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Incentive Auction FAQ
April 11, 2016 by Morgan Wick
The broadcast TV incentive auction officially kicked off last week with the deadline for stations to declare their participation in the auction. This triggered a number of pieces about what the auction is, how it works, and what the implications of it are. In that vein, I decided to write my own explainer for anyone wondering what this auction thing is they may have heard about.
So what's this incentive auction thing I've heard about?
The FCC is reclaiming spectrum from broadcast TV stations to sell to wireless carriers. The idea is that there are a ton of broadcast stations taking up space on the airwaves, but most people don't watch TV this way anymore, so it makes sense to free up the spectrum "wasted" by these stations and resell them to wireless carriers with much more demand for the spectrum. The unanswered question this raises, of course, is why people don't watch TV over-the-air and whether that represents a shortcoming of the technology, or the way it's regulated and the state of the marketplace, and whether the very technological revolution that's making such demands on the spectrum might give more usefulness to broadcasting if it's allowed to do so. Still, thanks to the digital transition stations can offer multiple streams of content within their existing 6 MHz of channel space, so there is some value in compressing that space.
How does the auction work?
Last week was the deadline for stations to declare their participation in the auction – which does not necessarily mean they'll be surrendering spectrum, only that they're interested in doing so. Even if stations do surrender spectrum, they won't necessarily go off the air, instead electing to share a channel with another station. The FCC will take that data and run software to try to optimize the spectrum occupied by stations – even if a station doesn't surrender spectrum, it's likely to be moved down to a lower channel. (This won't affect what channel you tune in to watch a station if you have an antenna, which since the digital transition has no relationship with the channel the station physically occupies.) Once the FCC has reached an estimate of how tightly it can pack stations in, it can release a "clearing target" indicating how much spectrum it can free up based on what stations have declared their participation. As much as 126 MHz of spectrum could be made available at this stage, though that's considered unlikely; somewhere between that and 100 MHz is more likely. After that, the FCC will collect bidding credits from companies interested in bidding on the spectrum, probably sometime in May.
The auction itself is a complicated, two-step process. The first step is a "reverse auction" where the FCC buys the spectrum back from broadcasters based on the credits received from forward-auction bidders. The commission starts with the highest possible price and moves it down each round until enough stations have taken the bait to meet the clearing target. That will determine how much money the commission needs to make in the forward auction to end the process; if the commission can't make that much money, it has to repeat the whole process over again with a new reverse auction at a lower clearing target. If the auction only takes one round, it could be finished by August, but if the FCC has to repeat the process it could stretch into next year. The FCC could even call the whole thing off if it doesn't raise enough money (unlikely, given the value of the spectrum at stake) or doesn't obtain enough spectrum (still unlikely, but could happen if attitudes towards the value of broadcasting change dramatically).
Once the auction is completed, the FCC will reallocate the 6 MHz television channels into pairs of 5 MHz blocks and assign the resulting frequency bands to the forward auction winners, trying to give each carrier contiguous bands whenever possible for maximum flexibility and to accommodate the real-world demands of the carriers. They won't be able to move in for several years, however, because of the more complex task of repacking the remaining stations; the FCC has laid out a 39-month timeline for repacking, but broadcasters say that's not enough time and AT&T has dropped hints it might be fine with a longer timetable as well, noting that a similar process of awarding spectrum that commenced in 2005 and was supposed to take 36 months is still going on over a decade later.
Who is going to give up spectrum in the reverse auction?
That's kept confidential and anonymous until the auction is over, but some companies have dropped clues about their participation. Companies that own or control multiple stations in a market may look to consolidate their holdings into fewer channels; NBC, Fox, and CBS all own these "duopolies" and have signaled that they could participate. Those that don't but that use much of their spectrum on low-demand outlets like a shopping channel or a rerun farm may elect to give up that spectrum and share with someone else. Some outfits with other business dealings, like a university that owns a public television station, may decide to give up that spectrum in favor of other means of distributing content, or two smaller stations may elect to share on a single frequency and sell the other. And then there are the speculators that have just gobbled up unwanted stations in hopes of making a payday off of selling them in the auction, including Dell Computer founder Michael Dell.
Who is going to bid on spectrum in the forward auction?
The three largest carriers – AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile – are unsurprisingly part of the bidding, with analysts predicting that AT&T is budgeting $10 billion, T-Mobile $8 billion, and Verizon $5 billion. Sprint says it's fine with its existing spectrum holdings and will sit this out. Smaller carriers are also in the running to participate, as are venture capital firms and some entities outside the wireless industry. Comcast will be in the bidding, though it probably won't spend heavily, looking primarily for spectrum it can find "strategic value" in, and Dish, which dominated another spectrum auction the FCC held a while back, may have an outfit bidding for them. However, hopes for tech companies like Facebook and Google to drive up the bidding for their own innovative services appear to have been dashed. AT&T and Verizon's participation will be curbed by the FCC reserving some blocks of spectrum for companies that have less of it, as those two companies have the lion's share of the low-band spectrum that currently exists.
How much will the auction raise?
Although early forecasts suggested the auction could raise $60 to 80 billion, more recent analysis has suggested it might come in closer to $30 billion given tighter budgets and some would-be participants sitting out. The last major auction Dish dominated raised an unexpected $45 billion and that spectrum wasn't as valuable as this is, so for it to raise less money could be disappointing for broadcasters and the government.
Why are stations considering giving up their spectrum in the auction?
It's hard to pass up a piece of even a $30 billion pie, and for many station owners that's money that can be reinvested in other parts of the business. It's especially hard to pass it up when this is likely to be the only opportunity they have to get money for their spectrum; if broadcasting turns out to have no future and/or the auction doesn't produce enough spectrum to meet wireless carriers' demand, the FCC could simply reclaim the broadcast spectrum by fiat with little or no compensation.
Why is the incentive auction so important to wireless carriers?
Broadcasters are sitting on "low-band" spectrum, in other words, spectrum with lower frequencies than wireless carriers have today. This spectrum is considered "beachfront" real estate because it has unique propagation characteristics that make it valuable to wireless carriers, especially in urban areas – it travels over significantly longer distances and penetrates into buildings much better (both of which, of course, broadcast TV benefits from today). Some believe the spectrum auctioned off here will serve as the basis for next-generation 5G services, or even wireless broadband services that can compete with present-day wired broadband. It's unlikely there will be any more auctions of low-band spectrum for the foreseeable future, so everyone wants to get in now while the gettin's good. Wireless companies are also worried about a potential spectrum crunch as more people embrace mobile devices and use them to watch bandwidth-heavy video like – to quote one of the articles linked to above – "sports [and] cat videos".
Wait, video? Sports? Don't broadcast stations already show those things?
I see you're starting to realize why this whole thing is so stupid. But I'm getting ahead of myself; reallocating spectrum to wireless providers means it can be used to deliver whatever content the consumer wants (not necessarily video) rather than whatever a network or station programs (which doesn't include anything on cable networks like ESPN anyway), and on a wider variety of devices than broadcast stations can reach today, which right now is mostly limited to traditional fixed television sets.
Okay, so why should I care about broadcasting? Why not have them give up all their spectrum to wireless providers with more demand and that can offer more flexibility?
Broadcast television operates on what backers call a "one-to-many" distribution architecture: a signal sent out once can reach any number of devices. So if a large number of people in one area want to access the same thing at the same time, it's more efficient to beam it directly into their phones or tablets with one signal. If you had to rely on the broadband network to watch the Super Bowl, it would have to deliver the game to each and every one of the 100 million people who want to watch it. Perhaps, with technological advancement and investment in infrastructure, that's entirely doable! But if a large number of people want to watch something on their mobile devices, there are physical constraints on the ability to deliver that content to each device individually, and the additional spectrum freed up by the auction can ease those constraints but not get rid of them. Every wireless provider relies on spectrum to deliver content, and each provider has its own chunk of spectrum which may not match up with what provider's customers are taxing it the most. Even if you add up all the spectrum wireless providers have, including that freed up by the auction, there are all sorts of other uses competing for that spectrum even beyond those broadcasters that stay put, not to mention the buffers that have to be put in-between each use to prevent them from interfering with each other. Again, technological advancements and infrastructure investments might make it possible, but would it be worth the effort when we already have a technology perfectly situated to take the load off of wireless providers?
By the way, this technology isn't necessarily limited to video! It's also possible to do something called "datacasting", beaming out sports scores, weather reports, stock quotes, you name it directly into various devices. But video is likely to be where this sees the most use and where it would be most needed, because of how bandwidth-heavy it is.
Can't wireless providers use this technology themselves, though, if they really need to?
Sure! In fact AT&T and Verizon have already started investing in their own "multicast" networks to serve just this purpose. But that's the thing: in order to access those networks, you presumably need to subscribe to those providers. At least in theory, broadcast television is completely decentralized, not dependent on a subscription to any wireless provider or pay-TV company, not directly controlled by a small number of behemoths. Sure, the major networks may be owned by a small number of companies, but the stations they directly control don't encompass much more than a third of the country, if that, with affiliates owned by other groups covering the rest of the country, not to mention the various independent, public, niche-audience, and other stations there are. At the very least, if we're looking to maximize spectrum efficiency, which is preferable: one station broadcasting the Super Bowl out to everyone, or a separate broadcast for each wireless carrier?
So if broadcast is so useful for all of this, why don't people use it? And why don't more people embrace or even hear about this argument?
The short answer is that in the 80s, 90s, and early part of the new millennium, consumers embraced cable as a means of providing more video options than was possible from broadcast TV at the time, when Internet video was a joke that could never replace traditional TV, and the large majority of people still subscribe to cable for this reason. The longer answer is twofold: first, broadcasters have effectively fallen under a self-imposed reliance on cable for their distribution, because the monetary model of cable, where cable networks can collect money directly from your cable bill in addition to advertising, can't help but outcompete the broadcast business model of advertising alone, something I go into more detail on in my book The Game to Show the Games. The "retransmission consent" system laid out by Congress in 1992 allows broadcasters to collect their own cable subscription revenue, but it doesn't actually correct for the superiority of the cable business model, meaning broadcasters (especially those with investments in actual cable networks) have no incentive to make it easier for people to actually consume their over-the-air signal, whether just by improving how much of the population it reaches or increasing the methods by which it can be accessed.
That brings us to the other problem of cord-cutting and the rallying cry of its adherents of watching whatever you want whenever you want – effectively a backlash against the entire notion of linear television, broadcast or cable. Between that and the disincentive broadcasters have to embrace cord-cutting, fewer cord-cutters use broadcast television than you might otherwise think, and cord-cutting has been less of a boon to broadcasting than one might otherwise have thought. It doesn't help that retransmission consent has resulted in broadcasters receiving much of the blame for the high price of cable, arguably unfairly. While broadcasters' need to play catch-up has resulted in much of the recent increase in cable bills being attributable to them, the underlying monetary motivation for cutting the cord is the overall lack of value people perceive in the cable bundle, and that's because a disproportionate amount of it is tied up in sports, namely ESPN and regional sports networks, and to a lesser extent other outlets with significant investments in sports that rely on subscriber fees to pay for sports rights, including, ultimately, broadcasters. As I suggest in my book, that's because sports (and live events more generally) is precisely the sort of content linear television is best suited for: something people have to consume at a specific time, leaving them a captive audience for whatever ads are inserted into the feed.
This is all nice in theory, but is there any evidence that it's actually possible to use broadcasting in this way? I mean, if it were possible to receive a broadcast signal on a mobile device there would be SOME application of it, right?
Well, the digital television standard was developed in the late 90s, and see what I said earlier about Internet video being a joke then; "mobile devices" referred to pagers and bulky cellular phones that no one would mistake for anything remotely comparable to the desktop computers that existed at the time, let alone the television set. Because of the different challenges of digital transmission, the standard effectively shut out devices like the portable TVs that used to be able to pick up analog signals, which was understandable considering fixed television sets were still the norm, but turned out to be the exact sort of audience broadcasting needed to court to survive. During the late 2000s the industry released an addendum to the standard allowing for the transmission of lower-quality feeds that can be picked up by mobile devices, but it was very poorly supported with virtually no devices having native support for it (meaning you had to pick up an antenna dongle to plug into your device) and because of all the dismotivation to support broadcasting mentioned above, there weren't very many stations that even offered a mobile feed. Right now the industry is working on a brand-new standard, called ATSC 3.0, that will include such things as native mobile reception, datacasting, and other advanced features, enough to justify the massive changes, on the scale of the original digital transition, such a move would require, but the FCC isn't waiting for it to finish before commencing the auction. Ideally, broadcasters would switch to the new standard in conjunction with their post-auction repack, but instead they may have to go through two major shakeups requiring massive infrastructural investments instead of one, if they go through the second one at all.
Well, that doesn't sound good, but is the auction all that bad? You yourself said it made sense to repack stations to take up less space.
The problem is that not only will the auction not address any of the obstacles facing broadcasting, it could lock in their effects, as well as create new ones. I don't think the auction will physically relocate any stations or allow them to broadcast at higher power to reach wider audiences, other than moving them to a different part of the spectrum. In fact, the FCC may reclaim different amounts of spectrum in different markets, meaning it's likely the band will be compressed to have just enough room for whatever stations stay in the business, with no room for new stations if it turns out we really did need some of those stations that decided to get out of the business and potentially little to no flexibility for existing stations to optimize their transmission pattern. To my knowledge the FCC is going to try to refrain from compressing the broadcast band tighter than what would be sufficient to preserve all stations in markets serving the majority of the population, meaning low-demand areas would still have some free spectrum, but there could still be interference between areas where a part of the band is used for wireless services and where it's used for TV, with deleterious effects for both. In effect, precisely because it is the only chance to determine the new broadcasting landscape, the auction will ensure that afterwards, broadcast television can only continue to shrink, never grow, no matter how useful it may prove to be afterwards, and provide new reasons for it to do so.
The crunch against the creation of new stations is especially problematic because of the incentives surrounding channel-sharing. After the auction is over, a "channel" in a given area could be home to one or two licenced "stations", and FCC rules regarding duopolies are based around the number of stations a company owns in a market. So if you're an NBC, Fox, or CBS who owns one of those duopolies mentioned earlier, you could elect to have one of your duopoly stations channel-share with the other, or you could simply give up one licence outright and achieve the exact same effect but be counted as owning one station instead of two. Considering that some other companies have already been using various legal constructs to get away with owning more stations than they're supposed to for over two decades now, you can see why they'd want to take the latter option – and indeed some have already been doing so, separately from the auction, as the FCC has attempted to crack down on those legal constructs. The downside is supposed to be that channel-sharing gives you two stations with "must-carry" rights on cable systems instead of one, but most duopoly owners can use retransmission consent to bully cable operators to carry whatever feeds they want them to carry, so the end effect is going to be to reinforce and strengthen the power of the largest programmers. But it gets worse: at least if two stations exist on a single channel, one of them can be sold to someone else that wants to get into the industry, but I don't know if there will be any provision to "split" a single-channel licence in two, so not only will the auction preclude the creation of new stations and reinforce the power of the largest station owners, it'll also effectively "lock in" today's duopolies into perpetuity. (And if any of the alternative uses of spectrum the ATSC 3.0 standard makes possible turn out to be fruitful, channel-sharers might not be able to take advantage of them at all.)
By the way, the FCC is currently undertaking a statutorily-mandated review of its ownership rules that might serve as an occasion to address this problem (which also encompassed the aforementioned crackdown on legal constructs). Last I heard it was slated to wrap up in June. That's also the month the reverse auction is likely to begin. So if the FCC did anything that would warrant a change in anyone's auction strategies, there would be no time to react to it, which in and of itself suggests the FCC isn't likely to do anything that would affect the auction, unless maybe it would have the effect of spurring greater participation. And I haven't even gotten to the issue the industry is perhaps most vocal about, to the point of causing legal headaches for the FCC: unless they've already signed up for a specific type of protection, certain stations licenced to operate at "low power" could be forced off the air without even having a chance to cash in in the incentive auction, and those stations are more likely to have diverse ownership and serve as an outlet for independent content, especially in larger markets.
Okay, that's a problem, but the way you described it it seems like broadcasting serves a fairly specific purpose in fairly specific situations, so how likely is it that we would need that many more stations? Would we even have use for the four major broadcast networks that exist today?
It doesn't take as much use to justify the use of broadcasting as you might think. If just three people in a given area want to watch the same thing at the same time, using a single linear television signal to reach them cuts the bandwidth demand to a third of what it would otherwise be. That might be less than 1% of the people covered by a single cell tower, let alone a broadcast station with much broader reach. Anything that's even remotely popular by Internet standards can benefit from the use of broadcasting if it can arrange for people to consume it at a single time. We probably don't need 100+ linear feeds (just look at the state of cable television networks today), but I could easily see enough content benefit from broadcasting to justify more than the four major networks we have today, and potentially more than survive the auction. That is, if that content is viable to place on broadcast stations under current regulations, but that's another question entirely.
I don't watch any video content of any kind. Why should I care about any of this?
If you care about net neutrality, this is of vital importance. As it stands video makes up over three-quarters of all Internet traffic in the United States, with Netflix and YouTube alone accounting for close to half of all peak traffic combined, even if they aren't that popular on a per-capita basis, and that's with the limited degree that cord-cutting has already taken hold. If cord-cutting really takes off – if anything remotely close to the level of video consumed on broadcast and cable television today moves to the Internet, if all the biggest events and shows are consumed that way – the Internet would effectively become a conduit for the delivery of video that happens to be robust enough to allow other purposes to ride along it as well. If broadcast television isn't able to take some of the load off, it would make too much sense to find some way to prioritize video content over other types of content, using such schemes as T-Mobile's Binge On or Comcast's Stream TV. You would have to spend that much more effort defending net neutrality against Internet providers' attempts to dismantle it – assuming you didn't decide it was worth sacrificing considering the loads the industry would be facing.
But isn't broadcast television a form of prioritization itself? You're stuck with whatever whoever owns the station programs at any given time, and that's the content that gets to benefit from all the benefits of broadcasting. You're basically saying we have no hope but to give up on net neutrality for the sake of video.
As I mentioned earlier, under our current broadcast television system the content that benefits from it is the same for everyone, not dependent on which carrier you subscribe to. With strong ownership restrictions and outlets for independent content creators, the broadcast realm can be fairly democratic. But the main point is that broadcast television is applicable to a fairly specific situation that happens to apply primarily to the most popular content and which a particular type of content, live video, benefits most from. Making sure that type of content benefits is an acceptable compromise to net neutrality, and properly managed, any independent producer that becomes popular enough to benefit from broadcasting, indeed to actually need it, should be rewarded by the free market (or at least an outlet specifically designated for the purpose like today's public television stations) with a broadcast slot. The drawbacks of broadcasting are significant enough and the situations it benefits most in are specific enough that I don't think it will crowd out any other content – after all, the mere existence of cable television isn't stopping the cord-cutting revolution.
You're awfully pessimistic about the ability of the Internet to handle the load. With better compression technologies, fatter pipes, and other infrastructure investments (especially if ISPs would stop being lazy and upgrade to gigabit technologies we already have), it shouldn't be a problem. We've handled the Internet's growth just fine in the past despite what the doomsayers keep saying, we can handle this.
Well, see what I said before about whether it's worth all the effort when we can at least reduce the need for it, with the added wrinkle that any advances in compression are likely to be matched by increases in the quality of the content – witness the hype that's already gearing up for "4K" and other next-generation technologies. But this isn't really about the level of traffic as the balance of it. If the architecture of the Internet is going to be oriented to prioritize video, as I suspect the "infrastructure investments" are going to increasingly constitute, let's minimize the degree to which it compromises net neutrality and use all the tools we have to work with and that make sense.
I speak of broadcast television as separate from the Internet, but really forces are already in the works to blur the lines between them. The FCC's current set-top box proceeding, no matter the outcome, seems destined to create an IP interface to access wired linear television content, and embracing IP is also part of broadcast's ATSC 3.0 standard. The day may come where you won't be able to tell whether a feed is coming from a linear television stream or over the Internet, a distinction Comcast is already intentionally blurring with Stream TV. If that sounds like all the more reason to fear linear television morphing into a means to circumvent net neutrality, then it's all the more reason to preserve a linear television architecture that's free to everyone and not dependent on any particular ISP – something that can be done even with cable.
You said it might be a good idea to shrink the amount of spectrum devoted to broadcasting, you just don't like how the FCC's doing it. So how would you go about the auction differently, or would you hold it at all?
I wouldn't hold it right now, at a time when the benefits of broadcasting aren't widely recognized and broadcasters are dependent on retransmission consent. The legislation authorizing the auctions allows them to be held any time from now to 2022, so if the FCC cared at all about broadcasting they'd wait and see if the cord-cutting revolution increased appreciation for broadcasting among the general public and if the resulting collapse of the cable bundle obviated the need for retransmission consent; at the very least they'd wait to complete the ownership review and for ATSC 3.0 to be ready, and frankly the fact they aren't suggests they're trying to get it done as quickly as possible on behalf of the wireless industry, before broadcasters start having second thoughts about the value of their medium. If that value doesn't become apparent on its own, I'd articulate a clear vision for it and institute programs to put it into effect and transition broadcasters to it. If all else fails, Congress could force the issue by instituting a la carte cable for at least the most expensive channels.
I would institute ownership rules based on the amount of spectrum controlled, not the number of stations owned, and have a clear process for splitting a single-channel station. At the most extreme I might force all stations in a market to effectively channel-share and allocate two stations to each channel. That would give every station some auction revenue and make it easier to compress the band while potentially creating new station opportunities. Making it even easier to make the repack work would be colocating as many stations in a market as possible in a single place and assigning them contiguous frequencies, effectively designating subsets of the television band to each market. That would require a lot of cooperation, but it could serve as an opportunity to improve broadcast stations' coverage areas along with other salutary effects, giving the industry more of a fighting chance. (Again, the fact that the FCC is doing none of this suggests their goal is just getting the broadcasters out of the way rather than actually optimizing spectrum usage.)
Although those moves would have the effect of making it possible to obtain more spectrum, my preference for the amount of spectrum obtained would be about 80 MHz – on the low end of what wireless providers would prefer – thanks to a quirk in the existing bandplan. Currently, physical channel 37 is completely devoid of stations, instead being used by radioastronomy, and that will remain the case no matter what else happens in the auction. About 7-11 MHz of buffer would be needed between the remaining TV stations and the new wireless spectrum under most of the post-auction plans, but if about 84 MHz is taken, only a 3 MHz buffer would be needed between Channel 37 and the new wireless spectrum, maximizing efficient use of spectrum. (Anything over that creates 3 MHz buffers on either side of Channel 37.) This strikes a balance between giving wireless providers enough spectrum for the auction to succeed while maximizing the amount of leeway in case broadcasting recovers more than expected.
That seems unrealistic at this late date. Is there anything anyone can do now?
Realistically, not much. It basically comes down to trying to convince as many station owners as possible that broadcasting has more value than they think and to hold on to their spectrum or at best channel-share, in hopes of derailing the whole auction or at least ensuring an oversupply of broadcast spectrum going forward by keeping the amount of reclaimed spectrum to the 84 MHz range, but even that won't really solve the structural issues with the auction. The best thing you can do is to spread the word and see if enough public outcry can convince the FCC, Congress, and broadcasters to hold off and make changes, but realistically that probably needed to happen at least a year ago, and Congress, at least, has high hopes for using auction proceeds to help balance the budget. At the very least, though, the people trying to explain the incentive auction to the general public can do a lot better than to simply parrot the notion of broadcasters as outdated spectrum hogs without giving a full appreciation of the obstacles facing them and the trade-offs to society of having them surrender their spectrum.
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Why is the NCAA Basketball National Championship on TBS?
From a revolution breaking down borders between mediums to a specific work that singlehandedly broke down others.


What is Lazy Eye, or Amblyopia?
The loss or lack of development of central vision in one eye that is unrelated to any eye health problem and is not correctable with lenses. It can occur when a person does not use both eyes together.
Who is likely to develop amblyopia?
Amblyopia is generally the result of poor early visual development. It usually occurs before the age of 8. Infants born prematurely or with low birth weight are at a greater risk for developing the condition.
An estimated 2 to 4 percent of children have amblyopia. The chance of amblyopia developing during adulthood is very small.
Amblyopia usually results from a failure to use both eyes together. It can be caused by the presence of crossed eyes (strabismus), unequal farsightedness or nearsightedness (refractive error), or a physical obstruction of vision like cataracts.
If there is a large enough difference in the degree of nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism between the two eyes, or if the eyes are crossed, the brain learns to ignore one eye in favor of the other.
How does amblyopia affect vision?
Normally, the images each eye sends to the brain are identical. When they differ too much, the brain learns to ignore the poor image sent by one eye and "sees" only with the good eye.
The vision of the eye that is ignored becomes weaker from lack of use.
Is the amblyopic eye blind?
The amblyopic eye is not blind in the sense that it is entirely without sight.
Amblyopia affects only the central vision of the affected eye. Peripheral (side) awareness will remain the same.
What are the signs/symptoms of amblyopia?
Amblyopia usually has few symptoms. People with amblyopia may also have crossed eyes or a large difference in the refractive error between their two eyes. A child with amblyopia may noticeably favor one eye and have a tendency to bump into objects on one side.
A comprehensive eye examination can determine the presence of amblyopia. The earlier it is diagnosed, the greater the chance for a successful treatment.
When amblyopia occurs only in one eye, the good eye takes over and the individual is generally unaware of the condition. That is why it is important to have your child's vision examined at about six months, at age three and again before he or she enters school.
Corrective lenses, contact lenses, prisms, occluders and vision therapy are often used to treat amblyopia.
Covering the better eye, either part time or full time, can stimulate vision in the amblyopic eye.
Vision in the amblyopic eye may continue to decrease if left untreated. The brain simply pays less and less attention to the images sent by the amblyopic eye. Eventually, the condition stabilizes, and the eye is virtually unused. It is very difficult to effectively treat amblyopia at this point.
Early detection and treatment of amblyopia and significantly unequal refractive errors can reduce the chances of one eye becoming amblyopic.
How great a handicap is amblyopia?
Amblyopia can limit the occupational and leisure activities you can do. Activities requiring good depth perception may be difficult or impossible to perform. In addition, if your good eye becomes injured or develops vision problems, you may have difficulty maintaining your normal activities.
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Abram Louis "Bram" Fischer (Bloemfontein, 23 april 1908 – aldaar, 8 mei 1975) was een internationaal bekende blanke Zuid-Afrikaanse advocaat en burgerrechtenactivist.

Fischer stamde uit een vooraanstaande Afrikaner familie: zowel zijn vader Percy (rechter) als zijn grootvader Abraham (Eerste Minister) was een invloedrijke persoon in de onafhankelijke en later door de Britten geannexeerde Oranje Vrijstaat. Bram Fischer is vooral bekend geworden door zijn verdediging van Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu en 8 andere tegenstanders van de apartheid tijdens het Rivoniaproces in juni 1964. De verdediging bereikte toen een mildering van de door de openbare aanklager geëiste doodstraf in levenslange gevangenisstraf. Bram Fischer zelf was toevallig niet aanwezig toen de politie Liliesleaf Farm in de voorstad Rivonia bij Johannesburg binnenviel, de plaats waar de leiding van de anti-apartheidsbeweging vergaderde en waar toen documenten in beslag zijn genomen in Fischers handschrift.

Voor hij in de jaren dertig met een Rhodesbeurs een studie aan de universiteit van Oxford begon, bezocht hij het Grey College in zijn woonplaats Bloemfontein, de hoofdstad van Oranje Vrijstaat. In zijn middelbareschooltijd kwam hij vanuit zijn ervaring tot de overtuiging dat er ware vriendschap mogelijk is die geen rekening houdt met huidskleur. Tijdens zijn studie in Oxford kwam hij onder invloed van links en maakte hij reizen door Europa, met name in Duitsland en de Sovjet-Unie. In 1937 trouwde hij met Molly Krige, een nicht van generaal en staatsman Jan Smuts. Het echtpaar kreeg 3 kinderen. Molly werd ook politiek actief en werd korte tijd zonder proces aangehouden tijdens de staat van beleg na het Bloedbad van Sharpeville in 1960. Ze kwam in 1964 om het leven bij een auto-ongeluk toen ze onderweg waren naar de 21ste verjaardag van hun dochter Ilse.

Vanaf 1935 had Bram Fischer een advocatenpraktijk in Johannesburg. Hij werd bekend door zijn uitstekende kennis van het mijnrecht en had veel kapitaalkrachtige cliënten.

Eveneens na zijn studie in Oxford werd Fischer lid van de South African Communist Party (SACP). Hij bereikte snel een leidende positie in de partij en ging namens de SACP ook nauw samenwerken met het Afrikaans Nationaal Congres (ANC). In 1946 werd hij aangeklaagd omwille van zijn rol als leider van de SACP in de politiek belangrijke staking geleid door de nieuwe zwarte mijnwerkersbond in Witwatersrand bij Johannesburg.

In september 1964 werd Fischer aangehouden op grond van zijn lidmaatschap van de SACP, die toentertijd verboden was. Hij werd op borgtocht vrijgelaten en werkte verder ondergronds. In 1966 werd hij wederom aangehouden en tot levenslang veroordeeld. Fischer kreeg kanker en werd daarom enkele weken voor zijn dood in mei 1975 vrijgelaten.

Eind 2012 werd de luchthaven van Bloemfontein hernoemd tot Bram Fischer International Airport.

Film
In 2017 verscheen een film over het leven van Bram Fischer. Regisseur is Jean van de Velde. De hoofdrol wordt vertolkt door Peter Paul Muller. De film won dat jaar twee Gouden Kalveren voor Beste scenario en Beste acteur. Tevens werd het scenario van de film bekroond met de Zilveren Krulstaart 2017.

Zuid-Afrikaans activist
Zuid-Afrikaans advocaat
Zuid-Afrikaans communist
Gevangene
Zuid-Afrikaans persoon in de 20e eeuw

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Victor Basch (Budapest, 1863 - Lyon, 1944) fou un filòsof francès d'origen hongarès que va contribuir al camp de l'estètica i que va distingir-se públicament per la denúncia de l'antisemitisme, especialment en el Cas Dreyfus, pel qual va ser perseguit i posteriorment assassinat juntament amb la seva esposa.

Va destacar com a estudiós de l'estètica de Kant. És considerat la principal influència de Valentin Feldman. En el seu honor s'han erigit diversos monuments a França.

Referències

Filòsofs francesos
Persones de Budapest
Doctors honoris causa per la Universitat de Barcelona
Germanistes
Alumnes del Liceu Condorcet
Alumnes de la Facultat d'Art de París
Morts a Alvèrnia-Roine-Alps
Lingüistes hongaresos
Filòsofs hongaresos
Lingüistes francesos


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Industry Coalition to Limit Toxic E-Waste Exports Adds New Members, Bi-Partisan Co-Sponsors
December 20, 2011 Vintage Tech Recyclers View Original Article *
The Coalition for American Electronics Recycling (CAER) today announced that Sims Recycling Solutions has joined the industry effort to support federal legislation that will restrict export of toxic electronic waste (e-waste) from the U.S. and spur creation of tens of thousands of jobs through expansion of the domestic recycling industry. In the House of Representatives, 13 co-sponsors have announced support for the bill, including six Republicans and seven Democrats.
With the addition of Sims Recycling Solutions, the largest e-recycling company in the world, CAER now includes 34 U.S. companies with 89 facilities involved in all aspects of the domestic electronics recycling and disposition industry, with operations in 32 states as well as the District of Columbia. (Complete membership list below, or visit the CAER website). Also supporting the legislation are Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Apple, Samsung, Best Buy and LG.
"The addition of these industry leaders reflects growing consensus that the Responsible Electronics Recycling Act is good for business and will create much-needed jobs and enhance sustainability," said John Shegerian, Co-founder and President, Electronic Recyclers International. "Our members are committed to growing an American industry with the capacity to manage e-waste generated within our borders and the potential to create tens of thousands of jobs in every part of the country."
Introduced in June, the Responsible Electronics Recycling Act (HR 2284/SB1270) would restrict toxic e-waste exports to developing countries that lack adequate safeguards for the environment and workers. There is growing bi-partisan support for the bill as additional co-sponsors have joined the bill in recent weeks. To support Representative Gene Green (D-TX), the lead House sponsor of the bill, 13 co-sponsors now include: Mike Thompson (D-CA), Lee Terry (R-NE), Steve LaTourette (R-OH), Anna Eshoo (D-CA), Blake Farenthold (R-TX), Charlie Gonzalez (D-TX), Mazie Hirono (D-HI), Dennis Ross (R-FL), Zoe Lofgren (D-CA), Grace Napolitano (D-CA), Jeff Denham (R-CA), Jim Costa (D-CA) and Gus Bilirakis (R-FL). In the Senate, similar legislation is co-sponsored by U.S. Sens. Sherrod Brown (D-OH), Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AK).
CAER's emergence represents a major split in the recycling industry regarding e-waste exports. The industry's primary trade association, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI), has long opposed restrictions on e-waste exports. By joining CAER, ISRI members are breaking with the trade association's position and taking a stand in support of export restrictions on unprocessed electronic products that will create jobs and protect the environment.
Three of the seven companies on the CAER steering committee are also ISRI members, including Sims Recycling Solutions, Electronic Recyclers International, and Hugo Neu.
"Unrestricted and unfair trade in electronic scrap with developing countries has thwarted the job growth that can come with a robust domestic recycling infrastructure," said CAER steering committee member David Zimet, President of Hesstech. "The Responsible Electronics Recycling Act will enable American recyclers to make new investments in facilities and staff and personnel necessary to legitimize and grow an American industry and position America as a leader in global markets.
The Coalition is continuing to work with both the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, which have jurisdiction over the bills as well as other Congressional offices who would benefit from the job creation from this legislation. For more information about HR 2284/SB1270, visit the CAER website, which includes links to the full text of each bill.
Coalition for American Electronics Recycling — Membership December 20, 2011 2 trg, Ohio, New York, Kentucky 4th Bin, New York All Green Electronics Recycling, California, DC, New York AVR Recycling, California Cascade Asset Management, Wisconsin, Indiana Creative Recycling, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Illinois ECS Refining, California, Oregon, Texas eForce Compliance, Pennsylvania Electronic Recyclers International, Washington, California, Colorado, Texas, Massachusetts, Indiana, North Carolina eLoop, Pennsylvania EPC, Missouri, Nevada, South Carolina, Texas eSCO Processing and Recycling, Arkansas Extreme Recycling, Kansas, California Friendly Earth, Washington Global Electronic Recycling, Michigan, North Carolina, Texas Greene Lyon Group, Massachusetts Hesstech, New Jersey Hugo Neu Corporation, New York Metech Recycling, North Carolina, Colorado, Utah, Massachusetts, California, Nebraska Onsite Electronics Recycling, California Outback Equipment, California PlanITROI, New Jersey Redemtech, Ohio, Nevada, Virginia ReDirect e-Waste Solutions, California Sims Recycling Solutions, California, Nevada, Arizona, Texas, Tennessee, Illinois, New Jersey, South Carolina, Florida Spectrum eCycle Solutions, Missouri Surplus Computers, California TechnoCycle, Texas Total Reclaim, Washington, Oregon, Alaska United DataTech, California Universal Recycling Technologies, Wisconsin, New York, New Hampshire, Minnesota, Texas, Oregon, Indiana Valley City Environmental Services, Michigan Vintage Tech Recyclers, Illinois WeRecycle! New York, Connecticut
SOURCE: Coalition for American Electronics Recycling
* Although we have archived this news article on our website, the original article may no longer exist.

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Friday, March 23, 2018 2:27pm
LifeArts and Entertainment
n The AFS Intercultural Exchange Program's 38th annual fundraising dinner is Sunday at 6:00 p.m. at Our Lady of the Angels Catholic Church on Spruce Street in Kenai. Enjoy a multi- course gourmet dinner with recipes provided by eight exchange students attending area high schools this year. Tickets are $25 for adults and $10 for ages 14 and under, and are available at River City Books in Soldotna, or by calling 690-2779.
n Triumvirate Theatre presents its 13th Annual Dinner Theatre and Art Auction, March 23, 24, 30, and 31 at Mykel's Restaurant in Soldotna. Back by popular demand, Chris Pepper stars in "Forrest Guppy!", a classic favorite, updated with all new jokes, written and directed by Carla Jenness. The cast includes Joe Rizzo, Chris Jenness, Kincaid Jenness, Jamie Nelson, Hannah Tauriainen, Dave Brown, Kaci Tauriainen, AnneMarie Rudstrom, Shaylon Cochran, Robert Ernst, and Tyler Payment. Mykel's Restaurant once again hosts, offering a delicious meal. The event, while hilarious and delicious, also serves to fund the theatre for the remainder of the year, providing funds for our programs throughout the summer and into the fall. Tickets are $48/each for dinner and the show, with an auction to follow. Tickets are available at https://triumviratetheatre.ticketleap.com or on the Triumvirate Facebook page.
n Love INC of the Kenai Peninsula presents the "Love Uplifted" benefit concert, a wonderful evening of classical music, featuring Svetlana Velichko, Tamoka Raften, Robert Thompson, Ida Pearson, and others, April 7, from 6:30-9:00 p.m. at Christ Lutheran Church, Soldotna. There will be fabulous raffle prizes, a silent auction, and an intermission with gourmet appetizers and hors d'oeuvres. Tickets are $15 and may be purchased at River City Books, Kings' Treasures, Love, INC, Shannon at AK Salon, Already Read Books, or at the door. For more information, contact Love, INC of the Kenai Peninsula at 262-5140 or leslie@peninsulaloveinc.com.
n The exhibit the Biennial Juried Show is on display at the Kenai Fine Art Center throughout the month of March. On display are a variety of pieces in a range of mediums. The art was judged by Mario Gonzales, coordinator of Digital Design and Printmaking and has taught Foundation, Photography, Digital Arts, Metalsmithing, Sculpture and Painting courses at UAA. The Kenai Fine Art Center is open from noon-5 p.m. Wednesday-Saturday.
n The 29th annual Kenai Peninsula Borough School District Juried Student Art Show, "Visual Feast," will be on display in April at the Kenai Fine Art Center on Cook Avenue in Old Town Kenai. There will be an Opening Reception on April 5, from 5:30-7:00 p.m. There will be amazing art from all over the district, refreshments, and an awards presentation.
n "34 Years of Iditarod Race Images," an exhibit of photgraphy by Ron Levy of Soldotna, will be on display at Kaladi Brothers Coffee, 315 South Kobuk in Soldotna, from March 1-31. Ron's images and paster can be viewed at www.ronlevyphoto.com.
n The Kenai Performers will be producing "The Ballad of Kenai," an award-winning original musical by Lance Petersen, Jean McMaster, and Bob Richardson. Hailed by Alan Boraas, KPC Professor of Anthropology, as "…the most important play written and performed in Southcentral Alaska and among the most significant in the state…" (Redoubt Reporter Feb. 17, 2010), we invite you to join us in the production of this historical show! Auditions will be at 7 p.m. March 23 and noon March 24 at 44045 Kalifornsky Beach Road (behind Subway). For more information, contact Chris Cook at 907-252-7929 or chriscook54@gmail.com.
n Kenai Peninsula Chapter of Trout Unlimited presents: IF4, The International Fly fishing Film Fest at the Kenai Visitors &Cultural Center, April 21, 6:30-9:30 p.m. Doors open at 5:30 p.m. Tickets can be purchased in advance at: https://www.showclix.com/event/if42018kenaiak. This is a fundraiser for the local chapter. There will be a silent auction and food and drinks available. For more information, please contact event organizer at info@flyfilmfest.com.
n Registration is open for the upcoming highly-acclaimed 2018 Kachemak Bay Writers' Conference to be held June 8-12 at Land's End Resort in Homer and presented by Kachemak Bay Campus of Kenai Peninsula College-University of Alaska Anchorage. The conference will feature 17 other award-winning, nationally recognized authors, editors and agents whom will conduct creative writing workshops, readings, craft talks and panel presentations in creative fiction, nonfiction, poetry and the business of writing. This year's keynote presenter will be Pulitzer Prize novelist Anthony Doerr. Other national and Alaskan presenting and visiting writers will be Jean Anderson, Rick Barot, Richard Chiappone, Bryan Allen Fierro, Diane Glancy, Ernestine Hayes, Jean Hegland, Erin Coughlin Hollowell, Barbara Hurd, Kevin Larimer, Nancy Lord, Peggy Shumaker, Floyd Skloot, Joe Wilkins and Sally Wofford-Girand. Optional activities include manuscript reviews, editor-agent consultations, receptions, a boat cruise and open mic. Evening readings on June 9-11 by visiting writers will be open to the public at no charge. A special post-conference writing workshop will be held across Kachemak Bay at Tutka Bay Lodge for conference registrants. The conference's early registration fee is $395 and includes meals and workshops. Deadline for early bird registration is May 1. Advanced registration is required. For program and registration information see: http://writersconference.homer.alaska.edu.
n ARTspace Drawer is on display at the Soldotna Library, the first annual collection of locally created 2D art. The first of its kind in Alaska, this display is made possible by a partnership between Soldotna Rotary, ARTspace Inc., and the Soldotna Public Library.
n Veronica's in Old Town Kenai has Open Mic from 6-8 p.m. Friday, and live music with Bill Larned on Saturday at 6:30 p.m. Reservations encouraged. Call Veronica's at 283-2725.
n Acapulco, 43543 Sterling Highway in Soldotna, has live music at 5 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays starting at 5 p.m.
n A bluegrass jam takes place on the first Sunday of the month at from 1-4 p.m. at the Mount Redoubt Baptist Church on South Lovers Loop in Nikiski.
n The Flats Bistro on Kalifornsky Beach Road has live music with Pat Wendt on Wednesdays from 6-8 p.m.; Garrett Mayer on Thursdays from 6:30-8:30 p.m.; and Derek Poppin on Saturdays from 8-10 p.m. Mike Morgan will play from 6:30-8:30 p.m. Friday.
n An all acoustic jam takes place every Thursday. The jam is at Christ Lutheran Church in Soldotna on the first Thursday of the month, and at the Kenai Senior Center during the rest of the month. Jam starts at 6:30 p.m.
n AmVets Post 4 has reopened in its brand new building on Kalifornsky Beach across from Jumpin' Junction. Eligible veterans and their families are invited to stop by to find out more about AmVets and their involvement in the Veteran community. For members and invited guests, Friday night dance to "Running with Scissors," and Saturday Burn your own steak and karaoke with Cowboy Don.
n Odie's Deli in Soldotna has live music Friday from 6-8 p.m. and Pub Quiz night every Wednesday from 6-8 p.m.
n The Bow bar in Kenai has karaoke at 9 p.m. Thursdays and live music Fridays, Saturdays at 10 p.m.
n The Duck Inn on Kalifornsky Beach Road has karaoke at 9 p.m. Thursdays and Fridays, and DJ Arisen on Saturdays.
Markets, Fairs and Bazaars
n The Kenai Peninsula Homeschool Activities Committee with Bridges Community Resource Network presents a Fundraiser Vendor/Craft Fair from 11 a.m.-5 p.m. March 9 and 10 a.m.-5 p.m. March 10 at the Kenai Visitors Center.
n Call Orca Theaters at 262-7003 or visit http://www.orcatheater.com for listings and times.
n Visit Kenai Cinema at www.catheatres.com for listings and times.
n The Pratt Museum in Homer is from noon-5 p.m. Tuesday-Saturday. For more information and a schedule of events, visit www.prattmuseum.org.
Submissions may be emailed to news@peninsulaclarion. com. The deadline is 5 p.m. Mondays.
Refuge Notebook: When the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers flowed backward
The Bookworm Sez: 'Down to the River' a PI thriller
Unhinged Alaska: Would I do it again?
I ran across some 20-some year-old journal notes rambling on about a 268-foot dive I took
Off the Shelf: Prince Harry gets candid about 'gilded cage' in new memoir
"Spare" undoubtedly succeeds in humanizing Harry
Triumvirate swings into the year with 'Tarzan', Dr. Seuss and fishy parody
The next local showing of the Triumvirate Theatre is fast approaching with a Feb. 10 premiere of "Seussical"
Meditating on the new year with kimchi mandu
Artfully folding dumplings evokes the peace and thoughtful calm of the Year of the Rabbit
Life in the Pedestrian Lane: Those were the Days
I'm old.
On The Screen: M3GAN's meme-worthy marketing belies a horror hit
M3GAN gets her chance to slay.
Movie buffs to debut local film series
This first entry is centered on short films
Mashed potatoes for a chef
They are deceptively hard to get right
Emma Clark: Becoming a Hope pioneer
For 50 years, Emma and Carl had been central to the story of Hope
Off the Shelf: Coffee shop time travelers leave reader cold
"Before the Coffee Gets Cold" is the debut novel of author and playwright Toshikazu Kawaguchi
School productions bring SpongeBob SquarePants, Sherlock Holmes to the stage
Nikiski and Soldotna drama programs prepare for April productions
Soothing soup for January ills
It's probably a novelty to have experienced my child's infancy without a single sniffle


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Top 30 horror films
Halloween is fast approaching and what better way to mark the occasion than wide awake cowering behind your furniture? Horror films have often been critically attacked and dismissed as vulgar, disgusting and plain silly. But the genre has given some innovative and timeless classics that have changed the landscape of cinema.
Some cheesy, some plain scary - these 30 classics will make you laugh, scream and and jump. Hold onto your popcorn...
Simply click on an image to launch the gallery. Do you agree with our choices or have we left out your favourite slasher flick? Let us know on Twitter or in the comments section below.
words: Emma Spedding
Horror fans have as many opinions as sleepless nights, so let us know what you think of our list @stylistmagazine or in the comments section below.
Best Horror Films: The Shining (1980)
This adaption of Stephen King's novel is a landmark horror movie following the psychological breakdown of a family man. Who doesn't feel a slight chill at the thought of Jack Nicholson's head poking through the doorway shouting: "Here's Johnny?"
Best Horror Fims: Jaws (1975)
The scariest Spielberg film ever made - this monster blockbuster made an entire generation scared of water. The two note score alone is enough to make you reconsider that summer beach break in exotic climes.
Best Horror Films: Psycho (1960)
Hitchcock did everything he could to build up suspense, even buying every copy of the original novel so that very few knew the gory ending. Fifty years later the shower scene where Janet Leigh is slashed to death is one of the most iconic moments of cinema.
Best Horror Films - Poltergeist (1982)
Suburbia turns into a living nightmare, as poltergeists enter the Freeling's home through static. Stephen Spielberg was the co-writer and producer of the film but there is much speculation that he had a more directorial influence.
Best Horror Films: The Ring (2002)
This Hollywood horror was praised as a successful remake of the 1998 Japanese horror flick. Who knew such a simple concept - involving a creepy girl crawling out of a television set - could be quite so terrifying?
Best Horror Films: Friday the 13th (1980)
Gate-crashing the success of Halloween, Friday the 13th became one of the longest running franchises in film history. A group of camp councillors are murdered one by one as they attempt to re-open a summer camp. It is essential viewing for those who love a bit of gore - the perfect April blood shower. But boycott the sequels which are the real horrors that followed.
Best Horror Films: Don't Look Now (1973)
Based on the short story by Daphne Du Maurier, Don't Look Now follows a couple devastated by the death of their daughter and will certainly make you think twice about visiting Venice, where gothic, mist-clad beings lurk at every corner.
Best Horror Films: Let the Right One In (2008)
This Swedesh film is one of the best contemporary horror movies - a gory tale of love and relationships. A bullied 12-year old falls in love with a peculiar girl who needs to drink other people's blood to survive. But don't worry - this isn't a Swedish Twilight … it will leave you truly shaken.
Best Horror Films: The Omen (1976)
A tale of the anti-Christ, The Omen has the perfect villain and intense psychological moments. But stick to the original starring Gregory Peck.
Best Horror Films: Dawn of the Dead (1978)
George Romero pretty much created the zombie movie with Night of the Living Dead, and ten years later he made the ultimate zombie film Dawn of the Dead. Think zombie bloodshed with a social message.
Best Horror Films: An American Werewolf in London (1981)
Thirty years on the special effects and make-up featured in An American Werewolf in London, especially in the transformation scenes, are still compelling. Plus a film that mixes horror with humour is a winner in our books. The film brilliantly captures that feeling of being an 'outsider' when the two Americans David and Jack enter an English village pub.
Best Horror Films: Silence of the Lambs (1991)
A cannibalistic classic starring Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins, Silence of the Lambs was the third ever film to win five Oscars - challenging the suspicion that horror has no real significance to cinema. Drink with a bottle of Chianti.
Best Horror Films: The Exorcist (1973)
Four decades after it first hit our screens, this extraordinary tale of demonic possession still manages to touch a nerve. The theological thriller, starring 14-year-old Linda Blair, is one of the most frightening films of all time. The Exorcist was banned and finally went on general sale in the UK in 1999. This guaranteed screamer was banned from being shown on television in Australia on Good Friday in 2001.
Best Horror Films: The Blair Witch Project (1999)
Is it real or isn't it? This film created the "horror movie as faux-documentary" genre, with nausea-inducing, shaky camera angles, a woods brimming with sinister promise and obscure close-ups. It was lauded at the time for relying on the viewers' imagination to play out unseen horrors - real or otherwise.
Best Horror Films: Rosemary's Baby (1968)
Roman Polanski's film is a masterpiece of the horror genre, in which Mia Farrow becomes paranoid she is having Satan's spawn. This is another "less is more" approach, following the logic the more you have to imagine, the more sinister it is.
Best Horror Films: What Lies Beneath (2000)
Claire (Michelle Pfeiffer) is lonely after her daughter leaves home for college and senses something is wrong with her house. A smart supernatural thriller starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Harrison Ford. Director Robert Zemeckis gives a Hitchcock-style thriller that will leave you on the edge of your seat.
Best horror Film: Peeping Tom (1960)
This iconic flick tells the story of Mark, who films women with a camera that has a spike hidden in the tripod. He obsessively captures the look on their faces as they realise they are going to die. This film is frightening cinematic voyeurism.
Best Horror Films: The Sixth Sense (1999)
It's all said in those four simple words: "I – see - dead - people." A landmark psychological terror starring Bruce Willis and 11-year-old Haley Joel Osment. Oh, and look out for 13-year-old Mischa Barton starring as a vomiting ghost.
Best Horror Films: Carrie (1976)
This coming-of-age cult is based on Stephen King's novel. Sissy Spacek plays a tormented and horrifying teen with telekinesis. One thing is certain - it will put your own teenage years right into perspective.
Best Horror Films: Paranormal Activity (2007)
This is a genuinely frightening digital horror film, in a similar vein to The Blair Witch Project. A young couple are disturbed by something that comes out in the middle of the night. A recipe for nightmares.
Best Horror Films - Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)
"Whatever you do: Don't. Fall. Asleep." Killer Freddy Kruger enters into your dreams where there is no hiding from him. This is an explosive slasher, which unfortunately reduces Johnny Depp to a pool of blood and will have you grabbing at the nearest person for support in a terrified stupor.
Best Horror Films: The Thing (1982)
This was a box office flop panned by the critics but now is recognised as one of the best horror/ sci-fi films of all time. It tells of an alien who can take any form and infiltrates an Antarctic research base ending in bloodshed and paranoia.
Best Horror Films: The Birds (1963)
The most frightening films blend reality with horror, making the trauma believable. In The Birds Alfred Hitchcock takes our innocent feathered friends and transforms them into terrifying creatures that will peck our lives away. Many don't realise that this film is based on a Daphne du Maurier novella.
Best Horror Films: Dracula (1931)
A straightforward adaption of the Bram Stoker's classic novel - it's not too scary, but is filled with atmosphere and has one of the best villains in film history. The 1992 version with Gary Oldman and Winona Ryder is also a horror classic.
Best Horror Films: Scream (1996)
This classic will make you laugh and you guessed it, scream, as it seamlessly pulls together horror and self-parody. A must see for all horror fans. After all it did inspire the ultimate default Halloween costume...
Best Horror Films - The Haunting (1963)
On paper this is an uninspiring cliché – a group visit an old house where all is not what it seems. There is not a drop of blood but if you are sold by atmosphere and suspense, this is a must-see psychological thriller.
Best Horror Films - Shaun of the Dean (2004)
London is infested with zombies in this horror parody. This zombie comedy by Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright is filled with intelligent references and is arguably the best horror/comedy since American Werewolf.
Best Horror Films- Wickerman (1973)
The Citizen Kane of horror flicks (as said by Film magazine Cinefantastique) this is an incredibly crafted film of paganism and sex. This cult classic also has one of the most frightening finales of all time.
Best Horror Films - Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)
This savage slasher introduced the faceless killer and the use of power tools as murder weapons. It follows a group of friends who fall victim to a family of cannibals. The film was marketed as a true story, but is entirely fictional. It is also a contender for the most notorious movie title of all time.
Best Horror Films: Halloween (1978)
What's most creepy of all is that Halloween's killing psychopath (played by Mike Myers) looks, well, bored. This is another horror franchise that played a key role in the creation of the slasher genre. It introduces a new theme: Stalk and slash.


A super good buy located in KL golden triangle. FULLY SOLD. Click here for details.
Facing North and North West can see KL Twin Towers, and South is the forest and also South East is to the valley of Kajang and also no blockage.


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with grateful thanks to Janet Dalton.
Also includes contributions from Frank Smallpage, shirley paddle, john mawer, Billy Williams, Glen Hartley, Ann Robinson Ahlgren, Lynn Asbridge and STEVEN LAMBERT
An aspect of cowkeeping genealogy that can be intriguing and infuriating in equal measure, is the convention of using the same first name in each successive generation – usually, the eldest son being named after the father. It happened in my family (my son is a fifth generation Anthony Joy), but at least we differentiated with the middle name. That is not the case with the principal family featured in this article – the Hogg family. The Hoggs named their eldest son John - without a middle name - for at least four generations. To complicate matters further, these various John Hoggs were involved at different times in running the family businesses at the same addresses in and around Aigburth! These genealogical complexities have resulted in some elusive data being omitted from the article – if you can help in filling any gaps please do get in touch.
The following is an account of both the Hogg family and the Herd family, much of which is based on information provided by Janet Dalton; plus, some wonderful photos - thanks, Janet.
John Hogg married Sarah Ann Brown © Steven Lambert 2018
THE HOGG FAMILY
The Hogg family's cowkeeping history begins with ROBERT ASCOUGH HOGG (1816-1879) and his wife ALICE HUTCHINSON (1826-1905), who farmed in Coverdale, North Yorkshire. They had nine children, four of whom relocated to Liverpool to keep cows: John, Jane Ann, George and Thomas.
John Hogg (1848-1922)
John married Sarah Ann Brown (1847-1923) in Leyburn, in 1868, when he was just 19 years of age. To begin with they lived at John's parents' farm, where they had three children. However, by the time that their fourth child, James, was born, in 1874, they were living in Liverpool at 53 HAWKSTONE STREET. Sadly, James did not survive his first year, but John and Sarah went on to have a further eight children – all born in Liverpool.
So, their children were: Alice (b. 1868), Isabella (b. 1869); John (b. 1872); James (b. 1874); Sarah Jane (b. 1875); Eleanor (b. 1878); Ellen (b. 1879); Robert (b. 1880); Hobert (b. 1881); James (b. 1884); Annie (b. 1886); and, Mary (b.1888).
The family story is that early on in his time at Liverpool John cut grass for the Corporation. Whether this work was for wages with which to live on and eventually buy cows, or was to feed cows he already had, is not known, but the premises at Hawkstone Street were suitable for keeping cows. By the time of the 1881 census, John, Sarah and their family had moved to 3 BACK PARKFIELD ROAD, Aigburth, where they were keeping cows and operating a successful dairy business. Indeed, the family are recorded there in the next two censuses: 1891 and 1901. The business became known as PARKFIELD FARM.
John Hogg and his sons were regular exhibitors and prizewinners at local shows. © Janet Dalton 2018
John and his sons, John and James, were regular exhibitors at the annual Christmas Cattle Show organised by the Liverpool & District Cowkeepers' Association and they won many prizes. 1892 was a particularly successful year, with 'J. Hogg' not only taking first prize in the Fat Cow (not exceeding 14 cwts.) class, but also taking the special prize for best Canadian Dairy Cow in calf or milk (sponsored by Messrs. Sullivan and Co.) and picking up three other consolation prizes.
Jericho Farm, Jericho Lane, Aigburth. © Janet Dalton 2018
By the time of the 1911 census, John and Sarah had moved to JERICHO FARM, Jericho Lane, Aigburth and the dairy at 3 Back Parkfield Road was being run by their son, John. As they were both in their sixties, living with them, and helping to run the farm, was their recently-married daughter, Annie, with her husband, Martin Ireland Dugdale. Also present was their ten-year-old grandson John, the eldest son of John and Mary Hogg. The couple spent the rest of their days at Jericho Farm; John died in 1922 and Sarah a year later. But, their cowkeeping legacy was continued by a number of their children:
Stephen Robinson © Steven Lambert 2018
ALICE HOGG (1868-1954) married STEPHEN ROBINSON (1870-1949) in July 1894 at St John's Methodist Church, Belvidere Road, Liverpool. Stephen was born in Bolton-by-Bowland, where his father, Robert Robinson, farmed at Far Gills. In 1901 they were living at JERICHO FARM, where Stephen was employed as a Farm foreman. Living with them were their children - Sarah (6), Elizabeth (5), Alice (4) – and also Alice's younger brother, James Hogg (17).
By 1911, the family had vacated Jericho Farm - which had been taken on by Alice's father, John Hogg – and had moved to 32 DAVID STREET. Stephen's occupation is given as Cowkeeper. Their family had grown and now included: Sarah (16), Elizabeth (15), Alice (14), Elsie (8), Robert (4) and Lily (5). Their eldest daughter, Sarah, would eventually marry JOHN HERD.
JOHN HOGG (1872-1953) married MARY ELLIS (1877-1963) in May 1900. When John's father relocated to Jericho Farm, John took over the running of the dairy at 3 BACK PARKFIELD ROAD. In 1911, the household consisted of John and Mary plus their children: James Frederick (9), Isobel (6), and Thomas Leslie (4). Additionally, John's cousin, WILLIAM BROWN (24) was working there as a Cowman. Their eldest son, who was also christened John (10), was staying with his grandparents at Jericho Farm – he would eventually take over Parkfield Farm from his father.
When John passed away, in December 1953, he was living at 276 Brodie Avenue, Garston. His estate went to: John Hogg (Dairy Farmer), James Frederick Hogg (Dairyman) and Thomas Leslie Hogg (Dairy Farmer). The 1955 Kelly's Directory lists the following under the trade 'Dairymen': James Frederick Hogg, 69 WOODCHURCH LANE; John Hogg, 3 LITTLE PARKFIELD ROAD; and, Thomas Leslie Hogg, 48 ALWYN STREET.
Their son, JOHN HOGG (b. 1901), married Annie Balmer Capon (1905-1969) in 1926. They had five sons: John Hogg [also known as Jack] (b. unknown), Norman C. Hogg (b.1929), Leslie Hogg (b.1932), Brian Hogg (b. 1936) and William Hogg (b. 1940). All five followed in the family tradition of cowkeeping, with William eventually taking over the business at 3 Little Parkfield Road – Parkfield Farm.
Their son, THOMAS LESLIE HOGG (1906-1989), married Margaret Iris Owen (1905-1990) in December 1937. Together, they kept cows at 48 Alwyn Street, Aigburth – a dairy, previously owned by John Herd. This property occupied a corner location; the dairy shop faced onto Alwyn Street, with access to the back yard – where the cows were kept – from Bryanston Road.
ROBERT HOGG (1880-1929) married SARAH DAVIES (b. 1885) in October 1903. In 1911 they were keeping cows at 49 HAWKSTONE STREET. By then they had two children: Robert jnr. (6) and the newly-born Sarah jnr. When Robert died, in 1929, he was living at High Barn Farm, near Preston. His estate went to John Hogg (Cowkeeper).
James Hogg at Jericho Farm, c.1930 © Shirley Paddle 2019
JAMES HOGG (b.1884) married ANNIE HERD (b. 1886) in October 1908. Annie was one of eight children of EDMUND HERD and ANNIE PROUD. In 1911 they were living at 20 Briarwood Road in Aigburth, with their two young children: John Edmund (2) and six-month old Hilda. James's occupation is given as 'Farmer's son working on farm'. This suggests that James was working for his father at nearby Jericho Farm. After his father died (1922) and his sister and her husband had moved to Woodend Farm (.c 1927), James took over the tenancy of JERICHO FARM and lived there with his wife, Annie, and their three children: John Edmund (Eddie), Hilda and James Leslie (Les). Eddie left Jericho Farm when he married Madeline Mawer, in April 1932, and set up a milk business in Hough Green, Widnes. Hilda became a nurse.
James Leslie (Les) Hogg at Jericho Farm © Janet Dalton 2018
In 1939 JAMES LESLIE HOGG (Les) married Edna Stokes at All Hallows Church, Allerton. He bought a dairy at 48 WILLOWDALE ROAD, Fazakerley. They kept about 40 cows there. In the early days they served the local area with milk using a horse and cart; later, they used handcarts, pulled by a regiment of schoolboys. In June 1942 they advertised in the local paper for a milk boy, paying 27/- 6d per week. This obviously didn't attract the calibre of boy they were after as the advert reappeared four months later, offering 30/- per week! Edna ran the dairy shop whilst Les took great pride in showing his cows at the local shows – Formby, Liverpool Wavertree, Woolton and the Christmas Show.
Les kept the cows until the mid 1950s and then bought-in milk from the Dairy Farmer's Creamery in Kirkby, a co-operative, which he and seven others had founded. He is listed in the Kelly's 1955 Directory as a 'Dairyman' at Willowdale Road. When he acquired the Willowdale Road business, Les had retained the tenancy on Jericho Farm, but he had to surrender this in 1964 when the land was earmarked for playing fields. When he retired in 1969, he and Edna moved to Great Salked in the Eden Valley, near Penrith.
The Hogg family at Woolton Show - with John Snr. (left) and Les (centre) © Janet Dalton 2018
Wood End Farm - corner of Grassendale Road and Aigburth Road
ANNIE HOGG (1886-1958) married MARTIN IRELAND DUGDALE (1882-1953) in December 1910 at St Peter's Methodist Church, High Park Street. Martin was the son of Joshua Dugdale (1854-1900) and Ann Ellen Ireland (1854-1937), who farmed 148 acres at Garsdale Foot, Garsdale. In 1901 he was working for cowkeeper ROBERT SCARR at 1a IVY LEIGH. Once married, Annie and Martin moved in with Annie's parents to help run Jericho Farm. It was sometime between 1925 and 1929 that they moved further south along Aigburth Road and farmed at WOODEND FARM, Grassendale, which they acquired from EDWARD KETTLEWELL (also from Sedbergh).
They had two sons: JOHN HOGG DUGDALE (1918-1980) and MARTIN VICTOR DUGDALE (1920-1939). Both sons became keen aviators as well as dairymen. There is a Martin Dugdale listed in the 1938 Kelly's Directory as a 'Dairyman' living at 315 Brodie Avenue. Sadly, a year later, Martin was killed in a flying accident. John continued to live and work at Woodend Farm. He married in June 1938, but his first wife, Gladys Trembath, died three years later. In 1953 he married again – he and Mona Wihelmina Webber were joined in matrimony at Ireland Road Methodist Chapel, in Garston. 1953 was also the year that his father, Martin Ireland Dugdale, passed away. John is listed in the 1955 Kelly's Directory as a 'Dairyman' at Woodend Farm. After his mother, Annie, died in 1958, John and Mona continued to run the farm. Interestingly, the probate record refers to John's occupation as 'Pig Farmer'. By then, everyone in Garston had come to refer to the property as 'Dugdale's Farm'.
Dugdale's herd being brought in for milking. Wood End Farm c. 1950s. © Frank Smallpage 2018
Jane Ann Hogg (1850-1935)
Jane Ann Hogg married ROBERT LOFTHOUSE (1847-1915) on 7th April 1875 at St Michael's-in-the-Hamlet Church. She was living in Vine Street and he in Lucerne Street. In 1871 Robert had been working as a cowman for his brother-in-law, GEORGE TATE at 4 MALTA STRRET. Their son, Robert jnr. was born in 1878. The census records from 1881 through to 1911 have them keeping cows at 18 LUCERNE STREET. In 1901 they were being visited by Jane Ann's mother, Alice Hogg.
George Hogg (b. 1853)
George Hogg makes a brief appearance in the Liverpool cowkeeping records. In 1881 he was keeping cows at 8 VINE STREET and was being assisted by his sister, Mary.
Thomas Hogg (1856-1931)
Thomas Hogg married Martha Barlow at St Michael's-in-the-Hamlet Church on 16th September 1877. His occupation is given as 'Gardener'. However, by 1881 he was keeping cows at 7 PARK HILL ROAD, with his wife and 2-year-old daughter, Sarah Jane. The 1891 census finds him living at 60 Bowring Street earning a living as a Farm Labourer. But, by 1901 he had moved out of the city and was farming at Mill Bridge Farm, in Tarbock. When he died, in 1931, he was staying with his married daughter at 159 Upper Canning Street. His wife, Martha, outlived him by another ten years – she was in her 90th year when she passed away in June 1941, in Roby.
Hogg's Dairy - corner of Alwyn Street and Bryanston Road, Aigburth.
HOGG's DAIRY – 48 Alwyn Street, Aigburth
The dairy at 48 Alwyn Street features in the family history of both the Hogg family and the Herd family.
When it was part of the Hogg's cowkeeping business, it was run by Thomas Leslie and his wife, Margaret. The property was situated at the end of a terraced block, on the corner of Alwyn Street and Bryanston Road. The dairy shop fronted onto Alwyn Street and the yard was accessed via gates from Bryanston Road.
A number of people who grew up in that part of Aigburth have very fond childhood memories of Hogg's Dairy in Alwyn Street.
Billy Williams and Glen Huntley used to work at the dairy:
Billy Williams: "I worked for Hogg's Dairy when I was younger, delivering milk via their fleet of carts. We use to make a hell of a noise at 5:30am, loading up the carts with crates of milk then pushing them around the local streets."
Glen Huntley: "Like Billy, I also worked for Hogg's Dairy, pulling milk carts. I started at the age of 12 or 13 in the mid-1970s and my round was Chetwynd Street and Allington Street. It was really hard work, pulling a heavy 2-wheeled cart with 6 to 8 crates of milk on board in all weathers. One winter the snow was about a foot deep and I had customers come out and help me pull it. Christmas time was great as you got loads of tips when you took the holiday orders. One year I made £100 and that was the late 70s! That kept me in Airfix models and sweets for a while.
On really cold mornings we would stand in the fridge to keep warm; it sounds daft but the temperature was constant and so higher than outside. The scariest part of the round was pulling down Aigburth Road the wrong way.
I know Mr Hogg used to walk his cows along Bryanston Road to graze on the shore; I'm sure I remember the sound of bells in the morning as they passed our house. The pasture was on the other side of railway tracks, the entrance to which is the small patch of wild land that is still there, next to St Charles School in Tramway Road."
Ann Robinson Ahlgren and Lynn Asbridge remember shopping at the dairy:
Ann Robinson Ahlgren: "As a little girl I lived on Rosslyn Street and passed two dairies on the way to school. One was Hogg's Dairy. When I was old enough to carry a milk jug, I was sent for a pint of milk which was poured into my jug. This I carried home taking care not to spill any on the way. Going into Hogg's Dairy was a very pleasant experience. It was cool and ultra clean. Sometimes there was a cloth to put on the top of the jug to keep the milk clean. We could look at the cows a little through a grid in the wall - and then we'd get the cow smell as well."
Lynn Asbridge: "I lived in Errol Street. Tom and Margaret Hogg were very good to me. At lunch time, when I was in primary school at St Michaels, I would call at the dairy on Alwyn Street and Mr Hogg would give me a shopping list. It usually consisted of some sausages from Glendenning, choc ices for him and 20 Benson & Hedges for Mrs Hogg. At the end of the week, on a Saturday morning, I would call to see them and they would give me some pocket money. I was allowed to go into the yard to see the cows being milked and help sometimes. I would then fill bottles with cream and put the metal tops on by placing a metal cone over the lid and hitting it. When the calves were being moved by truck up to JERICHO FARM, I was allowed to 'play' with them in the yard. I enjoyed every moment. They gave me gifts from faraway places such as a large piece of coral. They were very kind. I remember a large range in the kitchen with dinner cooking for the evening meal. I remember the cow which escaped and ran down Bryanston Rd. And also, John, the dairyman, who let me ride on his cart when he was delivering the milk. This was all between the late 60's to early 70's. Very fond memories."
Hogg's Dairy, 48 Alwyn Street, showing rear/side access from Bryanston Road © 2018 Google
Allerton Farm (then, 163 Allerton Road)
THE HERD FAMILY
The Herd family is connected to the Hogg family through the marriage of JAMES HOGG and ANNIE HERD in 1908. Annie was one of eight children of EDMUND HERD (1844-1897) and ANNIE PROUD (1855-1934), who farmed at Howgill, near Sedbergh. The children were: Thomas Edward (b. 1876), William (b. 1878), Mary (b. 1880), Frederick (b. 1881), Annie (b. 1885), Jessie (b. 1886), Fanny (b. 1888) and John (b. 1890).
When Edmund died, in 1897, Annie relocated herself and her family to Liverpool and took over a dairy and shippon at 36/38 GRETA STREET. She is recorded at Greta Street in the censuses of 1901 and 1911, being assisted in running the business by a number of her children: William, Mary, Frederick, Jessie, Fanny and John. However, by 1925 she had moved to 309 AIGBURTH ROAD, part of the block of shops located opposite Jericho Lane. At that time, her daughter, Annie, would have been living at Jericho Farm with her husband, James Hogg. In 1929 her other three daughters - Mary, Fanny and Jessie – are recorded on the electoral register as living with her. She was still living there when she died, on 30th June 1934. The probate record refers to William Herd (retired Cowkeeper) and John Herd (Cowkeeper).
So, of her eight children, it appears that her daughters, Mary, Fanny and Jessie remained at home and helped Annie run the family dairy, whereas, Thomas Edward, William, Annie and John went on to set up their own cowkeeping businesses in the city.
Thomas Edward Herd (1876-1947)
Thomas married ETHEL STOCKDALE (d. 1954) in 1908, at St Matthew & St James Church, Mossley Hill. They opened a dairy and began keeping cows at 7 NEWTON STREET (1911). They had four children: Doris (1909-1978), Margaret (b. 1911), Thomas Edmund (1912-1997), Norman (1915-1959) and Maud (1917-1918). Thomas and Ethel were still living at Newton Street in 1934/5, but by 1938 they had moved to ALLERTON FARM, Allerton Road. The couple remained at Allerton Farm – Thomas Edward died in 1947 and Ethel in 1954 (address given as 163 Allerton Road).
NORMAN HERD continued the family's cowkeeping tradition. Before taking over at Allerton Farm, he served his apprenticeship working for is uncle, John Herd, at 48 ALWYN STREET. He married Doris Smith at St Peter's Church, Woolton, in 1941. They had two children: John (b. 1946) and William (b. 1952). Norman is listed in the 1955 Kelly's Directory as a dairyman at ALLERTON FARM.
Thwaite's Dairy - 36 Greta Street
Norman's eldest son, John, recalls his early years, spent at Allerton Farm:
"My grandmother was Ethel Stockdale and I lived with her (and my mum and dad) at Allerton Farm Dairy. In 1954 my grandmother gave half the business to my father and half to his sisters, Peg and Doris. My dad bought the sisters' share and they moved across the road to163 Allerton Road, a sweet and tobacconist shop. Grandma Herd [Ethel Stockdale] died two months after the move.
My father and mother worked the business until he died in 1959. My mother kept the business for two more years then sold it to Ed Thwaite, the son of Simon Thwaite. My mother bought a sweet shop opposite the Abbey cinema at Church Road and Wavertree Road. She died in 1964 and I sold the business. Peg and Doris adopted my brother William and me and we lived at 163 Allerton Road (their sweet shop).
My grandmother Ethel Stockdale had a sister Rose and a brother Jim. Jim Stockdale had a farm just outside Sedbergh. Rose Stockdale married Ted Harper and they had the dairy on Rose Lane, Allerton. They had a shippon and kept cows. The building is still there, intact, and their daughter Joan Fenney, still lives there."
William Herd (1878-1955)
After his mother relocated to Aigburth Road, William continued with the dairy at 36 GRETA STREET. In 1931 the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Show was held in Liverpool and William won first prize for best dairy cow, most suitable for a town dairy, calved (under 11cwt.). In 1935, he retired and sold the business to RICHARD THWAITE. He moved to 30 Eldred Road, where he eventually died, in 1955. The probate record refers to William's younger brother, JOHN HERD, whose occupation is given as 'Retired Dairyman'.
Annie Herd (b.1884)
Annie married JAMES HOGG in October 1908. James took over the tenancy of Jericho Farm and lived there with Annie and their three children (see Hogg Family, above).
John Herd (b.1890)
John was working at his mother's dairy at 36 GRETA STREET in 1911, but after he married SARAH ROBINSON (daughter of Alice Hogg), in 1916, he took over the dairy at 48 ALWYN STREET, Aigburth (1925/1930). He was at Alwyn Street in 1923, when he took a reserve prize at the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Show for his best Dairy Cow (calved, 11cwt and over). At the 1931 county show, he was up against his brother, William – John's cow came third in its class, whereas William's took first prize. The 1925 electoral register indicates that John is also associated with a diary at 98 ADMIRAL STREET and with his mother's shop at 309 AIGBURTH ROAD.
Jericho Lane, Aigburth c. 1929. Courtesy of LRO Liverpool Central Library.


This authorization agreement form is made in conformance with Chapter 34 of the Texas Family Code concerning Child.
The goal of Child Protective Services (CPS) is to protect children from abuse and neglect by working with families to ensure safety, permanency, and well-being for children. Nevertheless, the rate of child maltreatment in Texas – and across the nation – remains high. Last year in Texas, 66,398 children were confirmed as being abused or neglected, and 156 children died from this maltreatment. Clearly more is needed to protect our most vulnerable population from harm.
Foster Care & Student Success, housed in Texas Education Agency's Division of Federal and State Education Policy, maintains resources and information to advance the education of students impacted by foster care. The resources and materials provide guidance related to the unique circumstances surrounding students who are in the foster care system and attend Texas public schools. Click on the title above to access the site.


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Monocosmoecus hyadesi är en nattsländeart som först beskrevs av Paul Mabille 1888.  Monocosmoecus hyadesi ingår i släktet Monocosmoecus och familjen husmasknattsländor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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HISTORY Doniphan County, located in the very Northeast of Kansas, is 379 square miles or 242,569 acres of rural America. Doniphan County, the oldest settled part of the state, was organized on Monday, September 15, 1855. When organized, the county was named Doniphan in honor of General Alexander W. Doniphan, of Missouri, who commanded a regiment of Missouri cavalry during the Mexican War. His being a zealous partisan helped in opening the Kansas territory to settlement.
It has been said that the people who settled in Kansas were more cosmopolitan in their makeup than those of any other country in the world. The preponderating element in her population were born in Eastern and Southern states. They left what could be thought better social and educational advantages; for the rich soil, the splendid native pasturage, cheaper land, and the superior climate of Kansas. People came from Germany, then natives of the British Isles, and eventually followed by people from almost every power and principality on the continent. People were noted for their industry, thrift, intelligence and morality.
Geographically speaking, a writer of the North American Review wrote many years ago these thoughts about Kansas: "The most perfect display of the prairies is found in the eastern parts of Kansas and Nebraska. It is no exaggeration to pronounce this region, as left by the hand of Nature, the most beautiful country in its landscape upon the face of the earth." This is very today. In Doniphan County you can still find these gentle rolling plains producing corn, wheat, and beans. Grasses on which many a herd of cattle and sheep can be seen. And as you travel towards the river into Missouri you will see that industry still borders in Elwood, a thriving port of trade on the Missouri river banks; despite the floods of 1952 and 1993.
Sites and Opportunities Discovering the treasures of rural Northeast Kansas, Doniphan County holds many interesting sites and traditions as well as surrounding opportunities:
In Troy (the county seat) on the south lawn of the courthouse (built in 1906), stands a National Register Site "Tall Oak" Indian Monument, 29th in Peter Toth's series of sculptures which comprise his "Trail of Whispering Giants."
Two miles east of Highland is the Iowa, Sac and Fox Indian Mission Museum (Kansas State Historic Site, built 1845; restored 1940). The first Presbyterian Missionary, Samuel M. Irvin, came to run this mission and is celebrated through the naming of a Hall in the oldest college in Kansas; Highland Community College (built 1865).
Not far from Highland, in White Cloud (Highway 7) a monument to Wilbur Chapman erected in 1938 honoring him as a young boy who fed "Pete" the pig to raise money for leprosy. He is credited with the founding and developing the Piggy Bank. White Cloud also holds two of the largest Flea Markets around on the first weekends of May and September.
As you travel you are crisscrossing the Pony Express routes and the Santa Fe and the Oregon Trails, and will be able to see many architectural splendors.
Doniphan County offers many recreational activities such as fishing, boating, water skiing, swimming, camping and picnicking.
And if your favorite pastime is shopping and browsing, there are many wonderful arts and crafts shops and antique stores to find, "just what you are looking for".
Doniphan County Education Cooperative #616 moved over the summer of 2008 to an office building in Troy, KS. The offices of the director of special services, business and itinerant staff are housed at our new location 135 S. Main.
Doniphan County Education Cooperative #616 (DCEC) is a special education service agency located in the extreme Northeast corner of Kansas. It is an interlocal agency operating under a governance agreement established among the Unified School Districts of Doniphan West, Troy, and Riverside
Since the 1993-94 school year, the DCEC staff has had full-time building assignments. These full-time building assignments pertain to teachers with ECSE, LD, ED, or ID certification, and appropriate para educators. The school social worker, speech clinicians, and other teachers (gifted and vocational) continue as itinerant personnel.
DCEC provides students having disabilities supplementary aids and services in conjunction with the regular classroom to ensure the least necessary deviation from the education experience provided to those students with no disabilities.
DCEC extends its services providing two related service programs: preschool and vocational. Two preschool programs provide early intervention for our exceptional children and enables many to participate in regular childhood activities and classrooms when they get older. The vocational program is designed to develop skills, abilities, understandings, attitudes, and work habits needed by workers to enter and make progress in employment.
DCEC is a special education service agency under the governance of each school district in the county. Each school district holds its own special character within each unique community.
Working within these three school districts it is helpful to understand their missions in providing the best possible educational experience for our children in Doniphan County.
Mission statements:
"To provide a well-disciplined instructional environment in which our faculty and administration can focus upon and be sensitive to the educational and personal needs of each student in the lives of many and subsequently provide our students educational opportunities and personal fulfillment that will assist in making them productive citizens in society."
"To prepare our students for SOARING TO NEW HEIGHTS in a global society. All children will "Soar to New Height" in education, in social behavior, in physical well being, and emotionally so that they may live, learn, and work in the twenty-first century."
"To provide all students with opportunities and the guidance necessary to develop skills for accessing and procession information, dealing with change, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving, and positive human relationships. We believe learning is a lifelong process for which students are expected to take personal responsibility, and that learning must take place in a nurturing, safe environment that recognizes the diversity of individuals while assuring equity for all."
Our schools in Doniphan County are truly dedicated to the educational process they provide for our children. Their goals, with the implementation of QPA or Quality Performance Accreditation: a cyclical process of accrediting each school. The areas of improvement are guided by standards set by the state and additional standards determined by each district to be of value in the education of our youth.
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