text:
Hatching (sometimes called hachure, from the French word) is a conventional system for monochrome denotation of heraldic armory, whereby the tinctures (colours) are represented by dots and lines. This technique is employed in cases where colours, for either aesthetic, practical or economic reasons are not reproduced – e.g. on surfaces such as woodcuts or engravings, seals and coins.

Several systems of hatchings were developed during the Renaissance as an alternative to tricking, the earlier method of indicating heraldic tinctures by use of written abbreviations.  The present day hatching system was developed during the 1630s by Silvester Petra Sancta and Marcus Vulson de la Colombière. Some earlier hatching methods were also developed, but did not come into wide use.

Tricking is an alternative method which has the same purpose as hatching.

Conventional system

Genesis

Hatching developed as a method of screening used by Renaissance painters. For copperplate engravers and artists such as Zangrius and Franquart, it served as a natural method to designate heraldic tinctures.  Copper plate engravers faced difficulties producing coloured illustrations.  The first tests of colour copperplate engravings were done by François Perrier around the middle of the 17th century. According to some views, however, multi-coloured copperplate engravings were invented by Abraham Bosse, as described in his 1645 treatise.

Heralds did not like hatching, and the College of Arms gave preference to tricking even beyond the 17th century.  Tricking was a simpler and quicker way than hatching to designate the tinctures. Otto Titan von Hefner maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries. Both tricking and hatching were applied by the Benedictine monk, philologist and historian Vincenzo Borghini (1515–1580). He drew a difference between metals and colours of arms on his woodcuts by leaving the places for metals blank; similarly, all colours were hatched the same way the colour vert is today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking: R for rosso (gules), A for azure, N for nigro (sable), G for gialbo (Or), and B for biancho (argent).  Vert was not represent among his works.

Painting and graphics advanced greatly in the Low Countries during the 15–18th centuries. For this reason, different hatching methods emerged in the system of heraldry in these territories (mainly in the Duchy of Brabant), such as the methods of Zangrius (1600), Franquart (1623), Butkens (1626), and de Rouck (1645).  The four other authors to produce hatching systems in the 17th century – de la Colombière, Petra Sancta, Gelenius, and Lobkowitz – also had close connection with heraldists and artists in these territories.

The earliest hatching system was developed by Jan Baptist Zangrius, a copperplate engraver, publisher, typographer and bookseller from Leuven, in 1600.  The hatching systems of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière differed from Zangrius's method only in their hatchings of the colour Sable.

Dispute of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière

The primacy of developing a hatching method belongs undoubtedly to Zangrius. In comparison to his system, Petra Sancta and de la Colombière made only minor changes to Zangrius' system such as different hatching for the colour Sable. It seems that de la Colombière preceded Petra Sancta and the armorial chart of Zangrius published in French could possibly be known to him pretty well. The artists from the Spanish Low Countries (where by all probability the heraldic hatching systems were invented), that is to say from the neighbouring territories to France, visited Paris very often.

We have only some fragmental data about the life of Marcus Vulson de la Colombière. He visited Paris in 1618, but by all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament. He also published a book in the spirit of the Gallicanism in Geneva that year. Colombière's ideas suited the king's taste too, as a result he departed Grenoble and settled in Paris, where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. His next book was published in Paris in 1638. He had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time. For this reason, it could perhaps be concluded that de la Colombière was right in claiming the title of the inventor of the hatching system, and accusing Petra Sancta of copying his method and incorrectly publishing it in his 1638 work (Tesserae gentilitiae, Rome 1638), one year before the same hatching system was published by de la Colombière (Recueil de plusieurs pièces et figures d'armoiries..., Paris 1639). However, the earlier book of Petra Sancta from 1634 had a hatching table as well. On page 37 of his title La Science Heroїque (1644), Colombière maintains that Petra Sancta simply copied his system without any changes. De la Colombière also mentions the book publishers and copperplate engravers as the users of the hatching system.

Ottfried Neubecker maintains that the hatching system in heraldry was invented by de la Colombière and not Petra Sancta who only popularized the system through his second treatise titled Tesserae gentilitia, published in 1638. On the other hand, it's also true that Silvester Petra Sancta provided though preliminary, comprehensive studies on his heraldic work in Germany and the Netherlands and that it's very likely that he was acquainted with the idea of hatching and the earlier existing hatching methods from the Dutch engravers before he developed his own hatching system. He was the confessor of the Cardinal Pier Luigi Carafa (1581–1655). Between 1624 and 1634, Petra Sancta stayed with his lord in Cologne where he fought against the rising Protestantism through his sermons and religious discussions, including through two of his emblematic books published in 1634 and 1638, respectively. Later he settled down in Rome and published his famous treatise on heraldry there, but during the late 1620s and the early 1630s he stayed in the Spanish Low Countries and the neighbouring territories. In 1634 he published his first book touching the topic of heraldry, containing a hatching table, and his main heraldic work with a coherent hatching system was published in 1638 in Rome.

Contribution of engravers to development
According to the data from the Plantin-Moretus archive, the emblems in Petra Sancta's 1634 book were initially prepared by artist-engravers in the service of the Jesuit monks, and then redone by André Pauwels (Andries Pauli, 1600–1639) between December 1631 and June 1634 for Balthasar Moretus (1574–1641). The allegorical title page of this book was prepared by Rubens. Petra Sancta's 1638 book was published by Francesco Corbelletti in Rome.

The woodcuts from one of Corbelletti's publications (Giovanni Antonio Brandi, Cronologia de' sommi pontefici ...., Rome: Francesco Corbelletti, 1627) are good examples of stripping applied for screening. One of the woodcuts (no. 152) in the book even shows a kind of a screening with hatching. Moreover, the arms on the title page of one of Corbelletti's 1639 La perfettione del cavallo (Francesco Liberati,... Rome: Per gli Heredi di Francesco Corbelletti) already use a complete example of heraldic hatching. That means Corbelletti adopted the heraldic hatching system in the very next year after Petra Sancta's 1638 system. If we consider the time needed to prepare the engravings and the approval by the censure, Corbelletti must have known Petra Sancta's system even before 1638.

Thus it's obvious that Petra Sancta got the model for his system from the illustrators and publishers of his books in the Low Countries. It is possible that these engravers also knew at least two earlier hatching systems: Zangrius' in 1600 and Francquart's in 1623. The techniques might have even been carried forward by the guilds of engravers one after another. Certainly, Petra Sancta must have at least held consultations with the engravers who were preparing illustrations for his books to explain his concept or to develop a coherent method to designate tinctures by mutual agreement.

Designation of tinctures by hatching requires copperplate engravings, as the tiny areas in the escutcheons need lines more closely spaced than woodcuts can produce. And copperplate engraving was the most developed form of hatching in the Low Countries, especially in Antwerp, while until the 1630s it was almost unknown in some other countries, including Paris. So heraldic hatching was developed as a result of the cooperation between heraldists and copperplate engravers and artists.

Other systems

The French heraldist Imbert de la Phalecque and his Italian counterpart Goffredo di Crollanza claimed that the work of Philippe de l'Espinoy was the first one that adopted the hatching system applied in the blazon. His two-volume book was published in Douai in 1631 and in 1632 respectively. (A facsimile of l'Espinoy's book titled Recherche des antiquités et noblesse de Flandre was published in 1972.) This city, now in France, was then part of Flanders. The illustrations in this book include 1,121 escutcheons, standards and seals of armorial bearings, on wood, besides 58 copperplate illustrations that at first sight appear to have hatchings. If one however compares these "hatchings" with the descriptions, then one finds out that there isn't any system in it at all. For instance Gules is alternately indicated by horizontal or vertical or diagonal lines or is left blank. It seems l'Espinoy considered lines and dots merely as a sort of artistic additions which he put in at random. There is no hatching table at all.

Most other known hatching systems also originated in the Low Countries. The tiny hatching table of the above-mentioned Jacob Franquart, to be found in his Pompa funebris Alberti Pii Austriaci (1623), was the earliest hatching method after Zangrius. The Cistercian abbot from Antwerp and historian and genealogist Christophe Butkens also developed his own system, but it was used by him in an inconsequent way which led to the misunderstandings and the resultant sudden disappearance of this system. The hatching table of Thomas de Rouck was radically different from that of Zangrius. Aegidius Gelenius was one of the most respected Cologne historians of his time. He developed a late hatching system but it did not gain popularity. Gelenius was deeply influenced by Petra Sancta and both the men met personally several times in Cologne. Gelenius also studied the coats of arms and antiquities of the Rhenish nobility in the territory neighboring the Low Countries. However, Gelenius' hatching system is identical only at two points with Petra Sancta, indicating that he consciously tried to develop an independent system but failed to make a serious cut, or it can also indicate that Petra Sancta's system was not yet fully developed when they met in Cologne. If this is true, it makes certain the primacy of de la Colombière as the inventor of the hatching system.

The last hatching method was developed by Charles Segoing, a French heraldist and royal historian in 1654 (Armorial universel, contenant les armes des principales maisons de l'Europe. Paris, 1654). His system is similar to the method of Petra Sancta. On the table X of his work, Otto Titan von Hefner published still another system of hatching from 1639, attributed to Lobkowitz. (On page 49, footnote 4 Hefner names his source as Rietstap's Handboek der Wapenkunde, p. 96.) His book titled Philippus Prudens contains as many as 27 engraved portraits of the Portuguese kings, among them several with hatched coat of arms, but there is no hatching table at all. However, in his earlier book from 1636 we can really find a hatching table. (One of the book censors was Christophe Butkens.)

In 1632 Lobkowitz was sent to the Low Countries where he became a renowned preacher and missionary. His first book Steganographia ars orthographia was published in 1636 in Brussels when he was a professor at the Leuven University – the same city where Jan Baptist Zangrius was also active. Here Lobkowitz published a major work titled Theologia Moralis ad prima, eaque clarissima principia reducta printed by Perus Zangrius (Lovanii, typis ac sumptibus Petrus Zangrius, 1645). His book titled Philippus Prudens containing some hatched arms was published in 1639 by Balthasar Moretus in Antwerp. The coats of arms were engraved by Cornelis Galle the Younger, after the drawings of Erasmus Quellinus the Younger (Antwerp, 1607 – Antwerp, 1678), a Flemish Baroque painter, and the engraving of the frontispiece was made by Jacob Neefs (Antwerp, June 3, 1610 – 1660), also after a design by Erasmus Quellinus the Younger.

Christoffel Plantin (1520–1589), grandfather of Balthasar Moretus, set up his printing shop called 'De Gulden Passer' (Golden Compasses) in Antwerp in 1555, publishing both Catholic and Protestant literature. This Frenchman, who fled his native country to Antwerp to escape the persecution during the 1540s, was the best-known printer of his time. Moretus was also a close friend to Rubens who made several illustrations for the company's publications. This company also published a work by Justus Lipsius in 1604 using the same portrait of Lipsius that was engraved by Zangrius in 1601. Zangrius had also some Parisian connections. The Parisian Book Society knew several representatives of a number of leading engravers originating from the Netherlands, for instance, the famous Jodocus Badius (1462–1535) from Asse, and the not-so-famous Johannes Lodoicus Tiletanus (1566–1581) from Tielt. He started off as a corrector at Badius, married the sister-in-law of Badius' daughter Madeleine and became an uncle to Petrus Zangrius.

In 1711, Filippo Bonanni published another hatching system, which has distinct hatching for the tincture Argent and the color white. His marking of the tincture Or is a slightly different as well.

Additional tinctures
Out of these systems, Otto Titan von Hefner published some further hatching methods at table X of his above cited book, presenting hatching methods for some additional tinctures as well. Some additional tinctures had already appeared in the theory of heraldry in the early 15th century, which were then soon applied in practice. The German jurist and heraldist Eucharius Gottlieb Rink (1670–1746) introduced hatching for the gray (Eisen = iron) and proper (Naturfarbe). These hatchings (natürlichen Farbe, Eisenfarbe) were presented by Gatterer as well. He maintained that the first one is needless, but the second one has its own importance, because he had noticed himself that old armorials produced by heralds, at least in Germany, also made a difference between iron-colour (Eisenfarbe) and the white colour (weisse Farbe), when they omit the term Argent. He also recommended to study the work by Johann David Köhler titled Programma de auctoribus incisurarum, to learn about the origin of hatchings. The German heraldist Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd (1775–1854) introduced hatching for some other tinctures such as Umbra (sienne, earth-color), Rotgelb (yellow-red, orange), Stahlblau (steel blue) and Blutfarbe (sanguine).

Besides the traditional metals, or (gold) and argent (silver), some other metals like copper, lead, bronze, etc. also emerged over the years. Hatching for iron (ferro) and steel (acciaio) were introduced by two Italian heraldists Guelfi Camaini and Goffredo di Crollanza, but these were rarely used.

The heraldic furs (ermine, vair) do not need a special hatching method, as they have a special pattern that is easily recognizable even on the uncoloured illustrations. Nevertheless, there existed two heraldic furs that had their own hatchings. Also, there are in use (mainly in the Czech heraldic literature) furs like zibeline and marten. The colour and hatching for zibeline is the same as the sable (black) tincture, and the colour and hatching of marten is identical with the gules (red) tincture. So, in some countries these tinctures are also held as furs (mainly in the Czech heraldic traditions, but not in real use, and sometimes also in the German heraldry, which is also not in real use today).

Zibeline (in German Zobelfell, in Czech sobol, and in Hungarian coboly) was already used in the ancient times of heraldry. Some minnesängers applied the word Zobelfell for the black tincture, and the arms of the count von Zollern also contained zibeline (Zobelfell). The colour and hatching of marten (in German Marderfell, in Czech kunina, and in Hungarian nyest) is identical with the red (gules) tincture. The origin of the word gules is from the Medieval Latin word gula, which means the mouth of a carnivorous animal, and in some cases the goules are made of the marten fur (one text says goules de martre). Maybe its reddish tint came to the heraldry from the fur of pine marten. In the poem of Konrad von Würzburg we can read kelen rôt (line 985) transformed into modern German as pelzrot. (Furthermore, we can read there phrases like vîz hermelin (405), which is hermelinweiß, and zobel (400) as well.) Though the Webster's Dictionary defines the meaning of pine as a white, yellowish timber and the Cambridge International Dictionary defines it as a timber usually pale in colour, no source, including heraldry textbooks, mentions it in connection with heraldry.

Other modern usages
The basic Petra Sancta system was adopted in the modern world by industrial engineers as a standard system of colors and hatch patterns for use in planning factories and material handling systems.

The representative glyphs in the Unicode charts use hatching on characters whose color is essential to the character's identity, such as the twelve colored "heart" emoji.

See also
 Screentone, dot patterns as textures in monochrome printing.

Further reading
Schroeder, Johann Karl von: Über Alter und Herkunft der Heraldischen Schraffirungen. In: Der Herold (de), 7 N.F. Berlin 1969/71, 67–68. l.

References

Techniques and principles related to heraldic tinctures
Etching
Engraving


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One of the greatest barriers for people with disabilities, when returning to work (RTW), is the process of reintegrating into the workplace. With this in mind, this course, RTW best practices will frame the foundation of this course. Participants will review tangible research that shows providing RTW that is safe, sustainable, and appropriately timed, provides therapeutic value to workers with disabilities and is a win – win situation for all.
the evolution of the paradigm shift from disability management to disability prevention.
Groups, including the World Health Organization, National Institute of Disability Management and Research, International Labour Organization, Sherbrooke/PREVICAP models, Institute of Work and Health, Roundtable Project and the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board strategies) involved in the abovementioned paradigm shift are discussed.
Participants are encouraged to use real life examples to put disability prevention into practice.


If you are a horse lover, this ebook is for you! Gain effective knowledge on caring for horses.
The Horse Care ebook is an ideal introduction for anybody who needs the foundations of providing effective care for horses. This ebook covers different breeds, horse anatomy & physiology, proper feeding, horse handling, horse health care, shoeing, equipment, the horse industry and the different care needed for a horse in a stable or at grass.
This book is an accumulation of information from biology, agricultural science and veterinary medicine. It looks to explore and explain the fundamentals of appropriate horse care aims and techniques and in doing so it will consider horsemanship as a combination of art and science. Working with horses is primarily about giving and receiving respect; often followed by the beginning of an ever-lasting bond. Undoubtedly, working with horses in such a way to develop positive and lasting relationships does not come easily and you must pay special attention to understanding horses as kind animals with much to give. They often have a willingness to please and have a special place in the hearts of their owners.


text:
<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Profile;
use App\Shop;
use App\Transformers\BuyerTransformer;
use App\Transformers\SellerTransformer;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage;
use Tymon\JWTAuth\Exceptions\JWTException;
use Tymon\JWTAuth\Facades\JWTAuth;
use Image;

class ProfileController extends Controller
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->middleware('jwt.auth',
            ['except' => ['index']]);
    }

    //menambahkan fungsi untuk membuat profile
    public function index(Shop $shop, $id)
    {
         $shop = $shop->find($id);
         if (empty($shop->location)) {
            return fractal()
            ->item($shop)
            ->transformWith(new SellerTransformer)
            ->addMeta(['maps'  => 'Toko ini tidak belum menentukan lokasi'])
            ->includeReview()
            ->toArray();
        }
         return fractal()
            ->item($shop)
            ->transformWith(new SellerTransformer)
            ->includeMap()
            ->includeReview()
            ->toArray();
    }

    public function create(Request $request)
    {
        $this->user = JWTAuth::parseToken()->authenticate();
        $status = $this->user->status;
        $user_stat = $this->user->status_user;
        try {
            if ($user_stat == 1) {
            if ($status === 'seller') {
            $this->validate($request, [
            'shop_name'     => 'required|min:3',
            'owner'         => 'required|min:3',
            'phone'         => 'required|min:11|max:14',
            'address'       => 'required|min:6',
            'description'   => 'min:5',
            ]);

            $shop = Shop::create([
            'shop_name'     => request('shop_name'),
            'owner'         => request('owner'),
            'address'       => request('address'),
            'description'   => request('description'),
            'user_id'       => $this->user->id,
            ]);
            $this->user->update(['phone' => $request->phone, 'status_user' => 2 ]);

            return fractal()
            ->item($shop)
            ->transformWith(new SellerTransformer)
            ->addMeta(['success'  => 'Profile toko telah dibuat'])
            ->toArray();
            }

            //validasi profile
            $this->validate($request, [
            'fullname'    => 'required|min:5',
            'sex'         => 'required|in:male,female',
            'phone'       => 'min:11|max:14',
            ]);

            $profile = Profile::create([
            'fullname'  => request('fullname'),
            'sex'       => request('sex'),
            'user_id'   => $this->user->id,
            ]);
            $this->user->update(['phone' => $request->phone, 'status_user' => 2 ]);

            return fractal()
            ->item($profile)
            ->transformWith(new BuyerTransformer)
            ->addMeta(['success'  => 'Profil pembeli telah dibuat'], 201)
            ->toArray();
        }
        return response()->json(['error' => 'Pembuatan profil gagal, akun anda telah memiliki profil'], 202);
        } catch (JWTException $e) {
            return response()->json(['error' => 'Pembuatan profil gagal, periksa kembali koneksi anda'], 500);
        }
    }

    public function update_profile(Request $request)
    {
        $this->user = JWTAuth::parseToken()->authenticate();
        $status = $this->user->status;
        if ($status === 'seller')
        {
            $data = [
            'shop_name'     => request('shop_name'),
            'owner'         => request('owner'),
            'address'       => request('address'),
            'description'   => request('description'),
            ];
            $table = 'shops';
            $transform = new SellerTransformer;
            $response = 'Profil penjual telah diperbaharui';
        }else{
            $data = [
                'fullname'  => request('fullname'),
                'sex'       => request('sex')
            ];
            $table = 'profiles';
            $transform = new BuyerTransformer;
            $response = 'Profil pembeli telah diperbaharui';
        }
        $this->user->update(['phone' => $request->phone]);
        DB::table($table)
            ->where('user_id', $this->user->id)
            ->update($data);
        if ($table == 'profiles') {
            $item = $this->user->profile;
        } else {
            $item = $this->user->shop;
        }
        return fractal()
            ->item($item)
            ->transformWith($transform)
            ->addMeta(['success'  => $response])
            ->toArray();
    }

    public function update_avatar(Request $request)
    {
        $this->user = JWTAuth::parseToken()->authenticate();
        try {
        $this->validate($request,[
           'avatar'=>'required|mimes:jpeg,jpg,png|max:500000',
       ]);
        $status = $this->user->status;
        if ($request->hasFile('avatar')) {
        $imagename = 'avatar'. '_' . $status . '_' . preg_replace('/\s+/','_',$request->avatar->getClientOriginalName());
        $img = Image::make($request->avatar->move(public_path("avatars"), $imagename));
        $img->resize(800, null, function ($constraint) {
             $constraint->aspectRatio();
             $constraint->upsize();
        });
        $img->save();
        if (file_exists(base_path() . '/public/avatars/' . $imagename) == false) {
            return response()->json(['error'  => 'Foto tidak ditemukan'], 404);
        }
            if ($status === 'seller')
            {
                $default = $this->user->shop->avatar;
                $table = 'shops';
            }else {
                $default = $this->user->profile->avatar;
                $table = 'profiles';
            }
            if ($default !== "default.jpg") {
                Storage::delete('/avatars/'.$default);
            }
            DB::table($table)
            ->where('user_id', $this->user->id)
            ->update(['avatar' => $imagename,]);

            return response()->json(['success'  => 'Update foto telah berhasil']);
        }
        return response()->json(['error'  => 'Foto tidak ditemukan'], 404);
        } catch (JWTException $e) {
            return response()->json(['error' => 'Pembuatan profil gagal, periksa kembali koneksi anda'], 500);
        }
    }

    public function show(Shop $shop, Profile $profile)
    {
        $this->user = JWTAuth::parseToken()->authenticate();
        $shop = $this->user->shop;
        $profile = $this->user->profile;
        if ($this->user->status_user == 0) {
            return response()->json(['error' => 'Tidak ditemukan, silahkan isi profile anda'], 404);
        }
        try {
        $status = $this->user->status;
        if ($status === 'seller')
        {
            return fractal()
            ->item($shop)
            ->transformWith(new SellerTransformer)
            ->toArray();
        }
        return fractal()
            ->item($profile)
            ->transformWith(new BuyerTransformer)
            ->toArray();
        } catch (JWTException $e) {
            return response()->json(['error' => 'Load data gagal, periksa kembali koneksi anda'], 500);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Vegetarian and vegan have similar meanings, but with some important differences. We will examine the difference between the definitions of vegetarian and vegan, where these terms came from and some examples of their use in sentences.
A vegetarian is a person who eats vegetables to the exclusion of the flesh of animals, poultry and fish. People become vegetarians for a variety of reasons, including health, availability of resources or objection to the treatment of farm animals. The term vegetarian was coined in 1839 from the word vegetable paired with the suffix -arian, patterned on the word agrarian. The formation of the Vegetarian Society of Ramsgate in 1847 helped to popularize the term. Vegetarian may be used as a noun or an adjective.
A vegan is a person who eats vegetables to the exclusion of the flesh of animals, poultry and fish, but also does not eat any animal byproducts such as cheese or eggs. A vegan is a type of vegetarian. The term vegan was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson. Vegan may also be used as either a noun or a verb.


text:
← NEWS: Creating a friendlier Dupont (May 2019) NEWS: Cities trump space (May 2019) →
NEWS: Wychwood Library aims to attract (May 2019)
Demolition of 1970s element makes way for modern addition
Architects' rendering of what will be the main floor "Urban Living Room" in the new addition to Wychwood Library on Bathurst Street. COURTESY SHOALTS AND ZABACK ARCHITECTS
By Nabahat Hussain
When the Wychwood Public Library reopens its doors in 2020, the community will find a dramatic shift to the modern in this heritage building. The 1978 addition to the library has been demolished and will be replaced by a 9,000-square-foot space designed by Shoalts and Zaback Architects. Project architect Eric Riddel says the decision to demolish was not taken lightly, but the design intends to make library-goers feel at home while attracting new people to the building.
The library is almost identical to the Beaches and Hyde Park branches created in the same decade. Between 1907 and 1916, the Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie gave Toronto Public Libraries $487,500 to build ten new libraries. The libraries in the Beaches and Hyde Park are also Carnegie libraries and are nearly identical to the Wychwood branch.
The Wychwood Library's standout piece is the front door on Bathurst Street, which will be reopened, restored, and made fully accessible.
Architects' rendering of the 2nd floor lounge and terrace of the new addition. COURTESY SHOALTS AND ZABACK ARCHITECTS
"The 19th century public library was thought of as a refuge, a place away from the hustle and noise of daily life," says Riddel. "Today libraries are more lively with more activities and community involvement. Wychwood will provide the values of the old and the new; the best of both worlds."
In terms of environmental sustainability, there will be a green roof on the new addition to help conserve energy.
"The extra wing was built in the 1970s, but it doesn't really fit into today's accessibility standards," says Sarah Bradley, library services manager. "There wasn't any way to preserve it and have our goals met, which are to see an accessible, flexible, welcoming, open space."
The Toronto Public Library system will see more renovations and expansions in branches across the city in order to meet their tagline: Activate something great. Bradley says the TPL's goal is to be "More visible, more welcoming, more personal, and more engaging."
The expansion and renovation will include many new services including a "kids-stop," which will be a fun and interactive area for kids. There will be books as well as hands-on activities. Senior citizens will be welcomed with a new section devoted to them, which will include a dedicated quiet area for relaxation.
In the public consultations that took place prior to the library's new design being finalized, community members expressed their wish for more space and some place to escape to find peace and quiet. Bradley says the new space will aim to meet the needs of the community by providing an exceptional customer experience, innovation, while remaining close to the library's roots.
In terms of technology, people will be able print items from their phone through the print and scanning system in 2020. Wychwood Library hopes to make more robotics and coding equipment available to children and teens by adding on to their pop-up learning program that includes a 3-D printer. More e-books and e-audio books will be made available, as well as more online learning opportunities.
Davenport Library has offered extended hours on Mondays from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. to accommodate Wychwood Library patrons. Books cannot be dropped off during the library's closure. In terms of picking up holds, people can go online and change their pickup location to any other Toronto Public Library; Deer Park, Davenport, and Oakwood libraries are nearby alternatives. For bedridden or physically disadvantaged community members, the Home Library Service is available to deliver books.
For more resources and information, visit www.torontopubliclibrary.ca.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since I have been living with this disease for some time I have actually performed a lot of research into all of the treatment options available. Now, some of these treatment options are not fully FDA approved, but they have been tested for many years and they are generally considered safe. Of course you should use common sense here and not rely on the advice of any blogger, always seek out the opinion of someone who is experienced and even seek out the opinion of two experienced surgeons to get the best advice possible.
The first stage is really nothing major; you can treat this disease with glasses. For many people this can work for years. In fact it was not until recently was I forced to wear contact lenses to treat this condition. Now since the cornea is misshaped you will eventually not be able to see much at all with your glasses, then you go into the second stage of treatment.
You can go for several decades using this treatment option, so if you are just diagnosed with this disease you have a lot of time to figure out your next course of action and how you may want to proceed. As well since the advancements in treating Keratoconus are becoming quite rapid you may experience a longer lasting option then those previously. The best thing I can say to you is to not give up hope.
The second stage is potentially made of two options, since the advancements in soft contact lenses it is now possible to use soft contacts for a longer period of time. Getting fit with a custom fit contact lens is going to take some time, however, it will be worth it in the long run.
You can go with the soft contact route to start, and for many this may be the best way to go, or the hard gas permeable lenses. The benefit of using a soft contact lens to begin with is that you should be able to wear these lenses for a longer period of time and they should not cause a lot of issues when you wear them for a long period of time.
Soft contacts are generally safer to use as they will not cause a lot of irritation and because they can be custom made for each eye you should be able to see clearer than with a rigid lens. While you still should not sleep in these lenses it may be possible to do so in the future.
Finally, once you have exhausted the soft contact lens route you can then move on to the hard or glass permeable lenses. These lenses are the "gold standard" of treating Keracontonus. For many people, including myself, the prescription of Jupiter RGP lenses has saved the sight of many people who would otherwise go blind.
The drawback of using an RGP lens however is the overall comfort for long periods of time. As well the care and upkeep of these lenses can be a bit of a pain. Fortunately, you won't need to dispose of these lenses for roughly two years if your prescription has not changed.
Another drawback of the Jupiter RGP lenses is the overall cost of buying these. Getting fitted with a custom lens is going to take some time, and that time is going to be valuable to any optometrist. This is not just like buying a contact lens from Wal-Mart or something; it takes a lot of effort to get it done the right way so you have the ability to see.
Finally, now I am going to discuss some of the more aggressive treatment options. Some of these treatments are not yet approved by the FDA and as such the amount various Doctor's charge for them varies so it may be helpful to shop around.
Cornea Cross Linking is a treatment option that is undergoing clinical trials in the United States at this time. Essentially what happens is that your top layer of your cornea is peeled back and then drops of riboflavin are dropped into the eye. Once these drops have been placed onto the affected area of the cornea it is then subjected to a low dosage of ultra-violet radiation to cause a cross linking effect. This cross linking effect supposedly flattens the cornea and strengthens it for the future.
Cross linking is not approved by the FDA because there really have not been any guidelines or best practices on how many drops to apply or the level of radiation to give to any patient. Basically, there is not enough information to really give the best end result for the patient and that is why it is not approved yet. So if you feel comfortable undergoing a procedure that may or may not work then I say give it a shot.
Another treatment option that can be combined with cross linking is the use of intac cornea rings. These rings are just as you would imagine, they are small rings that can be tolerated by the body that go into the cornea and flatten out the bulge that causes the problems with all Keracontonus patients. By using cross linking in combination with the intac procedure many people have reported significant vision improvement.
The final stage and the only treatment option available is a full blown cornea transplant. The reason why this should be considered the absolute last resort is that once this procedure has been done it cannot be reversed. Put simply you cannot undo this procedure and as such you should really consider that.
Now there are various types of transplants that can be used. The severity of your condition would dictate if you require a full blown transplant or a partial graft transplant, the benefit of using a partial graft is that you are given a shorter time frame for recovery.
The typical time to recover fully from this procedure is anywhere from 6 to 12 months. Clearly, this can take a lot of time to get over and heal properly. You will be restricted in what you can do and for many people those restrictions will put a serious damper on the lifestyle you have become accustomed to.
Would this mean the end of your life as you know it? Probably not but for one year you will have to treat your affected eye as though it was the most fragile and most valuable part of your body.
Overcoming this disease just takes time, clearly not everyone is ready for hearing the news of being diagnosed with this disease. You can find some good resources in your local town by searching the Internet and if you have a Department of Blind services then I highly recommend you contact them as they will have access to a lot more information then I could give you.


text:
// Copyright 2020 The Chromium Authors
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "ash/accessibility/switch_access/point_scan_layer.h"

#include "ash/shell.h"
#include "third_party/skia/include/core/SkPaint.h"
#include "third_party/skia/include/core/SkPath.h"
#include "third_party/skia/include/effects/SkDashPathEffect.h"
#include "ui/aura/window.h"
#include "ui/compositor/layer.h"
#include "ui/compositor/paint_recorder.h"
#include "ui/display/display.h"
#include "ui/display/screen.h"
#include "ui/gfx/canvas.h"
#include "ui/gfx/color_palette.h"
#include "ui/wm/core/coordinate_conversion.h"

namespace ash {

namespace {
constexpr int kStrokeWidth = 2;
constexpr int kDefaultRangeWidthDips = 150;
constexpr int kDefaultRangeHeightDips = 120;
constexpr int kDashLengthDips = 6;
constexpr int kGapLengthDips = 3;

constexpr SkColor kInnerColor = gfx::kGoogleBlue300;
constexpr SkColor kOuterColor = gfx::kGoogleBlue600;

display::Display GetPrimaryDisplay() {
  DCHECK(display::Screen::GetScreen());
  return display::Screen::GetScreen()->GetPrimaryDisplay();
}
}  // namespace

PointScanLayer::PointScanLayer(AccessibilityLayerDelegate* delegate,
                               PointScanLayer::Orientation orientation,
                               PointScanLayer::Type type)
    : AccessibilityLayer(delegate), orientation_(orientation), type_(type) {
  aura::Window* root_window =
      Shell::GetRootWindowForDisplayId(GetPrimaryDisplay().id());
  CreateOrUpdateLayer(root_window, "PointScanning", gfx::Rect(),
                      /*stack_at_top=*/true);
  SetOpacity(1.0);
  layer()->SetBounds(GetPrimaryDisplay().bounds());
}

void PointScanLayer::Start() {
  gfx::Point start = bounds().origin();
  gfx::Point end;
  int padding = kStrokeWidth / 2 + 1;

  // Set the end point, based on the orientation. Offset by padding so lines
  // draw onscreen.
  if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::HORIZONTAL) {
    end = bounds().bottom_left();
    start.Offset(padding, 0);
    end.Offset(padding, 0);
  } else if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::VERTICAL) {
    end = bounds().top_right();
    start.Offset(0, padding);
    end.Offset(0, padding);
  }

  line_.start = start;
  line_.end = end;
  is_moving_ = true;
}

void PointScanLayer::Pause() {
  is_moving_ = false;
  layer()->SchedulePaint(bounds());
}

bool PointScanLayer::IsMoving() const {
  return is_moving_;
}

int PointScanLayer::GetInset() const {
  return 0;
}

void PointScanLayer::OnPaintLayer(const ui::PaintContext& context) {
  ui::PaintRecorder recorder(context, layer()->size());
  cc::PaintFlags flags;
  flags.setAntiAlias(true);
  flags.setStyle(cc::PaintFlags::kStroke_Style);
  flags.setStrokeWidth(kStrokeWidth);
  int half_stroke_width = kStrokeWidth / 2;

  if (!is_moving_) {
    SkScalar intervals[] = {kDashLengthDips, kGapLengthDips};
    int intervals_length = 2;
    flags.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, intervals_length, 0));
  }

  flags.setColor(kOuterColor);
  if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::HORIZONTAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags, -half_stroke_width, 0);
  } else if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::VERTICAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags, 0, -half_stroke_width);
  }

  flags.setColor(kInnerColor);
  if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::HORIZONTAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags, half_stroke_width, 0);
  } else if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::VERTICAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags, 0, half_stroke_width);
  }

  if (type_ != PointScanLayer::Type::RANGE)
    return;

  // Draw the second line for range scanning.
  flags.setColor(kOuterColor);
  if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::HORIZONTAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags,
                        kDefaultRangeWidthDips - half_stroke_width, 0);
  } else if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::VERTICAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags, 0,
                        kDefaultRangeHeightDips - half_stroke_width);
  }

  flags.setColor(kInnerColor);
  if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::HORIZONTAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags,
                        kDefaultRangeWidthDips + half_stroke_width, 0);
  } else if (orientation_ == PointScanLayer::Orientation::VERTICAL) {
    DrawLineWithOffsets(recorder.canvas(), flags, 0,
                        kDefaultRangeHeightDips + half_stroke_width);
  }
}

void PointScanLayer::DrawLineWithOffsets(gfx::Canvas* canvas,
                                         cc::PaintFlags flags,
                                         int x_offset,
                                         int y_offset) {
  SkPath path;
  path.moveTo(line_.start.x() + x_offset, line_.start.y() + y_offset);
  path.lineTo(line_.end.x() + x_offset, line_.end.y() + y_offset);
  canvas->DrawPath(path, flags);
}

}  // namespace ash


text:
Driving, Riding
Splat the rat
October 18, 2015 Mark McArthur-Christiechicaines, Hans Monderman, road safety, shared space, speed bumps, traffic calming 5 Comments
Safer roads in Oxfordshire.
Most councils use conflict-based 'traffic calming' schemes as speed reduction measures and to discourage drivers from using certain roads. They call roads like these – the roads people use to get to work, to go shopping and home to their families – 'rat runs'.
In my own village in West Oxfordshire we have had 'calming' imposed on each of the four 'rat runs' into the village. The reason? Pressure from some residents that traffic was too fast. Accident history certainly didn't give a reason for engineering measures – 12 injury accidents in 5 years, not one speed-related – but 'fear of speeding traffic' was significant enough to justify pinch-points and chicanes.
Not so calm
It seems Bampton's calming caused more crashes in its first six months than the entire village had seen in six years. It certainly caused many column-inches and minutes of airtime discussion in the local press. Even years later there's still plenty of evidence of conflict – broken glass, bits of bodywork and scraped posts in the traffic calming. And residents still say speeding traffic is a problem.
The road safety results? Well, we don't know. No surveys were carried out before the calming was imposed, so it's hard to measure.
Calming-caused crashes?
Crawley, another rural West Oxfordshire village, has no history of speed-related crashes, but 'fear of traffic' was a concern for some residents. The County Council installed the scheme of urbanised concrete, posts, lights, signs and humps you can see in the pictures. They also imposed more bumps, a chicane and narrowing on the tight hills leaving the village.
Approaching, it's impossible to see if it's safe to start driving through the chicanes. That's because they're designed to force drivers onto the blind side of the road into the face of unseen oncoming traffic. And, just to make sure they don't make it through the new hazards quickly, the bumps slow them down and keep them exposed to danger for the maximum length of time.
The new Crawley scheme was quick in claiming its first victim – just a few days after it was imposed. You can see the results in the pictures.
What's the problem?
Conflict-based calming in action.
These schemes rely on bringing road users into conflict. They could almost have been designed deliberately to cause maximum aggression; clearly telling one set of drivers that they have right of way, then forcing other drivers into their path. It doesn't slow traffic down, it just promotes tension, aggression and conflict – completely unnecessarily and with absolutely no benefit.
That's because conflict narrows and concentrates drivers' perception and observation to dealing with the conflict – not driving safely. For one group it becomes all about getting their vehicles over the hump, through the chicane and past the road furniture without having an accident. For the other group, it means forcibly insisting on their right of way by speeding up, driving aggressively straight at opposing vehicles, hooting and gesturing. Perfect for ensuring that both sets of road users are agitated, aggressive and distracted as they drive through villages.
Politics over safety
One wonders whether the politicisation of road safety might be largely to blame. After all, a councillor faced with a committee of residents railing about 'fear of speeding traffic' wants to do the right thing and help. This means he must do something and, more importantly, be seen to be doing something. Ideally, "something" for many residents means a scheme that is perceived to punish those horrid drivers who speed through our village – whilst leaving us free to speed through theirs.
In fact, shared space schemes would be far more effective in reducing speeds and enhancing the environment. That's because they don't promote aggression and conflict – they promote ambiguity in which road users have to negotiate their way safely as equals. Shared space does away with the forests of shouty signs, urban concrete and jarring humps – the visual cues road users rely on to know what they should do – and makes the environment more natural and ambiguous. Ambiguity has the opposite effect to conflict; drivers slow down and observe more widely as they search for visual cues. Each group is equally discomfited by it, so no-one can aggressively insist on their 'rights'.
As Hans Monderman, architect of the shared space concept in Holland, argued:
"Who has the right of way? I don't care. People here have to find their own way, negotiate for themselves, use their own brains."
Perhaps it's time to stop promoting conflict and one-size-fits-all urban ugliness. Instead, we could look at schemes that not only enhance villages but make them safer and more pleasant too.
→ Village Remembrance in Bampton
← Time to be practical, not ideological, about transport
5 thoughts on "Splat the rat"
Martin Cassini says:
Well put. Artificial priority is a lethal, lamentable basis for road-user relationships. It encourages neglect and intolerance – "Get out of my way!" – whereas on roads designed for equality, it's "After you". In view of all we've written and recorded, and all the lobbying and briefing I've done, including Robert Goodwill, the current Roads Minister, it's barely credible that the misconceived traffic system continues to hold sway and be supported by the law of the land.
Thanks Martin. So much of the language of traffic management is hostile and I think it indicates how people perceive cars, bikes and trucks 'violating' their space. They're the enemy and need punishing – so concrete and conflict is the favoured route. The irony is that it achieves the opposite.
robgt2 says:
Well said, Mark. Coventry city council have implemented a number of shared-space junctions over the last few months which seem to have worked well, after initial controversy seemingly based around the inability of some drivers and pedestrians to understand how they work.
I don't know what the stats look like but they might be worth an FOI request to see how they compare.
Terry Spencer says:
The term rat run, should be replaced by the term maximising infrastructure utilization
Ian Meharg says:
Mark, it's hard to understand the idiocy behind the way road authorities here deal with the mixture of people and vehicles. As you drive through France, for example, there is a clear, consistent, logical approach to each town and village, which ensures more observance of speed limits and less conflict between road users. For me though the more beguiling and more intractable question is why people's behaviour changes when they go from being a pedestrian or cyclist to being the pilot of 1800kg of motorised steel and plastic capable of climbing mountains and fording rivers. They seem to regard people on foot as targets and make little or no concession to some of them perhaps being a little unsteady, hard of hearing or not paying attention. Somehow or other what would be considered polite and sociable behaviour on foot (no, after you madam) becomes a war zone when you've got 200 bhp at your command. I don't have an answer to that but any scheme that reduces the conflict is good – such as the current approach to Oxford station, or the centre of Cirencester, And the perception that the police only care about speeding does nothing to restrain the excesses of some drivers who are simply not safe behind the wheel for other reasons. My final point would be that, as a local pedestrian on the single track roads around this area, the passage of any vehicle within 10cm of me at a speed that would kill me if the driver made even a tiny error, it is a very intimidating experience, even when you are on a segregated footpath. Suggestions to the drivers that they might consider slowing down is met with aggression and abusive gestures.That is why people complain about it – certainly in Aston, almost every vehicle entering from Cote triggers the speed limit sign and every one leaving it is probably 20 mph over the limit as they pass the village hall. Walking along that footpath is pretty scary.


We determined the sedimentation rates near a managed embankment on the Lower Rhone for the second half of the twentieth century. This was carried out using a combination of chronological indicators (137Cs, 241Am, dendrochronology and archived data) and sedimentological measurements. A high-resolution chronological sequence has emerged from these data sets. The average annual sedimentation rate of 14 cm has increased progressively over the last 50 years, and at a much faster rate than observed elsewhere on this river. This is probably due to a combination of factors such as the size of the river, abundance and coarse texture of the solid load, and local impact of river engineering works. We also studied hydrological and sedimentological characteristics for a number of flood events.


text:
HANSARD 1803–2005 → 2000s → 2003 → March 2003 → 31 March 2003 → Commons Sitting
Points of Order
HC Deb 31 March 2003 vol 402 cc667-8 667 3.31 pm
§ Sir Patrick Cormack (South Staffordshire)
On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. During business questions on Thursday, the acting Leader of the House indicated that he was confident that the Prime Minister would want to make a statement to the House about his conversations in America with President Bush and the Secretary-General of the United Nations. I gave the Secretary of State for Defence an opportunity to confirm that when I questioned him this afternoon, but he ignored that part of my question. Do you know whether the Prime Minister intends to come to the House tomorrow? If there is some doubt about that, could the matter be clarified later today?
I have no knowledge that the Prime Minister is to come here tomorrow.
§ Mrs. Gwyneth Dunwoody (Crewe and Nantwich)
On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. You, with your eagle eye, will have noticed that 14 written statements from Ministers are listed on today's Order Paper. You will also be aware that we currently do not have a Leader of the House. Given that these are fraught and important times, am I, a trusting creature, wrong to suspect that large amounts of information are coming from the Executive to the House of Commons not in the form of statements, on which there can be questions, but increasingly via written ministerial statements? May we hope that the practice will be drawn to Ministers' attention as not being helpful?
I will look into the matter and report back to the hon. Lady.
§ Mrs. Alice Mahon (Halifax)
On a point of order, Mr. Speaker. I am sure that you, like the rest of use, have noticed the current horse-trading over the future of Iraq and its people. It is daily reported that five large United States companies have been invited to reconstruct—indeed, one of them, Kellogg Brown & Root, a subsidiary of Halliburton, has already been given the port of Umm Qasr to oversee. Does that not expose the real reasons for this illegal and immoral invasion—that it is about oil and resources? Have you 668 had any indication from the Government that they will provide a debate so that we can discuss the real reasons for what is happening?
That is not a matter for me.
§ Harry Cohen (Leyton and Wanstead)
Further to the point of order raised by the distinguished hon. Member for South Staffordshire (Sir Patrick Cormack), Mr. Speaker. I agree with what I think he was suggesting, which is that the Prime Minister's not making a statement to the House today is rather poor form. A great deal has been happening that the House should be informed about—not only the war itself, but the Prime Minister's statements about British troops being executed and his meetings in the United States and at the United Nations. Will you ensure that, when he makes that statement—whenever he does so, whether tomorrow or the day after—you will allow every Member of Parliament who wants to question him to do so and not cut that process short?
I think that the hon. Gentleman is still disappointed that I did not call him during the last Prime Minister's statement.
§ Jeremy Corbyn (Islington, North)
Further to the point of order raised by my hon. Friend the Member for Leyton and Wanstead (Harry Cohen) and by the hon. Member for South Staffordshire (Sir Patrick Cormack), Mr. Speaker, will you indicate what the normal procedure is for the Prime Minister to make statements when he has had meetings with other Heads of Government or, in the case of the United States, Heads of State? The Prime Minister travels a great deal and sometimes makes a statement when he returns, and sometimes not. If he is meeting any other Head of Government or Head of State, can there not be an understanding that he should make a statement to the House on the nature of those discussions?
I will not be drawn into that argument.
§ Mr. Patrick McLoughlin (West Derbyshire)
Further to that point of order, Mr. Speaker. On Thursday, we were given a clear indication by the acting Leader of the House when he said: I am sure that the Prime Minister will want to report back to the House at the earliest opportunity on his important discussions with President Bush and the Secretary-General of the United Nations."—[Official Report, 27 March 2003; Vol. 402, c. 454.] The Prime Minister may not have informed you, Mr. Speaker, but I think that following that comment we had the right to expect a statement from the Prime Minister.
I did note what was said last Thursday.
Back to Royal Navy/Royal Fleet Auxiliary (Gulf)
Forward to Orders of the Day


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text:
In A Fast-Growing City In Ghana, The Streets Finally Have Names
Life without an address is hard and even dangerous. A nonprofit recently used mapping technology to help an Atlanta-sized Ghanaian city bring order to the chaos and improve public services.
By Adele Peters 2 minute Read
In most of the world's fastest-growing cities, the streets have no names–and that leaves about half of the world's urban population, or 1.8 billion people, without an address.
"To get to my home you need to give directions something like this: 'Drive past the supermarket for four kilometers until you pass the Chinese restaurant. Turn right and drive down the road until you see a vendor beside the big tree. Ask him how to get to Ishmael's house," says Ishmael Adams, who is working with the nonprofit Global Communities on a massive mapping project in Ghana.
Over the last few years, the project has mapped out every single street in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi, which is about the size of Atlanta. Now, 3,440 streets have names–from "Termite Alley" to "Permafrost Street"–and 42,000 properties now have street addresses. (Adams, who lives in the capital of Accra, still doesn't have an address).
It was a critical project, and not just because unnamed streets are inconvenient. In an emergency, if you don't have an address, it's unlikely that police or an ambulance will reach you in time. You won't be able to get mail or packages. Tourists won't want to wander a city, afraid they'll get completely lost. And–perhaps most significantly–without addresses, a city can't collect taxes, so there's no money to pay for basic services like plumbing or electricity.
It wasn't the first time the city had tried to map out neighborhoods, but this was the first time it worked, thanks to advances in technology. "Previous street naming efforts were poorly funded, and had been undertaken with basic analog tools–like rulers and paper sketches," explains Adams.
This time around, the team used Google Map Maker for the project, taking an aerial photo and converting it into a map of each structure on the ground. One hundred sixty volunteers walked the streets, giving buildings numbers and working with communities to choose a staggering number of street names and stencil temporary signs.
"Suddenly, online shopping is possible, which is especially helpful for families living in remote areas," Adams says. "Emergency services can find your home. Tourists can find their way around the city. But perhaps the most significant step is in providing public services."
The team surveyed hundreds of households to find out what services they most needed, like water, basic education, and public health. The new taxes–all possible thanks to the address system–will pay for those services.
It's a process that could easily work in other cities. "Modern technology has made the process inexpensive, efficient, and quick," says Alberto Wilde, country director for Global Communities in Ghana. "It works for people living in slums as much as it does for those in the wealthier areas of the city–everyone benefits."
Adele Peters is a staff writer at Fast Company who focuses on solutions to some of the world's largest problems, from climate change to homelessness. Previously, she worked with GOOD, BioLite, and the Sustainable Products and Solutions program at UC Berkeley.
Ideas Newsletter


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Amy Pascal and Michael Lynton are the current co-chairs of Sony Pictures Entertainment and Forbes have tagged them for a very interesting interview on the future of the motion picture business. Let's get to the holy-moly, though: Pascal quite clearly suggests that Sam Raimi's next Spider-Man could be shot in 3D.
Actually, in context, it sounds more than an idle suggestion, it sounds like a real, solid possibility, if not tentative plan… though Lynton also offers a reason why the idea might be controversial. Quotes to come after the break.


text:
Frederik Bouttats (Amberes, c. 1590-1661) fue un pintor flamenco, cabeza de una muy numerosa familia de pintores y grabadores de Amberes.

Biografía
Según Edmund De Busscher, que en la Biographie nationale de Belgique le considera únicamente como pintor, se inscribió como maestro libre en la guilda de San Lucas de Amberes a finales de 1612, siendo decano Sebastian Vrancx. De un primer matrimonio con Machteld van de Wouwere, fallecida en enero de 1629, tuvo un hijo, Frederik Bouttats II (1621-1676/1677), que sería el verdadero iniciador de la dedicación familiar al grabado. De un segundo matrimonio con María de Weerdt tuvo ocho hijos, entre ellos Gerard y Gaspar, también grabadores, y Jacob, pintor, especializado como el padre en la pintura de paisajes poblados de figuras de animales frecuentemente sobre motivos bíblicos extraídos del libro del Génesis. Además, recibió en su taller en 1617/1618 y 1641/1642 a varios discípulos, entre los que pudo estar Frederick Hendrick van den Hove.

En cuanto a los grabados que se le atribuyen, aunque hay algunos firmados «Fred Boutttats iunior», como el retrato del papa Clemente IX (elevado al solio pontificio en 1667) por pintura de Nicolás Poussin, los firmados «F», «Fred» o «Fredericus Bouttats», muy numerosos y principalmente retratos, se encuentran indistintamente atribuidos al viejo o al joven y es muy probable que sean todos ellos de este si se acepta, con Edmund De Busscher, la condición exclusivamente de pintor del mayor de los Frederik Bouttats.

Notas

Enlaces externos

Grabadores de Flandes del siglo XVII
Pintores de Flandes del siglo XVII
Nacidos en Amberes

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View the decision for item 165.
Apologies for absence were received from Jonathan Browning, Councillor Steve Eling, Councillor Peter Nutting and Stewart Towe.
Apologies for absence were received from Jonathan Browning, Councillor Steve Eling, Councillor Paul Nutting and Stewart Towe.
The Mayor noted that this was the last meeting before Stella Manzie stood down as Interim Chief Executive of Birmingham City Council and he thanked her for the work she has done supporting the WMCA during her time in post.
The Mayor noted that this was the last meeting before Stella Manzie stood down as Interim Chief Executive of Birmingham City Council and he thanked her for the work she had done supporting the WMCA during her time in post.
View the decision for item 167.
View the decision for item 168.
View the decision for item 169.
The approach to further work with government on devolution described in the report, with the coverage and portfolio leadership set out in the high level Action Plan, was approved.
The board considered a report from Julia Goldsworthy, Director of Strategy, that provided details on the proposed Devolution Action Plan and the 'phase three' of devolution referred to in the report considered by this board at its meeting on 9 February 2018.
The second devolution deal was announced in the government's Autumn Budget in November 2017 and contained a number of commitments for the WMCA and the government to work together on. This work was set out in an Action Plan and covered a wide range of areas, including the Housing Deal, Local Industrial Strategy, skills, employment, transport, public services and Funding for Growth Commission.
Councillor George Adamson reported on the poor bus service that existed in Cannock Chase on Sundays. Councillor Roger Lawrence noted the implications that this had for people seeking to travel to either the New Cross or Cannock Chase hospitals. Transport for West Midlands was rolling out the Swift smartcard into Cannock Chase, which was hoped would make travelling by public transport easier and result in increased patronage.
David Jamieson, West Midlands Police & Crime Commissioner, indicated that he wished to be directly involved in the workstream that was looking at proposals for merging the role of Mayor and Police & Crime Commissioner, and the Mayor agreed for the Action Plan to be amended to reflect this.
The approach to further work with government on devolution described in the report, with the coverage and portfolio leadership set out in the high level Action Plan, be approved.
View the decision for item 170.
(ii) was embedded across the activities of the West Midlands Combined Authority.
(2) The West Midlands Innovation Board would take a new delivery orientated approach for innovation, building on the findings of the West Midlands Science and Innovation Audit, to ensure that innovation delivered tangible economic growth and public service reform across the West Midlands Combined Authority geography.
Councillor Ian Ward presented a report seeking approval to establish a West Midlands Innovation Board to take a strategic lead in ensuring that innovation drove future economic growth and public sector reform.
Councillor Alex Phillips enquired whether membership of the Innovation Board would include representatives from non-constituent authorities, and whether the University of Shrewsbury should be included in its work. The Mayor confirmed that the Innovation Board covered the 'three-LEP' geography and so would include non-constituent authorities within that. However, he understood that the University of Shrewsbury was not involved with the West Midlands Combined Universities or Midlands Innovation partnership arrangements, which were the groupings that were involved in the Innovation Board.
(2) The West Midlands Innovation Board take a new delivery-orientated approach for innovation, building on the findings of the West Midlands Science and Innovation Audit, to ensure that innovation delivered tangible economic growth and public service reform across the West Midlands Combined Authority geography.
View the background to item 171.
View the decision for item 171.
View the decision for item 172.
The financial position as at the end of January 2018 was noted.
Councillor Izzi Seccombe presented a report setting out the financial position of the WMCA as at the end of January 2018. The report summarised the revenue and capital financial positions against the approved budget, the Investment Programme and balance sheet. The overall consolidated revenue position showed a £5.2m favourable variance from budget, which was largely within the transport revenue budget where there was a £4.8m previously reported saving as a result of a change in the Minimum Revenue provision policy.
Councillor Izzi Seccombe noted that as part of the budget, the WMCA confirmed the adoption of the previous Centro pay policy in operation since 2012 that ensured staff were paid above the UK real living wage, subject to an annual review of affordability.
The financial position as at the end of January 2018 be noted.
View the decision for item 173.
The approach taken to date and the next steps being undertaken were noted.
Councillor Izzi Seccombe presented a report that provided an update on the Funding for Growth Programme membership, meetings convened so far, current areas of focus and initial findings to date. The Funding for Growth Programme was a key part of the region's approach to devolution following the first devolution deal and was set up to focus on generating and implementing ideas that would drive additional funding for the region.
Councillor Ian Ward indicated that he looked forward to working with the programme in his capacity as Portfolio Lead for Economic Growth. Six-monthly update reports on the work of the programme would be submitted to future meetings of this board.
The approach taken to date and the next steps being undertaken be noted.
View the decision for item 174.
(1) The award of £39.4 million Devolution Deal funding to Coventry Rail Station Masterplan project, which was promoted by Coventry City Council based on assurance work completed and the endorsement of the Project by the Investment Board on 29 January 2018 was approved.
(2) Delegated authority was given to the Monitoring Officer and the Director of Finance in consultation with the Portfolio Lead for Finance to conclude the grant agreement with Coventry City Council in accordance with this report.
Councillor Izzi Seccombe presented a report setting out the work undertaken by the Investment Board and the assurance provided to support the approval of £39.4m for the Coventry Rail Station Masterplan. The report summarised the key aspects to the application, which was supported by a summarised business case submitted by Coventry City Council to the Investment Board.
The Coventry Rail Station Masterplan would involve a comprehensive redevelopment of the station, delivering new infrastructure including a second station building, 644 space multi storey car park, footbridge connecting all platforms, new bay platform to enable more frequent services between Coventry - Nuneaton, six-bay bus interchange with provision for rail replacement services, and significant highway improvements to deal with traffic operation around the station.
(2) Delegated authority be given to the Monitoring Officer and the Director of Finance, in consultation with the Portfolio Lead for Finance & Investments, to conclude the grant agreement with Coventry City Council in accordance with the report.
View the decision for item 175.
(1) The award of £51.0 million Devolution Deal funding to Coventry Friargate Business District Phase 1, which was promoted by Coventry City Council based on the assurance work completed and the endorsement of the Project by the Investment Board on 29 January 2018 was approved.
(2) Authority was delegated to the Monitoring Officer and the Director of Finance in consultation with the Portfolio Lead for Finance to conclude the grant agreement with Coventry.
Councillor Izzi Seccombe presented a report seeking approval for £51m funding for Coventry Friargate Business District Phase 1. The report set out the assurance work undertaken by Investment Board to support the proposal, along with the summarised business case submitted by Coventry City Council to the Investment Board.
Phase 1 of the Friargate Masterplan comprised five office blocks and a hotel. The first office block in the scheme was already complete and occupied by Coventry City Council, and this funding sought to develop the remainder of the scheme. The proposal in the final business case was to start the development of Phase 1 using WMCA funding to deliver the second building against a commitment from Coventry City Council that, once annual rental income was secured, it would use its ability to borrow to fund further buildings, using rental income to fund finance costs.
(2) Authority be delegated to the Monitoring Officer and the Director of Finance, in consultation with the Portfolio Lead for Finance & Investments, to conclude the grant agreement with Coventry.
View the decision for item 176.
(a) The final independent valuations being in line with the current estimates underpinning the £20.075 million estimate, as detailed in Section 5.
(b) In the event there is a surplus on the Athletes' Village scheme following sale of the residential units, this surplus is shared with WMCA up to a maximum of £20.075 million in line with the principles detailed in section 5.
(2) The elements of the bid with a particular reference to grant conditions A4 (Learning Institutions) were approved as contained in paragraph 4.1 given that this was the first time that this type of expenditure would be funded under the Brownfield Land and Property Development.
(3) The principle that the contribution be subject to the successful shortlisting of the Housing Infrastructure Fund announcement which provided the 39% (£144 million) of the overall funding for the village was agreed.
(4) A one off variation to the basis of the Brownfield Land and Private Development Fund be agreed for this project to recognise that the outcomes of this application would not be delivered until 2022 for the Commonwealth Games Village and 2023 to 2025 for the permanent scheme as this fell outside the time period indicated in the originating Fund documents approved by the Board.
Councillor Izzi Seccombe presented a report seeking the approval of £20.075m from the Brownfield Land and Property Fund to help deliver the athletes' village required to facilitate the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
In December 2017, Birmingham was confirmed as the host city for the 2022 Commonwealth Games. The winning bid reflected the requirement for there to be a single athletes' village constructed for occupancy by athletes, officials and event organisers between April - August 2022. The village would provide temporary accommodation for some 6,510 people, with subsequent modifications to enable the residential accommodation to become mixed tenure homes to deliver a legacy uplift for Perry Barr.
Because the legacy outcomes to be achieved by the investment were outside the operational timing parameters of the fund (occurring between 2023-25 rather than 2017-21), it was proposed that a derogation be agreed in respect of this as part of the approval of the funding.
Councillor Ian Ward welcomed this report, noting its importance in delivering a legacy from hosting the Games to residents across the region. David Jamieson stressed the need to ensure that the police and security services were involved in the construction plans for the proposed site, so as to help ensure the safety of all participants during the course of the Games.
(4) A one off variation to the basis of the Brownfield Land and Property Development Fund be agreed for this project to recognise that the outcomes of this application would not be delivered until 2022 for the Commonwealth Games Village and 2023-25 for the permanent scheme, as this fell outside the time period indicated in the originating fund documents approved by the WMCA Board.
View the decision for item 177.
(1) The transfer of functions to WMCA as set out in section 2.3 to ensure the successful devolution of the Adult Education Budget in 2019 was approved.
(2) Consent was given on behalf of the West Midlands Combined Authority to the making of an Order giving effect to this transfer.
(3) Delegated authority was given to the WMCA Section 151 Officer together with the WMCA Monitoring Officer in consultation with the Portfolio Lead Member to approve the final draft Devolution Order in order to meet the timetable for agreement as set out in the report.
(4) Constituent authorities were requested to give their consent to the making of an Order giving effect to this transfer including the necessary delegation to approve the final draft Order as set out in (3) above.
Councillor George Duggins presented a report on the process for agreeing the Devolution Orders required to enable full devolution of the Adult Education Budget, along with the proposed timescales. The principal purpose of the Adult Education Budget was to engage adults in learning that supported wider economic and social priorities. Devolution of the Adult Education Budget would only be applied within constituent authority areas, and the indicative budget would be approximately £112m for 2019/20 based on current spend on residents.
The Authority was required to provide the Department for Education with consent to the draft order by the end of April to meet the necessary timescales to enable full devolution in 2019/20. The Order would need to be laid before Parliament by the end of June and made in November to meet the timescales to commission for the 2019/20 academic year.
(4) Constituent authorities be requested to give their consent to the making of an Order giving effect to this transfer, including the necessary delegation to approve the final draft Order as set out in (3) above.
View the decision for item 178.
View the decision for item 179.
(1) The Devolved Transport Grant allocations, including Integrated Transport Block for 2018/19 were agreed, and the anticipated grant allocations through to 2020/21 were noted.
(2) A Joint Initiatives Top Slice of £90,000 was agreed.
(3) The continuation of a ring fenced development funding pot within individual Local Authority annual allocations was agreed.
Councillor Roger Lawrence presented a report that set out the approach for allocating the Devolved Transport Grant for 2018/19 and outlined the indicative allocations to 2020/21.
The allocation of the consolidated local transport budget for 2018/19 was expected to be £35.261m and the report identified its allocation between Integrated Transport Block, Highways Maintenance Block, Highway Incentive Fund and Bus Service Operator Grant. There was no proposal to adjust the percentage allocations upon which the Integrated Transport Block was distributed across local authorities.
(3) The continuation of a ring fenced development funding pot within individual local authority annual allocations be agreed.
The progress and update on the current position of the West Midlands Mental Health Commission Action Plan and the work undertaken since the launch of the programme on 31 January 2017 was noted.
Councillor Bob Sleigh presented a report setting out the progress being made in respect of delivering the Mental Health Commission Action Plan during the first 12 months following its adoption. The report provided a detailed breakdown of the work undertaken in respect of each workstream within the plan.
Councillor Bob Sleigh reported that significant progress had been made during the last year and thanked Sean Russell, Director of Implementation, for the key role he had played in the delivery of the plan's objectives. Councillor Sean Coughlan endorsed these views and thanked Councillor Pete Lowe for the leadership he had provided within this area when he had portfolio responsibility during 2016/17.
View the background to item 181.
View the decision for item 181.
The board received the minutes of the Investment Board held on 29 January 2018.
The minutes of the meeting on 29 January 2018 be noted.
The board received the minutes of the Transport Delivery Committee held on 5 February 2018. Councillor Philip Davis noted that 1 April would mark the tenth year anniversary of the introduction of the English National Concessionary Travel Scheme that provided for free off-peak bus travel for qualifying pass holders throughout England, and he commended the success this had been.
The minutes of the meeting on 5 February 2018 be noted.
The board received the minutes of the Investment Board held on 13 February 2018.
The minutes of the meeting on 13 February 2018 be noted.
View the background to item 184.
View the decision for item 184.
The board received the minutes of the Public Service Reform Board held on 22 February 2018.
The minutes of the meeting held on 22 February 2018 be noted.
View the background to item 185.
View the decision for item 185.
Councillor Sean Coughlan noted that this was the last meeting Councillor Dennis Harvey would be attending before he was to step down as a councillor. He paid tribute to his dedication to public service during his 45 years as a councillor and 32 years as Leader of Nuneaton & Bedworth Borough Council.
That, in accordance with s100(A) of the Local Government Act 1972, the public and press be excluded from the meeting for the following item of business as it was likely to involve the disclosure of exempt information as specified in paragraph 1 of the Act.
View the decision for item 188.
(1) The existing HS2 Growth Strategy Programme Team be transferred based on TUPE to the West Midlands Combined Authority.
(2) The Monitoring Officer of the West Midlands Combined Authority was authorised to make all necessary arrangements to enact the recommendation of this report. This superseded the original decision taken on 23 June 2017 by the WMCA Board where the HS2 Growth Strategy Programme Team were to move the West Midlands Combined Authority via a secondment arrangement.
Councillor Bob Sleigh presented a report seeking approval to TUPE transfer four members of staff and one vacant post that comprised the HS2 Growth Strategy Programme team from Birmingham City Council to the West Midlands Combined Authority based on new information with regard to work patterns. Councillor Ian Ward indicated that he supported the proposals contained within the report.


text:
Q: Python script appends to an existing file but stops after 8192 bytes I have a problem with a Python program. It's a simple program that writes prime numbers to a file. I wrote it to practice Python. Everything goes fine until several hunder lines are written. Then the writing stops although the program continues to run until the highest number is reached.
I debugd the program and found that the write_prime function is called for each prime number, but is doesn't write to the file. I tested the program under Linux and under Windows7 and on both systems the same problem occurs, although on Windows it writes less lines. The reason for that seems to me that writing stops after 8192 characters (1 block) and Windows uses two characters for end of line, so it takes less lines to fill a block.
I wrote a similar program, but in that version I only write to the file without reading it (I use a list to store the prime numbers and loop through the list instead of through the file). In that program I don't have this problem, so I think it has something to do with the fact that the programs reads and writes to the same file.
Who can help me?
Here I show the output in Both Linux and Windows:
Under Linux (Ubuntu 14,10) with highest number is 8000:
1;2;0
2;3;1
3;5;2
4;7;2
…
…
750;5693;4
751;5701;8
752;51007;7993;30
The block of 8192 bytes ends after position 5 at line 752.
After that we see one more prime number:
the 1007th prime number and the number itself is 7993.
Under windows7 with highest number is 8000:
The file starts with the same numbers 2, 3, 5, 7 etc. and ends with
…
…
689;5171;4
690;5179;8
691;511007;7993;30
So the file is about 60 lines shorter. It is 8,206 bytes. I think this is because windows ends each line with '\r\n' (2 characters) and Linux ends each line with '\n' (1 character).
So in both cases writing ends after one block.
Here is the full program:
"""
Calculate prime numbers

written and tested with python 3.4.2

- enter the highest number
- calculate all prime numbers up and until the highest number

It is possible to run the program more often. It checks out the highest prime
number in file primenumber.lst and continues from there.

The file primenumbers.lst consists of lines with 3 fields separated by ';':
- counter
- prime number
- distance to the previous prime number

"""

from os.path import isfile

def write_prime(counter, prime, distance):
    f.write('%d;%d;%d\n' % (counter, prime, distance))
    return

"""
position the file at the last position with seek(0,2) (2 = last position
in file) and go back with read(1) and seek(position,0) until you found the \n of
the previous record. Than read the next line (the last line of the file) with
readline() and split the line into the three fields.
If the file was not found, then the program runs for the first time.
In that case you write the prime numbers 2, 3 and 5 to the file.
You write these three prime number, so we can skip the other numbers that end
with 5 to save time, for those are not prime numbers.
"""

if isfile("primenumber.lst"):
    f = open("primenumber.lst", "r")
    f.seek(0,2)
    position = f.tell() - 2
    f.seek(position, 0)

    while f.read(1) != '\n':
        position -= 1
        f.seek(position,0)
    line = str(f.readline()).split(';')
    print(line)
    counter = int(line[0])
    previous = int(line[1])
else:
    f = open("primenumber.lst", "w")
    write_prime(1, 2, 0)
    write_prime(2, 3, 1)
    write_prime(3, 5, 2)
    counter = 3
    previous = 5

f.close()

print('The highest prime number so far is %s' % str(previous))
startnumber = previous + 1
highest = int(input("Highest number: "))

"""
Walk through all the numbers until the highest number (entered at the screen).
Skip the numbers that end with 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 or 8, for those are no primes.

Divide each number by all the prime numbers you found before, until you reach
the root of the number.
If the modulo of one division is 0, the number is no prime number and you
break out of the 'for line in f' loop.
If it is a prime number write it to the file and break out of the loop.
"""

f = open("primenumber.lst", "r+")

for i in range(startnumber,highest + 1):      # loop to the highest number
    if str(i)[-1] in ('1', '3', '7', '9'):
        f.seek(0)
        root = int(i ** 0.5)
        for line in f:                       # read all primes in the file
            line_str = line.split(';')
            x = int(line_str[1])

            if i % x == 0:
                break
            if x > (root):
                counter += 1
                distance = i - previous
                previous = i
                write_prime(counter, i, distance)
                f.flush()
                break

f.close()

A: The structuring of your program makes in horribly hard to read and undertand. But I think the problem is that you are jumping around in the file overwriting old answers, can't really tell exactly where it happens (too hard to follow) but it seems to be the behaviour of your f.seek(0)along with f.flush() in the loop that finds new primes
On top of this your program is faulty when the files exists already, the file search you do does not work.
A restructuring of your program using the 'a' mode for file append, doing a correct fileread to get found primes before starting to find new primes yields a good working program for me finding all primes and writing them correctly to the file. Though it still needs a lot of more work structure wise imo.
So here goes
First off, your code for checking if the prime file exists and if so set the values for counter and previous is unnecessary complex with the seek and tell commands and it does not work. Just read all the lines in the file then check the last one for highest values, no need to do any position changes of the read pointer.
if isfile("primenumber.lst"):
    f = open("primenumber.lst", "r")
    lines = f.readlines()
    last = [l.split(';') for l in lines][-1]
    counter = int(last[0])
    previous = int(last[1])

Secondly instead of reading back the found primes from the file each iteration read the primes in once and store in a variable
## Get found primes so far
f = open("primenumber.lst", "r")
found_primes = []
for line in f:
    line_str = line.split(';')
    found_primes.append(int(line_str[1]))
f.close()

Then using 'a' mode start finding and writing new primes to the file, updating the found_prime variable as we go along
f = open("primenumber.lst", "a")
for i in range(startnumber,highest + 1):
    if str(i)[-1] in ('1', '3', '7', '9'):
        root = int(i ** 0.5)
        for prime in found_primes:
            if i % prime == 0:
                break;
            if prime > (root):
                counter += 1
                distance = i - previous
                previous = i
                write_prime(counter, i, distance)
                found_primes.append(i)
                break
f.close()

With these modifications I found all primes up to 20000 and they are correctly written to the file

A: f = open("primenumber.lst", "r+")

for i in range(startnumber,highest + 1):      # loop to the highest number
    if str(i)[-1] in ('1', '3', '7', '9'):
        f.seek(0)
        root = int(i ** 0.5)
        for line in f:                       # read *some* primes in the file
            line_str = line.split(';')
            x = int(line_str[1])

            if i % x == 0:
                break
            if x > (root):                   # shortcut when we reach the root
                counter += 1
                distance = i - previous
                previous = i
                write_prime(counter, i, distance)  # No seek before write!
                f.flush()
                break

This will start reading from the beginning of the file, until it encounters a line that either is a divisor (thus proving the new number is not prime) or is larger than the approximate (floating point) square root of the new number. In the latter case, it immediately writes the number.
Note that this means each number will be written not at the end, but somewhere just past its square root. And once one of these written numbers is parseable as a large number, this behaviour will reoccur and the position stops moving; you're only writing in the middle of the list.
In addition, I'm not sure you're even writing at a proper line position; you're reading with buffered text I/O and not reaching the end or seeking before you switch to writing. Thus while the current f.next() position might be on line N, the actual file pointer might be rounded up to a read-ahead buffer size, such as 4096.
The combination can explain your last line: 691;511007;7993;30 is actually a partially overwritten line, which is why it has too many fields. After 5179 we expect to see 5189, but that's only the portion up to 691;51; the remainder, 1007;7993;30, comes from a much later iteration. While 7993 is indeed prime, many numbers have been overwritten, and eventually this line would be used to assume any number under 511007**2 is also prime. At that point 511007 might be overwritten with an even larger number, and the file size will abruptly grow, but with incorrectly checked numbers.
Even append only mode is implied in the open() documentation to be non-portable, so a seek using SEEK_END before you write is probably the way to go.
As a final flaw, what happens if the square root of the candidate number is higher than the last number in the file? (Admittedly, this should not occur as the square root is lower than the prior prime, per Bertrand's postulate.)

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The Camden County Planning Commission is an advisory body that makes recommendations on zoning property, land use amendments, and comprehensive plan policy. The decisions from the Planning Commission ultimately go to the Camden County Board of County Commissioners for final approval. The Planning Commission is the first step in the overall approval process for changes to existing land use assignments, whether the request be a property rezoning, primary variance, or land use permit. The Planning Commission serves to evaluate development projects and land policy proposals which serve to promote existing community-based desires, future land use trends, public health, general welfare, economic prosperity, and overall quality of life for Camden County residents.
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The Family Place was established in 1982 as a small facility in Logan, Utah, known as The Child & Family Support Center. We began with the goal of providing a safe shelter for children involved in crisis situations, and has since expanded to meet the needs of all families in our community. We now have three locations in Logan, Hyrum, and Smithfield and serve families in Cache and Rich Counties.
The Family Place's mission is to strengthen families and protect children. We do this by providing fun, family-focused events in the community as well as offering a variety of services such as therapy, educational workshops, and our Kid's Place. The Family Place will always be known as a place for families of all kinds. We welcome anyone who wishes to grow closer to his or her family to come learn with us!
The Family Place is a private 501(c) 3 nonprofit charitable organization governed by a board of directors consisting of local citizens. The organization receives funding primarily through community grants and private donors. In addition to financial funding, The Family Place receives supply donations from various businesses and community members. Many volunteer hours are also given to aid in the progression of The Family Place.