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Baayen, R. H. (2014). Productivity in language production. In D. Sandra, & M. Taft (Eds.), Morphological Structure, Lexical Representation and Lexical Access: A Special Issue of Language and Cognitive Processes (pp. 447-469). London: Routledge.
Lexical statistics and a production experiment are used to gauge the extent to which the linguistic notion of morphological productivity is relevant for psycholinguistic theories of speech production in languages such as Dutch and English. Lexical statistics of productivity show that despite the relatively poor morphology of Dutch, new words are created often enough for the marginalisation of word formation in theories of speech production to be theoretically unattractive. This conclusion is supported by the results of a production experiment in which subjects freely created hundreds of productive, but only a handful of unproductive, neologisms. A tentative solution is proposed as to why the opposite pattern has been observed in the speech of jargonaphasics.
Bauer, B. L. M. (2000). From Latin to French: The linear development of word order. In B. Bichakjian, T. Chernigovskaya, A. Kendon, & A. Müller (Eds.), Becoming Loquens: More studies in language origins (pp. 239-257). Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
Bohnemeyer, J. (2000). Where do pragmatic meanings come from? In W. Spooren, T. Sanders, & C. van Wijk (Eds.), Samenhang in Diversiteit; Opstellen voor Leo Noorman, aangeboden bij gelegenheid van zijn zestigste verjaardag (pp. 137-153).
Bowerman, M. (1982). Reorganizational processes in lexical and syntactic development. In E. Wanner, & L. Gleitman (Eds.), Language acquisition: The state of the art (pp. 319-346). New York: Academic Press.
Bowerman, M. (1982). Starting to talk worse: Clues to language acquisition from children's late speech errors. In S. Strauss (Ed.), U shaped behavioral growth (pp. 101-145). New York: Academic Press.
Bowerman, M. (2000). Where do children's word meanings come from? Rethinking the role of cognition in early semantic development. In L. Nucci, G. Saxe, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Culture, thought and development (pp. 199-230). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Broeder, D., & Van Uytvanck, D. (2014). Metadata formats. In J. Durand, U. Gut, & G. Kristoffersen (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Corpus Phonology (pp. 150-165). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, P. (2000). 'He descended legs-upwards': Position and motion in Tzeltal frog stories. In E. V. Clark (Ed.), Proceedings of the 30th Stanford Child Language Research Forum (pp. 67-75). Stanford: CSLI.
How are events framed in narrative? Speakers of English (a 'satellite-framed' language), when 'reading' Mercer Mayer's wordless picture book 'Frog, Where Are You?', find the story self-evident: a boy has a dog and a pet frog; the frog escapes and runs away; the boy and dog look for it across hill and dale, through woods and over a cliff, until they find it and return home with a baby frog child of the original pet frog. In Tzeltal, as spoken in a Mayan community in southern Mexico, the story is somewhat different, because the language structures event descriptions differently. Tzeltal is in part a 'verb-framed' language with a set of Path-encoding motion verbs, so that the bare bones of the Frog story can consist of verbs translating as 'go'/'pass by'/'ascend'/ 'descend'/ 'arrive'/'return'. But Tzeltal also has satellite-framing adverbials, grammaticized from the same set of motion verbs, which encode the direction of motion or the orientation of static arrays. Furthermore, vivid pictorial detail is provided by positional verbs which can describe the position of the Figure as an outcome of a motion event; motion and stasis are thereby combined in a single event description. (For example: jipot jawal "he has been thrown (by the deer) lying_face_upwards_spread-eagled". This paper compares the use of these three linguistic resources in Frog Story narratives from Tzeltal adults and children, looks at their development in the narratives of children, and considers the results in relation to those from Berman and Slobin's (1996) comparative study of adult and child Frog stories.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2000). Frames of spatial reference and their acquisition in Tenejapan Tzeltal. In L. Nucci, G. Saxe, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Culture, thought, and development (pp. 167-197). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Brown, P. (2014). Gestures in native Mexico and Central America. In C. Müller, A. Cienki, E. Fricke, S. Ladewig, D. McNeill, & J. Bressem (Eds.), Body -language – communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction. Volume 2 (pp. 1206-1215). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
The systematic study of kinesics, gaze, and gestural aspects of communication in Central American cultures is a recent phenomenon, most of it focussing on the Mayan cultures of southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. This article surveys ethnographic observations and research reports on bodily aspects of speaking in three domains: gaze and kinesics in social interaction, indexical pointing in adult and caregiver-child interactions, and co-speech gestures associated with "absolute" (geographically-based) systems of spatial reference. In addition, it reports how the indigenous co-speech gesture repertoire has provided the basis for developing village sign languages in the region. It is argued that studies of the embodied aspects of speech in the Mayan areas of Mexico and Central America have contributed to the typology of gestures and of spatial frames of reference. They have refined our understanding of how spatial frames of reference are invoked, communicated, and switched in conversational interaction and of the importance of co-speech gestures in understanding language use, language acquisition, and the transmission of culture-specific cognitive styles.
Brown, C. M., Hagoort, P., & Kutas, M. (2000). Postlexical integration processes during language comprehension: Evidence from brain-imaging research. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (2nd., pp. 881-895). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Brown, P., & Gaskins, S. (2014). Language acquisition and language socialization. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 187-226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, C. M., & Hagoort, P. (2000). On the electrophysiology of language comprehension: Implications for the human language system. In M. W. Crocker, M. Pickering, & C. Clifton jr. (Eds.), Architectures and mechanisms for language processing (pp. 213-237). Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P. (2014). The interactional context of language learning in Tzeltal. In I. Arnon, M. Casillas, C. Kurumada, & B. Estigarriba (Eds.), Language in Interaction: Studies in honor of Eve V. Clark (pp. 51-82). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This paper addresses the theories of Eve Clark about how children learn word meanings in western middle-class interactional contexts by examining child language data from a Tzeltal Maya society in southern Mexico where interaction patterns are radically different. Through examples of caregiver interactions with children 12-30 months old, I ask what lessons we can learn from how the details of these interactions unfold in this non-child-centered cultural context, and specifically, what aspects of the Tzeltal linguistic and interactional context might help to focus children's attention on the meanings and the conventional forms of words being used around them.
Casillas, M. (2014). Taking the floor on time: Delay and deferral in children's turn taking. In I. Arnon, M. Casillas, C. Kurumada, & B. Estigarribia (Eds.), Language in Interaction: Studies in honor of Eve V. Clark (pp. 101-114). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
A key part of learning to speak with others is figuring out when to start talking and how to hold the floor in conversation. For young children, the challenge of planning a linguistic response can slow down their response latencies, making misunderstanding, repair, and loss of the floor more likely. Like adults, children can mitigate their delays by using fillers (e.g., uh and um) at the start of their turns. In this chapter I analyze the onset and development of fillers in five children's spontaneous speech from ages 1;6–3;6. My findings suggest that children start using fillers by 2;0, and use them to effectively mitigate delay in making a response.
Casillas, M. (2014). Turn-taking. In D. Matthews (Ed.), Pragmatic development in first language acquisition (pp. 53-70). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Conversation is a structured, joint action for which children need to learn a specialized set skills and conventions. Because conversation is a primary source of linguistic input, we can better grasp how children become active agents in their own linguistic development by studying their acquisition of conversational skills. In this chapter I review research on children's turn-taking. This fundamental skill of human interaction allows children to gain feedback, make clarifications, and test hypotheses at every stage of development. I broadly review children's conversational experiences, the types of turn-based contingency they must acquire, how they ask and answer questions, and when they manage to make timely responses
Chang, F., & Fitz, H. (2014). Computational models of sentence production: A dual-path approach. In M. Goldrick, & M. Miozzo (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 70-89). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sentence production is the process we use to create language-specific sentences that convey particular meanings. In production, there are complex interactions between meaning, words, and syntax at different points in sentences. Computational models can make these interactions explicit and connectionist learning algorithms have been useful for building such models. Connectionist models use domaingeneral mechanisms to learn internal representations and these mechanisms can also explain evidence of long-term syntactic adaptation in adult speakers. This paper will review work showing that these models can generalize words in novel ways and learn typologically-different languages like English and Japanese. It will also present modeling work which shows that connectionist learning algorithms can account for complex sentence production in children and adult production phenomena like structural priming, heavy NP shift, and conceptual/lexical accessibility.
Cutler, A. (2000). Hoe het woord het oor verovert. In Voordrachten uitgesproken tijdens de uitreiking van de SPINOZA-premies op 15 februari 2000 (pp. 29-41). The Hague, The Netherlands: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO).
Cutler, A., & McQueen, J. M. (2014). How prosody is both mandatory and optional. In J. Caspers, Y. Chen, W. Heeren, J. Pacilly, N. O. Schiller, & E. Van Zanten (Eds.), Above and Beyond the Segments: Experimental linguistics and phonetics (pp. 71-82). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Speech signals originate as a sequence of linguistic units selected by speakers, but these units are necessarily realised in the suprasegmental dimensions of time, frequency and amplitude. For this reason prosodic structure has been viewed as a mandatory target of language processing by both speakers and listeners. In apparent contradiction, however, prosody has also been argued to be ancillary rather than core linguistic structure, making processing of prosodic structure essentially optional. In the present tribute to one of the luminaries of prosodic research for the past quarter century, we review evidence from studies of the processing of lexical stress and focal accent which reconciles these views and shows that both claims are, each in their own way, fully true.
Cutler, A. (2000). How the ear comes to hear. In New Trends in Modern Linguistics [Part of Annual catalogue series] (pp. 6-10). Tokyo, Japan: Maruzen Publishers.
Cutler, A. (1982). Prosody and sentence perception in English. In J. Mehler, E. C. Walker, & M. Garrett (Eds.), Perspectives on mental representation: Experimental and theoretical studies of cognitive processes and capacities (pp. 201-216). Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum.
Cutler, A. (2000). Real words, phantom words and impossible words. In D. Burnham, S. Luksaneeyanawin, C. Davis, & M. Lafourcade (Eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches to language processing: The international conference on human and machine processing of language and speech (pp. 32-42). Bangkok: NECTEC.
Dediu, D., & Graham, S. A. (2014). Genetics and Language. In M. Aronoff (Ed.), Oxford Bibliographies in Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0184.xml.
This article surveys what is currently known about the complex interplay between genetics and the language sciences. It focuses not only on the genetic architecture of language and speech, but also on their interactions on the cultural and evolutionary timescales. Given the complexity of these issues and their current state of flux and high dynamism, this article surveys the main findings and topics of interest while also briefly introducing the main relevant methods, thus allowing the interested reader to fully appreciate and understand them in their proper context. Of course, not all the relevant publications and resources are mentioned, but this article aims to select the most relevant, promising, or accessible for nonspecialists.
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Dediu, D. (2014). Language and biology: The multiple interactions between genetics and language. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 686-707). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dediu, D., & Levinson, S. C. (2014). The time frame of the emergence of modern language and its implications. In D. Dor, C. Knight, & J. Lewis (Eds.), The social origins of language (pp. 184-195). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dingemanse, M., & Floyd, S. (2014). Conversation across cultures. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 447-480). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drude, S., Trilsbeek, P., Sloetjes, H., & Broeder, D. (2014). Best practices in the creation, archiving and dissemination of speech corpora at the Language Archive. In S. Ruhi, M. Haugh, T. Schmidt, & K. Wörner (Eds.), Best Practices for Spoken Corpora in Linguistic Research (pp. 183-207). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Drude, S. (2014). Reduplication as a tool for morphological and phonological analysis in Awetí. In G. G. Gómez, & H. Van der Voort (Eds.), Reduplication in Indigenous languages of South America (pp. 185-216). Leiden: Brill.
Dunn, M. (2014). Gender determined dialect variation. In G. G. Corbett (Ed.), The expression of gender (pp. 39-68). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Dunn, M. (2014). Language phylogenies. In C. Bowern, & B. Evans (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics (pp. 190-211). London: Routlege.
Eisenbeiss, S. (2000). The acquisition of Determiner Phrase in German child language. In M.-A. Friedemann, & L. Rizzi (Eds.), The Acquisition of Syntax (pp. 26-62). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd.
Emmorey, K., & Ozyurek, A. (2014). Language in our hands: Neural underpinnings of sign language and co-speech gesture. In M. S. Gazzaniga, & G. R. Mangun (Eds.), The cognitive neurosciences (5th ed., pp. 657-666). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2014). Causal dynamics of language. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 325-342). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enfield, N. J., Kockelman, P., & Sidnell, J. (2014). Interdisciplinary perspectives. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 599-602). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enfield, N. J., Kockelman, P., & Sidnell, J. (2014). Introduction: Directions in the anthropology of language. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 1-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2014). Human agency and the infrastructure for requests. In P. Drew, & E. Couper-Kuhlen (Eds.), Requesting in social interaction (pp. 35-50). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
This chapter discusses some of the elements of human sociality that serve as the social and cognitive infrastructure or preconditions for the use of requests and other kinds of recruitments in interaction. The notion of an agent with goals is a canonical starting point, though importantly agency tends not to be wholly located in individuals, but rather is socially distributed. This is well illustrated in the case of requests, in which the person or group that has a certain goal is not necessarily the one who carries out the behavior towards that goal. The chapter focuses on the role of semiotic (mostly linguistic) resources in negotiating the distribution of agency with request-like actions, with examples from video-recorded interaction in Lao, a language spoken in Laos and nearby countries. The examples illustrate five hallmarks of requesting in human interaction, which show some ways in which our 'manipulation' of other people is quite unlike our manipulation of tools: (1) that even though B is being manipulated, B wants to help, (2) that while A is manipulating B now, A may be manipulated in return later; (3) that the goal of the behavior may be shared between A and B, (4) that B may not comply, or may comply differently than requested, due to actual or potential contingencies, and (5) that A and B are accountable to one another; reasons may be asked for, and/or given, for the request. These hallmarks of requesting are grounded in a prosocial framework of human agency.
Enfield, N. J., & Sidnell, J. (2014). Language presupposes an enchronic infrastructure for social interaction. In D. Dor, C. Knight, & J. Lewis (Eds.), The social origins of language (pp. 92-104). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2000). On linguocentrism. In M. Pütz, & M. H. Verspoor (Eds.), Explorations in linguistic relativity (pp. 125-157). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Enfield, N. J., Sidnell, J., & Kockelman, P. (2014). System and function. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 25-28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2014). The item/system problem. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 48-77). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Enfield, N. J. (2014). Transmission biases in the cultural evolution of language: Towards an explanatory framework. In D. Dor, C. Knight, & J. Lewis (Eds.), The social origins of language (pp. 325-335). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ernestus, M., & Giezenaar, G. (2014). Een goed verstaander heeft maar een half woord nodig. In B. Bossers (Ed.), Vakwerk 9: Achtergronden van de NT2-lespraktijk: Lezingen conferentie Hoeven 2014 (pp. 81-92). Amsterdam: BV NT2.
Fitz, H. (2014). Computermodelle für Spracherwerb und Sprachproduktion. Forschungsbericht 2014 - Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik. In Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Jahrbuch 2014. München: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from http://www.mpg.de/7850678/Psycholinguistik_JB_2014?c=8236817.
Relative clauses are a syntactic device to create complex sentences and they make language structurally productive. Despite a considerable number of experimental studies, it is still largely unclear how children learn relative clauses and how these are processed in the language system. Researchers at the MPI for Psycholinguistics used a computational learning model to gain novel insights into these issues. The model explains the differential development of relative clauses in English as well as cross-linguistic differences
Floyd, S. (2014). 'We' as social categorization in Cha'palaa: A language of Ecuador. In T.-S. Pavlidou (Ed.), Constructing collectivity: 'We' across languages and contexts (pp. 135-158). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This chapter connects the grammar of the first person collective pronoun in the Cha'palaa language of Ecuador with its use in interaction for collective reference and social category membership attribution, addressing the problem posed by the fact that non-singular pronouns do not have distributional semantics ("speakers") but are rather associational ("speaker and relevant associates"). It advocates a cross-disciplinary approach that jointly considers elements of linguistic form, situated usages of those forms in instances of interaction, and the broader ethnographic context of those instances. Focusing on large-scale and relatively stable categories such as racial and ethnic groups, it argues that looking at how speakers categorize themselves and others in the speech situation by using pronouns provides empirical data on the status of macro-social categories for members of a society
Floyd, S. (2014). Four types of reduplication in the Cha'palaa language of Ecuador. In H. van der Voort, & G. Goodwin Gómez (Eds.), Reduplication in Indigenous Languages of South America (pp. 77-114). Leiden: Brill.
Gast, V., & Levshina, N. (2014). Motivating w(h)-Clefts in English and German: A hypothesis-driven parallel corpus study. In A.-M. De Cesare (Ed.), Frequency, Forms and Functions of Cleft Constructions in Romance and Germanic: Contrastive, Corpus-Based Studies (pp. 377-414). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Hagoort, P. (2014). Introduction to section on language and abstract thought. In M. S. Gazzaniga, & G. R. Mangun (Eds.), The cognitive neurosciences (5th ed., pp. 615-618). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Hagoort, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2014). Neuropragmatics. In M. S. Gazzaniga, & G. R. Mangun (Eds.), The cognitive neurosciences (5th ed., pp. 667-674). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Hammarström, H. (2014). Papuan languages. In M. Aronoff (Ed.), Oxford bibliographies in linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0165.
Hammarström, H. (2014). Basic vocabulary comparison in South American languages. In P. Muysken, & L. O'Connor (Eds.), Language contact in South America (pp. 56-72). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hammond, J. (2014). Switch-reference antecedence and subordination in Whitesands (Oceanic). In R. van Gijn, J. Hammond, D. Matić, S. van Putten, & A. V. Galucio (Eds.), Information structure and reference tracking in complex sentences. (pp. 263-290). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Whitesands is an Oceanic language of the southern Vanuatu subgroup. Like the related languages of southern Vanuatu, Whitesands has developed a clause-linkage system which monitors referent continuity on new clauses – typically contrasting with the previous clause. In this chapter I address how the construction interacts with topic continuity in discourse. I outline the morphosyntactic form of this anaphoric co-reference device. From a functionalist perspective, I show how the system is used in natural discourse and discuss its restrictions with respect to relative and complement clauses. I conclude with a discussion on its interactions with theoretical notions of information structure – in particular the nature of presupposed versus asserted clauses, information back- and foregrounding and how these affect the use of the switch-reference system
Holler, J. (2014). Experimental methods in co-speech gesture research. In C. Mueller, A. Cienki, D. McNeill, & E. Fricke (Eds.), Body -language – communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction. Volume 1 (pp. 837-856). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Huettig, F. (2014). Role of prediction in language learning. In P. J. Brooks, & V. Kempe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language development (pp. 479-481). London: Sage Publications.
Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W. J. M. (2000). The neural correlates of language production. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences; 2nd ed. (pp. 845-865). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
This chapter reviews the findings of 58 word production experiments using different tasks and neuroimaging techniques. The reported cerebral activation sites are coded in a common anatomic reference system. Based on a functional model of language production, the different word production tasks are analyzed in terms of their processing components. This approach allows a distinction between the core process of word production and preceding task-specific processes (lead-in processes) such as visual or auditory stimulus recognition. The core process of word production is subserved by a left-lateralized perisylvian/thalamic language production network. Within this network there seems to be functional specialization for the processing stages of word production. In addition, this chapter includes a discussion of the available evidence on syntactic production, self-monitoring, and the time course of word production.
Ingvar, M., & Petersson, K. M. (2000). Functional maps and brain networks. In A. W. Toga (Ed.), Brain mapping: The systems (pp. 111-140). San Diego: Academic Press.
Janzen, G., Herrmann, T., Katz, S., & Schweizer, K. (2000). Oblique Angled Intersections and Barriers: Navigating through a Virtual Maze. In Spatial Cognition II (pp. 277-294). Berlin: Springer.
The configuration of a spatial layout has a substantial effect on the acquisition and the representation of the environment. In four experiments, we investigated navigation difficulties arising at oblique angled intersections. In the first three studies we investigated specific arrow-fork configurations. In dependence on the branch subjects use to enter the intersection different decision latencies and numbers of errors arise. If subjects see the intersection as a fork, it is more difficult to find the correct way as if it is seen as an arrow. In a fourth study we investigated different heuristics people use while making a detour around a barrier. Detour behaviour varies with the perspective. If subjects learn and navigate through the maze in a field perspective they use a heuristic of preferring right angled paths. If they have a view from above and acquire their knowledge in an observer perspective they use oblique angled paths more often.
Kashima, Y., Kashima, E. S., & Kidd, E. (2014). Language and culture. In T. M. Holtgraves (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Social Psychology (pp. 46-61). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kendrick, K. H., & Drew, P. (2014). The putative preference for offers over requests. In P. Drew, & E. Couper-Kuhlen (Eds.), Requesting in Social Interaction (pp. 87-113). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Requesting and offering are closely related, insofar as they are activities associated with someone's need for assistance. It has been supposed (e.g., Schegloff 2007) that requests and offers are not equivalent actions – specifically that offers are preferred actions and requests are dispreferred. We review the evidence for this claim across a corpus of requests and offers and demonstrate that the empirical evidence does not support the claim for a putative preference for offers over requests. Further consideration of the often symbiotic relationships between requesting and offering, particularly in face-to-face interactions, reveals a more complex picture of the ways in which people recruit others to help, or in which others are mobilized to help.
Klein, W. (2000). Der Mythos vom Sprachverfall. In Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Ed.), Jahrbuch 1999: Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (pp. 139-158). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Klein, W. (1982). Local deixis in route directions. In R. Jarvella, & W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place, and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 161-182). New York: Wiley.
Klein, W., & Extra, G. (1982). Second language acquisition by adult immigrants: A European Science Foundation project. In R. E. V. Stuip, & W. Zwanenburg (Eds.), Handelingen van het zevenendertigste Nederlandse Filologencongres (pp. 127-136). Amsterdam: APA-Holland Universiteitspers.
Klein, W. (2000). Prozesse des Zweitspracherwerbs. In H. Grimm (Ed.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Vol. 3 (pp. 538-570). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Klein, W. (Ed.). (2000). Sprache des Rechts [Special Issue]. Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik, (118).
Klein, W. (Ed.). (1982). Zweitspracherwerb [Special Issue]. Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik, (45).
Kockelman, P., Enfield, N. J., & Sidnell, J. (2014). Process and formation. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 183-186). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Konopka, A. E., & Brown-Schmidt, S. (2014). Message encoding. In V. Ferreira, M. Goldrick, & M. Miozzo (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1982). Cognitive styles in the use of spatial direction terms. In R. Jarvella, & W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place, and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 251-268). Chichester: Wiley.
Levelt, W. J. M. (2014). From Rousseau to Suppes: On diaries and probabilistic grammars. In C. E. Crangle, A. García de la Sienra, & H. E. Longino (Eds.), Foundations and methods from mathematics to neuroscience: Essays inspired by Patrick Suppes (pp. 149-156). Stanford, CA: CSLI publications.
Levelt, W. J. M. (2000). Introduction Section VII: Language. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences; 2nd ed. (pp. 843-844). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1982). Linearization in describing spatial networks. In S. Peters, & E. Saarinen (Eds.), Processes, beliefs, and questions (pp. 199-220). Dordrecht - Holland: D. Reidel.
The topic of this paper is the way in which speakers order information in discourse. I will refer to this issue with the term "linearization", and will begin with two types of general remarks. The first one concerns the scope and relevance of the problem with reference to some existing literature. The second set of general remarks will be about the place of linearization in a theory of the speaker. The following, and main part of this paper, will be a summary report of research of linearization in a limited, but well-defined domain of discourse, namely the description of spatial networks.
Levelt, W. J. M. (2000). Psychology of language. In K. Pawlik, & M. R. Rosenzweig (Eds.), International handbook of psychology (pp. 151-167). London: SAGE publications.
Levelt, W. J. M. (2000). Speech production. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (pp. 432-433). Oxford University Press.
Levelt, W. J. M., & Indefrey, P. (2000). The speaking mind/brain: Where do spoken words come from? In A. Marantz, Y. Miyashita, & W. O'Neil (Eds.), Image, language, brain: Papers from the First Mind Articulation Project Symposium (pp. 77-94). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Levelt, W. J. M. (2014). Über Sprachtätigkeit - Untersuchungen zum Sprechvorgang. In Orden pour le mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste (Ed.), Reden und Gedenkworte. Band 2012-2013 (pp. 37-62). Berlin: Wallstein Verlag.
Levinson, S. C. (1982). Caste rank and verbal interaction in Western Tamilnadu. In D. B. McGilvray (Ed.), Caste ideology and interaction (pp. 98-203). Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (2014). Pragmatics as the origin of recursion. In F. Lowenthal, & L. Lefebvre (Eds.), Language and recursion (pp. 3-13). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9414-0_1.
There has been a recent spate of work on recursion as a central design feature of language and specifically of syntax. This short report points out that there is little evidence that unlimited recursion, understood as centre embedding, is typical of natural language syntax. Nevertheless, embedded pragmatic construals seem available in every language. Further, much deeper centre embedding can be found in dialogue or conversation structure than can be found in syntax. Existing accounts for the 'performance' limitations on centre embedding are thus thrown in doubt. Dialogue materials suggest that centre embedding is perhaps a core part of the human interaction system and is for some reason much more highly restricted in syntax than in other aspects of cognition
Levinson, S. C. (2014). Language evolution. In N. J. Enfield, P. Kockelman, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic anthropology (pp. 309-324). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1982). Speech act theory: The state of the art. In V. Kinsella (Ed.), Surveys 2. Eight state-of-the-art articles on key areas in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Liszkowski, U. (2014). Pointing. In P. Brooks, & V. Kempe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language development (Vol. 15) (pp. 471-473). London: Sage.
Martins, M., Raju, A., & Ravignani, A. (2014). Evaluating the role of quantitative modeling in language evolution. In L. McCrohon, B. Thompson, T. Verhoef, & H. Yamauchi (Eds.), The Past, Present and Future of Language Evolution Research: Student volume of the 9th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (pp. 84-93). Tokyo: EvoLang9 Organising Committee.
Models are a flourishing and indispensable area of research in language evolution. Here we highlight critical issues in using and interpreting models, and suggest viable approaches. First, contrasting models can explain the same data and similar modelling techniques can lead to diverging conclusions. This should act as a reminder to use the extreme malleability of modelling parsimoniously when interpreting results. Second, quantitative techniques similar to those used in modelling language evolution have proven themselves inadequate in other disciplines. Cross-disciplinary fertilization is crucial to avoid mistakes which have previously occurred in other areas. Finally, experimental validation is necessary both to sharpen models' hypotheses, and to support their conclusions. Our belief is that models should be interpreted as quantitative demonstrations of logical possibilities, rather than as direct sources of evidence. Only an integration of theoretical principles, quantitative proofs and empirical validation can allow research in the evolution of language to progress.
Matic, D. (2014). Clues to information structure in field data. In D. El Zarka, & S. Heidinger (Eds.), Methodological Issues in the Study of Information Structure (pp. 25-42). Graz: Graz University Press.
Matić, D., Van Gijn, R., & Van Valin Jr., R. D. (2014). Information structure and reference tracking in complex sentences: An overview. In R. van Gijn, J. Hammond, D. Matić, S. van Putten, & A. Galucio (Eds.), Information structure and reference tracking in complex sentences. (pp. 1-42). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
This volume is dedicated to exploring the crossroads where complex sentences and information management – more specifically information structure (IS) and reference tracking (RT) – come together. Complex sentences are a highly relevant but understudied domain for studying notions of IS and RT. On the one hand, a complex sentence can be studied as a mini-unit of discourse consisting of two or more elements describing events, situations, or processes, with its own internal information-structural and referential organisation. On the other hand, complex sentences can be studied as parts of larger discourse structures, such as narratives or conversations, in terms of how their information-structural characteristics relate to this wider context.We first focus on the interrelatedness of IS and RT (Section 1) and then define and discuss the notion of complex sentences and their subtypes in Section 2. Section 3 surveys issues of IS in complex sentences, while Section 4 focuses on RT in complex sentences. Sections 5 and 6 briefly consider IS and RT in a wider discourse context. Section 5 discusses the interaction between IS, RT, and other discourse factors, and Section 6 focuses on ways in which a specific RT system, switch reference, can function as an RT device beyond the sentence.
Matić, D. (2014). Questions and syntactic islands in Tundra Yukaghir. In R. van Gijn, J. Hammond, D. Matić, S. van Putten, & A. Galucio (Eds.), Information structure and reference tracking in complex sentences (pp. 127-162). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
No island effects are observable in Tundra Yukaghir questions, which are possible in virtually all syntactic environments. It is argued that this feature of Tundra Yukaghir relates to its capability of explicitly marking focus domains. If a question word occurs in a syntactic island, the whole island is morphologically treated as a focus domain. In order to take scope and function as question markers, question words must remain within the focus domain, i.e. in the island clause. This syntactic configuration is reflected in the semantics of question islands, which are used to inquire about the identity of the whole island, not merely the denotation of the question word.
Mickan, A., Schiefke, M., & Anatol, S. (2014). Key is a llave is a Schlüssel: A failure to replicate an experiment from Boroditsky et al. 2003. In M. Hilpert, & S. Flach (Eds.), Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association (pp. 39-50). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi:doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2014-0004.
In this paper, we present two attempts to replicate a widely-cited but never fully published experiment in which German and Spanish speakers were asked to associate adjectives with nouns of masculine and feminine grammati-cal gender (Boroditsky et al. 2003). The researchers claim that speakers associ-ated more stereotypically female adjectives with grammatically feminine nouns and more stereotypically male adjectives with grammatically masculine nouns. We were not able to replicate the results either in a word association task or in an analogous primed lexical decision task. This suggests that the results of the original experiment were either an artifact of some non-documented aspect of the experimental procedure or a statistical fluke. The question whether speakers assign sex-based interpretations to grammatical gender categories at all cannot be answered definitively, as the results in the published literature vary consider-ably. However, our experiments show that if such an effect exists, it is not strong enough to be measured indirectly via the priming of adjectives by nouns.
Moulin, C. A., Souchay, C., Bradley, R., Buchanan, S., Karadöller, D. Z., & Akan, M. (2014). Déjà vu in older adults. In B. L. Schwartz, & A. S. Brown (Eds.), Tip-of-the-tongue states and related phenomena (pp. 281-304). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muysken, P., Hammarström, H., Birchall, J., Danielsen, S., Eriksen, L., Galucio, A. V., Van Gijn, R., Van de Kerke, S., Kolipakam, V., Krasnoukhova, O., Müller, N., & O'Connor, L. (2014). The languages of South America: Deep families, areal relationships, and language contact. In P. Muysken, & L. O'Connor (Eds.), Language contact in South America (pp. 299-323). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nordhoff, S., & Hammarström, H. (2014). Archiving grammatical descriptions. In P. K. Austin (Ed.), Language Documentation and Description. Vol. 12 (pp. 164-186). London: SOAS.
O'Connor, L., & Kolipakam, V. (2014). Human migrations, dispersals, and contacts in South America. In L. O'Connor, & P. Muysken (Eds.), The native languages of South America: Origins, development, typology (pp. 29-55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ozyurek, A. (2000). Differences in spatial conceptualization in Turkish and English discourse: Evidence from both speech and gesture. In A. Goksel, & C. Kerslake (Eds.), Studies on Turkish and Turkic languages (pp. 263-272). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Ozyurek, A. (2000). The influence of addressee location on spatial language and representational gestures of direction. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 64-83). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reesink, G. (2014). Topic management and clause combination in the Papuan language Usan. In R. Van Gijn, J. Hammond, D. Matic, S. van Putten, & A.-V. Galucio (Eds.), Information Structure and Reference Tracking in Complex Sentences. (pp. 231-262). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
This chapter describes topic management in the Papuan language Usan. The notion of 'topic' is defined by its pre-theoretical meaning 'what someone's speech is about'. This notion cannot be restricted to simple clausal or sentential constructions, but requires the wider context of long stretches of natural text. The tracking of a topic is examined in its relationship to clause combining mechanisms. Coordinating clause chaining with its switch reference mechanism is contrasted with subordinating strategies called 'domain-creating' constructions. These different strategies are identified by language-specific signals, such as intonation and morphosyntactic cues like nominalizations and scope of negation and other modalities.
Roberts, S. G. (2014). Monolingual Biases in Simulations of Cultural Transmission. In V. Dignum, & F. Dignum (Eds.), Perspectives on Culture and Agent-based Simulations (pp. 111-125). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01952-9_7.
Recent research suggests that the evolution of language is affected by the inductive biases of its learners. I suggest that there is an implicit assumption that one of these biases is to expect a single linguistic system in the input. Given the prevalence of bilingual cultures, this may not be a valid abstraction. This is illustrated by demonstrating that the 'minimal naming game' model, in which a shared lexicon evolves in a population of agents, includes an implicit mutual exclusivity bias. Since recent research suggests that children raised in bilingual cultures do not exhibit mutual exclusivity, the individual learning algorithm of the agents is not as abstract as it appears to be. A modification of this model demonstrates that communicative success can be achieved without mutual exclusivity. It is concluded that complex cultural phenomena, such as bilingualism, do not necessarily result from complex individual learning mechanisms. Rather, the cultural process itself can bring about this complexity.
Roberts, S. G., & Quillinan, J. (2014). The Chimp Challenge: Working memory in chimps and humans. In L. McCrohon, B. Thompson, T. Verhoef, & H. Yamauchi (Eds.), The Past, Present and Future of Language Evolution Research: Student volume of the 9th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (pp. 31-39). Tokyo: EvoLang9 Organising Committee.
Matsuzawa (2012) presented work at Evolang demonstrating the working memory abilities of chimpanzees. (Inoue & Matsuzawa, 2007) found that chimpanzees can correctly remember the location of 9 randomly arranged numerals displayed for 210ms - shorter than an average human eye saccade. Humans, however, perform poorly at this task. Matsuzawa suggests a semantic link hypothesis: while chimps have good visual, eidetic memory, humans are good at symbolic associations. The extra information in the semantic, linguistic links that humans possess increase the load on working memory and make this task difficult for them. We were interested to see if a wider search could find humans that matched the performance of the chimpanzees. We created an online version of the experiment and challenged people to play. We also attempted to run a non-semantic version of the task to see if this made the task easier. We found that, while humans can perform better than Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) suggest, chimpanzees can perform better still. We also found no evidence to support the semantic link hypothesis.
Rossi, G. (2014). When do people not use language to make requests? In P. Drew, & E. Couper-Kuhlen (Eds.), Requesting in social interaction (pp. 301-332). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
In everyday joint activities (e.g. playing cards, preparing potatoes, collecting empty plates), participants often request others to pass, move or otherwise deploy objects. In order to get these objects to or from the requestee, requesters need to manipulate them, for example by holding them out, reaching for them, or placing them somewhere. As they perform these manual actions, requesters may or may not accompany them with language (e.g. Take this potato and cut it or Pass me your plate). This study shows that adding or omitting language in the design of a request is influenced in the first place by a criterion of recognition. When the requested action is projectable from the advancement of an activity, presenting a relevant object to the requestee is enough for them to understand what to do; when, on the other hand, the requested action is occasioned by a contingent development of the activity, requesters use language to specify what the requestee should do. This criterion operates alongside a perceptual criterion, to do with the affordances of the visual and auditory modality. When the requested action is projectable but the requestee is not visually attending to the requester's manual behaviour, the requester can use just enough language to attract the requestee's attention and secure immediate recipiency. This study contributes to a line of research concerned with the organisation of verbal and nonverbal resources for requesting. Focussing on situations in which language is not – or only minimally – used, it demonstrates the role played by visible bodily behaviour and by the structure of everyday activities in the formation and understanding of requests.
Rowland, C. F., Noble, C. H., & Chan, A. (2014). Competition all the way down: How children learn word order cues to sentence meaning. In B. MacWhinney, A. Malchukov, & E. Moravcsik (Eds.), Competing Motivations in Grammar and Usage (pp. 125-143). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Most work on competing cues in language acquisition has focussed on what happens when cues compete within a certain construction. There has been far less work on what happens when constructions themselves compete. The aim of the present chapter was to explore how the acquisition mechanism copes when constructions compete in a language. We present three experimental studies, all of which focus on the acquisition of the syntactic function of word order as a marker of the Theme-Recipient relation in ditransitives (form-meaning mapping). In Study 1 we investigated how quickly English children acquire form-meaning mappings when there are two competing structures in the language. We demonstrated that English speaking 4-year- olds, but not 3-year-olds, correctly interpreted both preposition al and double object datives, assigning Theme and Recipient participant roles on the basis of word order cues. There was no advantage for the double object dative despite its greater frequency in child directed speech. In Study 2 we looked at acquisition in a language which has no dative alternation –Welsh–to investigate how quickly children acquire form-meaning mapping when there is no competing structure. We demonstrated that Welsh children (Study 2) acquired the prepositional dative at age 3 years, which was much earlier than English children. Finally, in Study 3 we examined bei2 (give) ditransitives in Cantonese, to investigate what happens when there is no dative alternation (as in Welsh), but when the child hears alternative, and possibly competing, word orders in the input. Like the English 3-year-olds, the Cantonese 3-year-olds had not yet acquired the word order marking constraints of bei2 ditransitives. We conclude that there is not only competition between cues but competition between constructions in language acquisition. We suggest an extension to the competition model (Bates & MacWhinney, 1982) whereby generalisations take place across constructions as easily as they take place within constructions, whenever there are salient similarities to form the basis of the generalisation.
Sandberg, A., Lansner, A., Petersson, K. M., & Ekeberg, Ö. (2000). A palimpsest memory based on an incremental Bayesian learning rule. In J. M. Bower (Ed.), Computational Neuroscience: Trends in Research 2000 (pp. 987-994). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Schoffelen, J.-M., & Gross, J. (2014). Studying dynamic neural interactions with MEG. In S. Supek, & C. J. Aine (Eds.), Magnetoencephalography: From signals to dynamic cortical networks (pp. 405-427). Berlin: Springer.
Senft, G. (2000). Introduction. In G. Senft (Ed.), Systems of nominal classification (pp. 1-10). Cambridge University Press.
Senft, G. (2000). What do we really know about nominal classification systems? In G. Senft (Ed.), Systems of nominal classification (pp. 11-49). Cambridge University Press.
(-) Book chapter


The credit crunch crisis … Should the directors of the banking institutions have seen it coming? Of course they should! Questioning and recording the question is the right and a legal requirement of a director. Nodding dogs and group think are key elements of failure on a commercial business board. Remember the Enron disaster?
The 2006 Companies Act requires board members to take into account the needs of the stakeholders yet exercise independent thinking and advice. I wonder how much foresight the Government had when they created this Act given the Credit Crisis that emerged the following year.
Due to the Act, there can be an over focus on compliance which can stymie the vision for your company. It is necessary to get the balance right between the looking forward and what's happening now. So for many businesses, a non executive director serves as a valuable and impartial sounding board.
They don't have any relationship with the company or its employees and they don't have any part in the day-to-day running of the organisation. The effective non-executive ensures that the company is operating to its full potential and that its interests are protected without having to worry about internal politics.
I particularly like the last point. Many years ago, as the MD of Excel Clothing, it would have been really useful to have the challenge of someone outside the business, in particular around the validity of some of the survival strategies I was attempting to implement. Sometimes friendly fire doesn't need to be fatal, especially when you know that the artillery is on your side. Who have you got challenging you with your business decisions?
PS. If you are interested in finding out a bit more, there is an excellent book produced by the Institute of Directors IoD The Directors Handbook and The Effective Director – which includes some brilliant checklists.
Be your own coach … I don't think so.


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OtherGround Forums Saudi Arabia getting medieval with Canada..
Graduate1
Joined: Member Since: 1/13/04
Old Stock Canadian
18 mins ·
The Financial Times reports that Saudi Arabia is selling Canadian assets as the kingdom escalates its response to Ottawa's criticism of the arrest of a female activist.
The Saudi central bank and state pension funds have instructed their overseas asset managers to dispose of their Canadian equities, bonds and cash holdings "no matter the cost", two people with direct knowledge of the orders said.
Third-party managers are estimated to be mandated to invest more than $100bn of Saudi funds in global markets, executives say. While the proportion of that figure invested in Canadian holdings would be "fairly small in absolute terms," the asset sale sent a strong message, one of the people said.
The sell-off began on Tuesday and underlines how the Gulf monarchy is flexing its financial and political muscle to warn foreign powers against what it regards as interference in its sovereign affairs. "This is severe stuff," said one banker.
Thus far, Saudi Arabia has begun a sell-off of Canadian holdings; expelled the country's ambassador; frozen new trade and investment with Ottawa; suspended a student exchange programme to Canada; halted Saudi Arabian Airlines flights to the North American country, and; ended all medical treatment programmes in Canada
The row between Riyadh and Ottawa erupted after Chrystia Freeland, Canada's foreign minister, called for the release of Samar Badawi, a prominent Saudi women's rights activist who has family in Canada. Ms Badawi and another activist were arrested last week as part of a government crackdown against dissenting voices, human rights groups said.
In response to Ms Freeland's criticism, Saudi Arabia expelled the Canadian ambassador, froze new trade and investment with the G7 member, suspended a student exchange programme and halted flights by state-owned Saudi Arabian Airlines to Canada. Riyadh on Wednesday said it was also suspending all medical treatment programmes in Canada and working to transfer Saudi patients out of the country.
The kingdom's actions carry echoes of the measures Saudi Arabia and its regional allies have taken against Qatar since imposing a regional blockade on the Gulf state a year ago.
The Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority, the central bank, had foreign assets of $506bn in July, most of which are invested in US Treasuries. Pension funds such as the General Organisation for Social Insurance and the Public Pension Agency manage additional assets.
The Public Investment Fund, the Saudi sovereign wealth fund, also has $250bn of assets under management, including stakes in global companies such as Tesla and Uber, as well as local assets.
Furthermore, Eastern Canadian refineries import about 75,000 to 80,000 barrels per day of Saudi Arabian crude, said Judith Dwarkin, chief economist with RS Energy Group in Calgary, on Tuesday.
And soon Eastern Canada will have to buy their oil from the West. Talk about KARMA.
Some back story on how things ended up where we are at now..
The Toronto Sun reports that it's been a decade since Raif Badawi was first briefly detained in 2008 in Saudi Arabia on nonsense charges of apostasy and insulting Islam … all because he blogged his liberal opinions online.
The charges were clearly meant as a warning to tell this then twenty-something to keep quiet. But he didn't listen.
So several years later, in 2012, when he was arrested again on similar charges they opted to keep him locked up. And that's where he's been ever since. Over the past six years, Badawi has appeared before multiple courts and was sentenced to 10 years in prison as well as 1,000 lashes (he received 50).
Soon after, Badawi's wife Ensaf Haidar made her way to Canada, where she has been a prominent voice not just in her husband's case but in supporting freedom of expression and opposing extremism wherever she finds it.
This is the background to the flare-up in Canada-Saudi Arabia relations that's been unfolding the past few days.
Raif's sister Samar Badawi is also a human rights activist, having spoken out against regressive Saudi policies such as the male guardianship system and the prohibition of female drivers. Like her brother, Samar had been arrested before and her latest one came last week on July 31.
It's this development that pushed us to where we're at now, with Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland posting to social media last week: "Very alarmed to learn that Samar Badawi, Raif Badawi's sister, has been imprisoned in Saudi Arabia. Canada stands together with the Badawi family in this difficult time, and we continue to strongly call for the release of both Raif and Samar Badawi."
Freeland's already made it clear there will be no apology and the occasional criticism will keep coming.
To that end, we are asking a rhetorical question for we know the why and who is to blame. Obviously Ensaf Haidar came to Canada AFTER her husband was locked up in 2012 being she has three children with him. And now she's an activist here telling Canadians what they should do. Should she not be working to support her kids? In other words, who is supporting her? Just another rhetorical question.
We are growing tired of these foreigners using our system against us to fight their battles abroad. And now it is going to cost us dearly. So if you agree, let us know. #FireFreeland
ShanTheMan
Trudeau will go fellate a prince and make nice nice
Funny, they wanna flex their muscles, but still buy all their shit from us, any little criticism on human rights, the fuckers get all sandpeople and go all mental...
Kinda shows you the mentality of our suppose Allie,
ShanTheMan -
Actually he is reaching out to other countries and it looks like there is not many takers to support him..
https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/08/canada-other-countries-saudi-arabia_a_23498390/
Canada Reaching Out To Other Countries To Help Defuse Saudi Dispute
The key is to work with allies and friends in the region to cool things down, which can happen quickly," a source said.
OTTAWA (Reuters) - Canada plans to seek help from the United Arab Emirates and Britain to defuse an escalating dispute with Saudi Arabia, sources said on Tuesday, but close ally the United States made clear it would not get involved.
The Saudi government on Sunday recalled its ambassador to Ottawa, barred Canada's envoy from returning and placed a ban on new trade, denouncing Canada for urging the release of jailed rights activists. Riyadh accused Ottawa on Tuesday of interfering in its internal affairs.
ne well placed source said the Liberal government of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau — which stresses the importance of human rights — planned to reach out to the United Arab Emirates.
"The key is to work with allies and friends in the region to cool things down, which can happen quickly," said the source, who declined to be identified because of the sensitivity of the situation.
Another source said Canada would also seek help from Britain. The British government on Tuesday urged the two nations to show restraint.
The United States, traditionally one of Canada's most important friends, stayed on the sidelines. U.S. President Donald Trump — who criticized Trudeau after a Group of Seven summit in June — has forged tighter ties with Riyadh.
"Both sides need to diplomatically resolve this together. We can't do it for them; they need to resolve it together," U.S. State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert told a briefing.
Damaging to modest bilateral trade
The first Canadian source said Ottawa shared the view of foreign policy experts who believe the Saudi reaction reflected internal strains inside the kingdom, where 32-year-old Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman is trying to push through domestic reforms.
The office of Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland did not respond to requests for comment.
The dispute looks set to damage what is a modest bilateral trade relationship worth nearly $4 billion a year. Canadian exports to Saudi Arabia totaled about $1.12 billion in 2017, or 0.2 percent of the total value of Canadian exports.
Canada says it does not know what will happen to a $13 billion defense contract to sell Canadian-made General Dynamics Corp armored vehicles to Saudi Arabia.
European traders said the main Saudi wheat-buying agency had told grains exporters it will no longer accept Canadian-origin wheat and barley.
Saudi Arabia has also ordered roughly 15,000 Saudis studying in Canada to leave.
Canada's previous Conservative government, which lost power to the Liberals in 2015, also had challenges with Riyadh over human rights.
Thomas Juneau, an assistant professor and Middle East expert at the University of Ottawa, saidSaudi irritation at the way the General Dynamics contract was handled also helped explain Riyadh's response.
The deal was agreed in 2014 by the Conservatives, who shared the Saudi desire for deeper relations, he said. But the task of approving the export permits fell to the Liberals, who were lobbied by human rights activists to say no.
More from HuffPost Canada:
Bernie Sanders Calls Saudi Arabia's Response To Canada 'Outrageous'
Saudi Arabia's Outrage Over Canadian Criticism Reveals New Global Dilemma
Students Scramble For Info After Saudi Arabia Pulls Canadian University Scholarships
The Liberals granted the permits but showed little interest in deepening ties with Riyadh amid growing civil society and media attacks on the agreement, Juneau added.
"That for Saudi Arabia was the source of growing frustration," he said in a phone interview. "(The ambassador) was very clear in saying he was irritated by what he saw as passivity by the Canadian government, which in his view was not resisting that criticism."
The first Canadian source said Ottawa had no regrets about speaking out on human rights inSaudi Arabia. Canada's ambassador, Dennis Horak, is not in Riyadh. The source said Saudi authorities were aware Horak was due to start a new posting next month.
UltimateKeyboardWarrior
Dire - Funny, they wanna flex their muscles, but still buy all their shit from us, any little criticism on human rights, the fuckers get all sandpeople and go all mental...
Read the second post. The Saudi's already dealt with the parties involved in 2008 and gave them a slap on the wrist..
Joined: Member Since: 10/16/10
Bye Abdullah!
LogProducer
Joined: Member Since: 12/9/14
with the US backing the saudis here and isis, i would hope Justin uses this as an opportunity to cozy up to muh Russia
VTCO
Joined: Member Since: 3/1/10
Saudi is a prehistoric shithole, so....
Naughty Gorilla
sho0ok
The issue is not about the activists actually, it about Canada's PM "ordering" the Saudi government to release them.
No way Saudis will allow Canada to interfere with an internal matter that they has no business in from the first place.
Pedro Navaja
Fuck Saudi Arabia.
I would love to see US support Canada by retaliatory sanctions. But we know Trump sucks that Saudi cock like no other.
I don't get the American love affair with KSA... They did 9/11!!! Jesus fkn christ ...
TheKidAintMine
Slydawg -
Pedro Navaja - Fuck Saudi Arabia.
The Saudis have us by the balls! That's why no matter Democrat, republican etc administration we take their shit. Obama, Hillary were same as Trump/Bush. The Saudis have been brilliant what they did with their wealth/oil reserves. We would lose out in a pissing match. This thing is 19 layers deep and very complex. I have more to say on this but too much to type, come over smoke a cigar with me and I'll tell you all about it.
If that was the case, you would assume that the Canadian libs would know this and not try to force / enquire their leftist points of views to countries who are far from these video's in order to score some additional liberal votes for the upcoming 2019 federal elections..
Graduate1 -
I'd rather Canada have a backbone, and call out Saudi Arabia.. Than bow and kiss the ring.
How many of the 9/11 hijackers were Saudi? You cocksucking trumptards should be the most anti-Saudi-Arabia country in the world. Instead, because Trudeau represents Canada, and Trump hates Trudeau, you fools jump on the Saudi dick just like Trump.
Pathetic and spineless. That's not to say Trudeau isn't a hypocrite also, but at least they are speaking up for innocent people being jailed.
USA and Canada should be arm in arm against KSA.
Pedro Navaja -
So if a few Saudi people did the 9/11 we should blame the whole country for it? Even though they ran to afghanistan after they did it! And all the investigation the USA did has pointed the Saudi government had nothing to do with it!
Its like blaming the whole US for the stuff Bush did in Iraq.
The Saudis export Wahhabism all over the West. Fuck them. You don't negotiate with terrorists.
I hate Trudeau but I hope he tells those cavemen to kiss his tranny ass.
lionsoul
Stache - The Saudis export Wahhabism all over the West. Fuck them. You don't negotiate with terrorists.
jimmy23 -
Meanwhile the Saudis crucified a man in Mecca
https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-crucified-man-in-mecca-while-calling-out-canada-human-rights-2018-8?IR=T&utm_content=buffer8a14f&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer-insider-main
WTF is this shit... They aren't Christian to use the Cross.
That the issue with American media.. they have no credibility.
Alrighty, Trudeau can win some points here by telling the SA to go f*ck a goat.
...and I am by far the least fan of Jessy Trudeau there may be...so here is his chance to do something right.
Dougie -
Dougie, I get what your getting at and I am no fan of SA but I think Trudeau is doing this for some publicity ratings to be honest. Apparently this only recently became an issue but in reality has been out there for years (below is what I copied and pasted from Old Stock Canadian F/Book page)..
anthonyMI
sho0ok -
They have Jesus too, but crucifixion isn't an exclusively Christian thing. Jesus wasn't crucified by Christians.
Also, they threatened to 9/11 the CN tower.
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Dj685a4X4AE4-Fa.jpg
But the Saudis have Trump by the balls so don't expect much from us.
luctaro
Man I really dislike how grabbed by the balls western countries seem to be when it comes to Saudi Arabia.
If ever there is an argument about state funded turn to alternative fuels, this is it.
"You cocksucking trumptards should be the most anti-Saudi-Arabia country in the world."
Haha, they were. When Trump was calling out SA for 9/11 and taking Hillary to task for consorting with them, Team Trumptard was ecstatic. MAGA after MAGA.
Then Trump got elected and bowed before the king and suddenly they did a 360. Now kissing Saudi ass was the best thing in the world. MAGA after MAGA.
Camicom even basically posted that the expiration date on 9/11 had passed. He forgave them for killing 3000 Americans because they let women drive.
You can make this shit up.
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text:
Founder of Mexican Catholic order abused boys
The founder of a Mexican Catholic order sexually abused minor-age seminarians and fathered three children with two women, the religious sect has revealed.
The Legion of Christ order and its lay Regnum Christi Movement asked for forgiveness Thursday for "the reprehensible actions of our founder," the Rev. Marcial Maciel.
"We express our sorrow and grief to each and every person damaged by our founder's actions," said a communique signed by the Rev. Alvaro Corcuera and 15 other Legionnaires of Christ leaders.
The Vatican started an investigation into Maciel's actions in 2004 and concluded in May 2006 that he was guilty of sexual abuse, the group said. Law enforcement officials apparently were not informed.
Read the full CNN.com story
Filed under: Mexico • Vatican • World
We had a Boy Scout leader in our school who was married with six kids.
He would take the boys "fishing" and molest them, until he picked the wrong boy. He got 11 years in the pen. This was in the 1990s.
You are right, Mahina, being married doesn't stop a predatory child molester.
March 31, 2010 at 2:29 pm | Report abuse |
liberty spinner
In 1921 three children in Portugal heard voices from "Our Lady of Fatima" giving predictions. One was that the Catholic Church would fall.
At the time that the predictions were recirculating in the 1980's no one could imagine the depth of perversion the Catholic Priests had sunk to.
When we learned of the widespread nature of it. In my work I discovered patient by patient who came to see me that everyone in an entire generation served by the Cathedral in Sursee, Switzerland had been molested by one or both priests assigned there.
All over the Catholic areas of German speaking countries the story was the same.
Why did the parents who had suffered the abuse take their children to church? It made no sense to bring their innocent children to the next set of priestly molesters.
The parents felt guilty.
The church loomed larger than their pain.
But, now almost no one baptizes the sweet babies nor are their many First Communions.
The prediction of the three children of Fatima is coming true. The Church has strangled itself on celebacy and refusal to have women serve as priests.
The Catholic church definitely needs some awakening in this crisis and those found guilty should be punished and put in dungeons... that being said, a lot of people are using this opportunity to solidify their hatred for this Catholic church.
Fact.#1.. This Catholic church is ONLY church that can trace and claim it roots back to the Pentecost. No other church makes this claim. And this can be easily proven by Early church fathers writings and the lineage of Popes from peter.
Fact #2. For those calling to abolish the church...what will that leave us with?? 40,000 protestant denominations and counting spewing prosperity preaching and reaping people off.
Fact #3. Our church is not ruled and will never be ruled by a secular society. thank goodness... Go back and read the old testament from on the lineage of the house of David and Solomon, they were mostly Idol worshippers, Rahab was a harlot, even David was and adulterer. All these people in the line of David were sinners, BUT did GOD revoke his covenant and promise to Abraham that messaih shall come from the line of David??? NO NO NO. Same applies to the church, even with all it's mishaps, it is still and always be the true church of God. Jesus says " the gates of Hell shall never prevail against the church"
anything that is not ofGOD will destroy itself and fade out. The Catholic church has been around for 2000+ yrs and will still be here when we are long gone... deal with it.
L. Spinner.... you claim the "The Church has strangled itself on celebacy and refusal to have women serve as priests".
Why did Jesus not appoint women amoung the 12 apostles??? He had ample opportunity to add women to create the foundation of the church but he did not. On the other hand there are stories of great works perfomed by women during his ministry. Including Mary & Martha washing his feet with perfumed oils (as in Mathhew). The point here is that women have a great great role to play in the church. Look at Mother Theresa, was she a priest?? did that stop her from doing wonderful works for humanity? No. People make these comments only to instigate hatred and reasons to hate the church. the bible says, that the church is not of this secular world. so please stop these un-scriputural and baseless comments.
Celibacy DOES not make you a phedohile. pls stop these connections. there are many many phedophiles that are married. If you are celibate or locked up for many year will you abuse little boys to seek to find relations with women. i would think you will pick the later. a
Also people, read your bilble, Paul our great aposlte was celibate. REad corinthians ("it is better for man not be with man"). Paul says for those that can bear this burden for the sake of God, they should do it. and those that cannot shoud marry. it is biblical.
read Revalations... what did John see in Heavean? "Men who were virgins praying around the altar, singind holy holy holy". The Essene jews that wrote the dead sea scrolls were celibate jews, some Buddihst monks are also celibate. we did not invent this. Along with celibacy is a vow of chasity (people forget this). you are not forced into this order.
Henry Onovwaka D.
Thank you Paul Hamilton, "The Catholic church has been around for 2000+ yrs and will still be here when we are long gone... deal with it."
The Catholic Church, is like a White garment on a mountain, where everyone sees it. It is not surprising that, if there is a stain, everyone points and stares. Let the Priests, marry, etc, everyone is screaming. How will that solve the problem? God will judge any bad priest, not the Church.
Lets deal with the fact, the Church is here to stay! In the face of this trial, the Church will triumph, because the good will overcome the bad. Good priests will continue to be there for us all. Bad priests, will be flushed out, and God will continue to reveal them.
Great post Henry.
Enough with the celibacy issue already.
If Jesus wanted all priests to marry, he would have been married himself, as he is the great High Priest. Matthew 19:12 tells us that some give up sexual relations for the Kingdom of Heaven. This is the ideal.
God bless you Mary Ann.
The sad comment about teaching about prosperity is well sad. The Lords prayer says on earth as it is in heaven. Is heaven's streets not paved with gold. If congregations are prosperous and tithe, does that not benefit the church? And do people really believe that the catholic church is truly the chosen church? The bible clearly states that Jews are Abba's chosen people. Why do you talk about other denominations idol worshipping, when you pray to Mary and handle rosary beads? Abba gave us 10 simple rules to be prosperous. No where in the 10 commandments does it mention anything of catholism. Why is it that the Catholic church will excommunicate you and shun you for divorcing, but turn a blind eye for their priests molesting boys?
April 1, 2010 at 5:01 pm | Report abuse |
Didereaux
"Render unto Caesar!' That may be the biblical quote that begins the downhill slide of the Catholic Church. The problem isn't the fact that there are perverts, or sexual predators homo and hetero alike, amongst the priesthood: it is that the 'institution' protects them. That some have been brought to justice(too few) and the 'institution' has assumed the responsibility and the debt resulting from Caesars' courts is proof enough of the responsible party.
The parents cannot avoid punishment for harboring a murderous child, nor can a Church protect pedophiles, sexual or physical abusers, and avoid the penalties. Now you come to the crux of what is going to happen in Caesars' court in the future: the members are going to be held responsible as well. Is it not true that a person who defends and protects and continues support of a pedophile is complicit in any future acts of the perverted? Were not the followers of Charles Manson as guilty as he? Are the followers of bin Laden not as guilty as he, are the Imams of Islam not responsible for inciting their followers? Are not the people who send money to the Imams just as guilty? The members, the tithers are the enablers of the evil...yet they deny culpability.
Catholics must ask themselves this: "Are you willing to be thought an accomplice to pedophilia? To sexual predation? To physical and emotional abuse? Are you willing to face Caesar and put your home, and families security on the line?
All these attacks and accusations lead to one prphecy fullfillment;
Rev 18:1,2 1 After these things I saw another angel descending from heaven, with great authority; and the earth was lighted up from his glory. 2 And he cried out with a strong voice, saying: "She has fallen! Babylon the Great has fallen, and she has become a dwelling place of demons and a lurking place of every unclean exhalation and a lurking place of every unclean and hated bird! 3 For because of the wine of the anger of her fornication all the nations have fallen [victim], and the kings of the earth committed fornication with her, and the traveling merchants of the earth became rich due to the power of her shameless luxury."
Babylon the Great is the world empire of FALSE RELIGION, and this my friends has fallen. While the true worship is spreading world wide as the profet Isiah stated.


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Queen's Lancashire Regiment
East Lancashire Regiment
The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)
Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales Volunteers)
The Regiments of Foot
The 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment
The 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot
The 81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers) Regiment of Foot
The 82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) Regiment
The Royal Lancashire Militia
The Lancashire Rifle Volunteers
History of The Queen's Lancashire Regiment
For Valour – The Victoria Cross
Narrative Histories
The Regiments in the Seven Years War 1756-63
The 'Fighting Fortieth' at the Battle of Germantown, 4th October 1777
With Nelson to Bastia 1794
Black Soldiers in Lancashire in the Early 19th Century.
Battle of Barossa 1809
The Regiment's Greatest Tragedy – The Wrecking of the Seahorse, Lord Melville & Boadicea
Battle of The Alma 1854
Heroes of Inkerman 1854
The Regiments in Afghanistan 1839-42, 1878-80, and 1919
The 2nd Afghan War 1878-80
The "Battle" of the Eureka Stockade
Capt. J. W. Thomas report to Headquarters following Eureka rebellion
The Regiments In The South African War 1899-1902
The Regiments In The Great War 1914-18
The 1914 Christmas Truces
2nd Loyals in East Africa 1914-17
Mesopotamia 1916 – 1918
The Accrington Pals and the Benedictine Connection – or 'A Bene and 'ot'
The Regiments in World War II
The Regiments Post-War
Fulwood Barracks
A "Fearful Tragedy" and The Ballad of Private McCaffery
The Ghosts of Fulwood Barracks
1762 British force which includes the 40th Regiment (later 1st South Lancashires) invades the French island of Martinique in the West Indies. The soldiers are ordered to land with three days provisions, a canteen of grog each, and their blankets.
1809 Battle of Corunna. After a long, demoralising and dreadful retreat from central Spain, the British army is forced to turn and fight to gain time for the Navy to come to its rescue. The 2nd / 81st (later 2nd Loyals) have a desperate, 2-hour fight on the right flank, running out of ammunition and losing over 160 killed and wounded before the French are repelled. 2nd/59th Foot (later 2nd East Lancashires) are sent to their aid and lose 60 killed and wounded, but their Grenadier and 1st Companies are the last British troops to disengage from the enemy. The army commander, Sir John Moore, is fatally wounded.
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« Caring Bank Staff Clean Historic Uniforms
Second Visit For Classic Cars »
Museum Pit Stop For Vintage Cars
Published 13/06/2016 | By RogerG
Over 60 veteran, vintage and classic motor cars rolled into Fulwood Barracks on Sunday for a lunchtime pit-stop at the Lancashire Infantry Museum. They were taking part in the Lancashire Automobile Club's 54th annual Manchester to Blackpool car run.
There was more than enough gorgeous machinery on display to make a grown man weak at the knees
Museum Friends members Tim and Barbara Dickson with their 1934-vintage Bentley. The car has been in the family since new.
Morgan sports car puts its brolly up
This delightful little Austin 7 has its own special history. In WWII it was owned by six successive Spitfire pilots, each of whom passed it on to the next. It has never been restored and its 700 cc engine recently passed the 400,000-mile mark.


In a medium bowl, combine grapefruits, oranges and pineapple. Transfer to a 1-quart broiler-safe casserole dish or ramekins. In a small bowl, mix brown sugar and butter; sprinkle over fruit. Broil 4-inches from heat for 5 to 6 minutes until sugar is bubbly and fruit is warmed. Serve warm.
This Smoothie in Red Grapefruit will leave you feeling fabulous. I call it the power of red. Grab this frosty grapefruit-infused sip on a sunny afternoon, and you'll find yourself in paradise.
Juice grapefruit; measure 1 1/3 cups juice. Add strawberries. Cut bananas into chunks. Combine all ingredients in an electric blender and give it a whirl. Real Posh Mom was commissioned by TexaSweet Citrus to develop this sponsored recipe featuring their flavorful Rio Star Grapefruit. For more great red grapefruit recipes, visit texasweet.com.
Cut butter and chocolate into small pieces and place in mixing bowl. Set bowl on top of double boiler with simmering water. Heat the chocolate butter mixture until melted. Do not over heat.
While chocolate is melting, combine whole eggs and yolks in the Hobart mixing bowl with whip attachment set mixer on #3. Whip until thick for 6-8 minutes. Add sugar to eggs and whip for 2 minute to blend.
Lightly whip the chocolate and butter with a whisk till smooth. Add egg mixture to the chocolate mixture and whisk to combine. Add salt to flour and fold flour into chocolate mixture. Add vanilla to the chocolate mixture and reserve.
Spray ramekins with pan spray and coat with cocoa making sure to cover all sides in the cups. Fill each ramekin with 8 oz of batter or ½ inch from top of ramekin. Then, refrigerate cakes. Chill cakes for 1 hour prior to cooking.
Cook in 325-degree oven for 16-18 minutes. Once the cakes are cooked, remove them from the oven and let sit for 2-3 minutes before unmolding from ramekins.
To present, transfer a warm cake onto a plate or platter of choice, then invert the ramekin leaving the cake on the plate and removing the ramekin. Accompany the cake with a fresh berry sauce or drizzle melted chocolate and dust with powdered sugar.
Preheat oven to 350°F. Cook sausage over medium heat, until sausage is no longer pink; drain. In large mixing bowl combine Italian sausage, water, Red Gold Crushed Tomatoes, Red Gold Diced Tomatoes with Basil, Garlic & Oregano and Italian seasoning. Cover the bottom of a 9×13 inch baking pan with 1 1/2 cups of sauce mixture. Arrange 1/3 of noodles on top of sauce, slightly overlapped. Top with 1/2 of ricotta cheese, 1 cup of mozzarella cheese and 1 cup of sauce. Repeat layers and top with the last 1/3 of noodles and the remaining sauce. Sprinkle with Tillamook Garlic White Cheddar and Parmesan cheese. Cover tightly with foil and bake for 1 to 1 1/2 hours; until noodles are cooked. Let stand for 10 minutes before serving. Disclosure: Red Gold provided and delivered the complimentary product to facilitate this post. This post was not reviewed by a 3rd party. All opinions are mine and may not reflect those of the company. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255: "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising." All photos are mine and subject to copyright.
Full of flavor and fun!
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Mix H-E-B Feel Gluten Free to Indulge Chocolate Cake mix according to directions (do not bake). Line cupcake tins with liner, place a H-E-B Candy Cane Sandwich Creme Cookies in the bottom of each liner. Take 1/2 of remaining cookies and chop coarsely and add to cake mix. Fill the cupcake tins. Bake for 15 minutes (or according to box directions). While cupcakes are baking make the frosting.
Cream together butter and cream cheese. Add vanilla, then add powdered sugar slowly until blended well. Chop remaining regular-sized Candy Cane cookie sandwiches very fine (I put the cookies in the food processor instead of trying to chop them up super fine and it worked out really well). Add to frosting. After cupcakes have cooled frost and decorate with Peppermint Bark.
This deliciously satisfying recipe is bursting with antioxidants and over 20 vitamins and minerals!
Cook chicken on a grill over medium heat for about 5 minutes on each side or until lightly charred and cooked through. Let cool slightly and cut into bite size strips. Puree the tomato sauce and dried pepper in a blender or food processor. Transfer to a small saucepan and simmer over medium heat for 15 minutes. Add grilled chicken to pan and toss well to coat; season to taste with salt.
Place flour tortillas on a flat surface. Top half of each tortilla with equal amounts of cheese, mango and chicken; fold over tortilla. Cook in a large skillet on both sides until cheese is melted and tortilla is crisp, about 5 minutes on each side.