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Dr. Natalia Kanem
www.unfpa.org
The UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled".[1] Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and birth control by providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against child marriage, obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.
The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three-quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its executive committee.[2]
1 Origins
2 UNFPA and the Sustainable Development Goals
3 Leadership
4 Areas of work
4.1 How UNFPA Works
4.2 Campaign to end fistula
4.3 Ending female genital mutilation
5 Relations with the US government
6 Other UN population agencies and entities
Origins[edit]
UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund.[3] In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.[4][5][6]
UNFPA and the Sustainable Development Goals[edit]
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines, but they are achievable. UNFPA works with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals – in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality – and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the other goals.[7]
Leadership[edit]
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries-General of the UN
2017– : Dr Natalia Kanem (Panama)
2011–2017: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) (Deceased 4 June 2017)
2000–2010: Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000: Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–1987: Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)
Areas of work[edit]
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:
voluntarily plan and have the number of children they desire and to avoid unwanted pregnancies
undergo safe pregnancy and childbirth
avoid spreading sexually transmitted infections
decrease violence against women
increase the equality of women
encouraging the use of birth control[8]
UNFPA uses a human rights-based approach in programming to address three "transformative goals":[9]
1. Zero preventable maternal death
2. Zero gender-based violence
3. Zero unmet need for family planning.
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these goals, advocates close attention to population concerns and helps nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development.[8] Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.
How UNFPA Works[edit]
UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2016 totaled $848 million. The amount includes $353 million to the organization's core resources and $495 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.
Examples of campaigns:
Campaign to end fistula[edit]
This UNFPA-led global campaign works to prevent obstetric fistula, a devastating and socially isolating injury of childbirth, to treat women who live with the condition and help those who have been treated to return to their communities. The campaign works in more than 40 countries in Africa, the Arab States and South Asia.
The leader of the campaign to end fistula, Erin Anastasi, decided to start this campaign in 2003 in hopes of ending deaths of new mothers after developing fistula. This campaign is now active in over 50 countries working not only to prevent fistula, but also to give fistula survivors a sense of reforming their life after overcoming this burden. Nearly 800 women in Africa and Asia die after childbirth and more than 2 million young women live with untreated obstetric fistula in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The campaign focuses mainly on providing training and funds to support women living with fistula, and also programs aimed towards survivors. The campaign is also looking at ways to prevent fistula from developing in general by providing medical supplies and technical guidance and support.
Ending female genital mutilation[edit]
UNFPA has worked for many years to end the practice of female genital mutilation, the partial or total removal of external female genital organs for cultural or other non-medical reasons. The practice, which affects 100–140 million women and girls across the world, violates their right to health and bodily integrity. In 2007, UNFPA in partnership with UNICEF, launched a $44-million program to reduce the practice by 40 per cent in 16 countries by 2015 and to end it within a generation. UNFPA also recently sponsored a Global Technical Consultation,[10] which drew experts from all over the world to discuss strategies to convince communities to abandon the practice.[11] UNFPA supports the campaign to end female genital mutilation with The Guardian.
Relations with the US government[edit]
UNFPA has been[12] accused by groups opposed to abortion of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. UNFPA says it "does not provide support for abortion services".[13] Its charter includes a strong statement condemning coercion.[14] Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.[15][16]
UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late 1990s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices.[17]
From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, on the grounds that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA's support for China's population program "facilitates (its) government's coercive abortion program", thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.[18]
The notion that UNFPA had any connection to China's administration of forced abortions was deemed to be unsubstantiated by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China.[12] Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.[12]
However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population planning policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.[19]
Colin Powell at the United Nations.
Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population planning methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.[20]
But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions.[21] "We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does," said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI.[22] However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA's new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the "Group of 77" developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies – Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany – the United Kingdom stated, "UNFPA's activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms".[23]
President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA.[24] Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.
In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbaek report. According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments: Of the total income of M845.3 M, $118 was donated by the Netherlands, $67 M by Sweden, $62 M by Norway, $54 M by Denmark, $53 M by the UK, $52 M by Spain, $19 M by Luxembourg. The European Commission donated further $36 M. The most important non-European donor State was Japan ($36 M). The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year.
In the United States, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.
In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would "look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries."[25][26]
In April 2017, the U.S. announced that it will cut off funding to UNFPA, on the grounds that it "supports, or participates in the management of, a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization."[27] UNFPA refuted this claim, as all of its work promotes the human rights of individuals and couples to make their own decisions, free of coercion or discrimination. In addition, this is what the United States[28] said during the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board meeting that considered the China programme in 2015:
"During its recent visit, the U.S. delegation observed the positive impact of UNFPA's rights-based programming in China. We commend the Fund's adherence to demonstrating the advantages of a voluntary approach to family planning and were pleased to see – in support of its ICPD commitments – increased provider emphasis on patient rights".
Other UN population agencies and entities[edit]
Entities with competencies about population in the United Nations:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Sandbæk Report
Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
^ "About us – UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund". Retrieved 21 December 2016.
^ [1] Retrieved 16 July 2018.
^ "UNFPA in the United Nations System". United Nations Population Fund.
^ United Nations General Assembly Session -1 Resolution 2815. United Nations Fund for Population Activities A/RES/2815(XXVI) 14 December 1971. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
^ United Nations General Assembly Session -1 Resolution 3019. United Nations Fund for Population Activities A/RES/3019(XXVII) 18 December 1972. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
^ United Nations General Assembly Session 34 Resolution 104. United Nations Fund for Population Activities A/RES/34/104 14 December 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
^ "Sustainable development goals – United Nations". Retrieved 21 December 2016.
^ a b "Ministry of Social Solidarity announces national strategy for birth control". Daily News Egypt. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ "UNFPA Transformative Results". unfpa.org. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ "Technical Consultation on the Medicalization of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting". unfpa.org. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ "Gender-based violence – UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund". unfpa.org. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ a b c Cabatu, Elena; Bonk, Kathy (4 July 2002). "Global Population Media Analysis: UNFPA". National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
^ "About us". unfpa.org. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ "Maternal health – UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund". unfpa.org. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ Marquis, Christopher (17 July 2004). "U.S. Cuts Off Financing of U.N. Unit For 3rd Year". The New York Times.
^ "U.S. Funding for the United National Population Fund (UNFPA) Witheld for the Third Consecutive Year". SIECUS. July 2004. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ http://www.c-fam.org/publications/id.73/pub_detail.asp. Retrieved 4 September 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
^ Background on withheld US funds Archived 11 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2007
^ "Withholding Funds Will Cost Lives in China". Retrieved 21 December 2016.
^ "China's one-child controversy reignites – Washington Times". The Washingtion Times. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Congressional Hearing Shows UNFPA Involvement in Forced Abortions". tennesseerighttolife.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ Section, United Nations News Service (30 January 2006). "UN News – UN Population Fund's governing body approves new country programme for China". Retrieved 21 December 2016.
^ Purdum, Todd S. (23 July 2002). "U.S. BLOCKS MONEY FOR FAMILY CLINICS PROMOTED BY U.N." Retrieved 21 December 2016 – via The New York Times.
^ "UNFPA Welcomes Restoration of U.S. Funding". unfpa.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ "Mexico City Policy – Voluntary Population Planning". The White House. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ U.S. withdraws funding for U.N. Population Fund – Reuters
^ United States statement at the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board meeting that considered the China programme in 2015
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Volume 59, Issue 2, January 2012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.047
Cardiac Imaging: Editorial Comment
Monocytes on the Scar's Edge
Stefan Frantz and Ulrich Hofmann
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.047
Published online January 10, 2012.
American College of Cardiology Foundation
Stefan Frantz, MD⁎ (frantz_s{at}medizin.uni-wuerzburg.de) and
Ulrich Hofmann, MD
↵⁎Reprint requests and correspondence:
Dr. Stefan Frantz, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straβe 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
PET/MRI
remote myocardium
During the last decades, intensive investigation has revealed diverse pathophysiological mechanisms of adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), leading to several therapeutic approaches in clinical care of patients after MI. As a consequence, improved clinical management has significantly lowered morbidity and mortality. Despite major advances in pharmacological treatment of remodeling, such as the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (1) and beta-blockers (2), patients surviving an MI are still facing the development of heart failure. Most basic and clinical science heart failure studies have focused so far on the remodeling phase, neglecting the importance of early wound healing after MI for the development of a competent infarct scar and subsequently for clinical outcome. Thus, a better understanding of healing processes has the potential to identify novel targets for clinical intervention after MI.
Healing after MI occurs in different phases. In the first phase, necrotic cells are removed and capillary-rich granulation tissue is formed de novo. This process is associated with a dense infiltration of neutrophil granulocytes and so-called "inflammatory" monocytes identified in the mouse by high surface expression of Ly6C, the monocyte chemoattractant- 1 receptor, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2, or the adhesion molecule L-selectine (CD62L). These monocytes express both proteases and proinflammatory cytokines. The initial "proinflammatory" phase is followed by formation of a collagenous scar during the following weeks. In parallel, monocyte recruitment to the infarct zone switches from "proinflammatory" to "anti-inflammatory" differentiated cells defined by low expression of the previously mentioned surface molecules (3). These anti-inflammatory monocytes are thought to contribute to myocardial wound healing by secretion of factors like vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta.
The biphasic sequence of monocyte recruitment is a prerequisite for proper wound healing (e.g., a sustained Ly6Chigh monocytosis worsens myocardial repair in apoE−/− mice [4]). Importantly, analogous to murine data, human monocyte subsets that were defined by the surface expression pattern of CD14 and CD16 also correlate with clinical outcome. Tsujioka et al. (5) found that peak levels of the "inflammatory" CD14+ CD16− subset correlated negatively with recovery of left ventricular (LV) function 6 months after MI. This group also demonstrated that enhancement of CD14+ CD16− monocytes after reperfusion was associated with microvascular obstruction in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (6). The absence of microvascular obstruction was significantly associated with improvement in LV ejection fraction. Hence, interaction of proinflammatory monocytes with endothelium might impair the perfusion of small myocardial vessels and could thus offer a possible explanation for the association of monocyte subsets and clinical outcome.
For a long time, macrophages have been known to critically influence the wound-healing process after MI (7). Tissue macrophages were thought to be the major source; however, we now know that after MI, monocytes that invade the myocardium are released from bone marrow by chemokine signals and especially from the spleen in response to angiotensin (8). This leads to some confusion as to whether cells formerly named macrophages are different than the recently described infiltrating monocytes. We believe this is mainly a matter of terminology because Nahrendorf's studies (8) demonstrated that most macrophages/monocytes found in the infarcted myocardium during the early phase after MI are derived from monocytes that were recruited from the blood. The fate of infiltrating monocytes has not been definitively described; however, on the basis of the current literature, one has to assume that most of the cells that were formerly named macrophages are directly related to infiltrating monocytes. Once recruited to the injured myocardium, they can further differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.
In this issue of the Journal, Lee et al. (9) extended the role of monocytes early after MI both regionally and temporally. By means of advanced imaging techniques combining 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance in mice, they demonstrated considerable monocyte recruitment in the remote myocardium. The recruitment pattern was biphasic, including first Ly6Chigh followed by Ly6Clow monocytes. Infiltration of the anti-inflammatory Ly6Clow subset peaked approximately 5 days later than in the infarct zone. The imaging data were corroborated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting phenotyping of the leukocyte infiltrate in the remote myocardium of the mouse, and data from autopsy cases also showed CD68+ cells in the remote myocardium of patients after acute MI. The data presented opens new perspectives in the field.
First, one can speculate that the function of monocytes recruited to the scar might be different than that of monocytes recruited to the remote myocardium. Monocytes of the remote myocardium might critically influence remodeling. Remodeling has long been associated with immune activation, but the role of infiltrating leukocytes has not been determined in detail (10). Ly6Clow monocytes especially might promote extracellular matrix turnover and interstitial fibrosis (e.g., by secreting factors like transforming growth factor-beta and coagulation factor XIII) (11,12). Therefore, the functional role of monocyte subsets on chronic myocardial remodeling deserves further investigation.
Second, development of a large LV infarct is a well-known risk factor for development of adverse remodeling in the viable myocardium. However, remodeling also takes place after relatively small infarctions, but its evolution cannot be predicted. Thus, noninvasive imaging for monocyte infiltration might putatively allow identification of patients at risk of developing adverse remodeling, which would not have been readily identified by clinical judgment. The imaging techniques used here are feasible for use in patients because both 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are clinically approved. Thus, it would be highly attractive to adopt the technique for clinical use. Monocyte imaging might guide us in the future to define patient subgroups at special risk that could benefit from early aggressive treatment (e.g., by the initial therapy of both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor blockers) despite initially preserved LV function.
However, the world has become again more complicated. We now have to not only consider timing of different monocyte subtypes, but also their differential spatial distribution. Therapeutic interventions to improve the sequential recruitment of both monocyte subsets during early wound healing might interfere with their later recruitment in the remote area. Thus, for translation into clinical practice, a detailed understanding of monocyte recruitment to remote myocardium and its role for tissue remodeling are essential.
The authors are supported by grants from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung within the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg (BMBF01 EO1004) and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB688 TP A10.
↵⁎ Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACC or the American College of Cardiology.
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(2007) The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med 204:3037–3047.
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(2010) Impaired infarct healing in atherosclerotic mice with Ly-6C(hi) monocytosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1629–1638.
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(2009) Impact of heterogeneity of human peripheral blood monocyte subsets on myocardial salvage in patients with primary acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:130–138.
(2010) Post-reperfusion enhancement of CD14(+)CD16(−) monocytes and microvascular obstruction in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 74:1175–1182.
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(2008) Macrophage roles following myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 130:147–158.
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(2009) Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites. Science 325:612–616.
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(2012) Positron emission tomography/myocardial resonance imaging of inflammation in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:153–163.
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(2009) Post-infarct remodelling: contribution of wound healing and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 81:474–481.
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Stefan Frantz, Ulrich Hofmann
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan, 59 (2) 164-165.

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The Christchurch City Council is working to resolve a double-booking at Hagley Park on the opening day of the 2015 Cricket World Cup.
The opening match, on 14 February 2015, looks likely to clash with the country's largest kapa haka festival, Te Matatini.
An Environment Court ruling that allowed Canterbury Cricket to develop the Hagley Oval specifies matches can not be held in Hagley Park at the same time as other events when combined crowd numbers would exceed 20,000 people.
Council marketing and events unit manager Richard Stokes said options to resolve the date clash were being worked on.
"At the moment we are talking to the local organising committee for Te Matatini about two sets of dates they could potentially move to," Mr Stokes said.
"I think in those discussions there is a preference for some dates before Cricket World Cup is in the city."
The city would do what it could to host both events.


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Welcome! You are here: Blog
See Dracula as Never Before
September 24, 2013 TicketSupply.com No comments
Do you know the story of Dracula? While most people today certainly know the name, having seen countless Halloween specials and costumes with capes and widow's peaks over the years, some people don't know much about Bram Stoker's actual novel and the story it contains. While a bit unwieldy at times — the story is written through the diary pages and journals of the characters — it remains a wonderful and interesting story of horror, love, and adventure that will always hold a prominent place in the hearts of horror fans everywhere. Without Dracula, the popularity of vampires in pop culture today would simply not exist. That's right; without Dracula, there would likely be no Edward or Bella from Twilight.
Through the years, the character of Dracula has been in nearly everything. Movies and television shows, literature, plays, comic books and cartoons, and more. He's even gone toe to toe with Batman, which certainly says something about the character's enduring popularity. However, there's one other area the master vampire has conquered that many people don't know about — ballet. You can see shows that take the story of Dracula from the novel and adapt it to the stage as a ballet.
At first blush, it might not seem as though the story would work as a ballet, but it really does work quite well with the right ballet company. The story, which starts out in Transylvania, heads to London, and then returns to Dracula's castle and it all works remarkably well in ballet form, and is certainly worth seeing.
Different ballet companies around the country will often put on the ballet, usually in the fall of the year, as we get closer to Halloween. During the fall, people are far more predisposed to wanting to see as much fictional horror as possible. The California Ballet in San Diego, the Grand Rapids Ballet, and others put on a wonderful show. If you love the ballet and you are a fan of Dracula, you will not want to miss this opportunity. It's a wonderful way to see the story unfold. Make sure you buy tickets for the show soon!
Posted in: Theater
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Elena Gissi is a Senior Lecturer in Applied Ecology at Iuav University of Venice. Her main research interest is in ecosystem-based management in coastal and marine areas, with the specific focus on conservation planning and maritime spatial planning in the Mediterranean Sea. Elena is the scientific coordinator for Iuav of different European collaborative projects, among which the projects SUPREME (SUpporting maritime spatial Planning in the Eastern MEditerranean; 2017-2019), SIMWESTMED (Supporting Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region; 2017-2019) and ADRIPLAN (Adriatic and Ionian Maritime Spatial Planning; 2013-2015). Since 2012 she coordinates the Erasmus Mundus Master Course in MSP (EMMCMSP), delivered by the University Iuav of Venice (lead partner), the University of Seville, and the University of the Azores. She is lecturer of "Ecosystem-based management of marine and coastal areas" in the EMMCMSP, and of "Environmental Analysis and Assessment" in the undergraduate program of Spatial and Regional Planning at Iuav University of Venice. Elena is co-chair of the working group on "Area-based management" in the COST Action CA 15217 OceanGov Ocean Governance for sustainability Challenges, Options and the Role of Science, and also member of the COST Action CA 15121 MARCONS Advancing marine conservation in the European and contiguous seas.


A very successful trip to Orlando to visit Uncle Matto, Gram, Pop, Monkey Joe & Space Mountain!! Hollis the super trooper handled airports, airplanes, and long lines like a seasoned pro.
Family portrait Feb 2018 by HCH. L – R = Pop, Matt, Hollis, Gram & Dad. A genuinely incredible likeness, complete with proper height proportion. Note the observance and rendering of the hair – magnifique, my dear child. I love you and I will always remember the time we all had together as a family.
The HCH website admin got a little bit behind on the posts, so here's a collage of a few of the finer moments of the last few months.
Various "Daddy Nights" and Oksana's birthday.
3 generations of 2 families enjoyed each others company this (post) Christmas season. And Hollis is now a member of the frequent flyer program! The girls enjoyed a trip to Toledo-by-way-of-Detroit before jet setting down to balmy Florida for some Disney-fied action with Dad, Uncle Matto, Mary, Gram & Pop. Too many good photos to try and arrange in storyboard order, so instead, here is one giant batch of random 2016 Winter vacation photos for your viewing enjoyment.
Hollis Caroline Hughen has now been part of our world for THREE years. This was cause for a vibrant, circus-type celebration with as many of Hollis' friends as could be fit under our own little big top.


text:
HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies
We are thrilled to launch our new journal website, which provides additional functionality and visual enhancements.
Reformed Theological College of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa, at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Pretoria
Society for Practical Theology in South Africa
Home ▶ Vol 66, No 1 (2010) ▶	de Kruijf
Gerrit G. de Kruijf1,2
1Protestant Theological University, The Netherlands
2Department of Systematic Theology and Christian Ethics, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Correspondence to:
Gerrit de Kruijf
ggdekruijf@pthu.nl
Stationsstraat 21a, NL 2405BL, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands
prophecy; democracy; theocracy; christianity; christian discourse
Received: 23 Dec. 2009
Published: 08 Oct. 2010
De Kruijf, G.G., 2010, 'Is prophetic witness the appropriate mode of Christian participation in public discourse in the Netherlands?', HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 66(1), Art. #781, 2 pages. DOI: 10.4102/hts.v66i1.781
This article is available at:
http://www.hts.org.za
This article was initially presented as a paper at the conference on 'Prophetic witness: An appropriate mode of public discourse in democratic societies?' that was held at the University of Pretoria on 26�'27 October 2009.
Prof. Dr G.G. de Kruijf is Professor Extraordinarius in the Department of Systematic Theology and Christian Ethics, Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria.
© 2010. The Authors. Licensee: OpenJournals Publishing. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Is prophetic witness the appropriate mode of Christian participation in public discourse in the Netherlands?
In This Original Research...
• Abstract
• Democracy and the theocratic tradition
• The church order of The Protestant Church in The Netherlands
• Conclusion
Dutch Protestantism is characterised by a hidden tension between a theocratic tradition and the endorsement of democracy. In this article it is argued that the idea of prophetic witness has its roots in the theocratic tradition, and that it is not compatible with the endorsement of democracy.
The church order of the Netherlands Reformed Church
In 1952, the interchange of democracy and theocratic tradition resulted in the following formulation (showing a high level of self-consciousness) in the rules governing the Netherlands Reformed Church, which was valid until the unification with other churches in 2003:
The Church ... expecting the Kingdom of God continues … the struggle in favour of the reformational character of state and people and addresses itself through its work on christianization to the government and the people in order to direct life according to the promises and commandments of God.
(Netherlands Reformed Church [n.d.])
It was particularly the influence of the theocratic theologian Arnold van Ruler that led to this formulation, but it was also approved by Barthians like Heiko Miskotte, who had in mind the experience of the need to be a confessing church during the Second World War. It implies the understanding of democracy as a lasting opportunity to strive for dominance of one's moral views. The church accomplished this task by delivering so called pulpit-messages, pastoral letters and 'assistance' until about 1990. Among these, the letters about nuclear arms attracted the most wide-spread attention.
In 1991, I criticised this position (de Kruijf 1991, 1994). Although allowed by the democratic system, it was not in accordance with the endorsement of democracy by the church. Even now I believe that many Christians in the Netherlands long for something like a restoration of the specific role of the church over against the State. And I consider the demand for prophetic witness a sign of this longing. Since 9�"11 and the murder on Theo van Gogh, there is new debate in Holland about the role of religious argument in public life, and, indeed, Christians often seize the opportunity afforded by this new openness for religious reasoning in public debate to sound the trumpet again. My criticism of this position does not mean that I want the church to be silent on social issues. The social involvement of Christians and of the church is core-business, not only in diaconal work but also in discussion and public debate. But this should be distinguished from the effort to exert political influence on religious grounds, which was on the agenda of the Netherlands Reformed Church in the second half of the 20th century (the Dutch euthanasia law was the last example of this). And at least in the Netherlands, I see a strong connection between this political agenda and the call for 'prophetic witness'. This is what I am opposed to. Because I still think clarification on this point is necessary, I will give some of my arguments. At the end of this article I will comment on the formulation in which the Protestant Church in the Netherlands expressed its position in 2003.
Democracy and the theocratic tradition
With Reinhold Niebuhr and Karl Barth as its fathers, mainstream Protestant Christian ethics displays a preference for democratic order in politics and a conviction that the church should bear prophetic witness to the political community. To claim that the church should bear prophetic witness is to claim that the church can and should express the will of God for society as a whole and should do this in relation to specific, concrete political issues. Yet it is not certain that the endorsement of democracy is compatible with a prophetic understanding of the church. Democracy can, of course, be understood in two different ways, and it matters a great deal whether we understand it according to the Anglo-American model in which priority is accorded to the rights of individuals, or Rousseau's model with its concept of the general will. These models can also be distinguished as juridical versus philosophical, or as formal versus material, or as communal versus majoritarian. The category of prophecy is compatible with the majoritarian type (because the prophet claims to know what is good for the whole of society and is thus participating in the public struggle for establishing 'the truth'), but in Western political reality the liberal, juridical model is predominant. Therefore our question is: can one endorse liberal democracy while at the same time approaching it prophetically?
•	The prophets in Israel presuppose openness on the side of king and people for their speech on the basis of the covenant. They share common grounds. The prophets put social reality in light of God's all-embracing reality. Prophets function within a theocratic ordering.
•	After John the Baptist, the prophet is succeeded by the apostle. What the prophet presupposes now becomes the message of the apostle: the world belongs to Israel's God. This message divides the world. All peoples are called to believe this, but they do not share in the covenant in the way Israel does. Prophecy becomes a phenomenon within the Christian community. When Paul stands before kings, he does not speak as a prophet but as an apostle, proclaiming the Gospel and asking permission for his mission (prophets never asked permission, they immediately came to the social and international matters they wanted to discuss).
•	Romans 13 is not about the relation between church and state, but about government as a gift of God for man's well-being: it is there to control violence.
•	After Constantine, a culture arises in which the church becomes so dominant that it can act as if there is a theocratic situation. Church and state rule together. From this situation originate the traditional views on the relation between church and state. After the Reformation the principle remains the same, although interpreted less hierarchically and more complementarily. Democracy came up to make room for moral differences, both along the American and the European line. The separation of church and state characterises both, although this is of a more friendly nature in America than in Europe, because in Europe democracy was invented as a means to break the dominant position of the church. The churches (both Catholic and Protestant) were aware of that, of course, and they resisted democracy until the Second World War. Of course, the churches are not obliged to endorse democracy, they may insist on their theocratic privileges as long as church-members keep to the laws. (Is 'keep to the laws' correct? Shouldn't it be: 'obey the law'?) Nowadays, the churches have surrendered to the facts and as law-abiding institutions they are known for their loyalty to democracy. But the argument for that has never become very clear. And, at least in the Netherlands, they are always secretly trying to find a special position in relation to the government. It is in this context of marginalisation (from the 19th century onwards) that churches began to speak of their prophetic office (cf. Graf 1988:88�"106).
•	The theological basis for the recognition of democracy is, I think, that faith is not compatible with coercion. The state has its identity in curbing violence by enforcing the laws. In a democracy, laws are enacted by parliament, representing the people and presupposing that the majority takes the moral differences in society into account (this is the meaning of the neutrality of the state; neutrality does not mean lack of identity.) Parliamentary debate is exercised within the language system of the tradition of the law. If the church fosters this argument for democracy, the implication is that she will normally not strive for a role as partner in a direct discussion with the government (except for the situation of a status confessionis). In most respects, she is not an organisation of interests (like trade unions for instance). The church is a class of her own, like a lamp that always spreads its light, but is more intensely noticed when the darkness deepens. As citizens her members will try to represent the light they see in political matters. All this is not to say that the church must foster democracy as the ideal form of political life. In accordance with Romans 13, she submits in principle to each form of state and assumes a fitting attitude.
•	One of the peculiar characteristics of a democracy is that submission also implies active participation, the citizen not only being a subject, but also having active and passive rights. This creates the opportunity to participate in the debate on the question as to what we can reach agreement on in society, given many moral differences, while still respecting the conviction of others and remaining faithful to one's own beliefs. The church can certainly play an active part in shaping the opinions of its members on political issues, both on the institutional level and within the congregations. But as an institution, the church should not want to be a prophet in society.
The church order of The Protestant Church in The Netherlands
course, all this implies a criticism of the church order which I quoted at the outset of my article. In 2003 the Protestant Church in the Netherlands opted for a different formulation:
In its celebrations, words and actions the church continually confesses Jesus Christ as the Lord and Saviour of the world and thus calls for renewal of life in culture, society and state. The church bears witness before people, powers and governments to God's promises and commandments and in doing so seeks a dialogue with other churches.
(Protestant Church in the Netherlands 2003:Art. I,6)
The main point in this new formulation is the fundamental identification of the church's role in society with its daily life: through its confessing life, the church fulfils its task in society. Special expressions are seen as extras (if necessary, if unavoidable). In the ordinances, this is elaborated as follows: the church supports the shaping of opinions in the congregations in societal issues, the church can deem it necessary to express itself on these issues, and the church can deliver a public 'witness'.
In light of my argument, these formulations are much better than the ones with which I started out. But of course they are open to different interpretations. There were letters about the law on euthanasia, as I mentioned, and about the war in Iraq, which were, in my opinion, too easily directed to the government. They also provoked expressions of disapproval within the church.
In a democratic society the church should not take on a prophetic role. The church must understand its task in respect to social ethics as the task of supporting and stimulating deliberation in the congregations. That is to say, the church should offer instruction in citizenship as well as the encouragement to participate in 'compromise-ethics' as a part of Christian ethics.
Toning down the political role of the church leaves room for just one exception: there may come a moment when faith in Jesus Christ does not allow submission to the direction of the actual policy of the democratic state. Then the Christian witness will coincide with a political choice of disobedience. Then politics becomes a matter of confessing, as it was in Barmen and Belhar. However, that lies in the sphere of ultima ratio. After the Second World War, people often tried to apply the experiences characteristic of the struggle with Nazism to more normal circumstances. They tried to institutionalise prophecy. They spoke sometimes of a continuous status confessionis. In the Netherlands and in Germany, this caused great tensions, especially in the debate on nuclear armament. According to the Dutch theologian Hendrikus Berkhof (1982:242�"245), the 'no' towards the use of nuclear weapons ought to be expressed 'with prophetic force' and anyone who refuses that 'no' should be excommunicated. In response to this, Wolfgang Huber Huber (1985) suggested that even prophetic speech is not immune to criticism. In Huber's view, prophetic speech questions the legitimacy of political developments and rejects political decisions that sacrifice future possibilities of communal life to the dictates of present interests. Can we think of prophecy in such a methodical way? I would rather say: prophets rise, sometimes; their witness is born, not made. The church has to be liberated from the burden of the imperative to speak prophetically.
Berkhof, H., 1982, 'Zwischen prophetie und weisheit'[Between prophecy and wisdown], EK 15, 242�"245.
De Kruijf, G.G., 1991, 'The Christian in the Crowded Public Square: the Hidden Tension between Prophecy and Democracy', Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics, 21�"42.
De Kruijf, G.G., 1994, Waakzaam en nuchter. Over christelijke ethiek in een democratie [Alert and sober. About Christian ethics in a democracy], Baarn, Ten Have.
Graf, F.W., 1988, 'Vom Munus Propheticum Christi zum prophetischen Wächteamt der Kirche?', ZEE 32, 88�"106.
Huber, W., 1985, 'Prophetische kritik und demokratischer Konens [Prophetic criticism and democratic consensus of opinion]', in T. Rendtorff (Hrsg.), Charisma und Institution, pp. 110-127, Gűtersloher Verlagshaus, Gűtersloh.
Netherlands Reformed Church, n.d., 'Governing rules', n.p.
Protestant Church in the Netherlands, 2003, 'The vocation of church and congretation', viewed n.d., from http://www.protestantchurch.nl/site/uploadedDocs/CHURCH_ORDER.pdf
Crossref Citations
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HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies | ISSN: 0259-9422 (PRINT) | ISSN: 2072-8050 (ONLINE)


I didn't intend to start a series, but this is the third. The first was my biggest obstacle in starting a business, which was followed by my biggest boost. Truth is, I was listing obstacles trying to figure out what I'd answer as the biggest, and this is the list I developed before I came up with the real answer.
So this is a list of runners-up, perhaps called also-rans, that I remember as obstacles when I started the business that became (years later) Palo Alto Software.
Money now vs. money later. I was consulting, but I had products. I was often torn between the consulting engagement offering money quickly, on the one hand; and the product development efforts that took short-term money but offered long-term payoff. That inability to focus, trying to serve conflicting objectives, was hard to manage.
Ahead of my product's time. I started doing business plan software as templates for the financial projections, written in Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel macro languages, in 1984. That idea didn't make money until 1995 when I was able to pull that content and add some more content into a standalone Windows application, Business Plan Pro. Ten years is a long time to wait. I was pretty stubborn.
Adequate is good enough. That's a quote from the late Adam Osborne, computer writer and entrepreneur, the man behind the Osborne Computer (sorry, ancient history, but for those of us who remember). I struggled a lot with how much to do before it was done. I believed in the "we sell no software before its time" idea, but that's hard.
Do-it-yourself. It took me a long time to understand the leverage of hiring other people to do things that I could do myself, but only — the doing it myself — if I had infinite time. There's a limit to doing it yourself.
Marketing yourself. More on that later. Not in this post.
Sustaining the second and third accounts. You get that one critical account and the temptation is to relax and let your marketing slide. That doesn't work. And it's tough too, because you also have to focus in on delivering great work so you never lose that most important account.
Point #1 is a great point, but I would say that consulting is very important for gathering a network and a reputation. The product can be a killer application (and as a Business and Marketing Plan Pro customer, I can certainly vouch for the quality of both products), but you need to develop a market and referrals for that product. Consulting can also lead to practicing your selling skills, because you must be able to sell yourself before you can sell anything else.
Tim, indeed this is a great series of insights…I'm learning that keeping a positive attitude at all times makes things clearer. Also thinking that setbacks are a good learning experience helps pulling through some darker moments. And a bit of sense of humor can save a day too.


In 2009, then-California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a statewide drought. That same year, a young company called New Age Hygienic Systems was selected as one of The New California 100 Businesses for its remarkable, water-saving Auto Toilet.
Inventor Dan Andreiu, New Age Hygienic Systems' founder and CEO, created the Auto Toilet. He says that this invention is the first update to the fundamental design and operation of the toilet in 200 years.
To learn more about this innovative toilet and its potential for water savings, go to http://bit.ly/MPHoed.
The inventor doesn't seem to understand that 1 liter of water is insufficient to move solid waste in North American drainlines. It is NOT ENOUGH just to get waste out of the toilet…it must also be moved to the sewer line in the street. I would NEVER want to install one of these in my home or business. I would be calling the roto rooter company every few days. In summary, any so-called 'savings' that would result from a 1 liter flushing toilets would definitely be offset by other costs (including the fixture itself) and resources and would result in a situation where the cost-benefit ratio would be greater than 1.
And, by the way, this is not the first such 'invention' of this type. We have seen a bunch in the past (beginning in the 1990s, believe it or not) that never gained traction with investors or regulators. They just were not feasible.
and the engineering by WM-Asia Singapore. Claytan carries out certification testing for EU, US Australia as well as Japan.
These certification tests ensure that the material in the bowl can be carried 25 yards down a level sewage pipe. and also that the bowl is washed down as a part of the flush process.
You will find that by calculation and testing the certification requirements can easily be achieved.from 10 degrees centigrade and above.


The 2017 GME Summit will be held in Boise, Idaho from Thursday, September 28 to Friday, September 29. Medical and community leaders are invited to explore key issues in graduate medical education in the region. Please visit this site for more information: http://www.uwmedicine.org/education/wwami/wwami-conferences/gme-summit.


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Q: Jquery making "content" based on h1 h2 h3 tags I would like to add a content before some div which has several sections and sub sections.
Can I parse it on fly using jquery?
For example I would like to have some thing like:

Head1

   ...
   ...

Subsection1

    ....
    ....

As an output I would like to have:

Head1

Subsection1

  ....

Head1

   ...
   ...

Subsection1

    ....
    ....

Can I achieve it using jquery or I should parse it by PHP?
Thanks in advance.
Arman.

A: You can do it with jQuery, but of course that would mean that anyone accessing the page without JavaScript enabled wouldn't have access to the table of contents. Not ideal.
But something along these lines:
jQuery(function($) {

  var ul = null;
  var lasth1 = null;
  var lasth1ul = null;
  var lasth2 = null;
  var lasth2ul = null;

  $("h1, h2, h3").each(function() {

    switch (this.tagName.toLowerCase()) {
      case "h1":
        if (!ul) {
          ul = $("
");
        }
        lasth1 = $("
").html($(this).html()).appendTo(ul);
        lasth1ul = null;
        lasth2ul = null;
        break;
      case "h2":
        if (!lasth1) {
          // Deal with invalid condition, h2 with no h1 before it
        }
        else {
          if (!lasth1ul) {
            lasth1ul = $("
").appendTo(lasth1);
          }
          lasth2 = $("
").html($(this).html()).appendTo(lasth1ul);
        }
        break;
      case "h3":
        if (!lasth2) {
          // Deal with invalid condition, h3 with no h2 before it
        }
        else {
          if (!lasth2ul) {
            lasth2ul = $("
").appendTo(lasth2);
          }
          $("
").html($(this).html()).appendTo(lasth2ul);
        }
        break;
    }

  });
  if (ul) {
    $("#cont").append(ul);
  }

});

Live example
Note that jQuery guarantees that you'll receive the matched elements in document order.
The above is just one way to do it. You could also use a recursive descent approach, but for just three levels the above is simple and doesn't repeat itself that much...

A: Of course you can. If you access to to content you want to show then all you do is use the "append" and "prepend" functions of jQuery. As a quick demo, check this
$("#cont").append("

Head1

Subsection1

")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A traditional cooking oil in South Asia, ghee is clarified butter made by boiling butter, which evaporates the water and separates the fat and milk proteins. Solid proteins are removed by filtration and what remains is a lactose-free butterfat that has a smoke point of 250 °C.
Dutch start-up Ghee Easy was founded five years ago by three friends, David Klingen, Bela de Briun and Andres Giel.
The company has four products in its range - plain, rosemary, Indian spice and goat ghee - and although Klingen did not disclose how much it sells in volume terms, he said it has seen its turnover double every year over the past four years.
According to Klingen, the success of ghee as a cooking ingredient is also "partly" down to the fact that people are confused about oils and fats, and which ones are healthy.
Ghee contains 99. 8 g fat, of which 62.5 g is saturated fat.
Firstly, he said, for years, food manufacturers have developed low-fat and diet foods by replacing fat with sugar, creating products that claim to be healthy but are not.
Secondly, the unhealthiness of saturated fats is increasingly called into doubt. Although most national nutrition guidelines continue to endorse unsaturated, plant-based fats such as sunflower oil from a health stance, trending diets such as keto and paleo have fuelled the popularity of unprocessed fats, including foods high in saturated fat.
Consumers are also increasingly curious about culinary alternatives, Klingen said.
"People want to learn about fats that are traditionally used elsewhere and people are open to cooking with new things," he added.
After working as sustainability manager for big retailers such as Ahold and Jumbo, Klingen said he got bored of sitting in front of a computer all day and was looking for something more hands-on.
Inspiration for creating a business in ghee came from having a mother who was passionate about Ayurveda, meditation and Indian cooking. "Now I'm back in front of the computer all day because we're growing too fast," he added.
Although the company does not have "a mission to change the world with ghee", on principle, it sources butter from grass-fed, organic cows only.
Organic farming "feels like it's better for the next generation," Klingen added.
The company initially sourced all its butter from the Netherlands but had to diversify to neighbouring countries such as Germany, Belgium, Denmark and the UK to ensure steady supplies.
In addition to online platforms, the brand is sold in bricks-and-mortar retailers in the Netherlands, UK and France including Sainsbury's, Planet Organic and Whole Foods.
Surprisingly – even for the company itself – it has found success in Japan, with sales there now accounting for 25% of its turnover.
The Dutch start-up is also by far the dominant player in Japan where Ghee Easy products make up 80% of all ghee sold, according to Klingen – although it is still a very small, niche category in the country.
All flavours are available in 100 g jars while the plain ghee is available in 100 g, 245 g, 500 g and 850 g jars. The company also sells in bulk for B2B customers and supplies private label manufacturers.
Two years ago, Ghee Easy launched a beverage brand, Chikko Not Coffee with three caffeine-free products – chicory, spelt and turmeric golden latte – all available in instant powder format.
Chikko is now outpacing the ghee products in terms of growth, but the clarified butter still accounts for 95% of its business, Klingen said.


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Historic Property zoned Limited Commercial. 2 buildings on the property, one a single-family home. The second building is a 3-unit apartment. All units presently rented for a total income of $3,350 per month. Main House has a new heating system. Commercial uses include: Daycare, Bed & Breakfast, Retail, Professional Offices including: dentist, doctor, real estate, travel agency and tea room. Conditional use Includes: a Car Wash. Check with Lower Pottsgrove Township Zoning Office for other potential uses associated with the Light Commercial (LC) and (LCO). Located on High St approximately 1,000 ft. from the Sanatoga Exit to Route 422.
2848 E HIGH ST is a 1.46 acre lot for sale in Pottstown, PA 19464.


A recent release from Scale Aircraft Conversions is this new accessory set for the Revell 1/32nd Lynx helicopter kit. The set includes the main landing gear and the nose gear as well as separate scissors.
I do not have this kit, but from online pictures I believe this set is simply meant to be a direct replacement for the kit's plastic landing gear, providing the modeler the option to go with white metal instead of plastic. Therefore while the casting is quite good, most of the details are unchanged and any defects of the kit parts, such as molding seams, are therefore replicated on the SAC gear.
I still am not happy with the softness of the alloy used. However, even though the SAC gear will easily bend I am confident it is stronger than the kit gear and will hold up well. As the weight of the Lynx gear is divided well and the kit light-weight I do not expect the SAC gear to sag over time.
Recommended as a quick and relatively low-priced replacement for the kit gear.