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california state department of healthTo complete the stylish extension, a number of the property's existing hardwood windows have also been sympathetically replaced. Tasked with identifying a system that could match the visual appeal of the original wooden frames whilst offering improved quality, usability and security, the Dortech team took the innovative step of suggesting a change to aluminium. After reviewing alternative products on the market, Senior's high quality PURe® aluminium windows were found to significantly outperform cheaper aluminium systems and offer the perfect solution in terms of both performance and aesthetics. "Our entry for this award is a thank you to them for their vision and willingness to do things differently. It's also a thank you to BEIS for the courage and far-sightedness they have shown in working constructively with industry to fit their approach to the needs and circumstances of UK manufacturing." We've been determined to create a more productive conversation and shared vision for improving competitiveness through decarbonisation and energy efficiency – and to get people on all sides to understand one another and be ready to play their part. I want to express my thanks to the British Glass staff who have made this happen." We've been determined to create a more productive conversation and shared vision for improving competitiveness through decarbonisation and energy efficiency – and to get people on all sides to understand one another and be ready to play their part. I want to express my thanks to the British Glass staff who have made this happen." Torquay's Fenster Fabrications is set to feature in an upcoming episode of ITV 1's hit home improvement show Love Your Home and Garden.
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Q: Какое минимальное четырехразрядное число в двоичной системе счисления? Вопрос из школьного курса по инфе.
Какое минимальное четырехразрядное число в двоичной системе счисления (в старшем разряде не может стоять 0, указывать основание счисления в ответе не нужно)?

A: По всей видимости, число, начинающееся с 1 и состоящее из 4 разрядов: 1000

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Zen and Buddhism
Symbols and Totems
Articles by Ana
Alexandrite Birthstone: Most Expensive Means Most Powerful?
About 150 years ago, there was a rare gemstone discovered in the rural mountains of Russia. The stone was at first believed to be an emerald, but when viewed at night, the crystal suddenly seems to change color. But there's so much more in [continue reading]
The Truth About the Unknown Properties of Citrine Birthstone
Sparkles like the sun, the bright yellow color of the gemstone Citrine is sure to bring a smile to your heart and face. Considered a minor gemstone, the Citrine has increased in popularity over the last decade or so. Are you interested in a [continue reading]
Diamond Birthstone, its Role in Numerology and Healing Properties
Although when most people think about a Diamond, they think about that sparkling clear stone. But Diamonds can actually come in several colors, including blue, pink, purple, violet, green, and red. Diamonds are considered to be the most valuable of [continue reading]
Peridot Birthstone: Gem of the Sun, Warmth, and Openness
The Peridot is a semi-precious gemstone that runs between brownish green to yellowish-green to bright green in color. Often referred to as the "gem of the sun," it was once believed that this stone could only be mined at night because it [continue reading]
Emerald Birthstone: Super Powers for Leo, Taurus, Gemini, and Cancer
Prized for thousands of years for its sparkling green color, the Emerald has been worn by royalty and praised for its beauty. One of the more precious gemstones, the Emerald is also one of the most beautiful and coveted stones that exist today. Are [continue reading]
Yellow Sapphire Birthstone: Here's How It Works for All Zodiac Signs
The Yellow Sapphire is associated with the planet Jupiter and is said to bring wisdom, knowledge, wealth, fortune, and happy relationship to the family to those whom the stone has a positive influence over. Are you interested in a particular topic [continue reading]
Chrysoprase Birthstone: What Gifts Has the Stone of Venus to Give?
Chrysoprase is a minor gemstone that was used by the Greeks and Romans to make seals, signets, and jewelry. The name Chrysoprase comes from the word chryso, meaning "gold" and Prase meaning "green." Are you interested in a [continue reading]
Hi! My name is Ana, and I am the editor of Buddhatooth.com. I am relentlessly search for ways to become a better person through meditation, mindfulness and healing crystals. And I find it fun to write about it in this blog. Namaste!
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Where to Work Out in L.A. 2022 – The Hollywood Reporter
Stars are getting their minds and bodies shaped into top form at the hottest new wellness spaces, including a clubby referral-only Pilates studio, a mind-body mat class, the debut Clmbr studio and a Bali-inspired outdoor wellness sanctuary with NFT membership passes. Plus, athleisure brand Beyond Yoga opens its first L.A. store and VR fitness app Supernatural launches a music artist series.
THE CLASS
A workout room at The Class in Santa Monica.
Courtesy of Subject
Decorated with nods to lunar phases and the power of crystals, the new Santa Monica studio of Taryn Toomey's mind-body program The Class — whose fans include Gwyneth Paltrow, Emma Stone and Alicia Keys — marks its first permanent West Coast location. The emotive, mat-based sessions (also available via The Class' digital studio) mix in squats, jumping jacks, burpees, Pilates, dance cardio and meditation to a carefully calibrated playlist.
Until now, pop-ups on the Santa Monica Pier and other L.A. locations have swiftly sold out. "After many years teaching The Class in various locations around Los Angeles, it is exciting and fulfilling to be able to give our students and teachers a place to truly call home; to put down roots in the Santa Monica community," Toomey, a former luxury fashion executive, tells THR. "I hope that the space will help people leave the outside world behind, ground themselves and reap the benefits of our signature mindful movement method."
The class first launched in TriBeCa in NYC in 2013. New students receive two free classes. Single classes $30 (less with packages). 2433 Main St., theclass.com/la-studio
FORMA PILATES
In 2020, Liana Levi opened a boutique Pilates experience in her mother's Little Holmby pool house. Soon, the convivial, referral-only squad of Forma Pilates devotees included Ariana Grande, Hailey Bieber, Rita Ora, Kylie and Kendall Jenner, Lori Harvey and Bella Hadid.
"Forma is not just Pilates; it's a community of like-minded individuals who choose to learn the fundamentals and depth technique of Pilates," Levi tells THR. "We specialize in transforming bodies and building strength, as well as relationships.
Levi has since opened two more Forma Pilates studios in L.A., with one on Melrose Avenue in 2021 and her latest on Melrose Place earlier this year. The business also expanded in March to New York City with a SoHo studio and an Upper East Side outpost is slated for November. Forma launched branded Pilates equipment bundles ($250) in May for home workout use. Online reformer and mat classes — launched in 2021 and open to anyone — are $19.99 for 30-day rentals; $49.99 per month and $450 for an annual subscription. Referral only, small group sessions $100, private sessions $250, address provided upon purchase, formapilatesla.com
RAFI LOUNGE
A meditation session at Rafi Lounge in Malibu, located across the street from Nobu.
Jamie Foxx and Nicole Murphy have been spotted at Rafi Lounge, an outdoor wellness/co-work/social sanctuary in Malibu across the street from Nobu.
Created by Rafi Anteby — a gifting lounge producer, designer of jewelry line Bullets 4 Peace (worn by Rihanna, Justin Bieber and Beyoncé), mandala artist and martial arts instructor — the Bali-inspired spot offers cabana work spaces, an oxygen bar and an array of classes, including meditation surrounded by 100 butterflies lured by milkweed, plus sound baths, belly dancing, reiki, ballet, boxing, Qigong and cycling. Among the instructors is Brooke Burke who teaches breathwork and body sculpt classes.
"It's a getaway from the craziness," says Anteby. "During the pandemic, people didn't know what was next and needed some anchor. I felt that I could not only elevate them from the perspective of building in wellness, but I also know a lot of the gurus so I started bringing my friends like the lama of Tibet to do lessons, often on an LED screen. We attract digital nomads who can work anywhere in the world." There are monthly yacht parties, annual retreats, and Anteby additionally invites speakers from the Web3/NFT community.
Rafi Lounge offers a new NFT model ($5,000 per person, lifetime membership) in which members own a portion of a digital mandala art piece, with a resalable QR code that serves as a member pass. Additional locations will open in Newport Beach and Miami next year, with plans for West Hollywood and Scottsdale next. Single classes from $35. 22741 E. Pacific Coast Highway, rafilounge.com
STUDIO CLMBR
Combining cardio and strength training with a high-tech sound system, the vertical Clmbr machine has attracted Jay-Z, Odell Beckham Jr. and Ryan Seacrest as investors. "With Clmbr, you're getting a beautifully designed piece of equipment that fits anywhere, mixed with a safe, low-impact workout," says CEO Avrum Elmakis. Initially launched for home use, Clmbr is rolling out Studio Climbr gyms with classes that supplement the machine with weight exercises. Its second Studio Clmbr location (after Denver) just opened in West Hollywood. Single classes $28 (less with packages) or $179 a month unlimited. 8599 Santa Monica Blvd., studio.clmbr.com
BEYOND YOGA STORE
The L.A.-based athleisure label Beyond Yoga, known for its ultra-soft fabrics and size inclusivity, has opened its very first store in a 4,000-square-foot space in Santa Monica. (The company was acquired by Levi Strauss & Co. last year.) Jennifer Lopez, Shay Mitchell, A-list fashion stylist Erin Walsh and Hollywood makeup artist Mary Phillips are all fans of Beyond Yoga. The new shop showcases Beyond Yoga's activewear, maternity collection, sleepwear, leisurewear and expanding menswear line along with accessories from six female-founded L.A. companies including Emi Jay hair clips, Sticky Be socks, and Dagne Dover bags. A second location is due to open in the Irvine Spectrum Center this fall. Beyond Yoga, 1409 3rd Street Promenade, Santa Monica, beyondyoga.com
SUPERNATURAL ARTIST SERIES
The Supernatural VR fitness app, designed to pair with Oculus' Meta Quest 2, launched in April 2020 and has since gained a fast star following. Dan Levy, Neil Patrick Harris, Kelly Ripa and Elliot Page all immerse themselves in the boxing, meditation, stretch and flow workouts. The company recently kicked off its Artist Series, featuring sessions with dedicated music from Katy Perry, The Weeknd, Swedish House Mafia and Imagine Dragons. Kid Cudi lands this month, with Coldplay coming in November, followed by Lady Gaga in December. $19 per month or $179 annually; getsupernatural.com
A version of this story first appeared in the Oct. 5 issue of The Hollywood Reporter magazine. Click here to subscribe.
From life of crime to finding religion: Prisoners experience a 'spiritual awakening'
Women Saints and Spirituality: Therese of Lisieux
CNBC's Bob Pisani has had a unique vantage point to watch the cataclysmic changes modern markets have endured since...


Haha I can definitely relate to this!
love the cartoon. I remember visiting one of my daughters in Germany last year where she was constantly whipping out the sanitizer from her pocket and making me use it :-). It seems the handrails on the stairs that we often used attracted a lot of germs due to the area where they were situated.
« A Pawsitively Warm Winter for Your Feline Friend!


February 22 we honor our primary founding father and first president George Washington.
The US got rid of the holiday to honor him and turned it into Presidents Day, a purposeless Monday to form a 3-day weekend. Let's honor him in this small corner on February 22, the anniversary of his birth in 1732.
His farewell address of 1796 was read in Congress every year until the 1979 When that ended there was a wreath-laying ceremony at the Washington Monument until 2003. Congress stopped honoring President Washington? It appears so.
… The name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have in a common cause fought and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels, and joint efforts of common dangers, sufferings, and successes.
Then he disparages borrowing. Then he warns of attachment to some foreign nations and calls for neutrality instead. He concludes with humility. A great man.
Text at the Avalon Project at Yale Law School. See also US History.org.


If you or your loved one has been seriously injured in a Slip and Fall accident, Attorney Winer-Beck may be able to help you get the compensation and justice deserved.
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Take good pictures immediately of accident scene and injuries especially if fall occurred on ice and snow or a foreign liquid or substance.


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Last month, the Consumer Sentiment Index was 69.5.
The above percentages represent the month-to-month change in orders for durable or hard goods for immediate or future delivery from U.S. manufacturers. Examples of durable goods: cars, airplanes, computers -- items that are built to last 3+ years.
Each of the 3 major indexes gained more than 4% on the week despite crude oil for future delivery closing at more than $116 per barrel today.
For the week, the DJIA added 523.94 points (+4.251%), the NASDAQ Composite Index gained 112.73 (+4.922%), and the S&P 500 Index rose by 57.50 points (+4.314%).
Each of the 3 major indexes lost more than 2% on the week. Crude oil for future delivery closed above the $110 per barrel mark.
For the week, the DJIA lost 284.00 points (-2.252%), the NASDAQ Composite Index lost 80.74 (-3.405%), and the S&P 500 Index lost 37.57 points (-2.742%).
Each of the 3 major indexes gained more than 3% on the week despite news that nonfarm payrolls declined by 80,000 last month and the unemployment rate rose to 5.1%.
For the week, the DJIA added 393.02 points (+3.217%), the NASDAQ Composite Index gained 109.80 (+4.856%), and the S&P 500 Index gained 55.18 points (+4.195%).


This leading international law firm are looking for an ambitious individual to join their London office as a Business Development Manager. You will be working alongside partners and associates to support the BD services working in one of the firms flagship sectors. We are looking for individuals already operating at BDM level to step into this role and lead on strategy, whilst also having line management responsibilities.
Experience at BDM level, this role would ideally suit someone with 2/3 years management experience looking to stretch and develop themselves further. Prior exposure to line management will be required.


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For one of our customers, we had to migrate more than 1,000 companies in Microsoft Dynamics AX. You could not migrate them one by one, so we had to come up with a way to migrate multiple companies. We made a few extensions and adjustments in To-Increase Data Migration Studio. Here's how you, too, can perform data migration of any number of companies, using the solution.
You can now create company groups.
When you run a data migration project you can run it for a company group.
The connection setup can be global, per company, or for a company group.
It's important to lower the risk when you need to migrate multiple companies at the same time. It should be possible to test your process over and over again. To make it repeatable, we added the concept of company groups to Data Migration Studio for Microsoft Dynamics AX.
For example, when you need to migrate six companies, you can do that all in one go or, for instance, in two groups to run multiple companies at the same time. In the first group you have companies 1, 2, and 3 and in the second group 4, 5, and 6.
For each company group you can add a set of companies. In addition to that a batch group can be specified to spread the load over different batch servers. When you haven't specified anything on the company level, Data Migration Studio will use the batch group from the company group.
To run multiple companies at the same time you can now run the project as before. In addition to that you can specify the company group. When you do this, Data Migration Studio will create the batch tasks per company in the group.
You can still see and trace the history in the project history form per company.
Because it can be difficult to maintain all the connections for the different companies, we made different options available in Data Migration Studio.
Data Migration Studio will always check the environment type from the parameters. When you use the project for multiple companies, Data Migration Studio will first check a specific company.
When there is no company specified, Data Migration Studio will check the group.
When there is no group specified Data Migration Studio, will look for the global setup.
I hope this makes your work easier and helps you migrate multiple companies. Please get in touch with any questions or feedback.


Cameron Dezen Hammon is a writer and musician whose work has appeared in or is forthcoming from The Brooklyn Review, Ecotone, Guernica's "The Kiss" series, The Literary Review, Houston Chronicle, and elsewhere. She earned her MFA in Creative Nonfiction at Seattle Pacific University, and is at work on a memoir about religious and romantic obsession. Visit her website: www.camerondezenhammon.com.


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Gerry Hatrić, I would not want to presume why you are writing these wonderful flash tales on Medium. If you would care for more readership may I suggest you submit them to The Mad River or to Stevie Adler at Adler's Writing, to The Junction, to Lit Up. I have read a few, they are delightful. I will come back to read the rest. Perhaps change some of the tags to flash fiction, micro fiction, humor (not funny). I'm going to tag a few people so they are able to find you as well. I see you are on Twitter, I'd like to post links to some of these stories there, with your consent.
To know where you're going find out where you've been.


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Mercy Baguma: Govan mum found dead next to 'starving baby'
Postive Action in Housing
Ms Baguma is believed to have lost her job when her right to work expired
The death of a woman whose one-year-old child was reportedly found malnourished beside her body is being investigated.
Mercy Baguma, originally from Uganda, was discovered in a flat in Glasgow on Saturday 22 August after the sounds of her son crying were heard.
A police spokesperson said her death is being treated as unexplained but not suspicious.
Refugee charity Positive Action in Housing said Ms Baguma had claimed asylum and lived in "extreme poverty".
It said she her lost her job after her right to work in the UK expired.
Her son was found next to his mother, crying and "weakened from several days of starvation" according to Robina Qureshi, director of Positive Action in Housing.
The boy was taken to hospital and released on Monday 24 August, and is now staying with his father.
The charity said Ms Baguma had contacted them several weeks ago saying she did not have enough money to look after herself or her child.
A Home Office spokesperson said: "This is a tragic situation and our condolences go to Ms Baguma's family."
They added: "The Home Office takes the wellbeing of all those in the asylum system extremely seriously, and we will be conducting a full investigation into Ms Baguma's case."
Friends and relatives became concerned for their welfare when communication with Ms Baguma ceased on Tuesday 18 August.
Ms Qureshi said: "Why are mothers and babies being left to go hungry in this city, and why is it being left to charities and volunteers to pick up the pieces?"
She added: "Would this mother be alive if she was not forced out of her job by this cruel system that stops you from working and paying your way because a piece of paper says your leave to remain has expired? I'm sure Mercy's son will want to ask this and other questions once he is old enough."
The charity said Ms Baguma's death was the latest tragedy to hit Glasgow's refugee community in less than four months.
One man was shot dead after stabbing six people including a police officer at the Park Inn hotel on Friday 26 June.
At the start of May, a 30-year-old Syrian refugee, Adnan Walid Elbi, was found dead in his room in temporary hotel accommodation in Glasgow.
Positive Action in Housing has repeated calls for an independent inquiry into asylum seeker accommodation during the coronavirus pandemic.
The world cannot forget the Rohingya | Myanmar
High Court's Commercial Division Completes 1100 Cases


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Telstra CEO David Thodey has announced a major restructure to the company's executive team. One of the key changes is the appointment of a new group managing director for Telstra's consumer business.
According to Thodey the changes reflect the changing operating structure of the company, with a significant drive to help improve the customer experience and make Telstra a world leader in sales, marketing and product innovation.
The key change to the business is the appointment of Gordon Ballantyne as the new group managing director of Telstra Consumer and Channels, which is effective in June.
The other two aspects of the restructure include the appointment of Kate McKenzie to the newly created position of chief marketing officer and expanding the role of Robert Nason, who will now take on the responsibility of corporate strategy, mergers and acquisitions, and the program office. He will still hold the title of group managing director of customer experience, simplicity and productivity.
"Telstra's core objectives are to provide our customers with innovative products and services, and to serve our customer better than anybody else," said Thodey.
Thodey was confident that Ballantyne was the correct choice as the new head of the company's consumer business.
"Gordon Ballantyne is the right person for this critical position. He will lead our drive to win new customers and better serve existing customers in the consumer market," he said.


The Bears are open for business. Hours after trading Jared Allen to the Carolina Panthers, the Bears reached a deal with the New England Patriots for linebacker Jon Bostic on Monday night.
Like Allen, the Bears are getting a sixth-round pick in return for Bostic, according to ESPN. The deal is pending a physical, which will happen on Tuesday.
Trading Bostic is just another move away from former general manager Phil Emery's work at Halas Hall. Bostic was the 50th overall pick in the 2013 draft and had started 17 games over his first two seasons.
Bostic has struggled to stay healthy in his brief time with the Bears. He missed the first three games of this season with a high-ankle sprain, a source said. But Bostic was planning on being more active this week. He suffered his high-ankle sprain in the preseason.
It didn't help his cause with the Bears as Shea McClellin and Christian Jones cemented themselves as the starters at inside linebacker. Undrafted rookie John Timu also earned a roster spot.
Bostic also was hindered by a back, hip and shin issues this offseason. It kept him out of coach John Fox's first offseason program and parts of training camp.


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NASCAR Trucks Homestead: Larson to start from pole
Andrew Lewin
Kyle Larson will start from pole position in Friday night's NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway
Kyle Larson has claimed pole position for the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway, his second pole in just nine starts in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.
The 22-year-old Sprint Cup Series regular, who is also competing in this weekend's Nationwide race as part of a triple-header, clinched the top spot with a lap of 32.252s (167.431mph) in the final top-12 pole shoot-out round on the 1.5-mile intermediate oval.
Brad Keselowski Racing's Ryan Blaney will start alongside Larson on the front row after being pipped by the Turner Scott Motorsports #42 by just 0.017s, while on the second row Win-Tron Racing's Ross Chastain will lined up next to Blaney's BKR team mate Tyler Reddick, who was the fastest qualifying rookie.
Reddick had earlier set the fastest time of anyone in qualifying, when he had topped the second round of qualifying with a lap of 31.897s (169.295mph) to put himself 0.181s ahead of Larson on that occasion.
With Kyle Busch locking up fifth place on the grid, championship leader Matt Crafton will start from sixth place as he bids to become the first back-to-back winner in Truck Series history. The ThorSport Racing driver currently holds a 25 point lead over Blaney in the standings coming into today's race, and only needs to finish in 21st place or better to lock up this year's title.
Ty Dillon will line up in seventh place in the #9 NTS Motorsports truck, standing in for an unwell Brennan Newberry. Next to him on the fourth row will be Kyle Busch Motorsport's Darrell Wallace, who is bidding to lock up third place in this year's championship from ThorSport's Johnny Sauter.
Erik Jones wins 2015 Truck Series championship
Homestead: Truck Series race results
Sauter is 13 points behind Wallace in the standings, but failed to make it into the final round of qualifying meaning that he will start from 17th place in the 2014 season finale. Other notable names to miss out on the cut for the final round were Timothy Peters (Red Horse Racing) who will start from 15th, Joey Coulter (GMS Racing) from 19th and Peters' team mate German Quiroga from 22nd.
Norm Benning failed to post a qualifying time in the first round, which saw a red flag displayed to enable track workers to attend to a build-up of fluid out on the track. Benning still makes the grid based on owners points.
Full Truck Series qualifying results from Homestead-Miami Speedway
2016 Truck Series schedule confirmed by NASCAR
Townley lasts the distance for maiden Truck victory
Get the latest NASCAR news straight to your Twitter feed! CLICK HERE to follow Crash.net's new dedicated NASCAR Twitter feed
Crafton and Blaney top Trucks practice at Homestead
Homestead: Trucks qualifying results
Las Vegas: Truck Series race results
Fuel battle hands Nemechek first Truck win
Chicagoland: Truck Series race results
Busch bounces back into Trucks with Pocono win
Bell sounds ringing dirt track success for KBM at Eldora


"The Bipartisan Policy Center appreciates the opportunity to submit comments on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' (CMS) request for information concerning changes to Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) regulations that could promote increased stability of the individual health insurance market and affordability of coverage. Earlier this year, BPC convened a bipartisan group of leading national health policy experts to identify a path forward for a consensus approach to improving health care in the United States. With the assistance of this Future of Health Care panel of experts, BPC stands ready to work with CMS and Congress to advance policies that will improve access to affordable health care and insurance coverage in America.
BPC stands ready to work with CMS and Congress to advance policies that will improve access to affordable health care and insurance coverage in America.
"As a part of its recent Market Stabilization Rule, CMS finalized several changes for the Health Insurance Marketplaces (hereinafter Marketplaces) that will be implemented in 2018 and could further improve financial performance among individual market insurers. CMS is also requesting regulatory waiver applications from states seeking to innovate their individual market insurance models. If structured properly within the framework of important guardrails, such state-level changes could help to stabilize premiums in the Marketplaces, as could the Market Stabilization Rule's policy to delegate exclusive authority over individual market network adequacy standards to state regulators. In 2015, BPC recommended several policies to improve state flexibility in the individual market. BPC will continue to examine the issue as a part of our Future of Health Care efforts.
"However, given that the reformed individual market has not fully matured and that political uncertainty surrounding ongoing PPACA implementation is likely to complicate that market maturation process, BPC agrees that additional regulatory actions by CMS could be helpful in stabilizing the market. Such actions, in conjunction with legislative fixes where necessary, could help control future premium cost growth in the individual market.


In this video tutorial I'll show you how to design pie charts using Sketch. You can create pie charts manually using shapes, masks, and the pen tool, however I'm going to show you two approaches which are far quicker and more precise.
This is the easiest approach, and involves the use of a plugin. Sketchy Pies was created by Aby Nimbalkar and creates pie charts from your circle layers.
Begin by creating a circle. Then, with it selected, go to Plugins > Sketchy Pies > Convert to Pie Chart. You'll then see a prompt where you can enter a comma-separated list of color hex codes. Add as many as you like, then click OK; your pie is ready!
These pie sections are cleverly constructed using borders. You can edit each one by selecting them, then changing the border properties. The border color will change the section color, and you can alter the dash measurement to change the size of the section.
You can also specify the section sizes when you first create the pie. This is done by appending each color with a value, like percentages for example: #444444:20%,#555555:80% or decimal values like #444444:.2,#555555:.8.
You can position the color stops along the gradient precisely, using the number keys on your keyboard. Hitting 2, while your color stop is selected, will position it exactly 20% along the gradient. The start of each new section will have to be positioned exactly where the end of the previous section is.
Note: I'm using Sketch version 41.2, and you'll notice that where the sections join there's a jagged line. This hasn't always been the case, so I'm pretty sure it's a Sketch bug. Let me know if you use a different version and see better results!


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Katy Perry's Powerful Performance, Hillary's 'Hamilton' Shoutout and 8 More Musical Moments from the 2016 DNC
By Sophie Schillaci and Meredith B. Kile 10:14 PM PDT, July 28, 2016
Leading up to Hillary Clinton's acceptance of the official Presidential nomination for the Democratic Party on Thursday, she was cheered on by many musical friends and fans, who lent their talents to supporting the first female nominee from a major political party.
From Katy Perry's powerful Olympic anthem to Elizabeth Banks' star-studded a cappella cover, here's a look at the best musical moments from the 2016 Democratic National Convention.
Perry, who has been stumping for Clinton since before the primaries, took the stage on the final night of the convention to address the crowd prior to her performance, urging viewers and fans to register and vote.
"On Nov. 8, you'll be just as powerful as any NRA lobbyist. You'll have as much say as any billionaire," she told the crowd. "Or you can just cancel out your weird cousin's vote if you'd like."
Perry, who had boyfriend Orlando Bloom supporting her from the convention crowd and was snapped holding her hand backstage, then performed her Olympic anthem "Rise," before launching into her powerful ballad "Roar."
2. HILLARY'S HAMILTON SHOUT-OUT
While accepting her nomination as the first female presidential candidate from a major party, Clinton couldn't help but shout out 2016's other dominant political headline: the hit Broadway musical, Hamilton.
"Thought we may not live to see the glory -- as the song from the musical Hamilton goes -- let us gladly join the fight," she told the crowd. "Let our legacy be about planting seeds in a garden you never get to see."
Hamilton creator and star Lin-Manuel Miranda was predictably thrilled with the shout out, sharing on Twitter, "I'm with her. #AndShesBeenListeningToDiscTwo!"
RELATED: Bill and Hillary Clinton Share Emotional Reactions to Daughter Chelsea's DNC Introduction
3. DEMI LOVATO
Lovato called on personal experience to deliver her address about mental illness on Monday, recounting her own experience with seeking treatment and calling on politicians to support laws that would "provide access to better healthcare and support for everyone."
Following her remarks, the 23-year-old delivered a powerhouse performance of her hit single, "Confident." (Lovato's performance begins at 02:05.)
4. ALICIA KEYS
Keys used her platform on Tuesday to address the issue of gun violence. Before launching into a performance of "Superwoman," Keys told the crowd: "I dedicate this song to the mothers of the movement and all mothers who have lost their sons and their daughters to senseless violence. Until we deal with gun violence in this country, we can't claim home of the brave."
Later, she rallied for unity within the Democratic party. "Tonight is a celebration because we are stronger together," she declared. "Let's acknowledge our differences and celebrate them. Dr. King said, 'The last word must always be love!'"
5. ANDRA DAY
Day kept her focus on the performance, showcasing her absolutely stunning vocals on "Rise Up" without additional commentary.
EXCLUSIVE: Elizabeth Banks Talks Hosting Night 2 of the DNC, Recruiting Her Famous Friends for 'Fight Song' Video
6. ELIZABETH BANKS & FRIENDS
Elizabeth Banks called on her (many) famous friends to deliver a star-studded a cappella rendition of Rachel Platten's "Fight Song." Among those lending their support to the project: Mandy Moore, Aisha Tyler, Connie Britton, Eva Longoria, America Ferrera, Jane Fonda, Julie Bowen, Kristin Chenoweth, Idina Menzel, Sia, cast members of Pitch Perfect, and many more.
"There's harmony and strength in many, many voices and I just felt like that message would be carried if we made that kind of video out of 'Fight Song,'" a smiling Banks told ET moments after she exited the stage.
7. BROADWAY'S BEST AND BRIGHTEST
Menzel returned to the spotlight on Wednesday to kick off a rousing rendition of "What the World Needs Now" with the "brightest voices of Broadway." In pre-performance introduction, the song was dedicated to "the lives affected by gun violence." Among those joining Menzel in the serenade were Kristen Bell, Debra Messing, Audra McDonald, Darren Criss, B.D. Wong, Rosie Perez, Ben Vereen, among many others.
8. LENNY KRAVITZ
Kravitz brought some rock and roll to Philadelphia on Wednesday with a smooth showing of "Let Love Rule." Following his jam session, Kravitz kept his remarks brief. "One God, one planet, one people, and love is the only solution," he told the crowd.
WATCH: Lady Gaga Mobbed by Fans in New York City After Watching DNC With Sister Natali
9. CAROLE KING
Prolific singer-songwriter King took the stage on Thursday to sing her 1971 classic, "You've Got a Friend."
10. SHEILA E.
Prince's former musical collaborator, who performed an emotional tribute to the music legend at the BET Awards last month, joined Pete Escovedo on stage during the final night of the DNC to perform a stirring rendition of "La Cuna."
WATCH: Jane Fonda, Mandy Moore, Connie Britton and More Celebs Team Up for Epic 'Fight Song' Music Video
Eva Longoria, Connie Britton, Sia and More Stars Sing 'Fight Song' for Hillary Clinton at DNC


The Yorkshire Ebor Festival at York is one of the most famous racing festivals in the world. Held across four great days of racing, the Ebor takes centre stage on the fourth and final day of the August festival.
There are a total of three Group 1 races held across the four days, with the Oaks, Nunthorpe Stakes and International Stakes held throughout the week.
Always a popular festival for punters, the Ebor Festival attracts big money with bookmakers and we have all the Group 1 information available with free tips, history and betting guides.
The Group 1 International (Juddmonte) Stakes is the Group 1 feature on Day 1 of the Ebor Festival.
Punters have six great races to bet on, which includes the Great Voltigeur Stakes at Group 2 level and the Group 3 Acomb Stakes.
It's all about the girls on Day 2 of the Ebor Festival with the Yorkshire Oaks taking centre stage.
The Lowther Stakes for the fillies is also on the card and Ladies' Day is one of the most popular race days on the British calendar.
The Yorkshire Oaks always produces top-quality fillies and 2017 winner Enable is no exception.
The John Gosden-trained filly went on to become one of the highest-rated thoroughbreds in the world.
Day 3 features the Group 1 Nunthorpe Stakes and also the Lonsdale Cup Stakes and City of York Stakes.
A quality field is always presented in the Nunthorpe and despite racing for only a moderate stake, horses such as Lady Aurelia and Battaash were in attendance in 2017.
The final day of the festival, Day 4 features the Ebor Handicap which is the richest flat handicap race in Britain.
Also on the card is the Gimcrack Stakes and Strensall Stakes, which gives punters plenty of great racing to choose from.
2017 Ebor Handicap winner Nakeeta would later contest the Melbourne Cup in Australia where he finished a credible fifth of 23 runners.


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Home > Media Center > News > Speaking Out for the Rights of all Children
Speaking Out for the Rights of all Children
Traveling from the rural village of La Plaine on the Caribbean island nation of Dominica to speak at the United Nations in New York City, Denzel Matthew had butterflies.
"At first I felt nervous and afraid, but I had a lot of support from ChildFund and friends, so I just stood up and delivered," he said.
And deliver he did.
Denzel appeared at three separate events related to the United Nations Commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty.
The events were organized by the International Movement ATD Fourth World, a non-governmental organization that seeks solutions to eradicate extreme poverty; the NGO Subcommittee for the Eradication of Poverty; and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The Missions of France and Burkina Faso to the United Nations were cosponsors.
First up was a press conference, giving Denzel a chance to describe his experiences with poverty and how an opportunity to take a photography class through ChildFund International gave him new hope for the future.
Denzel shared the panel with Géraud Araud, permanent representative of France to the United Nations; Rachel Mayanja, special adviser of the Secretary-General on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women; and Thierry Viard, International ATD Movement Fourth World.
After a quick lunch with long-time ChildFund donors Jack and Barbara Clarke, who made Denzel's trip to the United Nations possible, the ChildFund entourage hurried to the commemoration event, "Children and Families Speak Out Against Poverty," in the UN Secretariat Building.
A large crowd, representing countries from around the world, was on hand. Once again, Denzel was honored as the first speaker. Describing his challenging background, Denzel noted, "The poverty rate in my country is 40%, which means many children and youth cannot attend school. Some quit early because they are not happy or they are thrown out because they do not behave properly."
Admitting that he used to "feel frustrated and hopeless," and thus turned to violence to express that unhappiness, Denzel related that through his work with ChildFund, he has made changes in his life and now has goals for the future.
"I hope that by helping others in school and getting more youth involved that I can change the future of others who may be in situations like me."
Immediately following the UN session, Denzel appeared at a third event, organized in partnership with UNICEF. Participating in a panel discussion, Denzel, accompanied by Dominica National Director Francis Joseph, shared the stage with Crispin Gregoire, permanent representative of the Commonwealth of Dominica to the United Nations and Gonzalo Gutiérrez, permanent representative of Peru to the United Nations.
Also on the panel were Liz Gibbons, with United Nations Children's Fund; Denisse Becerra, youth delegate of Peru to the United Nations; and Ariane Eigler, a New York social worker.
Following the fast-paced day, Denzel expressed relief and satisfaction at its conclusion. "I think it's important for young people to be at the United Nations because many people from all around the world go to the United Nations—and the young peoples' voices will be heard."
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Snoop Dogg mocked a picture of a makeup-free Iggy Azalea picture, and she was not happy.
Iggy Azalea posted a makeup-free picture on Instagram, a seemingly harmless act. Much to her surprise, Snoop Dogg posted a picture on his Instagram account mocking her natural look.
Iggy did not stand for this, however. She took to Twitter to speak out about his offensive post.


Next, Ostron and Lennon Roll for Persuasion and tackle the subject of min-maxing. After that we take a Short Rest and poke our heads into the Gnomish Workshop where we learn of different bonuses DMs can give to their players; before finally finishing off the show by looking into the Scrying Pool to see what you have to say.
What's your take on Min-maxing? Are you the type of player that takes pride in the most highly specialised builds, or are you happiest with making a character that feels more real? If you're a DM, do you welcome the challenge of dealing with min-maxers? Have you ever min-maxed an NPC? No matter your views, we want to hear them!
This one might get a little long, so I apologize.
Min-maxing I think has negative connotations because of the people who are typically attracted to it do so without thinking of the group as a whole, not because it itself is inherently bad. Saying that you can't have interesting RP as a min-maxed character is completely false, it all depends on who is piloting the character and what their goals are.
A group that decides to min-max can be just as RP heavy and fun as a group that decides to never min-max. The largest consideration anyone should take into account in any DnD game is will it belong in the group. If everyone is expecting sub-optimal characters, and unexpectedly in rolls Barbarian McSlayface who is an unstoppable juggernaut on the battlefield, that probably won't go well.
As a player I don't like it when one player in the group min-maxes if that wasn't discussed before hand because it may overshadow everyone else during combat. As a DM I don't like when one player min-maxes without warning because my encounter balance is thrown off.
However in my next campaign the players will be told to make the most min-maxy characters they can, and it will still be a heavy RP game like all our games. Its just a matter of expectations of the group.
I agree that a min/max character, when done right, doesn't pull from the role playing aspect of the game. However, as a player, I find it endlessly frustrating during combat when a player needs diagrams and five cross reference sheets from three different manuals to explain their attacks and why it's legal to use them. I do not envy any DM in such situations.
I also think that there is a level of min/maxing when it comes to actual role play. D&D provides us with huge array of spells and abilities to cover just about any situation that may arise. I, for one, choose spells and abilities that I feel my character would embrace. I don't choose them in a situational style. I may know how to make quiche but I don't eat eggs, I'll never make quiche. My cleric may know Ceremony but he could care less about a wedding. He will never give up a spell slot to wed the cute gnomes Gizmo and Gadget.
Role playing is fun when you have to make do with what you have to overcome a challenge. It bores me to just whip out a D&D Swiss army knife that gives you the exact tool that you need, when you need it. So, to Gizmo and Gadget, you don't need a piece of paper to show the world you're in love.


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Q: How to convert row to column in Python I have data like below.
[ 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.] <br>

(34,)

But I want to make this (1,34).
When I use np.reshape like
np.reshape(data, (1,34))

I get data like below.
[[ 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
  19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.]]

(1, 34)

But it looks weird for me. Could you recommend a solution?

%np.transpose does not change anything.

A: So with numpy's reshape(), it will change the dimensions of the array.  And those dimensions must be factors of the sum of elements.  In your case your arrary has 34 values, so you only have 4 options.  Either you have a dimension of (1,34) or (2,17), which look like:
    array([[ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
        17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
        33, 34]])

and
array([[ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
        17],
       [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
        34]])

Or you can do the reverse of the above with (34, 1):
array([[ 1],
       [ 2],
       [ 3],
       [ 4],
       [ 5],
         .
         .
       [34]

or finally (17, 2) which looks like :
array([[ 1,  2],
       [ 3,  4],
       [ 5,  6],
       [ 7,  8],
       [ 9, 10],
       [11, 12],
       [13, 14],
       [15, 16],
       [17, 18],
       [19, 20],
       [21, 22],
       [23, 24],
       [25, 26],
       [27, 28],
       [29, 30],
       [31, 32],
       [33, 34]])

This is because 34 only breaks down to 2 * 17 or 17 * 2.

A: You can also use the transpose of the array to (df.T) to get the desired output.


To get services started at Meridian, all you have to do is click below on 'Make a Referral'! We'll get a little bit of information about you and your child and that will get the ball rolling for an initial session, recommendations, and making a plan to get the most out of your therapy dollars.
Meridian clients use many different funding sources and we're happy to work with you to ensure that the funding you have is kept straight forward and on track. If you're paying privately and have health benefits, you can check with your provider to see if OT, SLP and BA are covered. We also work with home school and online school programs and other third party funding. Meridian is set up to direct bill to Autism Funding Branch and At Home Program as well.
Not sure what therapies or services would be best? The Meridian Initial Consultation package gives you full assessments across BA, OT and SLP. We then take all of our data and help you determine your best combination and intensity of services.


Vega Challenge is an international kayak race that gives you an extraordinary experience. The competition takes place in and around the Vega Islands on the northeastern coast of Norway. The race takes you through more than 6500 islands, islets and reefs, providing you with not only a physical challenge, but also an aesthetically pleasing expedition.
Vega Challenge has several stages for different levels of competitors. The longest stage, called Around Vega, is the ultimate trail. The race and the sea will test you on your way to the finish line.
It is tough, hard, and raw. It is also a beautiful and an unforgettable experience. Every time the paddle hits the water is a different feeling. The water resistance is sometimes light and easy, while other times hard and demanding.
You are fighting Mother Nature. There is wild and untouched nature all around you. The spectacular sight of the world heritage with its many islets, reefs and islands will envelop you as the kayak glides through the water. There is no proof of your existence. Your kayak leaves no traces on the water surface. You are a part of something bigger.
The organizer of Vega Challenge puts great emphasis on safety.
"Våttkort" is a certification and proves you have passed the Norwegian Paddle Foundation's intro course or a higher graded course. This certification is required for participation in Vega Challenge and must be shown upon registration.
The boats provided are well equipped and quick so that none of our competitors will be out of sight during the race. All the boats will have divers on board that are ready to assist, should it be necessary. The boats also have radio communication between one another and to the responsible crew on land. The local sea rescue service will be attending the race if the number of competitors is above 100.
Heated tents and warm soup will be available when you cross the finish line at Vegstein.
There will be alternative trails and distances in safer waters if the weather does not permit the race to be held in the original legs. Example: Vegstein – Røry – Vegstein. This will be announced on the homepage of Vega Challenge and other social media channels five days before the race. However, The race will be cancelled should the weather become too extreme.
First prize on start number, kayak Vega Designs Expedition delivered by WEST SYSTEM NORGE A/S.
This includes transport to and from Brønnøy Airport, boat or ferry to Vega, and transport to and from the race, along with accommodation at Camp Vegstein.
The Vega isles was entered into UNESCO's world heritage in 2004 and covers an area of 1037 km2 (about 400 square miles) along the coast of Helgeland, in the county of Nordland. This is the largest shallow water area in Northern Europe (link). The Vega isles was the first Norwegian cultural landscape to become a part of the world heritage. In addition to the nature the isles are mostly known for the interaction between the locals and the population of eiderducks. The locals keep the predators away, while the eiders gives some of the worlds finest down to a value of around 30 000 NOK per kilo gram.
Vega Kystlag preserves ancient traditions related to coastal culture. It maintains and manages an old merchant's store as a café and a museum.
Vega Kystlag provides the area where the base camp is located. They also provide the floating docks, the peer, the café and parking for attendees at Vega Challenge.
Brønnøy Sea sports club supplies Vega Challenge with boats and rescue crew for security during the race.
Follow us on Faceebook and Instragram to keep updates about whats happening in Vega and with the Vega Challenge.
Nettsted prosjektert og regissert av: Mai Strandjord Røsten, Karoline Starheim Glømmi, Vjolla Elisa Emiri, Tina Robstad Nilssen og Marie Otterbeck Gravråk.
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Cisco 877, How To enable SDM
This is more a landing page for more notes to follow(?) [and for Security Nerds, yes its an old "toxic Smurf stew" of moldy old software stirred together to support this, but packaged up in a nice virtual machine and used purely for management (not surfing the high-seas of Randsome ware Pirates) its an acceptable use-case.. chill..]
A few things (I really like) about a "real router".. modular upgradability (RAM and Flash) as hardware costs come down and needs increase. True dedicated IOS focused on WAN LAN routing functions with "best in class" hardware, designed from the start with proper thermal footprint cooling considerations.. proven designs that are tested over a long time, on-going development and support for baseline features.. without going off the deep-end suffering from product feature creep, or over promising on poorly delivered features. Ancient structured configuration methodology over serial, telnet and ssh consoles (all available), true industry standard "Syslog" and "SNMP v2" capability.. supported gui, and a long.. long.. line of available production quality and tested firmware images, for the router and the peripheral WAN cards. And.. most important.. not "prophylactically" locked down for "your safety!"
I bought a nearly out of support (Dec 20, 2016) Cisco 877 router and retrofitted it to max out its RAM and Flash memory and deduced how to enable one of the many "next generation" user interfaces Cisco was promoting last decade.
They're long gone now, nearly buried and "all but" abandonned, but like ancient cities or temples hidden away and forgotten.. I'm hoping the 800 series ADSL routers can perform the task of a wan to lan router with a reasonable NAT firewall much better than something orders of magnitude cheaper and plain too weak for the purpose of providing stable DSL service. I'm not totally ignorant of iptables, ipchains or ios access-lists, but a simple gui to help cut through the memory fog will be a welcome respite.
fwiw - Firefox 3.5.7, IE8, java 1.4.12-20 [ all available online for resurrection in a google search engine near you ] will run the SDM properly on XP, here in 11/2016 - but IOS evolved beyond SDM support when it was replaced with Cisco-CP and any IOS image after c870-advipservicesk9-mz.124-20.T.bin lost the ability to support the SDM gui write changes to the running config in the gui memory space back to the 877 and possibly other routers.
[Note:] Windows 7 and later, or "modern" Firefox or Internet Explorer, even Chrome simply cannot be reconfigured sufficently to support running SDM. I did get fairly far with an experiment in doing this, however the overlapping layers of security and intrusion prevention circutry inside these software products "hides" or otherwise disabled so much of the SDM java applets that it just wasn't feasibly practical to use Win7 and any "modern" browser to run SDM. -- for one thing the "Additional Task" panel under Configuration was totally unresponsive and disabled.. this forms the "core" of the purpose of SDM which is the tool used to manage the overall Run Configuration for the router.
It makes sense this "would happen" since the SDM was retired by that time. SDMs virtue however is it will work with Cisco 1700 series routers where Cisco-CP began its life supporting the "newer" Cisco 1800 series routers.
The [Reset] switch at the back of the 800 series routers will [not only] wipe the startup and running configs of the 800 routers, but also [restore + re-configure] the default VLAN and LAN/WAN ports, with a static IP address (10.10.10.1) and pre-configure a "one time use" Level 15 enabled username and password.. so you can hook up a LAN cable to the "Reset/Pre-configured" router and statically configure your Laptop/PC ethernet port to 10.10.10.2 and immediately login (using telnet or ssh) without needing a serial cable (or you "can" add a logical IP to the existing interface of your laptop and stay connected "simultaneously" to both your previous local LAN subnet and the routers pseudo-temporary subnet).
This is "important" because the LAN switch ports on the back of the 877 and presumably all of the 800 series are by default VLAN capable and enabled, so rather "unintuitively" you can't just assign IP addresses direct to those interfaces (frustrating to say the least for any hack half-way experienced with Cisco IOS products) rather you have to "know" you must create or manage the VLAN interfaces to which the FastEthernet interfaces are granted "switchport access" and assign the IP addresses to the pseudo-VLAN interfaces which represent their domains...sigh.. facepalm.. what were they thinking in a consumer grade product.. {anyway get over it..} .. just know, its easier to start out with a ready-made template and default security context with a running-config by "using the Reset button.. Luke!" and you don't even need a usb-to-serial converter cable.
[Note:] Know this, the documentation and some of the SDM dialog text refer to the Cisco 877 as having the SDM applets "already" onboard the flash drive of the router. This is not always so, especially for a refurbished, or "somewhat used/abused" router (not "fresh" from the box) that has had its flash mangled or maligned by CLI users.. often they throw things away to make space, or in the case of a flash upgrade don't even have an IOS image until its tftp loaded using the bootstrap monitor.
Manually loading the SDM applets onto the router using tftp isn't documented or supported as far as I could see.. so your best option is to download the full SDM from Cisco for free and use its windows installer to perform a Local PC install (only) of the SDM. then use the Local PC SDM to "bootstrap" connecting to a "Reset to factory default Preconfigured" router, to change the one-time-use password. Then you can re-run the windows installer for SDM and perform an "Install to Router (only)" install in order to get the SDM applets re-loaded on to the routers flash drive.
"trust your Nose" if your router doesn't have that "New Car Smell" and smells a little bit more like a roaming Gnome.. expect to have to bootstrap your router with the PC "two-Step" dance.
If you have installed SDM on the PC it can connect to the static router IP and walk you through changing the one-time-use username and password to something more secure.
Uploading SDM to the router works with the older (but still "compatible" with SDM image) 870-advipservicesk9-mz.124-20.T.bin but does not work with later IOS images..
The router just spins saying "Connecting" and then "fails to connect" and never allows the SDM installer from the PC to finish the task of uploading the SDM express "mini-java applets" to the routers flash drive.. the older image does allow the SDM installer to connect, then presents choices for what components to upload and completes this mission.
ADSL, How it Works
ADSL is something of mystery with regards to how a DSP chip which is essentially used as a high frequency "sound card" line trains or "syncs" with a line card in a CO (Central Office). This is how that works.
Basically the CO sends a set of tones which the CPE (Customer Premise Equipment "your DSL modem") detects and then proceeds to perform a line qualification, or training session.
A set of test tones is sent and used to determine suitability of various tones for reliably carrying data bits. These represent "buckets" into which the bits can be assigned during a tranmission. Part of the buckets are used for "Upstream" transfers, some of the buckets are used for "Downstream" transfers. The majority of the buckets are assigned to "Downstream" transfers and that is why the "A"DSL is "Assymmetric" or "lopsided" - it "favors" the downstream direction.
To actually prepare and transfer a sequence of bits or "byte" of information, the DSP chip assigns the individual bits to the available buckets for transfer (some of the buckets may be deprioritized, or "black listed" as predetermined by the line "training" session).
Then it performs a Fast Fourier Transform to convert the composite arrangement of bits into a continuous waveform. It essentially "smears them into an analog signal" and sends that signal. The assumption is that by transforming from the digital to the analog domain, or the "Frequency Domain" the signal will be more resistant to signal degradation or "damage" in the instaneous "Time Domain".. basically this means if there is a snap crackle or "pop" on the line. The transmission will likely make it "across" the line in some fashion which can be "error corrected" when its converted back from the "Frequency Domain" into the "Time Domain" and the individual bits are recovered from the designated buckets.
The CO equipment also has a "map" of the chosen frequency bins determined during the line training session with the CPE equipment, and this influences how it actually carries out the [Inverse Fast Fourier Transform].
Bit error correction is conducted by a combination of Reed Solomon and other methods, and the Near and Far indications are used to describe whether an error was corrected at the CPE receiving end or at the CO transmission end and vice versa.
CRC or "check sums" are used to verify the RS error correction actually worked, or failed in which case "Uncorrectable" errors are determined to have occurred and a "re-transmission" of the data is automatically requested.
Excessive uncorrectable or RS activity should automatically trigger a "line retraining" event, a "line drop" or a "re-sync event".. the purpose of which is to re-characterize the line and try to construct a "new algorithm" from the detected available Frequency Bins on a line. Some modems do not do this step well, or in co-ordination with the CO. Line "syncing" is not always successful and a complete failure can lead to an inability to "re-connect" event after a previously successful connection.
Typically during "training" the CO and CPE "agree" on a "sync rate" or how fast the Upstream and Downstream rates will be once the the "training" event is over and communications begins. Based on various chipset implementations the "sync" rate may be higher or lower, either as a result of or consequence of compatiblity in their sync procedures, and or various deviations from the established "Standards". For example one vendors chipset may choose to sync at a "faster" rate in Upstream or Downstream or both when it detects it is communicating with equipment made by the same vendor.. and yet choose to negotiate a slower (more stable) rate with equipment made by a different vendor.
End users on the other hand may want to attempt faster sync rates for various reasons, or have the ability to "override" the decisions of the chip makers. This has lead to a number of supported and unsupported "hacks" by end users seeking to monitor and influence the training session.
Unfortunately since there are few direct implementaions of "special functions" made available by chipset or modem vendors. This is something of an art, and something of a dying art at that as ADSL chips move further and further into history.
Posted by John at 10:27 AM
ADSL, Chips and Salsa
A DSL, or ADSL modem is based around processing an analog signal in order to carry a digital signal which is a serial stream of bits. These bits are conceived as having a structure that represents units or "atoms" of data as frames or packets of information. As you scale up from bits to bytes to frames to packets there is a lot of redundant complexity to the protocols. The ISO layer system defines ways of handling bits and bytes and frames at each level to a different end result. Success at one level does not guarantee success in communications at another level.
As much as is practical a DSL modem offloads handling the more well known and "standard" ways of communicating to hardware chips on its motherboard, so that these functions don't change and can be assumed to be handled in a bug free way. Unfortunately that is not always the case, and some DSL chips even accept firmware upgrades themselves.
Regardless the major DSL chip vendors are Alcatel, TI, NEC, Infinieon, Broadcom and so forth.
After many years and much branding and marketing these chipsets have swapped hands and been known by many names.. and per usual standards have drifted and conventional implemenation has trumped actual conventions and agreements.
The end result is there have been many DSL generations that used semi-standard chipsets with various success rates in perfect and less than perfect Copper pair connection environments over time.
Navigating these waters is hard.
Above the chipset that handles what we assume is a bedrock of stability (grin) is the modem software.
Which for various reasons tends not to be individual proprietary software, but only a few variations of a theme and usually based on a small version of Linux tailored to execute the Busybox init daemon on a custom embedded SoC processor. The small embedded process is used over a larger more general purpose Linux install due to cost, size, support chips on the motherboard and reduced need for things like cooling capacity.
Unfortunately.. although Linux, most embedded modem vendors choose to not document all of the details of their work, and chipset vendors hold them to a non-disclosure agreement where the details regarding how to directly interface to their DSL chipsets are concerned.
Thus the Linux binary images on the DSL modems often contain opensource, and while some release the opensource used, they include or do not include static binary files in the opensource code that they do release. They provide actual executable programs with no source code that actually interfaces with the DSL modem chips.
Linux has a long history regarding device drivers for "reverse engineering" how to directly interface with a chipset that is undocumented. But the trajectory of the evolution of DSL chips has been such that the use of DSL chipsets did not evolve on very many PCI interface cards for the IBM PC and were changed to support a broader and more evolved version of ADSL as time went along.
Further vendors begain offering DSL solutions that acted and looked like external modems using serial and USB ports.. and eventually as self configured DHCP ethernet gateways. So that the Linux kernel "reverse engineering" people deprioritize the effort and never bothered.
This is unfortunate in that nobody outside the chip vendors actually has the tools to truly debug line problems. End users CO and CPE based are reduced to trial and error by swapping equipment and changing vendors wholeshop rather than being given the opportunity to "debug" the problem at their own expense and cost [for free] for the vendor.. so the chipset vendor "loses", the CO provider "loses" and the CPE customer "loses".. to protect a marginally debatable "trade secret" regarding non-disclosure interfaces.. strange loss all the way around.. but mostly demonstratably for the chipset vendors who stand to lose "everything"
Lantiq has reportedly strived with OpenWRT and DDR-WRT to make a version available for a Buffalo DSL modem.. but it is under some question.
Sangoma had the S518 and S519 though the later was little more than an Ethernet card with a telnet interface to a DSL modem running Linux.
The norm seems to be to now provide Ethernet port access to a DHCP self configured DSL modem and at most a Telnet interface to the underlying Linux operating system which is generally on an embedded system running Busybox some version of the xdslctl driver from a squashfs with lzma compression filesystem.
Cisco 1720 and Cisco 877 class routers had variants of a WIC-1ADSL card which could communicate over ADSL using the Alcatel or later STmicro and then Broadcom chipsets direct.. with a little more information availble on a slightly beefier and reliable platform.. but are somewhat expensive and difficult to use. Conflicts with the Globespan/NEC/Easynet chipset at the DSLAM appear to be common and related to a chipset firmware bug that may or may not have ever been fixed in a much later generation router. The suggestion was line training was not similarly implemented and the only workaround was to sync at a lower connection speed than other chipset providers for interoperability.
DSL modems have both fallen in price and increased. First because the cost of components and software fell as Linux became the host of choice and required no licensing. Second because they keep trying to make the DSL modem product more fully functioned by expanding the services Linux offers as a media server, print server, firewall, WiFi router, VPN connection server and so forth.. these also conflict with resource utilization if all turned on, and lead to memory leaks, line instability and wholesale indeterminate DSL modem failure on a random basis. While trying to reduce the price of components.. ram, nand, ect.. they are placing greater dynamic demand for those resources by offering more features at odds with stability and tools to help diagnose or record problems.
It is possible to extract and modify then put back the existing nand copies of most DSL modems firmware, but requires a high degree of technical skill and is error prone, consequences of an error can lead to "bricking" or permenantly making the DSL modem unusable . OpenWRT and DDR-WRT are known to be pursuing these goals on indetermenant and unpredictable timelines for many products with a focus on WiFi capable routers.
ADSL, Bats in the Belfry
ADSL is a multi-tone technology that measures the available tone spectrum from close to zero to very high inaudible frequencies on your Copper pair phone line. A small lower frequency portion is reserved in case you also have a voice line service over the same DSL line. And a Low bandpass "signal splitter" can further isolate that from harmonic interference both above and below the demarc established for voice or data traffic. This can improve voice clarity, and data transmission reliabilty.
But this takes place from the CO to the CPE (Central Office to Customer Premise Equipment) over a copper pair that is assumed dedicated and trouble free to the NID (Network Interface Device) or the little gray box on the outside of your house. Often the NID is supplied by the local telco and conforms to an industry standard like the Seicor Corning CAC 7600 style NID box.
The NID box has a cable entering generally from below on one side through a Subscriber Grommet to keep moisture out and is terminated on a terminal bus then bridged to the customer side of the NID box through a [test jack] which is a conventional RJ11 plug and socket. The RJ11 is then terminated at two screw terminals where a customer can connect "premise" wiring which travel down the opposing side of the NID box from the telco side, through another Subscriber grommet to keep moisture out and back into the house.
All of the telephone wiring and Copper pair to and from the NID is subject to the outdoors. UV and Weatherproof or "burialproof" cable should be use to make sure the Copper pair is not compromised by the elements when it runs from the NID to either the CO or into the customers house.
Once the Copper pair enters a house it often gets split off into multiple pairs or "tapped" in several places to run Copper pair to different rooms. Each bridge or "tap" introduces signal losses and reflections like in a fun house echo chamber into the line. Which a phone or DSL modem must struggle to nullify and reduce or ignore. If a DSL modem is not successful it can end up passing along some of this "noise" into the DSP (digital signal processing) chips used by the modem to read and write ATM packets to and from the Copper pair.
And each connection jack exposes the Copper pair direct to the air where moisture and corrosion can introduce short circuits, random snap crackles and pops and unstable or unpredictable noise. The additional runs also act like mini-antenna into the house which can pickup additional noise from light switch current surges, CFL/LED light bulbs, blenders, microwave ovens, WiFi routers, computers, cell phones and all manner of electrical noise.
Our homes are very noisy electrical dens and can make trouble for a DSL modem trying to sift through all of the noise to find a "true" DSL signal.
The best DSL connections are a "Home Run" or a straight line from the DSL modem direct to the NID and to either a splitter or the actual Copper pair assigned from the CO at the NID. But this requires quite a bit of preparation, and the use of specific outdoor grade telephone cable, and possibly an enhanced grade of telco cable like CAT5 or above to eleminate any crosstalk between the wires and dampen any external signals that might be picked up when running from the DSL modem to the NID.
Further, however it is wired to the NID or the DSL modem, its best to coat the terminals or jacks with an Anti-Corrosion resistant Moisture proof or resistant gel which will allow electrical contact without a short circuit and prevent the connection from degrading over time.. essentially a kind of di-electric gel that does not dry out. This can be hard to find.
Finally it goes without saying, any line length added by bringing the Copper pair into the house to service additional RJ11 jacks for other phones, also increases the distance from the CO to the CPE, sometimes significantly because builders often want to leave "spare" cable length. This is so they do not have to "pull cable" later if they want to add additional connection drops.. these "loop lengtheners" can add up fast into the 100's of 1000's of feet. It does not matter if the DSL modem is the "first drop" or last drop along this extra cable.. it all counts to the total length due to reflections and additonal noise level introduce simply by the extra resistance of the total length of cable.. it raises the ground floor of the noise and makes the DSL modem behave as if it were at the very end of the cable.
ADSL, Back to the Future
Just setup a DSL line to a home in a remote community near Branson, Missouri - the only affordable option was CenturyLink DSL. This is that Odyssey.
First came the sign-up through the CenturyLink (CL) online Chat service. Took a little over an hour, not that there are a lot of options, but a lot of backend checking, coordination and swivel chair searching for the obligatory "Compatible Modem". -- In this case an xDSL modem.
DSL - "Digital Subscribe Line" is an evolved version of online Internet Dial-up, evolved such that it is (always) online. There are have been many generations of it beginning shortly after I left the world of Trumpet Winsock and Windows 3.11 way back in the early 1990s.
Essentially back then you had limited options if you wanted to connect to the Internet. You could get to your ISP (Internet Service Provider) over a direct Ethernet connection (from school or work), or over a T-1 (Terrestrial One) Digital Subscriber line (these were more commonly use through a CSU/DSU to carry voice or data traffic) or you could get a "pure" ISDN line, which again was a voice or data technology which used TDM - Time Division Multiplexing, to "share" the line between packets intended to carry voice or data traffic.
Current DSL was an evolution of the acoustic dial-up modem and ISDN. Basically its not a T-1. ISDN was "symmetric" in that upload and download speeds were the same and traffic was dedicated to either voice or data but not both, later versions would make this more flexible and relax early restrictions, this was all before VoIP came along.
So take the DMT - Dual Multi-Tone technology used by dial-up modems and qualify or "train" the line between the Central Telephone Office (the "CO") and your house (the "CPE" Customer Premise Equipment) and you can split up the available audio "tones" or audible "tones" and frequencies "beyond" those tones you can actually hear into [channels] each of which can carry a few bits of a byte simultaneously. This "spread spectrum" approach to dicing up a byte into bits spread across different tones means that a "good" line can carry a lot more traffic than a "bad" line.
Generally copper lines to your house get "noisy" and harder to use "full spectrum" for pushing and pulling bits the further away from the "CO" you get. And the "thinner" the copper in the lines the noiser they get "too". Mostly however lines are of a standard size. But heavier "larger diameter" lines will carry more traffic with less noise.
Copper is subject to corrosion over time, and injury from backhoes and other equipment in the wild, even squirrel bites and nibbling. So they need to be replaced after 10 or 20 years.
Also Copper is a "conductor" and it will pickup "cross talk" or "oersted induced currents" simply from being laid next to another wire with a varying current.. like a power cable or electric line. To make things worse laying either in the ground or running over head Copper lines act like very long "Antenna" and pickup all manner of Radio Frequency interference.. which tends to increase during the day or early evening when people are using RF generating equipment like radios, cars, microwave ovens ect.. the interference doesn't have to be "exactly" on the same frequency as the data traffic to cause interference harmonics and natural resonance circuits in the surrounding landscape can do the job nicely as well.
So while "clever" that basically the acoustic modem has evolved into a modem that uses not only audible tones but those far beyond the range of human hearing over the same lines.. Copper presents a constant maintenance problem. And a constant challenge when setting up a new subscriber to service.
The CO equipment has varied greatly over time, but basically its called a DSLAM or MSAN and its a DSP - "Digital Signal Processing" box with "line cards" that terminate the Copper pair coming from your house (the "CPE" customer premise equipment). These are pretty dumb and simply establish a "trained" circuit using ATM virtual circuits over virtual paths between your modem and the central office.
Once the virtual path is "Up" anything can connect to the interface of the virtual circuit and shout a login method to something on the other size. Very often this logon method is PPP Over Ethernet.. or PPPoE. PPPoE is a combined standard, it marries serial link PPP with the standard expectation that you will be connecting the PPP protocol interface over an Ethernet port. So these modems usually provide a dumb Ethernet interface that routes the PPP packets to ther other end.
The DSLAM or MSAN doesn't know anything about PPP but it does know what a serial link is, and it connects that to an Ethernet port which can carry the PPP to its backend access server.. the RASPPPoE server which can accept PPPoE login requests from a customer. If successful, or allowed by the RASPPPoE server, then the customer can begin sending TCP packets to route over the Internet. Part of PPP optionally also requests a DHCP or Dynamically assigned IP address as part of the logon process.. but its optional, if the customer has a known static IP address all they need do is login sucessfully and the are on the Internet.
Problems can crop up with the DSLAM or MSAN equipment because they are made by different manufacturers, they have Interoperability "bakeoffs" but that doesn't mean they all perform up to the same performance. CO equipment connected to by CPE equipment at the customer site may have "interop" issues and only connect as slower rates.. if at all. To say nothing of the [Type] of DSL that CO has decided the CPE is allowed to use.
Over time xDSL has evolved from ADSL to ADSL2 to ADSL2+ to VDSL to VDSL2 and so on.
ADSL is "asymmetric" or "lopsided" DSL.. it means the packet traffic path "down to the customer" is "larger" than the packet traffic path "up to the internet"
that is 1000 Kbs / 384 Kbps for example
1000 Kbs "down" to the customer
384 Kbps "up" to the internet
The reason for this [A] in DSL is because when it was decided to invent ADSL the assumption was customers would rather use [more] of that Multi-tone frequency range for [pulling] data from the Internet than [pushing] data to the Internet.. they weren't expected to run Internet servers.. they were expected to do things like use Internet Browsers or Watch Netflix.. [so more would be downloaded than uploaded].
This ADSL became a [standard] its unbalanced to "favor" download capacity in the customers interest.
SDSL on the other hand, which was more akin to ISDN, was "symmetric" DSL and considered "Business class" because those customers "might" indeed want to run Internet Servers and want the capacity equally split. So it was priced appropriately for "Business class" users and is usally more expensive.
[Provisioning a Port] to the telco company means, hooking that Copper pair to a DSLAM that has chipsets and hardware for supporting only [one-type] of DSL.. ADSL or SDSL.. not both and can't be switched without a "Port change" (moving the copper pair to a different box) and changing your Bill for Services to charge you for the higher or lower cost of that service.. its a major pain.. so basically people buy ADSL or SDSL but not both and not both at the same time.
Within ADSL there have been ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+, VDSL, VDSL2 and so on.. these are all asymmetric services for customers (lopsided) on purpose. Generally ADSL has the longest "reach" or can "work" over the longest length of phone line Copper pair from the CO to the Customer but it offers the slowest service and is at the bare edge of possible. A closer connection using ADSL and not ADSL2 for example will run at ADSL speeds and be slighlty more reliable.
Each later generation ADSL2, ADSL2+ ect.. is higher speed, but shorter reach.. and harder to keep "Up".. when a line is "trained" between a Modem and CO line card it runs ATM packets all the time, if something happens to degrade this, (i.e if enough ATM packets are "garbled" in transmission and thus "uncorrectable") one or the other of the CO-to-CPE side will "disconnect" and often not notify the TCP or PPP link above it.. leaving those virtual connections in a state of undefined limbo.. and the customer wondering why the Internet has stopped working.
A clever customer may then manually try to "reboot" or reset the DSL modem hoping to "clear" the lines of communication and re-establish a connection. But whatever external cause precipitated the first ATM disconnect is likely to persist and thus they will probably not be successful .. at least until much later when it will magically appear to "connect".
This can be very frustrating.
Some high-end modems can monitor the DSL ATM connection status and automatically "retrain" and re-establish, but likely will have the same amount of success as the "clever customer" and may fail to reconnect until after the conditions that lead to the first disconnect subside.
And worse ADSL and VDSL are incompatible.. later generations of VDSL modems [might] backwards detect and support ADSL with an [auto] feature but its rare and doesn't work well, often it fails.. and many new modems no longer support ADSL "at all".. so usually a truck-roll involves using a handheld gadget at your outside phone box (NID) to actually "measure" how far you are from the Central Office.. that tells them what is "possible" and they communicate how the [Port] for you should be "Provisioned" ADSL or VDSL for example and then by subcategory 2+, 2 or 1.
They usually try to start "high speed" with the maximum speed service they offer, (aim high) and then reel in their expecations after a site visit to measure what is really possible with your Copper line.
CO equipment also doesn't always work well with Customer CPE Modems, especially if they are known to have buggy software or were made with chips from a manufacturer other than the manufacture that made the chips in their DSLAM.
Tracking the chipsets between CO and CPE equipment is hard, made harder because even if you can get their manufacturer names.. often those companies have been bought out or changed names. xDSL tech is almost 30 years old, so there has been a lot of water under the bridge.
"Approved" modems by your CO provider (CenturyLink) are usually little more than "best guesses" that equipment they have seen work before.. may work again. They don't know if the most recent models from different vendors will work with their DSLAM or MSANs in a particular CO.. its usually a matter of trial and error. Modem makers also change their software and chipsets from time to time because of cost and parts availability.. so a particular modem replacement may have the same outside "shell" or cover on it.. but the internal circuit board may be a Version 1 or Version 2 or Version 3 and be totally different.
This ends Part One of my story regarding setting up DSL in 2016.
Later parts will cover Customer Premise wiring problems, Modem selection and diagnosis problems, and methods of overcoming really difficult Uptime problems.
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