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Sanitary Sewer Easements
Overview Sanitary Sewer Mains and Plants In My Yard State Law and Raleigh's Easements If I have fences or sheds in the easement that have been there for a long time, am I "grandfathered" and allowed to keep them?
What they Mean to You
Raleigh Water is dedicated to providing critical wastewater services that protect both the environment and public health. The original sanitary sewer system was constructed in downtown Raleigh during the 1890s, which discharged directly into Walnut Creek and Crabtree Creek without any treatment process. Today, the sanitary sewer system is comprised of approximately 2,500 miles of sanitary sewer mains and over 100 pump stations which convey wastewater to three resource recovery facilities. The system collects wastewater from approximately 200,000 sewer accounts in the City of Raleigh and the surrounding communities of Garner, Wake Forest, Rolesville, Knightdale, Wendell, and Zebulon. The population of this service area is near 600,000 people.
The maintenance of the sanitary sewer system is required to ensure that it operates properly and wastewater is not discharged to the environment. The maintenance of all of this system is conducted by the Sewer Maintenance Division of Raleigh Water. Sanitary sewer mains are primarily located underground and are connected by a series of manholes that are either at or slightly above ground level. In order to maintain the system, Raleigh Water staff must be able to have access to the manholes at all times. These manholes will either be located in public right-of-way or in easements on private property. Of the 2,500 miles of sanitary sewer, approximately 930 miles are located on private property in easements. Inadequate operation and maintenance of the sanitary sewer system can cause failures in the system, which result in sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).
What is a sanitary sewer easement and how do I know if one exists on my property?
Easements are dedicated portions of private property dedicated for public use. Sanitary sewer easements overlay the location of a sewer main on a property and provide the City right of access to the property for inspection and maintenance purposes, which is a requirement of the Sewer Collection System Operating Permit. They are developed at the time the utility is constructed or when a piece of property is subdivided for use. Sewer easements are often shown on property surveys and descriptions of land such as a deed.
Why must the City maintain these sanitary sewer mains in my yard?
The City is required by state and federal laws to prevent sanitary sewer overflows and regularly inspect and clear the sewer mains owned by the City. Sewer Maintenance staff work to maintain and clean a portion of the 2,500 miles of sewer line each year, about 930 miles of which run through sanitary sewer easements on private property.
What is a Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO)?
A SSO is the discharge of raw wastewater from the sewer system out onto the ground or into a waterway. This is a release of waste onto private or public property and adjacent creek or stream. These spills have various causes, the principal ones being the buildup of fats, oils, grease and blockages from inappropriate materials such as flushed wipes and paper towels. Raleigh Water's preemptive maintenance program greatly reduces the number of SSOs that occur, but not all SSOs can be prevented during heavy rainfall events or if inappropriate materials cause a blockage. Raleigh Water usually experiences approximately 35 such occurrences each year and continues to work to further reduce this number.
Sanitary Sewer Mains and Plants In My Yard
Why must the City cut trees and plants away from the easement?
Trees and brush must be cut away from these areas to maintain access to the sewer line for maintenance work such as inspection and cleaning. The clearing also allows the City to quickly access these areas with its equipment in the event of an emergency and minimize the impacts of a possible SSO.
Will new plants and trees be replanted by the City?
Raleigh Water is not required to replace vegetation if it hinders future access to the easement. Upon clearing the easement the damaged areas will be re-graded and spread with mulch or sewn with grass seed. The easement will then be maintained as necessary to allow for continued access.
Why do these trees need to be cut down if there is no emergency?
It saves valuable time in responding to emergencies such as SSOs if Raleigh Water staff have immediate access to these areas rather than having to clear the easement at the time of response.
How does the City select easements for clearing?
The goal is to have 100 percent of our easements accessible for maintenance work. There are numerous older easements with heavy growth that are selected for clearing based upon maintenance records for the area and if SSOs have been a reoccurring issue.
Will the City cut and remove all of the trees and plants from within the easement?
Yes in most cases, however Raleigh Water's staff will discuss the treatment of "boundary trees" along the edge of the easement with the property owner. These trees can be left in place until the sewer main is replaced by the City under the following conditions:
The existing sewer main in the easement when inspected by the City's staff shows no signs of tree or plant root intrusion into the main or manholes that will eventually cause a blockage and sewer overflow.
The "boundary trees" are located within the easement such that they do not prohibit the City's use of the easement to access the sewer main or manholes or cause damage to the main or manholes if the trees topple over during high wind conditions.
State Law and Raleigh's Easements
What laws and regulations apply in these situations?
In 1999, the State Legislature passed the North Carolina Clean Water Act of 1999, which requires municipalities to prevent sewage from spilling and entering waterways and punishes agencies for allowing leaks to occur which they could prevent. This legislation requires North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and its Division of Water Resources (DWR) to develop and issue sewer collection system operational permits. The City of Raleigh operates its system under permit number WQCS00002.
What does the City's Sanitary Sewer Collection System Permit say?
The permit describes how the sanitary sewer system should be operated and maintained:
The Operator must develop and implement a program for cleaning of all sewer lines and that a minimum of 10% of the system shall be cleaned each year.
Rights-of-way and/or easements shall be properly maintained to allow accessibility to the wastewater collection system.
The operator must inspect the system regularly to reduce the risk of malfunction and deterioration which could lead to release of wastes to the environment or threaten human health.
The operator shall inspect all high priority lines, such as those which parallel a creek, etc., at least once per every six month period of time.
Failure of the City to follow these guidelines and regulations subjects the City to civil penalties (fines) and can jeopardize the City's permit.
What are the City of Raleigh Codes related to these issues?
The City of Raleigh Code Section 8-2012 states the following:
(b) No person shall damage, obstruct, or cover a manhole or the City's water or sanitary sewer system.
(c) No person shall plant trees, shrubs, or other plants within a water or sewer easement without prior written approval from the Director of the Public Utilities Department.
(d) No person shall place any part of a structure or any permanent equipment within a water or sewer easement without prior written approval from the Director of the Public Utilities Department. Prohibited structures include buildings, houses, decks, garages, tool or storage sheds, swimming pools, walls, and fences. Prohibited permanent equipment includes air conditioning units and heat pumps.
If I have fences or sheds in the easement that have been there for a long time, am I "grandfathered" and allowed to keep them?
No, but where possible, Raleigh Water will work with property owners to allow existing fences to remain that are parallel to the direction of the sanitary sewer main under the following conditions:
The fence has not damaged the sanitary sewer main and all manholes are fully visible and not obstructed.
The fence is constructed of wood and/or metal materials that can easily be removed by City equipment such as a rubber tired backhoe.
The City is not responsible for any damage to the fence at anytime and if the fence is removed by the City, it is not responsible for costs to replace the fence outside of the easement.
The fence is considered a temporary, non-conforming use of the City's sanitary sewer easement and as such once removed by the property owner or the City during a sewer emergency, the fence can not be reconstructed within the City's existing sanitary sewer easement.
Easement Pruning Detail
Collection System Video - Keep Fats, Oils and Grease out of the Sink!
Sanitary Sewer Collection System
Encroachment Request Criteria
Encroachment Requests
Chris Worthy
Sewer Maintenance


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We carefully assess our resources to make positive impacts while enhancing financial performance, in line with the expectations of our stakeholders.
We nurture a culture of belonging and shared values, which drives our conduct and supports our commitment to be a trusted partner in the communities where we operate. At the service of economic and social progress and to protect the environment.
We take seriously our responsibility as innovators and high technology company engaging in an open dialogue with communities, local institutions, schools, academia and research centres, to foster future generations. This is for us scientific citizenship.
We contribute to the development of the communities and territories in which we operate, leveraging the heritage of our industrial culture and the voluntary involvement of our people.
The AW101 of the Canadian Forces is the protagonist of a challenging rescue mission to save the life of a man trapped on an ice floe in northernmost Canada.
In recent years, cyber security has become a priority issue on the political agenda of national and international security for every country. It requires complex, quick and effective responses that are the result of specific expertise, synergistic actions, goals and resources to be shared.


The Lake Palace, built in the 17th century on a natural foundation of 4 acres of rock, is one of the most beautiful palaces in the world, rising out of the turquoise waters of Lake Pichola like an elegant fantasy in white marble. This cool haven was used by rulers as their summer resort, holding their regal durbars in its courtyards lined with columns, pillared terraces, fountains and gardens. The rooms are decorated with cusped arches, inland stones of pink, and green lotus leaves and painted mirrors. This heritage hotel has 66 luxurious rooms and 17 grand suites. Its location on an island in the midst of a lake affords every room breathtaking views of the neighbouring City Palace, Aravalli Hills, Machla Magra Hills and Jag Mandir. Where else can you meet at a palace in the middle of a lake.
Get ready to feel the weight of the world leave your shoulders with an indulgent experience at Taj Jiva Spa. The select range of exquisite services include beauty and wellness treatments that befit royals. The best ingredients are offered to you for everything from glowing skin to a rejuvenated mind and body. Whatever you choose to indulge in, the experience will leave you deeply refreshed and renewed all over. Other facilities include a swimming pool, conference hall, a lobby with jewellery and souvenir shops, Secretarial service, mini gym, currency exchange, safe deposit lockers, a doctor, and baby sitting.


Well established family owned restaurant with a strong income history located in the Heart of New Market Virginia. Opened in 1955 Southern Kitchen has stayed within the family since inception. This restaurant has been well maintained and updated over the years and features two dining rooms, a bar and a large commercial kitchen on the main level along with a large banquet room located on the lower level. Banquet room serves well for large company gatherings or special events with a 100 person occupancy. Property offers access from the front and rear of lot with multiple paved parking areas. This restaurant is within close proximity to the local golf resort Shenvalee, parks and the Downtown area. P & L's are available upon request.
Copyright ©2004-2019 Harrisonburg-Rockingham Association of Realtors®. All rights reserved. Information deemed to be reliable but not guaranteed. The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the IDX Program of Harrisonburg-Rockingham Association of Realtors®. Listing broker has attempted to offer accurate data, but buyers are advised to confirm all items. Any use of search facilities of data on this site other than by a consumer interested in the purchase of real estate, is prohibited. Information last updated on 4/25/19 10:18 AM EDT.


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Beyond the Elements: Indestructible (with Audio Description)
Scientists and engineers have created virtually indestructible versions of common materials by manipulating the chains of interlocking atoms that give them strength—but have they made them too tough? Host David Pogue explores the fantastic chemistry behind the everyday. This episode contains audio description, which is now a standard feature in more recent NOVA episodes.
Major funding for "Beyond the Elements: Indestructible" is provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Additional funding is provided by the George D. Smith Fund. Major funding for NOVA is …
Major funding for "Beyond the Elements: Indestructible" is provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Additional funding is provided by the George D. Smith Fund. Major funding for NOVA is provided by the David H. Koch Fund for Science, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and PBS viewers. Additional funding is provided by the NOVA Science Trust.
Related to This Special
Hunting the Elements
A two-hour special from the producers of "Making Stuff"
NOVA Elements App
Explore an interactive periodic table, play an elemental game, and watch the NOVA program.
Beyond the Elements: Life
Discover the fascinating chemistry that makes our world and everything in it—including us.
Plastics: Durable, Diverse, and Indestructible
Processing can turn the same plastic into very different products.
Keep exploring:
NOVA's "Beyond the Elements: Indestructible" Homepage
NOVA Labs
NOVA Labs is a free digital platform that engages teens and lifelong learners in games and interactives that foster authentic scientific exploration. Participants take part in real-world investigations by visualizing, analyzing, and playing with the same data that scientists use.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My love affair with ASOS started in 2010 when I found a cute grey dress on major sale. This was back in the day when I was making like NO money and could not afford to get too much new stuff but would treat myself here and there. And treating myself always meant hopping on the ASOS website to check out the deals.
This was back in the day when products took forever and a day to arrive. Or at least that is how I remember it. But boy did they step their game all the way up!
Wait did I really use the term bae? OY!
The other day I was perusing my BFF post on fall trends and instantly was inspired to get some red booties. I found the perfect ones and like is my nature, decided to sleep on it. This gal doesn't do on the spot purchases BUT it often backfires on me. Like this time.
The boots I wanted were sold out in my size. Like really? In one stinkin day?!?! But that tells you just how good ASOS is. Everyone wants their goodies.
But I was steadfast in my want for red booties so I used their filters and saw all the red booties available and decided to take a chance on some velvet ones. My goal was leather but velvet is what I chose.
They came less than 3 days later and O. M. GAHHHHH.
They are absolutely perfect. The heel is nice but not ankle breaking height. The velvet is luxe but not tacky and the color is fantastic. Basically, I love them!
I was worried initially because I always go up half size when getting boots. This time I got the size 8 and was a little nervous as I slid my foot inside but I almost hollered in happiness when they fit perfectly. Toes were not squished at all. HALLELUJAH!
I know alot of us are deep in fall shoe shopping mode so I wanted to share my experience and love for ASOS. I highly suggest taking a gander at their site for all your shoe needs that easily fit any budget!
Ohh wee! I was sweating like an oinker! Fall temps have not hit DC yet but Fall looks have to be shot so…… *shoulder shrug. These pants had to be PEELED off. Think Ross with the leather pants in Friends situation!


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San Angelo Chamber of Commerce President Resigns Effective Immediately
By Yantis Green, Nov 1, 2019
SAN ANGELO, TX – San Angelo Chamber of Commerce President Bruce Partain has resigned effective immediately.
The Chamber issued the following statement late Friday:
"Chamber President and CEO Bruce Partain has submitted his letter of resignation effective immediately.
Bruce expressed his gratitude and appreciation for serving as the Chamber president and plans to pursue opportunities in the San Angelo area.
We would like to thank Bruce for his contributions, thoughtful service, and dedication to the chamber and to the San Angelo community as a whole. The chamber offers the best of wishes and success to Bruce in his future endeavors.
Peggy Arnold will serve as interim president beginning next week. A search committee will be formed to begin the process of naming a new CEO and president.
The chamber will continue to work with business, community leaders, and local government to further build the bright future of San Angelo and surrounding areas."
This is a developing story and we will update it as new information becomes available.
City: Topless Bar Among the Cleanest Joints in San Angelo
Congressman Pfluger to the Feds: Hands Off Texas Water
Houston Area Declared a Disaster Following Tornado Outbreak
ironic, Mon, 11/04/2019 - 06:29
Now this begs the question " why would he do that?", but he is going to pursue opportunities in the San Angelo area???? What does he know that the rest of us mere tax paying serfs do not?


Self care is the new healthcare. You will find lots of beneficial information about getting healthy and losing weight the healthy way with lifestyle change. You will also be able to see my journey to weight loss.
I am down 10 lbs since starting my goal of swimming a mile a day. Today is day 10, how exciting is that?! It takes me about 1 1/2 hours to swim 1580 yards which is a mile. I have not missed except one day when I was sick with some horrible stomach bug and my arms were swollen! I guess my body needed a small break. A couple days I only swam 1/2 mile a day but I still made sure I swam. Last fall I had major back surgery. I put on weight while laid up in bed, my body got extremely de-conditioned, and so I made a goal to swim a mile a day to regain strength, lose weight, and overall be able to move and feel better. I am loving it! My first goal is to swim a mile a day for an entire month. Then for July, I want to be able to swim a mile a day in an hour instead of an hour and a half. I will continue to update through this journey.
June 1, 2018, I started a goal… swimming a mile a day!
It's Time To Take Care of YOU!


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The rules of the Sign Challenge competition require that our pieces be shipped in a two foot by two foot box and then be pulled out and displayed on top. Rather than drape the box I decided to make it a part of the display. To maximize the size of the centre piece it meant the walls of the box needed to be as thin as possible. Steel construction was the obvious answer and with our MultiCam CNC plasma handy the job was easy.
No matter how one's dimensional work is done, whether by using software and a router or if it is done by hand the real magic happens with the paint. The current Sign Challenge piece is a good example. The routed tracks and hand sculpted vehicle body and character look great un painted.
We've now taken proper pictures of Peter's Artistic Android. It is an amazing piece and when we take away the background clutter and add proper lighting the piece really comes alive in glorious detail. What is more amazing is that Peter used this piece to learn the ins and outs of EnRoute to create both the routing and plasma cutter. This was also the first time he operated both the MultiCam router and plasma cutter.
I had made it my goal to finish my Sign Challenge piece before the New Year. But like all goals the world conspires to keep you from them. I had made a good start early on, bringing the piece very close to finish. Then I got sidetracked with all manners of other projects.


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La navegació a vela  és un tipus de navegació marítima que es realitza amb una embarcació de vela. Ha estat d'una importància crucial, tant en l'activitat comercial (explotació pesquera, transport marítim, transport fluvial, etc.) com en la guerra naval, fins a l'aparició de noves tècniques de propulsió naval.

En l'actualitat és un tipus de navegació que pràcticament només es realitza com esport o activitat de lleure.

Història

La història de les embarcacions de vela, des de les més petites i primitives fins als vaixells més grans i els aparells més sofisticats, és impossible de resumir en poques paraules. Cal consultar l'article indicat que exposa el tema de forma extensa i detallada.

Parts d'un veler
Qualsevol embarcació de vela pot ser analitzada a partir dels seus components. Al costat d'altres anàlisis possibles, és freqüent considerar els tres sistemes següents:
 Sistema de flotació (buc o bucs)
 Aparell
 Arbram (arbre o arbres i similars)
 Velam
 Eixàrcia ferma
 Eixàrcia de treball
 Accessoris

Tipus de veles

Principis físics
La navegació a vela es basa en principis aerodinàmics i hidrodinàmics que permeten la propulsió i el govern d'una embarcació de vela. Un veler navegant consta d'una part aèria (l'obra morta i l'aparell vèlic) i una part submergida (obra viva). La part exterior rep l'acció del vent (vent aparent) mentre que la part submergida està sotmesa a l'acció de l'aigua (corrent relatiu). El vent aparent provoca una força aerodinàmica sobre el velam que cal analitzar com un vector (intensitat i direcció). L'acció de l'aigua provoca una força hidrodinàmica sobre l'obra viva (amb les seves intensitat i direcció corresponents).

Forces sobre una vela

La figura 1 representa l'ala d'un avió que rep l'aire a una velocitat "V" amb un angle d'atac α. La força total sobre l'ala és R. Que es pot descompondre en una força de sustentació L i una força d'arrossegament D.

La figura 2 representa un veler amb una sola vela i les forces associades. (L'angle que forma la vela no és correcte: s'hauria d'haver dibuixat en un angle més obert per a mantenir la posició real en un vaixell i l'angle relatiu amb la força total F T  representada en el dibuix). La força total F T es pot descompondre  en una força longitudinal F R i una força lateral F LAT. En  vermell hi ha una segona descomposició en les components L i D; components emprades en la figura 1.

Vent aparent

La nomenclatura de les figures 3 i 4 anteriors és la següent:
 VT = vent real
 VB = vent relatiu provocat per la velocitat del vaixell
 VA = vent aparent, suma vectorial dels anteriors
 FT = força total sobre la vela
 FLAT = força lateral
 FR = força de propulsió

Les figures 3 i 4 permeten comparar, de forma gràfica, les diferències entre un veler convencional i un trineu de vela. Aquest darrer cas s'assembla molt als moderns i ràpids velers hidròpters (que s'alcen sobre l'aigua amb ales submergides).

La velocitat d'un veler convencional és relativament petita i els vents aparents en els tres casos considerats (A rumb de cenyida, B rumb de través, C rumb llarg) presenten una variació important de l'angle incident (respecte de la línia de crugia del vaixell). En els trineus de vela sobre gel i els velers més ràpids, les variacions de l'angle de incidència del vent aparent
són molt més petites. En rumbs llargs porten les veles ajustades com si anessin de cenyida. A efectes pràctics, la velocitat de desplaçament és molt superior a la velocitat del vent real.

Pel que fa a les forces, la força total sobre la vela és proporcional al quadrat de la velocitat del vent aparent. Aquesta força total es pot descompondre en una força lateral (que fa escorar el vaixell i provoca que derivi cap a sotavent) i una força de propulsió en el sentit de marxa del veler (en la direcció de l'eix longitudinal o de crugia del veler).

Aspectes quantitatius
Les forces de sustentació i arrossegament són directament proporcionals al quadrat de la velocitat del vent aparent.

La fórmula de la sustentació (L) o força de sustentació és la següent:

Modalitats de navegació pel que fa al vent

 Navegar en cenyida o bolina: quan el rumb de l'embarcació és proper a la direcció del vent, entrant el vent per l'amura.
 Navegar a un desquarterar: quan un vaixell navega entre el rumb de cenyida i el de través.
 Navegar de través: quan el vaixell rep el vent per un costat (través) amb un angle d'uns 90 º.
 Navegar a un llarg (navegació): quan rep el vent per l'aleta.
 Navegar en popa: quan rep el vent amb la mateixa direcció que el seu rumb, entrant el vent per la seva popa
 Navegar amurat a estribord: quan l'embarcació rep el vent per la banda d'estribord.
 Navegar amurat a babord: quan es rep el vent per la banda de babord.

Títols
A Espanya, els títols que autoritzen a governar embarcacions d'esbarjo de vela, depenent del límit de distància de la costa, i en funció de la seva eslora, són:

 Patró de Navegació Bàsica
 Patró d'Embarcacions d'Esbarjo
 Patró de Iot
 Capità de Iot

Referències

Vegeu també
 Angles del vent

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