Overview: This project focuses on developing the basin evolution and paleobotanical history of the Hanna Basin spanning the transition between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. Globally a greenhouse climate state dominated the early Paleogene, and in the Western Interior of the United States the Laramide Orogeny produced a series of uplifts and sedimentary basins. Overall the paleoclimate appears to become drier and potentially more seasonal between the Paleocene and Eocene, likely related to global warming trends and changing topography due to uplift of the Rocky Mountains. In several basins there are attendant shifts in fluvial and floodplain deposition indicating drier and more seasonal conditions as well as moderate shifts in floral communities. However, the Hanna Basin of south-central Wyoming appears anomalous. Initial studies suggest this area remained largely wet and humid, defying regional trends. This uniqueness is particularly important because the basin likely contains one of the most stratigraphically-expanded records of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) of anywhere in the world.
The PETM is an abrupt global warming event linked to the massive release of carbon into Earth's atmosphere and oceans (McInerney & Wing, 2011). In other basins in the Rocky Mountain region it is correlated to substantial changes in the hydrologic cycle exacerbating seasonality in rainfall and vegetation overturn (Wing et al., 2005; Foreman et al., 2012; Kraus et al., 2015). The effects in the Hanna Basin are largely unknown and may be unique in their character. Student projects will focus on one of three topics: (1) reconstruction of paleoenvironment from fluvial and floodplain deposits and recovering information on ancient landscape dynamics; (2) understanding the interacting components of the local to global carbon cycle through stable carbon isotope records; and (3) characterizing vegetation cover spanning the short- and long-term climate changes using a new plant cuticle-based proxy method.
Who: Four to six students and project leaders Dr. Brady Foreman (Western Washington University, brady.foreman@wwu.edu) and Dr. Ellen Currano (University of Wyoming, ecurrano@uwyo.edu). USGS stratigrapher Marieke Deschesne and Field Museum paleobotanist Dr. Regan Dunn will also take part in field and lab work and provide additional mentorship for student projects.
Prerequisites and Recommended Courses: Suggested (but not required) are core courses in the Geology major: Historical Geology, Structure/Tectonics, Stratigraphy, Mineralogy, Paleontology and Geochemistry. Students should have completed key cognate courses in Chemistry and Math. Experience at a field camp or in a field geology course is recommended but not required. We are particularly interested in applicants with an interest in Paleoclimates, who have a high degree of comfort in rugged outdoor settings, are able to hike several miles in warm temperatures (on occasion greater than 95° F in the high desert climate), are flexible eaters, and who want to use this work to complete a senior thesis (or equivalent) in geology. Helpful, but not required in the letter of recommendation from the on-campus sponsor is an indication of how well the applicant will function in a remote field setting with primitive camping (i.e., no running water, no bathrooms, limited cell phone service).
Participation in all project-related work during the summer (July 6-August 5, 2018).
Follow up data analysis at home institution and regular conference calls with research team throughout academic year.
Write an abstract and present a paper (poster or talk) for the Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section meeting in Manhattan, Kansas (conference is March 25-27, 2019).
Expected but not required: Use this work for the completion of a senior thesis (or equivalent) at your home institution.
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is viewed as one of the premier geologic analogs for modern, anthropogenic global warming. However, our understanding of the major terrestrial impacts is limited to one well-documented example (Bighorn Basin of northwest Wyoming) and a few other locations globally where only a few key hydrologic or temperature constraints exist. Broadly speaking, the terrestrial response to elevated carbon dioxide levels is expected to be highly variable due to topographic variability and shifting atmospheric circulation patterns under different latitudinal thermal gradients. As such it is critical to develop additional continental locations where the temperature, hydrologic, and biologic changes are constrained. The Hanna Basin is a logical extension of the work in the Bighorn Basin, and, more importantly, a key example for changes that may mimic those predicted for modern river and vegetation systems during future anthropogenic climate change.
The Hanna Basin record is a particularly important complement to the record already collected in the Bighorn Basin because stratigraphic data suggest a difference in water availability between the two basins. Both the PETM interval and the entire early Eocene sequence preserved in the Willwood Formation in the Bighorn Basin contain abundant red beds, indicative of well-drained soils and seasonal precipitation (Kraus and Riggins, 2007; Kraus et al., 2015). The Bighorn Basin records the consequences of a semi-arid basin experiencing an abrupt global warming event. In contrast, the Hanna Basin sedimentary sequence remains drab-colored and coal-rich from bottom to top, suggesting that wet, swampy conditions prevailed through the PETM and early Eocene (Dechesne et al., in prep). It records the consequences of a more humid basin experiencing an abrupt global warming event. Thus, comparisons of the Hanna and Bighorn basins will allow us to disentangle the roles of temperature and water availability in driving vegetation change and the fluvial response in a dominantly humid setting. This water availability difference is likely due to the location of the Hanna Basin, farther to the east and potentially more proximal to moisture sources as compared to the Bighorn Basin (Sewall & Sloan, 2006). The Laramide Orogeny created a complex topography within the Western Interior that strongly influenced water vapor transport paths (Sewall & Sloan, 2006). In general, however, circulation models suggest the easternmost Laramide basins were wetter as moisture from the paleo-Gulf of Mexico moved north and westward. This resulted in semi-arid and dry conditions in the western and northernmost Laramide basins (Sewall & Sloan, 2006).
Figure 1: Cretaceous to Eocene sedimentary strata of the Hanna Basin, Wyoming.
The targeted field area for this study is the Hanna Basin of south-central Wyoming near the small town of Hanna. The Hanna Basin is a Laramide style basin bounded by the Rawlins uplift to the west, Sweetwater Arch in the north, the Simpson Ridge anticline in the east, and the Medicine Bow and Sierra Madre Mountains in the south. It is exceptional among the Laramide basins because of its high subsidence rate, extremely thick Cretaceous to Eocene sedimentary strata, and extensive coal deposits (Dobbin et al., 1929; Roberts and Kirschbaum, 1995; Wroblewski, 2003). The Paleocene-Eocene boundary is preserved in the Hanna Formation, which is over 2000 meters thick at the center of the basin (WOGCC, 2016; Gill et al., 1970; Wrobleski, 2003) and consists of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, carbonaceous shales, and coals. These deposits are interpreted as low gradient fluvial to paludal and lacustrine (Dobbin et al, 1929; Wrobelski, 2003; Lillegraven et al., 2004). The student projects will target a specific set of extensive outcrops along the Hanna Draw Road and in "The Breaks," which have been the focus of new geologic and paleontologic work by Currano, Dechesne, and Dunn. The majority of research will focus on a 250-meter thick stratigraphic interval with pollen biostratigraphic constraints and initial bulk d13C values that indicate the PETM is preserved.
Overall the goal of the project is to characterize fluvial and vegetation changes spanning the transition between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs in the Hanna Basin of Wyoming. This is a critical time period in the history of life and the evolution of the Rocky Mountain region. Specifically, there were transitory changes in paleo-plant communities, persistent shift in the mammalian biogeography, and a general warming and drying trend in the Western Interior of the United States. The Hanna Basin potentially records the most complete history of this transition because it witnessed the fastest sedimentation rates of any Laramide basin in the region. This broad goal requires (1) refining the chronstratigraphy of the basin using pollen fossils and carbon isotope records; (2) detailed lithofacies analysis and outcrop mapping; and (3) application of new cuticle-based proxies for vegetation cover.
Student projects will be sub-divided into three discipline related groups. These groups entail Sedimentology-, Geochemistry-, and Paleobotany-themed projects. All students will receive training and gain experience in the three disciplines, and interact extensively with other students, faculty, and collaborators. However, the specific projects they pursue will fall into one of these three categories. Sedimentology projects will involve detailed lithofacies analysis and paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the river and floodplain deposits (n = 1 student project). These students will develop field datasets that address key questions regarding river channel morphology, avulsion behavior, floodplain drainage, and overbank flooding frequency. The majority of data can be derived from the detailed stratigraphy section we will measure at Hanna Draw area. A separate Sedimentology project (n = 1 student project) will focus on mapping out and describing the larger alluvial architecture of the fluvial sandbodies. This entails identifying and tracing out the amalgamation of distinct channel occupation events and the lateral migration of channel bodies. This information will yield insights into the mobility and paleo-dynamics of the ancient river systems.
The Geochemistry-themed projects will focus on developing a detailed δ13C bulk organic isotope stratigraphy through the 250 meters of section thought to contain the PETM (n = 2 student projects). This will entail a combination of stratigraphic section measuring (fieldwork), and sample preparation at the University of Wyoming. This includes powdering rock samples, acid digestion, and distilled water treatments, followed by drying and weighing steps. Time permitting students will run samples themselves on the Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers at the University of Wyoming Stable Isotope Facility. Two students will focus on this component of the project. One student will recover secular variation from densely sampled (every 0.5 m or finer) vertical samples distributed throughout the 250-meter target interval. A second student will focus on constraining lateral variability of the isotope signals. Since bulk organic δ13C records mix vegetative matter from several different types of plants it is important to constrain the total amount of variability across a landscape. This is rarely done in ancient strata (Magioncalda et al., 2004; Foreman et al., 2012), and this student will produce one of the most detailed evaluations of this uncertainty to date.
Paleobotany-themed projects will utilize a new proxy for vegetation cover that uses leaf epidermal cell size and shape to reconstruct leaf area index (LAI=foliage area/ground area; Dunn et al., 2015). This proxy has been effectively used to correlate changes in vegetation cover in South America to environmental changes, as well as to vertebrate evolution. The work in the Hanna Basin will be the first attempt to quantitatively document changes in vegetation structure across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. The samples contain fragments of fossil leaf cuticle that preserve epidermal cell morphology. Students will photograph cuticle fragments using the microscope set-up in Currano's lab, measure leaf epidermal cell size and shape using a Wacom Cintiq tablet and ImageJ, and reconstruct LAI using regression equations between size and shape parameters and LAI produced by Dunn from using a modern calibration datasets (Dunn et al., 2016). One student will analyze the vertical transect and a second will analyze a set of lateral samples by tracing out a stratigraphic marker bed over several 100's of meters. This approach will allow both temporal and spatial changes in vegetation to be constrained.
Figure 2: Measuring section using a Jacob's staff.
The expectations for students include (1) a positive, flexible attitude, (2) a responsiveness to the needs of the group, (3) a collaborative mentality, (4) strong work ethic, and (5) interest in developing quantitative and interpretative skills. These will be rough working conditions. Temperatures can exceed 95º F in the high desert climate of Wyoming. Strong winds and intense rainstorms are also likely. Students will be expected to have appropriate field gear (e.g., boots, hat, sunglasses, tent, sleeping bag, sleeping pad, backpack, water bottles). Students will need to be physically fit, and able to walk several miles per day on steep slopes in the heat, dig quarries that requires the use of shovels and pickaxes, and be capable of carrying and packing out over 30 lbs of rock per day over 3 miles. Days will likely be long, in excess of eight hours. Dietary restrictions will be accommodated if possible. Each research sub-group will be expected to produce a cohesive presentation for the annual Rocky Mountain Section meeting of GSA in May 2019 (location of meeting is unannounced). Faculty advisors will coordinate with the students towards this endeavor and aid in the construction of the poster presentation. All students will be expected to attend the meeting and participate in associated activities.
As with any field and lab work there will be safety concerns. Field risks include dehydration, heat stroke, exhaustion, sunburn, insect bites, poisonous snakes, and physical injuries such as sprained ankles and broken bones. Lab risks are relatively minor, but include the use of (weak) acids when preparing stable isotope samples and airborne dust respiratory concerns when handling and preparing plant fossils. Risks will be mitigated by following proper training protocols, outlining and identifying the risks, and holding several safety meetings. Faculty associated with the project have extensive experience in all pertinent field and lab methodologies, wilderness first aid training, and will coordinate with lab technicians to maintain safety standards.
The faculty members involved in this project and collaborators collectively have over 30 field seasons of experience working in the region. They have published over 15 scientific articles and reports on the field area and equivalent rocks in the Laramide basins of the western United States. All have led several field crews of undergraduate and graduate students under similar circumstances. Foreman and Dechesne are certified in wilderness first-aid, and we will be maintaining a list of nearby medical facilities in case of emergency. In terms of professional expertise Dr. Brady Foreman (WWU) and Marieke Dechesne (USGS) are sedimentary geologists who have worked extensively in the surrounding Laramide and Sevier foreland basin deposits. Dr. Ellen Currano (University of Wyoming) and Dr. Regan Dunn (Field Museum) are paleobotanists who have worked extensively on cuticle and plant macrofossil records in the region. Dechesne, Dunn, and Currano have collected the initial datasets upon which this proposal is based, and have identified specific areas in the basin to target for this study. This will maximize the chances of research success for the students. Foreman and Dechesne will advise students with sedimentologic projects, paleobotany projects will be advised by Currano and Dunn, and geochemistry projects will be advised by Foreman and Currano.
Figure 3: Cnemidaria fern fossil.
We plan to take all participants to the GSA Rocky Mountain section meeting in Manhattan, Kansas (25–27 March 2019). We hope most students will be first author on one paper, and probably secondary authors on others due to the collaborative nature of the project.
Bataille, C.P., Watford, D., Ruegg, S., Lowe, A., Bowen, G.J. 2016. Chemostratigraphic age model for the Tornillo Group: A possible link between fluvial stratigraphy and climate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 457: 277-289.
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Clechenko, E.R., Kelly, D.C., Harrington, G.J., Stiles, C.A. 2008. Terrestrial records of a regional weathering profile at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Williston Basin of North Dakota. GSA Bullletin 119: 428-442.
Dechesne, M., Currano, E.D., Dunn, R.E., Higgins, P., Hartman, J., Chamberlain, K. (in preparation). Climatic and tectonic responses of the fluvial to paludal strata of the Hanna Formation around the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary, Hanna Basin, Wyoming.
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Dunn RE, Barclay RS, Currano ED. 2016. Using leaf epidermis to unlock the ancient forest reconstruction enigma. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract, Denver, CO.
Foreman, B.Z. 2014. Climate-driven generation of a fluvial sheet sand-body at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in northwest Wyoming (U.S.A.). Basin Research 26: 225-241.
Foreman, B.Z., Clementz, M.T., Heller, P.L. 2013. Evaluation of paleoclimatic conditions east and west of the southern Canadian Cordillera in the mid-late Paleocene using bulk organic d13C records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 376: 103-113.
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Overview: This six-student project focuses on the geology of the Chugach-Prince William terrane in southern Alaska, and is part on an ongoing study of the tectonic history of the western North American Cordillera. The Chugach-Prince William terrane is a thick accretionary complex dominated by Campanian-Paleocene (c. 75-55 Ma) trench fill turbidites that were likely derived from the Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC) in British Columbia as indicated by sandstone provenance, isotopic data, and detrital zircon ages (Sample and Reid, 2003; Haeussler et al., 2005; Bradley et al., 2009; Amato and Pavlis, 2010; Garver and Davidson, 2015; Davidson and Garver, 2017). These rocks are interbedded with and intruded by mafic volcanic rocks (pillows, sheeted dikes, and gabbro), and were intruded by near-trench plutons of the Sanak-Baranof belt (63-47 Ma) and younger Eshamy Suite of plutons (37-39 Ma). For this project, we plan build on the results from key field areas in Prince William Sound and extend the reach of a critical area we visited with Keck projects in 2011 and 2014 (Garver and Davidson, 2012; Davidson and Garver, 2015). Student projects will focus on the provenance of these rocks including U/Pb dating and Hf isotope studies of detrital zircon, sedimentology and stratigraphy of turbidites and associated conglomerates, igneous petrology of the interbedded mafic rocks, and igneous petrology, U/Pb dating, and Hf isotopic studies of the Eshamy plutons.
Where: Southern Alaska:  Gathering and field trips in Anchorage and staying at the University of Alaska-Anchorage,  stay in Valdez with road and boat work in Prince William Sound,  Put in a remote camp by boat in northern Prince William Sound.
Prerequisites and Recommended Courses: Suggested (but not required) are core courses in the Geology major: Historical Geology, Structure/Tectonics, Stratigraphy, Mineralogy, and Petrology. Students should have completed key cognate courses in Chemistry and Math. Experience at a field camp or in a field geology course is recommended but not required. We are particularly interested in applicants with an interest in Tectonics, who have a high degree of comfort in rough outdoor settings, are flexible eaters, and who want to use this work to complete a senior thesis (or equivalent) in geology. Helpful, but not required in the letter of recommendation from the on-campus sponsor is an indication of how well the applicant will function in a remote field setting with primitive camping.
2. Follow up sample preparation and/or analytical work that may include a one week visit to the University of Arizona Laserchron Center in late November or early December.
3. Write an abstract and present a paper (poster or talk) for the Geological Society of America Cordilleran Section meeting in Portland, Oregon (abstracts due Feb. 7, 2019; conference is May 15-17, 2019).
The Chugach-Prince William (CPW) composite terrane is a Mesozoic-Tertiary accretionary complex that is well exposed for ~2200 km in southern Alaska and is inferred to be one of the thickest accretionary complexes in the world (Plafker et al., 1994; Cowan, 2003). The CPW terrane is bounded to the north by the Border Ranges fault, which shows abundant evidence of Tertiary dextral strike slip faulting, and inboard terranes of the Wrangellia composite terrane (Peninsular, Wrangellia, Alexander) (Pavlis, 1982; Cowan, 2003; Roeske et al., 2003). Throughout much of the 2200 km long belt of the CPW terrane it is bounded by the offshore modern accretionary complex of the Alaskan margin, but east of Prince William Sound the Yakutat block is colliding into the CPW and this young collision has significantly affected uplift and exhumation of inboard rocks (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Map of southern Alaska showing the distribution of rocks in the Chugach-Prince William terrane (green) and the Yakutat terrane (yellow), which is colliding with Alaska.
Very soon after imbrication and accretion to the continental margin, rocks of the CPW were intruded by near-trench plutons of the Sanak-Baranof belt that has a distinct age progression starting in the west (63 Ma in the Sanak-Shumagin areas far to the west) and getting progressively younger to the east (53-47 Ma on Baranof Island; Bradley et al., 2000; Haeussler et al., 2003; Kusky et al., 2003; Farris et al., 2006; Wackett et al., in revision). In western Prince William Sound, these rocks were also intruded by the 37-39 Ma Eshamy Suite of plutons (Johnson, 2012, see Fig 3).
Paleomagnetic and geologic data indicate that the CPW has experienced significant coast-parallel transport in the Tertiary (see Garver and Davidson, 2015). The CPW has apparent equivalents to the south, and this geologic match suggests that in the Eocene, the southern part of the Chugach-Prince William terrane was contiguous with the nearly identical Leech River Schist exposed on the southern part of Vancouver Island (Cowan, 1982; 2003). The geological implication of this hypothesis is profound yet elegant in the context of the Cordilleran tectonic puzzle: the CPW is the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary accretionary complex to the Coast Mountains Batholith Complex that intrudes the Wrangellia composite terrane and North America. Thus, the CPW is inferred to have accumulated in a flanking trench to the west and then soon thereafter these rocks were accreted to the margin. This geologic match is elegant because it suggests that the CPW accumulated outboard the Coast Mountains Batholith Complex (Gehrels et al., 2009) and that the CPW essentially is the erosional remnants of that orogenic belt. Thus, the focus of this proposal is on the very thick rocks of the CPW accretionary terrane that were intruded by near trench plutons and then translated some controversial distance along the North American margin in the early Tertiary. This late-stage translation by strike-slip faulting is of critical importance to this project.
For the 2018 field season we plan to extend and expand on the transect across the CPW we completed in 2014 and adjacent to work done in 2011 (Fig. 2, 3). Preliminary data from two samples collected on the Richardson Hwy northeast of Valdez show that rocks correlative to the Paleocene-Eocene Orca Group are much more extensive than originally thought (Davidson and Garver, 2017). We now know that these younger rocks occur inboard of Valdez, in the Chugach Metamorphic complex, in the Schist of Nunatak Fiord, and in the Baranof Schist (Gasser et al., 2011; Rick et al., 2014; Olson et al., 2017). This result means that Paleocene and Eocene Orca rocks occur to the west, north, and east of the Yakutat Collision zone.
Figure 2: Geology of the southern Alaska margin centered on the Yakutat terrane collision (yellow) and the Chugach-Prince William terrane (shaded in green) . Our work in the Prince William Sound area is focused on two transects (A, B). We now recognize that large-scale imbrication by strike-slip faulting plays a crucial role in shaping the distribution of rocks of the Orca Group (light green), our primary focus. Location of this proposed Keck project shown is in transect B, and our proposed field in northern Prince William Sound is show in Figure 3. Map modified from Gasser et al. (2011).
Figure 3: Geologic map of study area focused on Prince William Sound (PWS) in southern Alaska. Our previous work in PWS in 2011 and 2014 allowed us to build a framework for understanding the Orca Group (most olive in map), and part of that framework involved the recognition that strike-slip faults play an important role in juxtaposing different facies, and in driving differential exhumation. Our proposed work is partly focused on documenting facies changes (provenance) across the Western Gravina fault and the Jack Bay fault (aka Contact fault). Map modified from Wilson et al. (2015).
The primary goal of this project is to sort out the age, source, and timing of accretion of the Valdez and Orca turbidites and subsequent strike-slip motion along the Contact fault and allied structures (i.e. Jack Bay, West Gravina, Rude River) associated with the collision of the Yakutat plate in eastern Prince William Sound (Fig. 2). Ancillary goals of this project include: 1) comparing the age and geochemistry of interbedded mafic volcanic rocks of the Orca Group with the Knight Island and Resurrection ophiolites to the west and south (Fig 3); and 2) compare the crystallization age and petrology of undated Eshamy Suite plutons with those previously studied by our group to the southwest (2011 site, see Johnson, 2012).
This project is significant because it will allow students to work in units that are classic in Cordilleran tectonics, and the results will directly feed into ideas of terrane translation and development of the Cordilleran tectonic collage.
Provenance and maximum depositional ages of sandstones and conglomerates (2-3 students). Our preliminary work along the Richardson Highway north of Valdez suggests that the contact relationships between the Valdez Group (Campanian-Maastrictian) and Orca Group (Paleocene-Eocene) is much more complicated than currently mapped (as shown in Figure 3 derived from Wilson et al., 2015). One of the goals of this project is to use U/Pb and Hf isotope data of detrital zircon from two transects across the Contact fault (Jack Bay) to help define the extent of these two units (Fig. 2). Our working hypothesis is that the turbidites of the CPW are imbricated in vertical panels by strike slip faulting, juxtaposing rock packages with different MDA's and provenance (indicated by unique U/Pb and Hf detrital zircon signatures). Cobble and pebble conglomerates containing sandstone and plutonic clasts are common in the Orca Group in this area. At least one student will determine the provenance and age of these clasts to see if sandstones from the older Valdez Group is being exhumed and shed into the basin during deposition of the Orca Group.
Core-Rim dating (1-2 students). Core-rim dating will allow us to determine high-grade metamorphic source regions because important and distinctive rims on zircon may form during metamorphism. Our initial experiments at LaserChron show we can successfully date rims with a 10 or 12 um laser spot size (Fig. 3). There are a number of reactions that drive changes in zircon in the metamorphic environment, and these include: 1) recrystallization; 2) fluid alteration; 3) subsolidus nucleation; 4) precipitation from aqueous fluids; and 5) precipitation from melts during anatexis (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Xie et al., 2009). We focus here on two commonly recognized rims that form under high-grade metamorphic conditions (upper amphibolite and granulite). One type of rim typically appears dark in CL images, shows little internal structure, and has relatively high uranium, high U/Th, and low REE contents and results from zircon growth under metamorphic conditions (Ksienzyk et al., 2012). The other type of rim is CL-bright, with irregular re-crystallization fronts and relict zoning, and variable U/Th and REE concentrations that typically form during solid-state recrystallization of zircon (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003; Xie et al., 2009; Ksienzyk et al., 2012). In these recrystallization rims, the U/Th ratio increases primarily due to Th loss, and the isotopic system is progressively reset due to expulsion of radiogenic lead (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003). This project will use core-rim dating to determine metamorphic events in the source region, which likely included the Central Gneiss Complex of the Coast Plutonic Complex located to the south in British Columbia.
Figure 4: Two core-rim dated zircons from the Yakutat Group showing Precambrian cores and Cretaceous rims. [A] Precambrian core with oscillatory zoning, and CL-bright rim with possible recrystallization front and relict zoning. [B] Zoned Precambrian core, and complicated CL-dark high-uranium rims. Our earlier work using Raman (see below) suggested the radiation damage in these grains was Cretaceous, and this is confirmed by rim dating.
3. Damage dating (1 student). We are developing a technique to use zircon crystallinity to quantify the timing of metamorphism of Precambrian zircon. This new technique aims to quantify accumulated radiation in Precambrian zircon using degree of crystallinity measured by μ-Raman spectroscopy as indicated by the position of the ν3(SiO4) or the FWHM of the ν3(SiO4) (Marsellos and Garver, 2010; Garver and Davidson, 2015). In essence, this is radiation damage dating where the accumulated damage is used as a chronometer and can reveal the age of last metamorphism. We have made important advances in developing this technique so it can be used to solve tectonic problems with DZ data sets, and we have shown that disorder in Precambrian zircons in the CPW fall into two distinct arrays of radiation damage (Fig. 4). One cohort of Precambrian grains has been cool since the lower Paleozoic and another since the Cretaceous (Garver and Davidson, 2015). We are excited that this technique can be tremendously important for detrital studies, but more work is required to calibrate damage and Raman active modes. For this project, a student will use this technique to determine metamorphic histories of Precambrian zircon from the Orca and Valdez groups.
Figure 5: Raman shift for Precambrian zircon from the CPW (from Garver and Davidson, 2015).
4. Age and origin of mafic volcanic rocks in the Orca Group (1 student). Pillow lavas and sheet flows of mafic volcanic rocks are interbedded with the Orca Group; and on Glacier Island, pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, and gabbro are reported (Nelson et al., 1999). This project involves collecting major and trace element data from the mafic volcanic rocks throughout the area and to compare these data with previously published data from similar rocks to the south and west (Miner, 2012; Young, 2015), and the Resurrection and Knight Island ophiolites (Lytwyn et al., 1997; Miner, 2012).
5. Age and origin of the Eshamy Suite plutons (1 student). Our previous work in western Prince William Sound helped define the age and geochemistry of a unique series of 37-39 Ma gabbroic to granodiorite plutons that intrude the CPW accretionary wedge complex (Johnson, 2012). This project will work on two or three plutons near Valdez (Miner's Bay, Cedar Pluton) that have been tentatively correlated to the Eshamy Suite based on major element geochemistry and K-Ar dates (Nelson et al., 1999). The goal of this project is to confirm the age of these plutons using U/Pb geochronology and to use whole rock major and trace elements, and Hf isotope data from zircon to help describe the petrogenesis of these rocks.
Analytical Work: Students will cut billets for thin sections at their home institution and thin sections will be made by the expert technician at Union College. Mineral separates will be done at Union or Carleton in late summer and early fall. Imaging zircon sample mounts on the SEM (BSE and CL) can be done at Carleton, Union, or the student's home institution if they have the equipment.
U-Pb and Hf analyses will be done at the University of Arizona Laserchron Center in late November or early December, and this is an important time for the entire Keck team to reconvene and collect critical data. We will invite all students to participate in this excursion, whether they are using U/Pb data in their thesis or not. Data reduction is done onsite, so students will leave with their data set.
Keck students in the LaserChron center at the University of Arizona during a 3-5 day session in November.
Davidson and Garver have been doing research in the northern Pacific Rim for over 30 years (each) with primary field areas in Kamchatka, Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. Thus we are familiar with safety issues primarily those related to Bears and Boats. There is little question that there are a host of inherent risks in this proposed work. Here we briefly address the most common concerns.
Bears. The primary issue is Black and Brown Bears. We will spend the bulk of our time in coastal waters as a group, hence our exposure is minimal. We note that our field season coincides with the Sockeye run, so almost all bears (black or brown) tend to be pre-occupied with fish. We train all participants in the use of bear deterrents. We will have bear bangers (a small pen-sized explosive charge) and Bear Spray for everyone.
Boats and Communication. We will be using two 15 ft Zodiac inflatable boats with aluminum floors and 30 hp 4-stroke engines. All participants will be instructed in safe boating practices including protocol for VHF radio use and will be required to wear life jackets. We also have a satellite phone for emergencies.
All students are required to complete a 4-6 page paper (short contribution) that will be published in the Proceedings of the Keck Geology Consortium 2019 Volume (see examples from previous years). The first draft of this paper will be reviewed by your research advisor at your home institution sometime in late February, 2019, with revised version sent to the project directors by March 1. Final versions of your paper and figures will be submitted to the Keck Office in Mid-March.
Amato, J.M., and Pavlis, T.L., 2010. Detrital zircon ages from the Chugach terrane, southern Alaska, reveal multiple episodes of accretion and erosion in a subduction complex; Geology; v. 38; no. 5; p. 459–462.
Bol, A.J. and Gibbons, H., 1992, Tectonic implications of out-of-sequence faults in an accretionary prism, Prince William Sound, Alaska: Tectonics, v.1, p. 1288-1300.
Bol, A.J., and Roeske, S.M., 1993, Strike-slip faulting and block rotation along the contact fault system, eastern Prince William Sound, Alaska. Tectonics 12, 49–62.
Bradley, D. C.; Parrish, R.; Clendenen, W.; Lux, D.; Layer, P.; Heizler, M.; and Donley, D. T., 2000, New geochronological evidence for the timing of early Tertiary ridge subduction in southern Alaska: US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1615:5-21.
Cowan, D.S.,1982, Geological evidence for post-40 m.y. B.P. large-scale northwestward displacement of part of southeastern Alaska, Geology, v. 10 p. 309-313.
Decker, J.E., Jr., 1980. Geology of a Cretaceous subduction complex, western Chichagof Island, Southeastern Alaska. PhD. Thesis, Stanford University, 135 p.
Davidson, C., and Garver, J.I., 2015, Tectonic evolution of the Prince William terrane in Resurrection Bay and eastern Prince William Sound, Alaska: Short Contributions, Keck Geology Consortium 28th Annual Symposium Volume, Union College, NY.
Davidson, C. and Garver, J.I., 2017, Age and origin of the Resurrection Ophiolite and associated turbidites of the Chugach-Prince William terrane, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Geology, in press: doi.org/10.1086/693926.
Garver, J.I., and Davidson, C., 2012, Tectonic evolution of the Chugach-Prince William terrane in Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska, Proceedings from the 25th Keck Geology Consortium Undergraduate Research Symposium, Amherst, p.1-7.
Garver, J. I., and Davidson, C., 2015, Southwestern Laurentian zircons in Upper Cretaceous flysch of the Chugach-Prince William terrane in Alaska: American Journal of Science, 315:537-556.
Gasser, D., Bruand, E., Stüwe, K., Foster, D.A., Schuster, R., Fügenschuh, B., and Pavlis, T., 2011, Formation of a metamorphic complex along an obliquely convergent margin: Structural and thermochronological evolution of the Chugach metamorphic complex, southern Alaska: Tectonics, v. 30, p. TC2012, doi:10.1029/2010TC002776.
Gehrels, G.E., Rusmore, M., Woodsworth, G., Crawford, M., Andronicos, C., Hollister, L., Patchett, J., Ducea, M., Butler, R., Klepeis, K, Davidson, C., Mahoney, B., Friedman, R., Haggard, J, Crawford, W., Pearson, D., Girardi, J., 2009, U-Th-Pb geochronology of the Coast Mountains Batholith in north-coastal British Columbia: constraints on age, petrogenesis, and tectonic evolution. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 121, p. 1341-1361.
Haeussler, P.J., and Nelson, S.W., 1993, Structural evolution of the Chugach-Prince William terrane at the hinge of the orocline in Prince William Sound and implications for ore deposits, in Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia, and Till, A.B., eds., Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2068, p. 130-142.
Haeussler, P.J., Gehrels, G.E., and Karl, S., 2005, Constraints on the age and provenance of the Chugach terrane accretionary complex from detrital zircons in the Sitka Greywacke, near Sitka, Alaska: in Haeussler, Peter J., and Galloway, John, eds., Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1709-F, p. 1- 24.
Hoskin P.W.O., Black L.P., 2000, Metamorphic zircon formation by solid-state recrystallization of protolith igneous zircon. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 18, 423–439.
Hoskin, P.W.O., and Schaltegger, U., 2003, The Composition of Zircon and Igneous and Metamorphic Petrogenesis: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 53, no. 1, p. 27-62.
Johnson, E., 2012, Origin of Late Eocene granitiods in western Prince William Sound, Alaska; Proceedings from the 25th Keck Geology Consortium Undergraduate Research Symposium, Amherst MA, p. 33-39.
Ksienzyk, A.K., Jacobs, J., Boger, S.D., Kosler, J., Sircombe, K.N., Whitehouse, M.J., 2012, U–Pb ages of metamorphic monazite and detrital zircon from the Northampton Complex: evidence of two orogenic cycles in Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 198–199, 37–50.
Kusky, T.M., Bradley, D.C., Donely, D.T., Rowley, D. & Haeussler, P.J. 2003, Controls on intrusion of near-trench magmas of the Sanak-Baranof Belt, Alaska, during Paleogene ridge subduction, and consequences for forearc evolution; Geology of a transpressional orogen developed during ridge-trench interaction along the North Pacific margin, Special Paper – Geological Society of America, vol. 371, pp. 269-292.
Lytwyn, J.N., J.F. Casey, S. Gilbert, and T.M. Kusky, 1997, Arc-like midocean ridge basalt formed seaward of a trench-forearc system just prior to ridge subduction: An example from subaccreted ophiolites in southern Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,225-10,243.
Marsellos, A.E., and Garver, J.I., 2010, Radiation damage and uranium concentration in zircon as assessed by Raman spectroscopy and neutron irradiation; Am. Min., v. 95, p. 1192–1201.
Miner, L., 2012, Geochemical analysis of Eocene Orca Group volcanics, Paleocene Knight Island Ophiolite, and Chenega Island volcanics in Prince William Sound, Alaska; Proceedings from the 25th Keck Geology Consortium Undergraduate Research Symposium, Amherst MA, p. 40-49.
Nelson, S. W., Miller, M.L., Haeussler, P.J., Snee, L. W., Phillips, P.J., and Huber, C., 1999, Preliminary geologic map of the Chugach National Forest Special Study Area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-362, scale I :63,000.
Rick, B.J., Frett, B.K., Davidson, C.M., and Garver, J.I., 2014, U/Pb dating of detrital zircon from Seward and Baranof Island provides depositional links across the Chugach-Prince William terrane and southeastern Alaska. Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, University of British Columbia – Okanagon, Abstracts with program, p. 35-36.
Roeske, S.M., Snee, L.W. & Pavlis, T.L. 2003, Dextral-slip reactivation of an arc-forearc boundary during Late Cretaceous-early Eocene oblique convergence in the northern Cordillera; Geology of a transpressional orogen developed during ridge-trench interaction along the North Pacific margin, Special Paper – Geological Society of America, vol. 371, pp. 141-169.
Sample, J.C. & Reid, M.R. 2003, Large-scale, latest Cretaceous uplift along the Northeast Pacific Rim; evidence from sediment volume, sandstone petrography, and Nd isotope signatures of the Kodiak Formation, Kodiak Islands, Alaska; Geology of a transpressional orogen developed during ridge-trench interaction along the North Pacific margin, Special Paper – Geological Society of America, vol. 371, pp. 51-70.
Xie, Q.-X., Zheng, Y.-F., Yuan, H.-L. Wu, F.-Y., 2009, Contrasting Lu-Hf and U-Th-Pb isotope systematics between metamorphic growth and recrystallization of zircon from eclogite-facies metagranites in the Dabie orogen, China: Lithos, 112, pp. 477–496.
Young, E., 2015, Geochemistry of the Orca Group volcanic rocks in eastern Prince William Sound, Alaska: Short Contributions, Keck Geology Consortium 28th Annual Symposium Volume, Union College, NY.


text:
Ipswich Council
Unemployed couple with seven kids ask for money for Xmas
by Hollie Bone
An unemployed couple with seven kids who launched a GoFundMe appeal to help pay for Christmas has been slammed for not "taking responsibility".
Ryan Rodgers, 26, and Jenny Grimes, 25, from Liverpool, the UK said they needed extra help as they struggled to survive on £480 ($A931) a month after their government benefits were slashed.
The pair, who have seven children under the age of seven, said a lack of cash meant they were forced to rely on food banks, charities and help from friends and relatives to feed the family.
Their public appeal for help has raised more than $6000, however, family members and others online are outraged and have said the couple are running a "cash grab" scam.
And in a bizarre twist, Ms Grimes' own mother Shelly Grattan even insisted the couple's GoFundMe appeal to pay for Christmas is a "con" - saying Mr Rodgers will probably spend the money on alcohol and cigarettes.
Mr Rodgers revealed he suffered from depression and anxiety and became an alcoholic - although he now claims to have stopped drinking.
On the GoFundMe page, Ms Grimes wrote: "We are a young couple with seven children trying to get back on our feet after becoming homeless having to start all over again from fresh."
The couple have raised £3400 ($A6602) so far, but they haven't escaped criticism from others online who say they are horrified the pair are unwilling or "unable" to work.
"He needs to get up of his backside and get a job. I have three children one who has special needs I still go out to work and my husband works away," one person said.
"We do this to give our children the best we can and to teach them good work ethics."
Another said the couple needed to take more responsibility for the number of children they'd chosen to have and questioned: "Why should the rest of us keep them?"
"My husband and I both worked and decided to have two children because we couldn't afford any more!"
GO FUND ME 'CON'
The pair said they were left with little choice but to appeal for help as their benefits have been capped to the "bare minimum" and with Christmas "being only a few weeks away".
"We feel really ashamed to have to do this as we've never had to do anything like this before," Ms Grimes wrote on the GoFundMe page.
"I hate to have to do this and it's took a lot for me to actually do it, but there is only so much we can do as a family.
"Any help at all is very much appreciated, even if you could point me in the direction of getting some help. Thank you."
The couple said their children "wanted for nothing" until Mr Rodgers lost his job over a cancer scare last year.
Mr Rodgers said: "With Christmas, there's so much we need but can't provide for the kids as a family.
"It's got to the stage where we've got to do something about it. Food banks only go so far. It's a real struggle."
But his mother-in-law, Ms Grattan, told MailOnline: "Ryan is a feckless liar who is trying to con the public into giving him money which he will just pour down his throat.
"No one should give him any money as he has a drink problem and that's where it will all go. He will spend it all on booze.
"Anyone who has donated to the GoFundMe page should ask for their money back. He is conning the public with a sob story that is not true."
Ms Grimes' sister, Jo Jo Grimes, said Mr Rodgers, the son of a police sergeant, was "feckless and work-shy".
She added: "He leaves the house at 10am in the morning and comes back late at night off his head on drink. He has a big drink problem and he also spends most of their benefit money on weed.
"Jenny did leave him once about four years ago but they got back together.
"He is just bad news and the public should not fall for his sob story."
But the couple insist they are "ashamed" at having to create a GoFundMe appeal and deny their family's accusations.
Ms Grimes has been forced to defend her partner after her own family branded him an "alcoholic".
She said: "Our own family is commenting and telling people that Ryan is an alcoholic. He used to have a problem with drink but he's not drunk for ages.
"People are also suggesting things about drugs which is ridiculous, I've not touched a drug in my life and I wouldn't let anything like that anywhere near my kids. I think drugs are disgusting.
This article originally appeared on The Sun and was reproduced with permission
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sparrow Health System
Sparrow Hospital was awarded the prestigious MPRO Governor's Excellence Award which recognizes significant achievements in health care quality and dedication to improve health care quality and Patient safety in Michigan.
Sparrow was the first health system in Michigan to be selected to join the prestigious Mayo Clinic Care Network. Sparrow now has direct access to the latest Mayo Clinic knowledge and expertise, which means that our Patients will receive some of the most advanced care in the nation right here at Sparrow.
Sparrow Hospital received successful accreditation with the Joint Commission. Joint Commission accreditation means our organization complies with the highest national standards for safety and quality of care.
Medical Oncology was recertified by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI) in 2013.
The QOPI® Certification Program (QCP™) recognizes medical oncology and hematology/oncology practices that are committed to delivering the highest quality of cancer care. In 2013, the Cancer Center was re-accredited by the American College of Surgeons (ACoS) Commission on Cancer (CoC). The Commission on Cancer (CoC) is a consortium of professional organizations dedicated to improving survival and quality of life for cancer Patients through standard-setting, prevention, research, education, and the monitoring of comprehensive quality care.
Stephen Guertin, M.D., was awarded the 2013 Children's Miracle Network "Caregiver of the Year" national achievement award.
Sparrow's Trauma Center was re-verified by the American College of Surgeons meaning it has again earned the Level 1 trauma center certification.
The Sparrow Stroke Center, in collaboration with Michigan State University, achieved recognition as the first facility in Michigan to be certified as a Comprehensive Stroke Center by The Joint Commission. The facility was successfully recertified in 2014. The Comprehensive Stroke Center designation recognizes elite hospital stroke programs that have the infrastructure, well-trained Caregivers and state-of-the-art equipment to diagnose and treat Patients with the most complex strokes.
The Sparrow Stroke Program continues to be recognized by the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association by achieving the Target: Stroke Honor Roll and Gold Plus Performance Achievement Awards. It means Patients can expect care that's consistent with the latest scientific guidelines. Studies show that program adherence may help reduce deaths within 30 days of leaving the hospital.
After only one year of the iSparrow EMR, Sparrow has proven its advanced use of electronic health record (EHR) technology. With this achievement, Stage 6 on the EMR adoption model, Sparrow was placed in the top 15 percent of all hospitals in the country for EHR adoption by Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) Analytics. Stage 6 hospitals have made significant advancement in their IT capabilities, positioning themselves to successfully address many industry initiatives.
All three Sparrow Hospitals (Clinton, Ionia & Main Campus) were included in the achievement as well as our Sparrow Medical Group and other Ambulatory sites.
Eight Sparrow Medical Group practices earned designation through Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan as Patient-Centered Medical Homes. This designation places the practice among a select group of Physicians who are improving primary care in Michigan by adopting the PCMH model of care.
Eight Sparrow Medical Group practices were also awarded the Interim Governor's Award for Excellence for their work to increase pneumococcal vaccination rates in older adult Patients.
Sparrow Clinton Hospital earned national recognition from iVantage Health Analytics as one of the Top 100 Critical Access Hospitals in the United States. iVantage Health Analytics uses its Hospital Strength Index to rank rural, safety-net hospitals based on market conditions, clinical and operational performance and financial and qualitative outcomes.
Sparrow Clinton Hospital earned recognition as a recipient of the 2013 Healthgrades Outstanding Patient Experience Award™. The award recognizes hospitals for Patient satisfaction based on a survey of questions about doctor and nurse communication, hospital cleanliness and noise levels, and medication and post-discharge care instructions. Hospitals receiving recognition represent less than 15 percent of the hospitals in the nation.
Sparrow Michigan Athletic Club
The Sparrow Michigan Athletic Club (MAC) ranked 70th overall on the list of Club Industry's Top 100 Clubs in the United States. Only seven single-operated locations were ranked higher than the MAC. The MAC was recognized for several reasons including being one of the largest clubs in the U.S., its high customer retention rate and number of active accounts.
Thoracic and Cardiovascular Institute
The Thoracic Cardiovascular Institute has been granted a three-year term of accreditation in Echocardiography in the areas of Adult Transthoracic by the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC). The IAC grants accreditation only to those facilities that are found to be providing quality Patient care in compliance with national standards through a comprehensive application process.


Text Area is the GUI interactive component in which we can enter multiple lines of information such as addresses, remarks, achievements, etc.
Creating a TextArea is nothing but creating an object of TextArea class. Whenever we create a TextArea component by default Scrollbars will be in invisible mode. Whenever number of rows are exceeding automatically we get vertical scrollbar whereas when number of columns are exceeding we get horizontal scrollbar.
Write a java program which illustrates the concept of TextArea?


Many small business owners get very excited when setting up shop — it's the beginning of their entrepreneurial journey, so they should be! Especially with small businesses, owners become most excited about the quality service or product they're offering or how they are going to really deliver for their first few customers (usually friends and family).
However, few owners think about how to bring in customers consistently until they're sitting idly just praying that someone will walk through the door. At that moment they know they need to take action — but what really works? Networking? Community meetings? Referral programs?
Needless to say, many turn to the internet. But for most small business owners that just opens a whole new set of questions and possible directions. Thus I present the top 5 online marketing suggestions to take your local business to the next level.
Naturally creating a presence on the web is a starting point. However many small businesses don't have a website that is responsive, meaning it looks good on both computers and mobile devices. This sounds like a daunting process to most — but these days there are a number of ready-made templates for small businesses that make local business site creation a breeze. Either learn to do it yourself, or hire someone to implement the template for you on WordPress (this can be done for as little as $100).
Your website should not be your only online presence. People will want to leave reviews and learn more about your company from reliable sources. Start with Yelp, Google Plus and any industry-specific directories. This is not only good for increasing your online presence, but it helps with local SEO (making your website show up in Google during searches).
Social media can be powerful for driving leads to a small business, but if not used consistently and thoughtfully, it can end up being more of a time-waster than a lead-driver. When I built my photo studio Modern Vice Studios, I naturally focused on social media platforms that were more photography-oriented, like Facebook. I still have a twitter profile, but rarely utilize it because I know it won't be a great driver of traffic for this business.
Even if you don't use your email list right away, it's essential that you start building it from day one. This list can be used to stay at top of mind with your current and past customers, as well as leveraged for special offers and referral programs.
Paid advertising for local businesses could be an entire series of articles by itself, but know that's because there is vast opportunity to grow your business when done well. The places to start would be Google Adwords and Retargeting. These two methods are very powerful for driving new customers to your site as well as advertising to existing customers and website visitors.
Even these top 5 marketing tips for local businesses will get overwhelming for many, and may require you to hire an expert to at least set your business up and get you on the right track. Though that makes starting your business even more of an investment, you can sleep well knowing that when implemented properly, investing in your online presence and marketing will result in huge dividends down the line.


new language and culture demands not only great linguistic proficiency (and nowadays also computer proficiency). Rather, theological ability and ample sensitivity are also required. The theological discipline of history of church and dogma should not only honor this as it applies to the past but also as it applies to the present.
Upon the occasion of its annual conference in the Forum Wiedenest association and its annual awards ceremony, afem invited the retired linguist and Bible translator Prof. Dr. Ursula Wiesemann to be the guest of honor at the awards ceremony and interviewed her in connection with that occasion. In recognition of her 55 years of work with Wycliffe Bible Translators, she was awarded a Chagall Bible. The afem had already previously honored Wiesemann in 2007 with a Festschrift entitled Mission as Communication (Mission als Kommunikation) upon the occasion of her 75th birthday. Her particular focus was putting oral languages into writing. Schirrmacher emphasized that Wiesemann thus contributed to the preservation of several languages and cultures in Latin America and Africa, which according to the opinion of experts would otherwise have been absorbed into by the culture shared by a majority of the population. Most well known is the example of the Kaingang Indians in Brazil. Wiesemann produced a written language from the innumerable dialects found in villages and groups throughout all of Brazil. That written language became the standard Kaingang language through the translation of the Bible and was the way in which cohesion between the various groups even became possible in the first place. This, according to Schirrmacher, parallels the consequences of Martin Luther's translation of the Bible for Germany.
This year's annually awarded George W.-Peters Prize (George-W.-Peters-Preis) for special achievements in the promotion of missiology was given to the linguist and theologian Eberhard Werner (Burbach, Westerwald) for his University of Wales dissertation published by the J. Kovac-Verlag with the title "Bible Translation in Theory and Practice: A presentation of Its Interdisciplinary Nature using the Example of the Practice of Education" ("Bibelübersetzung in Theorie und Praxis: Eine Darstellung ihrer Interdisziplinarität anhand der Ausbildungspraxis"). In the course of his work, Werner found out through a global survey among Bible translators that they make exclusive use of the translation method which they became acquainted with during their training. Alongside that, he compared the most significant translation methods. Finally he advocated teaching the three most common methods of translation so that the translator could later utilize the one most applicable in his field of activity. Werner is a staff member of the German branch of Wycliffe Bible Translators (Burbach, Germany).
The Austrian theologian Martin Podobri (Linz, Austria) received the 2012 George-W.-Peters-Promotional Grant (George-W.-Peters-Förderpreis) for his final thesis at the Institute for Theology and Church Development, which is the Austrian branch of the Martin Bucer Seminary. The thesis has been published by Culture & Science Publishing. Using the thesis, which carries the title "Transformation in Austria," a seminar going by the same name was held at the annual conference. In the seminar he developed the basis for a comprehensively understood missions approach in Austria for free churches which would seek to dispel numerous taboos.
The prize is named after Prof. Dr. George W. Peters (1907-1988). The renowned American missiologist was active during his period of retirement from 1978 to 1987 in Germany and was the founding rector of the Free College of Missions in Korntal (Freie Hochschule für Mission), now called the Academy for World Mission (Akademie für Weltmission). He was also an initiator of afem.


text:
-- =============================================
-- Author:		Jonathan Camilleri
-- Create date: 30th September 2016
-- Description:	Registers a new user.
-- =============================================
CREATE PROCEDURE [Login].[usp_Register]
	@Username varchar(20),
	@Name varchar(20),
	@Surname varchar(20),
	@Email varchar(50),
	@Password varchar(300),
	@Salt char(10)
AS
BEGIN
	/* SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from interfering with SELECT statements. */
	SET NOCOUNT ON;

    /* Declare variables */
	DECLARE @message varchar(4000) = 'An error has been thrown for stored procedure Login.usp_Register: ';

	/* Validation */

	IF @Username IS NULL OR @Username = ''
	BEGIN
		SET @message = @message + '@Username cannot be empty';
		THROW 50000, @message, 1;
	END

	IF @Name IS NULL OR @Name = ''
	BEGIN
		SET @message = @message + '@Name cannot be empty';
		THROW 50000, @message, 1;
	END

	IF @Surname IS NULL OR @Surname = ''
	BEGIN
		SET @message = @message + '@Surname cannot be empty';
		THROW 50000, @message, 1;
	END

	IF @Email IS NULL OR @Email = ''
	BEGIN
		SET @message = @message + '@Email cannot be empty';
		THROW 50000, @message, 1;
	END

	IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 AS RelatedRecords FROM [Login].[User] WHERE Username = @Username)
	BEGIN
		SELECT 0 AS LoginResult;

		SET @message = @message + '@Username: ' + @Username + ' already exists in this database';
		THROW 50000, @message, 1;
	END

	BEGIN TRY
		INSERT INTO [Login].[User] ([Username], [Name], [Surname], [Email], [Password], [Salt], [Token])
		VALUES (@Username, @Name, @Surname, @Email, @Password, @Salt, NEWID())

		SELECT 1 AS LoginResult, Token
		FROM [Login].[User]
		WHERE Username = @Username;
	END TRY
	BEGIN CATCH
	  -- Implement Error Catching
	END CATCH
END

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
My Clothing Store
Sex Love Heartache & Healing
Shawn William
The Next 5 Years.....
Random Foolishness
iamshawnwilliam
But we're not talking about Michael Phelps though.
They say "...but Michael Phelps tested positive"
I say "Google can be your best friend" & "Stop deflecting"
Michael Phelp's suspension was in February 2009, six months after the 2008 Olympics and six months before the 2009 World Championships. He also lost endorsements for his violations.
Sha'Carri Richardson, made a mistake yes, but it was a very costly one. She knew that weed was a banned substance & still decided to smoke/consume.
I told friends last week "I'm happy for Sis, I just hope that she doesn't get popped for any PEDs like Marion Jones" because history has proven that when a black track & field athlete does something amazing the question of "Did they do it legally?" always follows and more times than not that question is valid.
No, Marijuana isn't a PED but again it's on the banned substance list & Sha'Carri knew that. You can't go to a job interview knowing that they drug test, smoke weed close to the test, fail & then say "Well Michael Phillips...."
Let's stop deflecting & making excuses for this gifted athlete & just hope that an appeal can go in her favor.
The Greatest Song Ever Created for Men!
When A Man' Grows Up
Last Night's Verzus Review
© 2023 by Actor & Model. Proudly created with Wix.com


text:
quietgirlnoisycity
Home » Lifestyle » Lady Gaga's 'Stupid Love' Is A Sci-Fi Adventure And Return To Cosmic Pop Form
Lady Gaga's 'Stupid Love' Is A Sci-Fi Adventure And Return To Cosmic Pop Form
The new era of Lady Gaga is finally here.
After weeks of social media teases, the Mother Monster unveiled a new single, "Stupid Love," at midnight Friday. If you thought she'd shifted her focus to movie stardom after 2018's "A Star Is Born," and its Oscar-winning duet with Bradley Cooper, "Shallow," think again. With its anthemic chorus and made-for-the-dance-floor bass line, the song is a bold restatement by Gaga as a pop chameleon and visionary.
Directed by Daniel Askill, the "Stupid Love" video features bold colors and slick choreography, harkening back to classic Gaga hits like "Telephone" and "Born This Way." In it, the 11-time Grammy winner portrays an interstellar dominatrix with a telekinetic ability to break up a battle.
"The world rots in conflict," a caption declares at the start of the clip. "Many tribes battle for dominance. While the Spiritual ones pray and sleep for peace, the Kindness punks fight for Chromatica."
Not much is known about Gaga's forthcoming album, the follow-up to 2016's "Joanne," including the title or release date. Announcing the release of "Stupid Love" on Twitter, however, she used the hashtag #Chromatica, prompting fans to speculate that it may be the title.
She also shared a few details about the project Friday in an interview with Apple Music's Zane Lowe.
"We are definitely dancing," she said. "There were so many different iterations of these songs because we all wanted it to be perfect and literally nobody cared who put their fingerprints on it as long as it was the dopest thing that we could give the world and that it was meaningful, authentic, and completely me."
This time around, the recording process was particularly emotional.
"I used to cry a lot in the studio," she said. "I would listen back to what I was singing and I would hear my voice and I would hear the music and it would be so joyful and celebratory. I would essentially see the arc of my entire day."
Watch the "Stupid Love" video below.
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March 1, 2020 Lifestyle Comments Off on Lady Gaga's 'Stupid Love' Is A Sci-Fi Adventure And Return To Cosmic Pop Form
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I used to think talking on a cell phone and smoking a cigarettewas the ultimate way to seek to remove your genes (and someother random person's genes as well) from the human gene pool.However, I recently had to revise my opinion. I saw someonecombining two of the highest-risk activities on the road. Theguy I saw wasn't smoking, but he wasn't driving a car either.He was driving a motorcycle. And talking on his cell phone.
Think about that for a second. First, it meant he wasn'twearing a helmet, of course. Second, driving a motorcycle(hazardous enough with both hands and a helmet) generallyrequires two hands -- to shift, brake, etc. The only way for himto use both, when needed, was to stick the phone between hisshoulder and his head, bending his neck at an interesting angleto hold it there. Of course, that means he couldn't move hishead to look around -- at precisely the time in driving amotorcycle that he needed to the most.


We provide independent legal advice about employment settlement agreements, by appointment at our offices in central London.
It is a legal requirement that employees who have been offered a settlement agreement seek independent legal advice, and this is usually paid for by their employer.
Settlement agreements, formerly known as compromise agreements, are a binding written agreement between an employee and their employer under which the employee agrees to settle an employment tribunal claim that they have or potentially have against their employer.
Employers and employees enter into a settlement agreement where the employer pays the employee a sum of compensation and the employee gives up their right to bring a tribunal claim or discontinues any proceedings that have been commenced. The agreement will often provide for arrangements for return of property and agree terms of a reference.
The law allows some discussions between employers and employees to be conducted in a without prejudice way that cannot be referred to in any subsequent tribunal proceedings.
If you have been offered a settlement agreement by your employer you need to seek independent legal advice.
It is important that you seek independent legal advice before signing a settlement agreement, and also a legal requirement. Once you sign the agreement you will not be able to make a claim against your employer at the employment tribunal.
Who pays for my independent legal advice?
You can arrange an appointment to see an employment lawyer for advice about your settlement agreement at our offices in London EC2.
How to contact us, telephone or e-mail, office addresses, and maps.


text:
Q: Compress achart engine - husk specify chart types Is it able to compress the achart engine?
I don't want to use all of chart types, just one or two, so including a whole library 100KB jar file isn't good idea.

A: If you use Proguard on your application it will remove classes that are not referenced in the code, including classes in library JARs assuming it is properly configured.

A: I suggest you don't start hacking the AChartEngine jar file. It is indeed nicely decoupled, but there are pieces depending one on each other and if you start removing stuff you will end up with a version that doesn't work.
As it was mentioned above, 100+ KB is not that big.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Download "New Techniques. Incidence of Peptic Ulcer. Changing. Contents - with an emphasis on peptic ulcer bleeding. Cause of death in peptic ulcer bleeding"
Anticoagulants are a contributing factor. Other causes are Mallory-Weiss tears, AV malformations, and malignancy and aorto-enteric fistula.
Definitive Surgical Treatment When Endoscopy Fails. Erik Peltz D.O. Resident Debate February 26 th 2007 University of Colorado Dept.
ENDOSCOPIC INJECTION OF DILUTED ADRENALINE FOR TREATMENT OF BLEEDING DUODENAL ULCER IN COMPARISON WITH SURGERY.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 16s: management Clinical guideline Published: June 2012 nice.org.uk/guidance/cg141 NICE 2018. All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights (https://www.nice.org.uk/terms-and-conditions#notice-ofrights).
on Anti-coagulants -- Is It Safe? And When to Stop?
CHAPTER 18. PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE, SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS. 1. Which of the following is not a common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
Juan G Martínez-Cara, Rita Jiménez-Rosales, Margarita Úbeda-Muñoz, Mercedes López de Hierro, Javier de Teresa and Eduardo Redondo-Cerezo.
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Simple Clinical Predictors May Obviate Urgent Endoscopy in Selected Patients With Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding Joseph Romagnuolo, MScEpid, MD, FRCPC; Alan N.
NICE Pathways bring together all NICE guidance, quality standards and other NICE information on a specific topic.
bring together all NICE guidance, quality standards and other NICE information on a specific topic. are interactive and designed to be used online. They are updated regularly as new NICE guidance is published.
Quality in Endoscopy: Can We Do Better?
A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 11 February 2014.


text:
namespace webdriver {

IECommandHandler::IECommandHandler() {
}

IECommandHandler::~IECommandHandler() {
}

void IECommandHandler::ExecuteInternal(const IECommandExecutor& executor,
                                       const ParametersMap& command_parameters,
                                       Response* response) {
  LOG(TRACE) << "Entering IECommandHandler::ExecuteInternal";
  response->SetErrorResponse(501, "Command not implemented");
}

int IECommandHandler::GetElement(const IECommandExecutor& executor,
                                 const std::string& element_id,
                                 ElementHandle* element_wrapper) {
  LOG(TRACE) << "Entering IECommandHandler::GetElement";

  ElementHandle candidate_wrapper;
  int result = executor.GetManagedElement(element_id, &candidate_wrapper);
  if (result != WD_SUCCESS) {
    // This bears some explanation. Technically, passing an invalid ID in the
    // URL for an element command should result in a 404. However, since the
    // language bindings don't make up their own element IDs, any call from
    // a language binding is more than likely an ID that the IE driver assigned
    // it, and it was at one time valid. Therefore, we'll assume that not finding
    // the element ID in the cache means it's stale.
    LOG(WARN) << "Unable to get managed element, element not found, assuming stale";
    return EOBSOLETEELEMENT;
  } else {
    if (!candidate_wrapper->IsAttachedToDom()) {
      LOG(WARN) << "Found managed element is no longer valid";
      IECommandExecutor& mutable_executor = const_cast<IECommandExecutor&>(executor);
      mutable_executor.RemoveManagedElement(element_id);
      return EOBSOLETEELEMENT;
    } else {
      // If the element is attached to the DOM, validate that its document
      // is the currently-focused document (via frames).
      BrowserHandle current_browser;
      executor.GetCurrentBrowser(&current_browser);
      CComPtr<IHTMLDocument2> focused_doc;
      current_browser->GetDocument(&focused_doc);

      CComPtr<IDispatch> parent_doc_dispatch;
      candidate_wrapper->element()->get_document(&parent_doc_dispatch);

      if (focused_doc.IsEqualObject(parent_doc_dispatch)) {
        *element_wrapper = candidate_wrapper;
        return WD_SUCCESS;
      } else {
        LOG(WARN) << "Found managed element's document is not currently focused";
      }
    }
  }

  return EOBSOLETEELEMENT;
}

Json::Value IECommandHandler::RecreateJsonParameterObject(const ParametersMap& command_parameters) {
  Json::Value result;
  ParametersMap::const_iterator param_iterator = command_parameters.begin();
  for (; param_iterator != command_parameters.end(); ++param_iterator) {
    std::string key = param_iterator->first;
    Json::Value value = param_iterator->second;
    result[key] = value;
  }
  return result;
}

} // namespace webdriver


Common feed 8 January 2025 at 09:42amThe common feed displays chronologically all the artworks added by the artists.
Aleksey Izvekov Алексей Извеков Excellent color contrast!
Didier Massé Très belle ambiance, j'aime !
Michaela Sibi Wonderful ambiance and mood!


Gralloc: added table with features comparison.
On this page, information is collected that could help solving graphics issues in Replicant (see #1539). Besides evaluating free implementations that are relevant for currently supported devices, other implementations should also be listed if they are useful for potential future target devices.
See https://notabug.org/JeremyRand/frameworks_native for work in progress to enable to switch the OpenGL library for individual applications.
Software rendering uses the CPU and not a dedicated graphics processor for graphics rendering. It is slower than per-GPU implementations and is usually used when it is not possible to make use of the GPU. An advantage is that the same software renderer can work across many different types of hardware, so working on improving a software renderer benefits many different devices, regardless of the SOC and graphics unit that is used. Furthermore, a software renderer doesn't require a kernel driver which makes it easier to work on mainline Linux kernel support for a device until the graphics driver is in mainline.
The Android software renderer is currently used on all Replicant-supported devices and it is the fastest software renderer that is available for Replicant devices. It is a software renderer that was developed specifically for Android and it is part of the AOSP source code. The renderer includes optimizations for ARM via libpixelflinger and codeflinger that do JIT compilation into platform optimized code. Development ceased in 2013 and no work was done to support newer OpenGL ES (GLES) versions (which causes #705).
Until ca. 2011 (Android 4.0), another library with the name libagl2 existed and surfaceflinger2 was developed based on Mesa. The source code was later removed and no further development is known. At the time, the work was done to support a newer GLES version for the software renderer. It was abandoned later, probably when Google made it mandatory for Android 4.0 and later devices to pack their own hardware GPU with OpenGL ES 2.0 support. It is questionable if it is worth it to port the old libagl2 library to a recent Replicant version, also given that we would be the only ones using and maintaining the code.
For the needs in Replicant, llvmpipe has a OpenGL ES implementation that is complete enough. But some apps don't work due to minor bugs which seem fixable or which might already be fixed in more recent upstream versions. swrast and softpipe are of no interest as both are slower than llvmpipe.
The Android-x86 project is using llvmpipe and quite a few of their Android-specific frameworks patches are applied in Replicant 6.0. Their Mesa source code fork is also used in Replicant 6.0. A lot of porting work of llvmpipe to Android was done by Jide while Intel is contributing as well. So there is an interest from different parties to have llvmpipe working on Android. Android patches are upstreamed to mainline Mesa.
However, llvmpipe is still not ported to ARM which makes it slow. Also for Android, it is mostly used on the x86 platform in other projects. See #705 for more information. Optimizing llvmpipe for ARM seems currently the most promising approach to fix graphics-related issues with Replicant.
In the following, free software implementations are listed that should make it possible to use the respective GPU with free software.
Lima is still unfinished as of January 2019 but development is going on at a fast pace. The detailed implementation status can be checked with the piglit test suite.
https://limadriver.org . Luc's development stopped around 2014, but in 2017 Qiang Yu took on the task and started development on top of Mesa's Gallium3D driver as reported by Phoronix.
The code is now hosted at freedesktop.org's GitLab and is getting contributions by many developers besides Qiang Yu.
Despite initial reverse-engineering progress until 2013, no further development updates seem to be available. The project website provides documentation.
(Mali T760MP8), S7 (Mali-T880 MP12) and S9 (Mali-G72 MP18).
Panfrost is another reverse-engineered driver for ARM Mali GPUs, but aimed at the latest architectures (Midgard and Bifrost). It is still experimental but under active development with a strong community (as of January 2019). It's main focus are the ARM SoCs present on some laptops and single-board computers (SBC), but it is Intended to work on as many SoCs as possible to make everyone's lives easier.
Panfrost is developed by Alyssa Rosenzweig and Lyude Paul, and recently attracted other contributors such as Tomeu Vizoso.
Development can be followed on Alyssas's blog.
freedreno is actively developed. Linux kernel component is available in mainline since version 3.12. It needs to be investigated how well freedreno could work on potential target devices. However, even when using freedreno, non-free firmware is very likely still needed.
Generally speaking, Qualcomm devices have a lot of blobs and no modem isolation which is the reason why no Qualcomm-based device is yet supported by Replicant. See TargetsEvaluation for some analysis. We have not yet identified a Qualcomm-based device that would be a promising target for Replicant and where freedreno could be used on.
For some Vivante GCxxxx GPU variants, a free driver, Etnaviv, exists. See wikipedia for some details. It would be interesting to investigate devices using such a GPU if they would be good Replicant targets. It also needs to be checked if non-free firmware needs to be loaded to the GPU.
Implements the Android Gralloc HAL API version 1.
Is compatible with drm-hwcomposer (a libre implementation, based on Linux's DRM, of Android's Hardware Composer HAL).
Is compatible with Mesa and particularly its llvmpipe software renderer.
(optional) Is compatible with SwiftShader.
drm_gralloc - Directly uses Linux DRM for buffer allocation. Built by the Android-x86 team and now getting phased out in favor of gbm_gralloc.
gbm_gralloc - Uses Mesa's GBM (Generic Buffer Management) for buffer allocation through libgbm. GBM itself will then call DRM. Originally by Rob Herring, but now maintained by Android-x86.
minigbm - Uses its own embedded GBM implementation. Does not depend on Mesa. Built by Intel for their Android-IA project now dubbed Project Celadon. Also used by Google in ChromiumOS.
API version: lists the supported versions of Android's gralloc HAL.
GEM/flink names: whether there is support for GEM (Graphics Execution Manager) object sharing through GEM names. GEM names are unique 32 bit integers, created via the flink operation, that point to a unique GEM object inside a DRM device. GEM names are mostly deprecated due to security reasons.
PRIME fd: whether there is support for buffer sharing between different DRM drivers through PRIME, the successor of GEM names. PRIME allows the conversion of local GEM handles to DMA-BUF file descriptors and vice-versa, via the DMA Buffer Sharing API.
binderization: whether there is support for using a binder, a structure that allows memory sharing between different processes on the same machine (for instance a Queue).