text:
\section{Introduction}
Synchronization in a large population of coupled oscillators of
distributed natural frequencies is a
remarkable example of a nonequilibrium phase transition. The paradigmatic
minimal model to
study synchronization is the one due to Kuramoto, introduced
almost 40 years ago~\cite{Kuramoto-75}, based on an earlier work by Winfree~\cite{Winfree-67}.
Over the years, many details of
the Kuramoto model~\cite{Kuramoto-84,Acebron-etal-05}, and applications to
various physical~\cite{Wiesenfeld-etal-96},
chemical~\cite{Aldridge-etal-76},
biological~\cite{Michaels-etal-87}, engineering~\cite{Dorfler-etal-13}, and even social
problems~\cite{Neda-etal-03} have been addressed in the literature.

The Kuramoto model comprises oscillators that are described by their
phases, have natural frequencies given by a common distribution,
and are subject to a global mean-field coupling. The phases follow a
first-order dynamics in time. In the simplest setup of a purely
sinusoidal coupling without a phase shift, and for a unimodal distribution
of frequencies, the model exhibits a continuous
(second-order)
transition from an unsynchronized to a synchronized phase as the
coupling constant exceeds a critical threshold. The phase
transition appears as a Hopf bifurcation for the complex order parameter.

The dynamics of the Kuramoto model is intrinsically dissipative. When all the
oscillators have the same  frequency, the analogue of the model in the realm of
energy-conserving Hamiltonian dynamics is the so-called Hamiltonian mean-field
model (HMF)~\cite{Inagaki-93,Antoni-Ruffo-95}. In this case, the dynamical
equations are the Hamilton equations: the oscillator phases follow a
second-order dynamics in time, i.e. the units are in fact not oscillators, but rotors.
In order to include the effects of interaction with
an external
heat bath, it is natural to consider the HMF evolution in presence of a Gaussian
thermostat. In the resulting
Brownian mean-field (BMF) model, the dynamical equations are damped and
noise-driven \cite{Chavanis-11,Chavanis-13}.
Both the HMF and the BMF model have an equilibrium stationary state that
exhibits a continuous phase transition between a synchronized phase at low
values of energy/temperature and an unsynchronized phase at high values.
On considering the BMF model with non-identical oscillator frequencies,
the dynamics violates detailed balance leading to a nonequilibrium stationary state
(NESS) \cite{Gupta-Campa-Ruffo-14}. In the overdamped limit, the
dynamics reduces to that of the noisy Kuramoto model involving Kuramoto
dynamics in presence of Gaussian noise, which was introduced to model
stochastic fluctuations of the natural frequencies in time~\cite{Sakaguchi-88}. The resulting
phase diagram is complex, with both continuous and first-order
transitions~\cite{Gupta-Campa-Ruffo-14}.

In this work, we study a generic model of globally coupled rotors,
in which two types of deviations from
equilibrium are included: (i) distribution of torques acting on the
rotors, similar to the distribution of frequencies in the Kuramoto model,
and (ii) a phase shift
in the coupling, that makes the latter
non-Hamiltonian. We consider the rotors to have quite generally
different moments of inertia given by a common
distribution~\cite{Restrepo-etal-14}. Our setup
includes as special cases previously studied
Sakaguchi-Kuramoto~\cite{Sakaguchi-Kuramoto-86}, Hamiltonian and
Brownian mean-field,
Tanaka-Lichtenberg-Oishi~\cite{Tanaka-Lichtenberg-Oishi-97}, and
Acebr\'on-Bonilla-Spigler~\cite{Acebron-etal-98,Acebron_etal-00} models.

The basic roadblock in studying out-of-equilibrium dynamics, in
particular, in characterizing the resulting long-time NESSs is the lack of a
framework that allows to treat such states on a general footing, akin to
the one for equilibrium steady states {\em \`{a} la} Gibbs-Boltzmann. Even for simple nonequilibrium models, obtaining the steady
state distribution has been a {\em tour de
force}~\cite{Derrida-etal-1993}, while in many
cases, the analytical characterization of the steady state has so far
been elusive, thereby requiring one to resort to numerical simulations and
approximation methods~\cite{Privman-05}.

In this backdrop, it is remarkable that for our system of study, we are
able to characterize exactly the NESS under quite general
conditions. In the thermodynamic limit $N \to \infty$, we study the system by analyzing the
Kramers equation for the evolution of the single-rotor phase space
distribution. Using the combination of an analytical approach to solve the Kramers equation in
the steady state~\cite{Risken-89} and a novel self-consistency
approach~\cite{Komarov-Pikovsky-13a,Omelchenko-Wolfrum-12}, we
formulate an exact equation for the complex order parameter as a function
of the relevant parameters of the system, for arbitrary distributions of torques and moments
of inertia. As applications of our approach, we provide for suitable
and representative choices of the distribution functions several
nontrivial illustrations of transitions to synchrony, including in some cases interesting reentrant synchronous regimes.

\section{Basic model}
The equations of motion for the $i$-th rotor read
\begin{equation}
m_i\ddot{\phi_i}+\gamma
\dot{\phi_i}=\gamma\nu_i+\mathcal{K}R\sin(\psi-\phi_i-\beta)+\sqrt{\gamma
T}~\eta_i,
\label{eq:eom-1}
\end{equation}
where dots denote differentiation with respect to time $\tau$. Here, $\phi_i$
is the angle of the
$i$-th rotor with moment of inertia $m_i$, $\gamma$ is the friction
constant, $\mathcal{K}$ is the coupling constant, $\beta$ is the phase shift
parameter, $T$ is the temperature in units of the Boltzmann constant,
while $R$ and $\psi$ constitute the complex order parameter of the problem:
$R(\tau)e^{i\psi(\tau)} \equiv \sum_{j=1}^N e^{i\phi_j(\tau)}/N$.
Note that $R$ is the magnitude while $\psi$ is the phase of the mean
field acting on the rotors. In the dynamics (\ref{eq:eom-1}),
the term $\gamma \nu_i$ is the external torque acting on the
$i$-th rotor.
The parameters of the rotors, namely, their frequencies $\nu_i$'s and the moments
$m_i$'s, are quenched random variables sampled from a common
distribution $g(\nu,m)$.
The noise $\eta_i(\tau)$ is Gaussian, with $\langle \eta_i(\tau) \rangle=0, ~~\langle \eta_i(\tau)\eta_j(\tau')
\rangle=2\delta_{ij}\delta(\tau-\tau')$.
To reduce the number of relevant parameters, we introduce dimensionless variables $t \equiv \tau T/\gamma$, $M_i \equiv
m_iT/\gamma^2$, $K=\mathcal{K}/T$, $\omega_i=\gamma \nu_i/T$, in terms of
which Eq. (\ref{eq:eom-1}) becomes (with dot now denoting derivative with respect
to $t$)
\begin{equation}
M_i\ddot{\phi_i}+\dot{\phi_i}=\omega_i+KR\sin(\psi-\phi_i-\beta)+\eta_i,
\label{eq:eom-2}
\end{equation}
involving two dimensionless parameters $K$ and $\beta$; here, $\eta_i(t)$ is a
Gaussian white noise with $\langle \eta_i(t) \rangle=0,\langle
\eta_i(t)\eta_j(t')=2\delta_{ij}\delta(t-t')$.
Additional parameters describe the distribution $G(\omega,M)$ of dimensionless
natural frequencies and moments.

For the dynamics (\ref{eq:eom-2}), we seek for NESS with non-zero,
uniformly-rotating mean field, which generally has a frequency $\Omega$ different from
the mean frequency of the natural frequencies distribution.
Transforming to the reference frame rotating with frequency
$\Omega$, as $\psi \equiv \Omega t+\psi_0, \phi_i \equiv \Omega t+
\theta_i+\psi_0-\beta$,
where $\psi_0$ is
a constant, Eq. (\ref{eq:eom-2}) reads
\begin{equation}
M_i\ddot{\theta}_i+
\dot{\theta}_i= \omega_i-\Omega-KR\sin \theta_i+\eta_i(t),
\label{eq:eom-3}
\end{equation}
with $R(t)e^{i\beta} \equiv \sum_{j=1}^N e^{i\theta_j(t)}/N$.
From now on, we focus on analyzing the dynamics of (\ref{eq:eom-3}).

At this point, it is instructive to link model (\ref{eq:eom-3})
to previously studied setups.
In the absence of a distribution of frequencies and moments, and for $\beta=0$,
Eq. (\ref{eq:eom-3}) describes the BMF model. This model has an equilibrium
stationary state in which the system exhibits a continuous phase transition
between a synchronized ($R \ne 0$) and
an unsynchronized
($R =0$) phase at the critical coupling $K_c=2$ \cite{Chavanis-11,Chavanis-13}.
Presence of frequencies in the dynamics
(\ref{eq:eom-3}) drives
the system to a NESS
\cite{Gupta-Campa-Ruffo-14}. For $M=0$, the dynamics (\ref{eq:eom-3}) is that of the
Sakaguchi-Kuramoto
model with the inclusion of noise, which shows a continuous synchronization phase
transition across $K_c(D)$ described for $\beta=0$ in Ref.~\cite{Sakaguchi-88}.
In our normalization, the intensity of noise is set to one, thus the
noiseless situation corresponds to the limit $K,D\to\infty$.
For this noiseless dynamics, the case of rotors with the same moments of
inertia, and with $\beta=0$ defines the Tanaka-Lichtenberg-Oishi model ~\cite{Tanaka-Lichtenberg-Oishi-97}.
In Ref.~\cite{Acebron_etal-00},
for model (\ref{eq:eom-2}) with $\beta=0$ and without the distribution of
moments (the Acebr\'{o}n-Bonilla-Spigler model),
a linear stability analysis and an approximate treatment
of the transition to synchrony have been performed. In both these works, a first-order transition
to synchrony was revealed.

\section{Thermodynamic limit: The Kramers equation and its self-consistent
stationary solution}
We now consider the dynamics (\ref{eq:eom-3}) in the thermodynamic limit $N
\to \infty$. In this limit, the dynamics is
characterized by the single-rotor conditional distribution
$\rho(\theta,v,t|\omega-\Omega,M,t)$, which
gives at time $t$ and for the given set of parameters $(\omega,M)$ the
fraction of rotors with angle $\theta$
and angular velocity $v=\dot\theta$. The distribution is $2\pi$-periodic in
$\theta$, and obeys the normalization $\int_0^{2\pi} d\theta
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dv~\rho(\theta,v,t|\omega-\Omega,M,t)=1$, while evolving
toward a stationary distribution
following the Kramers (Fokker-Planck) equation
\cite{Gupta-Campa-Ruffo-14}
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}=-v\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial
\theta}+\frac{\partial}{\partial
v}\Big[\frac{1}{M}
\Big(v-\omega+\Omega+A\sin\theta\Big)\rho\Big]+
\frac{1}{M^2}\frac{\partial^2 \rho}{\partial v^2},
\label{eq:Kramers}
\end{equation}
where we have defined $A \equiv KR$.
In the steady state, $R$ is time-independent, with
\begin{equation}
Re^{i\beta}=\int dW
G(\omega+\Omega,M)e^{i\theta}\rho(\theta,v|\omega,M)\equiv F(\Omega,A),
\label{eq:R-steadystate}
\end{equation}
where $dW=d\theta dv d\omega dM$. The stationary distribution $\rho(\theta,v|\omega-\Omega,M)$
depends on the unknown quantities $A$ and $\Omega$, which we from now on
consider as given parameters. The representation (\ref{eq:R-steadystate})
gives the solution of the problem in a parametric form: the order parameter $R$
and the coupling parameters, $K,\beta$, are expressed as explicit
functions of $A$ and $\Omega$, as
\begin{equation}
R=|F(\Omega,A)|\;,\;\; K=\frac{A}{|F(\Omega,A)|}\;,\;\;\beta={\rm arg}F(\Omega,A).
\label{eq:F-defn}
\end{equation}
By varying $\Omega$ and $A$, while keeping the parameters of the
distribution $G(\omega,M)$
fixed, we may find the order parameter $R$ as a function
of $K$ and $\beta$ (cf.~\cite{Omelchenko-Wolfrum-12,Komarov-Pikovsky-13a}).

The stationary solution of the Kramers equation (\ref{eq:Kramers})
is described in~\cite{Risken-89}.
One looks for
 a solution in the form of a double expansion in Fourier modes in $\theta$ and Hermite
functions in $v$ as
\begin{equation}
\rho =(2\pi)^{-1/2}
\Phi_0(v)\sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}a_{n,k}e^{ik\theta}\Phi_n(v),
\label{eq:distr}
\end{equation}
where $\Phi_n(v)$ are the Hermite functions:
$\Phi_n(v)=\sqrt{\alpha}/(\sqrt{2^n n!\sqrt{\pi}})
\exp[-v^2\alpha^2/2]H_n(\alpha v); ~~\alpha = \sqrt{M/2}$.
By inserting expansion (\ref{eq:distr}) into the Kramers equation
(\ref{eq:Kramers}),
one obtains a linear system of equations for coefficients $a_{n,k}$ which can
be solved using matrix continued fraction method \cite{Risken-89}.
Substituting expansion (\ref{eq:distr}) into Eq. (\ref{eq:R-steadystate}), we find that
\begin{equation}
F(\Omega,A) = \sqrt{2\pi}\int d\omega\,dM G(\omega,M) a^*_{(1,0)}(\omega-\Omega,
M),
\label{eq:funF}
\end{equation}
where $*$ denotes complex conjugation. According to the matrix continued fraction method \cite{Risken-89}, the
coefficient $a_{1,0}$ can be found from the matrix $\mathbf{H}$ as
$$
a_{(1,0)}(\nu,M)= H^{(1,0)}(\nu.M)/(\sqrt{2\pi}H^{(0,0)}(\nu.M))
$$
where $\mathbf{H}(\nu,M)$ is given by the following recurrent formula:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:H}
\mathbf{H}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}\widetilde{\mathbf{D}}^{-1}\bigg(\mathbf{I}-M
\mathbf{D}\Big[\mathbf{I}-\frac{M}{2}\mathbf{D}\big(\mathbf{I}\nonumber
\\
-\frac{M}{3}\{\mathbf{D}[\mathbf{I}-\ldots]\}^{-1}\widetilde{\mathbf{D}}\big)^{-1}\widetilde{\mathbf{D}}\Big]^{-1}\widetilde{\mathbf{D}}\bigg),
\end{eqnarray}
with the matrix $\mathbf{D}=ik\delta_{n,k}$, while the matrix
$\widetilde{\mathbf{D}}$ is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:D}
\widetilde{D}^{n,k}\equiv\left(\Big(ik-\nu\Big)\delta_{n,k} -
i\Big(\delta_{n,k+1}-\delta_{n,k-1}\Big)\frac{A}{2} \right).
\end{equation}

Combining Eqs. (\ref{eq:F-defn}), (\ref{eq:funF}), (\ref{eq:H}), (\ref{eq:D}),
one obtains an exact equation for the complex order parameter as a function
of the relevant parameters of the system for arbitrary distributions of torques and moments
of inertia. In the following sections, we present several applications of our
approach to compute the steady state $R$ for representative choices of
the frequency and moment distribution, and parameters of the dynamics,
and highlight possible synchronization transitions.

\section{Phase transitions in the case of symmetric coupling function
(i.e., $\beta=0$)}
\begin{figure}
\centering
(a)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig1a}\\
(b)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig1b}\\
(c)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig1c}
\caption{For $G(\omega,M)=\delta(M-M_0)g(\omega)$, with $g(\omega)$
being a Gaussian with zero mean and width $D$, (a) shows the order parameter
$R$ as a function of $K$ for $M_0=1$ and for
various values of $D$ marked in the figure. For sufficiently large $D$,
synchronized phase arises as a first-order phase transition from the
unsynchronized phase, with two characteristic thresholds, $K_c^{(1)}$ and
$K_c^{(2)}$. (b) Surfaces $K_c^{(1)}$ and $K_c^{(2)}$ in the
three-dimensional $M_0-K-D$ space. (c) Sections of the surfaces
$K_c^{(1)}$ and $K_c^{(2)}$ in (b) for different values of $M_0$.}
\label{fig:fig1}
\end{figure}

Here, we consider symmetric, Hamiltonian coupling, i.e., with the phase
shift $\beta=0$. As one can see from (\ref{eq:F-defn}), the function
$F$, given by Eqs. (\ref{eq:R-steadystate}) and (\ref{eq:funF}), should
be real. Let us choose for each
moment $M$ the distribution $G(\omega,M)$ to be symmetric about its
mean $\Omega_0$: $G(\omega-\Omega_0,M)=G(\Omega_0-\omega,M)$. Then, using Eq. (\ref{eq:funF}) and the fact that $F$ is
real, one arrives at the consistent conclusions that $\Omega=\Omega_0$
and $a_{(1,0)}(\nu,M)=a_{(1,0)}^*(-\nu,M)$.
(For a general asymmetric distribution, like Eq.~(\ref{eq:dismw}) below,
to be consistent with $\beta=0$, one has to vary $\Omega$ to find the value at which ${\rm arg}F(\Omega,A)=0$).
As the simplest example of such a situation, we consider the case of
equal moments, and  a Gaussian distribution with
mean zero and width $D$ for
the frequencies: $G(\omega,M)=\delta(M-M_0)g(\omega)$, with $g(\omega)=1/(\sqrt{2\pi
D^2})\exp[-\omega^2/(2D^2)]$.  In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}, we report the phase
diagram in the three-dimensional space of parameters $M_0,K,D$,
stressing on the synchronized and unsynchronized states. The previously known limits
are (1) for $M=0$, when one has the line $K_c(D)$ for continuous transition
given by $K_c(D)=2[\int_{-\infty}^\infty
d\omega~g(\omega)/(\omega^2+1)]^{-1}$ \cite{Sakaguchi-88}, (2) for
$D=0$, when one has the continuous transition point of the BMF
model given by $K_c \equiv K_c(0)=2$, independent of $M$
\cite{Chavanis-11,Chavanis-13}.
For $M,D\ne 0$, one
expects a first-order phase synchronization transition characterized by
two thresholds $K_c^{(1)}$ and $K_c^{(2)}$, where the former is the
stability threshold of the unsynchronized phase, while $K_c^{(2)}$ is the
point at which two branches of synchronized solutions arise
\cite{Gupta-Campa-Ruffo-14}.
These observations are borne out by our numerical results depicted in
Fig. \ref{fig:fig1}. Panel (a) shows $R$ as a function of $K$ at a
fixed $M$ and for different values of $D$: one may observe that at large $D$, the
synchronized phase arises as a first-order transition from the
unsynchronized phase.

\section{Non-universal phase transitions in the case of phase shift in coupling}
In this section, we illustrate several examples of non-trivial and
non-universal phase transitions to synchrony in the case of nonzero
$\beta$, by choosing $G(\omega,M)=\delta(M-M_0)g(\omega)$, where we choose a nontrivial symmetric
$g(\omega)$ that is known to yield a non-universal transition in the
Sakaguchi-Kuramoto model~\cite{Omelchenko-Wolfrum-12}:
\begin{equation}
g(\omega)=
\begin{cases}
p\frac{D - \omega}{D^2}+(1-p)\frac{qD-\omega}{q^2D^2};~~ \omega\leq qD,\\
\frac{D - \omega}{D^2};~~ \omega>qD.
\end{cases}
\label{eq:distr1}
\end{equation}
The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{eq:fig2}. Panel (a) shows two examples of a reentrant
synchronization transition: with increase of the coupling constant, synchrony first appears but
disappears at larger coupling, beyond which there is a second threshold.
Fig.~\ref{eq:fig2}(b)
shows that this behavior depends on the value of $M_0$ in a nontrivial way: while the re-entrance is observed for small and
large $M_0$, it is absent for intermediate values. Finally, in
Fig.~\ref{eq:fig2}(c)
we illustrate how the reentrant behavior depends on noise. As the noise intensity is set to one
in our scheme of normalization, we simultaneously varied parameters $M_0$ and $D$ according to
$M_0=\widetilde{M}_0\sigma$, $D=D_0/\sigma$, with $\widetilde{M}_0=0.1$, $D_0=5$.
The resulting
path in the $M_0-D$ plane corresponds effectively to variation of the noise
intensity, with $\sigma\sim T$. One can see that with increase of the
noise, the area of nontrivial
transitions marked in grey shrinks and disappears.
The inset illustrates how the region of the
re-entrance is determined from the solution.
It shows the values of $\beta(\Omega)$
for vanishing mean field $A=0^{+}$, i.e. at the transition points.
At $\sigma = 0.025$ (dashed curve in (c)(inset)), there is a non-monotonic dependence
of $\beta$ on $\Omega$. Thus, in the region between the local extrema, there
are three values of $\Omega$ that give the same value of $\beta$.
These three values correspond to the different branches in each of the $R(K)$
plots in Fig.~\ref{eq:fig2}(a) at which the value of the order parameter vanishes  (i.e. the values of $K$
at which synchrony appears, disappears, and appears again).
At relatively strong noise ($\sigma=0.1$, solid curve in (c)(inset)), there is a
monotonic dependence of $\beta$ on $\Omega$, with only one transition to synchrony.

\begin{figure}
\centering
(a)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig3}\\
(b)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig4}\\
(c)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig5}
\caption{(a) Examples of non-universal transitions for
$G(\omega,M)=\delta(M-M_0)g(\omega)$, with $g(\omega)$ given by Eq.
(\ref{eq:distr1}). Parameters are
$M_0=5\times 10^{-3}$, $\beta = -1.164$ (upper panel), and $M_0=0.06$,
$\beta = -1.95$ (lower panel). In both cases, $p=0.6$, $D=100$, $q=0.08$.
(b) Regions in the $(M_0,\beta)$ plane with complex non-trivial
transitions marked in grey, for the same parameters of the frequency distribution as in panel (a).
(c) Dependence of the region of re-entrance (gray regions in (b)) on the
effective noise intensity (see main text); Increase of $\sigma$ corresponds to linear
increase of noise intensity.
}
\label{eq:fig2}
\end{figure}

\section{Phase transitions in populations with distribution of moments
of inertia}
\begin{figure}
\centering
(a)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig6}\\
(b)\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig7}
\caption{(a) $R(K)$ for the distribution (\ref{eq:dism}) with two different
values of $D_m$ but with the same mean moment $M_0=1.01$.
(b) For the distribution (\ref{eq:2delta}), the figure shows the
dependence of $K_c^{(1)}$ on the parameter $p$ for different values of
$D$ (width of the frequency distribution $g(\omega)$).
}
\label{fig:mass_tr}
\end{figure}
In this section, we present several examples of phase transitions by
choosing nontrivial distributions for both moments
and frequencies.
In the first example, we used independent distributions of moments and
frequencies:
$G(M,\omega)=g(\omega)f(M)$, with
\begin{equation}
f(M)=
\begin{cases}
\frac{1}{C}\Big[1-\frac{(M-M_0)^2}{D_m^{2}}\Big],~~ |M-M_0|\le D_m, \\
0,\quad |M-M_0|>D_m.
\end{cases}
\label{eq:dism}
\end{equation}
Thus, the moments are distributed according to a
simple parabolic shape with characteristic width $D_m$ ($C$ is the
normalization constant), while for frequencies, we use a Gaussian distribution
with mean zero and width $D$.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:mass_tr}(a), dependencies of the order parameter
on the coupling are presented for two distributions for different
$D_m$'s, but with the same mean moment $M_0$.
One can see that the more diverse is the population, the easier it is to synchronize.
To reveal the underlying mechanism,
we calculated the synchronization threshold $K_c^{(1)}$ in a more simple
setup of rotors having just two different moments,
i.e., the distribution is a sum of two delta functions:
\begin{equation}
f(M) = p\delta(M-M_0)+(1-p)\delta(M-M_1),
\label{eq:2delta}
\end{equation}
where we assume that $M_0<M_1$. By increasing the parameter $p$ from 0 to 1,
 we increase the fraction of light particles in the population.
Fig.~\ref{fig:mass_tr}(b) shows that the critical coupling $K_c^{(1)}$ decreases with $p$:
One can see that addition of light particles always leads to decreasing of $K_c^{(1)}$,
implying ease of the population to synchronize with more lighter
particles; this is consistent with the result in Fig.~\ref{fig:mass_tr}(a).

In the second example we illustrate a situation, where the symmetry of the frequency distribution
is broken in a nontrivial way, through a correlation with the moments. We take
a distribution
\begin{equation}
G(\omega,M)=
\begin{cases}\frac{1}{C}\left(1-\left(\frac{\omega}{D_0}\right)^{2}\right)\\
\times \delta(M-M_0-k\omega),\;
 |\omega|\le D_0,\\
0,\quad |\omega|>D_0.
\end{cases}
\label{eq:dismw}
\end{equation}
where although the partial distribution of frequencies is symmetric, the overall symmetry of
$G(\omega,M)$ is broken. In this case the frequency $\Omega$ of the
order parameter will be non-zero even for purely symmetric coupling $\beta=0$; we
illustrate this in Fig.~\ref{fig:asym}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig2}
\caption{Dependencies of $R,\Omega$ on the coupling strength $K$ for the
correlated distribution~(\ref{eq:dismw}) with $k=1$, $D_0=1$ and $M_0=1.01$. }
\label{fig:asym}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
In conclusion, we have suggested a unified analytic approach that allows to analyze
dynamics of noise-driven populations of globally coupled rotors with a phase shift in the
coupling, for arbitrary distribution of their natural
frequencies and moments. In addition to well-studied effects of inertia
that lead to a first-order transition to synchrony in the absence of a
phase shift in coupling, the method allowed us
to study more complex regimes. In the limiting case of vanishing inertia
and absence of noise, our model reduces to the Sakaguchi-Kuramoto model
of coupled phase oscillators. For the latter, reentrant transition to
synchrony~\cite{Omelchenko-Wolfrum-12}, in which two ranges of coupling
exists for observing synchrony, was observed; we demonstrated a
similar phenomenon in our model. Furthermore,
the general formulation of our model also includes populations with distributions of moments
of rotors. A nontrivial effect here is the shift of the frequency of the mean field
due to correlations between natural frequencies and the moments.

\acknowledgments
M. K. thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for support.
S. G. acknowledges the support of the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced
Research under Project 4604-3, the warm hospitality of the University
of Potsdam, and fruitful discussions with A. Campa and S. Ruffo.

\bibliographystyle{eplbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
MTV Documentary Films Buys 'The Eternal Memory'
HomeEntertaintmentAwards'Nope,' 'Elvis,' 'Avatar' and 'The Woman King' Among AFI Awards' Best Movies of the Year
'Nope,' 'Elvis,' 'Avatar' and 'The Woman King' Among AFI Awards' Best Movies of the Year
In a week chock-full of awards announcements, AFI has revealed their Top 10s for both film and television and while there were many titles we've come to expect ("Everything Everywhere All at Once", "The Fabelmans", "Hacks", "Better Call Saul"), there were just as many that were nice surprises on the lists, especially for TV ("Nope", "Mo", "Pachinko", "Somebody Somewhere", "Reservation Dogs"). Martin McDonagh's "The Banshees of Inisherin" is to receive a special award from AFI this year as well.
Film titles assumed to be on the list but which did not make a showing are "Babylon", "The Whale", "Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery" and "Black Panther: Wakanda Forever". Television programs overlooked included critical darlings "Bad Sisters", "Black Bird" and "Ramy", not to mention major hits like "House of the Dragon", "The Watcher", "The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power" and the "Dahmer" miniseries.
Here are the AFI selections for 2022:
AFI MOVIES OF THE YEAR
AFI TELEVISION PROGRAMS OF THE YEAR
AFI SPECIAL AWARD
"AFI shines a light upon excellence in storytelling and the collaborators who bring these stories to the screen," said Bob Gazzale, AFI President and CEO. "This year, more than ever, celebrating the community of artists that realize these dreams is particularly meaningful – as they have lifted our spirits through the most challenging of times and proven the power of this great art form."
Honorees will gather on Friday, Jan. 13, 2023, for recognition at the annual AFI
Awards private luncheon at the Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills
Taylor Swift set to make her feature directorial debut
Disney+ plan now available In The U.S. with ad-supported tiers
Kazuo Ishiguro Interview on Living, Writing
Angela Bassett Set For Costume Designers Guild's Spotlight Award – Deadline
Oscars Takeaways: Best Picture Box Office Average, Original Song Noms
2023 Oscars: Best Original Score Predictions
Meyers Says Conspiracy Charges for Giuliani May Be 'Harder Sell'
Where to Watch Best Picture Nominees and More Online – The Hollywood Reporter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Напоні () — селище () в США, в окрузі Франклін штату Небраска. Населення — 106 осіб (2010).

Географія
Напоні розташоване за координатами  (40.074733, -99.138629).  За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 0,60 км², уся площа — суходіл.

Демографія

Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало 106 осіб у 52 домогосподарствах у складі 34 родин. Густота населення становила 178 осіб/км².  Було 84 помешкання (141/км²).

Расовий склад населення:

До двох чи більше рас належало 2,8 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,0 % від усіх жителів.

За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 14,2 % — особи молодші 18 років, 52,8 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 33,0 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 52,0 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 103,8 чоловіків;  на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 102,2 чоловіків також старших 18 років.

Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство  становив  долари США (медіана — ), а середній дохід на одну сім'ю —  доларів (медіана — ). За межею бідності перебувало 26,3 % осіб, у тому числі 45,5 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 6,3 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.

Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 40 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: роздрібна торгівля — 25,0 %, сільське господарство, лісництво, риболовля — 25,0 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 12,5 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 12,5 %.

Джерела

Селища Небраски
Населені пункти округу Франклін (Небраска)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
September 3, 2018 / Nat Anacostia
Nats' August in review: These are tough decisions
Adam Eaton, Andrew Stevenson, Anthony Rendon, Bryce Harper, Daniel Murphy, Dave Martinez, Gio Gonzalez, Greg Holland, Kelvin Herrera, Matt Adams, Max Scherzer, Ryan Madson, Ryan Zimmerman, Tanner Roark, Wilmer Difo
August began with the Nationals in third place, 5-1/2 games behind the division-leading Phillies, and having just decided to stand pat before the trade deadline, thinking they still had a good chance to get back into the race. During August they went 14-15 and ended the month with a 67–68 record, 7-1/2 games behind the Braves, who had taken over the division lead. By then the Nats' probability of reaching the playoffs was down to a real long-shot–3% according to Fangraphs, 5% according to FiveThirtyEight, and 1% according to Baseball Prospectus. And before the month was over, the team had traded off most of the players who would be eligible for free agency at the end of the season, with the notable exception of Bryce Harper, who was retained.
The month began with the Nats at home, playing the second game of a two-game series against the Mets. (They had won the first game–immediately after the deadline–by a score of 25 to 4.) They won the second game, sweeping the series, then took three of four against the Reds. They then faced the Braves in a four-game series, which they split. Their 7–3 record during the home stand allowed them to keep pace in the divisional race, though a series win against the Braves would have helped them move up in the standings.
The next road trip would prove to be pivotal. The Nats were facing the Chicago Cubs, who were holding the lead in the competitive NL Central race, and the Cardinals, who were in third place with a good record. The games were hard fought and exciting, featuring late-inning comebacks or attempted comebacks and a couple of walk-offs, But the Nats were on the losing end of too many of those games, losing the Cubs series two games to one, and the Cardinals series three games to one. With a 2–5 record during the road trip, they started the trip 5-1/2 games behind and finished it 8 games out. Their probability of reaching the playoffs (according to Fangraphs) plummeted from 41% to 20% over the seven-game span.
The Nats' first series after returning home was against the Marlins, and their fortunes continued to plummet as they lost the series, two games to one. The final game of the series was a blow-out, with the Nats losing 12 to 1. The Nats management decided it was time to throw in the towel. On August 21 Daniel Murphy was traded to the Cubs, and Matt Adams was surrendered to the Cardinals on a waiver claim. The Nats management was now committed to shedding salary. But they decided not to move Bryce Harper, and held onto him for the final six weeks of his contract.
After the trades, the Nats opened a series against the Phillies. They played the first games like they wanted to send a message. They won the first (rain-delayed) game featuring back-to-back home runs by Andrew Stevenon and Wilmer Difo, the players who replaced Adams and Murphy on the roster. They won the second game on a walk-off home run by Ryan Zimmerman. Their fortunes changed in the third game, however, when Phillies pitcher Aaron Nola outdueled Max Scherzer, shutting out the Nationals 2 to 0. The Nats finished the home stand with a 3–3 record.
Their next road trip opened in New York against the Mets. The Nats were shut out in their first two games, making three consecutive shutouts. Then, in a fashion that was typical of their 2018 season, they blew away the Mets in the third game, 15 to 0, but ended the game with an injury to Kelvin Herrera, probably losing him for the rest of the season. In the series they outscored the Mets 15 to 6, yet lost the series two games to one, and ended the series weaker than they started. The road trip finished with a three-game series against the Phillies in Philadelphia, which the Nats won two games to one.
On August 31, the Nats made two more trades, sending Ryan Madson to the Dodgers and long-time National pitcher Gio Gonzalez to the Brewers. The Brewers were in Washington to open a series against the Nationals, and the Nats lost the first game, ending the month a game below .500 and well out of playoff contention.
With most of their hitters healthy, the Nats' offense performed pretty well during August. Their .330 on-base percentage was 4th of the 15 teams in the NL, and their .431 slugging percentage ranked 5th. Their ballpark-adjusted weighted runs created (wRC+) of 101 ranked 6th.
The Nationals' starting pitchers, however, continued to disappoint during August. Their ERA, 3.90, ranked 10th in the NL, and they also ranked 10th in the park-adjusted version, ERA–, with 96. And adjusting for fielding didn't help, as their fielding-independent pitching adjusted for league and ballpark, FIP–, was 111, 12th in the NL.
The Nats' injury-plagued relief pitchers also disappointed, with an ERA of 4.67 (11th in the NL), and a FIP– of 127 (14th). Their 15 shutdowns ranked last in the NL, whereas their 18 meltdowns was the 4th most. Overall, pitching was a serious team weakness during August.
14–15 (.483)
Pythagorean Record:
16–13 (4.72 R/G – 4.31 RA/G)
August MVP:
Max Scherzer (2–1, 1.89 RA/9, 6 G, 38 IP, 11.6 K/9, .224 opp OBP, 1.7 RA9-WAR) wins the award for the fifth consecutive month. He's truly been the one player we've always been able to rely on this season.
Most valuable position player:
Ryan Zimmerman (.316/.402/.658, 24 G, 6 HR, 10 R, 18 RBI, 178 wRC+, 1.1 fWAR). Honorable mention goes to Bryce Harper and Anthony Rendon, who each had 1.0 fWAR.
Most valuable relief pitcher:
Greg Holland (0–0, 1 Sv, 0.93 RA/9, 12 G, 9-2/3 IP, 10.2 K/9, .222 opp OBP, 1.74 RE24, 0.4 RA9-WAR, 2 shutdowns, 1 meltdown).
Worst month:
Gio Gonzalez (1–4, 7.76 RA/9, 6 G, 31-1/3 IP, 6.6 K/9, .399 opp OBP, –0.7 RA9-WAR)
Best start this month:
Max Scherzer (August 12, 4–3 loss to the Cubs in Chicago) pitched 7 scoreless innings while giving up 3 hits and 1 walk, striking out 11, for a game score of 81. He left the game with the Nats holding a 1 to 0 lead, but the Nats
Worst start:
Gio Gonzalez (August 19, 12–1 loss to the Marlins at home) gave up 8 runs in 4-2/3 innings, while allowing 10 hits and 4 walks and striking out 5, for a game score of 13.
Tough losses:
Max Scherzer (August 23, 2–0 loss to the Phillies at home) gave up 2 runs on 2 hits and 4 walks with 10 strikeouts in 7 innings (game score 71).
Gio Gonzalez (August 24, 3–0 loss to the Mets in New York) gave up 1 run on 7 hits and no walks with 2 strikeouts in 7 innings (game score 61).
Tanner Roark (August 25, 3–0 loss to the Mets in New York) gave up 1 run on 4 hits and no walks with 7 strikeouts in 6 innings (game score 67).
Cheap wins:
Tanner Roark (August 16, 5–4 win over the Cardinals in St. Louis) gave up 4 runs (3 earned) on 5 hits and 3 walks with 1 strikeout in 6 innings (game score 46).
Best shutdown:
Greg Holland (August 28, 5–4 win over the Phillies in Philadelphia) entered in the bottom of the ninth with one out, a runner on second base, and the Nats leading 5 to 4. The Phillies had just hit a pair of doubles and had cut the Nationals' lead in half. Holland got Alfaro to fly out to center, and Phillies runner Velasquez was out on appeal after leaving early when tagging on the play, ending the game (win probability added .285).
Worst meltdown:
Ryan Madson (August 12, 4–3 loss to the Cubs in Chicago). Madson came into the game in the bottom of the ninth for the save with the Nats leading 3–0. After getting the first out, he allowed an infield single, then hit a batter. He got Schwarber to foul out for the second out, then hit another batter to load the bases. On a 2–2 count, Cubs pinch hitter David Bote hit a walk-off grand slam home run (WPA –.956) After the game, Madson belatedly told Davey Martinez that he had been dealing with back pain that was preventing him from pushing off the mound and finishing his pitches the way he normally did.
Clutch hit:
Ryan Zimmerman (August 22, 8–7 win over the Phillies at home). There were two outs in the bottom of the ninth, Juan Soto was at second, and the Nats were trailing 7 to 6 when Zimmerman came to bat. After looking at three sliders–two balls and a strike–Zimmerman hit the first fastball he saw over the right field wall. It barely cleared the wall and was initially called in play, but after video review the call was corrected to a walk-off home run. (WPA .853) It was Zimmerman's 11th career walk-off home run, only two behind the all-time leader, Jim Thome.
Choke:
Adam Eaton (August 29, 8–6 loss to the Phillies in Philadelphia). In the top of the eighth, Eaton came to bat with one out, runners on first and second, and the Nats trailing 7–6. He grounded into an inning-ending double play. (WPA –.213)
Favorite defensive play:
Adam Eaton scaled the right field wall to catch a foul ball against the Marlins.
Filed under Month in review
← Nats' July in review: I believe in this team
Nats' September in review: Not the season we wanted →


text:
Profile: The Truck Farm
LAS CRUCES - The Truck Farm offers a variety of unique gift items and gourmet foods.
Profile: The Truck Farm LAS CRUCES - The Truck Farm offers a variety of unique gift items and gourmet foods. Check out this story on lcsun-news.com: http://lcsun.co/1Hzjwg7
Alexia Severson, Las Cruces Sun-News Published 1:00 a.m. MT Nov. 30, 2015
The Truck Farm offers a variety of unique gift items and gourmet foods.
The Truck Farm owner Jim Hawman puts together a gift basket on Thursday at the store.(Photo: Anayssa Vasquez / Sun-News)Buy Photo
LAS CRUCES - From uniquely flavored sauces, condiments and salsas, to a variety of sweet and savory pecans and hot chocolate mix, visitors to The Truck Farm, 645 S. Alameda Blvd., can find a number of gourmet food items guaranteed to please their palate.
Those who have been to the specialty foods store, or who frequently visit the Las Cruces Farmers & Crafts Market, may already be familiar with The Truck Farm's most popular, award-winning sweet and spicy sauce called Besito Caliente, which translates to Hot Little Kiss.
"I've never found anything anywhere close to it," said co-owner Jim Hawman, 68. "I developed it for grilling. It's biggest use is over cream cheese, we sell it to ice cream shops, we sell it to restaurants in four states now that use it in a margarita. It's just kind of all over the map for its uses."
Hawman, who runs The Truck Farm with his son Justin Hawman, 35, and owns a small 20-acre farm west of Fairacres, N.M., said each bottle of Besito Caliente contains about half a pound of blackberries — his biggest crop.
Hawman also specializes in growing garlic, alfalfa and pecans at the farm he started with his wife (now deceased) in 1984. However, blackberries are what set Hawman's farm apart from others in the area and led him to open The Truck Farm in 1998, selling fruit based products, including pies, cobblers, jams and jellies, according to The Truck Farm website.
"The reason for the name? If you were to go to my farm, you would see a whole lot of trucks, so it's a double entendre," Hawman said. "In the old days, truck farms were farmers who would put their produce in the back of their truck, take it into town and sell it out of the truck. And because I collect old pick-ups, my wife said 'You might as well call it The Truck Farm because people come out here and they think all you can grow is trucks.'"
Pictured is a gift basket created at The Truck Farm on Thursday. The basket is in the shape of the state of New Mexico. (Photo: Anayssa Vasquez / Sun-News)
Throughout the years, The Truck Farm has had three different locations, including its current spot on S. Alameda, where it moved in 2012. Today, The Truck Farm manufactures and carries a wide variety of unique products, including those developed by Hawman and other food items such as the Tia Rita line of chile-based, easily prepared dishes and gourmet spices; the Desert Farms line of gourmet jellies, marmalade, condiments and honey, and Cannon's Sweet Hots, green chile and salsas.
Along with Besito Caliente, another gourmet sauce developed by Hawman is Cherry A'More, which combines the flavors of cherry and chipotle chiles, and can be used as a marinade or grilling sauce, mixed with balsamic vinegar for a salad dressing or over ice cream or cream cheese with crackers.
"My biggest attribute is I don't know all the rules," Hawman said of developing the flavors of his products.
While most of the items sold at The Truck Farm are from New Mexico, Hawman said the store also carries a few products from outside of the state.
"We have ribbon cane and sorghum molasses. I don't know of anywhere in New Mexico where that's made," he said. "That comes from Philadelphia, Mississippi."
Molasses is a popular item among those who grew up with it, Hawman said.
"If you're raised here and you have to move somewhere else, you crave chile, and molasses — the same thing. You crave it," he said.
The Truck Farm also specializes in gift baskets, which come in various shapes and sizes, Hawman said.
"You can customize your basket and add your own items," he said.
The Truck Farm's products can be found in specialty stores throughout the U.S. and have been shipped as far as Australia and Germany. But no matter where products end up, Hawman said his philosophy is keep the money local.
"That may mean that I'm selling to a little shop in Connecticut, but that money will stay in that little town," he said. "It won't go to Bentonville, Arkansas, home of Walmart."
Hawman said, as a business, he also thinks it's important to take the time to listen to his customers.
"They tell us things that, if we listen, we could never imagine," he said.
Outside of running The Truck Farm, Hawman said he likes to spend time with his girlfriend. He also enjoys watching BBS shows and woodworking.
"The house I live in is 4,400 square feet," he said. "I built it and all the cabinetry — everything in it."
For more information about The Truck Farm, call 575-523-1447 or visit sweethots.com.
Alexia Severson is a features reporter and may be reached at 575-541-5462 and aseverson@lcsun-news.com. Follow her @AlexiaMSeverson on Twitter.
What: The Truck Farm
Where: 645 S. Alameda Blvd.
Hours: 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday.
Info: Call 575-523-1447 or visit sweethots.com
Social Media: Visit The Truck Farm on Facebook
Read or Share this story: http://lcsun.co/1Hzjwg7
Main Street Vintage Mercado open for business
Sushi Freak opens in Las Cruces
New Mexico reaches out to Nike amid Arizona flap
Credit scores are important — and valuable
Rad Retrocade open for business downtown
Collins selected as NMSU's new general counsel


text:
More in News, Power Plants, Projects, Markets & Finance, Policy, Asia & Oceania, Southeast Asia & Oceania, Southeast Asia
Thai solar slated to rejuvenate from mid-2017 but long dry spells expected
Nov 30, 2016 6:18 AM GMT
The country is mourning the late king and there will be a natural slow down situation for a few months. Credit: Tom Kenning
Political changes over the last four years and the recent death of King Bhumibol has brought some inertia to the Thailand market, but industry members expect the market will return to strong growth in the second half of 2017.
Speaking at Solar & Off-Grid Renewables Southeast Asia in Bangkok, Franck Constant, co-founder Sonnedix Group, said it has not been easy to develop policy in the current climate following a constitutional referendum in August, which has made foreign investors hesitate. Far less capacity has come online compared to the 2010/11 period.
Constant added: "The country is mourning the late King and there will be a natural slow down situation for a few months. I think that will extend into early next year."
Despite a level of "inertia", Constant noted that Thailand is still leading the pack in Southeast Asia with more than 3GW of operating solar PV installations; far more than Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos and Myanmar, although the Philippines is catching up quickly. Regulations in the Philippines and Thailand have been more stable than other countries and they have a more level playing field in their regulatory frameworks.
Referring to Thailand, Constant added: "I believe the new ministry of finance, the new leadership in the government, is going to very aggressively push for infrastructure implementation from the second half of next year. They want to do green bonds and other interesting things so watch this space on Thailand."
Florian Bennhold, managing director, Symbior Energy, said that the last year has actually seen an easing of inertia with 1GW installed, although this has been mainly from postponed PPAs that were applied for in 2010/11. He said the really dry spot for the country was between 2011 and 2015.
Bennhold said there has a been a steady supply of quotas being allocated although often with breaks of six months to one year at a time, and therefore it is "quite likely there will be long dry spells again".
Nevertheless given the number of Thai and foreign companies in joint ventures invested in the supply chain and the market reaching maturity, Bennhold was confident that the market will continue to progress.
Athough the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) has been successful in streamlining the development process, Bennhold pointed to complications in Thailand's policy making. This includes the only capacity being worked on at present, which is a total of 800MW specifically to be developed jointly by agricultural co-operatives and government agencies. Bennhold said this specification had "little value" and is likely to add to costs.
The next allocation out of these 800MW, which is widely expected to come in the first quarter 2017, is also slated for around 500MW. However, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) has not said in what locations that capacity can be added, which will make it difficult to find suitable sites and conduct the required grid studies in the short time periods available. EGAT has also historically excluded large parts of the country, such as the entire northeast in the previous round.
Bennhold added: "This is very un-transparent and unpredictable process. […] That remains one of the key challenges."
Quotas and tariffs are also being adjusted on a "relatively arbitrary" basis and frequency, making it difficult to invest in the long-term, he said.
End of subsidy
On a positive note, Bennhold said: "In the end, what I think is really changing the game right now is moving away from the subsidy. The feed-in tariff (FiT) of THB4.12/kWh (US$0.1157) that has been announced is basically the same as the peak, and solar generates roughly 70% of the time during the peak.
"We are very close at least to the wholesale rate and moving closer to the generation rate, especially if you have some view that fossil-based power is probably at a low right now and likely to increase in the coming years."
In support of both Constant and Bennhold's expectations for next year, a recent report from Bangkok-based law firm Pugnatorius, forecast that 2017 will be Thailand's "second solar gold rush" after a successful year in 2015 was dampened by several delays and uncertainties in 2016.
Yesterday in Bangkok, Wandee Khunchornyakong Juljarern, chairwoman and chief executive, SPCG, the largest solar installer in Thailand, called for a focus on quality to keep solar sustainable across Southeast Asia at an early stage.
Tags: off-grid renewables se asia, thailand, sonnedix, symbior, fit, egat, erc
Vietnam leapfrogs Australia in solar deadline boom
Acciona breaks ground on 64MW project in Chile's Atacama
Spain ordered to pay €290m-plus over subsidy u-turn


text:
The philosopher and writer Denis Diderot dies, best known for serving as chief editor and contributor to the enlightenment Encyclopédie
1.1 Date unknown
January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea.
January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain to end the American Revolutionary War, with the signature of President of Congress Thomas Mifflin.*
February 28 – John Wesley ordains ministers for the Methodist Church in the United States.
May 20 – A treaty is signed in Paris between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, formally ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.
July 9 – The Bank of New York opens as the first in New York state and continues to operate under that name for almost 223 years until being acquired by Mellon Financial and becoming BNY Mellon.
July 29 – The United States and the Kingdom of France sign a convention for establishing diplomatic relations and "determining the functions and prerogatives of their respective consuls, vice consuls, agents, and commissaries".
August 13 – The East India Company Act, sponsored by British Prime Minister William Pitt is given royal assent.
August 15 – Cardinal de Rohan is called before the French court to account for his actions, in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace.
August 16 – Britain creates the colony of New Brunswick.
September 22 – Russia establishes a colony at Kodiak, Alaska.
October 31–December 14 – The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan in Transylvania causes Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to suspend the Hungarian Constitution.
November 26 – The Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of the United States is established.
November 30 – Richard Henry Lee of Virginia is selected as the new President of the Confederation Congress.
December – Immanuel Kant's essay "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" is published.
December 25 – The Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States is officially formed at the "Christmas Conference", led by Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury.
The India Act requires that the governor general be chosen from outside the British East India Company, and makes company directors subject to parliamentary supervision.
Britain receives its first bales of imported American cotton.
King Carlos III of the Spanish Empire authorizes land grants in Alta California.
Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is named first president of the newly created Russian Academy.
The Japanese famine continues as 300,000 die of starvation.
Antoine Lavoisier pioneers quantitative chemistry.
Cholesterol is isolated.
January 17 – Philippe Antoine d'Ornano, Marshal of France (d. 1863)
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
January 28 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860)
February 5 – Nancy Hanks, mother of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1818)
February 29 – Leo von Klenze, German neoclassicist architect, painter and writer (d. 1864)
March 12 – William Buckland, English geologist, paleontologist (d. 1856)
March 22 – Samuel Hunter Christie, English physicist, mathematician (d. 1865)
March 23 – Tom Molineaux, African-American boxer (d. 1818)
Jonathan Jennings
March 27 – Jonathan Jennings, American politician and the first governor of Indiana (d. 1834)
April 5 – Louis Spohr, German violinist, composer (d. 1859)
April 13 – Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (d. 1877)
April 24 – Peter Vivian Daniel, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1860)
June 24 – Juan Antonio Lavalleja, Uruguayan military, political figure (d. 1853)
July 21 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (d. 1854)
July 22 – Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician, astronomer (d. 1846)
July 27 – Denis Davydov, Russian general, poet (d. 1839)
August 18 – Robert Taylor, British Radical writer, freethought advocate (d. 1844)
September 4 – William Pope Duval, first civilian governor of the Florida Territory (d. 1854)
October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain (d. 1833)
October 15 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Marshal of France and duke of Isly (d. 1849)
Leigh Hunt, British critic, essayist (d. 1859)
John McLoughlin, Canadian fur trader (d. 1857)
Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
October 20 – Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1865)
October – Sarah Biffen, armless English painter (d. 1850)
November 24 – Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (d. 1850)
November 27 – August, Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen (d. 1853)
February 4 – Princess Friederike Luise of Prussia, Prussian princess (b. 1714)
February 27 – Count of St. Germain, French philosopher, adventurer (b. 1710)
March 26 – Thomas Bond, American physician and surgeon (b. 1712)
March 27 – Ralph Bigland, British officer of arms (b. 1712)
March 31 – Thomas Adam, Clergyman, religious writer (b. 1701)
April 26 – Nano Nagle, Irish convent founder (b. 1718)
April 29 – Agustín de Jáuregui, Spanish colonial governor (b. 1711)
May 3 – Anthony Benezet, French-born American abolitionist and educator (b. 1713)
May 10 – Antoine Court de Gébelin, French pastor (b. 1725)
May 12 – Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (b. 1710)
June 8 – Lukrecija Bogašinović Budmani, Croatian poet (b. 1710)
June 13 – Henry Middleton, American president of the Continental Congress (b. 1717)
June 14 – Andrzej Mokronowski, Polish general (b. 1713)
June 26 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (b. 1728)
July 1 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (b. 1710)
July 31 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher, encyclopedist (b. 1713)
August 4 – Giovanni Battista Martini, Italian musician (b. 1706)
August 10 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish portrait-painter (b. 1713)
August 14 – Nathaniel Hone, Irish-born painter (b. 1718)
August 28 – Junípero Serra, Spanish Franciscan missionary (b. 1713)
September 1 – Jean-François Séguier, French astronomer and botanist (b. 1703)
September 4 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (b. 1714)
September 8 – Ann Lee, American religious leader (b. 1736)
September 15 – Nicolas Bernard Lépicié, French painter (b. 1735)
November 1 – Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan, French polymath, author and poet (b. 1709)
November 9 – George Baylor, officer in the American Continental Army (b. 1752)
December 5 – Phillis Wheatley, first published African-American author (b. 1753)
December 13 – Samuel Johnson, English writer, lexicographer (b. 1709)
December 25 – Yosa Buson, Japanese poet, painter (b. 1716)
December 26 – Seth Warner, American revolutionary leader (b. 1743)
date unknown – Lê Quý Đôn, Vietnamese philosopher, poet, encyclopedist, and government official (b. 1726)
date unknown – Raja Haji Fisabilillah, Buginese monarch of riau lingga, warrior, emperor, and government official
George Hamilton-Gordon 28 January 1784 Scotland
Midlothian 14 December 1860 Politician UK PM
Henry John Temple 20 October 1784 Westminster
England 18 October 1865 Politician A British politician who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century.
Zachary Taylor 24 November 1784 Virginia
U.S. 9 July 1850 Soldier
Politician President of the United States. Poisoned.


Power over Ethernet (PoE) equipment adds power along with data to Ethernet wiring so devices such as surveillance and card access machines can be powered via standard Ethernet cabling. Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) such as the Skorpion PoE Injector and Skorpion PoE Gigabit Switch provide the required 48VDC power onto the Ethernet cable while the Skorpion PoE Splitter extracts power from the Ethernet cable to power non-PoE compliant Powered Devices (PD). All PoE models support the IEEE 802.3af standard.
Under certain circumstances a non-PoE compliant device can work with the use of the EIPE-2 splitter. If the end device is 10/100 Mbps Ethernet-based but requires 24 VDC to operate, the splitter will accept the combined 48 VDC and data from a power sourcing equipment (PSE) and then internally generate 24 VDC to provide the non-PoE end device with separate data and power up to 10 W.
The EISK8P-GT gigabit switch within the Skorpion Series is an 8-port unmanaged Ethernet switch with Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) performance on all ports and PoE on four ports, supplying 15.4 W per PoE port. GigE jumbo frames up to 9216 bytes are supported for maximum system performance. 10/100 Mbps legacy devices are supported via auto-negotiation—accommodating any Ethernet automation system. This low-cost compact unit has a rugged metal enclosure and is intended for DIN-rail mounting in control panels. The unit is powered from 48 VDC and operates over 0 to 60°C temperature range.
The EIDXMP Series of Ethernet switches provide management functionality in situations where extended temperatures of −40 to +75°C are expected. With a fixed width of 62 mm, these units offer 16 or 24 ports with copper and fiber/copper combinations.
Ports 9 through 16 (located on the bottom of the unit) support Power over Ethernet (PoE), providing data and power over one cable. The unit acts as power sourcing equipment (PSE) supplying up to 15.4 W per port for IEEE 802.3af-compliant powered devices (PD). PDs can be located up to 100 meters from the switch. Models are available with either multimode (MM) or single-mode (SM) fiber optic ports to accommodate long distances through hostile environments. Fiber ports are fixed at 100Mbps data rate and use 100BASE-FX signaling at a wavelength of 1310nm. Available with panel or DIN-rail mounting, and 48 VDC powered.


Free driver of modem zte. BSOD crash analysis support error reports , driver research, help for Microsoft Windows Operating Systems, BSOD debugging crash dump analysis. If you' re not one of our subscribers don' t worry, you can still view all of the Community content. 5G ( from " 5th Generation" ) is the latest generation of cellular mobile succeeds the 4G ( LTE- A WiMax), LTE) , 3G ( UMTS 2G systems.
L don' t wanna have to buy a modem from every. At Harvey Norman we offer some of the latest phones whether you' re looking for an iPhone Samsung other smartphone brand. ZTE Modems Drivers Download This page contains the list of download links for ZTE Modems. Obtaining the driver unit is crucial for trying to find the suitable updated PCI Encryption/ Decryption Controller. Tech Tip: Updating drivers manually requires some computer skills and patience. DriverTuner was created to save your time resolving driver problems by providing you with a single, automatic tool. Apr 15, · Srinivasan Kasyap said. Zte usb modem free download - Samsung USB MODEM USB Modem, LG CDMA USB Modem many more programs. Launched on 21 June, the device is used for wireless Internet access using 3. [ Select Operating System ] If you select your Operating System( just once) then you can download a driver for your Operating System.
Mobile phones are an important device for everyone these days with smartphones giving you the ability to access all sorts of information and data at the swipe of a finger. MTK USB Driver For All Android Mobiles MTK Drivers MTK USB Drivers Gives You Permission To Connect Your Mediatek Device To Windows PC. We are working to write a free modem driver running on microcontroller, that extend the MCU serial line by way of standard rs232 modem.
How to Update Device Drivers Quickly & Easily. Join on this project if you can work for this. Website is a fully automatic. To download the proper driver you should find the your device name and click the download link. Alvarez wins narrow decision over Golovkin for middleweight title. C ould you look for in a mobile USB drivers here provides a USB driver free download how to install to Celkon Campus Colt A401 An. In order to facilitate the search for the necessary driver choose one of the Search methods: either by Device Name ( by clicking on a particular item i.
A faster and easier option is to use the Driver Update Utility for ZTE to scan your system for free. It supports UMTS ( including HSDPA) EDGE, GPRS GSM. Sorry Jigar for the nagging but looks like am a slave to service providers especially when it comes to fluctuating internet bundle prices.
L just nee freedom for internet service. Unlocking a 3 USB Modem ZTE Re- flashing of the ZTE MF627 USB Modem MUST I' ve used the following procedure to over- ride. If there is a service pack for your Operating System LG, Alcatel, Motorola, modems, HTC, ZTE, phones of Huawei etc.
267 Replies to " Android USB Host + Arduino: How to communicate without rooting your Android Tablet or Phone". HI Varun im unable to do might be recommended to not accept a manual update of the actual driver, now i have 2 computers at my house , can u help me to configuret the router, have the UTSTAR 300R2 ADSL modem, have purchased the D- Link ADSL router, This is Srinivasan From chennai who have BSNL internet account, DSL- 502T model but instead to take a look at the full repository on the lookout for drivers which have been damaged by way of the known faulty USB - Serial Controller D. Welcome to the Community! Mar 08 has now expanded its ' Caller Verified' feature to seven additional owse our phones , · T- Mobile launched free scam protection services two years ago GPS.
5G 3G 2G mobile telephony networks. Regretably this can' t be performed by using windows device manager as the info presented there is commonly out of date itself.
Zte usb modem free download - Samsung USB MODEM Sanyo USB MODEM, LG CDMA USB Modem many more programs. Free cdma 1x usb modem driver zte cdma software free tigo ghana modem.
78 MB ( 49 053 662 bytes). PCI\ VEN_ 14E4& DEB_ ModeSwitch is ( surprise! Free driver of modem zte.
If you' re a Vodacom subscriber all you have to do is sign up and log on. Many USB devices ( primarily high- speed WAN modems) have their M$ Windoze drivers onboard; when plugged in for the first time they act like a flash storage and start installing the driver from there. Free driver of modem zte. Free driver of modem zte.
ZTE Modem DeviceFree Driver Download. SKILL Trident Z RGB и G. Due to the frustration of the Huawei router l was forced to buy another Huawei E303 usb stick from Yu service provider Kenya but they seem to be low on bandwidth. Dear Customers it has newer features for Tax free shopping for EU Shoppers with a valid VAT number, We are moving to our new state of the website The new site is " BREXIT READY" Tax Free shopping for ALL customers outside Europe.
All equipment facilities installed on Packard Bell IMEDIA MC 9122 are listed below. April 6, by Vincent. 5G performance targets high data rate energy saving, reduced latency, cost reduction, higher system capacity massive device connectivity.
Free driver of modem zte. Hello Everyone Huawei Unlock Codes are essential for Unlocking the Modems that we must have to calculate the unlock code for the Huawei Modems using the Huawei Unlock Code Generator That Provides Free Unlock Codes I am writing the solution on how to get unlock code because all of our readers are getting confused about the generating the unlock code. How to Unlock Huawei USB Modem For Free. Easier registration simple checkout features as well as login with.
The Huawei E220 is a Huawei HSDPA access device manufactured by Huawei and notable for using the USB interface ( USB modem). The first phase of 5G specifications in Release- 15 will be completed by April to accommodate the.
) a mode switching tool for controlling ' multi- mode' USB devices. Canelo Alvarez won the middleweight title by the narrowest of margins, taking a majority decision over Gennady Golovkin to hand the longtime champion his first loss as a pro. Technically it is a modem USB ( due to the CDfs format) virtual CD- ROM device.
Driver Genius is a powerful driver manager for Windows that can backup restore , restore , update your drivers in several mouse Driver Genius is a powerful driver manager for Windows that can backup update your drivers in several mouse clicks. It' s not difficult to look for unlocking service for Huawei USB 3G modem online.
Broadcom NetLink ( TM) Fast Ethernet) or by Device ID ( i. SKILL разработала и презентовала пару новых наборов оперативной памяти линеек G. Unlock The Huawei B970 HSDPA Modem Today I am write here are few simple tips and step by step screenshots to unlock hauwei b970 HSDPA modem.
How to Unlock TRUE Thailand ZTE MF971VS Router? Unlocking of Swift Nigeria Huawei B310s- 927 [ Firmware 21.
1179] Unlocking of Airtel Nigeria Huawei B310S- 22 [ Firmware 21. Handset software update tool is a program developed by ZTE.


I will nominate a suitable deputy governor after consultations, Nairobi governor Mike Sonko has said.
Speaking during a presser on Friday, Sonko said the Nasa coalition had asked him to nominate Rahab Wangui.
a request from NASA that in the spirit of the handshake that I should consider Wangui for the position," he said.
the deputy governor nominee that I had chosen. I will nominate a suitable deputy governor after consultations."
Wangui was the Wiper candidate for Woman Representative in the 2017 elections.
and has to wait until he consults.
The nomination will be done in a maximum of three weeks, he said.
Saturday will mark one year since Nairobi Deputy Governor Polycarp Igathe resigned from office arguing that he had failed to earn the confidence of his boss - Govenor Mike Sonko.
but there were indications that he would not do so today.
Lucia Mulwa (Education, Youth and Sports), Stella Bosire-Otieno (Health); Winfred Kathangu (Finance and Economics), Pauline Kahiga Waititu (Public Service) and Sanjeev Kaur (Education).
Others were Charles Kerich (Lands,Urban Planning and Housing), Allan Igambi (Trade tourism and cooperatives) and Larry Wambua (Water docket and Agriculture).
Sonko warned executives that they will be held accountable if they misuse county funds.
He said Nairobi could "enter the Guinness Book of Records" for misuse of funds and he will not sit back and watch as cash is misappropriated.


The award, for Science and Technology Business of the year, was presented to members of the Dundee team on Saturday 28th October at the annual awards. Judges for this year represented all the award categories and included the Chairman of Clydesdale Bank and the Director of the new V&A Museum of Design. At the same ceremony, Exscientia was also highly commended in the Design and Innovation category.
The award for Science and Technology recognises Exscientia's substantial growth over the past year through its application of AI and big data to accelerate drug discovery.
Exscientia's success is highlighted by collaborations with GSK and Sanofi as well as a recent minority investment from Evotec, representing further endorsement of Exscientia and validation of its approach.
Through these collaborations, the company is developing single-target small molecules as well as compounds with more challenging target product profiles, through a novel bispecific small molecule strategy (compounds with dual pharmacology in an integrated pharmacophore) and phenotypic-driven drug design.


This is a list of 3 free meditation software for Windows. These software that I have listed below generate relaxing sounds that you can hear during work. The sounds that these software generate are of some natural phenomenon like rain, wind, waves, etc. listening to those sounds, you will feel relaxed and will be able to calm your mind. And not only the relaxing sounds, but you will find some other features in these software that will help you take short breaks while you are working. In some of these software, there is an option of alarm that you can use. And with the alarm, you can use the breath reminder feature as well which is pretty unique.
If you spend a lot of time in front of your PC then you should take some time to relax your brain. And that is where the following meditation software come in handy. These software basically keep running in the system background and will show up after a fixed interval of time. Also, one of the following software has interface like a music player and has some built-in sounds that will make you feel relaxed. Also, you can keep listening to them while on work as they will keep your brain more focused.
Halotea is one of the best free meditation software that you can try on your PC. It comes loaded with some really soothing sounds that you can listen to when you are in the mood to meditate yourself. It has an interface like a music player and all the sounds are available in playlist like window. In this meditation software, you will find sounds of rain, forest, water, and so many others that you can listen anytime. This software allows you to listen to those sounds continuously while you are working. Or, you can use the software when you want. There are some sounds to make you fall asleep as well. If you are having trouble in sleeping then open the software and listen to the sleep sounds. They will relax your mind and you will fall asleep eventually.
You can get this software from the above link and then install it on your PC. After that, you can open it and then start listening to the sounds that it has. You can play any sound and even control the volume and other parameters that it shows. You can even mix the sounds and then save it in the software. And not only this, but if you want to listen to some other sounds that you like during the meditation session then you can do that. For that, simply switch to the player in the software and then you can load a WAV or any other audio file from your PC and play it. That is all it offers for the mediation.
Mindfulness at the Computer is another free software that you can use on your PC as a meditation tool. However, it works in a different way. This software actually falls in the category of break reminder software. It keeps reminding to take deep breaths after a fixed interval of time. It creates an animated box on which if you hover, it will imitate the breathing-in and breathing-out process. This way, you can meditate yourself by taking deep breaths time to time. The software runs automatically. You just have to specify the time interval in it and it will keep reminding you to take breaths through a notification box.
You can get this software from above URL and then run it. It comes in portable mode and you can start using it right away. You can open the settings window of this software and then you can customize the various parameters. You can customize the notification type, specify the time interval to show the notification box, play a notification sound or opt to play a custom notification sound from your PC. After configuring, you can let it run in the background. Next, it will pop automatically and you can click on the notification box to start taking deep breaths. Read more about it here.
Relax Sleep Melodies is the last free tool in my list that you can use on your PC to listen to the soothing sounds for meditation. It is basically a Windows 10 app that you can use to hear soothing sounds anytime on your PC. You will find meditation sounds like rain, ocean, waves, piano, pink noise, waterfall, frog, etc. Some sounds are premium but there are a lot of free sounds as well. You can listen to them after doing a lot of work and you will feel relaxed.
You can use the above link to the Microsoft Store and then you can install this app on your PC. After installing, you can start using it right away. Select any sound from its interface and start playing it. Also, you can control the volume of the sound which is being played and pause the playback as well. If it is difficult for you to fall asleep, then you can listen to the relaxing sounds from its interface and easily fall asleep.
These are the best free mediation software that you can use on your Windows PC. Using all of these, you can relax your mind during work. You can take short breaks and then meditate yourself for a few minutes. So, if you are looking for some free meditation software, then this post will surely come in handy.


It's 6 days to the commencement of the FIFA World Cup, and 8 days to the Super Eagles of Nigeria's first match against the Vatreni of Croatia.
Gernot Rohr's boys were hugely impressive in all their qualifying matches. But they have not been at their best in recent games.
The highest Nigeria have reached at the FIFA World Cup is Round of 16 finishes in '94, '98 and 2014.
Seriously I don't really know what to say because of their performance so far.
But my question is this , is super eagles ready for the FIFA world cup? If yes then they should change there way of playing because if they continue like this, they might not qualify.
Previous articleInfantino Can't Wait 'To See The Most Beautiful Spectacle In The World'!