habitats. Preslia 84: 576–630.
Pyšek P, Hulme PE, Meyerson LA, Smith GF, Boatwright JS, Crouch NR, Figueiredo E, Foxcroft LC, Jarošík V, Richardson DM, Suda J, Wilson JRU (2013) Hitting the right target: taxonomic challenges for, and of, plant invasions. AoB PLANTS 5: plt042. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plt042
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Supplementary material 1
Final dataset
Brad R. Murray, Leigh J. Martin, Megan L. Phillips, Petr Pyšek
Data type: species data
Explanation note: The final dataset (FD) of naturalized species and infra-species of Asteraceae in Australia. GD and RD refer to the Groves et al. (2003) and Randall (2007) source datasets respectively. Comments link the names of taxa to the companion dataset (CD, Suppl. material 2).
This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (22.55 kb)
Companion dataset
Explanation note: The companion dataset (CD) for naturalized Asteraceae in Australia. GD and RD refer to the Groves et al. (2003) and Randall (2007) source datasets respectively. A 'Y' indicates that the taxon name is checked off against the header category. Comments link the names of taxa to the final dataset (FD, Suppl. material 1).


text:
A XIII. Alfonz-csatorna egy 85 km hosszú víziút, amely az Ibériai-félsziget belsejében fekvő Sevilla tengeri kikötőjét köti össze az Atlanti-óceánnal.

A csatorna története
Sevilla kikötője az arab uralom idején vált az Ibériai-félsziget egyik legfontosabb kikötőjévé. Az arab uralom végével egy időben erősödött meg a transzatlanti kereskedelem. Az amerikai spanyol gyarmatokról érkező megnövekedett hajóforgalom számára Sevillában új kikötőmedencéket építettek. Ez időben merült fel először az igény, hogy a Guadalquivir szabályozásával az ár-apály által kevésbé befolyásolt hajózóutat építsenek a sevillai kikötőig. A torkolattól a kikötőig a hajóknak 110 kilométert kellett felfelé hajózni a folyón. A hajózóút lerövidítésének érdekében levágták a Guadalquivir több kanyarulatát is, de a kor technikai színvonalán lehetetlen volt egy nagy hajócsatorna megépítése.

A csatorna tényleges megépítése 1902-ig váratott magára. Luis Moliní, a sevillai kikötő igazgatója ekkor vázolta tervét, mely szerint a Guadalquivir Sevilla és az óceán közötti szakaszát egy mesterséges hajócsatorna építésével, illetve három nagy kanyarulat levágásával a harmadára csökkentenék. Tervei szerint a régi folyami rakpartokat a folyótól zsilippel elválasztott dokkokkal váltották ki. Az építkezés Spanyolország megingott anyagi helyzete és az első világháború miatt csak nehezen haladt. A világháború alatt a csatorna építését le is állították. Az építkezés végül 1923-ban készült el.

A háború befejeződésével a nemzetközi kereskedelem fellendült. 1929-ben Delgado Brackenbury, a kikötő új igazgatója a kikötő további kiépítését határozta el. A csatornát ezért tovább szélesítették és mélyítették. Az utolsó nagy fejlesztések az 1992-ben zajlottak. Ekkor a csatorna medrét szélesítették, hogy a világkiállításra érkező szállodahajók is felúszhassanak a csatornán.

Technikai adatok

Lehetséges legnagyobb hajóméretek a csatornán

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Sevilla

További információk
A sevillai kikötő honlapja
Az 1929-es építkezés összefoglalója a sevillai kikötő honlapján.
A csatorna egyik levágott kanyarulata a Google Earth-ön
A csatorna és a Guadalquivir levágott meanderei a Google Earth-ön

Alfonz
Sevilla
Andalúzia építményei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Help us raise $10,000 for Boys & Girls Clubs of the Big Bend!
For the fourth year, TBR is so happy to be able to support our local Boys and Girls Clubs of the Big Bend with our Playhouse Chance Drawing! ALL of the money from ticket sales will benefit them. Tickets are just $5 each, and we're only selling 2,000 of them. Call TBR at (850) 224-7713 to find out how you can purchase tickets for yourself or your friends and family!
A decorated playhouse model will be on display at TBR soon, and will take a fun ride on our Springtime Tallahassee parade float on March 30. The drawing will be held on April 2 at the 9 a.m. at TBR (you don't have to be present to win). If you win, Roberts Construction Services will site-build a playhouse at your home, so you can pick the colors!


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#VOTE4WASH: political candidates Pledge total commitment to the implementation of SDG6 in Lagos State
February 4, 2019 | tosin adesina
tosin adesina
VOTE4WASH, a social campaign put in place by Connected Development a Non-Governmental Organization with the support of WaterAid International has reached an advance stage in Lagos with the signing of the VOTE4WASH campaign plegde cards by various political candidates contesting for executive and legislative positions in Lagos state. The pledge card which contains a statement of affirmation on the willingness of the signee to commit to the implementation of the Goal6 of the SDGs which is Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) will help in no small means to change the face of the water and sanitation system in Lagos.
With a population of over 15 million inhabitants, Lagos have a major negative indices of inequality when it comes to provision of clean water and effective sanitation systems in the state. Despite promises of successive government in Lagos state, the state is yet to achieve total supply of clean water for its inhabitants which has made Lagosians to provide these necessary item of nature for themselves at exorbitant costs. The lack of effective waste disposal systems in Lagos unlike what obtains in developed city across the world has led to the proliferation of open defecation popularly known as "shot-put" which always find its way into the ocean and further contaminate the aquatic elements in our water body but this should change anytime soon.
While receiving the VOTE4WASH team lead by Nwachukwu Ani, Assistant Programs Manager, Connected Development Nigeria on Thursday, January 31, 2019 at the Ikorodu ADC Secretariat, Hon. Jumoke Fakoya the Senatorial Candidate of the Action Democratic Congress (ADC) for Lagos East Senatorial District stated that she is happy with the VOTE4WASH campaign and ready to support the achievement of SDG6 through effective legislation at the National Assembly after her electoral victory, she narrated her experience at Ibeju-Lekki while on campaign where she was confronted with the poor state of water supply and sanitation facilities in the community which she described as appalling and unacceptable. She promised to make the SDG6 an integral part of her deliverables after the coming election. She appreciated CODE and WaterAid for instituting a laudable project like the #VOTE4WASH campai
The candidate of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) for Lagos East Senatorial District in Lagos, Princess Folashade Oyefusi while receiving the VOTE4WASH team appreciated the timeliness of the #VOTE4WASH campaign and the fact that we chose to make Lagos a beneficiary of the campaign. She also promised to prioritize the effective implementation of SDG6 in the Senatorial district after her electoral victory and also promise to incorporate CODE and WaterAid in her activities as a National Assembly member. Other individuals that signed the Pledge Cards with promised commitment of the SDG6 in Lagos are the candidates for Ikorodu Constituency 1 and 2 of the ADC Mr. Adeyemi Odofin and Miss Islamiat Adeola Oyebanjo.
While speaking with Ynaija, Nwachukwu Ani described the campaign as need driven and solution focused one to seek to the implementation of SDG6 ahead of the 2030 deadline. He was accompanied on the visits by Adesina Tosin Nathaniel, Lagos state Chapter Lead of Connected Development and VOTE4WASH Volunteer in Lagos. The signing of pledge cards continues with candidates of other political parties.
Tags: #VOTE4WASH, Code, WATERAID
Nelson C.J January 21, 2020
The EFCC should do its job but are these dehumanizing methods of arrest really necessary?
For a while now, The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has continued to reiterate its' unbending stand on fighting ...
Editor January 21, 2020
Ganduje continues in Kano as Supreme Court affirms his election
Many hopes were dashed this morning as the Supreme Court of Nigeria affirmed the re-election of Governor Umar Ganduje of ...
#ImoWantsIhedioha: The South-East protests to reject the Supreme Court ruling on Imo state
Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. #imowantsihedioha 💪🏿💪🏿 pic.twitter.com/aZz6wc2hCS — Mundus (@mundus01) January 19, 2020 This is one ...
Protecting lives should be the priority of everyone in power and this includes governors
By now, we ought to have seen the widely acclaimed Western Nigeria Security Network (Amotekun) getting about their duties, if of ...
Maybe Kano can learn a thing or two from Jigawa's Hisbah board
Hisbah, the para-security organizations created to implement Shari'a law in many of the Northern Nigerian states has gotten a bad ...
Nigeria remains one of the most dangerous places to work for journalists
Yesterday, journalist Maxwell Nashan lost his life. Nashan worked with the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and was preparing ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to King's Way Christian Church!
Whether you are new to the area or a life-long resident, King's Way Christian Church invites you to "Come and See". We offer contemporary worship services, Bible study, and worship programs for youths of all ages, a staffed nursery, and an selection of adult classes.
We are housed in the King's Way Christian Church and Outreach Center, and our morning worship services are held in the Main Auditorium. We also have a Worship/Fellowship Center, six large, classrooms, a kitchen and dining area, and offices upstairs.
We maintain a daycare ministry as a community outreach. We know that our children are our future and strive to provide an excellent daycare in a warm, loving, Christian environment.
Love others as He has loved us.
At King's Way, we understand worship to be a lifestyle - one that encompasses weekend singing and praying as a gathering of church family as well as subtler aspects of our everyday individual routines. Scripture tells us that when we offer our lives to God for His purpose, we are actually participating in a special, spiritual act of worship. And when, as a church community, we begin to connect to God in a way that goes beyond the motions, we start to see worship in a whole new dimension - one that is an integral part of the way we live our lives and relate to those around us. We invite you to join us as we sing songs, pray and continue to find new ways to worship our Creator, both inside and outside church walls.
No one can make it through life alone. Individuals and families need friends to thrive. We believe the Bible teaches that there is a certain kind of community that is necessary for healthy friendships to develop. God lives in the relationships that develop in such communities (churches).
At King's Way we are all about helping one another find our way back to God. We won't use guilt trips or gimmicks to convince you. We will be honest and straightforward about the truth we have found in Jesus Christ and let you be the judge. We do not claim to have all the answers, but we want to introduce you to the One who is the answer.
We do not believe God wants to leave any of us where we are. His goal for us is always growth. None of us will ever be able to say we have arrived, but we should be on the way.
Well-staffed children's ministries and a state of the art nursery are provided with a solid commitment to safety, fun, and excellence during our worship times.
We reach out to young families and people of all ages in our worship services. The music is contemporary with a band, and we do some traditional hymns.
Some of our people attend in jeans and others dress up. We want folks to feel comfortable coming as they are.
We don't want people to feel emotionally manipulated. We hope we can be a place where people can come and seek without feeling pressured.
· Nursery and Bible Fellowship - 9:30 a.m.
· Nursery - Birth to Toddler - 10:30 a.m.
· Wee Worship Too - potty trained to 5 yrs - 10:30 a.m.
· Kid's Own Worship - Kindergarten - 5th grade - 10:30 a.m.
· Nursery and Childrens' Classes - 6:00 p.m.
· Nursery - Birth to potty trained - 6:45 p.m.


In a new trailer Square Enix and Microsoft today presented exciting material of the next incarnation of Tomb Raider. While Lara traverses mountain passes, climbs up frozen walls, and finally falls victim to an avalanche, the voice of voice actress Camilla Luddington sets the tone of this newest adventure.
Throughout history the boldest have dared to go further. They risk death and in doing so live on forever. What drives these few to the ends of the earth? The desire to discover something more. The search for something greater. The world is full of unanswered questions. Beyond all limits or reason the answers await. For some discovering the secrets of the world is the only way to live.
You can watch the trailer in the Entertainment Weekly website. Everyone interested in the game should mark their calenders: Microsoft will hold its traditional E3 press conference on June 15th. More new and exciting videos and pictures are to be expected!


text:
external help file: Microsoft.Azure.Commands.Compute.dll-Help.xml
Module Name: AzureRM.Compute
online version: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/azurerm.compute/get-azurermgallery
schema: 2.0.0
---

# Get-AzureRmGallery

## SYNOPSIS
Get or list galleries.

## SYNTAX

### DefaultParameter (Default)
```
Get-AzureRmGallery [[-ResourceGroupName] <String>] [[-Name] <String>]
 [-DefaultProfile <IAzureContextContainer>] [<CommonParameters>]
```

### ResourceIdParameter
```
Get-AzureRmGallery [-ResourceId] <String> [-DefaultProfile <IAzureContextContainer>] [<CommonParameters>]
```

## DESCRIPTION
Get or list galleries.

## EXAMPLES

### Example 1
```powershell
PS C:\> Get-AzureRmGallery -ResourceGroupName $rgname -GalleryName $galleryName

ResourceGroupName : rg1
Description       : Gallery created by Powershell.
Identifier        :
  UniqueName      : 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000-gallery1
ProvisioningState : Succeeded
Id                : /subscriptions/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/resourceGroups/rg1/providers/Microsoft.Compute/galleries/gallery1
Name              : gallery1
Type              : Microsoft.Compute/galleries
Location          : southcentralus
Tags              : {}
```

Get the gallery.

## PARAMETERS

### -DefaultProfile
The credentials, account, tenant, and subscription used for communication with Azure.

```yaml
Type: Microsoft.Azure.Commands.Common.Authentication.Abstractions.IAzureContextContainer
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases: AzureRmContext, AzureCredential

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -Name
The name of the gallery.

```yaml
Type: System.String
Parameter Sets: DefaultParameter
Aliases: GalleryName

Required: False
Position: 1
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -ResourceGroupName
The name of the resource group.

```yaml
Type: System.String
Parameter Sets: DefaultParameter
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -ResourceId
The resource id for Gallery

```yaml
Type: System.String
Parameter Sets: ResourceIdParameter
Aliases:

Required: True
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### CommonParameters
This cmdlet supports the common parameters: -Debug, -ErrorAction, -ErrorVariable, -InformationAction, -InformationVariable, -OutVariable, -OutBuffer, -PipelineVariable, -Verbose, -WarningAction, and -WarningVariable. For more information, see about_CommonParameters (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113216).

## INPUTS

### System.String

### Microsoft.Azure.Commands.Compute.Automation.Models.PSGallery

## OUTPUTS

### Microsoft.Azure.Commands.Compute.Automation.Models.PSGallery

## NOTES

## RELATED LINKS


I'm signed up for paperless statements but I'm still receiving stuff in the mail. I did overdraft my account recently and TD bank sent me a notification in the mail. How do I make sure I don't get anything else in the mail? I don't want anything regarding my account sent to my home address. If I can't stop getting the notifications in the mail of when I accidentally overdraft my account, can I change my mailing address? Please let me know what I need to do but I don't want anything sent to my home address.
Thank you for reaching us on TD Helps, Morgan. We'd be happy to clarify. Federal regulations require banks, including TD, to send certain pieces of information to you via standard mail. These things include overdraft notices, interest statements, terms and conditions updates, etc. As you've mentioned that you've enrolled in paperless statements, your account information will no longer be sent via standard mail and will be accessible online. If you are receiving any other mailings from TD such as marketing advertisements, you are able to update these preferences by filling out a form found here: http://bit.ly/Z6vtVx. You may also speak to a Representative directly to update this information either 24/7 by dialing 888-751-9000 or by visiting a TD Store during lobby hours. For Store locations and hours please visit http://bit.ly/TDStores. If you would like to update your address, there are a few ways you can go about doing so. One of the easiest ways is to give us a call 24/7 by dialing the number mentioned above. As you've mentioned that you already have Online Banking with us, you are able to log in here: http://bit.ly/1eaISlq to update this information. After logging in, please visit the Customer Service tab and click on the Change Address, Phone, Email Address link to send your new contact information. Another option would be changing your address via mail. Feel free to mail a request to: TD Bank, NA, 6000 Atrium Way, Mt Laurel, NJ 08054, Mail Stop # NJ5-002-215 As always, you are able to update this information at any TD Store during lobby hours. We hope this helps, Morgan and have a good afternoon.


Can a Trust Help Keep My Gifts Private?
or most people, one of the primary motivations for creating an estate plan is to ensure that their estate assets are distributed according to their wishes after they are gone. Most people also use a Last Will and Testament as the estate planning tool of choice to achieve that goal – at this in their initial estate plan. As your estate and your family grow, however, you may recognize the need to expand your estate plan as well. You may also begin to include additional estate planning goals and objectives in your estate plan. One of those goals may be keeping the details of your estate plan private. The Phoenix trust lawyers at Morris Hall PLLC explain how a trust can help you keep the details of the gifts you make within your plan private.
A Last Will and Testament is a legal document that communicates your final wishes pertaining to possessions and dependents. Your Will allows you to make both specific and general gifts. For example, you might make specific gifts of your house along with $100,000 in cash to a designated beneficiary. You could also gift a percentage of your estate to a beneficiary. For example, you could gift half of your entire estate to your daughter. Your Will is also where you will appoint someone to be the Executor of your estate. Your Executor plays a vital role in the probate of your estate after your death. Finally, a Will provides you with the only official opportunity you will have to nominate a Guardian for your minor children in the event one is ever needed after you are gone.
What Happens to Your Will after Your Death?
Shortly after your death, your estate will likely need to go through the legal process referred to as "probate." To initiate the probate of your estate your Executor must submit an original copy of your Will along with a certified death certificate. The terms of your Will are ultimately used to determine how any remaining estate assets (after the payment of debts and taxes) are distributed at the end of the probate process. For many people, one of the major drawbacks to using a Last Will and Testament to distribute assets is the lack of privacy. Once your Will is submitted to the court for probate, it becomes public record, meaning anyone can view the details of your Will. If you would prefer to keep the details of the gifts you made private, you might wish to consider using a trust as your primary tool for distributing your estate.
How Does a Trust Keep My Gifts Private?
One of the first tasks your Executor must complete after your death is to identify and categorize all of your estate assets. Assets are either probate or non-probate assets because not all assets are required to go through the probate process. Among the assets that are considered to be non-probate assets, and therefore bypass the probate of your estate, are assets held by a trust. Because trust assets are non-probate assets, the trust agreement you create is not required to be submitted to the court. Consequently, the terms of that agreement, including the details regarding the distribution of your assets, remain private. Relying on a trust to distribute your estate assets offers additional benefits as well, including planning for the possibility of incapacity and protecting the inheritance of a minor child who cannot inherit directly from your estate. Choosing to use a trust to distribute your estate assets, however, does not mean you no longer need a Will. At a bare minimum, you should retain a Pour Over Will as part of your estate plan to ensure that any assets inadvertently left out of the trust make it into the trust at the time of your death.
If you have additional questions or concerns about using a trust to distribute your estate assets as a way to keep the details of those gifts private, contact the experienced Phoenix trust lawyers at Morris Hall PLLC by calling 888-222-1328 to schedule your free consultation today.


Taylor fell into a tie for 24th place after shooting a four-over 75 in the final round of the Valspar Championship.
Taylor had quite a rollercoaster ride on Sunday that ultimately came to a crashing halt at the end. He posted just one par in his first 11 holes to go along with five birdies and five bogeys. The Canadian then played the last four holes in four-over-par to end the tournament on a sour note. Taylor ranked second in FIR's and sixth in putts per GIR this week, but T59 in scrambling. This is his fifth consecutive top-35 finish.
Taylor earned his spot inside the top-100 by recording three top-10s in the span of seven events, but he flamed-out at the end of the season, missing the cut in three of his final five events. On the positive side, his four top-10s were a career high as was his 20 cuts made. Taylor appears to be trending upward, but the question is – how fast can he improve. His number from last season is not too much of a burden, so he's certainly a guy that you can take a chance on in salary cap leagues.
Taylor is exempt by virtue of winning the 2014 Sanderson Farms, which is looking like an aberration. He had only one top-10 last season, in the alternate-field Puerto Rico Open. Nothing indicates a more successful season ahead.
Of the guys who made it through via the Web.com Tour Finals, Taylor might have the best story of them all. Dewsweeping in one of the first groups out, Taylor shot a 63 on the Dye Valley course at TPC Sawgrass in the final round of the Web.com Tour Championship to clinch his card, capping off a season in which he had no top-5 finishes but three top-30 finishes in the Web.com Tour Finals that gave him enough money to get a PGA Tour card. 11 missed cuts in 24 starts certainly doesn't have a nice look to it, and a Reshuffle List of 34th will make the road tougher, but that 63 did show that this guy has a lot of moxie.
Taylor fired a five-under 67 in the final round of THE PLAYERS Championship to move up into a tie for 16th place.
Taylor closed with a one-under 71 on Sunday at the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am to finish in a tie for 28th place.
Taylor shot rounds of 71-68-72-72 at the Farmers Insurance Open to finish in a tie for 43rd place.
Taylor closed with a one-under 71 on Sunday at the Australian PGA Championship to finish five-under and tied for ninth.
Taylor shot rounds of 72-67-65-70 at the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open to finish in a tie for 36th place.


text:
Home » UN investigates origin of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia
UN investigates origin of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia
PIDIE, Indonesia (HPD) — A United Nations agency is seeking travel information on the more than 100 Rohingya Muslim refugees who washed ashore on an Indonesian beach this week and warned Tuesday there were likely to be more.
A harrowing video shared widely on social media showed dehydrated and exhausted Rohingya, many calling for help.
At least 185 men, women and children disembarked from a rickety wooden boat on Monday evening at Ujong Pie beach in Muara Tiga, a coastal town in Aceh's Pidie district, local police chief Fauzi said. , which answers to a single name.
"They are very weak from dehydration and exhaustion after weeks at sea," Fauzi said.
Muhammad Rafki Syukri, a protection associate at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), said the agency will provide Rohingya-language translators and advice to determine if they were among the group of 190 Rohingya who the UN reports said were about to drifting in a small boat in the Andaman Sea for a month.
"With a protracted conflict and insecurity in their country of origin, it is possible that the mobility of refugees in search of safe places will continue to increase," he warned.
Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project, which works in support of Myanmar's Rohingya, confirmed on Tuesday that the ship that landed on Ujong Pie beach on Monday belonged to the group of 190 Rohingya who the United Nations said had been living for a month. adrift in the Andaman Sea.
However, Syukri said UNHCR has not been able to verify that information and is still coordinating with governments in the region.
"But we will keep looking for more information to guarantee the real data," Syukri told reporters on Tuesday, while visiting Rohingya refugees at a school that is closed for the Christmas season in the village of Muara Tiga.
These refugees were part of five groups of Rohingya refugees who had left the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh in late November in small boats to avoid detection by local coast guards, he explained to the HPD by email, before being transferred to five larger boats for their respective trips.
The fourth and fifth vessels "finally arrived in northern Aceh, Indonesia, early Sunday morning and late Monday afternoon," Lewa said, after his organization had pleaded for weeks for help from South and Southeast Asian countries. .
One of the refugees, who spoke some Malay and gave his name as Rosyid, told The Associated Press that they left a camp in Bangladesh in late November and drifted across the open sea. He said at least "20 of us died on board due to high waves and sick, and their bodies were thrown into the sea."
Myanmar security forces have been accused of mass rape, murder and burning of thousands of homes belonging to Rohingya, sending them fleeing to Bangladesh and beyond.
Malaysia has been a common destination for many of the refugees arriving by boat, but they have also been detained in the country.
Although neighboring Indonesia is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention, UNHCR noted that a 2016 presidential regulation provides a legal framework governing the treatment of refugees on ships near Indonesia and allowing them to disembark.
Associated Press writers Niniek Karmini in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Grant Peck in Bangkok contributed to this report.


Mac CAD and 3D News: We have news on SketchUp 7's maintenance release, new improvements; we also cover Rhino and Autodesk's AREA news items, including the Unity Game Engine.
Google has issued a maintenance release for SketchUp 7 and SketchUp Pro 7 for all users and recommends they update SketchUp 7 at their earliest convenience. A new feature is the ability to place model underwater in collaboration with Google Earth and Google Oceans. You can read all about it here.
In other SketchUp 7 news Lucerne, Switzerland and Santa Rosa, California, have both submitted themselves as 3D modeled cities via the Cities in 3D Program, in doing so they joined others who view Google Earth as an effective way to promote their towns to virtual tourists, enabling potential businesses to evaluate a new site, and help city planners share design proposals. In other news the Google SketchUp Ruby API website has received a big overhaul.
Autodesk's AREA website has an interview with Unity Technologies co-founder and CEO David Helgason. As some of Architosh's readers may know, the Unity game engine is a hot new 3D technology platform. Actually what Unity is is an integrated game development and authoring software tool. It is both similar to Director and the Torque Game Builder insomuch as it is centered around a GUI environement.
Screencapture: Image of latest Unity Game Development running on Mac OS X, from the AREA interview with Unity CEO David Helgason.
In the interview Helgason talks about "democratizing game development" and how its users were stressing the importance to make it target iPhone and Wii games, in addition to Web-based and PC and Mac games. Unity has just been released for Windows for the first time, but its been hugely popular with thousands of game developers on the Mac for over four years.
Helgason tells AREA that part of the reason why Unity has the look-and-feel it does is because it was based around tools like Maya and 3ds Max as well as because it started on the Mac and they have an obsession with simplicity akin to Apple.
This is an excellent interview with tidbits on where Unity is oriented, what game platforms it will support in the future besides iPhone, Wii, and more interesting details. To read the interview go here.
In Rhino news the company (Robert McNeel) has announced a new Rendering contest, DOSLib 8.0 for AutoCAD 2010, nXt video tutorials for SketchUp and the announcement that AccuRender nXt is out as a new version. The AR nXt rendering engine is still in development but can be used with AutoCAD, Revit and SketchUp. It is only available for Windows however.


Keto recipes: easy, delicious, and nutritious!
Starting a keto diet without exactly knowing which keto recipes to prepare and how to prepare these meals, can be quite challenging. For example, you have to determine whether a dish contains enough fats, not too many carbs, and a normal amount of protein… This is of course time consuming work!
Therefore, on Lots of Keto you find keto recipes that perfectly fit in a low-carb high-fat lifestyle, created by a dietitian. Now you don't have to spend any more time on finding the right meals and calculating the nutritional value. Your only tasks left are: buying the ingredients, preparing the chosen dish, and enjoying it to the fullest!
In addition, these recipes show that keto food can be simple without being boring. Unfortunately, there's still a misconception that being on a ketogenic diet equals boring and tasteless meals. There are so many products to choose from, and I really hope these recipes will inspire you to get creative yourself.
Explore the continuously growing archive of recipes yourself (or with others 😉 !
Keto breakfast recipes that provide great energy and nutrients to really kickstart your day! From savoury to sweet, and from quick breakfast recipes for busy workdays to big brunches during chilled weekends.
Keto lunch recipes in all kind of ways: salads, eggs, buns… These dishes make sure you'll fully enjoy your lunch break, either at work or at home!
Keto dinner recipes from all around the world. Since I travel quite frequently and have lots of international friends, I get inspired by many different countries and cultures. What to think of American keto burger buns, Italian keto veggie pizza, Indian paneer curry with keto naan bread… In other words: delicious keto recipes for every taste!
Keto dessert recipes who says you can't eat desserts while being on keto? 😉 Sugar is not allowed on a keto diet, but there are still endless dessert options!
Keto snack recipes keto is a lifestyle, so there's also room for some keto snacks and treats as long as you stick to your macros. Prepare yourself to taste the most heavenly savoury and sweet snacks.
Keto drink recipes: both cold beverages as warm keto drinks.
Please let me know if you have any suggestions with regard to new recipes. Is there any high-carb recipe that you still want to enjoy while doing keto? I am always open to try out new things and experiment whether I can create a low-carb version of it!
As a dietitian, I only share recipes with you that provide enough vitamins, minerals, and fibers. Also, you won't find any highly processed food products in the ingredient lists.
For me, transparency is extremely important, and my followers should always know exactly what I put into my meals and dishes. Therefore, if there's anything concerning you or if you have questions about certain ingredients, recipes or whatsoever, please feel absolutely free to contact me!
Keep in mind that all the meals on Lots of Keto provide enough calories and other nutrients for a moderately active to active woman. This means: working out for 2 – 2,5 hours per week on a moderate to high intensity level. If you are a man, or if you exercise on a higher level for example, you should increase your portion sizes to your daily caloric needs. Need help with this? Get in touch with me, and we can discuss the possibilities of creating a personalised nutrition program for you.
Provide you with the right ratio of fats / protein / carbohydrates.
Are easy to make (and mostly quick).
Can mostly be saved as leftovers or contain tips on how to save time.
Taste how a delicious keto recipe should taste.
Are simple but everything except boring!
Contain ingredients that play an important role in a well-formulated keto diet. Mostly, you can also find extra information on their nutritional value such as the amount of specific vitamins.
Contain wholesome foods (so no high-processed products or whatsoever).
Include the following nutritional values: calories, fats, protein, carbs, and fiber.
Come with easy step-by-step instructions.
Are an eye-catch as well!
In the meantime, you can find more keto recipes on my Instagram account.


Chilean-born Cristóbal Alexis first joined Awasi in 2016 when he formed part of Chef Federico Ziegler's team in the Awasi Patagonia restaurant (Federico has since left Awasi to open his own restaurant in Santiago).
Then, in 2017, he headed to Northern Argentina for the opening of Awasi Iguazu, alongside Chef Aaron Castillo, who also previously worked at Awasi Patagonia and now heads up the Awasi Iguazu kitchen.
As well as being a talented pastry chef, Cristóbal is also a formidable photographer. Here are some of his images taken in and around Awasi Iguazu, our 14-room lodge nestled in the Atlantic Rainforest, 20-minutes from the famous Iguazu Falls. You can also see his work on his Instagram account @Subesbrot.
Cream of maize, coriander, lime and orange with maize palomitas accompanied by lime, salt and cocoa.


text:
Nällskär är ett skär i Åland (Finland). Det ligger i Skärgårdshavet och i kommunen Brändö i landskapet Åland, i den sydvästra delen av landet. Ön ligger omkring 67 kilometer nordöst om Mariehamn och omkring 220 kilometer väster om Helsingfors.

Öns area är  hektar och dess största längd är 410 meter i nord-sydlig riktning. Trakten är glest befolkad. Närmaste större samhälle är Brändö,  km öster om Nällskär.

Klimat
Inlandsklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är augusti, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är februari, med  °C.

Källor

Skär i Åland
Åländska öar i Skärgårdshavet
Öar i Brändö


text:
Thank you Mum!
Beth Ivory March 28, 2014 2:13 pm
Diana, 32, from Bognor Regis, Sussex tells us why her mum deserved to win a day's pampering.
One of my strongest childhood memories is of Mum patting my younger sister Sam's back, helping to clear her airwaves. Sam was born with cystic fibrosis and needed this treatment several times a day, along with frequent hospital trips. But Mum never complained; all she wanted was for Sammy to have a normal life.
Sam never let her condition stop her from enjoying herself – she wanted just the same as any other girl. She studied hard, made friends and went on to meet her boyfriend, fall in love and give birth to baby Tyler.
Cystic fibrosis sufferers have a reduced life span, and sadly Sam passed away two years ago, when she was just 22 and Tyler was only 10 months old. It was a very difficult time but, despite her own grief, Mum kept the family going.
At our first Christmas after losing Sam, she kept us all smiling, telling us that Sammy wouldn't have wanted us to be unhappy. Tyler lives with his dad but amazingly Mum takes care of him every other weekend. She's also planted a memory garden full of Sammy's favourite flowers, so we'll always have a place to go when we want to remember her.
Losing Sam was devastating, and I have no idea how we would have got through it without Mum. So for everything you've done, thank you so much Mum, and I hope you enjoy your treat!
Linda, 50, is a care worker from Woking, Surrey.
When Diana told me I'd won, I couldn't believe it. I never win anything! But I went from surprised to very excited in about ten seconds flat – I've never had a massage before. P&G has been so kind and treated me so wonderfully. And special thanks to Diana – I love you very much. Diana is so proud of her very special mum, Linda. Linda won a manicure and masage every month for a whole year! What a treat.
Proud Sponsor of Mums, P&G has been helping to make mums' lives easier for over 175 years with trusted household brands such as Fairy, Olay and Head & Shoulders. Now it's saying thank you to mums for all the amazing things they do. To find out more, go to supersavyme.co.uk