A large sample of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) has been monitored on a regular basis in Metsähovi Radio Observatory since the 1980s. These observations form an extensive database of about 100 brightest Northern compact extragalactic objects at high radio frequencies. In this thesis the Metsähovi observations are complemented with lower frequency radio data from the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, and with higher frequency data from the literature.
The main focus in this thesis is to understand the long-term radio variability behaviour of AGN by using various methods. Several statistical methods, and their capability to detect variability timescales, are examined in detail. In addition, the flux curves are examined visually to study the flare characteristics, and to verify the timescales obtained.
The results show that variability behaviour of AGN is complex, and multiple characteristic timescales are common. Flares in the radio regime are long-lasting, on average, 2.5 years at 37 GHz. In addition, large outbursts occur quite rarely, only once in every four to six years. None of the sources were seen to exhibit strict periodicities. These results together show that long-term monitoring is essential in understanding the true behaviour of AGN.
In this thesis, differences between various statistical timeseries analysis methods are investigated in detail for the first time using a large sample of sources and long datasets. Especially the wavelet method has never before been used to study a large sample of AGN at high radio frequencies. A useful property of wavelets is that they show when the timescale has been present and how it has changed. Thus, it is ideal for studying sources which are not strictly periodic and which change their behaviour.
The long-term total flux density observations are also used to calculate the Doppler boosting factors, Lorentz factors and viewing angles of the jets. Quasars are found to be more Doppler boosted and to have faster jets than BL Lacertae objects. The various parameters obtained in this thesis, describing the characteristics of AGN, can be further used to study the physical processes and the relationships between different emission regions in these sources.
[Publication 1]: T. Hovatta, M. Tornikoski, M. Lainela, H. J. Lehto, E. Valtaoja, I. Torniainen, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller. 2007. Statistical analyses of long-term variability of AGN at high radio frequencies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, volume 469, number 3, pages 899-912. © 2007 European Southern Observatory (ESO). By permission.
[Publication 2]: T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Valtaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller. 2008. Long-term radio variability of AGN: flare characteristics. Astronomy & Astrophysics, volume 485, number 1, pages 51-61. © 2008 European Southern Observatory (ESO). By permission.
[Publication 3]: T. Hovatta, H. J. Lehto, and M. Tornikoski. 2008. Wavelet analysis of a large sample of AGN at high radio frequencies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, volume 488, number 3, pages 897-903. © 2008 European Southern Observatory (ESO). By permission.
[Publication 4]: T. Hovatta, E. Valtaoja, M. Tornikoski, and A. Lähteenmäki. 2009. Doppler factors, Lorentz factors and viewing angles for quasars, BL Lacertae objects and radio galaxies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, volume 494, number 2, pages 527-537. © 2009 European Southern Observatory (ESO). By permission.
[Publication 5]: Elina Nieppola, Talvikki Hovatta, Merja Tornikoski, Esko Valtaoja, Margo F. Aller, and Hugh D. Aller. 2009. Long-term variability of radio-bright BL Lacertae objects. The Astronomical Journal, volume 137, number 6, pages 5022-5036. © 2009 by authors and © 2009 American Astronomical Society (AAS). By permission.


text:
Eliseo Barrón Hernández
Beats Covered:
Local or Foreign:
Freelance:
Sentence:
Reported Health Problems:
Type of Death:
Suspected Source of Fire:
Impunity:
Taken Captive:
Tortured:
Threatened:
At least seven hooded gunmen invaded the home of Barrón, a 35-year-old reporter for La Opinión, a paper based in the city of Torreón, Coahuila, in northern Mexico. Barrón had worked for the paper for 10 years, commuting from nearby Gómez Palacio, in neighboring Durango state.
As his horrified wife and two young daughters watched, assailants beat the reporter and forced him from his house into a vehicle. His body was found in an irrigation ditch with a gunshot wound to the head, according to Durango law enforcement officials. Days before his abduction, Barrón had covered a police corruption scandal that resulted in the dismissal of numerous officers, according to the newspaper Milenio, which owns La Opinión.
On the day of Barrón's funeral, five banners purportedly signed by Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, the notorious leader of the Sinaloa drug cartel, were hung in prominent spots in Torreón. One banner said: "We are here, journalists. Ask Eliseo Barrón. El Chapo and the cartel do not forgive. Be careful, soldiers and journalists."
In June 2009, the Mexican army linked several suspects picked up on unrelated narcotics and weapons charges to the Barrón murder. One suspect, Israel Sánchez Jaimes, told investigators that a local cartel leader had ordered Barrón's murder to "teach a lesson to other local journalists," according to a statement issued by the federal attorney general's office. In August 2009, a federal judge in Coahuila state ordered that five suspects be tried for the murder, the attorney general's office said. A spokeswoman for the attorney general told CPJ in April 2010 that she could provide no updated information, including the suspects' whereabouts and trial date. Barron's colleagues told CPJ they were concerned that Sánchez's statements were made under duress.
Deaths by Type Worldwide Since 1992
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


X-up grinds are a very all or nothing trick, that either go flawlessly or fail miserably. On Raban's first true attempt he inadvertently put his front end over the rail and slammed to the ground painfully tangled with his bike. After another couple of warm up double pegs, he committed again to the x-up and it was as perfect as can be.
When did you begin filming this section?
Was the original plan for it to be a part of Volume 3?
Yeah, Mastroni's original plan was to do Volume 3. But there wasn't really enough travel budget at the time to continue the series for everyone that was involved.
Any notable stories or battles to get clips working on this one?
The main one that stood out was that wood rail feeble. It's being saved for a Ride Bmx project Mastroni is working on currently. We woke up one morning to go shoot this really steep wood feeble. Which I felt totally confident on attempting, excluding the run up. The first attempt I anti popped and my front peg got stuck in the railing and I get catapulted 19 stairs down. I literally felt like I blacked out, I had no way of getting out of it. It just happened so fast. My shoulder definitely got separated. I just remember being so mad that was the first thing that happened. My adrenaline was just pumping that I really couldn't feel how jacked up I was. I had to go back up and get it done or it was going to haunt me. I think it was the third time in when I got it and then I was out for several months after haha.
The aforementioned rail feeble on the outskirts of Long Beach that nearly got the best of Alex.
What else have you been up to lately?
Lately been surfing, riding and filming skits.
How's Morro Bay and the new job?
Morro Bay is great! It's a small beach city with a slower pace of living. Love the vibes out here. My job at DRKHRSE has been really fun. I literally have access to a full creative studio. Which has been kind of my dream to have something like that close to me.
What sort of projects have you worked on at DRKHRSE? Is this your first time doing some video work outside of the BMX realm?
Besides BMX filming and some personal side projects this is the most fresh work out of BMX I have done. Which is great cause I thrive on working on something new and figuring out creative ways to put it together. I've been working for DRKHRSE, close to a year now, where I've done commercial work for the city and promotional projects for larger companies. Right now I just got done working on a 360 Virtual Reality campaign for a Health Travel Company for Facebook. Amongst doing personal projects thru DRKHRSE as well.
I noticed there has been a revival of the Rec DIY in Nipomo. How did the original spot come to be?
Yeah! Well after the rec center caught on fire years ago it was bulldozed leaving a large slab of foundation to build on. A DIY dream spot. I wanna say this is the 4th resurrection. It's been a constant battle for several years. The owner of the property would hire the county to come and bulldoze everything there. And it would happen at its prime. I believe right after we threw a jam there they destroyed everything. And it was like at least a year and a half until local skaters started re building again.
Were you involved in the latest incarnation?
I wasn't involved in this new rebuild. A few local homie skaters have been putting in mad work on the place and really bringing out a sick version. And so far it's been doing great. People have been donating to the spot as well for future additions. It's a trip to visit the town I grew up riding to have a spot like that to come back to. A lot of memories, I love it.
Do the skaters and riders coexist peacefully?
There's always a great flow of positivity going through that place between riders and skaters. We vibe off of each other, we're practically doing the same thing. Trying to land that certain trick, line or doing something out of the norm, it's inspiring.
Have any other new parks popped up in the Central Coast?
San Luis Obispo skatepark is the latest one. I know there is works for Nipomo to get a skate park. But that won't go into effect for several more years. By that time, the rec will look like burnside, haha.
Crook 180 on a drop down rail in Los Angeles that saw a lot of action for a few years, but was skate stopped very shortly after this session. I'm almost certain Alex got the last clip here.
What does the rest of 2018 hold in store?
Create! Create! Create! Got some fun film shoots planned out for this year excited to work on them.
Thanks or shoutouts? And where can people view your video work?
A little wild. Somewhat unpolished. Completely our own.


text:
For Minnesotans, Ballparks Are Sacred Ground
By Mike Max July 4, 2016 at 10:25 pm
Filed Under:Mike Max
MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) — Town teams and baseball parks enrich Minnesota in many ways. Todd Mueller had heard the stories of storied baseball parks throughout Minnesota and the people that played on them and maintained them. So he set out to do it justice in the form of a book.
"I learned a lot on this trip and I learned that these are special venues," Mueller said. "These are state treasures and my hope with the book was to unveil these treasures."
That was what so many people already know — that there is a history behind these ballparks that make them hallowed ground.
What Mueller found out about the people is that they care a lot about their ballparks, and about the game.
"I realize how serious that the generation before me — my father's generation — took this whole thing," he said. "Many of them have passed. A lot of them are still doing their thing but they're slowing down a little bit. And the question is how do they pass the baton onto the next generation?"
And there is something special about the people who take care of their personal gardens. Behind each great ballpark is a great groundskeeper who leads the way.
"The groundskeepers are everything and the ballplayers will tell you that too. They give great credit to these guys," said Mueller. "There's some caregivers, groundskeepers that do it their way and they'll do it alone."
Yes, these games, these teams, these traditions, they are unique to this state in many ways.
"Darryl McReynolds, who was a Dodgers scout for many years here in the Twin Cities and the upper Midwest, stated unequivocally that the best ballparks he had ever been to were in the state of Minnesota," said Mueller.
Because in this state there is something special about the grand old game, Minnesota style.
"The bottom line is pride. Pride and passion," Mueller said. "As one person told me, this is hallowed ground, and they treat it like that."
Mike Max
Mike Max returned to WCCO-TV as a sports reporter and anchor in April 2005. Mike is no stranger to Minnesota sports. He hosts "Sports To The Max"...More from Mike Max


text:
As COVID-19 transmission rate soars, Surabaya urged to restore restrictions
Budi Sutrisno
Jakarta / Fri, June 19, 2020 / 06:31 am
Motorists wait at an intersection on Jl. Wonokromo in Surabaya, East Java, on June 9, the first day after the city lifted its large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) policy. (Antara/Didik Suhartono)
The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Surabaya, East Java, has continued to spike after large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) were lifted, leading to many recommending that a partial lockdown be reimposed.
Home to some 2.8 million people, the second largest city in Indonesia accounts for half of the total cases in East Java, the province that has replaced Jakarta as the country's new COVID-19 epicenter since May 21.
However, Greater Surabaya, which consists of Surabaya and its satellites cities Sidoarjo and Gresik, decided to end its PSBB measures on June 8.
The East Java COVID-19 task force reported that post-PSBB, the COVID-19 attack and transmission rates in Surabaya have soared, in line with the lack of awareness among Surabaya residents of the importance of complying with health protocols.
The attack rate is defined by the percentage of the population that contracts the disease during a specified time interval, while the transmission rate (RT) represents the average number of people who are infected by an infectious person.
In Surabaya, the attack rate of COVID-19 has reached 139.7, meaning 140 in every 100,000 people is COVID-19 positive. This is the highest rate in the country. Meanwhile, the overall attack rate of East Java is 19.7.
The transmission rate of COVID-19 in Surabaya is currently 1.2, compared to East Java's 1.1.
Read also: Palembang officially revokes PSBB policy despite high number of COVID-19 cases
The task force also reported that community compliance with health protocols in Greater Surabaya had declined, with the poorest compliance occurring in outdoor exercise spaces, followed by offices and factories, places of worship and traditional markets.
"This is disappointing. Theoretically, under these conditions, we should revive the lockdown, or for us, the PSBB," the task force's curative management head Joni Wahyuhadi said on Wednesday, as quoted by kompas.com.
Joni added that the transmission rates had fallen to 0.5 in Surabaya and 0.86 in East Java during the PSBB period, stressing that such measures had proven effective in the curbing the spread of COVID-19.
Echoing Joni's statement, East Java Governor Khofifah Indar Parawansa also said the transmission rates in Surabaya and its satellite cities had fallen to below 1.0 during the PSBB period.
"From June 21 to 26, Surabaya's RT was below 1.0. Then, in Sidoarjo, for eight days from June 20 to 27, the rate was under 1.0. Gresik also had a rate under 1.0 for six consecutive days," she said.
As East Java had failed to maintain a transmission rate below 1.0 for 14 consecutive days, Khofifah said, the province was not yet ready to enter the so-called "new normal" phase.
Greater Surabaya's PSBB period lasted from April 28 to June 8, with two extensions. Despite having the partial lockdown in place, Surabaya was categorized as a "black zone" on June 3 due to its skyrocketing number of confirmed COVID-19 cases.
Read also: 'Transitional PSBB': A deciding chapter for Jakarta's new normal
Surabaya Mayor Tri Rismaharini, who faces the burden of economic pressures, proposed terminating the PSBB measures to Governor Khofifah during an evaluation meeting earlier this month, arguing that many people had been forced to remain idle for too long.
Unlike Jakarta, which is now transitioning to the "new normal" with the PSBB measures still in place, Surabaya removed the PSBB measures completely and is now implementing its own health protocols and relying heavily on the self-compliance of the community.
Over the past month, East Java has consistently reported the highest number of new cases in the country. On Thursday, the province recorded 384 new cases, taking its overall tally to 8,917 cases and 664 deaths, according to the Health Ministry.
According to the Surabaya administration, the city had recorded a total of 4,262 cases and 333 deaths as of Wednesday. The city has recorded an average of 100 new cases per day since the PSBB measures were revoked.
Despite East Java's occasional claims that the soaring number of cases are due to the province's increased testing capacity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the province has a remarkably high positivity rate in testing.
In its latest weekly situational report, the WHO reported that the positivity rate in East Java over the last two weeks was 31.6, far from the WHO's provision of below 5.0 to impose "new normal" measures. None of the provinces assessed met this requirement.
The East Java administration and the Surabaya administration are split on whether to revive the PSBB measures, with Surabaya insisting on "continuing to run the wheels of the people's economy".
Read also: Epidemiologist claims easing PSBB could prolong COVID-19 crisis until 2024
Experts have expressed dismay over Surabaya's decision to ease the restrictions when conditions were not safe, fearing that without immediate controls, it could lead to an overwhelming of the healthcare system and resources.
"Surabaya shouldn't work alone. It must gather health experts to assess how significantly the impacts have been from easing the PSBB measures," The University of Indonesia's School of Medicine dean, Ari Fahrial Syam, told The Jakarta Post on Thursday.
New antiterror policy sparks fears of witch hunt
The catalytic role of digital connectivity
Indonesia steels itself for EU metals dispute
S. Kalimantan declares state of emergency as flooding displaces more than 20,000


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text:
Home WinBuzzer News Google Working on Unified Messaging App to Compete with Microsoft Teams
Google Working on Unified Messaging App to Compete with Microsoft Teams
Google is reportedly working on a messaging app that will allow G Suite to compete with Microsoft Teams and Slack.
Google is developing a new app that will provide users with a unified messaging service. Designed for business users, the service will likely compete with Microsoft Teams and Slack. According to Mountain View, the new solution will tie "together the functions of several standalone apps" into one.
Specifically, Google Drive, Gmail, and Hangouts Chat will be unified in the app. Furthermore, Google Calendar will also be included, although the app will open separately.
It seems the company is targeting this tool as a rival to the likes of Teams and Slack and will make the app available as part of G Suite.
G Suite is Google's Office competitor that bundles productivity applications into a single offering. Cloud unit CEO Thomas Kurian told a salesperson earlier this month that the new messaging app will come to organizations soon.
The app will be available on mobile devices, with no word on a web version.
According to The Information Google thinks a unified messaging experience can help it compete with Microsoft Teams. At the moment, the company has allowed Microsoft and Slack to have workplace chat to themselves.
Microsoft has been basking in the glory of Teams success. The company confirmed the platform has over 20 million Daily Active Users (DAUs). This number is significantly higher than Slack's 12 million.
The development of the unified app is in line with G Suite development. Google is reportedly fully focused on developing enterprise tools for the suite. That suggests the new unified messaging experience is unlikely to be available for normal consumers.
While Google has offered no release dates, we expect to see the app arrive soon.
SOURCEThe Information
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New Year's Day is the ideal time to get started with a nice, clean slate. That is because it has the appropriate energy to use with cleansing rituals for your home and yourself, clearing the old out and to make room so that you can be reached by new blessings. To get everything you would like to have this year, this is the time to get your wishes, rituals and spells est up to bring good luck for your loved ones and yourself.
Before blessings and good luck can reach you, the old energy that is take space up in your life needs to be cleared away first. If you are carrying around things that are not helping you any longer, then leave them behind in the past, which is where they belong. Conduct a cleansing ritual, even a simple one, in order to eliminate the old so there is room for the new.
To perform a thorough, yet basic cleansing ritual, the way you can begin by burning a candle in the center of your house. For a majority of home, that will be your kitchen but you can choose whatever room feels like the "right" one for you. A white candle can be dressed using white lavender oil, or a New Years candle can be used that is created specifically for this purpose. Next, mop your home's floors using a Spiritual Cleansing type of form wash, or you can make your own wash by brewing cleansing herbs such as rosemary, lemon, or eucalyptus into a tea, and then add it to the mop water.
Make sure that the incense's smoke touches each wall in your house. As you are doing this, imagine every room in your house filling up with sparkling, bright golden light. After you are done, snuff out the candle and allow the incense to burn out.
If you are not able to have flame or smoke in your house, that is fine! You still can use a a cleansing wash on your floors (or grind some herbs up with some salt, and then sprinkle it on your carpets, and then vacuum!). A Selenite wand can then be used to clear away old energy. Use your dominant hand to hold the wand, and point it across the corners of the rooms in your home and the walls, and imagine yourself twirling all the old energy on it like noodles onto a fork. To clear it off, shake your wand.
No matter what, afterwards enjoy having a cleansing spiritual bath with your New Year's Bath in order to clear your aura and to get prepared for the next step.
Once all of the hold energy has been cleared away, then it's time for bringing in some new and powerful spiritual energy in order to make all of your hopes and wishes come true.
Next, light the candle and then let it burn. You can also snuff it and then repeat the spell each day for a total of seven days.
It is also a good idea to ask your guardian spirits and ancestors for their blessings and help. Use a white cloth to set a table, and lay offerings out of clean water, coffee, liquor, and food. When you are finished, address them by name and then ask for their help during the New Year.
Remember that New Year's Day is a great time to get your resolution in motion, and for making positive changes within our lies. If there are goals that you would like to reach during the upcoming years, then get yourself set up for success by conducting a cleansing ritual, then bring in bright, fresh spiritual energy that you need. You can set yourself up for success, even using simple rituals.


text:
Q: Check whether remote URL has a valid image extension How can I check that a remote URL has a valid image extension?
What I want to do is upload images via link using PHP
copy('http://website.com/image.jpg', '/upload/filename.jpeg');

Code works fine but i want to check whether entered url has a valid image extension.
It should be jpg, png or gif file. Love to see a example of how to do this.
Your help and time is highly appreciated.

A: I found the solution myself.
exif_imagetype($image_url);

which will output the mime type for validation.

A: You can use preg_match to compare the filename to the known list:
if (preg_match('/\.(jpeg|jpg|png|gif)$/i', $image_url)) {
    // Successful match!
} else {
    // Not an image file extension
}

This will match a string that ends in a '.jpeg', '.jpg', '.png', or '.gif', whether they're uppercase, lowercase, or mixed case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Source: Payscale.com and Environmental Protection Authority, 2017.
Chances of getting a job as an environmental scientist are good due to a shortage of workers.
3-9 years of training required.
Pay for environmental scientists varies depending on experience and where they work.
Environmental scientists usually earn between $49,000 and $85,000 a year, with an average of $64,000.
Environmental scientists with a postdoctoral degree who work at research institutes can earn from $65,000 to $130,000.
Sources: Payscale.com, 2017; and Environmental Protection Authority, 2017.
prepare applications for resource consent on behalf of clients, in compliance with the Resource Management Act.
may travel nationally and overseas to work on projects.
When someone tells you they fell in love at first sight, you expect to hear them rave about a human, not a lizard. But ecologist Mandy Tocher gets misty-eyed about a gecko. "As soon as I saw a photo of the black-eyed gecko, it was like a light going on – it was incredible."
The nine centimetre-long gecko captured her heart, and inspired her to do a Masters and then PhD on reptiles and frogs.
After a stint studying the ecology of the Amazonian rain frog in Brazil, Mandy took a job with the Department of Conservation in Otago, working on projects aimed at protecting endangered lizards and frogs.
"Projects like this can be stressful, because you're taking a major risk with a few precious animals. For example, one of my projects was developing methods to move and rehabilitate a species of endangered native frogs, which had a population of just 300 adults. I knew if anything went wrong, it would be my responsibility. But then, that's what makes it so satisfying if you're right."
Mahina-a-rangi Baker talks about her role as an environmental consultant – 5.38 mins.
Kia ora, my name's Mahina-a-rangi Baker. I'm an environmental consultant and a kaitiaki and I work predominantly for Te Atiawa ki Whakarongotai which is my iwi here in Waikanae.
Working as a kaitiaki, as someone who protects the environment on behalf of our people requires you to be a bit of a jack of all trades. In any given week I could be working with freshwater scientists, stormwater engineers, planners at council, people who actually do construction on the ground. I think that's potentially one of the most challenging aspects of this work, but it's also quite rewarding because it means that we have a really integrated overview of all the things that are going on in our region. If I sit down with a freshwater scientist they may not actually be aware that their colleague who works in stormwater is actually doing some sort of works further down the river. I find that it's helpful that we can bring that more integrated approach to things where we have a general understanding of what's going on in all sorts of spaces within the environment.
What drew me into doing this sort of work, when I was a teenager our iwi here asked for young people to assist with kiwi translocations from Kapiti Island. So I went over to the island to help catch kiwi to send to other islands and I think in that process of handling kiwi and spending time with our native birds and our taonga I really grew an appreciation for how special they are, and wanted to work in a space where I could help protect them. And that then directed me to take a lot of science classes in high school and then to do a degree in ecology.
I applied for a lot of scholarships when I was at university and one of the scholarships I had provided me with a work placement and it was a very scientific role working in a lab looking at the effects of pesticides on bee communities. So it was very technical, not in the field. But I think having that grounding in hard science is very helpful.
Some of the projects that I'm working on at the moment are responding to applications by either council or private developers where they want to build a new development, or want to do some sort of work in a river or a stream that's going to have an effect on the environment and we provide input into a management plan that may have some sort of impact on freshwater.
Typically the way that people think about effects to freshwater are chemical or biological. So might look at the chemistry of the water, the water quality, the ecology of the river catchment. A Māori approach will look at those things but it will also consider, what are the effects to the cultural heritage of that river? Because for us landscape is really imbued with historical and cultural meaning. What's the effect spiritually? And not just spiritually to the people but to the peaceful and calm quality that water and rivers often have. What are the social effects? So can our people still go down and eat from the river? Do we see our traditional foods being put on our marae, are we able to serve food to people? Those types of considerations, I think Māori are able to bring that fuller picture. And what we find is that those values in one way are specifically Māori but non-Māori can relate to that too.
The job requires me to consult widely with our iwi to maintain really good relationships. In particular with our kaumatua, or our elderly community. That's something I've been encouraged to do since I was quite young. But certainly anyone getting into this work I'd encourage them to participate and be active within their own iwi, because whilst in our job there's a lot of reading and writing, our responsibility is that we're accurately reflecting the values that our people hold.
For people looking to do this type of work, the starting point is with the iwi itself. That being said, within the mainstream sector, within ministries and council there's also a huge demand for people who not only have a background in environmental science, but particularly if they have familiarity with the Māori world, or with Māori knowledge, there's a huge demand for people with those skills.
soil science or a related discipline such as earth science.
A PhD is usually required for research-based positions.
A tertiary entrance qualification is required to enter further training. Useful subjects include maths, economics, geography, physics, chemistry, biology, and agricultural and horticultural science.
creative, so they can develop new ideas.
completing a summer placement at a regional or city council.
Environmental scientists need to be reasonably fit and healthy to make field trips or site visits.
Environmental research scientist appears on Immigration New Zealand's long-term skill shortage list. This means the Government is actively encouraging skilled environmental scientists from overseas to work in New Zealand.
This shortage is due to increasing demand for environmental research because of increased pressure on the environment due to population growth, urban expansion and the effects of industry.
Chances of finding work are better if you have a postgraduate environmental science qualification and have studied subjects such as economics, law and geography.
demonstrating good people and teamwork skills.
There are good opportunities for scientists with a policy or evaluation focus to work for primary sector industries on land or at sea, regional and local councils, and government environmental ministries and agencies.
There is high demand for environmental scientists who can monitor the impacts of industrial activities on the environment, manage resource consents, provide advice on minimising environmental footprints, and consult and engage with stakeholders.
private companies – for example, fertiliser, insecticide and pesticide-manufacturing companies, where environmental scientists check toxicity levels.
Patrick, M, environmental consultant, Careers New Zealand interview, April 2017.
Rowarth, J, chief scientist, Environmental Protection Authority, Careers New Zealand interview, April 2017.
Technicians with a Bachelor's degree may progress into research environmental scientist positions after getting a Masters or PhD.
Those with a PhD can do postdoctoral fellowships at research organisations or universities before becoming a permanent environmental scientist.
After about 15 years' experience environmental scientists can progress into senior research scientist, team leader or manager roles.
Air pollution analysts study factors producing air pollution and recommend ways to prevent and control these.
Ecologists study animals and plants in their natural habitats, and how they interact with those environments.
Land degradation analysts study factors degrading the quality of soils and recommend ways to prevent and control these.
Water quality analysts study factors affecting water quality and recommend ways to prevent and control these.