Poland Spring® Brand Sparkling Mandarin Orange Natural Spring Water. 100% natural ingredients. Natural spring water. 0 calories per bottle. Mandarin orange with other natural flavors + Co2. 6-16.9 fl oz (1 pt 0.9 fl oz) (500ml) plastic bottles (101.4 fl oz [3 qt, 5.4 fl oz] [3L] total). Contains no juice. ©2014. Give your mood a natural lift! 3 simple ingredients. Great-tasting spring water + delicious fruit flavors + invigorating bubbles. No calories. No sweeteners. No colors. No guilt. Questions Comments Call 1-800-477-7464. polandspring.com. Please recycle.
Poland Spring® Brand 100% Natural Spring Water Go! Size. Proudly from Maine. Est 1845. Sized just right. The perfect size to fit in your bag and quench your thirst. Please recycle. Our bottles & shrink wrap are 100% recyclable*. Recycling programs may not exist in your area. Questions/comments: 1-800-477-7464 or visit polandspring.com. Nestle Waters North America Inc © 2016. polandspring.com. Sources: Clear Spring, Hollis, ME; Evergreen Spring, Fryeburg, ME; Spruce Spring, Pierce Pond Township, ME; Garden Spring, Poland, ME; White Cedar Spring, Dallas PLT., ME; Bradbury Spring, Kingfield, ME; Poland Spring, Poland Spring, ME and/or Cold Spring, Denmark ME. This bottle is recyclable* *Excludes label & cap. ©2015.
80 calories. Natural flavor. Not too sweet. Low & slow. 10-hr brew. Stokabulary: Coffee up: (v.) To quickly engage the imagination and all five senses by rapidly administering very good, very strong coffee. www.Stokcoffee.com. Please recycle. Brewed Low & Slow: We brew at lower temperatures to bring out every drop of smooth, bold flavor in our coffee. It's not complicated, but it does take time. At least 10 long hours. That's ok. When it comes to great coffee, we're not in a hurry. Approximately 145 mg of caffeine per bottle.
Poland Spring® 100% Natural Spring Water. Pure quality. Brand. Est. 1845. Eco Sense®. BPA free bottle. 5 gal (18.9 L). For questions or a water quality report call 1-800-477-7464 or polandspring.com. Our BPA-free Eco-Sense® bottle is returned, refilled and recycled. Source: garden spring, Poland me; evergreen spring, fryeburg, me; white cedar spring, Dallas plt., me; bradbury spring, Kingfield, me; Poland spring, Poland spring, me and/or cold spring, Denmark, me NYSHD Cert. #192, Pa Dep #402 Nestle Water North America Inc., Stamford, CT 06902. ©2015. 1-800-274-5282. polandspring.com.
Naturally flavored sparkling water. With vitamins and antioxidants. Zero calories. Contains 3% juice. Caffeine free. Also Contains per Bottle: Green tea extract (50 mg) (Daily Value not established). www.sparklingice.com.
For more information and to obtain additional consumer information relating to water quality, including a bottled water report, contact Voss at www.voss.com. Typical mineral content in mg/l: calcium: 5; magnesium: 1; potassium: 0; chloride: 12; Total dissolved Solids: 44. Please recycle. Check to see if facilities exist in your area. Recyclable. Voss Artesian water from Norway bottled from the Voss source by Voss production AS. From Norway.
pH 8.88. Imported. Iceland Spring is a pristine natural Icelandic Spring Water with a naturally high pH of 8.88 and absolutely no impurities. Filtered over decades through basalt and lava, the water is imported from Iceland, a remote island near the Arctic Circle. Bottled daily from a self-replenishing source, nothing is added or taken out. Icelanders live longer than any other nationality; we believe the secret to their long life is their water. pHealthy. Delicious. Natural. Non carbonated. Sodium free. NSF certified.
Poland Spring® Brand Original Natural Sparkling Spring Water. 100% natural ingredients. +Co2. 0 calories per bottle. 6-16.9 fl oz (1 pt, 0.9 fl oz) (500ml) plastic bottles (101.4 fl oz [3 qt, 5.4 fl oz] [3L] total). Give your mood a natural lift! 2 simple ingredients. Great-tasting spring water + invigorating bubbles. No calories. No sweeteners. No colors. No guilt. Please recycle. Questions Comments Call 1-800-477-7464. polandspring.com. ©2014.
Poland Spring® Brand 100% Natural Spring Water. EST 1845. 23.7 fl oz (1 pt 7.7 fl oz) (700ml). Sources: Poland Spring, Poland Spring ME; Evergreen Spring, Fryeburg, ME; Spruce Spring, Pierce Pond Township, ME; Garden Spring, Poland, ME; White Cedar Spring, Dallas PLT., ME; Bradbury Spring, Kingfield, ME; and/or Cold Spring, Denmark ME. For questions or a water quality report call 1-800-477-7464 or polandspring.com. ©2016. Proudly from Maine. Learn about our springs polandspring.com. This bottle is recyclable*. *Excludes label & cap.
Enhanced + added minerals. Alkaline. Electrolytes. Antioxidants. With three active benefits in one, Neo is an ultra purified, healthy and refreshing water formulated to hydrate, protect and propel you unlike any traditional water. Alkaline: Neo is uniquely high alkaline, helping counterbalance your daily acidic diet and stress. Neo's alkaline benefits help strengthen your immune system, flush toxins and move your body towards a healthier pH. Electrolytes: Neo's unique microwater clusters reach farther and penetrate your body deeper. Combined with its electrolytes and increased oxygen, Neo delivers faster hydration and replenishment than nearly any other beverage on earth. Antioxidants: Neo's unique antioxidants neutralize free radicals the body releases when under exertion, helping protect your cells from being damaged. Combined with its other benefits, Neo detoxifies, protects and returns the body to vitality faster. Taste and feel the difference. Neo is a new-age company committed to producing high quality, exceptionally healthy and environmentally conscious products that lift human health and performance. Live well. A carbon neutral product. Smarter hydration. Better health performance and recovery. Alkalized & oxygenated. Added essential minerals. Zero calories. BPA free & recyclable.
All natural flavors with caffeine & vitamins. 0 calories. Non carbonated. 0 calories per 8 oz serving. Get the refreshing flavor you love and energy boost you need, with zero calories. Caffeine Per 8 oz Serving (Approximate Values in Milligrams): Caffeinated soft drink (20-35 mg); Leading energy drinks (80 mg); Hydrive Energy (80 mg); Coffeehouse coffee (150-165 mg). Caffeine Content: 80 mg/8 fl oz. www.hydriveenergy.com.
Black cherry with other natural flavors + CO2. Natural spring water. 100% natural ingredients. 0 calories per bottle. Contains no juice. Give your mood a natural lift! 3 Simple Ingredients: great-tasting spring water + delicious fruit flavors + invigorating bubbles. No calories. No sweeteners. No colors. No guilt. Questions? Comments? Call 1-800-477-7464. polandspring.com. Please recycle.
Zero diet sweeteners. Zero calories. Zero preservatives. Vegan. Gluten-free. Non-GMO. All natural. We're obsessed with giving you a delicious water that tickles your taste buds without relying on sweet. Hint fan Maria T. says: my favorite drink-no calories and flavor without being overpowering! And no diet sweeteners!! Yummy!!!!!!! Want to be on our label? Share your Hint love on facebook.com/drinkhint. Have a Hint: Zero fake; zero calories; zero diet sweeteners; zero sugar. Facebook/drinkhint. Twitter (at)hintwater. Instagram (at)hint_water. Contains no juice. No animal products, dairy, MSG, nuts, peanuts, soy, gluten, preservatives or anything artificial. www.drinkhint.com. Drink up. USA born and bred.
Trimino™Peach Protein Infused Water. 7g protein. 28 calories per bottle. Miami bay beverage co. Boost your metabolism. Zero sugar/carbs. Curb your appetite. Caffeine free. 100% B-Complex. 16 oz. (473 ml). Gluten free. Water on a mission. Protein isn't just for athletes! It's for everyone! Low in calories and fueled by protein, essential B vitamins, and delicious fruit flavors, Trimino™ helps you boost your metabolism and curb your appetite and get more out of your day. Drink healthier Trimino™. Boost your metabolism. Curb your appetite Increase your energy. Please recycle. drinktrimino.com.
Purified drinking water. Complete hydration. Your healthy sports drink. Gluten free. Darcy Africa is an ultra runner. She runs fifty to one hundred miles at one time. Her sport requires focus, stamina and a ton of Sport Owater. Pure water charged with electrolytes, it helps keep her body in balance and her head on the trail. It's water with the lytes on.
Poland Spring® Brand Sparklers™ Sparkling Natural Spring Water Lemon Lime A good-for-you, no-compromise beverage. No sweeteners. No sugar. No calories. 100% Natural ingredients. Lemon lime with other natural flavors and CO2. 0 Calories per can. Please recycle. Contains no juice. For questions or a water quality report call 1-800-477-7464 or polandspring.com. ©2014.
New! Naturally flavored water beverage. Water beverage boxes. A delicious way to drink more water! Made with real fruit juice & coconut water. Healthy hydration. No artificial sweeteners, flavors, or colors! More Good Stuff! Refreshing water; Pure fruit juice; Coconut water; 100% vitamin C. No Bad Stuff! No artificial sweeteners; No artificial flavors!; No artificial colors!; No high fructose corn syrup. 10% juice. Gluten free. Comments or questions? Call 1.800.969.8018 or visit us at www.appleandeve.com. Pasteurized. Packaged in USA.
Sanpellegrino® Sparkling Prickly Pear & Orange Beverage. Italian sparkling prickly pear and orange beverage from concentrate. An Italian tradition. Contains 16% juice. With 10% orange juice and 6% prickly pear juice from concentrate with other natural flavors. 130 calories per can. 6 - 11.15 fl oz (330ml) cans. Please recycle. Keep your community clean. Contains 16% juice. Questions Comments 1-800-255-8334. www.sanpellegrinofruitbeverages.com.
Digestive health. Low calorie. Natural. 2 billion cultures. 20 calories per bottle. 0% juice. BPA free. Please recycle. Non GMO. Gluten free. Vegan. Lactose free. Spring water. drinkkarma.com. Transform water into wellness. Infuse the nutrition into the water and replenish your body with digestive and immune health support. Karma Probiotics delivers active cultures more effectively than yogurt (In an independent lab study of a simulated gastric environment with a PH of 2.0 for two hours, GanedenBC delivered live cells ten times more effectively than common probiotic yogurts). GanedenBC30 is a patented and highly stable probiotic, backed by 20 published studies and FDA GRAS status. Mind. Body. Spirit. Balance. Vitality. 100% of fresh A, E and essential B vitamins plus - powered by Ganeden BC30 Probiotic digestive & immune health. Supports immune and digestive health (as part of a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle). Spring Water: Pristine Mountain Spring, Stockbridge, VT.
11801. 2 in 1. Opens bottles and cans. 100% satisfaction guarantee. www.goodcook.com. Made in China.
Low mineral content. Captured at the source in France. Discover more (at)Perrier.com. 0 calories per bottle. Questions? Comments? Call 1-800-937-2002 or visit Perrier.com. Product of France.
Vapor distilled ionized water and electrolytes for taste. 9+pH. Vapor distilled for purity. Electrolytes for taste. smartwater alkaline water is the same crisp, clean water you love, but with a smart little twist: it's vapor distilled and ionized with a 9+pH. It's hydration you can feel and purity you can taste, with every smooth sip. Learn more at drinksmartwater.com. Smartlabel. Scan for more food information. Sip & scan open drinksmartwater.com on phone. Scan icon. Enjoy more. For water quality and information, please contact Glaceau: 1-877-Glaceau. www.drinksmartwater.com.
Zero diet sweeteners. Zero calories. Zero preservatives. Vegan. Gluten-free. Non-GMO. All natural. We're obsessed with giving you a delicious water that tickles your taste buds without relying on sweet. Hint fan Stacey A. says: finally water without all of the additives and sweeteners - thank you!!! Love, love, love hint water! Want to be on our label? Share your hint love on facebook.com/drinkhint. Have a Hint: Zero fake; zero calories; zero diet sweeteners; zero sugar. Facebook/drinkhint. Twitter (at)hintwater. Instagram (at)hint_water. Contains no juice. No animal products, dairy, MSG, nuts, peanuts, soy, gluten, preservatives or anything artificial. www.drinkhint.com. Drink up. USA born and bred.
Purified drinking water. Electrolytes. Complete hydration. Gluten free. Devon Haskell is a champion of cyclocross racing. Her event requires determination, a good bike and a ton of sport Owater. Pure water charged with electrolytes, it helps keep her body in balance and her head in the game.
Vapor distilled water beverage with antioxidant selenium and electrolytes for taste.
The active ingredient in Oxigen is (Bio-available oxygen supplement, 1,000 PPM per bottle as measured by an ORP meter). ASO (activated stabilized oxygen). ASO is a highly stable O4 molecule. It's not O2, so it stays in the bottle when you open it. For a report on water quality and information: Formula Four Beverages (USA) Inc. Souce: Municipal water source. 100% rPET: Recycled plastic bottle. Please recycle again. BPA free. www.drinkOxiGen.com. Product of USA.
Raspberry lemon flavored beverage with other natural flavors. No artificial flavors. No sugar added. Good source of vitamin D & calcium. 20 calories per bottle. Fortified (This Product: 10% Vit D; 10% calcium per 10 fl oz serving. Leading Kids Flavored Water: 0% Vit D; 0% calcium per 10 fl oz serving) water. Contains 7% juice. Pasteurized. No artificial colors. No artificial preservatives. 1-877-875-8443, 8 am - 4 pm EST. BPA free. Non GMO. Please recycle. Ironman. Collect all your favorite characters! Spill proof cap. Learn more at good2grow.com. Facebook. Instagram. Bottled in USA.
pH balanced. Electrolytes for taste. See unit container for manufacturer's identity. For water quality and information call 866-448-6321 or visit: lifewtr.com.
Purified alkaline water with added electrolytes for taste. Hydration perfected. 9.5 pH or higher. Hydrate. Restore. Balance. 0 calories per bottle. BPA-free. For water quality and information, contact Essentia Water Inc at 877-293-2239, essentiawater.com. Product of USA.
Natural lime spring water, fruit flavored beverage, no calories, contains no juice.
Digestive health. Probiotics. Low calorie. Natural. 2 billion cultures. 20 calories per bottle. 0% juice. Per Bottle: Contains the live probiotic culture Ganeden BC30 (2 billion CFUs). drinkkarma.com. Please recycle. Spring water. Non GMO. Gluten free. Lactose free. Vegan. Transform water into wellness. Infuse the nutrition into the water and replenish your body with digestive and immune health support. Karma Probiotics delivers active cultures more effectively than yogurt (In an independent lab study of a simulated gastric environment with a PH of 2.0 for two hours, GanedenBC delivered live cells ten times more effectively than common probiotic yogurts). GanedenBC30 is a patented and highly stable probiotic, backed by 20 published studies and FDA GRAS status. Spirit. Balance. Vitality. Mind. Body. 100% of fresh A, E and essential B vitamins plus - powered by Ganeden BC30 Probiotic digestive & immune health. Supports immune and digestive health (as part of a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle). Spring Water: Pristine Mountain Spring, Stockbridge, VT.
Evamor® Natural Artesian Water. Alkaline pH 8.8-9.1. Rare alkaline source. 32 fl oz (1 quart) 946 ml. Know a rare aquifer alkaline. In the full of USA perfected for thousands of years. Natural electrolytes and alkaline & good stuff minerals that not only tastes but helps give balance great to your life better water. Source: RTD Artesian well, Covington, LA. Recycle. Source USA. BPA free. For water quality information contact us at 985-246-2100 or visit evamor.com.
Poland Spring® Brand Sparkelers™ Sparkling Natural Spring Water Cranberry Raspberry. A good-for-you, no-compromsie beverage. No sweeteners no sugar no calories. 0 Calories per can. 100% Natural ingredients. Cranberry raspberry with other natural flavors and CO2. Contains no juice. For questions or a water quality report call 1-800-477-7464 or polandspring.com. Please recycle. ©2014.
Purified water with electrolytes. Electrolyte sports formula. Superior hydration. BodyArmor SuperWater's proprietary electrolyte sports formula helps keep you hydrated and delivers a pure, clean, great taste. Finally, a water that works as hard as you do. Twitter: (at)DrinkBodyArmor. Instagram: (at)DrinkBodyArmor. BPA free. Please recycle. Made in the USA.
S. Pellegrino® Sparkling Natural Mineral Water. Since 1899. 0 Calories per 12 fl oz serving. Natural mineral water with natural CO2 added. Very low sodium. 1-800-255-8334. sanpellegrino.com. Comieco.
S. Pellegrino® San Pellegrino Sparkling Natural Mineral Water. Terme 1899. Bottled at the source, San Pellegrino Terme (Bergamo) Italy. Natural mineral water with natural CO2 added. Total dissolved solids 915mg/L. S. Pellegrino. 0 Calories per bottle. 16.9 fl oz (1 pt, 0.9 fl oz) (500ml). Very low sodium. With its unique blend of minerals, S. Pellegrino is the perfect accompaniment to the world's finest meals. Its signature taste from the Italian alps and light subtle bubbles sparkle like delicious moments between good friends. sanpellegrino.com. Please recycle. Best before: (see label or bottle cap/neck). For questions or a report on water quality and information contact 800-255-8334 or sanpellegrino.com.


Start your day off right with warm and dry boots. Warm boots are softer and easier to put on and buckle to the right size. An AC outlet plug has 3 temperature settings and an additional DC car lighter plug keeps your boots warm on the way to the mountain. The innovative BOOT VAULT backpack storage system provides an easy access boot compartment and accommodates a full sized helmet.


Ideal Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning was founded in Halifax in the early 1990's by Bruce Bolton.
After operating there for over a dozen years, he sold the business to one of his employees who still runs it today.
Bruce founded Ideal Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning in Ottawa in 2004.
He operated the business here for over a dozen years before incorporating as Ideal Carpet Cleaning in 2015.
Bruce built Ideal's reputation as Ottawa's premier carpet cleaning service.
Ideal has cleaned the city's best homes, the finest institutions and many of the embassies.
Ideal has served many well-known names, including some of the best-known architects, doctors, lawyers and even professional hockey players.
Since 2015, Bruce has been slowly turning over the day-to-day operations to his son-in-law, Nick Milito, while remaining involved as an adviser and mentor.


Followed by Q & A moderated by Professor Claire Finkelstein.
The Haaga Lecture will take place at Penn Law and is open to the public and free of charge. Reception to follow.
This program has been approved for 1.5 ethics CLE credits for Pennsylvania lawyers. CLE credit may be available in other jurisdictions as well. Attendees seeking CLE credit should bring separate payment in the amount of $60.00 ($30.00 public interest/non-profit attorneys) cash or check made payable to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania.


"The Real Housewives of New Jersey" reality TV star, Melissa Gorga, enjoyed her birthday in style, with her husband, Joe Gorga, as he treated her to the ultimate luxury for her birthday weekend with a Rolls-Royce Ghost luxury vehicle from Towbin Motorcars.
Visiting Las Vegas for the first time, Gorga got a taste of the Rolls-Royce brand with Towbin Motorcars' latest Ghost model.
Equipped with a twin-turbo, 606-liter V12 engine, the happy couple experienced the town in style during their weekend getaway, relishing in the city's warm weather with the sunroof open.


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O's Reader
Winter 2018/19 Print Edition
Print Edition Distributors
Ordering the Print Edition
Print Orders SCC Members
CBDiary
Good Times and Bad
The Start of the Movement
Millions of US Americans started smoking marijuana in the mid-1960s. It was a mass movement made up mainly of young people —soldiers and students. The marijuana came from Vietnam and Thailand, Mexico and Colombia, and the demand to legalize it was intertwined with other demands —for peace, racial and sexual equality, an end to poverty and discrimination.
Honorable David Harris (with whom I shared a joint in a Palo Alto kitchen in 1967) puts it this way in a recently published oral history:
"I considered myself part of the movement from the day I left for Mississippi. What we call 'The Movement,' capital T, capital M, was a commitment to justice and the values of democracy. They called us the New Left because it wasn't an ideology. There wasn't a specific politics attached to it. What it was, was a set of values finding ways to express themselves."
But instead of fusing into one big movement with coherent goals, we fissioned into 1,000 single-issue groups —a trend promoted in the '70s and unto today by the enlightened capitalists who fund political activism. They had seen the ghettos ablaze and GIs unwilling to fight. They responded brilliantly. Affirmative action. Volunteer Army. Decriminalizing marijuana. A single-issue approach to politics imposed by NGOs.
This photo was taken at the UFO coffeehouse in Columbia, South Carolina, not long after it opened in the fall of 1967. It was a hang-out for GIs from Fort Jackson, university students, SNCC workers. Note the full-color Cannabis plant poster.
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Fred Gardner
managing editor, O'Shaughnessy's.
Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioids (Stop the Press!)
Epidiolex Weighs in at Schedule V
Goldstrich on Med Board "Expectations"
Reno OKed Hawaii Hemp Project
© 2016 O'Shaughnessy's - All Rights Reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the heart of the Tuscan countryside, a few steps away from the historic center of the beautiful town of Castiglion Fiorentino, Villa Irene is composed of 4 apartments for your unforgettable holiday rich in colors and scents discovering the extremely beautiful surrounding area.
The villa, despite divided into 4 apartments, is rented as a whole and private accommodation allowing you to spend a vacation together with your family or friends whilst enjoying your own privacy.
Its position, close to the main arterial roads of the area, is ideal to discover the most amazing Tuscan cities easily reachable in a short time on pleasant and amusing day trips.
Villa Irene, completely made of local stone and surrounded by a large park where olive trees and cypresses dominate the surrounding landscape, has recently been restored to create an accommodation rich in the most modern comforts yet keeping its original spirit alive giving a traditional and modern style to the all rooms.
A few steps from the villa, in the winery of the family, you can taste excellent local wine and olive oil produced by the owners.
Inside the park you will enjoy the exclusive use of the swimming pool (9x4 mt - open from May to September- min depth 1 mt, max depth 3 mt) with panoramic views of the surrounding area, exposed to the sun throughout the day and equipped with sun beds, deck chairs and umbrellas.
The property is fully fenced and has an internal private parking. Barbecue at disposal. Internal and external Wi Fi. Washing machine in 3 apartments. Pets allowed.
Villa Irene presents very spacious and comfortable interiors characterized by well cared for furniture with reminders of peasant art skillfully mixed with the colors and materials of contemporary modernity.
Each room has been designed to have specific features, creating dynamic environments yet harmonious with each other.
The villa develops on 3 levels connected through a beautiful external staircase. On the ground floor there are 2 apartments, on the first floor only 1 and the last one is located on the second floor.
On the ground floor one accesses the villa through 2 main entrances that lead you to the 2 living areas composed of living room with sofa (convertible into double sofa bed) and the respective dining rooms with dining table and chairs. From the dining rooms one enters directly the fully equipped kitchens with all you need to prepare your favorite dishes and from here to the garden and the veranda.
The sleeping area is composed of two double bedrooms (of which one has an extra single bed) and two twin bedrooms (convertible into double bedrooms, if necessary). 4 bathrooms with shower and washing machine complete the ground floor of the villa.
On the first floor, accessible through an external stone staircase, you will find a living area with sofa and fireplace, a fully equipped kitchen and a spacious dining room with table and chairs. From here one accesses the sleeping area composed of a double bedroom and a twin bedroom (convertible into a double bedroom, if necessary). A bathroom with shower, tub and washing machine complete the first floor.
Through another external stone staircase we reach the second floor composed of a living area, a fully equipped kitchen with dining room, a double bedroom and a twin bedroom (convertible into a double one, if necessary). A bathroom with shower and tub complete the second floor of the villa.
Villa with panoramic view, private garden and parking, completely fenced property, gate, swimming pool with sun beds, deck chairs and umbrellas, outdoor table and chairs, panoramic terrace, barbecue, weekly linen change, heating (on consumption), iron and ironing board, washing machine, high chair and baby cot, hair dryer, window screens, external and internal Wi Fi, Sat TV, fully equipped kitchens with: fridge and freezer, oven, dishwasher, stove, American coffee machine, Italian moka, kettle and toaster.


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Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh addresses India-UK meet on "Sustaining Food Production under Environmental Stress"
By Odisha Diary bureau On Jan 18, 2022
New Delhi : Addressing the joint India-UK meet on "Sustaining Food Production under Environmental Stress", through virtual mode today, Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Science & Technology; Minister of State (Independent Charge) Earth Sciences; MoS PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr Jitendra Singh called for collaboration between the two nations on issues of mutual concern like achieving the goals of food security and zero hunger.
Dr Jitendra Singh said, India and UK must invite global collaborations in various dimensions of science like agriculture, medicine, food, pharma, engineering or defense. The Workshop is being organized jointly by National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, an institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India and University of Birmingham, UK and supported by Newton Bhabha Fund and British Council.
Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Dr Jitendra Singh said, the aim of the Indian Government has been to enable farmers to feed India and the world. He said, India's efforts to safeguard the Food Security needs of every citizen in the country have been unprecedented as Prime Minister Modi even ensured that no person goes hungry during pandemic time. Moreover, policies have been framed to protect interests of small and marginal farmers, and conserve local food cultures which in turn will significantly contribute to food security, the Minister added.
Dr Jitendra Singh said, India-UK joint collaboration may include programmes like students exchange, basic research, technology development, product development as well as product/process demonstration and their implementation in joint collaboration. The Minister said, COVID demonstrated that Science is the only major key tool to find solutions and to give solutions for tough times to be faced by the mankind. He pointed out that Indian science has proved the capability to produce vaccines for such a high risk/ devastating disease in a very limited time and at the same time added that we should not restrict our ideas to Indian perspectives, rather there should have a global horizon.
Dwelling on the issue of Sustainable Food Production, Dr Jitendra Singh said, the South Asian region is facing the shrinking arable land, besides the problem of global climate change that needs to be addressed. Quoting World Bank data, the Minister pointed out that the Arable land in South Asia was reported at 43.18 % in 2018 which has been stagnant since the early 1970s and recently declining. He said, growth in yields and more intensive use of land will account for all of the growth in crop production and will also compensate for losses in the arable land area.
Underlining that the global pattern of food production and distribution may need to shift significantly as climate change progresses, Dr Jitendra Singh called for joint funding to develop a coherent and stakeholder-relevant R&D program that will address this challenge. He said, the initiative by the British Council to support such interactive meet among the researchers with a common goal will seek attention from the stakeholders and nurture the young investigators to provide them with an excellent platform to share and rear the ideas.
Dr Jitendra Singh noted with satisfaction that this workshop is meant to bring the scientists across the two countries including 22 outstanding experts in the theme areas from both UK and India, that is, 20 young investigators from both the countries working on a range of important crops in relation to climate change. The Minister suggested evolving important key areas in agriculture, food and nutrition to be taken by the two countries for joint research plans. We know that NABI was established a decade back with the primary focus of improving nutritional quality of foods that reaches to our people across the country. NABI is a premier institute that works at the interface of Agri-Food and Nutrition Biotechnology. The institute could provide an impetus to the nations need for addressing nutritional security even under the climatic changes happening around the world.
Dr Jitendra SinghIndia-UK
Training programme on "Bamboo Shoot Processing and Preservation" conducted by the NECBDC from 13th to 17th, December 2021
Union Minister for Tourism & Culture G. Kishan Reddy attends the Retreat Ceremony at National War Memorial and pays tribute to the martyrs


Craft When a convicted baby murderer wrote to one of Australia's leading investigative journalists from prison, EXPOSED endeavoured to turn the true crime model on its head.
What do you do when a convicted baby murderer writes to you from prison, claiming innocence and wrongful conviction? How do you produce a documentary series when the central character – the victim's own mother – is inaccessible, behind bars?
This is the dilemma Gold Walkley and Logie award-winning journalist Caro Meldrum-Hanna was faced with when Keli Lane wrote to her. The end result was the ground-breaking, critically acclaimed three-part documentary series EXPOSED: The Case of Keli Lane, which aired on the ABC in late 2018. The series quickly racked-up recording breaking audience figures and became the most viewed factual program online, even eclipsing the viewer figures for international dramas such as Dr Who.
Unique and original in both its execution and production, EXPOSED broke away from traditional journalistic storytelling modes and brought the audience something unique and original to engage with. It also turned the true crime model on its head by investigating and re-examining a notorious closed case and the psychology of the accused, testing her claimed innocence and the rigour and fairness of the case against her, rather than revisiting a cold case.
In conversation with Bernadine Lim, Meldrum-Hanna will step through her journalistic and creative methods, including how to deal with controversial characters and unpredictable, unfolding material to create something unique and original in a short period of time. She will also discuss experimenting with new forms of storytelling, the role of the audience, and the fascination with true crime and justice.


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Second World War >
Nazi Germany >
Christianity in Nazi Germany
The Christian Church and Adolf Hitler
Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany
Ludwig Müller the Bishop of the Reich
The Church and Kristallnacht
The Catholic Church and Euthanasia
It is estimated that at the beginning of the 20th century about 67% of the population in Germany were Protestants. However, the Catholics were strong in some areas such as in Bavaria. The Jews formed just under 1 per cent of the total population of Germany. (1)
In the original programme of the Nazi Party drawn up by Adolf Hitler, Anton Drexler and Gottfried Feder in February, 1920, promised religious freedom for all those religions except those which endangered the German race. (2)
However, it soon became clear that Hitler had a deep hatred of Jews and appeared to believe they controlled all aspects of German life. Konrad Heiden, who worked as a journalist in Germany, reported on a speech he made in 1922: "Jewry took a step which showed political genius. This capitalist people, which had brought the most unscrupulous exploitation into the world, found a way to lay hands on the leadership of the fourth estate (news media). The Jew founded the Social Democratic Party and the Communist movement. And with extraordinary dexterity he gathered the leadership little by little into his own hands." (3)
These views were often shared by Christian leaders in Germany. In 1928 Bishop Otto Dibelius wrote about the "solution" to the "Jewish Problem". He argued that all Jewish immigration from eastern Europe should be prohibited. As soon as this prohibition takes effect, the decline of Jewry would set in. "The number of children of the Jewish families is small. The process of dying out occurs surprisingly rapidly." It has been claimed by one historian that Bishop Dibelius' anti-semitic sentiments were "well nigh representative of German Christendom" at the time. (4)
The Protestant Church had a long history of anti-semitism that dated back to Martin Luther. In 1543 Luther published On the Jews and Their Lies. In the final section of the book, Luther addressed himself to the question of how Christian rulers should treat their Jewish subjects. "What shall we Christians do with this rejected and condemned people, the Jews? Since they live among us, we dare not tolerate their conduct, now that we are aware of their lying and reviling and blaspheming. If we do, we become sharers in their lies, cursing and blasphemy... First to set fire to their synagogues or schools and to bury and cover with dirt whatever will not burn, so that no man will ever again see a stone or cinder of them... Second, I advise that their houses also be razed and destroyed.... Third, I advise that all their prayer books and Talmudic writings, in which such idolatry, lies, cursing and blasphemy are taught, be taken from them... Fourth, I advise that their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb." (5) As Derek Wilson pointed out: "Attitudes to his harsh and uncompromising advice have inevitably been coloured by the appalling events of later centuries and predominately by the Holocaust." (6)
Ludwig Müller was an early supporter of the Nazi Party and openly expressed anti-semitic views. In 1931 he helped establish the German Christian movement. (7) The following year the group issued the statement: "We stand on the ground of positive Christianity. We profess an affirmative faith in Christ, fitting our race and being in accordance with the German Lutheran mind and heroic piety. Mere compassion is charity and leads to presumption, paired with bad conscience, and effeminates a nation. We know something about Christian obligation and charity towards the helpless, but we also demand the protection of the nation from the unfit and inferior. We see a great danger to our nationality in the Jewish Mission. It promises to allow foreign blood into our nation... Marriages between Jews and Germans must be prohibited." (8)
Bishop Ludwig Müller with members of the Nazi Party.
As Adolf Hitler was brought up as a Catholic, some Protestants were reluctant to vote for him. Otto Dibelius, the Bishop of Kurmark, had emerged as one of his strongest supporters. Before the 1932 Presidential election, Bishop Dibelius stated that in the past he had always encouraged people to vote for Protestant candidates. However, this time he urged the people to vote for Adolf Hitler: "Among the candidates there is once again a Catholic, namely Hitler. But he is not a candidate of the Roman Catholic Church, rather the leader of the great national movement, to which millions of the Protestants belong." (9)
Once in power Hitler began to openly express anti-Semitic ideas. Based on his readings of how blacks were denied civil rights in the southern states in America, Hitler attempted to make life so unpleasant for Jews in Germany that they would emigrate. The day after the March, 1933, election, stormtroopers hunted down Jews in Berlin and gave them savage beatings. Synagogues were trashed and all over Germany gangs of brownshirts attacked Jews. In the first three months of Hitler rule, over forty Jews were murdered. (10)
August von Galen, the Bishop of Münster and a supporter of Hitler because of his anti-communism, criticised those religious figures who were quick to attack the new government. Von Galen spoke against those scholars who had criticised the Nazi government and called for "a just and objective evaluation of Hitler's new political movement". (11)
Bishop August von Galen
The campaign started on 1st April, 1933, when a one-day boycott of Jewish-owned shops took place. Members of the Sturm Abteilung (SA) picketed the shops to ensure the boycott was successful. Bishop Otto Dibelius, stated that he had always been "an anti-semite" and that "one cannot fail to appreciate that in all of the corrosive manifestations of modern civilization Jewry plays a leading role". (12) It has been claimed that Dibelius' anti-semitic sentiments were "well nigh representative of German Christendom in the beginning of 1933". (13)
Michael von Faulhaber, the Archbishop of Munich, and the author of Judenum, Christentum, Germanentum, that defended the principles of racial tolerance and humanity and called for the people of Germany to respect the Jewish religion. On 12th March, 1933, Faulhaber went to see Pope Pius XI. On his return he made the following statement: "After my recent experience in Rome in the highest circles, which I cannot reveal here, I must say that I found, despite everything, a greater tolerance with regard to the new government... Let us meditate on the words of the Holy Father, who in a consistory, without mentioning his name, indicated before the whole world in Adolf Hitler the statesmen who first, after the Pope himself, has raised his voice against Bolshevism." (14)
On 24th April, 1933, it was reported "that Cardinal Faulhaber had issued an order to the clergy to support the new regime in which he (Faulhaber) had confidence". In the first few months of the new government no Church leaders spoke against the persecution of the Jews. The Concordat between the Nazis and the Catholic Church was signed in July 1933. It gave them the right to hold Catholic services and provided protection for its other organisations such as schools, youth groups and newspapers. However, there was a clause in the agreement that said "Catholic clerics who hold an ecclesiastical office in Germany or who exercise pastoral or educational functions must be a German citizen." The reason for this is that with the rapid rise in anti-semitism in Germany, some Jews had joined the Catholic Church for protection. When the Nuremberg Laws were passed, Jews lost the rights of citizenship and could no longer seek protection from the Catholic Church. (15)
John Heartfield, On the founding of the State Church (June, 1933)
(Copyright The Official John Heartfield Exhibition & Archive)
The lack of protests led to the claims that the church was unconcerned about anything except its own welfare. However, this was not true of all Catholics. Erich Klausener, the leader of the Berlin's Catholic Action movement, was an outspoken critic of Hitler's racial policies. A meeting held at Hoppegarten racecourse, on 24th June, 1934, where he spoke out against political oppression, attracted 60,000 people. Six days later he was shot dead in his office by SS officer Kurt Gildisch. Not one German cardinal or bishop protested about this savage act. (16)
In July 1933, Pastor Ludwig Müller, a long-term supporter of Hitler was elected as Reich Bishop. His work was supported by Professor Ernst Bergmann, who in 1934 issued the Twenty-Five Points of the German Religion. This included the following: (i) The Jewish Old Testament as well as parts of the New Testament are not suitable for the new Germany. (ii) Christ was not Jewish but a Nordic martyr put to death by the Jews, a warrior whose death rescued the world from Jewish influence. (iii) Adolf Hitler is the new Messiah sent to earth to save the world from the Jews. (17)
Susan Ottaway has argued that many Protestants saw Bergmann's theories as "utter drivel". She points out: "The second point alone high-lights the inconsistency of the doctrine. If Christ's death rescued the world from Jewish influence, why did the Nazis find it necessary to persecute them? The entire document was complete nonsense and utterly at odds with any conventional view of Christianity. In spite of this it had its supporters." (18)
Bishop Ludwig Müller in Berlin in September 1934
The German Christians became a pressure group and movement within German Protestantism. Bergmann became the most important academic involved in the movement. The German Christians ardently supported the Nazi doctrines of race and the leadership principle. By the time Hitler came to power, the movement had some three thousand out of a total of seventeen thousand pastors, though their lay followers probably represented a larger percentage of churchgoers. (19)
The movement was popular with young pastors from lower-middle-class backgrounds or non-academic families. "Such men desired a Church whose members were soldiers from Jesus and the Fatherland, tough, hard and uncompromising. Muscular Christianity of this kind appealed particularly to young men who despised the feminization of religion through the involvement in charity, welfare and acts of compassion." (20)
Martin Niemöller was the pastor of the Church of Jesus Christ at Dahlem. He was a long-term supporter of Hitler and he made speeches where he argued that Germany needed a Führer. In his sermons he also espoused Hitler's views on race and nationality. During the 1933 General Election he described the programme of the Nazi Party as a "renewal movement based on a Christian moral foundation". However, he objected to the election of Müller and on 21st September, he wrote to all German pastors inviting them to join him in his newly formed Pastors' Emergency League. An estimated 7,000 pastors joined him including Dietrich Bonhoffer in what was later called the Confessing Church. (21)
Niemöller established himself as the leader of the Protestant resistance to Hitler. However, as he admitted later, he remained a committed member of the Nazi Party. Niemöller pointed out that his group "acted as if we had only to sustain the church" and did not accept that they had a "responsibility for the whole nation". Niemöller therefore did not criticize the Nazi Party for putting its political opponents into concentration camps.
Niemöller wrote after the war: "First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a communist. Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a trade unionist; Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out - because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me - and there was no one left to speak out for me." (22)
The New Christianity. 100% Aryan.
Philip Zec, Daily Mirror (16th May, 1941)
Although religious leaders did little to resist Hitler, that is not true of the general population. Between 1933 and 1939 the ordinary courts sentenced 225,000 people to a total of 600,000 years' imprisonment for political and religious offences. During the Nazi period of power, three million Germans were held at one time or another in prison or in the concentration camps on political and religious grounds. (23)
Bishop August von Galen became more critical of the Nazi government in 1934 and attacked the writings of Alfred Rosenberg. In his book, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, Rosenberg had claimed that Catholicism was the "creation of Jewish clericalism". Von Galen responded by claiming that Rosenberg's book illustrated that "there are heathens again in Germany." Joseph Goebbels and his Ministry of Propaganda, tried to influence the debate by "releasing a flood of accusations against Catholic organizations for financial corruption." (24)
Despite this he retained his nationalistic views and in 1936 he blessed the troops before they marched into the Rhineland. In 1937 Bishop August von Galen, Michael von Faulhaber, the Archbishop of Munich and Konrad von Preysing, Bishop of Eichstätt, helped draft the Pope's anti-Nazi encyclical Mit brennender Sorge (With Burning Concern). The encyclical addressed the problems being experienced by German Catholics and detailed the Pope's grave concerns about the way the Nazi government had ignored the terms of the Concordat of 1933. (25)
Bishop Otto Dibelius was one of those who refused to accept the leadership of Bishop Ludwig Müller that was described as "Nazified Christianity." (26) He made it clear that he would not submit to control by the government in the exercise of his spiritual and pastoral functions. (27) Over the next few years he became associated with what became known as the Confessing Church. Leaders of this movement included Martin Niemöller and Dietrich Bonhoffer. (28) During this period he also met Kurt Gerstein, who later claimed that he worked as a spy within the SS for the movement. (29)
In March 1937 Bishop Dibelius wrote an open letter to Hans Kerrl, the Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs: "The Church must be a church and not a state within the state. But the doctrine which you proclaim would have the effect of making the state into the Church in so far as the state, supported by its coercive powers, comes to decision with regard to the sermons that are preached and the faith that is confessed. Here lies the root of the whole struggle between the state and the Evangelical Church.... As soon as the state endeavors to become Church and assumes power over the souls of men... then we are bound by Luther's word to offer resistance in God's name. And that is what we shall do." (30)
Bishop Dibelius was brought before a special court, on a charge of treasonable attacks on the government. His acquittal upset the leaders of the German Christian movement. Adolf Hitler asked the court for a copy of its reasons for the judgment, but decided not to take action against his former allay.
Ernst vom Rath was murdered by Herschel Grynszpan, a young Jewish refugee in Paris on 9th November, 1938. At a meeting of Nazi Party leaders that evening, Joseph Goebbels suggested that there should be "spontaneous" anti-Jewish riots. (31) Reinhard Heydrich sent urgent guidelines to all police headquarters suggesting how they could start these disturbances. He ordered the destruction of all Jewish places of worship in Germany. Heydrich also gave instructions that the police should not interfere with demonstrations and surrounding buildings must not be damaged when burning synagogues. (32)
Heinrich Mueller, head of the Secret Political Police, sent out an order to all regional and local commanders of the state police: "(i) Operations against Jews, in particular against their synagogues will commence very soon throughout Germany. There must be no interference. However, arrangements should be made, in consultation with the General Police, to prevent looting and other excesses. (ii) Any vital archival material that might be in the synagogues must be secured by the fastest possible means. (iii) Preparations must be made for the arrest of from 20,000 to 30,000 Jews within the Reich. In particular, affluent Jews are to be selected. Further directives will be forthcoming during the course of the night. (iv) Should Jews be found in the possession of weapons during the impending operations the most severe measures must be taken. SS Verfuegungstruppen and general SS may be called in for the overall operations. The State Police must under all circumstances maintain control of the operations by taking appropriate measures." (33)
Reinhard Heydrich ordered members of the Gestapo to make arrests following Kristallnacht. "As soon as the course of events during the night permits the release of the officials required, as many Jews in all districts, especially the rich, as can be accommodated in existing prisons are to be arrested. For the time being only healthy male Jews, who are not too old, are to be detained. After the detentions have been carried out the appropriate concentration camps are to be contracted immediately for the prompt accommodation of the Jews in the camps." (34)
Joseph Goebbels wrote an article for the Völkischer Beobachter where he claimed that Kristallnacht was a spontaneous outbreak of feeling: "The outbreak of fury by the people on the night of November 9-10 shows the patience of the German people has now been exhausted. It was neither organized nor prepared but it broke out spontaneously." (35)
Jewish prisoners after Kristallnacht being paraded in Baden-Baden (November, 1938)
On 11th November, 1938, Reinhard Heydrich reported to Hermann Göring, details of the night of terror: "74 Jews killed or seriously injured, 20,000 arrested, 815 shops and 171 homes destroyed, 191 synagogues set on fire; total damage costing 25 million marks, of which over 5 million was for broken glass." (36) It was decided that the "Jews would have to pay for the damage they had provoked. A fine of 1 billion marks was levied for the slaying of Vom Rath." (37)
Lucy S. Dawidowicz, the author of The War Against the Jews (1975) has pointed out that a representative of the German insurance companies was invited to report on compensation for damages caused by the demonstrations: "After a lengthy discussion it was decided that the insurance companies had to pay the damages to retain their credibility. Where compensation was paid to Jews, the German government would arrange to confiscate those payments." (38)
The leaders of the Protestant and Catholic religions decided to stay silent and did not protest about the events of Kristallnacht. Even the breakaway Confessing Church took no stand on the issue. Richard Evans has pointed out that much had changed since when in 1933 Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber had spoken out "openly against pride in one's own race degenerating into hatred of another seemed to be long gone." (39)
Bishop Martin Sasse, head of the Protestant church of Thuringia, responded to Kristallnacht by publishing on 15th November 15, a pamphlet entitled Martin Luther on the Jews: Away with Them!, in which he reprinted excerpts from Luther's notorious 1543 pamphlet, Against the Jews and Their Lies, urging the destruction of Jewish property. Sasse claimed that the persecution of the Jews were fulfilling the goals of Luther.
Sasse stated this his objective was remove the church of Jewishness. "Not only were baptized Jewish pastors, religion teachers and organists to be fired and baptized Jews excluded from church congregations; not only were pastors forbidden to minister to baptized Jews; not only was the Old Testament no longer to be presented in church to couples celebrating their fiftieth wedding anniversary; not only was knowledge of biblical Hebrew henceforth eliminated as a requirement for ordination; now, any traces of Jewishness in the New Testament, liturgy, music and theology of the church were to be hunted down, exposed and eradicated." (40)
The Quakers had the best record for standing up for the Jews following Kristallnacht and printed leaflets advocating "Decency over Patriotism." According to Henning Mielke, the Berlin office of the Society of Friends "worked on behalf of Jewish people who were not affiliated with a Jewish congregation, and also some of the political refugees. They were able at the last minute to evacuate ten thousand Jewish children to England in the so-called Kindertransporte. Quaker families in England and the United States took in the children." (41)
Hitler made several speeches in favour of a euthanasia programme that would help to improve the quality of the German "race". He stated that if war came, he would implement the idea of euthanasia, "because I am of the opinion that such a program could be put into effect more smoothly and readily in time of war, that in the general upheaval of war the open resistance to be anticipated on the part of the Church would not play the part that might be expected." (42)
On 18th August 1939, the Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenitally Based Diseases was set up. Registration of all malformed children was now compulsory. In September, a circular was sent out to all asylums and clinics in the Reich calling for registration of those suffering from illnesses which prevented their employment. Known as T-4 the enthanasia programme was run from the Tiergarten area of Berlin. (43)
October 1939 Adolf Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of his Chancellery, and Dr. Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out the programme of involuntary euthanasia: "Reich Leader Bouhler and Dr. Brandt are entrusted with the responsibility of extending the authority of physicians, designated by name, so that patients who, on the basis of human judgment, are considered incurable, can be granted mercy death after a definitive diagnosis". (44)
Attempts were made to keep the T-4 programme a secret. It is estimated that about 70,000 patients died over the next 12 months. News of the sudden deaths of handicapped children began to spread in 1940. Pope Pius XI issued a statement that: "The direct killing of an innocent person because of mental or physical defects is not allowed". (45) In 1941, Kurt Gerstein, an active opponent of Hitler, discovered that his sister-in-law, Bertha Ebeling, was a victim of the euthanasia program directed at the mentally ill. (46) Gerstein was able to pass this information to several church leaders. (47)
On 3rd August, 1941, August von Galen, the Archbishop of Munster, spoke out in a sermon against the Nazi practice of euthanasia: "If the principle that man is entitled to kill his unproductive fellow man is established and applied, then woe to all of us when we become aged and infirm! Then no man will be safe: some committee or other will be able to put him on the list of 'unproductive' persons, who in their judgment have become 'unworthy to live'. And there will be no police to protect him, no court to avenge his murder and bring his murderers to justice. Who could then have any confidence in a doctor? He might report a patient as unproductive and then be given instructions to kill him! It does not bear thinking of, the moral depravity, the universal mistrust, which will spread even in the bosom of the family, if this terrible doctrine is tolerated, accepted and put into practice. Woe to mankind! Woe to our German people, if the divine commandment 'Thou shalt not kill', which the Lord proclaimed on Sinai amid thunder and lightning, which God our Creator wrote into man's conscience from the beginning, if this commandment is not merely violated but the violation is tolerated and remains unpunished!" (48)
It was reported that one woman who had attended the sermon hurried home to guard her elderly mother in case the Gestapo took her away to be murdered. Other people refused to undergo x-rays because they feared it was connected to the euthanasia programme. Details of the sermon were sent out of the country. The BBC made broadcasts concerning it and the RAF dropped copies of it over Germany. (49)
Brishop Galen also attacked the Gestapo habit of seizing Church buildings and converting them to their own uses - which included cinemas and even brothels. The contents of these sermons were printed and distributed throughout the country. Adolf Hitler wanted Galen arrested but Joseph Goebbels warned against this as Galen was a popular religious leader. (50)
Hitler accepted that it was not a good idea to make martyrs of well-known Church leaders. However, people who were caught with copies of the sermon, or who discussed it with colleagues, were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Richard Grunberger, the author of A Social History of the Third Reich (1971) has pointed out: "the regime took no action against Galen, but significantly, executed three Catholic priests at Lübeck who had distributed the text of Galen's sermon among soldiers." (51)
Bishop August von Galen did not give anymore sermons against the Nazi government. In September 1941, he stated publicly that "We Christians do not make revolution". (52) Hitler did not bring a halt to the programme. Instead he changed his strategy. "Thenceforth, patients would be killed by starvation and lethal medication in a larger number of extermination centres located within several asylums. This would be easier to conceal than the sudden removal and simultaneous disappearance of big groups of people." (53)
Although he had decided not to play any part in the resistance to Hitler his sermons did inspire others. A copy arrived at the home of Robert Scholl. (54) Two of his children, Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl, organized the White Rose group. They joined forces with Christoph Probst, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf and Jugen Wittenstein and began distributing anti-nazi leaflets in Munich. They were caught and executed in April 1943. (55)
During the Second World War, a member of the Confessing Church, Kurt Gerstein, joined the Waffen SS in order "to see things from the inside", to try to change the direction of policies, and to publicize the crimes being committed. (56) In a letter to his wife he told her that he had joined the SS as an "agent of the Confessing Church." (57) Gerstein later claimed he was working for Martin Niemöller. (58)
Gerstein was sent to Belzec Extermination Camp to meet with Christian Wirth. While there he witnessed the killing of an entire trainload of Jews: "When the train arrived many were already dead, having been packed into the train with no room to move or lie down. The survivors were told that they were being sent to the bathhouse to be disinfected. They were assured that they would come to no harm and that they should breathe deeply to ensure that infectious diseases were prevented. The people were herded naked into the gas chamber. Families still clung together, children holding their parents' hands, husbands putting protective arms around their wives. The doors were slammed shut and the diesel pumping engine was started. Almost immediately it broke down.... The minutes passed while engineers were brought in to mend the faulty engine. From inside the gas chamber the sound of crying could be heard. Periodically an SS officer peered through the glass window in the door of the chamber to see what was happening inside. He reported that they were wailing like they did in the synagogue. This officer seemed to feel no sorrow or pity for the wretched souls squashed inside the small chamber, bodies pressed so tightly together that there was no room to turn or shift their weight from one leg to the other; no room for a mother to bend to comfort the small child clinging to her legs. Eventually, after being trapped for more than two hours, the diesel engine croaked into life, but it took another thirty minutes of pumping the deadly carbon monoxide into the chamber before everyone inside was dead." (59)
Gerstein also told his contacts in the Confessional Church. This included Bishop Otto Dibelius and Martin Niemöller. He also passed the information to Diego Cesare Orsenigo, the representative of the Vatican in Berlin. However, he was a supporter of Adolf Hitler and refused to take any action. He told Pope Pius XI that he advocated conciliation out of a fear that if the Church came into conflict with the Nazi government it would lead to "lapsed religiosity among German Catholics". He argued that "unless the clergy appeased the regime and relieved members of the church of a conflict of conscience". (60)
Gerstein later reported: "My attempt to report all this to the head of the Legation of the Holy See had no great success. I was asked if I was a soldier. Then I was denied any kind of interview and was requested to leave the legation forthwith. I relate this to show how difficult it was, even for a German who was a bitter enemy of the Nazis, to succeed in discrediting this criminal government.... I continued to inform hundreds of people of these horrible massacres. Among them were the Niemöller family; Dr Hochstrasser, the press attaché at the Swiss legation in Berlin; Dr Winter, the coadjutor of the Catholic Bishop of Berlin - so that he could transmit my information to the Bishop and to the Pope; Dr Dibelius, and many others. In this way thousands of people were informed by me." (61)
Bishop Dibelius did nothing with this information. (62) After the war he claimed that he was not aware of the "full implications" of the final solution. "There was no evidence which would have stood up in a court of law; no cardinal or bishop was ever permitted to visit Auschwitz, Sobibor or Treblinka. Their knowledge was based on hearsay, but it is unlikely that they had any doubts as to the authoritative character of this information." (63)
Martin Niemöller spent the Second World War in Dachau Concentration Camp. As he was a First World War hero Adolf Hitler gave orders for him to be left alive. His colleague, Dietrich Bonhoffer, was arrested in April, 1943 and was charged with planning the July Plot. He was held in Buchenwald Concentration Camp until being executed in April, 1945.
By John Simkin ([email protected]s-educational.com) © September 1997 (updated January 2020).
(1) Martin Niemöller, sermon (1928)
I cannot help saying quite harshly and bluntly that the Jewish people came to grief and disgrace because of its own 'Positive Christianity!' It (the Jewish people) bears a curse throughout the history of the world because it was ready to approve of its Messiah just as long and as far as it thought it could gain some advantage for its own plans and its own aims for Him, His words and His deeds. It bears a curse, because it rejected Him and resisted Him to the death when it became clear that Jesus of Nazareth would not cease calling (the Jews) to repentance and faith, despite their insistence that they were free, strong and proud men and belonged to a pure-blooded, race-concious nation!
"'Positive Christianity,' which the Jewish people wanted, clashed with 'Negative Christianity' as Jesus himself represented it!... Friends, can we risk going with our nation without forgiveness of sins, without that so-called 'Negative Christianity' which, when all is said and done, clings in repentance and faith to Jesus as the Savior of sinners? I cannot and you cannot and our nation cannot! 'Come let us return to the Lord!'
(2) Statement made by Martin Niemöller and fellow leaders of the Confessional Church (July, 1936)
Our people are trying to break the bond set by God. That is human conceit rising against God. In this connection we must warn the Führer, that the adoration frequently bestowed on him is only due to God. Some years ago the Führer objected to having his picture placed on Protestant altars. Today his thoughts are used as a basis not only for political decisions but also for morality and law. He himself is surrounded with the dignity of a priest and even of an intermediary between God and man... We ask that liberty be given to our people to go their way in the future under the sign of the Cross of Christ, in order that our grandsons may not curse their elders on the ground that their elders left them a state on earth that closed to them the Kingdom of God.
(3) Martin Niemöller, sermon (27th June, 1937)
On Wednesday the secret police penetrated the closed church of Friedrich Werder and arrested at the altar eight members of the Council of Brethren. ... I think how yesterday at Saarbrucken six women and a trusted man of the Protestant community were arrested because they had circulated an election leaflet of the Confessing church. . . . And we recall today how the pulpit of St Anne's church remains empty, because our pastor and brother Muller, with forty-seven other Christian brothers and sisters of our Protestant church, has been taken into custody.
(4) Dr. Reinhard Becker, letter to Martin Niemöller (November, 1937)
You suppose that Christianity is oppressed in Germany and that there is a rule by force and secret trial. Though this is not the case, the German State cannot be expected to tolerate incessant attacks, open or veiled, by ministers of the Christian faith upon its very foundations. There are recalcitrant pastors who seem to be unaware of the fact that they would have been shot, hanged or burned long ago if it had not been for the gigantic and successful struggle of Adolf Hitler to safeguard civilization in this country against the horrors of Communism. Therefore by attacking National Socialism, they are striking at themselves.
(5) William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of he Third Reich (1964)
The Reverend Martin Niemoeller had personally welcomed the coming to power of the Nazis in 1933. In that year his autobiography, From U-boat to Pulpit, had been published. The story of how this submarine commander in the First World War had become a prominent Protestant pastor was singled out for special praise in the Nazi press and became a best seller. To Pastor Niemoeller, as to many a Protestant clergyman, the fourteen years of the Republic had been, as he said, "years of darkness'' and at the close of his autobiography he added a note of satisfaction that the Nazi revolution had finally triumphed and that it had brought about the "national revival" for which he himself had fought so long - for a time in the free corps, from which so many Nazi leaders had come.
(6) Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich: The Memoirs of Albert Speer (1970)
He (Hitler) had another such fit of rage at Pastor Niemöller in 1937. Niemöller had once again delivered a rebellious sermon in Dahlem [as had many other of the more evangelistic and conservative Lutheran Pastors and Priests]; at the same time transcripts of his tapped telephone conversations were presented to Hitler. In a bellow, Hitler ordered Niemöller to be put in a concentration camp and, since he had proven himself to be incorrigible, kept there for life. Pastors and Priests were then sent to camps for their dissidence and by 1938 the country had been declared free of the church.
(7) Martin Niemöller, letter to France Hildebrandt (1945)
Towards evening that day we came upon a German divisional HQ, and some of the officers amongst us found that they were acquainted with officers there. Immediately they telephoned the German HQ. After a horrible night, during which two of us were posted on guard behind every SS man, German officers and soldiers came, put the execution squad in a truck and sent them on their way, guarded by machine guns. The Germans brought us to a hotel in Bergen, where we were very well fussed over and fed and looked after. That lasted three days, when one morning an American company arrived, disarmed the Germans and took us into their care.
(8) Martin Niemöller, statement at a press conference in Naples (5th June, 1945)
No honest man or woman in Germany feels responsible for these things. Good Germans took Nazism as a new religion. These people are shocked by the revelations which have shown that Nazism was not idealism, but a means to the performance of criminal acts...
In war a German feels bound to join the ranks without question. Three of my sons were called up. I could not hold back. I wrote from the concentration camp to Admiral Raeder, C. in C. of the Navy, asking to be allowed to return to the submarine service or to do any other service in the Navy. I heard nothing for several months, and then a reply came, not from Raeder but from Keitel, head of the Wehrmacht. He thanked me, but regretted I could not be employed on active service.
(9) Dietmar Schmidt, Pastor Niemöller (1959)
During the next few years (after 1945) he was to attempt to explain from pulpit and platform to Evangelical Christians in all four Occupation Zones what the Stuttgart Declaration was, and was not, intended to convey. He called on the people to show a sense of responsibility towards their fellow-men, he abjured them not to forget the lessons of the past and, above all, he reminded them constantly of the burden of guilt which had to be redeemed before a new life could begin. In so doing he was at pains not to exclude himself from a like responsibility, and told in this connexion the story of the visit which he and his wife paid to Dachau in the autumn of 1945. "After showing her the cell in which he had been confined for so many months, they passed the crematorium. A great white-painted board had been affixed to a tree and on it, in black letters, they read: "Here between the years 1933 and 1945 238,756 human beings were incinerated."
At that moment, Niemoller told his audience, the consciousness of his own guilt and his own failure assailed him as never before. "And God asked me - as once He asked the First Man after the Fall, Adam - Man, where wast thou in those years 1933 to 1945? I knew I had no answer to that question. True, I had an alibi in my pocket, for the years 1937 to 1945, my identity disc from the concentration camp. But what help to me was that? God was not asking me where I had been from 1937 to 1945, but from 1933 to 1945, and for the years 1933 to 1937 I had no answer. Should I have said perhaps: 'As a pastor in those years I bore courageous witness to the Faith; I dared to speak, an'd risked life and freedom in doing so?' But God did not ask about that. God asked: 'Where were you from 1933 to 1945 when human beings were incinerated here? When, in 1933, Goering publicly boasted that all active Communists had been imprisoned and rendered harmless - that was when we forgot our responsibility, that was when we should have warned our parishioners. Many a man from my own parish, who went and joined the National Socialist Party and who is now to do penance for his act, could rise up against me today and say that he would have acted differently if I had not kept silence at that time. ... I know that I made my contribution towards the enslavement of the German people."
(10) William Hickey, Daily Express (1945)
The admiration expressed by some people for this vigorous critic of Hitler who has spent eight years in a concentration camp, is offset by others who are wholly allergic to the idea of any "good" Germans, and recall with some venom Niemoller's first-war role of U-boat commander.
(11) Archdeacon of Lancaster, The Daily Telegraph (31st May, 1946)
In my opinion the pastor's visit at this time can do nothing but harm, for the one thing needful is to present a united front to the German people, and to demand proofs of repentance from the whole nation before we can enter into any fraternal relationships.
(12) Martin Niemöller, sermon (January, 1946)
We must openly declare that we are not innocent of the Nazi murders, of the murder of German communists, Poles, Jews, and the people in German-occupied countries. No doubt others made mistakes too, but the wave of crime started here and here it reached its highest peak. The guilt exists, there is no doubt about that - even if there were no other guilt than that of the six million clay urns containing the ashes of incinerated Jews from all over Europe. And this guilt lies heavily upon the German people and the German name, even upon Christendom. For in our world and in our name have these things been done.
(13) Martin Niemöller, sermon at Rendsburgh Church (23rd September, 1946)
If we had then recognized that in the communists who were thrown into concentration camps, the Lord Jesus Christ himself lay imprisoned and looked for our love and help, if we had seen that at the beginning of the persecution of the Jews it was the Lord Christ in the person of the least of our human brethren who was being persecuted and beaten and killed, if we had stood by him and identified ourselves with him, I do not know whether God would not then have stood by us and whether the whole thing would not then have had to take a different course.
(14) Martin Niemöller, speech in New York (1947)
To reproaches that I have described Russian occupation (of East Germany) as bearable, I say: I am only against the often-heard statement that a war against bolshevism is necessary to save the Christian churches and Christianity. But it is unchristian to conduct a war for the saving of the Christian church, for the Christian church does not need to be saved. The church is not afraid of bolshevism. It was not afraid of Nazism. The church has to serve the communists as well as all human beings. While the church rejects communism as a creed, just as it rejects all other creeds, communism must and can only be fought and defeated with spiritual weapons. All other powers will fail.
(15) Martin Niemöller, letter to Dr. Alfred Wiener (1956)
I have never concealed the fact... that I came from an anti-Semitic past and tradition... I ask only that you look at my life historically and take it as history. I believe that from 1933 I truly represented the Lutheran-Christian outlook on the Jewish question - as I revealed before the court - but that I returned home after eight years' imprisonment as a completely different person.
(16) Martin Niemöller, speech (1982)
I am now convinced that the Reformation of the church will come from the east. In the west there is no spiritual life. (I'm speaking of the Protestant church and not the Roman Catholic church.) We have civilisation and we try to keep up culture, but we have no spiritual life. The east has a spiritual life. They know that colour influences the spirit more than black lines. In Russia there is still the notion that art is nearer religion than thinking in lines and logic. All abstract rationalising needs to be filled out with sensual thinking and feelings. In Russia there is still a strong impression of colour.
(17) Poem by Martin Niemöller that was said to have been written in 1946.
First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a communist;
Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a socialist;
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a trade unionist;
Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out - because I was not a Jew;
Then they came for me - and there was no one left to speak out for me.
(18) Henning Mielke, Friends' Journal (1st April, 2010)
It was above all during the years of National Socialism that the Quakers stood up for the rights of the persecuted. The Quaker community in Germany had always been international. In its Berlin office Germans worked side by side with U.S. and English citizens. As the repression of Jews and the Nazis' political opponents worsened, U.S. Friends were able to visit persecuted persons in prisons and to negotiate easier conditions or even releases. In the concentration camps many prisoners perceived a last glimmer of hope if their case was known to the Quakers.
Although the international Quaker office in Berlin had been an important place of refuge for the persecuted ever since 1933, the situation took a dramatic turn for the worse after the night of the pogrom (Kristallnacht) of November 9, 1938. As Gisela Faust reports, "After that, people stood in line in front of the Quaker office near the Friedrichstrasse station, because everyone realized that the only hope was to try to emigrate at the last minute." The international Quaker office in Berlin worked on behalf of Jewish people who were not affiliated with a Jewish congregation, and also some of the political refugees. They were able at the last minute to evacuate ten thousand Jewish children to England in the so-called Kindertransporte. Quaker families in England and the United States took in the children.
Once the war started, it became totally impossible for the Quaker office to help the persecuted escape. The English workers at the office had to leave Germany at the beginning of hostilities, and the U.S. workers left when the United States entered the war. Now only the German office workers were left, but their possibilities for providing help were extremely limited.
Some of the Quakers secretly hid Jews. For resistance fighters of all stripes also the "Friends" were important contact persons because of their impartiality and their discretion. A number of them were arrested by the Gestapo and paid with their lives. It is astonishing to note, however, that as an institution the Quakers were never outlawed. The Protestant pastor Franz von Hammerstein lists the possible reasons for this: "The Quakers were trustworthy. Their readiness to help, and help even people who were not actually their friends, left a great impression and smoothed paths - even with the Nazis. Not only did they not send the Quakers to the camps but astoundingly allowed them to keep working." Many Nazis remembered the Quakers from their childhood and the program of feeding the children. This now protected the Quakers. In addition they were seen as a possible bridge to foreign contacts. This is why the German Foreign Office successfully argued for the continued existence of the Religious Society of Friends.
Kristallnacht (Answer Commentary)
Adolf Hitler's Early Life (Answer Commentary)
Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Answer Commentary)
Trade Unions in Nazi Germany (Answer Commentary)
Adolf Hitler v John Heartfield (Answer Commentary)
Hitler's Volkswagen (The People's Car) (Answer Commentary)
Women in Nazi Germany (Answer Commentary)
German League of Girls (Answer Commentary)
The Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich (Answer Commentary)
The Last Days of Adolf Hitler (Answer Commentary)
(1) Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich (1971) page 573
(2) Adolf Hitler, Anton Drexler and Gottfried Feder, Twenty-Five Point Programme of the Nazi Party (February, 1920)
(3) Konrad Heiden, Hitler: A Biography (1936) page 102
(4) Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996) page 109
(5) Martin Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies (1543)
(6) Derek Wilson, Out of the Storm: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther (2007) page 313
(7) Kenneth C. Barnes, Nazism, Liberalism, & Christianity (1991) page 74
(8) Ludwig Müller, statement on the beliefs of German Christians (June, 1932)
(9) Dietrich Bronder, Before Hitler Came : A Historical Study (1964) page 276
(10) Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2005) page 15
(11) Robert A. Krieg, Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany (2004) page 74
(12) Wolfgang Gerlach, The Witnesses Were Silent (2000) page 42
(13) Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996) page 109
(14) Michael von Faulhaber, statement (March, 1933)
(15) Susan Ottaway, Hitler's Traitors, German Resistance to the Nazis (2003) page 74
(16) Anton Gill, An Honourable Defeat: A History of German Resistance to Hitler (1994) page 56
(17) Ernst Bergmann, Twenty-Five Points of the German Religion (1934)
(19) William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of Nazi Germany (1959) page 293
(20) Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2005) page 224
(22) Martin Niemöller, First they came for the Communists (1946)
(23) Peter Hoffmann, The History of German Resistance (1977) page 15
(24) Louis R. Eltscher, Traitors or Patriots? A Story of the German Anti-Nazi Resistance (2013) pages 85-86
(27) Louis L. Snyder, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (1998) page 65
(29) Kurt Gerstein, statement to Major D. C. Evans and John W. Haught (May, 1945)
(30) Bishop Otto Dibelius, open letter to Hans Kerrl, the Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (March, 1937)
(31) James Taylor and Warren Shaw, Dictionary of the Third Reich (1987) page 67
(32) Reinhard Heydrich, instructions for measures against Jews (10th November, 1938)
(33) Heinrich Mueller, order sent to all regional and local commanders of the state police (9th November 1938)
(34) Reinhard Heydrich, instructions to the Gestapo for measures against Jews (10th November, 1938)
(35) Joseph Goebbels, article in the Völkischer Beobachter (12th November, 1938)
(38) Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews (1975) page 139
(40) Susannah Heschel, Kristallnacht and Its Aftermath within the German Protestant Church (2008)
(44) Adolf Hitler, decree (October 1939)
(45) Pope Pius XI, statement (2nd December, 1940)
(46) Saul Friedländer, Kurt Gerstein: The Ambiguity of Good (1969) page 73
(48) Bishop August von Galen, sermon (3rd August, 1941)
(49) Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (2001) page 402
(51) Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich (1971) page 568
(54) Annette Dumbach & Jud Newborn, Sophie Scholl and the White Rose (1986) page 67
(55) Inge Scholl, The White Rose: 1942-1943 (1983) page 119
(56) Pierre Joffroy, Spy for God: Ordeal of Kurt Gerstein (1974) page 133
(57) Saul Friedländer, Kurt Gerstein: The Ambiguity of Good (1969) page 215
(58) Report by Major D. C. Evans and John W. Haught, on their interview with Kurt Gerstein (May, 1945)
(59) Susan Ottaway, Hitler's Traitors, German Resistance to the Nazis (2003) pages 110-111
(60) José M. Sánchez, Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy (2002) page 101
(61) Kurt Gerstein, statement to Major D. C. Evans (May, 1939)
(63) Walter Laqueur, The Terrible Secret (1980) page 57
Nazism, Liberalism & Christianity


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Asia Combo
11 days / Cambodia Circuit
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ID: CAM11
Deluxe	& Private
Imagine a country full of ancient and modern history, saturated with beautiful religious monuments, teeming with wildlife, and lush with rice fields, grasslands, and rivers. This is probably not how most people think of Cambodia, but after travelling through the country on this 11-day tour, your opinion is likely to change. Get off the tourist trail and let our travel experts show you the real heart of Cambodia.
Angkor Wat / Cambodia
Beng Mealea / Cambodia
Ta Prohm / Cambodia
Tonle Sap Lake / Cambodia
Time & Places Activity
Day 1 Phnom Penh
Arrival in Phnom Penh. We welcome and transfer you to hotel. Rest of the day is your leisure time to explore the city on your own.
Overnight in Phnom Penh.
Morning, visit the notorious Choeung Ek Killing Fields & Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S21 prison) which serve as a testament to the crimes of the Khmer Rouge (From 1975–1979. Enjoy lunch at a local restaurant.
After lunch, take some minutes at Independent Monument for photo taking. After that, visit the opulent Royal Place, home to Cambodia's Royal family, and its Silver Pagoda. Continue your visit at The National Museum with its superb collection of Khmer art. The last place to visit today is Wat Phnome, the most famous buddhist temple in Phnom Penh.
Overnight at hotel in Phnom Penh.
(B,L)
Day 3 Kampong Thom
A tour to Kampong Cham and Kampong Thom. Visit the beautiful French colonial architecture, visit some nearby villages and meet local people. See impressive sunset view from the top of Phnom Santuk.
Overnight in Kampong Thom.
Heading out to north of town, visit Sambor Prei Kuk, a jungle-enclosed temple complex, very less touristy and worth your visit. See the melding of architecture with nature surrounding. Lunch with local food. Continue towards Siem Reap.
On arrival in Siem Reap, check-in at the hotel and leisure in the afternoon.
Overnight in Siem Reap.
Morning, visit to the antique capital of Angkor Thom. Continue your visit at Ta Prohm, one of the most beautiful temples in Angkor. Lunch at a local restaurant.
Afternoon, visit Angkor Wat the most famous of all the temples on the plain of Angkor.
Evening, enjoy buffet dinner and watch Khmer Traditional Dance Show at a local restaurant.
(B,L,D)
Morning, visit some famous temples in Siem Reap including: East Mebon, Ta Som, Neak Panan, Preah Khan, Pre Rup.
Afternoon, sightseeing at the Tonle Sap Lake, the "Great Lake" of Cambodia, on a traditional wooden boat.
One hour transfer to the quiet Beng Mealea. A short walk through the dense jungle to discover the wonders of an overgrown temple, Beng Mealea, undiscovered for centuries. Continue your visit to the pretty temple of Banteay Srey.
Afternoon, stop at a local communities and interact with locals, get intruduced about local produces, Palm Wine and Palm Sugar.
Day 8 Battam-bang
Transfer from Siem Reap to Battambang. Afternoon, arrive in Battambang, home to some of the most well preserved colonial French buildings and is Cambodia's second largest city. After checking into hotel, rest of the day is spent at your leisure.
Overnight in Battambang.
Exploring the city. Visit Phnom Sampeau, home to the killing caves and a small temple. Continue the tour with a ride on a bamboo train. Disembark and visit local villages and farms on the way to Wat Banan, an 11-century temple on a mountain. Climb to the top and enjoy the views over the beautiful countryside. Afternoon, visit to the many cultural villages around Battambang and many more.
Day 10 Phnom Penh
Morning, depart from Battambang and travel to Kampong Chhnang, known for its traditional pottery. Continue to Oudong, the former royal capital of Cambodia and enjoy an ox-cart ride through the city. Climb the stairs to the top of Oudong Mountain and enjoy magnificent views. Afternoon, drive to Phnom Penh, stop at Koh Chen, an island in the Tonlé Sap River. Arrival in Phnom Penh, check-in to hotel.
Morning, breakfast at hotel. Your leisure time for walking around and shopping in Phnom Penh until we transfer you to airport for your departure flight.
Detailed itinerary [Click here]
DAY 1 – PHNOM PENH – ARRIVAL (D)
DAY 2 – PHNOM PENH (B,L)
Morning, visit the notorious Choeung Ek Killing Fields, 15km southwest of Phnom Penh. This one is the site of brutal executions of more than 17,000 individuals, most of whom first suffered through interrogations, torture and deprivation in Toul Sleng Prison during Pol Pot regime (From 1975–1979).
Continue your visit to Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S21 prison). This prison was a high school, and used as a prison by Pol Pot's security forces and became the largest center for detention and torture during the rule of the Khmer Rouge. Enjoy lunch at a local restaurant.
After lunch, take some minutes at Independent Monument for photo taking. We then visit the opulent Royal Place, home to Cambodia's Royal family. The Royal Palace is built by King Norodom in 1866 on the site of the old town. Continue at the Silver Pagoda, located within the grounds of the Royal Palace, the Silver Pagoda is so named because of its floor, which is made up of 5000 silver tiles.
Leaving the Royal Palce, you will visit at The National Museum with its superb collection of Khmer art. The last place to visit today is Wat Phnome, the most famous buddhist temple in Phnom Penh. Wat Phnom was built in 1373, and stands 27 metres above the ground. It is the tallest religious structure in the city. The pagoda was given the name of Wat Preah Chedey Borapaut.
DAY 3 – PHNOM PENH – KAMPONG THOM (B,L)
The overland expedition begins as we departure for the town and pass through Cambodia's biggest growing rubber area to Kampong Cham. The deep contrast of lush vegetation and red surface of basaltic soil is incredible all along the way. On arrival in Kampong Cham we visit the beautiful French colonial architecture and Wat Nokhor containing the ancient temple and modern style pagoda.
The following destination of our trip is Kangpong Thom. Along the way we make a stop at Phnom Pros and Phnom Srei, two hills whose names were translated as the "man hill" and the "woman hill". Then continue the road to Kampong Thom.
After checking into hotel we visit some nearby villages and climb 980 steps to the top of Phnom Santuk for an impressive sunset view over the surrounding areas.
Overnight at hotel in Kompong Thom.
DAY 4 – KAMPONG THOM – SIEM REAP (B,L)
Leaving Kampong Thom for Sambor Prei Kuk. Sambor Prei Kuk, 30 kms north of town, is a jungle-enclosed temple complex that receives very few tourists due to its remote location. However, a visit to these Pre-Angkorian ruins should not be missed. As you travel through the ruins on bike and foot, you will be awe-struck at the melding of architecture and nature, as the brick structures here blend seemlessly with the nature surrounding them.
You will have the chance to visit and contribute to the sustainability of the people's livelihood as the local community will prepare a simple but tasty lunch for you near the temples. After lunch, continue our journey towards Siem Reap.
On arrival in Siem Reap, check in to the hotel and enjoy the remainder of the afternoon at leisure.
DAY 5 – SIEM REAP – Explore Angkor Wat & Angkor Thom (B,L,D)
In the morning, visit to the antique capital of Angkor Thom (literally: "Great City"), located in present day Cambodia, was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire. Continue your visit at the South Gate with its huge statues depicting the churning of the ocean of milk, the Bayon Temple, unique for its 54 towers decorated with over 200 smiling faces of Avolokitesvara, the Phimeanakas, the Royal Enclosure, the Elephants Terrace and the Terrace of the Leper King.
Continue your visit to Ta Prohm, one of the most beautiful temples in Angkor. Ta Prohm has been relatively untouched since it was discovered and retains much of its mystery. Neak Pean, a fountain built in the middle of a pool (representing the paradisiacal Himalayan mountain-lake), Ta Som, built in late 12th century C.E. the most distant temple on the grand circuit, small but classic.
In the afternoon, visit Angkor Wat the most famous of all the temples on the plain of Angkor. The temple complex covers 81 hectares and is comparable in size to the Imperial Palace in Beijing. Its distinctive five towers are emblazoned on the Cambodian flag and the 12th century masterpiece is considered by art historians to be the prime example of classical Khmer art and architecture.
Before ending the tour today, enjoy a wonderful sunset scenery from the Top of Phnom Bakhen Hill.
In the evening, enjoy a delicous dinner at a nice local restaurant in Seam Reap. Watch a Apsara dance show while dining.
Overnight at hotel in Siem Reap.
DAY 6 – SIEM REAP – Famous temples and Tonle Sap lake (B,L)
The East Mebon is a 10th Century temple at Angkor, Cambodia. Built during the reign of King Rajendravarman, it stands on what was an artificial island at the center of the now dry East Baray reservoir.
Ta Som is a small temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built at the end of the 12th century for King Jayavarman VII. It is located north east of Angkor Thom and just east of Neak Pean.
Neak Pean at Angkor, Cambodia is an artificial island with a Buddhist temple on a circular island in Preah Khan Baray built during the reign of King Jayavarman VII. It is the "Mebon" of the Preah Khan baray.
Preah Khan is a temple at Angkor, built by the King Jayavarman VII. Preah Khan is, like Ta Prohm, a place of towered enclosures and shoulder hugging corridors. However, the temple of Preah Khan is in a reasonable state of preservation and ongoing restoration efforts should maintain and even improve this situation.
Pre Rup is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia, built as the state temple of Khmer king Rajendravarman and dedicated in 961 or early 962. It is a temple mountain of combined brick, laterite and sandstone construction.
Afternoon, enjoy breakfast at hotel. Visit Angkor National Museum at 7.30am.
Angkor National Museum is an archaeological museum dedicated to the collection, preservation and presentation of Angkorian artifacts, also to provides information and education about art and culture of Khmer civilization, with collections mainly dated from Khmer Empire's Angkor period circa 9th to 14th-century. Most of the artifacts are discovered in and around the Angkor archaeological sites nearby. The museum is located in Vithei Charles de Gaulle No. 968, Siem Reap, Cambodia, on the way between downtown Siem Reap to northern road leading to Angkor ancient city.
After that, take a boat trip for sight-seeing on Tonle Sap Lake, the Great Lake of Cambodia. It is one of the largest lakes in Asia. Here, enjoy a brief cruise past floating villages complete with schools, restaurants, and hospitals.
Leave the lake and head to downtown to visit Artisan's D'angkor, the caving art school. Continue your visit to Wat Thmei. Wat Thmei near Charles de Gaulle Boulevard in Siem Reap, Cambodia where you will find a small memorial stupa which contains the skulls and bones of victims killed during the regime of the Khmer Rouge during 1975 – 1979.
DAY 7 – SIEM REAP – Beng Mealea (B,L)
After breakfast, you will be transferred to the quiet Beng Mealea (1h drive). Enjoy a short walk through the dense jungle and discover the wonders of an overgrown temple, Beng Mealea, which lay undiscovered for centuries. From here, travel to the "gem" of the Angkor area, the pretty temple of Banteay Srey. The so-called "Citadel of the Women" displays some of the finest examples of classical Khmer art.
This afternoon, you will have the opportunity to stop at local communities and interact with locals, followed by an introduction into the production of rice paper before sampling some Palm Wine and Palm Sugar, both local produce.
DAY 8 – SIEM REAP – BATTAMBANG (B,L)
After breakfast, we transfer you from Siem Reap to Battambang. Drive through the countryside, see the peaceful scenery and the local life of Cambodian people.
Alternative: Embark on a beautiful boat as you will be taken from Siem Reap to Battambang by the boat privately (Note: from January to June alternative transfer by road). Cruising along the Tonlé Sap Lake you will encounter a rich and diverse eco-system and stilted houses, as you absorb the tranquil rhythms of life on the river.
This afternoon you will arrive in Battambang. Home to some of the best preserved French colonial buildings in the country, Cambodia's second largest city had long been banned from tourist routes. After checking in at your hotel, the rest of the day is spent at your leisure.
Overnight at the hotel in Battambang.
DAY 9 – BATTAMBANG (B,L)
Today will be spent encountering friendly locals and exploring this unique city. After breakfast you will proceed to Phnom Sampeau, home to the killing caves and a small temple, representing both serenity and inhumanity in one place. Continue the tour with a ride on a bamboo train. (Note: the train tracks from Battambang to Phnom Penh are currently being rebuilt. The long term future of the bamboo train ride cannot be guaranteed. Should the service stop we will arrange alternative sightseeing).
Disembark as your guide leads you through local villages and farms on the way to Wat Banan, an 11-century temple on a mountain top situated between lush paddy fields and beautiful lotus ponds. Climb to the top and enjoy the views over the beautiful countryside and wander around the ancient temple, which is also home to scented flowering trees.
This afternoon, you will be taken to some of the many cultural villages around Battambang, where you will learn how the locals produce rice paper, prahoc (typical Cambodian fish paste), grolan (sticky rice stuffed in bamboo), and other Cambodian treats. An optional visit Phare Ponleu Selpak School of Music , Visual & Performing Arts can also be arranged. You will also visit a weaving and handicraft centre.
DAY 10 – BATTAMBANG – KAMPONG CHHNANG – OUDONG – PHNOM PENH (B,L,D)
This morning you will depart from Battambang and travel to Kampong Chhnang, known for its traditional pottery. Continue to Oudong, the former royal capital of Cambodia and enjoy an ox-cart ride through the city. You will then climb the stairs to the top of Oudong Mountain and enjoy magnificent views over the plains below as your guide explains the history of the area and its buildings as well as the religious culture of the Cambodian people.
This afternoon, you will drive to Phnom Penh stopping at Koh Chen, an island in the Tonlé Sap River known as the 'Silver Village' due to its production of 'silver' based crafts. From here it is not far to Phnom Penh where you will reach by mid afternoon.
For your last evening in Cambodia you will enjoy an authentic Khmer farewell dinner.
DAY 11 – PHNOM PENH – DEPARTURE (B)
Hotel grade Saver
2 star Deluxe
3 star Luxury
4 & 5 star
Price 1130 1390 1990
Accommodations mentioned
Meals as mentioned (B,L,D = Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)
English speaking local guide
Transfers as mentioned
Entrance fees.
Daily bottled water.
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