text:
FTC Targets Internet HIV Tests
By CBSNews.com staff CBSNews.com staff
December 1, 1999 / 1:00 PM / AP
An Internet company has been charged with misrepresenting the accuracy of its HIV tests, making it the second HIV test marketer targeted by federal regulators this year.
In a complaint unsealed Tuesday, the Federal Trade Commission charged that David M. Rothbart, who does business as Medimax Inc., made false representations for his home test kits for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
At the request of the FTC, a federal District Court in Orlando, Fla., issued a temporary restraining order against Rothbart, stopping him from engaging in the marketing or sale of HIV tests and freezing his assets.
The FTC complaint seeks to permanently stop Rothbart from making misrepresentations in connection with marketing or selling tests and to repay consumers, officials said.
The agency alleges that Rothbart's Web site identified Medimax as "the industry leader in the distribution of clinically proven and FDA-approved diagnostic rapid tests." A prominent test featured on the site is one not even approved for sale in the United States, regulators charged.
Regulators also charge in their complaint that 9 of 10 of Rothbart's HIV tests provided false negative results when tested with HIV-positive blood. The 10th test did not work at all, officials said.
"The commission is committed to pursuing Internet marketers of faulty HIV tests," said Jodie Bernstein, director of the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection. "One can scarcely imagine a more pernicious and harmful form of deception."
Just last month, the FTC announced the settlement of charges that Cyberlinx Marketing Inc. of Las Vegas made false representations on the Internet about its HIV home test kits. Cyberlinx agreed to be banned from marketing any HIV test kits and pay back the money it received from the sale of its kits.
The only approved home test kit for the AIDS virus is the "Home Access Express HIV Test System" made by Home Access Health Corp., the agencies said.
First published on December 1, 1999 / 1:00 PM
© 1999 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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A recent New York City art exhibition, now at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, explores the importance of black models as key to the development of 19th and 20th century art, through their representations by French and American artists (including Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Frederic Bazille and Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault). Nancy Giles talks with curator Denise Murrell about how the Harlem Renaissance influenced painters such as Henri Matisse, and with Brooklyn artist Mickalene Thomas about black figures in art at a time of social and political transformation.
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text:
Gearhart's control of Atascadero
Kelly Gearhart
(Editor's note: This is the second in a four part series about the story of North County developer Kelly Gearhart and his political allies. Part one was Fraud, arson and betrayal.)
By KAREN VELIE
As he built his empire, Kelly Gearhart's relationships with public officials made it possible for him to skirt building requirements, thereby saving him hundreds of thousands in development costs.
These exceptions risked public safety, cost the county revenue and negatively impacted the availability of low cost housing, according to several sources who spoke to CalCoastNews.
His relationships with community leaders in Atascadero, especially the Atascadero Chamber of Commerce and some City Council members and staff, provided Gearhart with the appearance that he was an upstanding civic-minded citizen when, in fact, he was breaking state and federal laws.
And officials in Atascadero either looked the other way or seemed powerless to stop him.
In numerous interviews and in the reading of countless documents, some obtained by walking door to door asking homeowners for copies of their housing records, CalCoastNews has learned that Gearhart regularly broke laws meant to protect the public and provide housing for the poor.
The image of him as a successful developer helped lure hundreds of local people to invest in his projects.
Kelly Gearhart in his jet
More than 1,200 investors, primarily seniors, invested more than $100 million into Gearhart's projects, most of the funds are currently unaccounted for because of an alleged Ponzi scheme. In addition, Gearhart filed a personal bankruptcy claiming an estimated $45.1 million in personal debt.
Low Cost Housing
Public officials and employees in Atascadero, under the guise of assisting the poor or providing amenities to the community, made deals with Gearhart and his partners to provide low cost housing, open space and parks as part of their projects' conditions of approval.
Low-cost housing programs, however, can be exploited by unscrupulous developers, either with the complicity of the governing body or when there are insufficient controls in place.
In 2002, Atascadero finalized a new general plan that rezoned large portions of the city for higher-density housing. Gearhart participated in many of the public meetings leading up to these changes.
The rezoning increased density allowing for more housing in a smaller area. In exchange, developers were required to provide a public benefit, such as setting aside a certain number of houses for the poor, providing open space or small parks.
But Gearhart regularly ignored these low-income requirements and placed family members and friends in the houses, CalCoastNews has learned.
When city staffers became aware of the alleged actions through complaints by the Housing Authority for San Luis Obispo (HASLO), they responded by eliminating the local housing authority oversight.
After discovering Gearhart had placed his mother-in-law into a low-income home in Atascadero, was not certifying home buyers and renters and was objecting to home inspections by HASLO, Carol Hatley, the executive director of HASLO sent an e-mail to the city asking how she should handle the situation. HASLO has a mission to assist the county's lower-income citizens to secure and maintain long-term housing.
HASLO inspects low-cost housing and income certification for most of San Luis Obispo County. In addition, it owns and manages about 520 low-cost housing units in the county, including three projects in Atascadero.
In response to the e-mail, city officials stopped working with HASLO and instead took over the process of approving and monitoring low and moderate income applicants and properties developers used as part of their conditions of approval.
"They said they would handle it themselves," Hatley said. "There is such a need. We are the third least affordable community in the nation."
Without oversight, Gearhart continued to place his family members in the low cost income restricted homes, according to public records.
In 2004, Gearhart built a small 15-unit subdivision off of Portola Road in Atascadero with two low-cost housing units.
On Feb. 25, 2005, while one of the low cost units, a 996-square-foot, two-bedroom at 8945 Cason Ct., was still in his name, Gearhart was able to procure a $1.4 million line of credit using the home for collateral from San Luis Trust Bank, according to title records.
Two months later, Gearhart sold the deed-restricted, low-cost home to his stepson.
Low-income, deed-restricted properties should have been noted on the maps filed in the county by the title company.
Gearhart, however, used Cuesta Title, a company owned by his former partner in several projects in Atascadero, Tom Murrell.
In an odd twist, Melanie Schneider, an ex-employee of Cuesta Title who was a key person in the majority of Gearhart's transactions, moved to Colorado with Kelly Gearhart's brother, Doug Gearhart, shortly after several federal and state agencies began to investigate the builder for fraud.
In 2007, Gearhart purchased the home on Cason Court back from his stepson and began renting out the property, even though his income would not qualify him to purchase a low-cost, deed-restricted housing unit. Despite laws prohibiting Gearhart's purchase, city officials have not questioned him about this particular purchase.
Meanwhile, Gearhart's stepson is currently living in the home.
After needy families and the disabled are approved for low-cost rentals, the average wait time is approximately two years.
In the city file for the Cason Court property, the 'L' for low income is scratched out and someone hand wrote 'M' for moderate income in ink.
With a lack of oversight, the city's Community Development Department determined properties with specific pricing and income requirements could be manipulated, which increased the price of homes and profits for Gearhart and others dramatically.
Bruce White
For example, in the late 1990s, Gearhart and his former partner, current San Luis Obispo County Planning Commissioner Bruce White, negotiated with the city of Atascadero for the right to build a high density subdivision in exchange for providing three low-cost homes, according to the Agreement for Density Bonus Providing Three Housing Units for Specific Sales Prices.
Reached by e-mail for comment, White did not respond.
Gearhart and White built 18 two-bedroom "efficiency houses" on three small streets off of Traffic Way east of U.S. Highway 101. The non-deed restricted homes were advertised at $139,900 a piece, according to a sales brochure.
The pair sold one of the low-income properties to an acquaintance for approximately the same price as the rest of the homes in the subdivision. Gearhart and White then transferred their 50 percent ownership in each of the remaining two low-cost houses to the other, county records show.
A few months later, Gearhart sold his low-cost home for a non-disclosed amount.
White moved his fiancee into the other home and kept it in his name until he sold it in 2003 for $297,926, even though, according to the agreement, it should have had a maximum sales price of $166,240.
California Health and Safety Code 50093 requires that those who purchase or rent the homes meet very low, low- or moderate-income levels.
City officials arrived at the higher maximum price by determining that the buyers were required to be moderate and that a different formula could be used to determine price than is in the contract.
"Our interpretation was that it could have been valued either way," said Atascadero Community Development Director Warren Frace. "The buyer and the seller go hand and hand and it was consistent with moderate income."
White sold the home as a three-bedroom after he tore out the firewall between the home and the garage – a health and safety code violation – and added a closet. The changes transformed the den into a third bedroom, all without getting the required permits.
Generally, illegal room additions are not recognized as part of a home's resale value.
County records regarding the homes are inconsistent and the property deeds and maps in the county recorders office fail to note that the properties are deed restricted low cost housing units. At least two of the homeowners claim they had no idea they were purchasing a low-cost, deed-restricted home.
Staff members in Atascadero have noted that their documentation of White and Gearhart-built low-cost homes is incomplete.
"I have looked at the file, and the documents are not complete, and I do not see an existing agreement," Kerry Morgason, associate planner, said in a 2008 e-mail regarding a low-cost home built by Gearhart and White.
Gearhart and White were also able to cut their cost of a surety bond required by their Subdivision Improvement Agreement with the city of Atascadero.
The bonds assure that if a developer fails to follow through on his agreement to provide public improvements such as sewers, streets, storm drains and utilities, the community will have the funds to finish the work.
In the case of White and Gearhart's Traffic Way subdivision, a surety performance bond required by municipalities before construction begins would have cost the developers about $5,000 in premiums over two years. For more than a decade, most of Gearhart's projects were not bonded through a licensed surety company, saving Gearhart hundreds of thousands of dollars in premium costs.
Instead, Hurst Financial, Inc. – Gearhart's lender and one of the subjects of an FBI organized crime investigation – was listed as the surety bondholder even though it was not a bond company. According to the city's agreement, staff as well as the city attorney were responsible for approving the bond.
In 2006, Atascadero city officials agreed to allow Gearhart to put in a high-density subdivision next to Highway 101 on Marchant Avenue in exchange for a park-like area. However, instead of following through on the agreement, Gearhart put an illegal parking lot and a third driveway in place of a park.
After complaints were lodged, public works staffer Joe Chouinard ordered Gearhart to tear out the driveway and transform the area back to a park-like setting, according to the project review.
Gearhart fought the order and was accused of trying to bully some of the city's community development staff to approve the changes. When the staff refused, their boss, Frace, went to bat for Gearhart and asked the planning commission to approve the changes.
One staffer responded by sending an angry e-mail to Frace in October 2008 in which he notes that Gearhart asked them to not only support his request but to also waive the planning commission authority over the change. The staffer wrote in an e-mail to Frace:
"The point of this e-mail is to remind you (and maybe myself) that city staff does favor Mr. Gearhart and routinely changes policy, skirts the code, allows building without permit, and provides service and preferential treatment that no other developers receive … My position remains firm that staff should present a staff report not influenced by the events of today's meeting."
The planning commission denied Gearhart's request.
Shortly afterwards, Frace approved Gearhart's request to leave the driveway and parking lot and change it into a park by covering it with artificial turf, according to an Oct. 26, 2006 letter from Frace to Gearhart.
Gearhart also has cut corners in regards to utility safety requirements.
Gearhart built a 14-acre, 60-unit development near the Home Depot. Access to the DeAnza Senor Cottage community required that Gearhart build two bridges, one over a creek and the second over railroad tracks, in order to access the property.
After Gearhart built the bridges with only one conduit for utility lines, gas company officials informed him he could not run a gas line in the same conduit with electric lines because of safety issues. In response, Gearhart decided to purchase a large propane tank to supply the subdivision with fuel.
However, California Public Utility codes require that Gearhart had the property monitored for safety through the California Public Utilities Commission's small operator safety program that includes monitoring such as yearly line safety checks. Gearhart failed to follow through on the state requirements.
Meanwhile, Gearhart's hard-money lending schemes and questionable business practices have jeopardized the financial well being of hundreds of local seniors.
Rita is a 65-year-old Cambria resident who suffers from multiple sclerosis and can no longer walk. Her husband placed the couple's savings, $830,000, with Hurst Financial into a Gearhart project prior to his death. He thought he had protected his wife's future by guaranteeing her financial security.
"I need 24-hour care," Rita said more than a year ago. "Without my interest and possibly my investment, I'm not going to be able to afford my caregivers and I will have to sell my house. I don't know where I will end up. I am scared."
Rita lost her home and is currently living in a low-cost care facility.
Some of Gearhart's supporters contend that if he had been successful in bringing an Indian casino to Paso Robles, he would have had the funds to cover his debts.
Subjects: Atascadero Developer's Kelly Gearhart
Two dead in accident in Santa Margarita
Gun involved in Highway 58 murder-suicide
goodman5
OMG Thats my house thy are talking about! I bought it from Bruce in 2003 and sold it after a huge ordeal to try to get out of the dead restriction and we had to do all kinds of stuff to sell it because of the fire wall being removed! I had to get the major and city council to help me be able to sell it for what I paid for it! the 297,000. does anyone know how to go about getting soe of the money back he over charged us?? I can't believe how much thy know about the house. We bought at a time where real estate was skyrocketing and then almost got stuck with a house they said we were going to loose money on!Help!! boyoutlet@gmail.com
Check out the Tribune. Bruce White has resigned. Frank Mecham say's that he will make a statement about it on Monday and Bruce isn't talking. Keep up the great work CCN, the people of this county need you.
One crook down and many to go!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thank you for this excellent information, if all of this is true, then those of you who have attorneys should get a writ of attachement on the remaining funds before Gearhart and his legal tricksters find a way to funnel out funds for his legal matters, there is sufficient good document cause to do so. Again, if this is true, at least a third of your losses may be abled to be recovered, hopefully and more.
roymann
Break down of a typical Hard Money Loan. (NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH THE PRACTICES OF SOME)
1) 30-35% (APPROX) GOES TO PURCHASE THE PROPERTY.
2) 30% (APPROX. ) IS PAID BACK TO INVESTORS OUT OF THE LOAN PROCEEDS (HUGE MISTAKE NOT REQUIRING THE BORROWER TO PAY INTEREST OUT OF POCKET, HAD THIS BEEN DONE MOST O THE LOANS WOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN MADE AND WE WOULDN'T BE IN THE TROUBLE WE ARE IN). PER THE AGREED HARD MONEY BORROWING RATE OF 12%..
3) THAT LEAVES 40% REMAINING IN THE LOAN, OF THIS (APPROX.) 10% GOES TO PLANS, ENGINEERING, PERMIT FEES.
4) THE REMAINING 30% OR SO IS AVAILABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION AND IS USUALLY ONLY 50-60% OF WHATS NEEDED, THE CONTRACTOR IS SUPPOSED TO COME UP WITH THE REST. THIS IS WHY CONTRACTORS ARE TEMPTED TO TAKE MONEY FROM THE NEXT PROJECT TO FINISH THE CURRENT ONE, CREATING A… PONZI SCHEME. AS I ALREADY STATED THIS IS THE TYPICAL BREAK DOWN % WISE, NOT INTENDED TO EXCUSE THE INEXCUSABLE ONLY A GUIDE TO HOW THE MONEY IS SPENT.
Good post. Thank you.
Mr. Holly
You should mention that most loans have a LTV-Loan to Value. Usually a legitimate lender will require a LTV of 70%-80% which means that the person borrowing the money has the remaining percentage of funds invested in the project. Example would be that the project has a total value of say $300,000 which means that the lender will loan 70% or 80% of that amount. This format puts the borrower financially involved in the project. What happened in these cases is that inflated appraisals were made up and the hard money lenders lent 100% of the appraisal. Since the appraisal were inflated and 100% of funds were released what ultimately happened is that over 100% of the value was released and the rest is history.
This post hit the nail on the head. Good post
A construction loan from a commercial bank requires the builder to deposit the shortfall in money with the bank in advance and it's added to the loan. The builders money is dispersed first, saving the builder interest money, but only after he reaches a milestone in construction as set out in the banks draw system. Before funds are disbursed, the bank sends an inspector to the job to verify the work is complete. The builder is not allowed to draw money in advance of the work being completed. None of these safeguards where in place. A builder turns to hard money when he can't qualify for a much cheaper bank loan (in most cases) as we have seen there are builders that evem hustled the banks, using false documents and information.
So 30% goes back to the investors because the average project takes 2 1/2 years to complete? That doesn't leave much profit when they finally cash out. I didn't realize that an average project took that long. I would expect that they have all the permits and planning in place before they start raising the capital.
Thanks for the post roymann. What would you say the average profit margin is on residential construction? Like on a single family home verse a track of 5 or 6 homes. How about when they build high density? What is the difference in the margin on commercial development vs residential as I hear that residential has a higher return. You may or may not know these questions but if you have a good guess or better, I would appreciate your feedback, I'm just curious as I haven't got the slightest idea.
An answer to your question is that the "legal" contractor will make an amount that is equal to what the market will bear. The profit margin is mostly based on market conditions and the efficiency that the contractor and/or developer can produce the profit. The old adage that time is money is correct and the usual time to construct a residence is around 4 months.
The problem with the "Ponzi" scheme is that the "crooks" actually borrowed more than what the finish product would sell for on the market. If one would look closely on some Title Reports you would note that since there was more money lent on the project than what it sold for that at times additional cash from the "crook" would have to be deposited into escrow in order to close the escrow. Somewhat confusing unless you know how it works.
Don't forget the 6 months it takes to get a permit if your names not Gearhart, and the 3 months to have plans , civil engineerig, soils reports, structural engineering, etc completed.
All of this time erodes the potential profit for the hard Money Borrower.
Cindy, the bigger projects requiring the most borrowed money, Had to be designed and still go through the approval process, as in the case with many Gearhart projects, many were turned down. There is an instance where Gearhart purchased property in Templeton, decided he was going to get approval for a sixty lot subdivision, so borrowed money on all 60 lots. The sub-division was turned down by the County. The design of projects like this (and there were many) with all the environmental reports and requirements can easily take over 2 years prior to the appeal process. So money was borrowed on something that didn't yet exist and still doesn't. The contractors didn't have plans and permits ready to go before they borrowed the money, they borrowed the money first to purchase the property and the size of the loan was based on what they ultimately thought would be approved on the land. You can be sure none of the investors were aware they were lending on something that required a risky sub-division approval. Basically as long as the market was going up, the appreciation in the land value could offset the high cost of the points and interest and the cost of buying and selling. In a flat market PROFITS were nothing more than a facade as points and interest ate them up and usually than some. This is why so many builders aggressively purchased every property they could find to keep cash flowing.
MarkJames
I spotted a good post from today that ended up at the bottom of the blog for some reason.
centralcoastcoyote says:
Lets hear the heavy stuff, this is a blog and Im sure theres some of us that can help piece the puzzle together.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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All UAE Tours
Desert Safaris
Morning Safari
VIP Safari
Hummer Safari
Ramadan Safari
Hatta Mountain Safari
Quad Biking Dubai
Dhow Cruise
Bollywood Park Dubai
Parks / By All UAE Tours
Pass Price:
How to Reach Bollywood Parks
Taking the Metro:
Traveling by car:
Souvenirs and Shopping at Bollywood Parks
Superhero Vault:
Bollywood Haat:
Mumbai Bazar:
Maharani Sweets Shop:
Snapshot Photo Pickup:
Bollywood Parks' Resorts and Food outlets
Jumbo Café
Mughl-e-Azam
Victoria Station
Studio Canteens
Bollywood Theme Parks
Rustic Ravine
Mumbai Chowk
Bollywood Film Studios
Things to Do and Experiences
Lagaan
Sholay
The Spectacular Stunt Show
The Rajmahal Theatre
The Mumbai Express
Cinema Circle
Bollywood Park Dubai Rides
Abra ka Dabra
Hawa Hawai
Monsoon Masti
Rodeo ki safari
Tanga No. 13
Taxi No. 1
Wheel Of Stars
Tips for Visiting Bollywood Parks Dubai
Bollywood Park Dubai has everything you need to have a good time like you've never had before. Explore the plethora of colorful Bollywood films that make you happy once in a while. It is the world's first theme park dedicated entirely to Bollywood and its allure to be offered in Dubai.
Bollywood Parks Dubai will captivate you with its action, comedy, romance, adventure, flavor, music, and emotions. What else would you expect? Bollywood Parks Dubai pays homage to Mayanagari's famed film industry. Bollywood Parks Dubai, one of the world's largest amusement parks, has everything you need to relieve tension.
There are five unique zones here, with everything from Indian delicacies to artisan exhibitions strewn about. For your entire pleasure, there are exhilarating rides, a plethora of shopping opportunities, and a variety of dining options. Do you want to see more of this gorgeous city in the UAE?
Bollywood Parks Dubai's main attractions include Three Bollywood Boulevard, Rustic Ravine, Mumbai Chowk, Bollywood Film Studios, and Mumbai Chowk. If you're looking for a place to unwind, Rajmahal Theatre is the place to go.
The Rajmahal Theatre is well-known for its Broadway-style musical performances. Since ages, this has been embracing Bollywood's popularity. You can either see live stage shows or go on some flashy cinematic rides. You have a choice!
Are you planning to leave? Have you walked through the Mumbai Chowk Zone of Bollywood Parks Dubai yet? It is primarily renowned for its street shopping, partying atmosphere, and fascinating vegetables and other cuisines. Also, don't miss reliving the splendour of films such as Dabangg, Lagaan, and Sholay from the golden age.
If you are a die-hard fan of some of these legendary Bollywood films, Rustin Ravine is your amusement fantasy. So, the next time you come here, make the most of your time in this kaleidoscopic world of metropolitan's famous Bollywood Nagari.
E11, Exit 5, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Bollywood Parks Dubai opened afternoon at 2:00 p.m. and will close tonight at 11:00 p.m.
Bollywood Parks Dubai – 1 Day – 99 AED Included in the price is a one-day entrance, an offer for UAE residents, and access to any theme park.
Annual Parks Pass – 595 AED 12 months of unrestricted entrance, access to all theme parks, and free parking are included.
The Bollywood Parks are located on the Sheikh Zayed Road, directly across from Jebel Ali. It's easy to get to by vehicle, taxi, or metro.
Take the red line to Jebel Ali station and then a taxi to the park.
If you're driving, the park is roughly 40 minutes from Downtown Dubai. Visitors to the park can park for a fee at the park's parking lot. During the day, parking costs AED 20, but it rises to AED 80 as the night draws in. Valet parking is available for a fee of AED 150.
Bollywood Parks in Dubai includes a number of shops where you would purchase interesting Bollywood stuff.
If you're a fan of Krrish, Don, or RA.One, you can buy outfits and masks here.
This shop recreates rural India and sells handcrafted material, clothing, accessories, and other items.
This location is well-known for its keepsakes, as it brings you closer to the city and allows you to live in the city of your dreams!
This is a must-see if you have a sweet craving and want to experience some delicious Indian delicacies.
Get your picture taken with bizarre Bollywood effects such as Krrish's mask or Chulbul Pandey's renowned spectacles here!
Well-known for its ice cream, smoothies, coffee drinks, teas, snacks, and donuts. It's brilliantly designed, with two massive coloured elephants guarding the entry.
Combines monarchy and Royal lifestyle. The restaurant is only open on Thursdays and Saturdays and provides delicious Mughal cuisines and specialties.
Seems to be another well-known dining establishment that also offers private gatherings and parties. It takes its name from Farhan Akhtar's film and serves delectable western and Indian cuisines as well as street food.
Spicy Dhaba
Exudes a distinct Punjabi mood and feel. This restaurant is a must-see for everyone who enjoys spices and rich food. It is famous for its curries, pickles, bread, and tandoori specialties.
A reproduction of Bombay's Victoria Terminus, provides traditional foods such as coastal curries, vada pavs, and true southern cuisine.
Well-known for its western fast cuisine, wood-fired pizzas, steaks, crisps, pies, and cold drinks.
The park is organised into five zones and offers the finest of evergreen Indian cinema.
Brings to life the genuine India, i.e. rural India. This section is filled with fields, cottages, banyan trees, and live concerts to show you what life is like in an Indian hamlet. It is inspired by the popular film Lagaan.
With its Rajmahal theatre and a sophisticated Broadway-style Bollywood musical extravaganza, the Royal Plaza Zone looks fantastic. The Mughal-E-Azam is noted for its sumptuous meals, the Bollywood dance show 'Stars on Steps,' and Bollywood dance-off challenges.
Well-known for its adorable cafes and eateries, as well as the Crossroads concert, which showcases Bollywood great renditions!
Resembles the city's streets and chawls in appearance. Explore the chowk and enjoy the great street cuisine and the dons or taporis ready to entertain and introduce you to Mumbai life!
Introduce you to the art of filmmaking and production, as well as 4-D theatre experiences and dance courses to learn and enjoy.
The Thrill of Victory, inspired on Aamir Khan's movie Lagaan, depicts a cricket match versus the British. The display is set up in an ideal village and depicts farmers and rural life. It is a roller coaster game that gives you the best view of the game.
Champaner Cricket Carnival
Would be another Lagaan inspired event that includes Ferris wheels, carousels, and cricket activities. You get to witness Indian country life as well as participate in sports such as hitting cans, capturing chickens, and throwing balls inside a tub.
The Hunt For Gabbar Singh is an immersive 3D rollercoaster where you can use laser guns to shoot dacoits or the renowned Bollywood movie villain, Gabbar Singh! You can even harvest mangoes from trees and compete with your friends' shooting scores.
motivated by Salman Khan's DABANGG is jam-packed with Bollywood conversation, lyrics, and choreography. It depicts Chulbul Pandey, a police officer, retrieving and battling off the bad guys. The 19-minute stunt show depicts incredible action sequences and entertains both children and adults.
is an accessible venue in the Rustic Ravine that accommodates a variety of acts and performances. Rangmanch, set up in the style of a hamlet with banyan trees and sitting areas, is a colourful and lively site where traditional acts such as banjara, nautanki, kathputli, garba raas, bhangra, and street theatre take place.
Stars on Steps
An 8 minute Bollywood singing and dancing extravaganza that also incorporates South Indian movies. This energetic and entertaining recital setup makes use of LED displays to create backgrounds and locales as the performers act and dance.
A wonderful theatre that seats around 860 people. The theatre is a great blend of royalty and grandeur, resembling palaces, gardens, and a regal lifestyle. The cinema also offers JAAN-E-JIGAR, a Broadway-style Bollywood musical play, and BOLLYWOOD DANCE OFF, a 30-minute reality show featuring three audience organizers and four participants.
located on Bollywood Boulevard, honours and showcases hit Bollywood films. People dressed as and resembling famous characters such as Don, Krrish, and Chulbul Pandey play Bollywood tunes. Guests can see and hear the performers, as well as interact with them and come on stage to execute the renowned 'hook steps' of songs. The location is also bordered by well-known eateries such as Jumbo and Rock On!!
train replica that is located in the Mumbai Chowk region and is used by entertainers to perform on. Surrounded by Mumbai's streets and chawls, the dancers climb onto the tops of buses to entertain the guests. It also holds the tapori entertainment, in which people disguised as gangsters or rowdies perform in colourful costumes and converse in a comical, entertaining native language.
The iconic Shahrukh Khan inspired Ra.One Unleashed is a 4-D cross virtual movie theatre located in the Bollywood Film Studios that enables you watch who wins and emerges victorious, RA.ONE or G.ONE?
seems to be another 4-D movie that will take you on an exciting ride as you relax in your seats and watch the storey unfold. As superhero Krrish protects the world from an alien invasion, you get a 'bird's eye perspective' of India!
A delightful addition to the film studios that allows customers to join dancing courses and learn how to ballet in Bollywood manner. The Indian dance creators and audiences had a fun and participatory session.
Abra ka Dabra, set in the Rustic Ravine, is a fantastic floating boat that tugs, twists, scoots, and swivels across the dramatic rocky waves. This wobbly quick-faced twister will take you through tales and stories of the past, making it ideal for youthful adventurers who wish to enjoy some fast moving rides.
Bollywood Skyflyer
The 460-foot-tall Bollywood Skyflyer is the world's tallest swing ride. This ride, which appeals to both young and old, allows you to enjoy swinging and hand gliding at the same time.
At various speeds, one can also experience rotating, descending, and lifting actions. As you move up and down and revolve around this massive tower, you can take in the park's breathtaking panoramic views.
Hawa Hawai is a vibrant family ride that features 12 double seat 'hang glider' vehicles. This ride can rise, drop, and circle clockwise, teaching you how to resist the power of the wind.
Monsoon Masti is a whirling water basket attraction that includes a water gun skirmish. There are a total of six baskets, each of which can accommodate four persons. The four passengers, armed with a water blaster, may enjoy the enjoyable ride while attacking other riders and passersby.
This amazing rocket-shaped gravity coaster will allow you to experience a mini-fall. Rocket is a free-fall tower designed specifically for young children that will carry them to the sky and securely return them. The chairlift is dumped halfway down the tower and swings up and down several times.
The Indian Rodeo is deeply rooted in rural India, and it embodies the joy and positivism of the vibrant flower bouquets, multicolored architecture, and holi powders.
Two circular decks rotating at 10 rpm speed guide the vehicles along an 8-shaped path on this triple spinning themed amusement. There are a total of ten cars, each of which can hold two children and two adults.
Tanga No. 13 is a low thrill family ride located in 'Mumbai Chowk.' This crazy chariot ride is meant to take you and your kids on a fun-filled circular motion, producing a fascinating wave effect and ensuring excitement and delight for the passengers.
This excursion is intended to provide you with the feeling of riding in a native Bombay taxi through the city's spectacular streets. Taxi No. 1 is a high-speed, chaotic, and exhilarating roller coaster for children. This ride features abrupt acceleration, tilting, lowering, and climbing actions.
The Wheel of Stars has 36 Bollywood-themed gondolas that represent characters from classic Bollywood films. A ride on this massive 180-foot ferris wheel allows you to take in breathtaking views, especially at night when it is illuminated.
Remember to dress comfortably and use appropriate footwear when visiting Bollywood Parks Dubai.
Don't forget to carry a camera, sunscreen, sunglasses, and a water bottle for your own amusement and protection.
It is recommended that you purchase your entry ticket to Bollywood Parks Dubai at least one day in advance.
You can participate in this activity alone or in a group.
At Bollywood Parks Dubai, you may rent a stroller. However, be sure to arrive early enough to reserve your stroller.
If you run out of cash, don't worry because ATMs are situated throughout the Parks.
Children under the age of three are not permitted to enter Jaan-e-Jigar.
There is a First Aid section to assist you in the event of a cut or scrape. To do so, proceed to the First Aid Station, which is located within the Guest Service Office.
Lockers are available for visitors at the Guest Service Office, the Entry Plaza, and outside the park.
Drinking fountains can be found on Bollywood Boulevard, which is on your right as you enter Bollywood Parks Dubai.
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text:
39 per cent of Kashmir's population has Covid antibodies: Sero survey
PTI Last Updated: Nov 18, 2020, 02:27 PM IST
The Kashmir valley has recorded 62,520 COVID-19 cases so far including 1,063 deaths. While 57,532 people have recovered, there are 3,925 active cases. Srinagar is the worst affected district in Jammu and Kashmir with nearly 20,000 people infected and 399 deaths due to the pandemic.
The first step survey was conducted in Srinagar in June. It showed the presence of antibodies in 3.8 per cent of the population.
Srinagar: A sero survey conducted in Kashmir has found that two out of every five people in the valley have developed antibodies against the coronavirus. The survey carried out in October found the highest prevalence of antibodies in Pulwama at 43.1 per cent and the lowest in Kulgam at 28.5 per cent.
"We conducted a sero survey in all 10 districts of Kashmir which has revealed that nearly 39 per cent of the 6,200 persons tested negative but had developed antibodies," said Dr Muhammad Salim Khan, head of community medicine at Government Medical College here.
He said the survey was carried out in October on the heels of an exercise in Srinagar which had thrown up almost identical results.
While nearly 2,400 people were randomly tested in Srinagar, 400 people each were tested in the rest of the nine districts as part of the survey, he added.
Giving the district-wise break up of the results, Khan said Pulwama recorded the highest prevalence of antibodies in 43.1 per cent of the survey population, followed by 43 per cent in Budgam, 42.3 per cent in Kupwara, 40.7 per cent in Srinagar, 39.8 per cent in Bandipora and 39.0 per cent in Ganderbal.
"Anantnag (35.2 per cent), Baramulla (34.6 per cent), Shopian (31.9 per cent) and Kulgam (28.5 per cent) recorded lower than average prevalence of antibodies among the surveyed population," he said.
"The trend has been encouraging but it does not mean that (SARS-2) COVID will be defeated at a certain level of the population developing the antibodies. The scientific community is also wary of using the term herd immunity in the absence of a vaccine," Khan cautioned.
The Kashmir valley has recorded 62,520 COVID-19 cases so far including 1,063 deaths. While 57,532 people have recovered, there are 3,925 active cases.
Srinagar is the worst affected district in Jammu and Kashmir with nearly 20,000 people infected and 399 deaths due to the pandemic.
Government Medical Collegesero surveycoronavirusAntibodiescovid 19Jammu and kashmirkashmir
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Q: Grid view Delete Update on single click My problem is I have a delete button in grid view. if i click on delete button that particular row need to be deleted and some columns of that row need to be updated which on same button click.
example if i click delete that row that row needs to be deleted..that row has Status column which is active before deleting, after clicking delete that column status should change to delete, and row should be deleted and one more column that id should change to null.
very confused how to do both operations on single click

A: You should do all of operations like update/delete on DataSource assigned to DataGrid. For your convenience
private void PopulateThirdCombo()
{
    try
    {
        DataTable dt = new DataTable();
        dt.Columns.Add("Product ID");
        dt.Columns.Add("Product Name");
        dt.Columns.Add("Product Price");
        dt.Columns.Add();
        dataGridView1.ColumnCount = 3;
        dataGridView1.Columns[0].Name = "Product ID";
        dataGridView1.Columns[1].Name = "Product Name";
        dataGridView1.Columns[2].Name = "Product Price";
        string[] row = new string[] { "1", "Product 1", "1000" };
        dataGridView1.Rows.Add(row);
        row = new string[] { "2", "Product 2", "2000" };
        dataGridView1.Rows.Add(row);
        row = new string[] { "3", "Product 3", "3000" };
        dataGridView1.Rows.Add(row);
        row = new string[] { "4", "Product 4", "4000" };
        dataGridView1.Rows.Add(row);

        DataGridViewButtonColumn btn = new DataGridViewButtonColumn();
        dataGridView1.Columns.Add(btn);
        btn.HeaderText = "Action";
        btn.Text = "Delete";
        btn.Name = "btn";
        btn.UseColumnTextForButtonValue = true;
    }
    catch (Exception)
    {

    }
}

private void dataGridView1_CellClick(object sender, DataGridViewCellEventArgs e)
{
    try
    {
        //this will be index of your delete button
        if (e.ColumnIndex == 3)
        {
            this.dataGridView1.Rows.RemoveAt(e.RowIndex);
        }
    }
    catch (Exception)
    {

    }
}

NOTE: Call PopulateThirdCombo() first

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


laudable effort that would spur action in activating the Act.
improved levels of compliance with the provisions of the Act.
especially the aspect on the filing their annual FOI reports.
implementation without spelling out details.
advantage of this age and times.
turncoat. President used media a lot and sought to interact with them via Facebook.
if to our government, the pension and petroleum subsidy scams are no big deals?
their best in posting some updates on his social media.
issue community radio licences without recourse to the Presidency.
between the government and the governed.
same from the people and the opposition.


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Errors and mistakes occur in many different ways; Some of these mistakes are human errors while others are computer or internet errors. Due to this fact, T & T Trading inc. reserves the right to cancel any order at any time.
To ensure that you get your shipment in a timely manner, we generally try to ship via United States Postal Service (USPS) Priority Mail. We also offer UPS shipping as an alternative for larger orders. If you would like to ship via UPS, please choose them during the checkout process.
In order to reduce costs for you, we require a $25 minimum order. We have made this requirement to eliminate the "small order service fee" that some other companies use.
Once your payment has been processed, your order will be shipped within 48 hours.
Many companies will offer 2nd's in their merchandise. Many of those items are available on the open market and no one will tell you this. At T & T Trading, we only offer 1st quality merchandise.
In the past we have had merchandise returned to us that we did not sell. This can very easily interfere with the quality of products we offer.
Also, we have seen a substantial number of products returned after a few items were taken from the package.
We are required by law to collect sales tax for every order in the state of Michigan. Each state has it's own laws on internet transactions. You are responsible for paying taxes in accordance with your own state's sales tax laws.


November of course is a time of changing weather, cozy decor, good food, and gathering with the ones closest to us. With thanksgiving coming up — so quickly the time sneaks up on us, doesn't it?– I and I'm sure so many others begin to reflect on what to be thankful for. I was looking back through my journal and came across this quote that I had written down, and it once again spoke to me and reminded me to be proud of who I am today and to not look back in regret of what life has thrown my way, but to embrace it and be thankful in every aspect of who it has made me today.
To be grateful for the good things that happen in our lives is easy, but to be grateful for all of our lives – the good as well as the bad, the moments of sorrow, the successes as well as the failures, the rewards as well as the rejections – that requires hard spiritual work.
Still, we are only grateful people when we say thank you to all that has brought us to the present moment. As long as we keep dividing our lives between events and people we would like to remember and those we would rather forget, we cannot claim the fulness of our being as a gift of God to be grateful for.
Let's not be afraid to look at everything that has brought us to where we are now and trust that we will soon see in it the guiding hand of a loving God.
I encourage you in where you are now in life to reflect.. where would you be without the challenges and turmoil in your life.. would you be the same person you are today?? I know I would not have the most amazing gift of my daughter Liza.. I would not have this precious time to spend as an Aunt and sister in this full house.. I would not have the strength in my faith, and identity, and becoming a woman I am proud of my daughter looking up to. . I would not know the depths of my friendships or my family and how important they are to me.
I am thankful.. I am so thankful for it all.. period!


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Our World | March 4, 2010
10 Wonders of the World You Don't Know
fact checked by Alex Hanton
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While most of these wonders will be known to a few people, they are, on the whole, not as well known as the famous "seven wonders". Despite that, each has a reason for being considered wonderful and deserves its spot on this list. Enjoy the list and be sure to share other lesser-known wonders in the comments.
Banaue Rice Terraces
The Banaue Rice Terraces are 2000-year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level and cover 10,360 square kilometers (about 4000 square miles) of mountainside. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps are put end to end it would encircle half the globe. Locals to this day still plant rice and vegetables on the terraces. The result is the gradual erosion of the characteristic "steps", which need constant reconstruction and care.
Sigiriya (Lion's rock) is an ancient rock fortress and palace ruin situated in the central Matale District of Sri Lanka, surrounded by the remains of an extensive network of gardens, reservoirs, and other structures. A popular tourist destination, Sigiriya is also renowned for its ancient paintings (frescos), which are reminiscent of the Ajanta Caves of India. The Sigiriya was built during the reign of King Kassapa I (AD 477 – 495), and it is one of the seven World Heritage Sites of Sri Lanka. Sigiriya may have been inhabited through prehistoric times. It was used as a rock-shelter mountain monastery from about the 5th century BC, with caves prepared and donated by devotees to the Buddhist Sangha.
The Tower of Hercules is an ancient Roman lighthouse on a peninsula about 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia, in north-western Spain. The name Corunna is said to be derived from the ancient column. The structure is 55 meters (180 ft) tall and overlooks the North Atlantic coast of Spain. It is almost 1900 years old, was rehabilitated in 1791, and is the oldest Roman lighthouse still used as a lighthouse.
Toru?
Toru? is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. The medieval old town of Toru? is the birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus. The first settlement in the vicinity is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC. During medieval times, in the 7th-13th centuries, it was the location of an old Polish settlement, at a ford in the river. The Teutonic Knights built a castle in the vicinity of the Polish settlement in the years 1230-31. In 1263 Franciscan monks settled in the city, followed in 1239 by Dominicans. In 1264 the nearby New Town was founded. In 1280, the city (or as it was then, both cities) joined the mercantile Hanseatic League and was soon turned into an important medieval trade centre. As you can see from the photograph above, it is a beautiful medieval city and well worth visiting.
The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India are rock-cut cave monuments dating from the second century BC, containing paintings and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of both Buddhist religious art and universal pictorial art. By AD 480 the caves at Ajanta were abandoned. During the next 1300 years the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed until the Spring of 1819 when a British officer in the Madras army entered the steep gorge on the trail of a tiger. Somehow, deep within the tangled undergrowth, he came across the almost hidden entrance to one of the caves. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith wrote his name in pencil on one of the walls. Still faintly visible, it records his name and the date, April 1819.
Valley of Flowers
The Valley of Flowers is an outstandingly beautiful high-altitude Himalayan valley that has been acknowledged as such by renowned mountaineers and botanists in literature for over a century and in Hindu mythology for much longer. Its 'gentle' landscape, breathtakingly beautiful meadows of alpine flowers and ease of access complement the rugged, mountain wilderness for which the inner basin of Nanda Devi National Park is renowned. Valley of flower is splashed with colour as it bloomed with hundreds different beautiful flowers, taking on various shades of colours as time progressed. Valley was declared a national park in 1982, and now it is a World Heritage Site. The locals, of course, always knew of the existence of the valley, and believed that it was inhabited by fairies.
Metéora
The Metéora ("suspended rocks") is one of the largest and most important complexes of Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Greece, second only to Mount Athos. The six monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Pineios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. Access to the monasteries was originally (and deliberately) difficult, requiring either long ladders lashed together or large nets used to haul up both goods and people. This required quite a leap of faith – the ropes were replaced, so the story goes, only "when the Lord let them break".
Bagan is an ancient city in the Mandalay Division of Burma. Formally titled Arimaddanapura or Arimaddana (the City of the Enemy Crusher) and also known as Tambadipa (the Land of Copper) or Tassadessa (the Parched Land), it was the ancient capital of several ancient kingdoms in Burma. Bagan was submitted to become a UNESCO heritage site[1] but many speculate of politics as partly the reason for the exclusion. UNESCO does not designate Bagan as a World Heritage Site. The main reason given is that the military junta (SPDC) has haphazardly restored ancient stupas, temples and buildings, ignoring original architectural styles and using modern materials which bear little or no resemblance to the original designs. Nevertheless, this is still a must-see wonder of the world.
Leptis Magna was a prominent city of the Roman Empire. Its ruins are located in Al Khums, Libya, 130 km east of Tripoli, on the coast where the Wadi Lebda meets the sea. The site is one of the most spectacular and unspoiled Roman ruins in the Mediterranean. The city appears to have been founded by Phoenician colonists sometime around 1100 BC, although it did not achieve prominence until Carthage became a major power in the Mediterranean Sea in the 4th century BC. It nominally remained part of Carthage's dominions until the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BC and then became part of the Roman Republic, although from about 200 BC onward, it was for all intents and purposes an independent city.
Library of Celsus
This is number one for strictly personal reasons. I love books, I love libraries, and this site is dedicated to knowledge (as are libraries). The library of Celsus (in Turkey) was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus (who had been consul in 92 AD, governor of Asia in 115 AD, and a wealthy and popular local citizen). The building is important as one of few remaining examples of an ancient Roman-influenced library. It also shows that public libraries were built not only in Rome itself but throughout the Roman Empire. In a massive restoration which is considered to be very true to the historic building, the front façade was rebuilt and now serves as a prime example of Roman public architecture.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Text is derived from Wikipedia.
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In Iran, he was imprisoned in Evin prison where he began studying about cults. Khodabandeh has so far published articles and translated books and articles on the threat of destructive cults, particularly the MKO.
Esharat, an Iran-based journal is one of the numerous media that have interviewed him up to now. The following includes parts of the interview translated by Nejat Society.
– Having been motivated by Islamic and anti-imperialistic ideas you joined the MKO but practically you observed another face of the group. As you stated you yourself used to work hard to portrait a secular pro-Western image of the group for your Western audience, wasn't it provocative for you?
Good question! Yes, I have witnessed a 180-degree turn in the MKO's positions and interests since the Islamic Revolution. For example, Rajavi who once offered gifts to Yaser Arafat and said that the only way to liberate the Palestinian nation is the armed struggle against Israel, today is proud of the Israeli company for his group.
– Does it mean that you officially told lies and deceived people?
In cults, lying and deceiving is formulated and indoctrinated by the system. Everything is based on lie and deception. The hierarchy tells lies from top to bottom.
When you are a member of a destructive mind-control cult, you have no fixed and stable beliefs and thoughts. You are just asked to obey the absolute power of the leader. In a community where everyone thinks the same, in fact nobody thinks. The leaders thinks instead of everyone.
– Didn't you find it paradoxical or contradictory? For example, you joined the group with your anti-imperialistic ideas to fight the US, and now the MKO was acting the opposite?
Of course, Yes. I was faced with contradictions. Other members also had paradoxes in their minds but the cults have trickeries to encounter such contradictions that occur every day. Contradiction means that the data you were given does not seem logic. However, your contradiction would not be solved by debate or arguments but it was faced with psychological techniques or in better words, with peer pressure and mental suppression. Once you enter a destructive mind control cult, you are kept and controlled by psychological techniques.
– If you were not arrested in Syria, would you stay in the MKO until now? And, didn't you try to swallow a cyanide capsule after you were arrested?
In my mission to Syria, I didn't have cyanide capsule. If I had one, I would eat it because being arrested alive and yeilded to the Iranian government was our red line.
– Do you really believe in the term salvation for your separation from the MKO?
Yes, exactly. Being released from the hands of a destructive mind control cult is in no way simple. This is possible if you are supported from outside of the cult, for example if you are aided by your family. That's why the cult leaders forbid and control any contact with families.
– What happened in Evin prison that your beliefs and thoughts changed?
About a year later, I started reading the book "Cults in our Midst" of Mrs. Margaret Tahler Singer. My brother Massoud Khodabandeh had sent it to me from England. It should be said that in the prison, I tried to keep myself behind the boundaries I allegedly had with the Islamic Republic. Even I did not want to read the Iranian books, newspapers and I avoided watching Iranian TV.
The book had nothing with the Iranian government nor the MKO but I was really moved by the book. Although, the writer had no idea of the MKO, the similarities between the MKO and the cults in the United States were so significant that you would think it was written about the MKO … For the first time after so many years, I let myself think freely and independently. Of-course, getting to this turning point took me two years in the prison.
– Suppose that you are told that you submitted to the Islamic Republic and turned against the organization you embraced for 23 years due to the pressure of imprisonment or the risk of execution or for the sake your suffering mother, what is your answer?
This question seems rational. In response, I should say that one may regret his past or repent of his past under pressure, one may give information about his past organization and condemn it under pressure of the imprisonment but he is not able to argue, discuss and prove his arguments. All I say about the MKO is based on scientific arguments and reasons that are confirmed by other defectors of the cult. I am ready to argue it with everyone everywhere to prove that the most basic human rights are being violated in the Cult of Rajavi. The cult uses destructive fraudulent manipulation techniques to control members' minds. It is not what it pretends.
– Suppose that you are accused of having been brainwashed in Evin prison! What do you say?
I was liberated from the Cult of Rajavi over 12 years ago. During these years, I have been far from the atmosphere of the Cult and its indoctrination sessions and cult jargons. I have been studying the phenomenon known as "the threat of the third millennium": Destructive Mind Control Cults. I have studied and translated and authored a lot of books and articles. In her book titled "Brainwashing", Ms. Kathlyn Taylor specifically suggests that the main condition to become the target for brainwashing is to be unaware of its techniques. The MKO never permitted me to read something freely but in the Evin prison I read books. Regarding my studies and the information I got, there is no possibility to brainwash me now because I'm well aware of the techniques and tricks ….


Rules to follow when a joint child custody plan is in place | Law Office of Robert N. Getz, P.S.
Rule number one: Good communication is necessary. Not all exes are on good speaking terms. When they are sharing time with children, though, they have to find a way to keep each other informed about what is going on with their kids. Those who cannot speak to each other may be better off sending emails or texts. The key is to make sure all communication is just about the children.
Rule number two: Remember that this is about the kids. Too many people try to use custody plans to punish their former spouses. A good custody plan will take both parents' schedules and their children's schedules and needs into consideration. The goal is to create a custody arrangement that gives children access to both parents, allows the parent-child relationships to grow and puts children in the best living arrangement possible under the circumstances.
Rule number three: Keep negative talk away from the children. Exes fight, and they often do not have the nicest of things to say about each other. It is okay to vent to friends or adult family members. Children do not need to hear their parents speaking badly about each other, though. It does not help anyone and can strain the parent-child relationship.
There are several other ground rules Washington residents may need to set when putting together a joint custody plan. These three are just a good place to start. Joint child custody can be a good thing when both parents are willing to do their best to make it work. Legal counsel can help those going through the divorce process create custody plans that serve the best interests of their families or help those with current custody orders in place modify the plans if doing so becomes necessary.
Related Posts: Giving children a say in child custody matters, Washington child custody: Creating parenting plans that work, What can be learned from the Pitt-Jolie child custody case?, Can I get a sole child custody order?


WILKES-BARRE, Pa. The demand for a fresh food distribution program in Luzerne County has grown more than tenfold in the last six months.
The Keystone Mission in Wilkes-Barre is giving out the most food it's ever given since the program started over the summer.
Box after box, volunteers at the Keystone Mission in Wilkes-Barre are preparing for one of their biggest events yet.
"I love to see the community getting active and involved, bettering their own community," said volunteer Joe Sears.
The Keystone Mission works to help people in need in Luzerne County. Over the summer, the mission launched a mobile produce market. Every third Wednesday of the month, families who register can get fresh food, including meat, milk, and produce.
The program has grown dramatically in just a few months.
"That just shows me that there is an ever-growing need out there for places like us to fulfill," said Sears.
The program started in August with 40 families signed up. Now in January, there are more than 400 families signed up.
"We've already had more signed up for next month and it's exciting to be able to see, I think, for this community, that we're able to distribute good healthy food to a needing community, so we're excited about that," said Doug Hamilton, Keystone Mission.
The food comes from the Commission on Economic Opportunity's food bank near Pittston.
Volunteers say the Keystone Mission's mobile produce market is now the largest of its kind in the county. The organization looks forward to serving as many people in the community as possible.
"Keystone Mission could not exist without volunteers. It's our volunteers who really are the lifeblood of the mission. They come in and provide us with a lot of support and help. Obviously, it takes a lot of manpower to move all this food and get it in, as well as provide all the services that we do," Hamilton said.
For more information on the Keystone Mission or to register, click here.


The rapid increase of land degradation due to jhumming, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and productivity, increasing flood are leading to an ecological crisis affecting livelihood options for Jhumia families. This suggests inter-alia policy to encourage and support plantation of Oil Palm to overcome these constraints. Oil Palm stands as an ideal crop capable of achieving conservation of soil and moisture, repair of degraded land, provide ecological balance, food and security of rural and urban poor. The Government of Mizoram aims to implement and action Programme with an objective of placing Oil Palm as a key component in the plan to generate employment and mitigate environmental degradation and to strengthen the process of Oil Palm Development.
In the recent past, the cultivation of Oil Palm had been tried in Assam, Tripura and Mizoram with considerable success. In Mizoram 5,000 Nos. and 7,000 Nos. of seedlings of Oil Palm were planted at Rotlang area of Lunglei District and Thingdawl area of Kolasib District during 1999-2000, respectively, with promising results. The Government of Mizoram has decided to undertake Oil Palm cultivation. The total potential area identified in 7 (seven) Districts of Mizoram comes to 1,01,000 Hectares at low elevation with gentle slope (25-33%) having favorable Agroclimatic condition.
Dr.R.M Reddy, Principal Scientist from National Research Centre for Oil Palm (NRC-OP), Andhra Pradesh, who study the suitability of agro climatic conditions and water availability required for Oil Palm cultivation in Mizoram during the month of March 2004 has recommended that, "Climate and Soil condition in southern Mizoram with low elevation and gentle slope are quite suitable for Oil Palm cultivation". The growth of the existing plants is quite promising. Government of Mizoram has decided to undertake large scale cultivation of Oil Palm from 2004-2005 to start with during Xth Plan Period.
A high level working group constituted by Government of India under the Chairmanship of Dr. K.L. Chadha have identified Oil Palm Potential areas of 61,000 Ha in Mizoram. In addition to this, the Government of India constituted a committee under the Chairmanship of Dr.P.Rathinam to identify additional areas for Oil Palm plantation. The committee met on 10.10.2011 at NRCOP, Pedavegi (AP) and earmarked an additional area of 40,000 Ha for Mizoram state.
Government of Mizoram is deeply committed to the economic development of farmers. The Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-Operation issued Administrative approval of Oil Palm cultivation under ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme of Oil Seeds, Pulses, Oil Palm & Maize) for the year 2004 – 2005 and the programme is implemented in Mizoram since 2004-2005 sharing of 75:25 between Central and State Government. The Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Govt. of India launched special programme on Oil Palm Area Expansion (OPAE) under RKVY during 2011-12 and National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP) from the year 2014-2015.
The Mizoram Oil Palm (Regulation of Production & Processing) Act, 2004 was passed in Mizoram Legislative Assembly on 2nd December,2004. The Act contain 26 sections.
The Government of Mizoram appointed Secretary, Agriculture Department as Oil Palm Officer to exercise the power and perform the function for implementation of Oil Palm Act.
The Government of Mizoram appointed the concerned District Agriculture Officers as Oil Palm Inspector in their respective jurisdiction as required under Oil Palm Act, 2004.
State Level Oil Palm Advisory Committee.
Price fixation Committee on Oil Palm.
District Level Oil Palm Zonal Committee.
Village Level Oil Palm Growers Association.
The implementing partner Companies have established their own Nurseries in the allotted District with the supervision of the Department. The companies purchased the FFBs produces by the farmers directly at the farmer's field. The companies are to establish Oil Palm Processing Mill of their own in their allotted Districts.
The Government of Mizoram, Agriculture Department have selected Oil Palm as one of the crops to be cultivated under the New Land use Policy (NLUP) which is a Flagship Programme of the state Government. It is expected that the cultivation of Oil Palm will enhance the income of Farm families and will ultimately result in economic upliftment of the rural poor.
Total area covered under Oil Palm till 2013-14 is 17588 Ha.
Target area for 2014 – 2015 is 4000 Ha.
Farmers involved in Oil Palm programme: 10800 Nos.
Nos. of District covered under Oil Palm: 7 (Seven) Districts (Champhai District is not yet covered).
Nos. of Village covered under Oil Palm: 225 nos.
At present rate of FFBs is Rs.5.50 per Kg fixed by Price Fixation Committee.
Rate per seedling: Rs.85/- for Exotic seedling & Rs.65/- for Indigenous seedling.
The Department of Agriculture with the consent of Hon'ble Minister of the Agriculture, Government of Mizoram proposed establishment of Seed Garden in Mizoram and with the active participation of DOPR (Directorate of Oil Palm Research Pedavegi), Andhra Pradesh select Chuanchung Ram, West Serzawl, (Mamit District) 17 Km from Lengpui Airport covering more than 50 Ha of free land for seed garden.
Rising of Dura and Pisifera as mother and father palm respectively is started which is expected ready for transplanting in the main field for Hybridization programme in future. Dr. P. Murugesan, Principal Scientist, Hybrid Seed Production Farm Palode, Kerala came to Mizoram on 8th October, 2013 and brought germinated seeds for evaluation purpose and sown 2000 sprouts in the Primary Nursery.
The seed garden is meant to supply quality seed sprout of Oil Palm to various North East states, and also to earn good revenue to the Government of Mizoram by sale of harvested FFB from the plantation.
3F Oil Palm Agrotech Ltd.
As per provision made under Section-13 of Mizoram Oil Palm (Regulation of Production and Processing) Act, 2004 and as decided in the 4th Meeting of Price Fixation Committee held on 27th May, 2014 at Agriculture Committee Room, Aizawl, the rate of Oil Palm FFB is fixed at Rs.5.50/- (Rupees five and fifty paise) per Kg at Collection Centres. This new rate will take effect from 1st June, 2014, till further order.
Mr. Ramtinchawma S/o Lalhuliana(L), Nalzawl, Mamit District is the leading Oil Palm growers in Mizoram. He started planting in 2007 covering the total area of 16 Ha. The plantation is of 7 years old now. Almost all the plant started bearing fruits. He has sold 185 tones of FFBs during 2013 earning ` 8,82,640.00 which was purchased by the Company i.e Godrej Agrovet Ltd at Collection Centre @ ` 5.50 per Kg. This is the highest production of FFBs recorded in the state of Mizoram in a year. The performance of Oil palm in this garden indicates the Oil Palm production potential is available in Mizoram.
The highest recorded bunch weight of Oil Palm is 53 kg harvested by Mr.Lalrinliana, Kolasib District.
Mr.R.Thansiama, Thingdawl, Kolasib District is amongst the first Oil Palm cultivator in Mizoram under the supervision of Agriculture Department on experimental basis since 2002. The plant started bearing fruits with an average weight of 30-35 Kg per bunch. Government of India's officials, Director & Scientists of DOPR, Pedavegi visited his land many times.
Almost all the Oil Palm growers are small and marginal farmers having Oil Palm plantation in 1 to 2 Ha. of land.
Mizoram Oil Palm growers begin to earn from their Oil Palm crop.
The Government of India has provided support in the form of subsidy to the private entrepreneurs for setting up of Oil Palm processing unit @Rs.250.00 lakh per processing unit for 3 (three) Mills totaling Rs.750.00 lakhs under OPAE (RKVY) during 2011 – 2012. Which were allotted to each partner Company at the rate of Rs.2.5 crore per Mill. Operational Guidelines have been worked out and circulated to each partner company for setting up of Oil Palm Mill in their respective areas.
1. Bukvannei Village Kolasib Godrej Agrovet Ltd.
2. Mat Valley Serchhip 3F Oil Palm Agrotech Pvt. Ltd.
3. Rotlang Agril. Farm Lunglei Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd.
Godrej Agrovet Limited has completed establishment of Oil Palm Mill at Bukvannei, Kolasib District and started processing FFB at the plant since 14th April, 2014.
IIOPR will introduce new intervention for improving Oil Palm productivity in Mizoram through adoption of recommended dose of fertilizers & supplementary irrigation.
An interaction meeting of Department Officers and Processors was conducted by Director, IIOPR on 22nd April, 2014 to discuss issues related to 'Block Demonstration in Oil Palm' and to work out the operational details.
The Programme is to be taken up at Khamrang village of Kolasib District covering 100 ha. Oil Palm plantation.
Farmers (21nos) having more of 6(Six)yrs. old Oil Palm garden was selected to ensure quick visibility of result, which was submitted to IIOPR, Pedavegi.
Responsibility for making the fertilizers available at Kolasib would be undertaken by IIOPR.
Ms.Godrej Agrovet Ltd. would arrange for transport of fertilizers from Kolasib to farmers field.
Demonstration in an area of 100 Ha. to be taken up by IIOPR for consecutive Three years starting from 2014.
Present yield : 4 tonnes FFB/Ha.
2015 – 2016 : 10 tonnes FFB/Ha.
2016 – 2017 : 15 tonnes FFB/Ha.
2017 – 2018 : 20 tonnes FFB/Ha.


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All About Roses: Plant Facts, Types and Images
By Hazelle C. / Flowers / updated November 28, 2020
Shakespeare once wrote, "Of all flowers, methinks rose is best" and many people agree. As one of the universal symbols of love, the rose flower is given as a gift and people write stories and poems about it. Gardens of roses are also built in adoration of this lovely flower.
History of Roses
Botanical Identification
Different Types and Varieties of Roses
Species Roses
Prickly Wild Rose
Prairie Rose
Smooth Rose
Dog-rose
Carolina Rose
Rosa Glauca
Multiflora Rose
Shining Rose
Beach Rose
Silky Rose
Climbing Rose
White Rose of York
Ayrshire Rose
Bourbon Rose
Cabbage Rose
Damask Rose
French Rose
Hybrid Perpetual
Moss Roses
Rosa 'Blush Noisette'
Portland Rose
Modern Roses
Hybrid Tea Rose
Polyantha
Tree Rose
Colors and Meaning
In various countries all over the world, rose is the most popular and important ornamental plant in the landscape and cut flower industries as well as in perfumery and medicine.
In this comprehensive guide, you'll learn about all the types, names and varieties of roses.
According to its vibrant history, roses grew in the Northern Hemisphere but was first cultivated in China about 5000 years ago. Even the Roman culture is rich with stories about roses where they were used as celebration confetti, garden flowers, and perfume for the elite (1).
In the 1800s, Napoleon Bonaparte's wife, Josephine, gathered the period's prestigious botanists and horticulturists to build an extensive collection of roses, which is still considered as one of the greatest rose gardens that exist.
This is the same period when the cultivated roses of China were introduced into Europe and became the ancestor of the modern roses known today (2).
The Rose family houses over a hundred species of the genus Rosa, the woody perennial flowering plants known for their colorful, fragrant blooms of great architectural dimensions. The distinct characteristics of the rose plant include symmetrical round flower head with soft and fragrant petals, oval serrated leaves and hard thorny stems (3).
With their striking appearance, roses have become a favorite of both hobbyists and breeders and more varieties of superior qualities have been developed. In fact, numerous organizations dedicated to the enhancement and promotion of rose plants are spread around the world, the Royal National Rose Society in England established in 1876 being the oldest.
Caring for roses may be a bit tricky. Some rose species are adapted to certain environments they are native to, other roses cultivated have their own growth requirements but there are general cultural and maintenance practices that apply to all rose plants (3).
Garden roses prefer airy but sheltered conditions, not bounded by tree canopies as the morning sun is best for them but they need protection from strong winds as well.
A deep healthy loam soil with excellent drainage makes roses thrive and fertilizer application is key to keep them vigorous. Fertilizer for roses should be applied in spring while buds are growing to produce the best flowers and again when the first blooms start to fade (3).
Like many flowering plants, roses are not immune to pests and diseases such as the most common beetles, slugs and leaf spots. Systemic insecticides are readily available in the market but it's always preferable to use organic means or remove them manually instead.
There is a proven practice of applying the concentrated essence of garlic to rose plants to prevent most pests and diseases, especially the leaf spot-causing fungus. Eradicating this disease can also produce flowers that are twice their normal size.
Pruning garden roses is necessary to keep the plant longer-lasting and maintained. Pruning must be done before bud break by removing dead, damaged and overgrown branches (4).
Viable branches removed because of overgrowth can be used as cuttings for propagation purposes too. Although to grow successful cuttings, planting material must be obtained from the stem above the first set of leaves of the plant.
In areas with an extremely cold climate, it is important to select rose plants that are cold hardy and suited to the location. During winter, a technique of mounding 12 inches of soil over the base of the rose plant after the ground has frozen protects the plant from winter damage (4).
For rose cut flowers to last longer, always remove any foliage or thorns that will be submerged in water and re-cut the stem at a 45-degree angle every two days after replacing the water. Putting the roses in a cool spot will guarantee the flowers lasting for 7-10 days.
See more: How to grow roses
Today, the vast range of roses has been classified into three main groups based on the American Rose Society's taxonomic system: species roses, heirloom roses, and modern roses.
We could have these names of roses listed alphabetically, but grouping them into categories will help you know about them better. Here they are:
Species Roses are bush-type, some climbing, growing naturally in the wild that grows up to 6 meters in height. The flowers are simple with 5 petals, usually in pink, red or white and only bloom once a year (5).
There are over 200 species roses and their simple beauty and ease of maintenance are preferred by many gardeners. Although not as grand-looking as the other rose types, species roses still captivate people's eyes and they are said to be used in medicine and culinary fields as well (6).
Species roses are the only type of roses that come true from seeds but and they can be propagated by division and cuttings too. They are also relatively resistant to most pests and diseases. Some of the species roses still cultivated include:
Rosa acicularis (Prickly rose) has small pink to dark red blossoms on a straight, climbing stem with straight thorns and elliptical to oval toothed leaves.
Rosa arkansana or 'Prairie' rose also has pink flowers in clusters on a rather straight stem. Thorns are densely prickled on lower stems and the oblong leaves are sharply toothed as well.
Rosa blanda or the smooth roses have pink fading to white flowers on straight, branching stems. Thorns only exist on the base of old stems and their leaves are oblong in shape.
Rosa canina or 'Dog' rose got the name from the old belief that rose hips are offered as protection from mad dog bites. The plant is hardy that it is used as rootstock when grafting roses.
Rosa carolina's (Carolina rose) flowers range from white to bright pink that grows a solitary per stem. It has straight rounded thorns and oblong to rounded leaflets and the plant can reach up to a meter in height. This is the most common species rose in the US.
Rosa glauca has hips bunched like grapes. It is mainly grown for its reddish-purple foliage and red cane. It has fragrant pink flowers with white centers.
Rosa multiflora has small leaves and white single flowers usually in sprays. Commonly grown as a fence, this plant is native to Japan and Korea and some areas in the US consider them invasive.
Rosa nitida or 'Shining' rose is grown for its glossy leaves that turn bright red, yellow and purple in autumn. The plant usually grows near swaps as a dense bush and the small pink flowers are sweetly scented.
Rosa rugosa originates from Asia and grows naturally in dunes. It has bright pink, red and white flowers with deeply-veined dark green leaves.
Rosa sericea or the 'Silky' rose has shark's fin-like thorns and white flowers with only four petals. The plant is native to China and a variety is ornamentally grown for its large, bright red thorns.
Rosa setigera or 'Climbing' rose has pink flowers in tight clusters on a vine-like arching stem. Thorns are straight, mostly on the lower stems and leaves are ovate with pointed tips.
Heirloom Roses or "old garden roses" are the roses that existed before 1867. Their blossoms are big and fragrant and they are bred to have longer stems for they are perfect as cut flowers.
Further divided into two groups, there are heirloom roses (Gallica, Alba, Damask, Centifolia, Moss, and Ayrshire) that bloom once each growing season, usually in early summer and then repeat bloomers (Bourbon, China, Portland, Hybrid, Noisette, and Tea) (7).
Albas or 'white roses' are the most elegant of the old roses which grow tall and upright, often climbing. Their fragrant flowers come in white and pink and they have grey-green leaves.
Ayrshire roses are climbing, sprawling roses of pliable growth said to have originated from Scotland. Their flowers are off-white and purplish-pink in color.
Bourbon roses are the first repeat-blooming roses. They are named after Ile de Bourbon in the Indian Ocean and they have a rather tall and leggy growth habit.
Centifolias' blooms contain over a hundred petals, hence the name. Because of the full heavy flower head and lanky growth habit, support may be needed to keep them off the ground.
China rose by wangliligm/pixabay
China roses were introduced from China to Europe, hence the name. They have smaller flowers in shades of pink and red and their fragrance has a sweet, fruity note. The plants are either dwarf shrubs or vigorous climbers. China roses were highly cultivated and bred with the European roses and are the source of today's wide array of roses.
Damask roses (Rosa × damascena) are said to have been introduced to Europe in ancient times from the Middle East. They are best known for their fragrance used in making perfumes but they also have impressive blooms in the colors of white pink and red. They also have an arching growth and thorny stems.
Rosa gallicas are the oldest garden roses said to have been grown by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Their blossoms are of varying colors and are intensely scented. Their leaves are dark green and the overall plant is compact due to its profuse growth by underground runners.
Hybrid perpetuals have large, scented flowers in pink, red, purple and white. The plant has an upright, arching growth and reaches about 2 meters in height.
Moss roses got their name from the moss-like growth on the flower's sepals and calyx which when rub releases a smell of pine. Sometimes, this type of rose is confused with Portulaca grandiflora (ten o'clock), which is also commonly known as moss rose.
Noisette roses are the first roses that were bred in America and are considered important in breeding because of their rare yellow and orange colors. The flowers are usually produced in fragrant clusters and the plant is sprawling, grows tall and bushy.
Portland rose by helainealon/pixabay
Portland roses are pink, multi-petaled with light green foliage. The fragrant flowers are small with very short peduncle and they are ideal for containers.
Tea roses are characterized by their tea-scented large blooms and the plant's tendency to form a V-shaped shrub. They are recommended to be pruned lightly for abundant bloom. The flowers are usually five-petaled in pastel colors or shades of red.
"La France" is the first hybrid tea rose introduced in 1867, a variety produced from Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Rose, so beautiful and successful that it started the new era of Modern Roses. Their flowers have a more expansive color palette and they can bloom repeatedly in a growing season (8).
Types of Modern Roses include:
Climbing roses need support for their long, sprawling growth habit. They are not vines but the canes or fruiting stems are pliable that they can be trained along with sturdy structures. Favorite varieties include Lady Banks, Blaze, and Dortmund.
Floribunda roses were the result of the cross between polyantha and hybrid tea roses and as the name suggests, they are abundant with flowers as they are continuous bloomers. The flowers come in large clusters and the plant is less than a meter tall. Varieties include Iceberg, Angel Face and Showbiz.
Grandiflora roses are usually grown as barrier plants in the landscape because of the usual two-meter height and large clusters of blooms, sometimes in a single form. A cross between the floribunda and hybrid tea, the grandifloras inherited the 'grand' traits of clustered blooms and tall plant growth. Selections include Queen Elizabeth, Tournament of Roses and Solitude.
Hybrid Tea roses are today's most popular roses with the long blooming season. Their blooms have around 40 petals per stem with several side buds and come in all sorts of colors. They are excellent cut flowers as they produce scented, long-lasting blossoms. Mr. Lincoln, Peace and Double Delight are common varieties.
Miniature roses are small true roses with tiny flowers, stems, and leaves. They are mostly grown as novelty plants and they are perfect indoor plants to put some colors in the house.
Polyantha roses are vigorous, low-growing shrubs with small flowers in clusters. They are typically used for landscape massing and edging. The flowers are in sprays of pink, red, and white which are decorative and open flat. Common varieties are Margo Koster, China Doll, and The Fairy.
Tree roses, unlike the other roses that were produced by breeding, are actually grafted. They are usually propagated using three different superior rose plants that will provide strong roots for anchorage, long upright stem, and prolific striking flowers and foliage.
Black roses are the enigma of all roses. The continuous pursuit of the true black rose has led to the cultivation of new roses, just as mysteriously beautiful. This rose color bears both sad and beautiful meanings such as death, tragic love, rebirth, and pure devotion.
Blue roses are the elusive ones. Breeders have tried to achieve the striking, sought-after color but still fall short. It's no wonder why the blue rose signifies the unattainable, the impossible. But it also means fighting all odds, giving hope that the true blue rose will soon be created.
Green roses may not have the distinct petals of common roses but they are as valuable, nonetheless. They are decorative and equally unique in the floriculture industry. Green roses are the symbol of renewal, harmony, good health, and prosperity.
Orange roses emanate energetic vibe. These flamboyant flowers are the reminder of summer and they definitely provide the color every landscape needs. An orange rose is a fitting symbol of desire, enthusiasm, and creativity.
Pink roses in bouquets are always a delight to the eye. With their graceful air, they are a favourite among debutantes and brides alike. The delicate pink rose flower symbolizes appreciation, happiness, sweetness, sympathy, and gentleness.
Purple roses are given as a symbol of love at first sight. This rose is a new lover's way to express that they are enchanted by their partner's beauty and behaviors. This rose color is also traditionally associated with royalty.
Red roses are the classic representation of timeless beauty and passionate love and when streaked with white mean unity. The most popular of roses, the red rose is richly entwined with myths and legends and is often used as a symbol throughout history.
White roses may be simple-looking but they are far from boring. They are also deeply associated with history and literature. The white rose is considered the universal symbol of purity, innocence, youthfulness, and sympathy.
Yellow roses, in the Victorian times, may mean jealousy but these roses are too warm and cheerful to be defined as such. More fitting connotations are friendship, a warm welcome, joy, and remembrance. With this more optimistic association, more yellow roses have been cultivated over time.
Up Next: All types of flower names
(1) Perry, L. "Roses and Their Fragrance." University of Vermont Extension. 2005.
(2) "The History of Roses." University of Illinois Extension. https://web.extension.illinois.edu/roses/history.cfm
(3) Barron, L. "Roses and How to Grow Them." Apple Wood Books. 2008, P.264.
(4) Tenenbaum, F. "Taylor's 50 Best Roses: Easy Plants for More Beautiful Gardens." Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1999. P. 127.
(5) "Handbook of Selecting Roses." American Rose Society. 2002. https://www.rose.org/single-post/2018/06/11/Rose-Classifications?page_id=7530.
(6) Boskabady, et al. 2011, "Pharmacological Effects of Rosa Damascena", Iran J Basic Med Sci. link
(7) Thomas, S.T. "The Graham Stuart Thomas Rose Book." Timber Press, Inc. 1994.
(8) "Types of Modern Roses." University of California Cooperative Extension. https://ucanr.edu/sites/UC_Master_Gardeners/files/23466.pdf.
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Hazelle C.
Hazelle Cabugao has a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in Agriculture specializing in Ornamental Horticulture. A landscape horticulturist by profession, she has been designing, installing, and maintaining various landscapes and gardens for residential and commercial use. She is passionate about creating sustainable green spaces in the city and writing about interesting flowering plants of the world.
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Q: How do I get the rows and columns from a tbody in javascript? I'm trying to apply css classes to a calendar after it's been loaded. I've confirmed everything in the javascript and the method in the controller works as it should until I try to get the rows from the tbody. here's the javascript.
jQuery(document).ready(function() {
    var calendar = $('#Trafikkalender');
    var date = $('#selectedDate').val();
    var param = { date: date }
    var url = $('#calArrayPostUrl').data('url');
    $.post(url, param, function(data) {
        var body = calendar.find('tbody');

        //var rows = body.getElementsByTagName('tr');
        var rows = body.rows;

        for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
            //var cols = rows[i].getElementsByTagName('td');
            var cols = rows[i].cells;
            for (var j = 0; cols.length; j++) {
                var col = cols[j];
                col.addClass(data[i][j]);
            }
        }
    });
});

when I hover over rows in the debugger in chrome it dsays that rows is undefined. as you can see I've tried another approach but getElementsByTagName is not a function according to chrome.

A: You can use this
$.post(url, param, function(data) {
    var body = calendar.find('tbody');
    var rows = body.find('tr');

    for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
        var cols = $(rows[i]).find('td');
        for (var j = 0; cols.length; j++) {
            var col = cols[j];
            col.addClass(data[i][j]);
        }
    }
}

Hope this helps!!

A: You can use find() method passing the tag name:
 var rows = body.find('tr');

Same can be used for td elements too.

A: body is a jQuery object, not a DOM element:
var calendar = $('#Trafikkalender');
var body = calendar.find('tbody');

... so it doesn't have a rows property:
> console.log(body.rows);
undefined

Since you are already using jQuery you can fetch all items at once with a jQuery selector:
 body("td")

And if you prefer raw DOM elements you can extract them from the jQuery object:
 body[0].rows