Growing up as a girl child to me was sweet and soar. I grew up as the 5th and last girl amidst 6 children and was a senior to the remaining desired five boys of the family. It was really not easy to suffer rejections in your own family just because of the position of your birth not because of any fault of yours.
As a little girl growing up, I was tiny and portable, very obedient, cheerful, humorous, smart, friendly, etc. I was loved by virtually everybody I can think of from our extended family members and beyond. Majority of them gave me pet names. They always wanted me around them than other little girls of my age. I was mostly loved by women traders who claimed that I always bring good luck to them whenever I greet them in the morning before they go to market. Every market day, before they carried their wares to market, they would call me and asked me to touch their goods and wish them well, they believed and trusted that my touching their wares and wishing them well, brought fortune to them. As they carried their goods, with my tiny voice I will echo, "longwa ooo", "owuwa gbara gi ooo", meaning, "good bye ooo", may you have good luck ooo" and they would respond, "ooooo". With these wishes they confidently departed for the market. They would indeed sell their goods well and in good times too. That prompted their buying things for me as they happily came back home. This happened every four and eight market days of my community. On that aspect of my growing up, I was a desired happy girl, full of confidence and hope, full of love.
Back home, I am the last girl, who came when even my father was tired of having a girl child, that he abandoned my mother and I in the hospital on hearing that she had a female child again. Growing up as a girl, I saw myself an elder to a younger boy child. The boy was most preferred and whatever he did was taken in good faith, but as for me any slightest thing I did attracted either serious scolding or beating. I was not allowed a free hand growing up. My younger brother was always looking and talking down on me and he would be supported. I dared not lay hands on him, otherwise it would be very hot on me. In fact, his preference over me was so glaring. Sometimes I would ask myself if I were born of the family or was adopted. That was the situation till it was time to start secondary school.
Luckily for me I made the best result in my school that year for the common entrance examination into secondary school. Within me and all over me I was full of joy and happiness, having made it to secondary school, hardly did I know that I would be treated as a girl child again. I was asked to abandon secondary school and my best result to a Commercial School as a 'Day Student' (lower carder), while my younger brother was sent to a Missionary Secondary School as a 'Burden Student', (very high standard). I sobbed and cried so bitterly for days, yet to no avail. I picked myself up again and consoled myself, I said, 'I know will be a great woman in this life'. While in the commercial school, I was the best student all through. After the commercial school, as they were preparing my younger brother for University, without any attention to me, with the support of my mother, I left for my uncle's house. From my uncle's house, I left for the city where I got job that enabled me to attend a Federal Polytechnic where I merited Upper Credit in Higher National Diploma (HND). Today, by the grace of God, I am happy I am a graduate like every other person in my family. I am aspiring for my Masters Degree. I know I can make it one day. Being a girl child, immediate elder to a boy child, can never be a barrier to my progress.
In my passion I have been identifying with those rejected women in my community. Encouraging them, making them build confidence in themselves, inspiring hope and determination in them. Those that needed shelter, I went all out sensitized people who joined me and provided shelter for them. We provided them with clothing, food and other needs. Those that need education, I encourage them to forge ahead without despair, and sometimes give financial support. I will need supporters so as to enable me continue the care for these women.
I am hopeful when I see young girls in my life today especially those of them that are focused, determined, and confident in themselves. I encourage them to see themselves capable of being whom they think they can be without minding the distractions on their ways. They should not allow the partial treatment given to the male counterparts to discourage them rather it be a ladder they should climb to attain higher in their carriers. Let them aspire higher and be self motivated, definitely they will succeed and together we will change the world for good.
I was so moved as I read your story, and so amazed at your inner spirit, your fortitude, your clear sense of right and wrong, and how you kept your trust in your own worth despite all of the messages you endured that as a girl that you were "lesser than". What strength you had to make sure you stayed in school all the way through as your brilliant brain thrived with the education you had always deserved. I loved that those market women saw your special beauty and made that special connection with you. And I love that you are spreading confidence to the girls lucky enough to cross your path now.
Thank you very much for reading my story and for your encouraging words. I will try my best in spreading confidence to my fellow women the much I can.
Thanks for sharing your frustrating but inspiring story. I'm glad you didn't give up and that your mentoring/supporting women now, too, to be as driven as you are.
What is your brother doing now? What Masters are you seeking?
Good luck with your story submission! Hope you're having a great day!
Thanks a lot for reading my story and for your encouragement. My brother is working with one of the Federal Government parastatals in my country. I want to have Masters in Strategic Planning and Human Development.
Thanks once again for your cares and concerns.
You're welcome. Hope you have a great day!
I enjoyed your story and am inspired by your lovely voice and how you didn't let other people's words or actions overthrow you in your journey for success, and I cannot wait to see what you do in your future (along with your Masters).
Thanks for reading my story, and for your encouragement. By the grace of God, I will succeed and succeed loudly. Thank you.
Thanks dear for reading my story, truly we need courage in this life to succeed.
not having male children. Thanks you went through successfully. Thanks for sharing your story.
You're welcome dear florence, thanks for reading my story. Really we should all rise against this segregation. We should empower our daughters so that the future of the female folk will be brighter and secured.
Thanks for sharing your story. I have 3 boys and I am teaching them to respect women and know they have equal chances. I teach them not to do that to their own daughters nor treat their wives any less than.
You're welcome Marie. That's a good teaching my dear, let them know from the onset that women have equal rights.
The words you write describe a Tower of courage, hope, strength, perseverance!! gender focus is so hurtful and useless other than oppressing others.
You say you need help. are you starting some kind of a program beyond what you are currently doing?
Be forwarned, the real quality knowledge is outside those university walls!!! are the books authored by women? is the curriculum written by women? are the teachers women? I found that in my life, i did go thru university, got my credentials, and then promptly started unlearning the patriarchal authored books and training. tho we are in different fields i think it still may make a difference.
thank you for sharing your story. i was the baby of 3. boy girl girl. luckily i was my father's baby. but he was a raging alcoholic successful business man womanizer wife abuser, tho he did protect me from my brother of any sexual molestation!!


This is the big boy of the S10 lineup. It packs more battery power, a larger screen and can be maxed out with 12 GB of RAM and 1TB storage for folks who are wildly sensitive to media-hoarding space. That maxed out model will not sell locally for obvious reasons (it may end up costing KES 200,000 and that is the amount of money you set aside for other things – although it is insignificant for people with oil wells in their compounds). Here are the rest of the specifications.


text:
Q: Object destructuring - How to rewrite this function in a shorter way? I am using babel and ES6, I would like to know if it is possible to write the following code in a shorter way, specially I do not like the manual remap pf property in the return statement.
  const locations = action.payload.list.map(location => {
    return {
      id: location.id,
      name: location.name,
      country: location.sys.country
    }
  })

A: You can utilize object destructuring to get "id", "name" and "sys" properties from current object at iteration. Since we want to get the "country" property from "sys" object, we perform an additional destructuring of "sys" property to get the "country" property, the syntax being propertyNameOfObjectReference:{propertyNameOfNestedObjectToGet}; note the colon : preceding next curly brace { where propertyNameOfNestedObjectToGet is surrounded by object literal curly braces {, }.
Note also, the value for "name" was string at stacksnippets where should be number; name can be globally defined as the string window.name in certain environments. To prevent possible issue as to type casting of value you can set "name" property a variable name other than name at destructuring, then setting property to "name" at returned object.

const action = {payload:{list:[{name:123,id:456,sys:{country:789}}]}};

const locations = action.payload.list.map(({id, name:_name, sys:{country}}) =>
                    ({id, name:_name, country}));

console.log(locations);

A: You can do this for example:
const locations = action.payload.list.map(({ id, name, sys }) => ({
  id,
  name,
  country: sys.country
}));

A: An arrow function can return an object literal by wrapping it with parentheses:
const locations = action.payload.list.map(location => ({
  id: location.id,
  name: location.name,
  country: location.sys.country,
}))

Apart from that, there's not much you can do unless it's acceptable to include more properties:
const locations = action.payload.list.map(
  location => ({ ...location, ...location.sys }))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick will stand for the national anthem during the next NFL season, ESPN reported.
Kaepernick will be opting out of his contract with the San Francisco 49'ers and become a free agent.
The announcement that Kaepernick would no longer be kneeling for the national anthem comes at a time when Kaepernick will be looked at by other NFL teams to join their organization. The national anthem protest could be a detracting factor in their interest.
During the 2016 NFL season Colin Kaepernick elected to kneel for the national anthem in protest of police brutality and racial oppression.


This week marks the beginning of the Lunar New Year in several countries across Asia. As hundreds of millions of people travel home to celebrate with their families, let's take a look at the legends, customs, and food that mark the holiday in China, Korea, and Vietnam.
Celebrate Lunar New Year with Asia Society New York! Join us on Friday, February 20 for a Lunar New Year Happy Hour and on Saturday, February 21 for Family Day: Moon Over Manhattan!
According to Chinese legends, a wild beast called the Nian came out of hiding on the first day of every New Year, attacking and killing villagers, especially children. To scare the Nian away, the villagers would use loud noises and bright lights, which is how New Year celebrations were born.
Leading up to New Year, Chinese families decorate their homes with signs of good fortune, using the colors of gold for prosperity and red for happiness. On the night of New Year's Eve, Chinese families gather at the home of the most senior member of the family for a celebratory meal. Children and younger unmarried relatives receive hongbao, or red envelopes, filled with money.
New Year celebrations span a total of 15 days, capped off by a Festival of Lanterns on the fifteenth day, or Yuan Xiao Jie. Lanterns of all colors, shapes, and sizes are lit throughout the streets, often inscribed with poems and riddles.
With variations by region, there are several New Year dishes that symbolize good fortune, including noodles, representing longevity; jiaozi (dumplings); fish; and niangao (year cake), a sticky-sweet snack made from glutinous rice.
While it is unclear when Koreans first started celebrating Seollal, or Lunar New Year's Day, rituals associated with the festival can be traced back to the sixth century, with records found in traditional Chinese literature.
Many Koreans return to their hometowns for family celebrations. This involves a variety of preparations, including travel arrangements, gift giving, and preparing for ancestral rites. Traditionally, on the day of Seollal, Koreans dress up in hanbok, or the traditional Korean dress. Families gather to perform charye, an ancestral ritual, and sebeh, a bowing ceremony performed by children in honor of their elders.
Seollal celebrations also include traditional folk games, such as yutnori, a family board game, kite flying, jegichagi (a hacky sack-like game), and neoltwiggi (see-saw jumping).
The most important Seollal dish is tteokguk, a traditional soup of rice cakes, beef, vegetables, and other ingredients, and made with a thin beef broth. The rice cakes, or ddeok, are made from pulverized rice, which gives them a chewy texture. For Koreans, New Year marks getting one year older, symbolized by eating a bowl of tteokguk.
Vietnamese New Year is known as Tết, which means "the first morning of the first day." According to legend, every year, seven days prior to Tết, the Kitchen God (Ong Tao) returns to heaven and reports to the Jade Emperor on each family's affairs. Families will often perform a simple ceremony offering food sacrifices for the god's departure.
Tết is a family celebration. Preparations include cleaning and decorating the home and purchasing new clothes for children to be worn on the first day of the year. On New Year's Day, children receive a red envelope filled with lucky money.
For New Year, many Vietnamese families display peach blossom trees or cây nêu, an artificial New Year Tree composed of a bamboo pole decorated with various objects, such as origami, bells, and other good luck charms.
The signature New Year dish is banh chung, which are steamed rice cakes consisting of sticky rice wrapped in banana leaves, along with meat or bean fillings. According to legend, the dish originated under King Hung Vuong of the Hong Bang Dynasty sometime before 257 B.C. and has since become synonymous with Tết.


"Always an excellent work, we offer professional and guaranteed jobs".
Cortez Lawn & Landscaping Inc is dedicated to make fine your new experience in gardening, from your ideas to the installation. From the first consultation to the last detail on the floor, we will work on creating a picturesque and comforting environment for you, your family and your guests. Our mission is to beautify your life and your lifestyle by creating a garden that suits your needs. Our customized design solutions fit all projects.
We work with our own highly qualified team and we supervise directly. We are going to think beyond to create the garden that makes you happy. Since 2001, we are a full time business and we manage all aspects of your project. We understand that large projects sometimes need to be built in phases. We believe in the importance of having spaces outdoors: connecting with nature provides integrity to life.
Cortez Lawn & Landscaping Inc offers 100% satisfaction guaranteed, we are a local and family landscaping business.


Insight PHYSIOTHERAPY provides up-to-date Evidence Informed Management of all musculoskeletal pain and sports injuries. In addition, we have a special interest in chronic pain, dizziness and vertigo, and Continence and Women's Health.
At Insight Physiotherapy we offer a range of treatment options including specialist physiotherapy, manual therapy and manipulation, chronic pain treatment, dry needling, massage, sports injury treatment and rehabilitation, and taping. We also offer supervised exercise rehabilitation in our on-site gym.
We provide treatment for Private Patients, Workers Compensation and Motor Vehicle Injuries, Department of Veteran Affairs, and Medicare (Enhanced Primary Care Plan).
Let our highly experienced and motivated team help you.


It was a scrappy affair at Campbelltown Stadium on Sunday afternoon, but the Roosters managed to come away with a 22-point win over the Wests Tigers.
Captain Jake Friend sustained a concussion just three minutes into the match after coming into contact with the hip of Jared Waerea-Hargreaves during an attempted tackle.
He was subsequently forced from the field to undergo an HIA test which he did not pass and was unable to return to the match.
The Captain has recovered well though, being cleared of any serious injury and will continue to follow HIA protocol over the coming days.
Kane Evans was forced from the field in the second half after sustaining what scans have confirmed as minor knee ligament damage.
Though it is not as serious as originally anticipated, Evans will still miss up to two weeks of NRL action.
Nat Butcher sustained a concussion in his debut for the Wyong Roos on Sunday afternoon and was unable to return to the field.
It is unlikely that he will miss any football as a result.


text:
299 U.S. 59 - State Board of Equalization of California v. Young's Market Co
the United States Reports
299 U.S.
299 US 59 State Board of Equalization of California v. Young's Market Co
299 U.S. 59
57 S.Ct. 77
81 L.Ed. 38
STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION OF CALIFORNIA et al.
YOUNG'S MARKET CO. et al.*
Argued Oct. 19, 1936.
Decided Nov. 9, 1936.
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of California.
Messrs. Walter L. Bowers, of Los Angeles, Cal., and U.S. Webb, of San Francisco, Cal., for appellants.
Messrs. Frederick H. Wood, of New York City, and M. J. Donnelly, of Chicago, Ill., for appellees.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
This suit, brought in the federal court for southern California, challenges the validity, under the Twenty-First Amendment of the Federal Constitution, of the provisions of a statute of that state, and of the regulations thereunder, which impose a license-fee of $500 for the privilege of importing beer to any place within its borders.1 The license does not confer the privilege of selling.2 Compare Premier-Pabst Sales Co. v. Grosscup, 298 U.S. 226, 56 S.Ct. 754, 80 L.Ed. 1155.
The plaintiffs are domestic corporations and individual citizens of California who sue on behalf of themselves and of others similarly situated. Each is engaged in selling at wholesale at one or more places of business within the state beer imported from Missouri or Wisconsin; and has a wholesaler's license which entitles the holder to sell there to licensed dealers beer lawfully possessed, whether it be imported or is of domestic make. For that license the fee is $50. Each plaintiff has refused to apply for an importer's license, claiming that the requirement discriminates against wholesalers of imported beer; and that, hence, the statute violates both the commerce clause and the equal protection clause. The bill alleges that heavy penalties are exacted for importing, or having in possession, imported beer without having secured an importer's license; that unless enjoined defendants will enforce the statute; that enforcement would subject each of the plaintiffs to irreparable injury; and that the matter in controversy exceeds $3,000.
The several state officials charged with the duty of enforcing the statute were joined as defendants, and made return to an order to show cause. They assert that the challenged statutory provisions and regulations are valid because of the Twenty-First Amendment, ratified December 5, 1933, which provides by section 2: 'The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.'
First. The main contention of the plaintiffs is that the exaction of the importer's license fee violates the commerce clause (Const. art. 1, § 8, cl. 3) by discriminating against the wholesaler of imported beer. But there is no discrimination against them qua wholesalers. Every one holding a wholesaler's license who is lawfully possessed of any beer may sell it. The fee exacted for the privilege of selling, and the conditions under which a sale may be made, are the same whether the beer to be sold is imported or domestic, or is both. The difference in position charged as a discrimination is not in the terms under which beer may be sold. It arises from the fact that no one may import beer without securing a license therefor. What the plaintiffs complain of is the refusal to let them import beer without paying for the privilege of importation. Prior to the Twenty-First Amendment it would obviously have been unconstitutional to have imposed any fee for that privilege. The imposition would have been void, not because it resulted in discrimination, but because the fee would be a direct burden on interstate commerce; and the commerce clause confers the right to import merchandise free into any state, except as Congress may otherwise provide. The exaction of a fee for the privilege of importation would not, before the Twenty-First Amendment, have been permissible even if the state had exacted an equal fee for the privilege of transporting domestic beer from its place of manufacture to the wholesaler's place of business. Compare State Freight Tax Case, 15 Wall. 232, 274, 277, 21 L.Ed. 146. Thus, the case does not present a question of discrimination prohibited by the commerce clause.
The amendment which 'prohibited' the 'transportation or importation' of intoxicating liquors into any state 'in violation of the laws thereof,' abrogated the right to import free, so far as concerns intoxicating liquors. The words used are apt to confer upon the state the power to forbid all importations which do not comply with the conditions which it prescribes. The plaintiffs ask us to limit this broad command. They request us to construe the amendment as saying, in effect: The state may prohibit the importation of intoxicating liquors provided it prohibits the manufacture and sale within its boarders; but if it permits such manufacture and sale, it must let imported liquors compete with the domestic on equal terms. To say that, would involve not a construction of the amendment, but a rewriting of it.
The plaintiffs argue that, despite the amendment, a state may not regulate importations except for the purpose of protecting the public health, safety, or morals; and that the importer's license fee was not imposed to that end. Surely the state may adopt a lesser degree of regulation than total prohibition. Can it be doubted that a state might establish a state monopoly of the manufacture and sale of beer, and either prohibit all competing importations, or discourage importation by laying a heavy impost, or channelize desired importations by confining them to a single consignee? Compare Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall. 36, 21 L.Ed. 394; Vance v. W. A. Vandercook Co. (No. 1), 170 U.S. 438, 447, 18 S.Ct. 674, 42 L.Ed. 1100. There is no basis for holding that it may prohibit, or so limit, importation only if it establishes monopoly of the liquor trade. It might permit the manufacture and sale of beer, while prohibiting absolutely hard liquors. If it may permit the domestic manufacture of beer and exclude all made without the state, may it not, instead of absolute exclusion, subject the foreign article to a heavy importation fee? Moreover, in the light of history, we cannot say that the exaction of a high license fee for importation may not, like the imposition of the high license fees exacted for the privilege of selling at retail, serve as an aid in policing the liquor traffic. Compare Phillips v. City of Mobile, 208 U.S. 472, 479, 28 S.Ct. 370, 52 L.Ed. 578.
The plaintiffs argue that limitation of the broad language of the Twenty-First Amendment is sanctioned by its history; and by the decisions of this Court on the Wilson Act (27 U.S.C.A. § 121), the Webb-Kenyon Act (27 U.S.C.A. § 122) and the Reed Amendment (27 U.S.C.A. § 1 note).3 As we think the language of the amendment is clear, we do not discuss these matters. The plaintiffs insist that to sustain the exaction of the importer's license fee would involve a declaration that the amendment has, in respect to liquor, freed the states from all restrictions upon the police power to be found in other provisions of the Constitution. The question for decision requires no such generalization.
Second. The claim that the statutory provisions and the regulations are void under the equal protection clause may be briefly disposed of. A classification recognized by the Twenty-First Amendment cannot be deemed forbidden by the Fourteenth. Moreover, the classification in taxation made by California rests on conditions requiring difference in treatment. Beer sold within the state comes from two sources. The brewer of the domestic article may be required to pay a license fee for the privilege of manufacturing it; and under the California statute is obliged to pay $750 a year. Compare Brown-Forman Co. v. Kentucky, 217 U.S. 563, 30 S.Ct. 578, 54 L.Ed. 883. The brewer of the foreign article cannot be so taxed; only the importer can be reached. He is subjected to a license fee of $500. Compare Kidd v. Alabama, 188 U.S. 730, 732, 23 S.Ct. 401, 47 L.Ed. 669.
Reversed.
Mr. Justice BURTER concurs in the result.
Mr. Justice STONE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Rehearing denied 299 U.S. 623, 57 S.Ct. 229, 81 L.Ed. —-.
The lower courts have differed on this question. See Triner Corporation v. Arundel (D.C.) 11 F.Supp. 145; Premier-Pabst Sales Corporation v. Grosscup (D.C.) 12 F.Supp. 970; General Sales & Liquor Co. v. Becker (D.C.) 14 F.Supp. 348; Pacific Fruit & Produce Co. v. Martin (D.C.W.D.Wash., Southern Div., February 28, 1936) 16 F.Supp. 34. See, also, the following unreported decisions: Premier-Pabst Sales Co. v. McNutt (D.Ind., January 4, 1935); Philip Blum & Co. v. Henry (E.D.Wis., March 28, 1936).
Constitution of the state of California, Art. 22, § 22, as amended November 6, 1934; Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, June 13, 1935, St.Cal.1935, p. 1123, c. 330, § 2(k); § 3; § 5(8), (13); § 6(d), (f); § 7; § 49; §§ 10, 11; § 31; Rules of State Board of Equalization, rule 9, (a), (e).
E.g., In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545, 11 S.Ct. 865, 35 L.Ed. 572; Scott v. Donald, 165 U.S. 58, 17 S.Ct. 265, 41 L.Ed. 632; Vance v. W. A. Vandercook Co. (No. 1), 170 U.S. 438, 18 S.Ct. 674, 42 L.Ed. 1100; Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Maryland Ry. Co., 242 U.S. 311, 37 S.Ct. 180, 61 L.Ed. 326; L.R.A.1917B, 1218, Ann.Cas.1917B, 845; Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. North Carolina, 245 U.S. 298, 38 S.Ct. 96, 62 L.Ed. 299; McCormick & Co., Inc., v. Brown, 286 U.S. 131, 52 S.Ct. 522, 76 L.Ed. 1017, 87 A.L.R. 448.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Create a preview campaign
Create a progressive campaign
Create an external calling campaign
Create a power dialing campaign
Prioritizing campaigns
Not all campaigns are equal. When running multiple campaigns simultaneously with a common queue of agents, sometimes one campaign requires priority over another.
Outbound dialing modes allow you to set the importance of a campaign relative to any others using the same queue.
Use the Priority setting to assign an integer between 1 and 5 inclusive, indicating the importance of this campaign relative to any others.
The lowest priority is 1, with 5 being the highest. The default is 5.
This setting helps outbound dialing determine how many calls to place for each campaign for each agent.
Campaign priority does not mean that a campaign with a higher priority always places calls before a campaign with lower priority. It only means it has a higher chance of placing a call for each agent, and over time has a larger share of the total calls placed.
Agents participate automatically in multiple campaigns by way of the queues they are active in. The same queue can be assigned to multiple campaigns, or the agent can be a member of multiple queues assigned to different campaigns. When an agent is active in multiple campaigns, each campaign generates interactions for that agent, based on the priority settings for each campaign to which the agent is attached.
The integers for each campaign assigned to an agent or queue convert to a percentage. Over time, more calls per agent are placed for higher priority campaigns, proportionally to each campaign's priority number.
For example, an agent is assigned to two campaigns. The first campaign is set at a priority of 3 and the second campaign is set at a priority of 5.
For power and predictive dialing, the priority values determine the percentage of time an agent is available for each assigned campaign. Based on these priorities, calls from the first campaign have a 37.5 percent chance of being placed, while calls from the second campaign have a 62.5 percent chance.
For preview, progressive, and external dialing, the priority values determine the weight each campaign is assigned when placing calls. Based on these priorities, the first campaign has a 37.5 percent chance of being chosen, while the second campaign has a 62.5 percent chance. Only one call or callback is placed for one campaign, instead of an agent being assigned and used in pacing calculations.
If campaigns have equal priority, the agent is either divided evenly (non-preview) or has an equal chance of being chosen for each campaign.


text:
Tawsif Anam is nationally published writer, and an award-winning public policy professional and speaker. He is an immigrant from Bangladesh, and now a United States citizen.Tawsif Anam's writings have appeared in USA Today, Washington Examiner, The Washington Times, The Boston Globe, The Western Journal, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Wisconsin State Journal, The Capital Times, and more.Tawsif comments on a wide range of topics, ranging from current affairs in politics to various issues affecting society and culture.Visit www.tawsifanam.net to learn more.
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What is the best city in America?August 19, 2022
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For senior citizens: Electronic communication in health careMarch 09, 2022


1) All kinds of Military weapons and ammunition, weapons of mass destruction, as well as equipment and materials that can be used to make such weapons.
2) Drugs, medicines containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors.
3) Visual and printed materials promoting war, aimed at terrorism, racism, violence, undermining the state system.
4) Materials of pornographic content.
5) Soil, as well as live rooted plants with soil.
6) All kinds of plant pathogens, which include culture of live bacteria, viruses, fungi and mites, insects, nematodes that damage plants.
7) The regulated products and products contaminated by quarantine organisms, seeds of quarantine weeds, except for samples that are imported for scientific purposes and only in coordination with the competent authority.


text:
Mayor Ernest Jameson
Mayor Jameson (front, centre)
Ernest Oswald Jameson was born in Altrincham, Cheshire, England in 1891 and came to Canada in 1908 residing first in Manitoba then near Medicine Hat, Alberta where he worked with show horses for a time. At the outbreak of WW1 in 1914 he joined the Canadian Army forces and served overseas until the end of the war.
On returning to Medicine Hat, he entered the shoe repair business and in 1920 married Lilian (Lily) Edith Forrest. They had child, Frank Ernest the following year (Frank also became a mayor of Ladysmith in the 60's and his profile is given on a separate page of this site).
In 1926 at the urging of his father in law, John Henry Forrest, who had already moved west and worked as a millwright-saw-filer in Ladysmith, Ernest brought his wife and young son west working first in a local mill and later delivering ice for Jack Davis. In the early 30's Ernest began working in the local flour and feed store, taking it over himself when the company went out of business and operating it as Jameson's Flour and Feeds for the next 30 years until his retirement. His wife Lily also worked in the store as did their son Frank on his return to civilian life at the conclusion of the Second World War. Frank stayed in the family business until the late 1950's when he became a carpenter at the Crofton Pulp Mill.
Always active in community affairs, Ernest served first as an Alderman before being named as Mayor by acclamation in December, 1942. He remained in the mayor's chair until his retirement from local politics in November, 1947 concluding 9 years in local politics in Ladysmith. Jameson was also a past provincial president of the Army and Navy Veterans Association and a member of Branch 171 of the Royal Canadian Legion. His wife, Lily, was a member of the Ladysmith Senior Women's Hospital Auxiliary and was also active in the local auxiliary to the Royal Canadian Legion.
Ernest Oswald Jameson passed away in Ladysmith Hospital on June 22, 1968. He was 77 years of age. He preceded his wife who passed away on January 6, 1984.
Mayor John W. Coburn
Mayor Daniel Nicholson
Mayor Patrick Malone
Mayor Roy Branwood Dier
Mayor George Hillier
Mayor John Bickle
Mayor Edward G. Pannell
Mayor William Anderson
Mayor Matthew Nimmo
Mayor W. W. Walkem
Mayor Samuel Jones
Mayor George Reid
Mayor Joseph Mason
Mayor Leonard T. Ryan
Mayor Kathleen (Kay) Grouhel
Mayor R. W. (Bob) Stuart
Mayor Frank Jameson
Mayor J. A. (Alex) Stuart
Mayor G. R. (Rollie) Rose
Mayor Rob Hutchins
Mayor Aaron Stone


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Nursery staff have pedal power
Staff at the Children's Place Day Nursery on their exercise bikes
Published: 10:00 Updated: 15:07 Saturday 28 February 2015
Head office staff at a chain of children's day nurseries 'travelled' more than 600 miles last Friday in a bid to raise money for their partner nursery in Kenya. Staff at The Children's Place, which has a base at Free School Lane, Halifax, climbed aboard exercise bikes to cycle continuously for twelve hours to cover the distance.
Staff have taken part in a number of gruelling events to cover 6,337 miles - the distance between their Wyke head office and Nairobi, Kenya.
To donate, visit www.make-a-donation.org/charity/children-s-place-foundation.
Northgate House retail complex and Halifax Sixth form development on track for 2020 opening


receive a free copy of the annual Hertfordshire Bird Report. The report contains full details of all species recorded in Hertfordshire in the year plus papers on birds new to the county, recent survey work and many other subjects.
be able to attend the annual HBC/BTO Conference. Held in February or March each year, in association with the BTO, this provides a forum for discussion on matters of local and national interest in addition to presentations from expert speakers.
have the chance to take part in local and national survey work. The club runs a programme of survey and monitoring work and all members are welcome to participate.
have access to all meetings of the Herts Natural History Society. If your interests extend to other areas of natural history you may attend any of the meetings held by the society covering areas such as mammals, insects, fungi and flora. A supplement of £6 entitles you to a copy of the annual Hertfordshire Naturalist, the Society's journal.
support the important work of the Bird Club.
To join the Herts Bird Club please download and complete an application form (either in Application Form - Word or as a Application Form - PDF) or simply send your name and contact details (address, email address and telephone number) with your payment (details below) to our Membership Secretary, Geoff Hill, by email to membership@hnhs.org, or by post to 84 Park Avenue, Bushey, Herts. WD23 2BB.
Subscriptions are eligible for Gift Aid so please add Gift Aid if you can, see below.
£18 per year – Corporate subscription – available to organisations such as companies, local authorities and colleges – carries the same privileges as ordinary member.
Subscriptions fall due on 1 January each year. New members joining after 1 October can either opt to receive that year's publications or carry the subscription over to the following year.
Pay on line - donate your subscription through our Virgin Money Giving page using your credit or debit card - click the Virgin icon. Membership subscriptions are eligible for Gift Aid.
Send a cheque, payable to 'Hertfordshire Natural History Society' to Membership Secretary, 84 Park Avenue, Bushey, Herts. WD23 2BB.
Transfer your subscription via telephone or internet banking or set up a standing order, details are on the Application Form.
The whole of your subscription and any donations are eligible for Gift Aid. HM Revinue and Customs will give the Society 25p for every £1 donated (that is £4.50 on a subscription of £18), so it is well worth it. You are eligible for Gift Aid if you are a UK taxpayer and your annual income tax and/or capital gains tax is greater than the tax the Society will reclaim. For more details see HMRC website.
For the Society to claim Gift Aid on your subscription all we need is your name and address and for you to tell us in an email or letter that you wish to add Gift Aid and that you are an eligible UK taxpayer. You can download a Gift Aid form here.
Go to the Survey and Projects page for updates on several surveys - planned, ongoing, and closed - including this year's upcoming survey of Urban Nesting Gulls: attached is a list of selected squares to cover.
Please contact murray.orchard@live.co.uk if you would like to take part!
The 2019 Herts Bird Club/BTO Conference took place in Hatfield on Saturday 2nd March. It was well-attended and kindly hosted and supported by Affinity Water at their headquarters.
Go to Bird Conference 2019 to read all about it!
Herts Little Egret recorded in the Azores!
Since 2014 Little Egrets have bred within the heronry at Verulamium Park with one nest then increasing to four nests there in 2018. Barry Trevis and his team have been ringing and colour-ringing the young there during this time with 34 birds ringed. A further 10 Little Egret chicks have been ringed at Stanborough Lakes since 2016. Also some full-grown Little Egrets are ringed at Lemsford Springs. The main purpose of the ringing is to monitor the movements, distribution and survival rates of this recently colonized species to the UK.
Read more about Herts Little Egret recorded in the Azores!
Site design by LTD Design Consultants, development by Garganey Consulting.


Stefano Zamagni's speech, last October 2nd in Bohemia, left a sign of hope and a new vision of the economy on Work, Unemployment and Civil Economy. With two images, the pyramid and the hourglass, he explained the difference between the labor market of "yesterday" and the current one. "Yesterday" (the pyramid) there few people who enjoyed a "high" position in the company, "today" instead (the hourglass) there are many who can aspire to such positions and there is no limit.
With the globalization of business, if they cannot find super-skilled workers in a specific area, they can find them elsewhere, even in distant places and they do it because highly skilled people increase productivity and profit. Those who do not find a job today are low-skilled graduates, which are located in the bottleneck of an hourglass. This is a paradox, Zamagni said: "Yesterday" unemployment impacted those who did not go to school; today those who do not find a job are those who dropped out in the middle of their school carrier."
The image of an hourglass also helps us to understand something of inequality. "Today" super-specialized people ask the company what they want, and if they do not get it they move elsewhere. Instead, those who remain at the lower level to do routine work have to be content with a lower salary. "The rich of 'today' are much richer than the rich of 'yesterday' and the poor are poorer than the poor of 'yesterday.'"
So what can we do? There are three levels of intervention, says Prof. Zamagni: policy, business and civil society.
The policy must do two things. First: change the tax system, (by ceasing to tax work heavily and instead taxing the financial markets). Second: foster the creation of laws through appropriate companies that do not have profit as their goal, such as social enterprises. "The goal of social enterprises is to create jobs or to pursue goals of social good. The social company produces a particular category of service to people such as health, education, child and elderly care. To make this work we want people, not new technology or robots."
The second action plan is about the business world. "Legal responsibility" is no longer enough, it also needs the responsibility of the society. The true Corporate Social Responsibility is to create jobs, not so much in doing charity. The company should take responsibility of the destiny of those who live in its territory. The other aspect is the Family Responsibility of the company. "Both work and family have fundamental values: it is necessary to study politics of reconciliation to ensure that work and family can go ahead parallel. All this happens in the businesses of the economy of communion, which tries to translate these principles and put them into practice, and is successful. As we all have difficulties, they understood that unity of values strengthens and increases innovation and creativity. For where there is harmony, there is more innovation and creativity. Therefore, legal responsibility is no longer enough (respect the laws, pay taxes, no more exploiting people and the environment). It takes social responsibility especially of the family. This means enhancing the workplace."
The third plan of action is that of Civil Society. "Its job is to aggregate demand because it can achieve significant results on the employment front."
At the end of his speech Prof. Zamagni concluded: "Tell your entrepreneur friends to go and spend a weekend in Loppiano. I have seen many entrepreneurs, after having been in Loppiano for 2-3 days, return home changed. They had never thought that one could do so much good with business activities, and above all be happy. Giving entrepreneurs the opportunity of doing something good and being happy is a gift we can give them."


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HERITAGE & HISTORY, PERFORMANCE
Poetry as Commemoration Jukebox
Tues 25 – Sun 30 October
OUTSIDE THE GRANARY, HANOVER ST
The Poetry as Commemoration Jukebox brings poetry and history to public spaces through an interactive sound installation. Wind the handle, select a poem, then sit back and listen to poems by writers who either lived through the violent upheaval of the War of Independence and Civil War, or those who reflect upon the transformation of Ireland from the vantage point of history. Writers include Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin, John Hewitt, Jane Clarke, W.B. Yeats, Máire Mhac an tSaoi and more.
Poetry as Commemoration is an initiative of the Irish Poetry Reading Archive at UCD Library and is supported by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media, under the Decade of Centenaries 2012-2023 programme.
Project partners include Poetry Ireland, Arts Council Northern Ireland and Quotidian Ltd.


Over the last few years the Meritis organization developed from a product to a solution driven organization. Helping our customer in Project Evaluation, Risk Management and Consulting for special projects is nowadays one of our core competences. We are able to combine business, tactical, technical and construction related matter in order to consult the customer in the best way possible.
Originally, Meritis build up its competence in the personal ballistic protection such as vests, plates and shields. Over the years, we have selected a set of core products, which have a clear unique selling point and allow us to differentiate against competition. The focus is always to match the demand on the battlefield with the best products available at the market.
Publication: report about Shooting-Simulator in the magazine "Le Matin"
Publication: report about Drone Defence in the magazine "Le Matin"
Publication: report about our Joint-Venture Company SIMGUN in the magazine "PVT"
Publication: report about Drone Defence System in the magazine "SWM-Schweizer Waffen-Magazin"
Great success at IWA Fair Nuremberg where the new Command & Control Cube and Sky Cleaner have been presented as part of the Drone Defence System product family.
After the great client feedbacks at IWA Fair Nuremberg the Meritis Shooting Simulation System will be available for additional client demo-days in Germany for the next 4 months.
FBG sensors embedded in sensor cable mounted on fence.


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The Ugly Animal Preservation Society is a comedy night with a conservation twist founded in Great Britain by biologist, writer and TV presenter Simon Watt to raise the profile of animal species which lack traditional aesthetically appealing characteristics. In part it is based on the belief that conservation of charismatic megafauna like pandas attract disproportionate amounts of funding that could be better spent elsewhere. The organisation aims to protect less attractive animals such as the proboscis monkey which also face threats.

The first show was held in London in October 2012, with additional events elsewhere including at the 2013 Brighton Science Festival. Simon Makin found the Brighton event "a completely unique evening's entertainment, with plenty of knowledge nuggets thrown in amongst the giggles"., the Cheltenham Science Festival, the Edinburgh Science Festival, the Green Man Festival in Wales, the Winchester Science Festival, The British Science Festival, Bristol Big Green Week and other events and festivals around the country.

Simon comperes each evening where between six and eight comedians each have ten minutes to champion a different ugly endangered species.  At the end of each evening the audience votes to elect one of the species. Previous performers have included Ellie Taylor, Helen Arney, Dan Schreiber, Sarah Bennetto, Suzi Ruffell, Steve Cross, Dean Burnett and Iszi Lawrence.

Current ugly animal mascots include: for London, the proboscis monkey; for Cambridge, forms of endangered sea slug; for Bristol and Cheltenham, the three toed sloth; for Winchester, the Titicaca water frog; for Brighton, the naked mole-rat and for Newcastle the dugong.

Promachoteuthis sulcus, championed by Jennifer Harrison, was elected to be the Edinburgh mascot. Jennifer referred to it as the "gob faced squid" because of its disturbingly human-like mouth. This name has since been adopted as the common name for the species.

In September 2012 the Ugly Animal Preservation Society teamed up with the National Science and Engineering Competition to create some online educational resources including eleven election style videos allowing people world wide to vote for what should become the general mascot for the society.  The campaign gained international press coverage and was supported online by tweets from many celebrities including Stephen Fry, Liz Bonnin and Simon Pegg. Votes were counted by monitoring the number of likes on each of the election videos.

The winning animal, declared the ugliest animal on Earth, championed by Paul Foot and the official mascot of the society is the blobfish.

References

External links
Ugly Animal Preservation Society
Simon Watt at Ready, Steady, Science!
Interview with Watt, New Scientist
Animal conservation organizations
British comedy
Endangered species

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Memcached and Sharding I'm new to both memcached & sharding.
I gone though some articles on both. I need to implement both in my application.
Articles I'd gone through were good but none of them gave me how to use these technologies.
Anyone who can suggest me the links from which I can actually configure them and run the samples.
I want to implement memcached first, then sharding and then both of them together.
Thanks for your help.

A: Your memcached client will do all of the sharding for you.  The harder part is knowing what you should cache so it will actually be beneficial to your application.
In general, you don't want to cache things like database queries.  You do want to cache things that you build from database queries that represent higher-level objects in your application.
Having a good API for storage and retrieval of your applications is a good start.  You might find the story of memcached a good introduction.

A: You can below link, hope it will help to get started....
http://sacharya.com/using-memcached-with-java/
http://www.javascool.com/2010/08/31/using-memcached-with-java-applications/


It's a question the Bible asks a lot, too, and this week we're going to look at some of Paul's suggestions. I'm not sure they'd make for great costumes, but in Colossians 4 Paul lists some excellent role models from his friends in ministry. Each of them has qualities we can put on to become more like Christ.
The first is Tychicus, a man from Asia who Paul mentions in three other books of the Bible as a major part of their ministry team. Tychicus was headed toward the Colossians with two jobs: reporter and encourager.
The question of the week is what kind of Christ-follower we're going to be. And we're looking for inspiration from Paul's entourage in Colossians 4.
Our next role model is a thieving runaway slave – but that's not the role model part. Onesimus had been a slave in Colosse in the home of his wealthy master Philemon, a Christian. Apparently, Onesimus robbed Philemon and ran away to Rome, where he somehow met Paul, became a Christian, and became very dear to Paul.
Do: Read Paul's letter of recommendation for Onesimus in the tiny little book of Philemon. Notice how Paul talks about the then culturally accepted practice of slavery within the larger context of Christianity.
What kind of Christ-follower will you be? We're mining Paul's ministry buddies mentioned in Colossians 4 for ideas.
It takes commitment, preparation and, well, beginning to become like the best of the Jesus-followers.
Here, though, we see that later on Mark has been there for Paul in prison – and Paul may even be sending Mark on a mission to the Colossians. He earned his way back on the team by starting again and being faithful to following Christ. Mark shows us that one big failure doesn't have to be the end our service to the Lord; we can start again.
Paul has another role-model for you.
Epaphras was a Colossian guy with a rep as a muscular pray-er. He approached prayer as battle, and he prayed to win. He "wrestled" in prayer for people. I take that to mean that he saw prayer as so powerful – so critical to changing things for the better – that he was ready to throw down in spiritual warfare or even just against his own attention span.
Do: Think of three people in your life who need prayer and make a commitment with yourself to spend time praying for them this week.
Think: Could you ever see yourself falling in love with what the world offers – pleasure, possessions, and status? What can you do to protect your heart from becoming unfaithful to God?
Our final role-model from Paul's buddy list this week isn't actually one of the guys working with Paul in Rome. He's probably Philemon's son back in Colosse, where this letter is headed. He was maybe taking care of some of Epaphras's ministry duties back there while E. was with Paul.
Paul tells Archippus to "see to it" (or "look out") that he finish the "work" (or "ministry") God gave him to do. Either Arcippus was dropping the ball or Paul knew that things were about to get tough for him. He urged everyone to remind Archippus to keep going and finish strong. Talk about accountability!
Has God called you to do any ministry work that you've left hanging – or that you're thinking about giving up on? Maybe it has to do with helping with something at church or telling a friend about Jesus or even just making it your job to encourage other Christians in the jobs they're doing for Christ.
Don't give up. Be the kind of Chirst-follower who finishes what you start. Hang tough.
Think: What ministry work have you "received in the Lord"? Are you still working at it? If you can't think of any ministry you're supposed to be doing, what are some ways you could start serving Christ, especially in your church?
Pray: Ask God to help you to finish what you start for him.
Do: Make a plan for some specific ways you can "keep going" in serving God this week. If you don't have a regular way that you serve in your church, see if you find a way to help.


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Food Irradiation
ARCHIVED - Irradiation of Shrimp: Summary of Submission Process
We have archived this page and will not be updating it.
You can use it for research or reference.
A. Summary of Situation
B. Evaluation Summary
C. Proposed Amendments
D. Consultation
Appendix I: Nutritional Safety of Irradiated Shrimp
Appendix II: Safety of Irradiated Shrimp
Figure 1: The Proposed Overall Treatment for Irradiation of Shrimp
(a) The Request
A submission has been received for the irradiation of pre-packaged1 fresh, frozen, further prepared and dried shrimp. 'Shrimp' includes all edible species of shrimp and prawns.
(b) Divisions of the Food Directorate Responsible for Evaluating these Submissions
Chemical Health Hazard Assessment Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety (Coordinating Division; also evaluates toxicological safety, chemical safety and dosimetry portions of submissions)
Evaluation Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards (evaluates efficacy and microbial safety aspects)
Nutrition Evaluation Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences (evaluates nutritional effects)
(a) Purpose, Source of Radiation and (Absorbed) Dose
The purpose of irradiation is (1) to extend the cold storage life of shrimp, (2) to eliminate, or severely reduce, any pathogenic bacteria that may be present in the processed and packaged shrimp, and (3) to concomitantly reduce or eliminate the bacteria that cause food spoilage.
The proposed source of ionizing (gamma-) radiation is Cobalt-60.
The doses proposed by the petitioner are as follows:
Fresh, frozen,further prepared and dried shrimp and prawns
Absorbed dose minimum, 1.5 kGy; maximum 5.0 kGy.
Expected average dose in commercial irradiation: 2.75 kGy
(b) Efficacy
The claim for the elimination or severe reduction of pathogenic bacteria was assessed, based on a study conducted under commercial conditions using frozen shrimp (-18°C).
It was difficult to draw conclusions from this study about the effectiveness of irradiation in pathogen reduction because the frozen shrimp controls were virtually free of pathogens in the first place.
Although the literature evidence referenced supports the effectiveness of irradiation in the elimination of pathogens and in the extension of shelf-life, very little of such data were gleaned under actual conditions of commercial production. These concerns and others items that needed clarification have since been addressed satisfactorily by the petitioner. It has been clearly demonstrated in commerce that the reported shelf-life extension of irradiated shrimp cannot be achieved simply by strict adherence to good manufacturing practice.
Evaluators concluded (1) that irradiation can extend the shelf-life and reduce the level of pathogens in fresh, frozen or dried shrimp, and (2) that there is no reason to object to the use of irradiation at the levels proposed, if the shrimp used are from a marine environment.2 In commenting on the original doses, evaluators expressed the need to limit the use of irradiation in fresh shrimp to 3.0 kGy to ensure that sufficient spoilage bacteria survive to prevent growth of potential radiation resistant pathogens. Alternatively, if the 5.0 kGy dose is retained, packaging materials that were permeable to oxygen should be specified in the proposals. The submission demonstrated that there were sufficient bacteria surviving the 3.0 kGy irradiation dose regardless of whether the product was aerobically or anaerobically packaged and therefore the packaging environment was not considered a safety issue. As a result of these comments, the proposal was changed to specify maxima that parallel those for poultry, i.e. 3.0 kGy for fresh shrimp and 5.0 kGy for frozen shrimp. The petitioner concurred in writing with this revision.
(c) Dosimetry
A comprehensive dosimetry study of the irradiation of frozen shrimp was undertaken in two separate trials, one in Thailand and the other in Canada to determine the absorbed dose range for shrimp irradiated under commercial conditions2. At both locations, dosimetry was done using three different dosimeter systems (Ceric-cerus, opti-Chromic and Amber-Perspex) in simulated products at ambient temperature. The study on frozen shrimp undertaken at both locations used the Amber-Perspex Dosimeter. The dosimetry procedures employed in the feasibility study are considered satisfactory.
For dosimetry in practice, the petitioner cites standard methodology published by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) (1988; 1993)3, Codex Alimentarius Commission (1992)4, the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) (1988)5 and Chadwick and Osterheert (1986)6.
(d) Alteration of Chemical. Physical and Microbiological Characteristics
i. Odour:
Literature indicates that off-odours are noticeable in shrimp treated at dose levels above 5.0 kGy, whether fresh or frozen. These changes would be minimized for shrimp irradiated in the frozen condition or irradiated fresh below 3°C up to the maximum dose level.
ii. Appearance/Colour:
Carotenoid Pigments
Astaxanthin ester and astacene derived from $-carotene together account for over 90% of the carotenoid pigments that impart colour to shrimp. Shrimp pigments are sensitive to dehydration at moderately high temperatures and oxidation. Irradiation at doses up to 3.0 kGy did not significantly change the colour of raw or cooked shrimp (Snauwaert et al.1973).8 At higher doses, a reddish colour appeared in the raw shrimp, which faded to some extent in cooking (Kumta and Sreenivasan,1966).9 Frozen shrimp showed no change in colour at a dose level of 6 to 8 kGy (Wills, 1981).10
Melanosis
The greyish brown discolouration of shrimp that develops during storage is caused by the degradation of tyrosine by naturally occurring phenolase-type enzymes. Melanosis can be prevented by chemical preservatives, e.g. potassium metabisulphite or by blanching. Freshly caught shrimp when irradiated showed reduced melanosis, but shrimp that underwent irradiation after post-harvest storage showed accelerated melanosis (Urbain, 1986).11 All the changes are minimized when the shrimp are irradiated in a frozen condition.
iii. Organoleptic quality:
Vyncke et.al.(1976)12 compared the analytical data for total volatile nitrogen, ammonia, dimethylamine and trimethylamine with the sensory quality of boiled brown shrimp irradiated at 1.0 kGy, over a period of 30 days of storage. The shrimp showed an acceptable shelf-life of 23 days as compared to non-irradiated shrimp with the shelf-life of 9 to 16 days. There was practically no formation of hypoxanthine, trimethylamine or volatile acids in the irradiated sample.
Volatile Carbonyls
Monocarbonyls occur naturally in shrimp and other crustaceans. The volatile carbonyls contribute to the overall flavour of the products. All reports in the literature indicate that irradiation of shrimp at the proposed dose levels does not produce any new volatile compounds as determined by gas chromatography. The level of total volatile carbonyls is also significantly lower in the irradiated as compared with non-irradiated shrimp.
iv. Composition:
No significant changes in the protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash content have been observed in shrimp exposed to low-dose irradiation. Irradiated shrimp showed an insignificant decrease in some amino acids, viz. alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine, as compared to non-irradiated shrimp. Similar changes are known to occur in canned shrimp.
A slight increase is observed in the in vitro digestibility of irradiated shrimp protein by pepsin and trypsin, as compared to non-irradiated shrimp.
The lipid content of shrimp is in the range of 3 to 4%. Although the polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute 28 to 35% of the total lipid, the effect of irradiation on the unsaturated fatty acid is considered as insignificant. The effect of irradiation on cholesterol levels is also insignificant.
King et al.(1972)13 have reviewed the chemical changes that occur when seafood is irradiated up to doses of 56 kGy at ice or ambient temperatures. The total amino acid composition is unchanged, the protein quality is not significantly affected, but some B- vitamins are destroyed. The magnitude of the radiation-induced changes in composition is similar to that occurring after cooking, chilled storage or packaging.
(e) Packaging
In the commercial process, shrimp is prepackaged for irradiation treatment, such that following irradiation, it is ready for sale at the retail or food service stage, ready for cooking by the consumer or food service cooks, or ready for further processing. The packaging material is also in direct contact with the shrimps. It is therefore important that the package design and the quality criteria of the packaging material meet appropriate quality standards and safety requirements. In all cases, the letters of opinion consider the requirements of Section B.23.001 of the Regulations which states that "No person shall sell any food in a package that may yield to its contents any substance that may be injurious to the health of a consumer of the food."
(f) Nutritional Aspects
Nutrition evaluators reviewed the submission for irradiation of shrimp. In addition to the information provided by the petitioner, information was also gathered from publications from an independent literature search conducted by the evaluators. The studies considered are shown in Appendix I. Nutrient composition of irradiated shrimp is also reviewed under B (d) iv. Composition, above.
Literature reports on the effects of irradiation on the content and composition of lipids, proteins and amino acids, and the content of vitamins and minerals in shrimp and other seafood of similar composition were reviewed and the effects evaluated with respect to the contribution that shrimp makes to the intake of those nutrients. Also, the effects of irradiation were contrasted with the effects of other processes where data were available and considered with respect to the relationship between irradiation and other types of processing likely to be applied to shrimp.
The nutrients which shrimp contains in significant quantities are protein, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), cobalamin (B12) and niacin, and the minerals phosphorus, magnesium, iron and zinc. None of these nutrients was found to be degraded consistently in all studies by irradiation treatment within the dose range proposed in this submission. There was some indication that pyridoxine, niacin and riboflavin could be destroyed to some extent but most results indicated little or no loss. Data related to effects of irradiation of shrimp on certain other nutrients were limited and it was necessary to refer to results obtained from studies on other fish and shellfish, which were considered to have similar physical and chemical compositions. Taking the evidence regarding effects of irradiation on these nutrients as a whole, it was concluded that it would be reasonable to expect no or very low losses as a result of the irradiation doses that are the subject of this submission.
While thiamin loss is significant in proportion to the initial amounts found, very little thiamin is found in shrimp. Also, given the contribution of shrimp to the diet in Canada, any loss would be considered insignificant.
It is advised that, as with all food processing, good manufacturing practice be followed to minimize unnecessary losses through the administration of the lowest possible effective radiation dose, the use of low oxygen environments, and low product temperature during irradiation. Restricting the maximum dose for fresh shrimp to 3.0 kGy in order to standardize doses with the poultry irradiation proposal would be consistent with that advice.
(g) Toxicological Studies
In 1984, staff toxicologists reviewed a number of studies investigating the potential toxicity of gamma (Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137) irradiated sea foods and concluded that irradiated fish or clams were neither toxic nor carcinogenic at doses up to 55.8 kGy, when fed to different species of experimental animals (mouse, hamster, rat, dog) in the diet at levels up to 45% for a period of 2 years. Reproduction performance in multi-generation studies was not affected and short-term mutagenicity tests were negative.
A search was undertaken for additional literature references, some of which were provided by the petitioner at the request of the Branch.14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Although these studies were performed prior to the introduction of GLP standards, they were designed and conducted appropriately and the findings reported adequately. Results from two sub-chronic studies in rats showed that diets containing 2.8 to 80% of irradiated shrimp (2.5 to 55.8 kGy), fed for 13 weeks led to no adverse effects on general growth, growth rate, hematology or serum enzyme activity or any pathogenic changes in tissues or organs.
Diets, irradiated at dose levels ranging from 2.5 to 25.0 kGy, containing 4% shrimp and fed to rats for either four or five successive generations, caused no toxicity in animals of either the parental or filial generations. No adverse effect was observed regarding their reproductive performance.
There was no dominant lethal mutation determined by pre- or post-implantation losses in mice or rats, when males were exposed to irradiated (up to 25.0 kGy) diets containing 4% shrimp, for 8 weeks including in-utero exposure, prior to mating.
Staff toxicologists concluded that, from a toxicological point of view, shrimp irradiated at doses up to 5.0 kGy should pose no health hazard to the consumer. All of the toxicological studies considered by staff toxicologists in connection with this submission are listed in Appendix II.
Cholesterol oxidation products:
Although low (<1%) in fat, raw shrimp contain significant amounts of cholesterol, about
150 mg per 100 g (Health Canada, 1997).20 Cholesterol in any food is relatively unstable and easily undergoes spontaneous oxidation when exposed to oxygen, heat, light or radiation. An evaluation of cholesterol oxidation products undertaken by the Toxicological Evaluation Section indicated that there were insufficient data to establish ADI/TDIs for these substances. While irradiation can induce the formation of cholesterol oxides, so can other more conventional processes and conditions. Oxidation products of cholesterol have been found in different stored or processed foods, such as egg products, dairy products and meats and meat products. Also, certain cholesterol oxidation products are formed in vivo as intermediates in the metabolism of cholesterol. Novak et al. (1964) measured a slightly higher cholesterol content in irradiated dried shrimp (663 mg/100g) compared to unirradiated dried shrimp (650 mg/100 g).21 The method of analysis employed by these workers, however, was not capable of distinguishing between cholesterol and cholesterol oxides.
New items22 proposed for the addition to the Table in Division 26 are as follows:
Column I Food
Column II Permitted source of Ionizing radiation
Column III Purpose of treatment
Column IV Permitted Absorbed Dose
7.1 Fresh, prepared or dried shrimp and prawns Cobalt-60, cesium- 137 or electrons from machine sources (10 MeV max.) To control pathogens, reduce microbial load and extend durable life 1.5 kGy (minimum) 3.0 kGy (maximum)
7.2 Frozen shrimp and prawns Cobalt-60, cesium- 137 or electrons from machine sources (10 MeV max.) To control pathogens, reduce microbial load and extend durable life 1.5 kGy (minimum) 5.0 kGy (maximum)
It should be noted by the reader that the above proposal differs from the original request. This change was a result of consultation with staff microbiologists, staff nutritionists and the petitioner. Comments resulting from this consultation appear under Section B(b) of in this document.
The protocol, "The Proposed Overall Treatment for Irradiation of Shrimp" appears as Figure 1.
Consultation was undertaken with the following to assess the toxicological safety, the nutritional quality of shrimp and the efficacy of the irradiation treatments at the proposed dose levels, as noted above:
C The Toxicological Evaluation Section of the Chemical Health Hazard Assessment Division;
C The Evaluation Division of the Bureau of Microbiological Sciences;
and C The Nutrition Evaluation Division of the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences.
Consultation with Canadian Food Inspection Agency and its Predecessors
In 1989, when the Branch became aware that this petitioner would be making a submission on shrimp irradiation and prior to running efficacy trials under commercial conditions, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans was consulted on the irradiation of shrimp. The reply stated "Irradiation processing, when properly utilized and controlled, can play a role in providing that added measure of safety in relation to bacteria of public health significance and extension of product shelf-life" and went on to state, "If GMPs are followed, we would have no objections to the use of irradiation processing for fish and seafood products, including shrimp."
Recognizing that inspection personnel of Fisheries and Oceans have been since absorbed by the new Canadian Food Inspection Agency, a second consultation was undertaken in May, 1999. In a communication dated September 30, 1999, the Agency indicated that it did not object to allowing the irradiation of shrimp as part of a HACCP program at a permitted absorbed dose of 1.5 kGy to 5.0 kGy. CFIA intends to develop methodologies for detecting irradiated shrimp and also intends to study the effect of irradiation on product quality attributes of shrimp. CFIA planned to engage industry in discussions of the implications of this proposal. This information exchange with industry would include discussions regarding the labelling requirements for irradiated products, the roles that Environment Canada, atomic energy authorities and provincial or municipal agencies play in approving irradiation facilities, and the Occupational Health and Safety requirements to ensure worker/inspector safety in irradiation facilities.
Food Directorate Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada October 29, 2002
Studies considered in the evaluation of the nutritional safety of irradiated shrimp.
Al-Kahtani, HA, Abu-Tarboush, HM, Bajaber, AS and Atia, M., Chemical changes after irradiation and post-irradiation storage in Tilapia and Spanish mackerel, J Food Sci., 61 (4) pp.729-733, 1996.
Basson, RA., Advances in Radiation Chemistry of Food and Food Components - An Overview, in Recent Advances in Food Irradiation, Elias, PS and Cohen, A.J.C. (Eds), Elsevier Biomedical, 1983.
Brooke, RO., Ravesi, E.M., Gadbois, D.F. and Steinberg, M.A., Effects of radiation pasteurization on amino acids and vitamins in clams, Food Technology, pp.116-120, July, 1964.
Brooke, R.O., Ravesi, E.M., Gadbois, D.F. and Steinberg, M.A., Effects of radiation pasteurization on amino acids and vitamins in haddock fillets, Food Technology, pp.99- 102, November, 1966.
Canadian Irradiation Centre and Research Centre in Sciences Applied to Food, A Feasibility study of gamma irradiation on Thailand frozen shrimp (Penaeus monodon), as presented to the petitioner, April, 1993.
Codex Aliment arius, (Vol. 4), "General Principles for the Addition of Essential Nutrients to Foods", CAC/GL 09-1987, 1994.
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Report #109, Ionizing Energy in Food Processing and Pest Control, I. Wholesomeness of Food Treated with Ionizing Energy, 1986.
Diehl, J.F., International Status of Food Irradiation, Food Technology in Australia, 36(8): 356, p.358-366, 1984.
Diehl, J.F., Safety of Irradiated Foods, 2nd. ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., p. 273, 1995.
Diehl, J.F, Hasselman, C., and Kilcast, D., Regulation of food irradiation in the European Community: is nutrition an issue?, Food Control, pp.212-219, Oct., 1991.
de Groot, A.P., van der Mijll Dekker, Slump, P., Vos, H.J., and Willems, J.J.L., Composition and Nutritive Value of Radiation-Pasteurized Chicken, Report # R3787, Central Institute for Nutrition and Food Research, The Netherlands, 1972.
Délincée, H., Recent advances in radiation chemistry of proteins, in Recent Advances in Food Irradiation, ed. P.S. Elias and A.J. Cohen, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1983.
Fox, J.B., Thayer, D.W., Jenkins, R.K., Phillips, J.G., Ackerman, S.A., Beecher, E.R., Holden, J.M., Morrows, F.D., and Quirbach, D.M., Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the B Vitamins of Pork Chops and Chicken Breasts, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 55(4), p. 689-703, 1989.
Harris, R.S. General discussion on the stability of nutrients, Chapter 1 in Karmas, E. and Harris, R.S. (eds), Nutritional Evaluation of Food Processing, 3rd ed., New York: AVI Publishing, 1988.
Hau, L.-B. and M.-S. Liew, Effects of gamma-irradiation and cooking on vitamins B6 and B12 in grass prawns (Penaeus monodon), Radiat. Phys. Chem. 42(1-3), p.297-300, 1993.
Hau, L.-B., Liew, M.-H., and Yeh, L.-T., Preservation of grass prawns by ionizing radiation, J Food Prot., 55, 3, pp.198-202, 1992.
Health Canada, Canadian Nutrient File, 1997.
Josephson, E.S., Thomas, N.H. and Calhoun, W.K., Nutritional aspects of food irradiation: An overview, J. Food Proc. Pres. 2, p.299-313, 1978.
Karmas, E., The major food groups, their nutrient content and the principles of food processing,, Chapter 2 in Karmas, E. and Harris, R.S. (eds), Nutritional Evaluation of Food Processing, 3rd ed., New York: AVI Publishing, 1988.
King, F.J., Mendelsohn, J.M., Gadbois, D.F., and Bernsteinas, J.B., Some chemical changes in irradiated seafoods, Radiation Res. Rev., 3, pp.399-415, 1972.
21. Lee, K.-F. and Hau, L.-B., Effect of (-irradiation and post irradiation cooking on thiamin, riboflavin and niacin contents of grass prawns (Penaeus monodon), Food Chemistry, 55, 4, pp.379-382, 1996.
Liu, M.-S., Chen, R.-Y., Tsai, M.-J. and Yang, J.-S., Effect of gamma irradiation on the keeping quality and nutrients of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys moitrix) stored at 1°C, J Sci Food Agric, 57, pp.555-563, 1991.
Liuzzo, J.A., Novak, A.F., Grodner, R.M., and Rao, M.R.R., Radiation pasteurization of gulf shellfish, Annual report for the period January - December, 1969, United States Atomic Energy Commission, ORO-615, pp.1-42, 1970.
Lund, D., Effects of heat processing on nutrients, Chapter 12 in Karmas, E. and Harris, R.S. (eds), Nutritional Evaluation of Food Processing, 3rd ed., New York: AVI Publishing, 1988.
Meister, K.A., Irradiated Foods, American Council on Science and Health, 1985.
Miller, S.A., Licciardello, J.J., Nickerson, J.T.R. and Goldblith, S.A., A literature survey on the effects of ionizing radiations on seafoods with respect to wholesomeness aspects, Report # 9656, Contract AT(30-1)-2580, United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1958.
Murray, T.K., Nutritional aspects of food irradiation, in Recent Advances in Food Irradiation, Elias, P.J. and A.J. Cohen, eds., Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p. 203- 216, 1983.
Nova Scotia Heart Health Program, Report of the Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey, 1993.
Proctor, B.E. and Bhatia, D.S., Effect of high-voltage cathode rays on amino acids in fish muscle, Food Technology, pp.357-360, Sept., 1950.
Reber, E.F., and Bert, M.H., Protein Quality of Irradiated Shrimp, J. Am. Dietetic Association, 53, p.41-42, 1968.
Santé Québec, Rapport de l'Enquête québécoise sur la nutrition, Gouvernement du Québec, 1995.
Shamsuzzaman, K., Nutritional Aspects of Irradiated Shrimp, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., 1989.
Srinivas, H., Vakil, U.K., and Sreenivasan, A., Nutritional and Compositional Changes in Dehydro-Irradiated Shrimp, J. Food Science, 39, p.807-811, 1974.
Srinivas, H., Vakil, U.K., and Sreenivasan, A., Evaluation of Protein Quality of Irradiated Foods using Tetrahymena pyriformis W. and Rat Assay, J. Food Science, 40, p.65-69. 1975.
Thomas, M.H. and Josephson, E.S., Radiation preservation of foods and its effects on nutrients, Sci. Teacher 37, p. 59-63, 1970.
Urbain, W.M., Radiation Chemistry of Proteins, Chapter 4 in Radiation Chemistry of Major Food Components, ed. P.S. Elias and A.J. Cohen, Elsevier, New York, 1977.
Van Logten, M.J., den Tonkelaar, E.M. and van Esch, G.J., The wholesomeness of irradiated shrimp, Fd Cosmet. Toxicol., vol.10, pp.781-788, 1972.
World Health Organisation, Safety and Nutritional Adequacy of Irradiated Food, p.139, 1994.
Yeh, L.-T. and Hau, L.-B., Preservation of Grass Shrimp by Low Dose Radiation, J. of Chinese Agricultural Chemistry Society, 26(1), p.92-102, 1988.
Appendix II Safety of Irradiated Shrimp
Toxicological studies considered in assessing the safety of irradiated shrimp.
Chauhan, Pawan S., Aravindakshan, M., Aiyar, A.S., & Sundaram, K. 1975. Studies on Dominant Lethal Mutations in Third Generation Rats Reared on an Irradiated Diet. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 28(3): 215-223.
Chauhan, P.S., Aravindakshan, M., Aiyar, A.S., Sundaram, K. 1975. Dominant Lethal Mutations in Male Mice Fed Gamma-Irradiated Diet. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 13: 433-436.
Vakil, U.K. Monograph from Food Irradiation Now re Wholesomeness Studies with Feeding Dehydro-Irradiated Shrimps to Rats (summary only).
Van Logten, M.J., Den Tonkelaar, E.M., Van Esch, G.J., and Kroes, R. 1972. The Wholesomeness of Irradiated Shrimps. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 10: 781-788.
Aravindakshan, M., Chaubey, R.C., Chauhan, P.S., Aiyar, A.S., and Sundaram, K. 1976. Multigeneration feeding study with an irradiated animal feed. Proceedings Symp. "Use of Radiation and Radioisotopes in Studies of Animal Production," Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, Bombay.
Tucker, W.E. 1962. Thyroiditis in a group of laboratory dogs. Am. J. Clin. Path., 38: 70-74.
Raica, N. Jr. and Howie, D.L. Review of the United States Army Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food Program (1955-1966). Food Irradiation. Proc. Symp. Karlsruhe, SM-73/5, Vienna, IAEA, 1966, pp. 119-135.
Watson, D.F., Libke, K.G., Smibert, R.M. 1963. Feeding of dogs, rabbits and hamsters with irradiated shrimp and its effect upon thyroid activity. Progress Report No. 11, Contract No. MD-784, OTSG.
Reber, E.F., Malhotra, O.P., Simon, J., Kreier, J.P., Beamer, P.D., and Norton, H.W. 1961. The effects of feeding irradiated flour to dogs. II. Reproduction and pathology. J. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 3: 568.
Wills, Pamela. Commercial Application of Freezing-Irradiation Combination Process for Pasteurization of Two Specific Batches of Cooked, Peeled Shrimps (IAEA-SM-250/1)
Anderson, M.P. et al. 1978. Pathology of Laboratory Animals. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Adhere to applicable International Codes of Practice for Fresh or Frozen Shrimps (CAC/RCP 17-1978).
Adhere to appropriate GMP's.
Further prepared could include breaded, blanched, marinated, seasoned, ready-to-cook, ready-to-eat. Any added ingredients must be approved for irradiation.
Packaging material should be approved for irradiation. Commonly used packaging materials are generally satisfactory. Geometrical aspects should be well defined, uniform and compatible with dose delivery capabilities of the irradiation facility.
Adhere to validated treatment protocol, consistent with Codex General Standard for Irradiated Food (CAC Codex Stan 106-1983) and Recommended International Code of Practice for the Operation of Irradiation Facilities Used for the Treatment of Food (CAC/RCP 19- 1979 Rev 1).
Appropriate labelling is attached.
For fresh shrimp maintain temperature below 3 deg C.
For frozen shrimp maintain product frozen at all times. Normal handling (-18 deg C) is satisfactory.
1 The petition refers to the irradiation of shrimp that is packaged to be ready for sale at retail or food-service, ready for cooking by consumers or food-service cooks, or ready for further processing by a processor operating under a GMP or HACCP plan.
2 Shrimp exposed to fresh water at any stage in their development may become infected with a lung fluke parasite known as paragononus sp which is endemic to fresh water in south east Asia. This parasite is relatively sensitive to irradiation, and would be eliminated by the minimum proposed dose, however, it may be prudent to monitor fresh irradiated shrimp for this parasite, if the shrimp have been exposed to fresh water environment. Frozen and dried shrimp are not likely to pose a health risk due to this parasite.
3 Standard Practice for application of Dosimetry in the Characterization and operation of a Gamma Irradiation Facility for Food Processing (Designation E 1204-87) in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02, 1987; Standard Guide for selection and application of Dosimetry Systemsfor Radiation Processing of Food(Designation E 1261-88) in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.0, 1988; Standard Practice for Dosimetry and Bremsstralung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing (Designation E 1431-91) in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02, 1991; and Standard Guide for the Irradiation of Fresh and Frozen Meats and Poultry (to control pathogens) (Designation F 1356-91) in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02, 1993.
4 4Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods, CODEX STAN 106-1983, in Codex Alimentarius, Vol. 1, Section 8 (Rome: FAO/WHO, 1992, pp. 311-315. Recommended international code of practice for the operation of radiation facilities used in the treatment of foods, CAC/RCP 19-1979 (Rev. 1) in Codex Alimentarius, Vol. 1, Section 8.1 (Rome: FAO/WHO, 1992), pp. 317-323.
5 International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation. 1988. Provisional guidelines for the irradiation of fresh and frozen red meats and poultry.
6 Chadwick, K. H. and Oosterheert, W. F. 1986. Dosimetry concepts and measurement in food irradiation processing Int. J. Rad. Appl. Instr.(Part A), 37(1), 47-52.
7 Included as a part of the submission is a well-documented report by K. Shamsuzzaman entitled Chemical Aspects of Irradiated Shrimp: A Review (1989) (24 Tables, 5 Figures, 77 References).
8 Snauwaert, F., P. Tobback, E. Maes. 1973. Carotenoid stability during radurization of the Brown Shrimp (Crangon vulgaris). Lebnsm-Wiss. U. Technol. 6: 7-10.
9 Kumta, U. S., and A. Sreenivasan. 1966. Food irradiation research and pilot facilities in operation or planned in India. In Food Irradiation. Symposium proceedings Karlsruhe, June 6-10, 1966.
10 Wills, P. A. 1981. Commercial application of freezing-irradiation combination process for pasteurization of two specific batches of cooked, peeled shrimps. In Combination Processes in Food Irradiation, Proceedings of an International Symposium on Combination Processes in Food Irradiation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, November 24-28 1980. IAEA, Vienna pp. 291-294.
11 Urbain, W., 1986. Marine and Freshwater Animal Foods. In Food Irradiation. Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 145-169.
12 Vyncke, W. and Declerck, D. (1976) Influence of gas permeability of packaging materials on the shelf-life of irradiated and non-irradiated brown shrimps (Cragnon vulgaris Fabr.) Lebensm-Wiss. & Technol. 5(5): 151-154.
13 King, F. J.,Mendelsohn, J. M., Gadbois, D. F. and Bernsteinas, J. B. 1972. Some chemical changes in irradiated seafoods. Rad. Res. Rev. 3, 399-415.
14 Brin, M,. A. S. Ostashever, and H. Kalinsky, 1961 The effects of feeding pork, bread, green beans and shrimp to rats on growth and on five enzymes in blood. Toxicol, Appl. Pharmacol. 3: 606-617.
15 Van Logten, M. J., E. M. Den Tonkelaar and G. J. Van Esch, and R. Kroes, 1972. The wholesomeness of irradiated shrimps. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. Vol. 10, pp. 781-788, Pergamon Press, Great Britain
16 Vakil, U. K.,1975 Wholesomeness of dehydro-irradiated shrimps. Food Irradiation Information 4(Suppl.): 49 (Pre-publication Report Summary).
17 Arvindakshan, M., R. C. Chaubey, P. S. Chauhan, A. S. Aiyar and K. Sundaram. 1976. Multi-generation feeding study with an irradiated animal feed. Reprint from Proceedings of the Symposium on Use of Radiation and Radioisotopes in Studies of Animal Production. Izatnagar, December 16-18, 1975.
18 Chauhan, P. S., M. Aravindakshan, A. S. Aiyar, and K. Sundaram. Dominant lethal mutations in male mice fed (-irradiated diet. Fd. Cosmet.Toxicol. 13: pp.433-436 Pergamon Press Great Britain.
19 Chauhan, P. S., M. Aravindakshan, A. S. Aiyar, and K. Sundaram. Studies on dominant lethal mutations in third generation rats reared on an irradiated diet 1975. Int. Radiat. Biol., 28:(3) 215-223.
20 Canadian Nutrient File
21 Novak, A.F., Liuzzo, J.A., Grodner, R.M., Lovell, R.T., Kopfler, F.C., Scalia, R.F., Stocks, P.K. and Territo, K. 1964. Radiation pasteurization of shrimp. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Isotopes Development, Contract No. AT-(40-1)-2951.
22 Items 5 and 6 are reserved for Mangoes and Poultry respectively.


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Direct link to MH-CET 2012 results:
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PMO rejects allegations against Manmohan, Team Anna cries foul
Saturday June 09, 2012 10:39:12 PM, IANS
Manmohan Singh story has not been told: Salman Khurshid
The Indian media has missed the story about Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, says Union Law, Justice and Minorities Affairs Minister »
Will quit if Team Anna allegations are proved: PM
Team Anna attacks Manmohan, Chidambaram and Pranab
New Delhi: Rejecting Team Anna's allegations against Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on coal blocks allocation, the Prime Minister's Office Saturday also turned down its demand for a special team to probe charges against cabinet ministers, drawing protests from the activists who accused it of acting as "if there was no corruption".
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) also criticised the government's decision, questioning the reason behind the refusal of a probe if the prime minister was "clean".
In a latter to Anna Hazare, Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office V. Narayanasamy said that allegations against the prime minister were only based on a leaked draft report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) and reports in the media.
"You have not produced proof in support of the allegations and have said yourself that you were not making the allegations," Narayanasamy said in a four-page letter sent Friday but released to media Saturday.
Narayanasamy said the final CAG report on coal allocation had not been presented to parliament yet and the government will respond to it after it is tabled.
"It is also known that CVC (Central Vigilance Commission) has directed CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) that it should make a preliminary inquiry into coal block allocation on the basis of letter written by an opposition MP and some other people. CBI will conduct its probe independently. Your allegations and apprehensions about CBI are inappropriate and wrong," Narayanasamy said.
Manmohan Singh was in charge of the coal portfolio from November 2006 to May 2009.
Team Anna member Manish Sisodia Saturday slammed the government's response.
"The content of that letter is trying to prove that there is no corruption in the country and all the ministers and officers are working honestly, and we are unnecessarily creating a ruckus on the issue of corruption," he told reporters here.
Sisodia said that on one hand the CBI was investigating the case, and on the other hand the government has already declared that there was no irregularity in the allocations and all the rules were followed.
Fellow activist and Team Anna member Kiran Bedi tweeted: "PMO's Prise (sic) to Annajee on allegations made on PM+14 Ministers is absolutely wishywashy! On Camera admission by Fr (former) Coal Sect (Secretary) supports CAG! (Comptroller and Auditor General)".
BJP joined in the criticism.
"If the prime minister is clean, what is the problem in ordering a probe? We thought Narayanasamy will announce a probe, but they are only giving clarification and covering up corruption," BJP spokesperson Syed Shahnawaz Hussain told reporters here.
Narayanasamy also rejected Team Anna's demand for an independent probe against the cabinet ministers, saying there were "enough legal and constitutional structures available".
He also said the style of Team Anna's letter and "long and loose" allegations in it were not acceptable.
"I have regret to say that your statement that country's highest institutions such as the Supreme Court, high court, CAG etc. had made allegations (against the ministers) from time to time is not only unclear but is not worth being accepted," he said.
Narayanasamy also rejected Team Anna's allegation that CBI inquiry against Samajwadi Party chief Mulayam Singh Yadav had been "suppressed", terming it "inappropriate to the government" and "insulting to judiciary".
The letter was in response to Team Anna's May 26 letter that charged Manmohan Singh and 14 cabinet ministers of "massive corruption" and sought an independent investigation team comprising three retired judges to probe the charges.
Besides Manmohan Singh, Home Minister P. Chidambaram, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee and External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna also figured in the 79-page document prepared by Team Anna.
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Why we should all be walking backwards for our health
Suspected Indian Mujahiddeen operative Qateel Mohammed Jaffer Siddiqui, named in the German Bakery blast here and the Bangalore terror attacks, was Friday found murdered inside his cell in Pune's Yerawada Central Jail, police said. Siddiqui was found strangled with a thin rope »
Murdered terror suspect's lawyer to seek CBI probe
Upset with the ministry's decision to merge IIT Joint Entrance Exam (IIT-JEE) with the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) »
IIT alumni to lobby against new entrance test pattern
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A President of India cannot come through 'reservation'
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Sanjay Joshi quits BJP
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) general secretary Sanjay Joshi, a bitter foe of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, Friday resigned from the party, exposing divisions within its ranks. Only days after mysterious posters appeared in Delhi and »
George W. Bush has been voted the most unpopular living former president of the US. Bush - born July 6, 1946 - was the 43rd president of the US from 2001 to 2009. According to a CNN poll, just 43 percent of people questioned »
Indian Muslims split over wedding age ruling
A Delhi High Court ruling that a Muslim girl can marry once she attains the age of puberty has sharply split the community, with clerics backing the law and virtually everyone else against it. Muslim religious »
The model of the Shaikh Zayed Grand Mosque presented to the Shaikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Centre for Arabic Language and Islamic Studies in Beijing by the Shaikh Zayed Grand Mosque Centre. The 1:150 scale model is made of acrylic.
(Photo: Gulf News)


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Review: Curly and Coordinated at the Factory Theatre
Review By Kipp Lee
The stage is set with a large poster listing the table of contents of the show before Alex Reynolds enters in an all green denim outfit to the bright poppy sounds of Cyndi Lauper's Girls Just Wanna Have Fun. Curly and Coordinated is Alex's way of navigating through accepting herself, her sexuality, starting therapy and her bodily functions.
Alex Reynolds is an instantly joyous presence on stage. She is light-hearted and jolly and doesn't take herself too seriously - and if she does she whips out a bald cap and dances unabashedly to a tune until we have all recovered from the seriousness of the previous moment.
Reynolds manages to elicit laughs from the audience effortlessly, even when they are writhing in discomfort. She exudes a sort of chaotic mix of humbleness and pride which is perfectly encapsulated every time she gives us the aside of "not to brag...but definitely a brag" whenever she mentions an achievement.
Reynolds claims to use comedy as a defense mechanism and professes to trying to make her therapist laugh, even through her own tears (something, I'm sure a lot of us can relate to - no? just me, ok). A lot of Reynolds' comedy comes from the way her body works (or doesn't). From toxic farts, sweat and periods, her body seems to actively work against her in the most comedic effect - and there is no escape.
Similarly, Reynolds explores the inescapable nature of racism and its effect on everyday life. Her background is Syrian and Armenian, and she touches on the discrimination her family faces, especially living in Cronulla in the early 2000s. This is another one of those "starts as a joke but quickly turns serious" moments that makes the audience just as angry as she is, before the tension being cut by the opening chords of one of her favourite Arabic pop songs and her stunningly wild dance moves.
At several points during the show Reynolds playfully terrorised the audience by simply interacting with them - if you don't like audience participation, this section will ruin you. I don't want to spoil the ending but the show's finale is definitely one of the worst things that could ever happen to anyone ever and it's brilliant. You have one more chance to see this show and find out for yourself. 9.30pm Friday 14th at the Factory Theatre.
Review: Woven Song at City Recital Hall
Review: Slava's Snowshow at the State Theatre
REVIEW: Blue at Belvoir