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Zimmer Says in Interview that Cuts to Science Proposed by Trump Pose Concern for U of C
Darren Leow / The Chicago Maroon
By Pete Grieve
For an hour last Thursday afternoon, President Robert J. Zimmer took questions from The Maroon. He was at his usual seat at the center of a conference table in Levi Hall, back facing the quad, with the dean of students and a University spokesperson accompanying him for the interview.
On lobbying since the election
Although Zimmer said that the University is not necessarily lobbying more under the current administration than it did previously, he acknowledged that there's been a shift in the issues that the school is prioritizing.
"The emphases of the issues may shift as different administrations come and go, but there's always a large amount of things we do. The most active place where we've had a type of shift is obviously in immigration."
The University filed legal briefs opposing both executive orders to ban individuals from Muslim-majority countries from entering the United States, and the University president and provost wrote a public letter to Trump stating their opposition.
"The decision was based on the issue that this was a direct difficulty for a number of our students and a number of our post-docs and their capacity to do their work," Zimmer said. He did not rule out the possibility of similar condemnations of presidential action in the future, however, he preferred not to speculate on what could happen.
The major cuts to science in the President's budget proposal are concerning to Zimmer, but he stressed that it's Congress that approves the budget, not the President.
"It is certainly the case that if that budget were implemented it would have a very significant negative effect on science research in the country, and it would have a significant negative impact on every major research university, including us," he said. "If that budget were enacted, it would be a concern."
On controversial speakers
The big college news story right now is the University of California, Berkeley's decision to postpone an event with conservative commentator Ann Coulter over safety concerns. University of Chicago administration has made it clear over recent months that campus groups can invite anyone to speak at the University, no matter how unpopular the speaker's views may be. The Maroon asked if the University is capable of safely facilitating speaker events with anyone, even individuals prone to violent responses.
Zimmer noted that the University of Chicago was the first school to host Charlie Hebdo writer Zineb El Rhazoui after the attack in 2015 that killed 12. There was a very high security presence because she was being threatened, he said, but the event went on as planned.
"Any institution's capacity is finite. I'm not saying anybody has infinite capacity because we don't. But we're certainly committed to doing what we can."
He affirmed his belief that it is vital that members of the University community be allowed to invite anyone they want to come speak.
"It's important to be striving to have a civil society, but the idea that the best way of doing that is to allow an environment where you have some group, some committee, who sits in judgement upon other people's desire to hear somebody, is very problematic."
Zimmer said that the "structure" of allowing groups to invite anyone has "difficulties," but he believes that there is no alternative. He said that a college cannot prevent someone from speaking and then pretend that particular action does not have broader implications on the so-called structure.
"The minute you set up something where you think you've identified all the bad people, you may be surprised what other people think. And they think that the people you like are the bad people."
On the Obama presidential library
Community organizers have been pushing for the Obama Foundation, the City, and the University to sign three written agreements committing to benefitting the community with regard to things like job creation and affordable housing. Zimmer said that the University has been largely hands-off with the library, and that it has not engaged with this issue of a community benefits agreement (CBA)—that would be up to the Obama Foundation.
"We've been doing a lot with South Side communities, and we expect that the Obama Library will also, but exactly what form that takes is going to be up to them."
The Foundation opposes a CBA.
On construction projects
"I think we'll see a lot of development south of the Midway but north of 61st Street," Zimmer said. The University was at one point supposed to break ground on a new 11-story conference center at 60th and Woodlawn last year, but construction has yet to begin. Zimmer said it's still in progress, and that it's "remarkable" how long it takes to complete large construction projects.
Asked about further construction, Zimmer said they've been talking about the possibility of another residence hall, as it's the University's goal to get a higher percentage of its students in College Housing.
On fraternities and sororities
The Maroon asked about the University's relationship—or its lack thereof relative to other schools—with Greek organizations on campus. Zimmer said that he spends little time thinking about student life issues like these. He said that he's not involved with "housing kinds of issues" aside from the construction of new dorms and the visits he makes to residence halls to talk to students.
Dean of Students Michele Rasmussen answered a question about Harvard's attempt to curtail single-gender social groups unaffiliated with the university. Harvard will place various sanctions on members of these organizations because they are "rife with power imbalances" and "propagate exclusionary values."
"We're not Harvard," she said. "It doesn't seem very UChicago-esque to tell students who they can and cannot fraternize with—excuse the word—but that's just my point of view. It's not something we have talked about at any kind of length."
On sexual misconduct
The Obama administration's Office for Civil Rights, part of the Department of Education, issued a Dear Colleague letter in 2011 requiring that all colleges receiving federal funds use the "preponderance of evidence" standard in disciplinary cases regarding sexual assault. The Maroon asked if the University would revert to a higher burden of proof if the government rescinded this guidance.
Zimmer did not want to speculate and said he had not thought about it. Rasmussen said, "It's the standard we've been using now for several years. I don't really see any compelling reason to not use it."
On the Neo-Nazi posters
A man was arrested last month by University police for affixing racist and anti-Semitic posters to campus buildings with an adhesive glue. When asked if this was somehow inconsistent with Zimmer's statement that it would be "fine" for white nationalist Richard Spencer to speak if he was invited, Rasmussen said the removal of the posters was not—at least for the most part—due to their content. The posters were removed because of the adhesive glue, although she did note that the University pushed for the state's attorney to charge him with committing a hate crime.
On discipline for disruptive conduct
The faculty senate will vote in May on a measure that would create a new disciplinary system to handle disruptive behavior like speaker silencing and sit-ins. The Maroon reported that the administration is giving the senate an ultimatum: if the vote were to fail, it would revive a disciplinary system for this kind of behavior that has not been used since 1974.
Zimmer would only indirectly answer a request to confirm this reporting. "Well, the '70s system exists so the question is 'what is a better structure?'" he said, referring to the faculty senate vote on the proposed new system. Asked if this comment meant he was confirming that the administration would revive the 1970's system, he continued to leave it open.
"I'm just saying that it exists, so I'm not saying anything about any particular cases. I'm just saying it exists. The question on the floor [of the senate] now is, 'is that better? Or is what [the] committee has recommended better?'" he said. "Here, the Council has a very clear responsibility, and they need to exercise it one way or the other after discussion debate. And one way or the other they will."
On his leadership style and his priorities
Zimmer is not hesitant to say that he cannot answer a question when he simply has little knowledge of an issue The Maroon asked about. He often directs questions to other administrators whom he thinks are more capable to speak about that particular issue.
The Maroon asked if he thinks his lack of engagement with certain student life issues is a product of his leadership style, as other university presidents frequently make statements on issues of student life. He sees it as a matter of priorities.
"It's been my experience that there's a set of issues where one's judgement and abilities in a particular position can add more value, and there are other places where maybe you're not as experienced and other people are and they can do it better than you can," he said. "You look at one president after another and different ones are going to prioritize different things in terms of which ones get their attention."
Zimmer listed a number of "key things" he's most engaged with.
"There's a set of academic programs that I've been very engaged with and that I think are very important to expand and to see get to a place where they can flourish, and I include molecular engineering and a new shift in computer science in this way. We have a lot of work to do in the neuroscience area. I've spent a lot of time on our arts programs, and finding ways of increasing the accessibility to campus. We've had massive increases in financial aid, so these are both policy decisions and—a lot of these—are fundraising issues. So the fundraising is not really a separate thing but it's connected to these priorities of student accessibility and financial support to building these academic programs. The medical center always takes a fair amount of time. This is a big part of the University—we own our own hospital. … I spend a lot of time dealing with issues of how it is we can improve relations with the community, so the South Side and the City in general. And I spend a fair amount of time on our global relationships. We had to recruit four new deans this year. … I have to get the right people in these jobs," he said.
Zimmer Talks University Finances, Divestment, and Trigger Warnings
President Zimmer was hesitant to answer questions at his quarterly meeting with The Maroon.


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Critic's Notebook
By Hilton Als
PAUL HAMLYN
If the avant-garde theatre ever had a femme fatale, it was Judith Malina. Born in Kiel, Germany, eighty years ago, Malina moved to New York in 1928. Studying with Erwin Piscator at the New School, she fell under his Brecht-influenced sway but split off from both maestros when she opted for anarchism and nonviolence in her work. In 1947, Malina founded the Living Theatre with the late painter Julian Beck; they married in 1948. Involved in the "happening"—free-form theatrical events given definition by Malina's strict standards—Beck and his wife, who counted James Agee among her many lovers, changed the way American theatre looked. Malina still co-directs the Living Theatre even as she has continued acting: she was brilliant as the hysterical mother in "Dog Day Afternoon" and equally touching as Paulie's Aunt Dottie in "The Sopranos." For its sixtieth anniversary, the troupe is reviving "The Brig," which made Malina's name as a director who worked in the Scorsese mode—tough, brutal, distinctly New York—before there was a Scorsese. ♦
Published in the print edition of the April 30, 2007, issue.
Hilton Als, a staff writer at The New Yorker, won the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for criticism. He is the author of "White Girls" and an associate professor of writing at Columbia University.
More:Actors and ActressesAvant-GardeBeckJudithJulianThe BrigTheatre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A temperature recorder (often called a temperature monitor, or data logger) is a portable device used inside refrigerated trailers that is capable of independently recording temperature over a defined period of time. Common brands of temperature recorders include TempTale, Ryan, DeltraTrack, and Locus Traxx. The data can be retrieved, viewed, evaluated, and shared with any stakeholder participating in the cold chain such as shippers, receivers, produce brokers, and transportation companies. They also become key pieces of evidence if a temperature related claim or dispute occurs.
There are some key areas that every driver should be aware of when it comes to temperature recorders, in order to make sure that they will provide the most accurate reading possible. They are related to the recorder's construction and performance, position, and placement.
Most temperature recorders have an internal thermistor or thermocouple, or can be connected to external sources. Sampling and measurement are periodically taken and digitally stored. Many recorders have a built in display of data with newer models having an out of tolerance warning. Most recorders are small (the size of a mobile phone), battery powered, and portable; most are also equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors. It is becoming more and more common for temperature recorders to interface with personal computers and smart phones for set up, control, and analysis.
Governing quality management systems require calibration to national standards and compliance with formal verification and validation procedures; the schedule for calibration depends on the amount of use a recorder device gets.
It is critical that the recorder is in good working order and turned on at the start of a trip. The recorder will be insignificant if its performance is not verified. Drivers are also advised to cross-check the serial number written on the device with the serial number written on the bill of lading, to ensure they match. If they do not match, the shipper must be advised prior to leaving the shed and the driver must wait for instructions.
The position of the recorder is critical to make sure that they provide an accurate reading. According to Sensitech, a leader in temperature recorder device manufacturing and technology, the correct location of the temperature recorder is on the back right pallet facing the doors. If the temperature recorder is to be placed before the last pickup, or is required for every pickup, the recorder should still be placed on the last pallet for that pickup.
Temperature recorders should not be placed on trailer walls because this allows heat that is conducted through the trailer's walls to affect the reading produced by the recorder.
Recorders must be placed on the top of boxes on the pallet in order to provide an accurate reading. The temperature recorder must be placed carefully so that it is not damaged.
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Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals Receives FDA Fast Track Designation for Diacerein 1% Ointment for Treatment of Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Biopharmaceutical company currently evaluating diacerein 1% ointment (CCP-020) in ongoing DELIVERS study
PARSIPPANY, NJ – August 9, 2018 – Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals, LLC., a US-based company dedicated to delivering transformative therapies to patients with orphan dermatologic and other underserved conditions, today announced that the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has designated as a Fast Track development program the investigation of diacerein 1%, ointment (CCP-020) for the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS).
"Fast Track designation is an important milestone in our development program for CCP-020 and reinforces the critical unmet need for patients who are living with the risk of severe blistering and skin erosion associated with EBS," said Amir Tavakkol, PhD, executive vice president and chief development officer at Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals, LLC. "With no approved treatment available, patients may be unable to participate in many daily activities and often experience severe pain. Fast Track designation for CCP-020 brings new momentum to our goal to bring an effective treatment to people living with EBS in the U.S. and around the world."
Under the Fast Track designation, Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals, LLC. has the opportunity for priority review and more frequent interactions with the FDA throughout the CCP-020 development program. The FDA previously granted Orphan Drug Designation and Rare Pediatric Disease eligibility to CCP-020 for the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa (EB).
About EB
EB is a rare genetic condition that leads to extremely fragile skin resulting in mild to severe blistering, skin erosion and peeling of the epidermis layers in response to minor injury. There are currently no approved treatment options for any form of EB. EBS is a subtype of EB.
About Diacerein
Diacerein is a slow-acting, small molecular weight compound of the class anthraquinone with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Diacerein and its active metabolite rhein have been shown to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo production and activity of IL-1β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. CCP-020 is a formulation of diacerein, 1% ointment developed for topical application. Diacerein in the formulation is hydrolyzed to rhein in the epidermis and dermis following administration and is believed to block an inflammatory signaling pathway associated with EBS resulting in strengthening epidermal tissue and healing of skin blisters.
In a previously completed Phase 2 clinical trial that included 17 patients with EBS, 60% of patients treated with a diacerein cream formulation experienced at least a 40% reduction in blistering after four weeks of treatment, compared to 18% on vehicle. [i],[ii] In this study, adverse events (AE) occurred in 6 patients on diacerein versus 11 patients on vehicle. The most notable AEs were increase in blistering (1), pruritus (1) and skin infection (1). However, none of the listed events were considered treatment related or involved the treatment area.
About Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals
Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals (CCP), part of the Paragon Biosciences portfolio of innovative biotech companies, is a privately held biopharmaceutical company developing innovative therapies for patients with rare, serious or debilitating dermatologic conditions. The company has a robust and diversified pipeline of late-stage products that have the potential to transform lives. For more information, please visit www.castlecreekpharma.com.
Adam Daley
Berry & Company Public Relations
adaley@berrypr.com
[i] Wally et. al., Diacerein for the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa – a phase II randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind multi-center clinical trial, 25th EADV congress, Vienna, Austria 2016.
[ii] Total (%) patients with >40% reduction of blister numbers after two 4-week intervention with diacerein or its vehicle for all 17 patients during a 2-year cross-over trial.
Castle Creek Pharmaceuticals Announces First Patient with Epidermolysis Bullosa Enrolled in Pharmacokinetics Study of Diacerein 1% Ointment
Emalex Biosciences Acquires Psyadon Pharmaceuticals to Develop Novel Treatment for Pediatric Tourette Syndrome


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Q: Поиск пользователей по заданным полям Сделал страницу регистрации, в которой пользователь вводит нужные мне поля. Пытаюсь сделать поиск по этим полям, использую модуль поиска апи, но никак не могу найти, где мне создавать поля поиска, например: пользователь при регистрации указывает, что он курит, в поиске должна быть строчка "курение" - да, нет (чекбокс). Вот никак не могу придумать, как это сделать.
A: Устанавливаете Search API, устанавливаете к нему бекенд, далее в зависимости от бекенда создаёте индекс, по этому индексу строите вьюху

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The stars of the reality television series '19 Kids and Counting,' Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar, will be the keynote speakers at Hannibal-LaGrange University's annual Booster Banquet.
The couple and their family, which consists of 19 children, 10 boys and nine girls, have been featured in multiple documentary series on Discovery Health and TLC. Most recently, the televised wedding of daughter Jill Duggar to Dereck Dillard achieved record ratings for TLC.
Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar will delivery the keynote address at the Hannibal-LaGrange University Booster Banquet on Friday, November 21. General admission tickets are $65.
This year's banquet will be the 73rd annual Booster Banquet at HLGU. Doors will open at 6 p.m. and the meal will be served at 7. Tickets can be purchased online.


text:
Search results for: Aicha Serier
37 Studying the Effect of Nanoclays on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Polyamide Nanocomposites
Authors: Benalia Kouini, Aicha Serier
Nanocomposites based on polypropylene/polyamide 66 (PP/PA66) nanoblends containing organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) were prepared by melt compounding method followed by injection molding. Two different types of nanoclays were used in this work. DELLITE LVF is the untreated nanoclay and DELLITE 67G is the treated one. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied using the XR diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that the incorporation of treated nanoclay has a significant effect on the impact strength of PP/PA66 nanocomposites. Furthermore, it was found that XRD results revealed the intercalation, exfoliation of nanaclays of nanocomposites.
Keywords: nNanoclay, Nanocomposites, Polypropylene, Polyamide, melt processing, mechanical properties.
36 Effect of Modified Layered Silicate Nanoclay on the Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of Thermoplastic Polymers Nanocomposites
This work aims to investigate the structure–property relationship in ternary nanocomposites consisting of polypropylene as the matrix, polyamide 66 as the minor phase and treated nanoclay DELLITE 67G as the reinforcement. All PP/PA66/Nanoclay systems with polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride PP-g-MAH as a compatibilizer were prepared via melt compounding and characterized in terms of nanoclay content. Morphological structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The rheological behavior of the nanocomposites was determined by various methods, viz melt flow index (MFI) and parallel plate rheological measurements. The PP/PP-g-MAH/PA66 nanocomposites showed a homogeneous morphology supporting the compatibility improvement between PP, PA66 and nanoclay. SEM results revealed the formation of nanocomposites as the nanoclay was intercalated and exfoliated. In the ternary nanocomposites, the rheological behavior showed that, the complex viscosity is increased with increasing the nanoclay content; however, at low frequencies this increase is governed by the content of nanofiller while at high frequencies it is mainly determined by talc content. A similar trend was also observed for the variations of storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) with frequency. The results showed that the use of nanoclay considerably affects the melt elasticity.
Keywords: nanocomposites, polypropylene, polyamide66, modified nanoclay, rheology
35 Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of the Harmfulness of Defects in Oil Pipes
Authors: B. Medjadji, L. Aminallah, B. Serier, M. Benlebna
In this study, the finite element method in 3-D is used to calculate the integral J in the semi-elliptical crack in a pipe subjected to internal pressure. The stress-strain curve of the pipe has been determined experimentally. The J-integral was calculated in two fronts crack (Ф = 0 and Ф = π/2). The effect of the configuration of the crack on the J integral is analysed. The results show that an external longitudinal crack in a pipe is the most dangerous. It also shows that the increase in the applied pressure causes a remarkable increase of the integral J. The effect of the depth of the crack becomes important when the ratio between the depth of the crack and the thickness of the pipe (a / t) tends to 1.
Keywords: J integral, pipeline, crack, MEF
34 Stress Study in Implants Dental
Authors: M. Benlebna, B. Serier, B. Bachir Bouiadjra, S. Khalkhal
This study focuses on the mechanical behavior of a dental prosthesis subjected to dynamic loads chewing. It covers a three-dimensional analysis by the finite element method, the level of distribution of equivalent stresses induced in the bone between the implants (depending on the number of implants). The studied structure, consisting of a braced, implant and mandibular bone is subjected to dynamic loading of variable amplitude in three directions corrono-apical, mesial-distal and bucco-lingual. These efforts simulate those of mastication. We show that compared to the implantation of a single implant, implantology using two implants promotes the weakening of the bones. This weakness is all the more likely that the implants are located in close proximity to one another.
Keywords: stress, bone, dental implant, distribution, stress levels, dynamic, effort, interaction, prosthesis
33 A Methodology for Sustainable Interoperability within Collaborative Networks
Authors: Aicha Koulou, Norelislam El Hami, Nabil Hmina
This paper aims at presenting basic concepts and principles in order to develop a methodology to set up sustainable interoperability within collaborative networks. Definitions and clarifications related to the concept of interoperability and sustainability are given. Interoperability levels and cycle that are components supporting the methodology are presented; a structured approach and related phases are proposed.
Keywords: Interoperability, sustainability, collaborative networks, sustainable Interoperability
32 Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties of N-Heptane in the Critical Region
Authors: Sabrina Ladjama, Aicha Rizi, Azzedine Abbaci
In this work, we use the crossover model to formulate a comprehensive fundamental equation of state for the thermodynamic properties for several n-alkanes in the critical region that extends to the classical region. This equation of state is constructed on the basis of comparison of selected measurements of pressure-density-temperature data, isochoric and isobaric heat capacity. The model can be applied in a wide range of temperatures and densities around the critical point for n-heptane. It is found that the developed model represents most of the reliable experimental data accurately.
Keywords: crossover model, critical region, fundamental equation, n-heptane
31 Comparative Studies of Modified Clay/Polyaniline Nanocomposites
Authors: Fatima Zohra Zeggai, Benjamin Carbonnier, Aïcha Hachemaoui, Ahmed Yahiaoui, Samia Mahouche-Chergui, Zakaria Salmi
A series of polyaniline (PANI)/modified Montmorillonite (MMT) Clay nanocomposite materials have been successfully prepared by In-Situ polymerization in the presence of modified MMT-Clay or Diazonium-MMT-Clay. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized and compared by various physicochemical techniques. The presence of physicochemical interaction, probably hydrogen bonding, between clay and polyaniline, which was confirmed by FTIR, UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of neat PANI and a series of the obtained nanocomposites were also studied by cyclic voltammograms.
Keywords: polyaniline, clay, nanocomposites, in-situ polymerization, polymers conductors, diazonium salt
30 Semantic Data Schema Recognition
Authors: Aïcha Ben Salem, Faouzi Boufares, Sebastiao Correia
The subject covered in this paper aims at assisting the user in its quality approach. The goal is to better extract, mix, interpret and reuse data. It deals with the semantic schema recognition of a data source. This enables the extraction of data semantics from all the available information, inculding the data and the metadata. Firstly, it consists of categorizing the data by assigning it to a category and possibly a sub-category, and secondly, of establishing relations between columns and possibly discovering the semantics of the manipulated data source. These links detected between columns offer a better understanding of the source and the alternatives for correcting data. This approach allows automatic detection of a large number of syntactic and semantic anomalies.
Keywords: schema recognition, semantic data profiling, meta-categorisation, semantic dependencies inter columns
29 Gas Pressure Evaluation through Radial Velocity Measurement of Fluid Flow Modeled by Drift Flux Model
Authors: Aicha Rima Cheniti, Hatem Besbes, Joseph Haggege, Christophe Sintes
In this paper, we consider a drift flux mixture model of the blood flow. The mixture consists of gas phase which is carbon dioxide and liquid phase which is an aqueous carbon dioxide solution. This model was used to determine the distributions of the mixture velocity, the mixture pressure, and the carbon dioxide pressure. These theoretical data are used to determine a measurement method of mean gas pressure through the determination of radial velocity distribution. This method can be applicable in experimental domain.
Keywords: mean carbon dioxide pressure, mean mixture pressure, mixture velocity, radial velocity
28 Sol-Gel Synthesis and Optical Characterisation of TiO2 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Arabi Nour El Houda, Iratni Aicha, Talaighil Razika, Bruno Capoen, Mohamed Bouazaoui
TiO2 thin films have been prepared by the sol-gel dip-coating technique in order to elaborate antireflective thin films for monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si). The titanium isopropoxyde was chosen as a precursor with hydrochloric acid as a catalyser for preparing a stable solution. The optical properties have been tailored with varying the solution concentration, the withdrawn speed, and the heat-treatment. We showed that using a TiO2 single layer with 64.5 nm in thickness, heat-treated at 450°C or 300°C reduces the mono-Si reflection at a level lower than 3% over the broadband spectral do mains [669-834] nm and [786-1006] nm respectively. Those latter performances are similar to the ones obtained with double layers of low and high refractive index glasses respectively.
Keywords: thin film, dip-coating, mono-crystalline silicon, titanium oxide
27 Enhancement of Indexing Model for Heterogeneous Multimedia Documents: User Profile Based Approach
Authors: Aicha Aggoune, Abdelkrim Bouramoul, Mohamed Khiereddine Kholladi
Recent research shows that user profile as important element can improve heterogeneous information retrieval with its content. In this context, we present our indexing model for heterogeneous multimedia documents. This model is based on the combination of user profile to the indexing process. The general idea of our proposal is to operate the common concepts between the representation of a document and the definition of a user through his profile. These two elements will be added as additional indexing entities to enrich the heterogeneous corpus documents indexes. We have developed IRONTO domain ontology allowing annotation of documents. We will present also the developed tool validating the proposed model.
Keywords: indexing model, user profile, multimedia document, heterogeneous of sources, ontology
26 Study for a Non-Invasive Method of Respiratory Resistance Measurement among Patients with Airways Obstructions
Authors: Aicha Laouani, Pascale Calabrese, Sonia Rouatbi, Saad Saguem
Distances between signals (S d) and between asters (A d) calculated from respiratory inductive plethysmography signals has been used in order to evaluation airways resistances (Raw) during reversibility test among 28 subject with airways obstructions. Correlations studies between these distances and Raw measured by body plethysmography (BP) showed that these RIP variables could be potentially used in airway resistance assessment in patients with airway obstruction. Significant correlation was found between ΔAd and airway resistance changes (ΔRaw) (r= 0.407, p=0.03) and not between ΔSd and ΔRaw. This assumption was supported by the high correlations found when relating the average of ΔS and of ΔA calculated on successive intervals of ΔRaw, with the ΔRaw averages calculated for each interval (r= 0.892, p= 0.006 and r= 0.857, p=0.006 respectively).
Keywords: airways obstruction, distances, respiratory inductive plethysmography, reversibility test
25 Airway Resistance Evaluation by Respiratory İnductive Plethysmography in Subjects with Airway Obstructions
Authors: Aicha Laouani, Sonia Rouatbi, Saad Saguem, Gila Benchetrit, Pascale calabrese
A new approach based on respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) signal analysis has been used for bronchoconstriction changes evaluation in 50 healthy controls and in 44 adults with moderate bronchial obstruction treated with a bronchodilatation protocol. Thoracic and abdominal motions were recorded ( 5 min) by RIP. For each recording the thoracoabdominal signals were analysed and a mean distance (D) was calculated. Airway resistance (Raw) and spirometric data were measured with a body plethysmograph. The results showed that both D and Raw were higher in subjects compared to the healthy group. Significant decreases of D and Raw were also observed after bronchodilatation in the obstructive group. There was also a positive and a significant correlation between D and Raw in subjects before and after bronchodilatation. This D calculated from RIP Signals could be used as a non invasive tool for continuous monitoring of bronchoconstriction changes.
Keywords: airway resistance, bronchoconstriction, thorax, respiratory inductive plethysmography
24 Review on Quaternion Gradient Operator with Marginal and Vector Approaches for Colour Edge Detection
Authors: Nadia Ben Youssef, Aicha Bouzid
Gradient estimation is one of the most fundamental tasks in the field of image processing in general, and more particularly for color images since that the research in color image gradient remains limited. The widely used gradient method is Di Zenzo's gradient operator, which is based on the measure of squared local contrast of color images. The proposed gradient mechanism, presented in this paper, is based on the principle of the Di Zenzo's approach using quaternion representation. This edge detector is compared to a marginal approach based on multiscale product of wavelet transform and another vector approach based on quaternion convolution and vector gradient approach. The experimental results indicate that the proposed color gradient operator outperforms marginal approach, however, it is less efficient then the second vector approach.
Keywords: gradient, edge detection, color image, quaternion
23 Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Pressure through Radial Velocity Difference in Arterial Blood Modeled by Drift Flux Model
In this paper, we are interested to determine the carbon dioxide pressure in the arterial blood through radial velocity difference. The blood was modeled as a two phase mixture (an aqueous carbon dioxide solution with carbon dioxide gas) by Drift flux model and the Young-Laplace equation. The distributions of mixture velocities determined from the considered model permitted the calculation of the radial velocity distributions with different values of mean mixture pressure and the calculation of the mean carbon dioxide pressure knowing the mean mixture pressure. The radial velocity distributions are used to deduce a calculation method of the mean mixture pressure through the radial velocity difference between two positions which is measured by ultrasound. The mean carbon dioxide pressure is then deduced from the mean mixture pressure.
Keywords: mean carbon dioxide pressure, mean mixture pressure, mixture velocity, radial velocity difference
22 The Effect of the Calcination Temperature and SiO2 Addition on the Physical Properties' of Sol Gel TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Nour El Houda Arabi, Aicha Iratni, Talaighil Razika, Bruno Capoen, Mohamed Bouazaoui
In this paper, we report the effect of the calcination temperature and SiO2 addition on structural, optical and hydrophilicity of TiO2 films deposited by deep-coating sol-gel process. XRD investigation of the structural TiO2 films with increasing the temperature calcination, reveals that rutile phase will appear for the high temperature (>1000°C). However, the addition of SiO2 relate the densification of TiO2 films. Ellipsometric and UV-visible measure show that the refractive index grow with increasing temperature, against the film thickness decreases. On the other hand, the addition of SiO2 decreases the refractive index and increases the TiO2 film thickness. Finally, the hydrophilicity is assisted by contact angle measurement. It is found that addition of 50% of SiO2 to TiO2 is most effective for reducing the contact angle of water.
Keywords: physical properties, sol, gel, TiO2/SiO2 composite films
21 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Lavandula antineae Maire from Algeria
Authors: Soumeya Krimat, Tahar Dob, Aicha Kesouri, Ahmed Nouasri, Hafidha Metidji
Lavandula antineae Maire is an endemic medicinal plant of Algeria which is traditionally used for the treatment of chills, bruises, oedema and rheumatism. The objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory of hydromethanolic aerial parts extract of Lavandula antineae for the first time using carrageenan-paw edema and croton oil-ear odema models. The plant extract, at the dose of 200 mg/kg, showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity (P˂0.05) in the carrageenan induced edema test in mice, showing 80.74% reduction in the paw thikness comparable to that produced by the standard drug aspirin 83.44% at 4h. When it was applied topically at a dosage of 1 and 2 mg per ear, the percent edema reduction in treated mice was 29.45% and 74.76%, respectively. These results demonstrate that Lavandula antineae Maire extract possess remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various inflammatory and pain diseases.
Keywords: lavandula antineae maire, medicinal plant, anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-paw edema, croton oil-ear edema
20 The White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in the Wetlands of North East of Algeria
Authors: Aicha Beya Mammeria, Idir Bitam
Our study focuses on the distribution of the white stork "Ciconia ciconia L. 1758" in the wetlands of El Tarf (North eastern of Algeria): recognized by its remarkable number of breeding pairs, monitoring of nesting, using a GPS has been performed in an attempt to explain the functioning of populations and population strategies for an overall design of its distribution, which has not so far been investigated in this region. Between 2012 and 2013, the number of breeding pairs has increased considerably from 174 in 1996 to 475 in 2007 and 968 in 2013. It should be noted that in the distribution of breeding pairs between 1996 and 2011, there is a significant development since the density of nests increased from 25.22 in 1996 to 84.16 couples/100 km² in 2013. More endemic bread apears in the region, this fluctuation is related to climatic change and changing season. Changes related to local climatic conditions might induce binding conditions for the development of this species.
Keywords: white stork, Ciconia ciconia, wetland El Tarf, northeast Algeria, climatic changing, density
19 Assessement of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Lavandula antineae Maire from Algeria
Authors: Soumeya Krimat, Tahar Dob, Mohamed Toumi, Aicha Kesouri, Hafidha Metidji, Chelghoum Chabane
Lavandula antineae Maire is an endemic medicinal plant of Algeria which is traditionally used for the treatment of chills, bruises, oedema and rheumatism. The present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening, total phenolic and antioxidant activity of Lavandula antineae Maire for the first time. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of different kind of chemical groups (anthraquinones, terpenes, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, O-heterosides, C-heterosides, phenolic acids). The amounts of total phenolics in the extracts (hydromethanolic and ethyl acetate extract) were determined spectrometrically. From the analyses, ethyl acetate extract had the highest total phenolic content (262.35 mg GA/g extract) and antioxidant activity (IC50=7.10 µg/ml) using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract was also more potent on reducing power compared to hydromethanolic extract. The results suggested that L. antineae could be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidant for pharmaceuticals and food preservation.
Keywords: Lavandula antineae, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, total phenolics
18 Removal of Oxytetracycline Using Sonophotocatalysis: Parametric Study
Authors: Bouafia-Chergui Souâd, Chabani Malika, Bensmaili Aicha
Water treatment and especially, medicament pollutants are nowadays important problems. Degradation of oxytetracycline was carried out using combined process of low-frequency ultrasound (US), ultraviolet irradiation and a catalyst. The effectiveness of the coupled processes has been evaluated by studying the effects of various operating parameters including initial OTC concentration, solution pH and catalyst mass. For the photolysis process, the monochromatic ultraviolet light wavelength utilized was 365 nm. The sonolysis experiments were performed with ultrasound at a frequency of 40 kHz. The heterogeneous photocatalysis was studied in the presence of TiO2. The processes were employed individually, and simultaneously to examine the details of the processes and to investigate the contribution of each process. Low UV intensity (12W), low pH and high mass of TiO2 conditions enhanced the sono-photocatalytic degradation of OTC. The results showed that the individual contribution sonochemical and photochemical reactions are very low, however, their coupling increases the degradation rate of 8 times compared to photolysis and 2 times compared to sonolysis. There is a synergistic effect between the two modes of radiation, UV and U.S. leading to 82.04% degradation yield. An application of these combined processes on the treatment of a real pharmaceutical wastewater was examined.
Keywords: sonolysis, photocatalysis, combined process, antibiotic
17 Study of the Behavior of Copper Immersed in Sea Water of the Bay of Large Agadir by Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Aicha Chaouay, Lahsen Bazzi, Mustapha Hilali
Seawater has chemical and biological characteristics making it particularly aggressive in relation to the corrosion of many materials including copper and steels low or moderate allies. Note that these materials are widely used in the manufacture of port infrastructure in the marine environment. These structures are exposed to two types of corrosion including: general corrosion and localized corrosion caused by the presence of sulfite-reducing micro-organisms. This work contributes to the study of the problematic related to bacterial contamination of the marine environment of large Agadir and evaluating the impact of this pollution on the corrosion resistance of copper. For the realization of this work, we conducted monthly periodic draws between (October 2012 February 2013) of seawater from the Anza area of the Bay of Agadir. Thus, after each sampling, a study of the electro chemical corrosion behavior of copper was carried out. Electro chemical corrosion parameters such as the corrosion potential, the corrosion current density, the charge transfer resistance and the double layer capacity were evaluated. The electro chemical techniques used in this work are: the route potentiodynamic polarization curves and electro chemical impedance.
Keywords: Bay of Agadir, microbial contamination, seawater (Morocco), corrosion, copper
16 Application of the Piloting Law Based on Adaptive Differentiators via Second Order Sliding Mode for a Fixed Wing Aircraft
Authors: Zaouche Mohammed, Amini Mohammed, Foughali Khaled, Hamissi Aicha, Aktouf Mohand Arezki, Boureghda Ilyes
In this paper, we present a piloting law based on the adaptive differentiators via high order sliding mode controller, by using an aircraft in virtual simulated environment. To deal with the design of an autopilot controller, we propose a framework based on Software in the Loop (SIL) methodology and we use MicrosoftTM Flight Simulator (FS-2004) as the environment for plane simulation. The aircraft dynamic model is nonlinear, Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) and tightly coupled. The nonlinearity resides in the dynamic equations and also in the aerodynamic coefficients' variability. In our case, two (02) aircrafts are used in the flight tests, the Zlin-142 and MQ-1 Predator. For both aircrafts and in a very low altitude flight, we send the piloting control inputs to the aircraft which has stalled due to a command disconnection. Then, we present the aircraft's dynamic behavior analysis while reestablishing the command transmission. Finally, a comparative study between the two aircraft's dynamic behaviors is presented.
Keywords: adaptive differentiators, second order sliding modes, dynamic adaptation of the gains, microsoft flight simulator, Zlin-142, MQ-1 predator
15 Computational Determination of the Magneto Electronic Properties of Ce₁₋ₓCuₓO₂ (x=12.5%): Emerging Material for Spintronic Devices
Authors: Aicha Bouhlala, Sabah Chettibi
Doping CeO₂ with transition metals is an effective way of tuning its properties. In the present work, we have performed self-consistent ab-initio calculation using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method (FP-LAPW), based on the density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the Wien2k simulation code to study the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the compound Ce₁₋ₓCuₓO₂ (x=12.5%) fluorite type oxide and to explore the effects of dopant Cu in ceria. The exchange correlation potential has been treated using the Perdew-Burke-Eenzerhof revised of solid (PBEsol). In structural properties, the equilibrium lattice constant is observed for the compound, which exists within the value of 5.382 A°. In electronic properties, the spin-polarized electronic bandstructure elucidates the semiconductor nature of the material in both spin channels, with the compound was observed to have a narrow bandgap on the spin-down configuration (0.162 EV) and bandgap on the spin-up (2.067 EV). Hence, the doped atom Cu plays a vital role in increasing the magnetic moments of the supercell, and the value of the total magnetic moment is found to be 2.99438 μB. Therefore, the compound Cu-doped CeO₂ shows a strong ferromagnetic behavior. The predicted results propose the compound could be a good candidate for spintronics applications.
Keywords: Cu-doped CeO₂, DFT, Wien2k, properties
14 Abdominal Organ Segmentation in CT Images Based On Watershed Transform and Mosaic Image
Authors: Belgherbi Aicha, Hadjidj Ismahen, Bessaid Abdelhafid
Accurate Liver, spleen and kidneys segmentation in abdominal CT images is one of the most important steps for computer aided abdominal organs pathology diagnosis. In this paper, we have proposed a new semi-automatic algorithm for Liver, spleen and kidneys area extraction in abdominal CT images. Our proposed method is based on hierarchical segmentation and watershed algorithm. In our approach, a powerful technique has been designed to suppress over-segmentation based on mosaic image and on the computation of the watershed transform. The algorithm is currency in two parts. In the first, we seek to improve the quality of the gradient-mosaic image. In this step, we propose a method for improving the gradient-mosaic image by applying the anisotropic diffusion filter followed by the morphological filters. Thereafter we proceed to the hierarchical segmentation of the liver, spleen and kidney. To validate the segmentation technique proposed, we have tested it on several images. Our segmentation approach is evaluated by comparing our results with the manual segmentation performed by an expert. The experimental results are described in the last part of this work.
Keywords: anisotropic diffusion filter, CT images, morphological filter, mosaic image, multi-abdominal organ segmentation, mosaic image, the watershed algorithm
13 Influenza Vaccination Acceptance and Refusal Reasons among Tunisian Elderly
Authors: Ghassen Kharroubi, Ines Cherif, Leila Bouabid, Adel Gharbi, Aicha Boukthir, Margaret McCarron, Nissaf Ben Alaya, Afif Ben Salah, Jihene Bettaieb
Influenza vaccination (IV) is recommended for elderly persons, especially those with underlying conditions. In countries where IV rates in the elderly remain unsatisfactory, exploring attitudes of older persons toward the flu vaccine could be useful to identify barriers and facilitators to IV. The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for IV acceptance or decline in the Tunisian elderly. A national cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019, among persons aged 60 years and over with chronic disease. Data were collected using a standard administered questionnaire. Of the 1191 older persons included, 19.4% received the influenza vaccine in the 2018-2019 flu season. The two main reasons that may lead to refusal of vaccination were concerns that the vaccine could cause side effects (71.5%) and a belief that the vaccine was ineffective (33.9%). The main reason that may lead to accepting vaccination was a doctor's recommendation (41.1%). Doctors were by far the most trusted source for information regarding influenza vaccine (91.5%) followed by pharmacists (17.6%). Our results highlighted the important role that doctors could play in promoting IV among the Tunisian elderly. Physicians should correct misconceptions about adverse events and the efficiency of the vaccine. In fact, influenza vaccines are generally effective and safe among older persons.
Keywords: attitudes, influenza vaccination, older persons, Tunisia
12 Graph Cuts Segmentation Approach Using a Patch-Based Similarity Measure Applied for Interactive CT Lung Image Segmentation
Authors: Aicha Majda, Abdelhamid El Hassani
Lung CT image segmentation is a prerequisite in lung CT image analysis. Most of the conventional methods need a post-processing to deal with the abnormal lung CT scans such as lung nodules or other lesions. The simplest similarity measure in the standard Graph Cuts Algorithm consists of directly comparing the pixel values of the two neighboring regions, which is not accurate because this kind of metrics is extremely sensitive to minor transformations such as noise or other artifacts problems. In this work, we propose an improved version of the standard graph cuts algorithm based on the Patch-Based similarity metric. The boundary penalty term in the graph cut algorithm is defined Based on Patch-Based similarity measurement instead of the simple intensity measurement in the standard method. The weights between each pixel and its neighboring pixels are Based on the obtained new term. The graph is then created using theses weights between its nodes. Finally, the segmentation is completed with the minimum cut/Max-Flow algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very accurate and efficient, and can directly provide explicit lung regions without any post-processing operations compared to the standard method.
Keywords: graph cuts, lung CT scan, lung parenchyma segmentation, patch-based similarity metric
11 Investigation of Physical Properties of W-Doped CeO₂ and Mo-Doped CeO₂: A Density Functional Theory Study
A systematic investigation on structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Ce₀.₇₅A₀.₂₅O₂ (A = W, Mo) is performed using first-principles calculations within the framework Full-Potential Linear Augmented Plane Wave (FP-LAPW) method based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The exchange-correlation potential has been treated using the generalized gradient approximation (WC-GGA) developed by Wu-Cohen. The host compound CeO2 was doped with transition metal atoms W and Mo in the doping concentration of 25% to replace the Ce atom. In structural properties, the equilibrium lattice constant is observed for the W-doped CeO₂ compound which exists within the value of 5.314 A° and the value of 5.317 A° for Mo-doped CeO2. The present results show that Ce₀.₇₅A₀.₂₅O₂ (A=W, Mo) systems exhibit semiconducting behavior in both spin channels. Although undoped CeO₂ is a non-magnetic semiconductor. The band structure of these doped compounds was plotted and they exhibit direct band gap at the Fermi level (EF) in the majority and minority spin channels. In the magnetic properties, the doped atoms W and Mo play a vital role in increasing the magnetic moments of the supercell and the values of the total magnetic moment are found to be 1.998 μB for Ce₀.₇₅W₀.₂₅O₂ and to be 2.002 μB for Ce₀.₇₅Mo₀.₂₅O₂ compounds. Calculated results indicate that the magneto-electronic properties of the Ce₁₋ₓAₓO₂(A= W, Mo) oxides supply a new way to the experimentalist for the potential applications in spintronics devices.
Keywords: FP-LAPW, DFT, CeO₂, properties
10 Segmentation of the Liver and Spleen From Abdominal CT Images Using Watershed Approach
The phase of segmentation is an important step in the processing and interpretation of medical images. In this paper, we focus on the segmentation of liver and spleen from the abdomen computed tomography (CT) images. The importance of our study comes from the fact that the segmentation of ROI from CT images is usually a difficult task. This difficulty is the gray's level of which is similar to the other organ also the ROI are connected to the ribs, heart, kidneys, etc. Our proposed method is based on the anatomical information and mathematical morphology tools used in the image processing field. At first, we try to remove the surrounding and connected organs and tissues by applying morphological filters. This first step makes the extraction of interest regions easier. The second step consists of improving the quality of the image gradient. In this step, we propose a method for improving the image gradient to reduce these deficiencies by applying the spatial filters followed by the morphological filters. Thereafter we proceed to the segmentation of the liver, spleen. To validate the segmentation technique proposed, we have tested it on several images. Our segmentation approach is evaluated by comparing our results with the manual segmentation performed by an expert. The experimental results are described in the last part of this work.The system has been evaluated by computing the sensitivity and specificity between the semi-automatically segmented (liver and spleen) contour and the manually contour traced by radiological experts.
Keywords: CT images, liver and spleen segmentation, anisotropic diffusion filter, morphological filters, watershed algorithm
9 Computer-Aided Detection of Simultaneous Abdominal Organ CT Images by Iterative Watershed Transform
Interpretation of medical images benefits from anatomical and physiological priors to optimize computer-aided diagnosis applications. Segmentation of liver, spleen and kidneys is regarded as a major primary step in the computer-aided diagnosis of abdominal organ diseases. In this paper, a semi-automated method for medical image data is presented for the abdominal organ segmentation data using mathematical morphology. Our proposed method is based on hierarchical segmentation and watershed algorithm. In our approach, a powerful technique has been designed to suppress over-segmentation based on mosaic image and on the computation of the watershed transform. Our algorithm is currency in two parts. In the first, we seek to improve the quality of the gradient-mosaic image. In this step, we propose a method for improving the gradient-mosaic image by applying the anisotropic diffusion filter followed by the morphological filters. Thereafter, we proceed to the hierarchical segmentation of the liver, spleen and kidney. To validate the segmentation technique proposed, we have tested it on several images. Our segmentation approach is evaluated by comparing our results with the manual segmentation performed by an expert. The experimental results are described in the last part of this work.
Keywords: anisotropic diffusion filter, CT images, morphological filter, mosaic image, simultaneous organ segmentation, the watershed algorithm
8 International Classification of Primary Care as a Reference for Coding the Demand for Care in Primary Health Care
Authors: Souhir Chelly, Chahida Harizi, Aicha Hechaichi, Sihem Aissaoui, Leila Ben Ayed, Maha Bergaoui, Mohamed Kouni Chahed
Introduction: The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) is part of the morbidity classification system. It had 17 chapters, and each is coded by an alphanumeric code: the letter corresponds to the chapter, the number to a paragraph in the chapter. The objective of this study is to show the utility of this classification in the coding of the reasons for demand for care in Primary health care (PHC), its advantages and limits. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in 4 PHC in Ariana district. Data on the demand for care during 2 days in the same week were collected. The coding of the information was done according to the CISP. The data was entered and analyzed by the EPI Info 7 software. Results: A total of 523 demands for care were investigated. The patients who came for the consultation are predominantly female (62.72%). Most of the consultants are young with an average age of 35 ± 26 years. In the ICPC, there are 7 rubrics: 'infections' is the most common reason with 49.9%, 'other diagnoses' with 40.2%, 'symptoms and complaints' with 5.5%, 'trauma' with 2.1%, 'procedures' with 2.1% and 'neoplasm' with 0.3%. The main advantage of the ICPC is the fact of being a standardized tool. It is very suitable for classification of the reasons for demand for care in PHC according to their specificity, capacity to be used in a computerized medical file of the PHC. Its current limitations are related to the difficulty of classification of some reasons for demand for care. Conclusion: The ICPC has been developed to provide healthcare with a coding reference that takes into account their specificity. The CIM is in its 10th revision; it would gain from revision to revision to be more efficient to be generalized and used by the teams of PHC.
Keywords: international classification of primary care, medical file, primary health care, Tunisia


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Musa Mohamad should adopt a policy of full transparency for the RM5 billion seven-year programme to teach maths and science in English giving details of breakdown of expenditures and the successful suppliers/contractors and how the Education Ministry could grossly overspend with allocation of RM3.29 billion for this purpose next year
(Penang, Saturday): The Prime Minister-cum-Finance Minister, Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad announced in his 2003 Budget presented to Parliament on 20th September a RM5 billion allocation to implement the teaching of Science and Mathematics in English in schools for a period of seven years from 2002 to 2008. For this year and in 2003, a sum of RM978.7 million will be spent from this RM5 billion programme.
A large portion of this allocation is for training of teachers, providing a launching grant for schools as well as teaching and educational aids, apart from basic facilities and physical infrastructure, including ICT.
Mahathir said that to ensure that the teaching of Science and Mathematics in English will be implemented effectively, teachers will be supplied with notebook computers, LCD projectors and other related equipment.
There is national consensus on the urgent need to raise English proficiency in schools and universities and reverse the drastic fall from the high standards of English fluency of Malaysians a quarter of a century ago, but there is continuing controversy whether the use of English to teach Mathematics and Science from Std. One in primary schools in our present national education system is an educationally-sound proposition and good for our children and can really help them to raise their proficiency in Mathematics, Science and English and prepare them to face the new challenges of international competitiveness in the era of globalization.
As a result, national attention has been distracted and virtually sidelined from the RM5 billion programme to use ICT to teach Mathematics and Science in English, which is most important in least three aspects:
The role and effectiveness of ICT in student learning, particularly to teach Mathematics and Science in English in Std. One, where it is the second language in national schools and third language in Chinese and Tamil primary schools;
The appropriateness of the RM5 billion allocated for the programme for the seven years from 2002 to 2008 - whether too much or too little;
The effectiveness, transparency and accountability of the actual expenditures of the RM5 billion allocation.
Worldwide, there are more and more studies which show that the results of the effective use of technology in education are very mixed, with teeming examples in many developed countries where vast investments in buying computers and ICT for the classroom have proved largely ineffective in enhancing student learning.
Is the Ministry of Education, with its RM5 billion ICT programme to teach Mathematics and Science in English, fully aware of these pitfalls and fully prepared to avoid the mistakes made by other countries in their experience with technology in education - which in the case of United States, has a history of more than two decades?
My immediate concern, however, is the announcement by the Director-General of Education, Datuk Abdul Rafie Mahat that the Education Ministry had allocated RM3.29 billion next year or about one-third of the total Education Ministry's 2003 budget for primary and secondary schools to implement the teaching of Mathematics and Science in English as proof of its commitment to make a success of this programme. (Berita Harian/Sin Chew Daily)
The Education Minister, Tan Sri Musa Mohamad should explain how the Education Ministry could grossly overspend in this programme by allocating RM3.29 billion next year to teach Mathematics and Science in English, when Mahathir said in his 2003 Budget Speech in Parliament that a total of RM5 billion would be spent on this programme in the seven years from 2002 to 2008 and that a sum of RM878.7 million would be spent this year and in 2003?
According to Mahathir, some 20% of the RM5 billion programme would be spent this year and next, leaving the balance of 80% of the RM5 billion programme to be expended in the five years from 2004-2008 when more and more primary and secondary forms come on-stream in the annual expansion of the programme until its full implementation in all primary and secondary schools in 2008.
But going by Abdul Rafie's revelation, the allocation of RM3.29 billion next year would mean that 64% of the RM5 billion programme would be spent just next year alone, which must mean that the RM5 billion allocated for the ICT programme to fully implement the teaching of mathematics and science in English in all primary and secondary schools by 2008 would be grossly inadequate and that its final costs would spiral steeply and might total three or four times its present estimate - i.e. RM15 billion to RM20 billion!
This then raises the other equally important question of accountability, transparency and integrity of the vast sums of public expenditures in the multi-billion ringgit ICT programme to teach Mathematics and Science in English as a 10 per cent waste in a RM5 billion programme whether because of incompetence or corruption would cost the taxpayers RM500 million.
If the RM5 billion ICT programme to teach Mathematics and Science in English suffers a 10 per cent loss from gross inefficiency and another 10% loss from corruption, the taxpayers stand to lose RM1 billion - a loss which would reach even more astronomical terms if the total cost of the ICT programme eventually increases three or four-fold!
DAP therefore calls on Musa Mohamad to adopt a policy of full accountability and transparency for the currently-slated RM5 billion programme, not only explaining how his Ministry could grossly overspend by allocating RM3.2 billion next year, but also make public the detailed breakdown of various expenditures and the successful suppliers/contractors as well as submitting a specific annual report to Parliament on the progress and effectiveness of the programme.


The well-known Czech mineral water producer Mattoni removed thousands of bottles from the shops.
According to the official source, the reason is the low-quality syrup juice added to the mineral water. This was reported by company representative Pavel Novak.
"We already removed water bottles with flavor of white grape, orange, lemon and raspberries. We detected some discrepancies in these products. We will take them off the shelves by Monday", he added.
If you bought a Mattoni water bottle and it corresponds to the list below, you can return it to the shop and get your money back.


Free Trail Alpha Max Male Enhancement :- http://gomusclebuilding.com/alpha-max-male-enhancement/ Allows first-look at these causes a bit more before we enter that. The very first reason for low blood circulation sometimes happens many ways that are different. It may be from diabetes or perhaps poor nutrition. Either way, the safe means to fix that is currently using pomegranate.


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Nyemaster Goode Homepage |
Cases in the Pipeline |
Quit horsin' around! Your 38-year-old horse doesn't make you a farmer.
By: Administrator on March 10th, 2017
By Ryan Leemkuil
Does a single horse grazing on your property make you a farmer?
Not so, said a majority of the Iowa Supreme Court in Porter v. Harden. The case arose from an eviction dispute. Richard and Janice Harden lived for many years on a rural property in Wayne County. They weren't alone. The Hardens' 38-year-old horse lived there too. (In case you're wondering, that's a pretty old horse. According to Wikipedia, the oldest horse ever, Old Billy, lived to be 62. In more modern times, Sugar Puff holds the crown at 56. But the typical life expectancy is around 25 to 30 years, so it's fair to say the Hardens' horse—whose name the opinion does not provide—was a resilient creature.)
But back to the case. The Porters, who owned the property, sought to evict the Hardens. The Hardens responded by claiming they had a farm tenancy, which requires additional hurdles to terminate. And what was the basis for this claim? You guessed it—the old gray mare. The law, you see, defines a farm tenancy as one that involves livestock, and livestock is defined as "an animal." "An" animal, the Hardens claimed, is one animal–or one old horse.
The Supreme Court didn't buy it. Despite the "an animal" language, the Court read the statute to include a kind of "primary purpose" test, meaning that the land must be "mostly or primarily devoted to crops or livestock." If such a test weren't imposed, the Court explained, a city dweller with a chicken or a small garden could proclaim their property a "farm" and invoke the law's more stringent lease termination procedures.
Justice Wiggins dissented. He thought the statute was clear. It says "an animal" and a horse—even a 38-year-old one—is "an animal." In his view, the Court's primary purpose test simply created uncertainty. What about hobby farmers or people who farm but nonetheless work jobs in the city? Are those farm properties? For now, we just know one old horse isn't enough.
*Ryan Leemkuil is legal counsel at Fareway Stores and before that was an attorney at Nyemaster Goode.
Tags: Iowa Supreme Court, Iowa Supreme Court Opinions
Police lights = Fourth Amendment seizure? Maybe
By: Administrator on November 22nd, 2016
Would you feel free to drive away if a police officer pulled behind your parked car and turned on his cruiser's emergency lights? Variants of this question were recently before the Iowa Supreme Court, the Eighth Circuit, and the U.S. Supreme Court. So what'd they say? Does an officer's use of emergency lights constitute a seizure under the Fourth Amendment?
– Iowa Supreme Court: Yes! At least when coupled with other authoritative acts. Emergency lights aren't "per se coercive," but they at least "imply a police command to stop and remain." So when you use the lights, block an exit, and tell someone to "step down here and talk to me," that's a seizure
– Eighth Circuit: No! At least if the officer keeps the lights turned down to the "wig wag" setting and doesn't crank it up to 11 with the "full light bar."
– U.S. Supreme Court: We don't know. It denied this cert petition, which noted a split of authority on the issue.
Next time you see those wig-wag lights behind you, keep driving at your own risk.
Tags: Eighth Circuit, Iowa Supreme Court
Eighth Circuit: Your Facebook post could get you kicked out of school
By: Administrator on October 26th, 2016
Can a public college kick you out of school for stuff you post on Facebook? Yes, according to the Eighth Circuit's decision today in Keefe v. Adams, a case that drew interest from numerous free speech and anti-censorship groups.
Craig Keefe was a student in the nursing program at Central Lakes College. He was also, like millions of college students, a Facebook user. But Keefe didn't just post cat pics and news stories. No, Keefe posted about his anger problems, called another student a "stupid bitch," and said he was going to give someone a hemopneumothorax—a puncturing of the lung that allows air and blood to flood the lung cavity (yikes!). Perhaps unsurprisingly, a couple students complained to faculty that Keefe's posts made them "uncomfortable and nervous," and the school ultimately expelled Keefe for violating school policies on professionalism.
Keefe responded with a lawsuit, claiming that his expulsion violated his free speech rights under the First Amendment. Keefe framed his argument broadly and focused on the fact that his speech was made in online, off-campus Facebook posts. According to Keefe, a college student may not be punished for off-campus speech unless it is speech that is unprotected by the First Amendment, such as obscenity.
The Eighth Circuit, describing Keefe's position as "extreme," sided with the school. The Court began by noting that courts have long upheld academic requirements of professionalism, especially for programs training medical professionals. The Court then rejected Keefe's distinction between online and on-campus speech. "A student may demonstrate an unacceptable lack of professionalism off campus," Judge Loken explained, "as well as in the classroom, and by speech as well as conduct." Thus, a college may require compliance with professional standards off campus so long as the school's restrictions are "reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns." That was met here, the Court explained, because Keefe's Facebook posts, coupled with his lack of remorse, demonstrated to the school that he was "unable to meet the professional demands of being a nurse."
Judge Kelly dissented. In her view, the school's academic concerns were beside the point, because Keefe's speech was "off-campus, was not school-sponsored, and cannot be reasonably attributed to the school." Judge Kelly also expressed concern for invoking generic codes of conduct—"respect and compassion"—as the basis to restrict speech. Echoing the broader critiques of "safe spaces" and campus speech codes, Judge Kelly warned that these vague standards"could easily be used to restrict protected speech" and may not give students enough notice of what is or is not allowed.
Tags: Eighth Circuit
A conversation with the Court: Three Iowa Supreme Court justices sit down with Rox Laird to talk about life on and off the bench
When he needs a diversion from the job, Chief Justice Mark Cady loses himself in home improvement projects. Justice Daryl Hecht sings and plays an acoustic guitar. Justice Brent Appel plants trees on the family's acreage.
The three justices, who are standing for retention in the Nov. 8 election, recently sat down with On Brief contributor Rox Laird to share these insights about their lives and to talk about their careers and work on the court. The interviews were published this week in the Iowa State Bar Association's monthly magazine, The Iowa Lawyer. They are also posted at judicialfacts.org, the association's website that contains information about the statewide judicial-retention election.
Tags: Iowa Supreme Court
Iowa Supreme Court Water Works Argument: Will the Iowa Supreme Court reverse precedent through a certified question?
By: Administrator on September 13th, 2016
By Ryan Koopmans
When the Des Moines Water Works attorney steps up to argue tomorrow, he'll likely be swimming up stream–if for no other reason than the fact that the justices are not hearing a case but instead are being asked to decide a "certified question" from a federal court. That procedural posture could dictate the outcome of the appeal.
Normally, when the seven justices of the Iowa Supreme Court sit down to hear oral arguments, they have a case in front of them. The entire case. There has been a lawsuit filed in a state court, the state district court has entered a ruling that one party doesn't like, and then the case goes up to the Supreme Court for its review.
That is not the situation here. The Des Moines Water Works filed its lawsuit against the ten drainage districts in federal (not state) court, so that is where the case sits. The Iowa Supreme Court doesn't hear appeals from federal district courts, of course, but federal courts can refer, or "certify," questions of state law to a state's highest court. And that's what's happened here. To assist him in deciding the federal lawsuit, Federal District Court Judge Mark Bennett certified several questions to the Iowa Supreme Court, with the main one being whether the Iowa drainage districts have immunity from all lawsuits for damages. (For more on that, see Rox's earlier post.)
The Iowa Supreme Court has ruled, on several occasions, that they do. So if Judge Bennett were to follow those cases, he would likely have had to dismiss most of Des Moines Water Work's claims. But, in response to the arguments made by Water Works, Judge Bennett has essentially asked the Iowa Supreme Court whether it would like to reconsider (i.e., reverse) those precedents.
That's why the Water Works is swimming upstream. Getting the Iowa Supreme Court to reverse a prior decision is always tough, but the posture in which Water Works is trying to accomplish that reversal makes it even more difficult.
The Iowa Supreme Court has said, as recently as 2004, that it will not generally use the certified question process to reconsider precedent. And Justice Wiggins has put it more starkly than that. His view, which is taken from another court, is that "the purpose of certification is to ascertain what the state law is, not when the state court has already said what it is, to afford a party an opportunity to persuade the court to say something else."
So while some justices might be open to reconsidering whether drainage districts should have immunity for all actions for damages, it may be that they're not willing to do so under these circumstances–where they don't have a case in front of them but instead are simply answering generic legal questions that were referred by a federal court.
It's still Cady's Court: Our statistical review of the Iowa Supreme Court's 2015-16 term
By: Administrator on August 25th, 2016
Here's a look at the Iowa Supreme Court's 2015-16 term, by the numbers. If there's a theme this year, it's what we put in the title: It's still Cady's Court. In addition to being the Chief–which, by itself, is enough to give the Court it's name–Chief Justice Cady was in the majority in all but three cases and in every case but one in which the justices split 4-3. So where Cady goes, the Court goes.
Basic Case Stats: The Iowa Supreme Court issued opinions in 96 cases this term; three additional cases were dismissed, and one case (State v. Pettijohn) was held over for the 2016-17 term. (See our previous post: SCOTUS ruling on blood-alcohol tests leads Iowa Supreme Court to delay boating-while-intoxicated case until next term.)
Of those 96 cases, 13 were disciplinary orders (10 of them related to attorneys and 3 related to judges), so that leaves 83 appeals (the type of cases that we normally think of when discussing Iowa Supreme Court decisions). That's consistent with the caseload for past terms: 83 appeals in the 2012-13 term, 87 in 2013-14, and 86 in 2014-15.
As far as subject-matter goes, the 83 appeals break down into these (sometimes rough) categories: 45 civil; 35 criminal; and 3 juvenile.
Direct Appeal vs. Further Review: Iowa has a deflective appellate system, which means that even though we have an intermediate appellate court (the Court of Appeals), all trial-court appeals go to the Supreme Court, which then decides whether to keep the case or transfer it to the Court of Appeals. Most cases (over 95%) are transferred, but the losing party at the Court of Appeals can ask the Supreme Court to grant "further review" of the Court of Appeals' decision.
This term, 55% of the Supreme Court's cases (46 of the 83) took that path: they were transferred to the Court of Appeals and then reviewed by the Supreme Court. That's a slight change from past terms. Since the Iowa Supreme Court started the term system (and until this year) the Supreme Court's further-review docket has represented less than half of its appeals: 43% in 2012-13; 43.6% in 2013-14; and 46.5% in 2014-15.
The Supreme Court's criminal docket this term was almost entirely a further review docket. Of this term's 35 criminal cases, seven were screened for direct Supreme Court review, but two of those case were certiorari proceedings (meaning that it wasn't the typical criminal appeal) and one was an interlocutory ruling (again, not typical). Of the four standard appeals, one (State v. Walden) was a review of a district court's order dismissing a criminal charge as time barred (another usual order), and another case (State v. Querrey) was just a tag-along to the Supreme Court's decision last term in State v. Louisell. So that leaves just two criminal cases that were heard directly by the Supreme Court–State v. Seats and State v. Senn. Both were decided on 4-3 vote and both involved constitutional issues. So the takeaway, it seems, is that if the Supreme Court doesn't transfer a criminal case to the Court of Appeals, it's either an unusual ruling or a hotly contested issue. (In Senn, the justices split 4-3 on the outcome but 3-1-3 on the legal reason for the outcome.)
Dissent: The Cady Court continues to disagree more than its predecessors. This term, a third of the Court's decisions (28 of 83) were non-unanimous. That's in line with the three previous terms but comparatively high if we look back before Chief Justice Cady took the helm and Justices Waterman, Mansfield, and Zager joined the Court in 2011. From 2006-2010, the justices disagreed in just 7% of their cases (excluding disciplinary cases). That equates to about eight non-unanimous decisions per year. Since the 2012 term, the Court has been issuing an average of 30 non-unanimous decisions per year.
Because the Iowa Supreme Court generally hears the most important–and often most difficult appeals–it's not surprising that the justices are disagreeing as much as they are. It's perhaps more surprising that they used to agree as much as they did. So the fact that the justices continue to disagree more often isn't a bad thing. In fact, the opposite is probably true–dissenting opinions keep the justices on their toes and keep the majority opinions tighter. (On that subject, here's what Justice Ginsburg said after Justice Scalia's passing: "We disagreed now and then, but when I wrote for the Court and received a Scalia dissent, the opinion ultimately released was notably better than my initial circulation.")
Justice Agreement: The justices continue to break down into fairly consistent voting blocs, with Justices Wiggins, Hecht, and Appel agreeing with each other most of time; Justices Waterman and Mansfield agreeing with each other most of the time; and Chief Justice Cady and Justice Zager usually going back and forth between the two groups–and thus usually deciding which group is in the majority. The chart below shows how often each justice agreed with his colleagues in the non-unanimous cases.
2015-2016 Term: Justice Agreement – Non-Unanimous Cases
Wiggins Appel Hecht Waterman Mansfield Zager
Cady 50% 61% 61% 46% 46% 54%
Wiggins 89% 82% 18% 18% 32%
Appel 93% 21% 14% 36%
Hecht 21% 14% 29%
Waterman 86% 64%
Mansfield 64%
Zager
Chief Justice Cady's numbers, in particular, are the mark of a swing justice. All of them fall around the 50% mark–meaning that he agreed with each one of his colleagues about half the time when the vote was split. And when he did agree with his colleagues, they almost always found themselves in the majority. As noted in the opening, Chief Justice Cady was in the dissent just three times this term. And in the 19 cases that were decided on a 4-3 vote, the Chief was in the majority every time but one. An 18-1 record. (The Cady Court, indeed.)
Here's how often the other justices found themselves in the majority this term when the vote was spit:
2015-2016 Term: Percentage in the Majority – Non-Unanimous Cases
Cady Wiggins Appel Hecht Waterman Mansfield Zager
Opinion Authorship: As he often is, Justice Mansfield was the most frequent opinion writer this term, authoring a total of 26 opinions. Justice Wiggins (who was the most prolific writer last year) wrote 25 opinions, while Justice Appel garnered the most majority opinions (16) and Chief Justice Cady wrote the most concurring opinions (5). The full list for opinions authored by each justice is below. Combined–and including three per curiam opinions–the justices authored 147 opinions in 96 cases. Taking out the disciplinary decisions, the justices wrote 135 opinions in 83 cases, for an average of 1.6 opinions per case.
2015-2016 Term: Opinion Authorship – All Cases
Majority Concurring Dissent Total
Cady 10 5 1 16
Wiggins 14 2 9 25
Hecht 13 1 4 18
Appel 16 2 4 21
Waterman 15 2 6 23
Mansfield 14 2 10 26
Zager 10 2 3 15
Looking ahead, looking back, and On Brief news
By: Administrator on August 3rd, 2016
The 2016-2017 Iowa Supreme Court term begins in just a little over a month, so over the next few weeks we're going to preview some of the cases that will be argued in September. The first of the series–Can Dyersville rezone heaven?—is posted below. September is always the Court's busiest month as far as arguments go, and this September is shaping up to be an interesting one.
But the fact that we're previewing 2016-2017 doesn't mean that we're done with 2015-2016. Next week, we'll be posting our annual statistical review of the last term, where we answer such questions as: How many decisions did the Iowa Supreme Court issue last year? Who wrote the most opinions? The most dissents? Who agreed with whom? So check back.
Finally, some On Brief news. As those who attended our panel discussion last month heard, there seems to be record-level interest in the Iowa Supreme Court, and that's translating in to ever-increasing demand for access to the briefs that parties file. As one panelist noted, U.S. Supreme Court briefs are readily available (from private sources like SCOTUSblog and the ABA), and it would be nice if Iowa Supreme Court briefs were available too.
We agree, and so we're making it happen. Starting soon (before the September term begins), we'll be creating a case page that will contain links to the briefs for cases that are actively pending before the Iowa Supreme Court (meaning that the Court has agreed to take the case). In addition to providing access to the briefs, the case page will allow readers to see what issues the Court will be addressing in the months to come. We think it will be a useful tool for lawyers, judges, the press, and the general public. And we also hope that it will be somewhat interactive: If the Iowa Supreme Court alerts you that it's keeping your case (as opposed to transferring it to the Court of Appeals), we'd like to hear about it. The same goes for further review orders–please tell us. You can send email to me (rkoopmans@nyemaster.com) and we'll update the case page.
So check back often in August. There's a lot happening.
Nyemaster Goode and The Des Moines Register Present The Cady Court at Five
By: Administrator on July 14th, 2016
Today, July 14, Nyemaster Goode and The Des Moines Register will be hosting a panel discussion regarding Iowa Supreme Court. The panel discussion starts at 4:30 and a reception will follow. Additional details are below.
WHEN: Today!
WHERE: Third Floor of the EMC Building at 700 Walnut Street
WHAT: Panel discussion from 4:30 to 6:00 p.m. with reception to follow on Nyemaster Goode terrace. Click here to meet the panelists.
RSVP: DesMoinesRegister.com/CadyCourt (admission is free, but RSVP is required)
Street and skywalk closures around the EMC Building may limit your parking and access options. Please use the public parking garage at 8th and Mulberry and access the building through the attached skywalk. Nyemaster Goode will validate your parking at the event. We look forward to seeing you this afternoon.
SCOTUS ruling on blood-alcohol tests leads Iowa Supreme Court to delay boating-while-intoxicated case until next term
By: Administrator on June 24th, 2016
As Rox wrote yesterday, the Iowa Supreme Court is (or at least was) expected to release a decision next week in State v. Pettijohn, a case about (among other things) whether Iowa's implied-consent law–the law that punishes drivers who refuse to take a blood-alcohol test–is constitutional. The case was argued in September, which makes it the Court's longest outstanding case. And because the Iowa Supreme Court has been sharply divided over search-and-seizure issues, it is also one of the most anticipated rulings of the term.
Or at least it was. Yesterday, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Birchfield v. North Dakota that these so-called implied-consent statutes don't violate the Fourth Amendment when it comes to breathalyzer tests, but that they do violate the Fourth Amendment when it comes to blood tests, unless the police get a warrant. So you can be punished for refusing to take a breath test; but you can't be punished for refusing a blood test.
In light of that ruling, the Iowa Supreme Court has put its decision in Pettijohn on hold. Yesterday afternoon, Chief Justice Mark Cady issued an order stating that the parties (Dale Pettijohn and the State of Iowa) must submit additional briefs to the Court that "address the impact of the Birchfield decision on the issues in this case." And they have until August 1 to do so.
Pettijohn took a breath test; not a blood test. So if anything, Birchfield is likely to cut against him. But the Iowa Supreme Court could decide the case differently under the Iowa Constitution; and they've done that very thing several times the past five years. But Birchfield could have just switched the vote from "reverse" (Pettijohn wins) to "affirm" (Pettijohn loses). So it might be a case of bad timing for Pettijohn, who thought he was going to get a decision next week.
Pettijohn's case is different than Birchfield, though, in that he was boating while drinking rather than driving while drinking. And he says that matters, because (in his view) driving is a privilege and using public waterways is a right. We'll see if that makes a difference.
In any event, we won't likely know until sometime next fall when the justices return for the 2016-2017 term.
Tags: Iowa Supreme Court, U.S Supreme Court
Get back in here! U.S. Supreme Court rejects Eighth Circuit's "no recalling a jury" rule.
By: Administrator on June 9th, 2016
This blog has previously covered the long-running dispute between former Iowa law school dean Carolyn Jones and Teresa Wagner, a former law school employee who claims she was passed over for a job due to political bias. Most recently, we covered the Eighth Circuit's 2014 ruling that the district court did not have the power to recall the jurors to render a verdict minutes after they had been discharged. Noting the risk of outside influence, the Eighth Circuit thought a bright line rule was best: Once a court discharges the jury and they leave the courtroom, a jury can no longer render a verdict. In today's world of "instant individualized electronic communication," the Eighth Circuit explained, a clear rule "offers better guidance than an amorphous rule that turns on whether jurors in fact became available for or were susceptible to outside influences or remained within total control of the court." Jones, who was on the losing end of that ruling, asked the Supreme Court to review the case, but the Court declined early last year.
Today, however, the Supreme Court addressed the issue in another case and rejected the Eighth Circuit's bright line rule. In Dietz v. Bouldin, the Court adopted a multi-factor test to determine whether a discharged jury may be recalled to do further work on a case. Those factors include the delay between discharge and recall, whether the jurors interacted with any non-jurors, and the nature of any courtroom reaction to the initial verdict. Rather than impose any "categorical bar" to recalling a jury, the Supreme Court directed district courts to "cautiously" and "carefully" apply these factors to decide whether a jury may be recalled.
Two dissenting justices—Justice Thomas, joined by Justice Kennedy—preferred the Eighth Circuit's bright line rule. Echoing the Eighth Circuit's concerns in Wagner, the dissent reasoned that a clear rule was preferable in "today's world of cellphones, wireless Internet, and 24/7 news coverage," where jurors may easily come across prejudicial information after discharge. The majority's various factors, on the other hand, will only produce more litigation: "Is one hour too long? How about two hours or two days? Does a single Internet search by a juror preclude recalling the entire jury?" An occasional unnecessary "redo," in the dissent's view, is preferable to repeated litigation trying to answer these questions.
Dietz won't matter for the Wagner case—the case was ultimately retried and Wagner lost. But litigators should be on notice: A jury's discharge might just be temporary.
Tags: Eighth Circuit, U.S Supreme Court
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O Capitólio do Estado de Oregon (Oregon State Capitol, em inglês) é o edifício que abriga a assembleia legislativa, os escritórios do governador, secretário de estado e tesoureiro do estado de Oregon. Localiza-se na capital do estado, Salem.

A construção atual, construída entre 1936 e 1938, ganhou uma expansão em 1977. O edifício é o terceiro a sediar o governo de Oregon em Salem. Dois anteriores foram destruídos por incêndios, um em 30 de dezembro de 1855 e o outro em 25 de abril de 1935.

Os arquitetos nova-iorquinos Trowbridge & Livingston conceberam o design Art Déco da estrutura, junto com Francis Keally. Muito do interior e do exterior é feito de mármore. O Capitólio do Estado de Oregon foi posto no Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos em 1988.

A Public Works Administration, parte do governo dos Estados Unidos, financiou parcialmente a construção, completada em 1938, durante a Grande Depressão.

A parte central do edifício foi construída ao preço de 2,5 milhões de dólares, incluindo uma cúpula de 51 metros. As asas, que dobraram o espaço da construção, foram construídas na década de 1970 pelo custo de 12,5 milhões de dólares. Nos jardins do capitólio podem ser encontradas a Pseudotsuga, árvore do estado e a Oregon-grape, flor do estado.

Construções anteriores

Antes da criação do Território de Oregon, em 1848, o governo provisório de Oregon Country, conforme legislação de 27 de junho de 1844 e 19 de dezembro de 1845, escolheu Oregon City como capital. Uma das construções privadas utilizadas por esse governo foi construída por John L. Morrison em 1850, servindo como capitólio até o governo se mudar para Salem.

A designação de Oregon City como capital do Território de Oregon ocorreu durante o governo de Joseph Lane. Em 1850, o legislativo designou a cidade de Salem como capital, mas o governador John P. Gaines recusou-se a se mudar, e permaneceu em Oregon City junto com a Suprema Corte de Oregon (com exceção do juiz Orville C. Pratt) até que um ato do Congresso em 14 de maio de 1852 resolveu a questão em favor de Salem.

Em 13 de janeiro de 1855, a Legislatura Territorial de Oregon aprovou uma lei passando a capital de Salem para Corvallis. O governador George Law Curry e muitos outros recusaram a mudança, visto que já havia construções públicas em construção na cidade de Salem. Curry mandou o assunto ao Secretário do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos, que tornou a mudança inválida a menos que houvesse uma intervenção do Congresso dos Estados Unidos. Logo, Curry e o Secretário do Estado de Oregon, Benjamin Harding, voltaram para Salem.

Em 3 de dezembro de 1855, a legislatura se reuniu em Corvallis e rapidamente criou um projeto de lei para tornar Salem a capital, e este foi aprovado em 15 de dezembro de 1855. Três dias depois, a legislatura reuniu-se novamente em Salem, porém a construção que estava sendo utilizada com capitólio pegou fogo no dia 29, e reabriu-se o debate de onde localizaria-se a capital. Uma votação foi aberta em junho de 1856, e as duas cidades que recebessem o maior número de votos iriam para um segundo turno. Uma primeira votação estabeleceu um segundo turno entre Eugene e Corvallis, porém como algumas cédulas foram invalidados por não estarem de acordo com a lei, os dois vencedores foram Eugene e Salem. Num segundo turno realizado em outubro, Eugene recebeu a maior parte dos votos, porém a corrupção ocorrida no primeiro turno fez com que houvesse um baixo comparecimento às urnas e a eleição fosse ignorada, logo capital permaneceu em Salem.

Uma resolução permanente da questão da localização da capital veio somente em 1864. Em 1860, a legislatura pôs em voto popular a questão novamente. Numa votação que ocorreu em 1862, nenhuma cidade conseguiu os cinquenta porcento dos votos necessários por lei, que vieram somente numa eleição de 1864 onde Salem recebe 79 porcento e é declarada a capital estadual. A Constituição do Oregon lista como sede do governo estadual no Artigo XIV o Condado de Marion, que tem como sede Salem.

Primeiro Capitólio

O terreno destinado a uma construção permanente como capitólio foi o Bloco 84 de Salem, vendido ao estado pelo pioneiro e fundador de Salem William H. Willson. A construção do capitólio começou em 1854, logo após o Congresso confirmar a escolha de Salem como capital. Porém, com a capital se mudando para Corvallis no ano seguinte, a construção foi temporariamente paralisada. Após o retorno da capital para Salem, a construção estava quase concluída no final de 1855. Este capitólio, que seguia a arquitetura neogrega, possuía quinze metros de largura por vinte e três de comprimento, com uma fachada de pedra e um pórtico de três metros. Construídas de blocos de silhar nativo, as paredes exteriores possuíam dois andares e tinha uma variação de cores que ia do azul-céu ao branco. O primeiro andar possuía 5.8 metros de altura, o segundo 4.6 e um entablamento de 2.4 metros. A estrutura era decorada com qatro pilastras jônicas em sua parte frontal. A Construção abrigava uma variedade de quartos, incluindo uma corte federal com uma câmara que media 6 por 8 metros e um escritório executivo de 5.5 por 6 metros no primeiro andar. Também no primeiro andar localizava-se a câmara principal que media onze por catorze metros e possuía três entradas, além do grande salão, com uma entrada de cinco metros. Já o segundo andar possuía a câmara do senado, de oito por onze metros. Adicionalmente, a biblioteca territorial ficava localizada num aposento de seis por onze metros.

Na tarde de 29 de dezembro de 1855, um incêndio destruiu o edifício e muitos registros públicos. Começando no nordeste inacabado da estrutura, ainda desocupado pelo governo, o incêndio não foi descoberto até meia-noite e meia. Houve suspeita de incêndio criminoso, porém ninguém foi preso. O terreno do capitólio queimado permaneceu uma pilha de destroços durante alguns anos após o incêndio. Uma construção no downtown de Salem serviu temporariamente como caitpólio entre 1859 e 1876, onde a legislatura se encontrava nos segundo e terceiro andares.

Panorama

Oregon
Rotundas (arquitetura)
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos no Oregon
Governo do Oregon
Construções de Salem (Oregon)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia