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Fleming, Gilbert, d. 1762
Fleming, Gilbert, d. 1762 (Author), Watts, John, d. 1748? (Contributor)
Series Heading
M99. Fleming, Gilbert, d. 1762
Antigua, Nevis, Saint Kitts, Tortola (British Virgin Islands)
Tortola (British Virgin Islands), Acquisition of property -- West Indies (British), Claims against decedents' estates, Slaves -- Valuation, West Indies -- History
"Sir I have not yet received the information from Leeward which was to direct me in the purchase of the Land at Brewer's Bay in Tortola... If your Excellency will purchase for me the 350 acres of Land at Tortola I will release my claim to All the Negros Watts dy'd possess'd of, as well as to their Hire... Gilbt: Fleming" Phillipps Ms. 17094., Original digital object name: bei-m099d, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
30 May 1748. ALS to Sq. Doctor Jarvis at Antigua
Jarvis, Francis, M.D., fl. 1748
Fleming, Gilbert, d. 1762 (Author), Jarvis, Francis, M.D., fl. 1748 (Addressee)
Gratitude, West Indies -- History
"Sir I take extremely kindly the preference you have given me in the purchase of Brewer's Bay, and shall allways remember it... Gilbt: Fleming", Original digital object name: bei-m099c, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
A List of the Negroes belonging to the Plantation of Sir George Douglas Bart. In Antigua. At present under Lease to Robert Harvey Esqr. Taken the [blank] Febry. 1788. (docket title)
M318. [Douglas, Sir James] 1703-1787.
Slaveholders -- West Indies, Plantations -- Management -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 18th century, Inventories -- Accounting, Slaves, West Indies -- History
Original digital object name: bei-m318a, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
A Plan of the Cane land in the Estate of Sir James Douglass...
Clapham, Samuel, fl. 1757
Clapham, Samuel, fl. 1757 (Author), Douglas, James, Sir, 1703-1787 (Contributor), Yeamans, Shute Shrimpton, 1721-1769 (Contributor)
M124. Clapham, Samuel, fl. 1757.
West Indies -- History, Antigua and Barbuda -- surveys -- Early works to 1800, Sugar planations -- Antigua and Barbuda
A Plan of the Cane land in the Estate of Sir James Douglass with a Sketch of the whole estate and A Plan of the Cane peices in the land called Ravenscraft And of the Cane-land in the Estate rented of Shute Yeamans Esqr. By Samuel Clapham Surveyor General 1757.On Yeamans see Oliver, History of Antigua III:271., Original digital object name: bei-m124, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Account of Ditto, from the Year 1770 Inclusive to the Year 1780...
Douglas, James, Sir, 1703-1787 (Contributor), Harvey, Robert, 1732-1791 (Contributor)
Account books, Business records, Sugar trade -- West Indies, British -- Early works to 1800, Crops -- Quality -- Antigua and Barbadu, Sugar plantations -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800
Account of Ditto, from the Year 1770 Inclusive to the Year 1780 Exclusive..., Original digital object name: bei-m143b, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Account of Sugars made and Ship't or otherwise disposed of,..
Account books, Sugar trade -- West Indies, British -- Early works to 1800, Crops -- Quality -- Antigua and Barbadu, Sugar plantations -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800
Account of Sugars made and Ship't or otherwise disposed of, from the Estate of Mess Douglas's, under Lease to Robert Harvey Esqr. including at the same time, the Sugars also made from Mr. Harveys own Estate adjoining, that is the quantity of Sugar made from the whole property, from the year 1760 Inclusive to the Year 1770 Exclusive, being 10 Years. ..., Original digital object name: bei-m143a, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
An Account of the Quantity of Sugars made, on the Joint Estates, of...
Sugar crops -- Inventories, Account books, Sugar trade -- West Indies, British, Crops -- Quality -- Antigua and Barbadu, Sugar plantations -- Antigua and Barbuda -- History -- 19th century, West Indies -- History
An Account of the Quantity of Sugars made, on the Joint Estates, of Sir George Douglas Bart: and Robert Farquhar, in the Island of Antigua, for the last ten Years, Vizt: from the Year 1805, to 1814, both Years inclusive..., Original digital object name: bei-m475, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Another copy, on lined paper
Manuscripts -- Facsimiles, Inventories -- Accounting, Livestock
-----. Another copy, on lined paper, includes list of stock., Original digital object name: bei-m318c, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
M271. Kerr, Charles, 1739-1795.
Manuscripts -- Facsimiles, West Indies -- History
-----. Another copy., Original digital object name: bei-m271b, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua -- Pownall vs Pickwood } Copy Record-- (docket title)
M546. Antigua. Court of Common Pleas.
Antigua, Great Britain
Debtor and creditor -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antiqua -- History -- 19th century, Legal briefs -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antiqua, Appellate courts -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Records and correspondence, West Indies -- History
"Antigua George the Fourth... To The Honorable Paul Horsford Chief Iustice of our Court of Common Pleas for our said Island Antigua Greeting. Because in the Record and proceedings as well as in giving of Iudgment in a Plaint... before you... Between Richard Lovely Nanton Deputy provost Marshal, plaintiff, and Thomas Daniel and John Daniel, Defendants, of a Plea of Debt, manifest Error hath intervened... we... do Command you... send to our Court of Error... the Record and proceedings of the Plaint aforesaid..." with seal of the Chief Justice of Antigua, Paul Horsford.No reference found to Pownall or Pickwood., Original digital object name: bei-m546, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua Estates Sir Gerald W. H. Codrington, Bart. (ms. cover title)
M603. Codrington, Sir Gerald William H., fl. 1881-1902.
Antigua, Navassa Island, Narrows Island
Account books, Crops -- Quality -- Antigua and Barbadu, Cotton, Plantations -- Antigua and Barbadu -- Antigua, West Indies -- History
Antigua, 13 July 1762. Ms. Bill of exchange
Alsop, Peter, fl. 1762
Alsop, Peter, fl. 1762 (Author), Rodney, George Brydges Rodney, Baron, 1719-1792 (Contributor), Neal, Elizabeth, fl. 1762 (Contributo)
M157. Antigua. Ordnance Office.
Bills of exchange -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
"...Excha. for £500 Stg: a. 60 pC.t At thirty Days sight..." signed "Peter Alsop" "Approved G B Rodney..." "Recivd the Contents Eliz. Neale" (on verso).In this year, Rodney reduced Martinique and took St. Lucia, Grenada, and St. Vincent., Original digital object name: bei-m157, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua, 18 Feb. 1785. ALS, 3 p. 23 cm. Holes with loss of text...
M303. Rose, John, fl. 1785.
Mercantile system -- Great Britain, Economic sanctions, West Indies, British -- Early works to 1800, Restraint of trade -- West Indies -- Early works to 1800, United States -- Commerce -- Great Britain, Great Britain -- Commerce -- United States, Warships -- Great Britain, Great Britain. Royal Navy -- History -- Early Works to 1800, West Indies -- History
"Dear Sir! I have the pleasure to inform you of the safe Arrival of the Ship Joshua... The late Arrivals from all parts of America has sunk Lumber near 50 p Cent... our Men of War are stationed at all the English Islands to prevent the Americans from trading..." signed "Jno. Rose", Original digital object name: bei-m303, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua, 18 May [&] 14 June 1780. ALS to "Sir James Douglass"
Decedent's estates -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, Executors and administrators -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, Drought -- West Indies -- History -- 18th century, West Indies -- Economic conditions -- 18th century, West Indies -- History
"Sir The preceding letter is Copy of my last...""Sir By the foregoing, You was advised of Doctor Midf. McNamaras Death and... the Estate, which by his decease, is your property, I wrote you of my Intention to take Councils Opinion... I have given Mr Robert Harveys Attorneys Notice of your Right... They have wrote their Correspondant John Anthony Rucker... who I doubt not will Correspond with you... When Every Estate in this Island... has fail'd... Your Estate... has never been known to fail... The weather has been so dry we have not water to drink in many parts of the Country, the Navy are keeping Crafts constantly employ'd Carrying the Water from Your Spring...", Original digital object name: bei-m271a, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua, 2 July 1759. ALS to Davenport and Wentworth
Stokell, Robert, d. 1764
Stokell, Robert, d. 1764 (Author), Davenport & Wentworth (Firm), ca. 1757-1766 (Addressee)
M139. Stokell, Robert, fl. 1759.
West Indies -- History, Bills of lading -- Antigua and Barbuda, Merchant ships -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Freight and freightage, Shipment of goods -- Antigua and Barbuda, West Indies -- Commerce -- Great Britain, Great Britain -- Commerce -- West Indies, Ship captains -- Correspondence, Merchants -- Correspondence
"Gentleman I have got a full Ship at Last and Sales to morrow with the fleet for England..." signed "Robt Stokell", Original digital object name: bei-m139, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua, 22 July 1758. ALS to Davenport and Wentworth...
Wentworth, Daniel, fl. 1758-1760
Wentworth, Hugh Hall, ca. 1740-1774
Wentworth, Daniel, fl. 1758-1760 (Author), Davenport & Wentworth (Firm), ca. 1757-1766 (Addressee), Day, John, fl. 1758 (Contributor), Wentworth, Hugh Hall, ca. 1740-1774 (Addressee)
M132. Wentworth, Daniel, fl. 1758.
Antigua, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts
Frigates -- Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Saint Kitts -- Early works to 1800, Naval Convoys -- West Indies, Merchant ships -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Merchant ships -- Netherlands, West Indies -- History
"This my Second by Capt: Phillips... to acquaint you of my arrival at Antigua where I have Sold my Cargo to Mr: John Day... I run for St: Kitts but fell in to windward and was very Lucky for there is 2 Frigates one of 28 the Other of 30 or 36 Guns Crusing of St: Kitts and have been in to Statia and it is said they are to Convoy Dutch Ships Clear of the Islands--..." signed "Dan Wentworth" with postscript.Includes local prices, asks for insurance., Original digital object name: bei-m132, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua, 28 Dec. 1847. ALS to Mr. and Mrs. J. Murray [of Newcastle],...
M577. Thorburn, Andrew, fl. 1847.
Antigua, Madeira Islands
Plantation overseers -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Correspondence, Rum industry -- Antigua and Barbuda -- History -- 19th century, Rum -- Refining -- Technique, Famines -- Madeira Islands -- History -- 19th century, Bank failures -- England -- Liverpool -- History -- 19th century, West Indies -- History
"Dear Friends You will think me very delatory... by not writing to you before now... the first person called upon was William Turnbull he is standing in a Drapers Shop... Sandy Dalgleish... provision and Grog Store... Robby Hogg... John Scott... his brother Archie... I got a situation as overseer on an adjourning estate about a mile from J. Scott's and about the same from Archibald's... the system of making Rum of which I promised to give you a full account... Our population consists of upwards of one hundred Negroes... between forty and fifty Porteguese... upwards of one thousand emigrants imported from the Island of Madeira... on account of the famine... the Royal Bank of Liverpool which failed sometime ago has been very much felt here one of the directors being one of the chief partners for the Estate on which I am living... that is one of the Messers Shands of Liverpool... the Liddisdale people here are well... George Dalgleish arrived... James Gedders(?) died... Archibald Scott was married..." signed "Andrew Thorburn.", Original digital object name: bei-m577, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Antigua. At a Court of Vice Admiratly held for the said Island...
M417. Antigua. Vice Admiralty Court.
Depositions -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Saint John -- History -- 19th century, Actions and defenses -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Saint John -- History -- 19th century, Warships -- Great Britain, Capture at sea -- Antigua and Barbuda -- History -- 19th century, Seizure of vessels and cargoes, Hijacking of ships -- West Indies, Ship captains -- West Indies, West Indies -- History
Antigua. At a Court of Vice Admiralty held for the said Island of Antigua at the Court House in the Town of Saint John in the said Island on Friday the twenty first day of Aug. one thousand eight hundred and one. Present The Worshipful Edward Byam, Judge. Our Sovereign Lord the King Against The Ship Vrena whereof Jacob Mildenstein was late Master and her Lading, seized and taken by His Majesty's Ship of War the Leviathan whereof Edward Durnford King Esquire is Commander, and brought into the Port of Saint John in this Island Antigua...Signed "A True Copy Wm: Mathews. Regr. in Admiralty.", Original digital object name: bei-m417, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Bakers Map 1748
M526a. Johnson, John, fl. 1824, assessor
Antigua, Martinique, Saint Kitts, Saint Vincent
Baker, Robert, surveyor. New and exact Map of the Island of Antigua, in America, according to an actual survey made in the years 1746, 1747, and 1748, Antigua -- Administrative and political divisions -- Maps -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
Original digital object name: bei-m526a-b, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Billinghurst, Joseph, Crown and Colony Surveyor. [diagram of land in the Warrawarrou Valley of St. Vincent] May, 1813
Real Property -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent -- History -- 19th century -- Maps, West Indies -- History
Original digital object name: bei-m526a-j, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Boston, 23 Sept. 1773. Ms. Letter to Joshua Wentworth, signed...
Boston (Mass.)
M224. John Barrett and Sons (firm).
Merchants -- Boston -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Ship captains -- Correspondence -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
Signed, Original digital object name: bei-m224a, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Certified Copy of Triennial Return of Slaves...
M549. Antigua. House Registry Office.
Slave records -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua, Decedents' estates -- Antigua and Barbuda -- History -- 19th century, Executors and administrators -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua, West Indies -- History
Certified Copy of Triennial Return of Slaves. ...Lists 24 "Slaves in Possession" by "Names, Sex, Colour, Reputed age. <Signed> Eliza Murray..." "Eliza Murray Executrix of Walter Murray decd Who was Executor of Francis Grant Gordon decd"., Original digital object name: bei-m549, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Contract of Marriage Betwixt Iames Douglas of Bridgend Esqr. And Miss Helen Brisbane. 18 april. 1753 (docket title)
Douglas, Helen Brisbane, d. 1765 (Contributor), Douglas, James, Sir, 1703-1787 (Contributor)
M114. Douglas, Sir James, 1703-1787.
Marriage licenses, Divorce -- Law and legislation -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800
"At Mounteviot Lodge and Brisbane... It is contracted and matrimonially Ended between the Parties following Viztt. James Douglas... and Miss Helen Brisbane..."signed at the bottom of each page "Brisbane" "James Douglas" "Helen Brisbane.", Original digital object name: bei-m114, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Copies of letters to Blathwayt, Barbados, 5 March . . . 12 March . . . 14 March 1691/2
Kendall, James, 1647-1708
Blathwayt, William, ca. 1649-1717
Kendall, James, 1647-1708 (Author), Barbados. Governor (1690-1694 : Kendall) (Author), Blathwayt, William, ca. 1649-1717 (Addressee), Siddon, Nathaniel, d. 1692 (Contributor), Hooper, Robert, 1653-1700 (Contributor), Fullerton, Thomas, fl. 1692-1696 (Contributor), Inchiquin, William O'Brien, Earl of ca. 1638-1692 (Contributor), Codrington, Christopher, 1640-1698 (Contributor), Thornburgh, William, fl. 1692-1701 (Contributor), Wrenn, Ralph, Captain, fl. 1672-1692 (Contributor), Stubbles, Captain, fl. 1692 (Contributor), Leeward Islands. Governor (1689-1698 : Codrington) (Contributor), Assistance (Ship : 1650-1745) (Contributor), England (Ship : fl. 1691-1692) (Contributor)
M29. Stede, Edwyn, fl. 1679-1694.
Antigua, Barbados, Bermuda Islands, Great Britain, Jamaica, Martinique, West Indies
Colonial administrators -- Barbados -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Colonial administrators -- Great Britain -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Letter carriers -- Barbados, Grand Alliance, War of the, 1689-1697 -- Naval operations -- Influence, Warships -- France, Damage control (Warships), Ships -- Maintenance and repair -- Antigua, West Indies -- History, Barbados -- History -- 17th century
(1) "Sr I write to you againe Sooner then I thought, the Inclos'd Letter to the Lords will find you the reasons of itt..."(2) "The Master of the same Vessell that brought me Last Week, a letter from my Lord Inchiquin..."(3) "Sr. This is the third time I have writt to you in eight dayes by 3 Severall Vessells..."(4) "Coll Codrington also informs me that Capt: Stubbles Commander of the England frigatt was att Antego repairing the Damage he rec'd from the French..."(5) "Sr. You may Remember that I told you att my Leaving England that I carryed over with me Mr. Siddon a Lawyer...", Signed, Original digital object name: bei-m029d
Copies of letters to John Povey and Blathwayt, Barbados, 10 Aug. and 12 Sept. and 19 Sept. 1692
Povey, John, d. 1705, Blathwayt, William, ca. 1649-1717
Kendall, James, 1647-1708 (Author), Barbados. Governor (1690-1694 : Kendall) (Author), Povey, John, d. 1705 (Addressee), Blathwayt, William, ca. 1649-1717 (Addressee), Thornburgh, William, fl. 1692-1701 (Contributor), Codrington, Christopher, 1640-1698 (Contributor), Leeward Islands. Governor (1689-1698 : Codrington) (Contributor), Thornhill, Timothy, Baronet, d. 1693 (Contributor), Stede, Edwyn, d. 1695 (Contributor), Penn, William, 1644-1718 (Contributor), Russell, Francis, Colonel, d. 1696 (Contributor), Garth, Captain, fl. 1692 (Contributor)
Governors -- Barbados -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Administrative assistants -- Great Britain -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History, Barbados -- History -- 17th century
(1) "Sir Believing Mr. Blathwait to be with the King in Flanders I write to you... Give my humble Service to Mr. Blathwayt who I hope is safely return'd with his Maty: from Flanders. Copia"John Povey, Blathwayt's nephew, was his deputy in the Plantation Office (cf. Jacobsen, p. 250).(2) "Sir I congratulate your safe arrival into England... Glorious with your conquest over the French... Mr. Garth, a Captn. in the Duke of Bolton's Regimt. came in here, in a Sloop that had been to carry Prisoners to Martinico..."(3) "By a Vessell that arriv'd yesterday from Bermudas I am inform'd that an Expresse that was bound for England from the President of Jamaica... gives a Lamentable Relation of the Totall Destruction of Port Royall by an Earthquake but I hope itt is not so bad as itt is Reported."James Kendall was governor of Barbados 1690-1694., Signed, Original digital object name: bei-m029k
Copy of a judgment, 4 July 1800
M410. Hargrave, Francis, 1741?-1821, legal antiquary.
Claims against decedents' estates -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Judgments -- Antigua and Barbuda, Douglas family, Landowners -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Plantations -- Valuation -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Administration of estates, West Indies -- History
[copy of a judgment]This judgment, listing all documents by which Henry Douglas' lands changed hands beginning with his will in 1752 and ending in 1778, was solicited by George Douglas and has his comments at the end, on an attempt to establish title to a moiety of Douglas' Antigua estate."Henry Douglas of the Island of Antigua Esqr seized of Plantations... of considerable yearly value made his will in November 1752..."Henry Douglas' heirs include his daughter Mary Douglas King and her children, and Henry's brother James Douglas and his heirs.James Douglas willed his share to his nephews Henry and James Douglas and their heirs.Mary King conveyed the plantations to Hugh Hammersley. Mary King, Michael McNemara, Sir James Douglas, and John Newton made an agreement among themselves as well."Your opinion is requested... to whom does the Estate now belong?...", Original digital object name: bei-m410, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Copy of a letters to Blathwayt, Barbados, 14 March 1691/2 and 20 April 1692
Kendall, James, 1647-1708 (Author), Barbados. Governor (1690-1694 : Kendall) (Author), Blathwayt, William, ca. 1649-1717 (Addressee), Codrington, Christopher, 1640-1698 (Contributor), Leeward Islands. Governor (1689-1698 : Codrington) (Contributor), Siddon, Nathaniel, d. 1692 (Contributor), Hooper, Robert, 1653-1700 (Contributor), Fullerton, Thomas, fl. 1692-1696 (Contributor), Thornburgh, William, fl. 1692-1701 (Contributor), Wrenn, Ralph, Captain, fl. 1672-1692 (Contributor), Stubbles, Captain, fl. 1692 (Contributor), Butler, Thomas, Colonel, d. 1744 (Contributor), Jersey (Ship : 1654-1691) (Contributor), Assistance (Ship : 1650-1745) (Contributor), Hampshire (Ship : 1653-1697) (Contributor), England (Ship : fl. 1691-1692) (Contributor), Mary Rose (Ship : 1654-1692) (Contributor)
Colonial administrators -- Barbados -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Colonial administrators -- Great Britain -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Great Britain. Royal Navy -- Officers -- Promotions, West Indies -- History, Barbados -- History -- 17th century
(1) "Sir This is the third time I have writt to you in Eight dayes, by three Lords..."(2) "Sir Since the writing the above Letter: Wrenn is dead, and Butler as Eldest Captn succeeds to the comand of the Squadron...", Signed, Original digital object name: bei-m029e
Copy of a letters to Blathwayt, Barbados, 7 Feb and 4 March 1691/2
Kendall, James, 1647-1708 (Author), Barbados. Governor (1690-1694 : Kendall) (Author), Blathwayt, William, ca. 1649-1717 (Addressee), Wrenn, Ralph, Captain, fl. 1672-1692 (Contributor), Hobman, Hesketh, Captain fl. 1689-1693 (Contributor), Thornburgh, William, fl. 1692-1701 (Contributor), Inchiquin, William O'Brien, Earl of ca. 1638-1692 (Contributor), Kendall (Ship : fl. 1691-1692) (Contributor), Hannibal (Ship : fl. 1691-1692) (Contributor)
Colonial administrators -- Barbados -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Colonial administrators -- Great Britain -- Correspondence -- Early works to 1800, Letter carriers -- Barbados -- History --17th century, West Indies -- History, Barbados -- History -- 17th century
Kendall, James, fl. 1692. Copy begins: "Sir By the Hanniball, and Captn. Wren I receivd yours of the third and twelfth of November, to which I will give you a full Answeur by the First Fleet that sayls with convoy..."ALS begins: "Sr. I write to you again sooner then I thought the inclos'd Letter to the Lords all give you the Reasons of itt. I have order'd Mr. Thornbrough to wayt on you..." "The same Vessell that brought me Last Week a Letter from my Lord Inchequeen wherein he gave me an account of his Sicknesse, Inform'd me also of his Death...", Original digital object name: bei-m029c
Copy of the Condemnation of the Snow Francis at Antigua. (docket title)
M494. Antigua. Court of Vice Admiralty.
Snow Francis (Schooner), Antelope (Ship : 1820), Depositions -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Saint John -- History -- 19th century, Actions and defenses -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Saint John -- History -- 19th century, Merchant ships -- United States, Warships -- Great Britain, Trade regulation -- Great Britain, Restraint of trade -- Great Britain, Capture at sea -- Antigua and Barbuda -- History -- 19th century, Seizure of vessels and cargoes, Hijacking of ships -- West Indies, West Indies -- History
"Antigua. Wednesday the 21st. day of Ianuary in the Year of our Lord, One thousand eight hundred and Eighteen. Before the Worshipful Iames Athill Judge of His Majestys Vice Admiralty Court at Antigua, also to hear and determine all and all manner of causes and complaints, as to Ships and Goods seized and taken as Prize Specially constituted and appointed at the Judges Chambers, in the Town of Saint John in the Said Island, present John William Malloy, Esquire, Notary Public and Registrar -- George Sayer. Esquire, Commander of His Majesty's Ship Antelope. against The Snow Francis, Robert Garrick, Master, and her Cargo or lading...""A True Copy - Signed Wm. Ramsay Registrar in Admlty.""the above copied by me from the one left at the Ocean Office, by Mr. OBrien--JLS 10 Nov. 1821.", Original digital object name: bei-m494, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Cumnathan, 12 June 1789. ALS to Sir George Douglas
Cumnathan
M331. Nisbet, Walter, fl. 1787-88.
Slaveholders -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Correspondence, Complaint letters -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Plantations -- Valuation, Slaves -- Valuation -- Antigua and Barbuda, Obstinacy, Slave trade -- Prevention, Slave trade -- West Indies, British -- History -- Sources, Abolition of slavery, Plantation owners -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Antislavery movements -- West Indies, British, West Indies -- History
"Dear Sir George My two former letters have already given you my opinion of Harvey's proposal. His epistle at large... is a selfish an insolent and an insidious one. Let me beg you will listen to none from him. ... If the Slave Trade is abolished he will not run the Risk of of Renting your Estate -- If not, I am convinced, he will accede to your terms... Slaves must rise to double their present value, and by procrastinating the Reappraisement... he would reap an advantage... Waltr. Nisbet.", Original digital object name: bei-m331, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Daily Book: Of Expenditur No: 3: (front cover title).
M362. Douglas, William, fl. 1794-1820.
Account books -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Court records -- Antigua and Barbuda, Portraits -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Charcoal drawing, Pen drawing, Colored pencil drawing, West Indies -- History
Daily Book: Of Expenditur No: 3: (front cover title).Loose inside front cover: 1 receipt for £38.13.0 from the Court of Common Pleas; 6 studies of heads in pencil, ink, and colors, the smallest (5.5 x 4.75 cm.) in pencil, the largest (10.5 x 10 cm.) in color., Original digital object name: bei-m362, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Deed Poll Signifying the Consent of Samuel Martin Esqr; and Mr. Henry Wilmot to the Marriage of Mr. Morris with Miss Mordaunt. (docket title)
Martin, Samuel, fl. 1745-1775, Wilmot, Henry, 1710-1794, Morris, Elizabeth Wilmot, d. 1761, Morris, Valentine, d. 1743
Addison, William Thomas, fl. 1748
Martin, Samuel, fl. 1745-1775 (Author), Wilmot, Henry, 1710-1794 (Author), Morris, Elizabeth Wilmot, d. 1761 (Author), Morris, Valentine, d. 1743 (Author), Addison, William Thomas, fl. 1748 (Addressee), Morris, Valentine, d. 1789 (Contributor), Morris, Mary Mordaunt, fl. 1748 (Contributor)
M101. Martin, Samuel, fl. 1748.
Trusts and trustees -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Guardian and ward -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
"To all Men to whom these presents shall come We Samuel Martin late of... Antigua... Esquire and Henry Wilmot of... Middlesex Gentleman Send Greeting Whereas Valentine Morris formerly of... Antigua... Lieutenant Colonel of his Majesty's Regiment of Foot commanded by General Robert Dalziel did... appoint his Wife... One of the Guardians together with his Executors of All the Children..." [and whereas Valentine Morris the younger wishes] "to intermarry with Mary Mordaunt... And Whereas Elizabeth Morris... hath also signified her Consent..." signed "Samll Martin" "Heny Wilmot" "Eliz Morris" " Vall Morris.", Original digital object name: bei-m101, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Diagram of Twenty two Acres of Land in Saint Vincent granted to Thos. Fairbairn 14. January 1805 (copy)
Land use -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent -- Charts, diagrams, etc. Facsimiles, West Indies -- History
Original digital object name: bei-m526a-g, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Diagram of Twenty two Acres of Land in Saint Vincent granted to Thos. Fairbairn 14. January 1805 [docket title]
Land use -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Saint Vincent -- Charts, diagrams, etc., West Indies -- History
Original digital object name: bei-m526a-f, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Elizabeth Richardson to Samuel Martin and others } Release of Dower. (docket title inside text)
M352. Richardson, Elizabeth, fl. 1792.
Antigua, Saint Martin (West Indies)
Claims against decedents' estates, Election (Wills) -- West Indies -- Saint Martin, Dower, Revocation -- West Indies -- Saint Martin -- Early works to 1800, Transfer (Law) -- West Indies -- Saint Martin -- Early works to 1800, Inheritance and succession, West Indies -- History
"In the West Indian Incumbered Estates Court <Antigua> Re Martin and others Exparte Ewing and others."Elizabeth Richardson of St. Martin, widow of John Richardson of Antigua and late of St. Martin, "Doctor of Physick deceased," releases her dower claims to Samuel Martin, Collector of Customs for the Port of Saint Johns, Antigua, and Thomas Jarvis and Daniel Hill of Antigua; signed by Elizabeth Richardson., Original digital object name: bei-m352, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Engineer Department, Antigua To Charles Kerr... For Victualling the...
Antigua and Tobago
M329. Great Britain. Army. Engineers.
Slave labor -- Antigua and Barbuda, Soldiers -- Billeting -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Great Britain. Army -- Supplies and stores, Reservoirs -- Antigua and Barbuda, West Indies -- History
Engineer Department, Antigua To Charles Kerr... For Victualling the Under-mentioned Number of Negroe Artificers, and Labourers, Employed in Building Officers, and Mens Barracks, and Two Reservoirs, on the Ridge near English Harbour... 1788. Septr. 30th... [signed] Charles Shipley, Captain, and Royal Engineer.Receipt for £737.0.3, signed by Chas. Kerr and two witnesses, with lithograph portrait of Major-General Sir Charles Shipley attached to 8 pages of text on the same, pulled from book apparently entitled National Portraits., Original digital object name: bei-m329, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Estate Accots. from the 30th. April 1767 to the 30th. April 1784 17 Years. (on rear cover and first 76 leaves, herein designated A). with, the volume turned and reversed: "Estate Accots. from the 30th. April 1784" (front cover and first 60 leaves, herein designated B). (ms. title-pages)
M183. Douglas, John St. Leger, c. 1732-1783.
Account books -- Antigua and Barbados -- Early works to 1800, Accounts current -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History, Decedent's estates -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, Bills of lading -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800
"Estate Accots. from the 30th. April 1767 to the 30th. April 1784 17 Years." (on rear cover and first 76 leaves, herein designated A). with, the volume turned and reversed: "Estate Accots. from the 30th. April 1784" (front cover and first 60 leaves, herein designated B). (ms. title-pages)"S(?) Horncastle Stationer No. 85 in New Bond Street, near Oxford Street. Sells all Sorts of Stationery. Wholesale and Retail..." (printed bookplate inside front cover).A: "John St. Leger Douglas Esqr. his Accot. Currt. with Truman Neave and Willett... 1767 April 30..." (10 leaves);"...Neave and Willett... 1769 May 1..." (37 leaves)"...Richard Neave... 1778 May 1..." (20 leaves)"Richard Neave Administrator with the Will Annexed of John St. Leger Douglas Esqr. decd. in Acct. Current with Richard Neave... 1783 June 3..." (2 leaves, and 5 leaves further along)Both sections interspersed with informative notes in the hand of William Douglas.B: 3 leaves of index"Annual Incumbrances" (1 leaf)"William Douglas Esqr. his Account Current with Richard Neave... 1783 Feby. 10..." (15 leaves)"...Richard and Thomas Neave... 1787 April 30..." (3 leaves, 3 leaves)"Richard Neave, Receiver appointed under the Court of Chancery, for the Estate of I. S. Douglas Esqr. decd:; in Account Current with Richard and Thomas Neave... [1787] July 20..." (4 leaves, 28 leaves, 7 leaves)"Invoice of Goods shipped..." (3 leaves)The Douglas estate was in Antigua.Bound in green leather, blind-stamped; three leather hinges laced and stamped in gold on both covers and spine.Literature: Namier, Sir Lewis, and John Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754-1790, London, HMSO, 1964, II:332; Oliver, V. L., The History of Antigua I:213, III:419., Original digital object name: bei-m183, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Estimate of rum and duties for Jamaica, Barbados, Antigua,…
M154.
Antigua, Barbados, Jamaica, Martinique, Nevis, Saint Kitts
Rum industry -- West Indies -- Early works to 1800, Rum -- Commerce, Tariff on rum -- Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
[estimate of rum and duties for Jamaica, Barbados, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, and Martinique]Phillipps ms. 17094., Original digital object name: bei-m154, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Farqd. Campbell To Rose Debuque Dr. 17 March 1813. Ms. receipt...
Receipts (Acknowledgments) -- West Indies -- History -- 19th century, Land use -- Purchasing -- West Indies, West Indies -- History
Original digital object name: bei-m526a-i, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Form of Receipt to Mr Harvey (docket title), 1 Sept. 1787. Ms...
Debtor and creditor -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Leases -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, Payment, Receipts (Acknowledgments) -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
"Received of John Anthony Rucker... on account of Robert Harvey... Kelso... 1st Sept 1787 Signed Ias Douglas.", Original digital object name: bei-m315, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Francis Shand Esquire and others to George O'Bryen Ottley Esquire and another } Assignment of Mortgage debt on Parry's Estate in the Island of Antigua.-- (docket title)
M593. Shand, Francis, fl. 1860.
Mortgages -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 19th century, West Indies -- History
"In the West Indian Incumbered Estates Court <Antigua> Re Ottley Exparte Ottley."Francis and Alexander Shand (Liverpool merchants) and William Walcott Shand (Liverpool broker); Francis Shand; Rev. Theophilus Saulez (Middlesex clerk); Grace O'Bryen Ottley (spinster); and George O'Bryen Ottley (Col. in H. M. Bengal Army); signed "F Shand" "Alexr Shand" "W Walcott Shand" "Theophilus Saulez" "Grace O'Bryen Ottley" "Geo O'B. Ottley"With ms. note in top margin: "This is the Indenture referred to in the annexed Declaration of John Eden the Younger made... fourteenth day of April 1860" (declaration not present)., Original digital object name: bei-m593, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Francis Wightwick Esq: to Geo: Savage Martin and Wm. Heny. Martin Esqrs } Re-Conveyance of the Nibbs and High Point Plantations in Antigua -- (docket title)
M569. Wightwick, Francis, fl. 1842.
Nibbs Plantation (Antigua and Barbuda) -- History -- 19th century, High Point Plantation (Antigua and Barbuda) -- History -- 19th century, Barnes Hill Plantation (Antigua and Barbuda), Plantations -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua, Conveyancing -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 19th century, Encumbrances (Law) -- Antigua and Barbuda -- History -- 19th century, West Indies -- History
"In the West Indian Encumbered Estates Court <Antigua> Re Martin and others Exparte Ewing and others""Sold by W. G. and W. H. Witherby Birchin Lane." engr. rondel in initial.Francis Wightwick (Surrey); Winifred Wightwick (Surrey, spinster); George Savage and William Henry Martin (Antigua); Nibbs or Popeshead, High Point, Barnes Hill, and Ronans plantations, united and called High Point Plantation; signed "Frs Wightwick" "Winifred Wightwick.", Original digital object name: bei-m569, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Fuller and Wise
Accountants -- England -- Correspondence, Plantation owners -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Anntigua -- Correspondence, West Indies -- History
Signed, Fuller and Wise.London, 17 July 1896. Ms. letter to Codrington on printed letterhead, signed, 2 p. 20 cm., Original digital object name: bei-m603c, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Gardner, William, fl. 1773. Antigua, 28 Sept. 1773. ALS to Joshua...
Merchant ships -- Maintenance and repair, Marine accidents -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, Refloating of ships, Rescues -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Early works to 1800, West Indies -- History
Gardner, William, fl. 1773."Sir The malancholly condition we are now in is beyond conception..." signed "Wm Gardner" with postscript: "Sr I must beg you would be kind enough to put in the Prints the extreme politeness most Humane Assistance of Capt. Ebenezer Ricker..."On the way south along the eastern seaboard they had met with a stiff gale, in which seams had begun to loosen. Ricker had come upon them and had escorted them into Antigua., Original digital object name: bei-m224b, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Grafton Street, 21 Aug. 1788. ALS to Sir George Douglas
Grafton Street
Antigua, Nevis
Slaveholders -- West Indies, Plantations -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 18th century, Slaves -- Rating of -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda -- Officials and employees -- Correspondence, Compliments, Slaves -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua, West Indies -- History
"My Dr. Sir Two days ago, I arrived here, after a short, and pleasant passage from Nevis. I should have been very glad to have found you in Town, having much to say to you on the subject of your Antigua affairs. I visited your Estate...and I can only pronounce it one of the best in the Jsland, of the size, with one of the best settled creole gang of Negroes I ever saw...", Original digital object name: bei-m323, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Grant, John, fl. 1819. London, 28 Sept. 1819. Ms. copy of letter "To...
M501. Hanrott, P. A., fl. 1819.
Antigua, Saint Vincent
Slaves -- Relocation -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua, West Indies -- History
Grant, John, fl. 1819.<Copy> Dear Sir In consequence of what has passed between us respecting Sir George Douglas' Estates in Antigua... My object as you know... is to remove some of the Negroes to St. Vincent... a due regard will of course be paid to not separating the Individuals of the different Families...", Original digital object name: bei-m501b, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
HMS Venus, English Harbour, Antigua, 23 Feb. 1803. Ms. order to...
HMS Venus, English Harbour, Antigua
M421. Graves, Thomas, 1747?-1814, captain.
Antigua, Great Britain, Martinique
Disappointment, Complaint letters -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 19th century, Quality of products, Ducks -- Prices, Rebates, Venus (Ship), Shipment of goods -- Rates, Ship captains -- correspondence, Ship chandlers -- Correspondence, West Indies -- History
Signed, "...it appearing to me that part of the Duck supplied by Mr. Francis Hayward on the 27th of Aug. 1802 at Martinique is not worth the Invoice price... You are therefore hereby required and directed to cause the charges to be regulated..." signed "Thos. Graves", Original digital object name: bei-m421, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Henry Douglas of the Island of Antigua Esqr seized of Plantations...
Douglas, Henry, 1683-1753 (Contributor)
M112. Douglas, Henry, 1683-1753.
West Indies -- History, Plantation owners -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Trusts and trustees -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Early works to 1800, Slaveholders -- Antigua and Barbuda, Wills -- Antigua and Barbuda
Henry Douglas of the Island of Antigua Esqr seized of Plantations and of Negroes and other Estate in that Island of considerable yearly value made his will in November 1752 by which he gave all his real Estates to Trustees..., Original digital object name: bei-m112, This digital resource is provided by Burke Library, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Hill, Nathaniel, fl. 1830. /Copy/Nathl. Hill Antigua April 17th. 1830 (docket title)
M547. Antigua. Colored inhabitants.
Great Britain. Parliament -- History -- 19th century, Petitions -- Antigua and Barbadu -- Antigua -- History -- 19th century, Lushington, Stephen, 1782-1873 -- Correspondence, Abolitionists -- Great Britain -- Correspondence, Social reformers -- Great Britain -- History -- 19th century -- Correspondence, Political activists, Colonial influence, Lobbying -- Great Britain -- History -- 19th century, Lobbyists, Social pressure, Document delivery, Letter carriers -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 19th century, West Indies -- History
Hill, Nathaniel, fl. 1830."To Robert Stokes Esqr. My Dear Sir I had the pleasure to address you... apprizing you that the Petition from the Coloured Inhabitants... would be shortly forwarded... I now transmit the same to you, with a request from the Petitioners, that you would on their behalf hand the Petition to that friend of the oppressed, Dr. Lushington, with their best acknowledgments for his kind promise this year of presenting the same in the House of Commons... the Petition... will be handed you by Mr. Joseph Phillips, a native of England... acquainted... with every particular connected with the West India system, and has himself been much persecuted and oppressed, having married a lady of colour...""Explanation to be referred to in elucidation of the... Petition," p. [2]., Original digital object name: bei-m547c, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Increase of Negroes, on Sir Geo: Douglas Baronet's Estate, since...
Slaveholders -- West Indies, Plantations -- Management -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- History -- 18th century, Inventories -- Accounting, Slaves, Slaves -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Statistics, Slaves -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Antigua -- Population, West Indies -- History
Increase of Negroes, on Sir Geo: Douglas Baronet's Estate, since commencement of Mr. Harvey's Lease to this [blank] day of March 1788. ..., Original digital object name: bei-m318b, This digital resource is provided by the Special Collections department, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States.
Barbados (18) + -
Barbuda (2) + -
Basse-Terre Island (Guadeloupe) (1) + -
Bermuda Islands (13) + -
Great Britain (19) + -
Guadeloupe (3) + -
Jamaica (14) + -
Martinique (31) + -
Narrows Island (3) + -
Navassa Island (3) + -
Nevis (9) + -
Pigeon Island (Saint Lucia) (1) + -
Saint Kitts (26) + -
Saint Martin (West Indies) (1) + -
Saint Vincent (15) + -
Sint Eustatius (3) + -
Tortola (British Virgin Islands) (4) + -
West Indies (17) + -


text:
Corvus splendens (鳥類)
一般影響
家烏鴉族群入侵,往往對人類和當地野生動物造成重大問題(Feare and Mungroo 1990)。除了生態破壞,家烏鴉捕食小雞和蛋也造成了經濟損失(無法自由放養家禽),啄食農作物如玉米(Zea mays)和高粱(Sorghum vulgare) (Archer 2001, in Lim et al. 2003)。家烏鴉對人滋擾,並在一些地區造成旅遊設施和產業的威脅。家烏鴉(Corvus splendens)的腸道中至少有8種人類的腸道疾病的病原(Ash 1984a, in Ryall 1992)。家烏鴉帶有血清型病菌15%有Salmonella、8%有Plesiomonas,4%腸道型Escherichia coli、3% Shigella和3% Aeromonas hydrophila。
請參閱 家烏鴉影響的更多細節。
地點特有的影響:
降低本地生物多樣性: Potentially the greatest ecological concern is related to the recent increase in house crow numbers. Currently, the population is restricted to a limited geographical area and is wholly urban. It is unlikely to be significantly interacting with native wildlife, with most roosts being located in city parks (P.J. Leader pers. com., in Leven and Corlett 2004). These parks are of limited importance for wildlife, though of considerable amenity value. The house crow population is geographically close to the only egretry in the Hong Kong harbour area (Wong 2002, in Leven and Corlett 2004). This is of concern in view of the house crow's known adverse effects on ardeid colonies elsewhere in the world (Ryall 1992, in Leven and Corlett 2004).
降低本地生物多樣性: In Israel two bird species (the common myna and the house crow) have been spotted harassing, preying on, or competing with local species of reptiles and birds.
滋擾人類: Corvus splendens are extremely noisy and frequently enter dwellings, hotels and restaurants where they steal food from plates and buffets, sometimes defaecating on tables and chairs. In Mombasa, Kenya, they are a serious nuisance in the coast hotels and numerous complaints have been received from tourists and tourist organizations. The authorities there consider them as adversely affecting the tourist industry. They also scatter refuse in public places, foul seats in parks and steal food from street vendors and market stalls.
競爭: The following bird species have been observed being harassed by C. splendens in the Mombasa area: cattle egret (Bulbulcus ibis), woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), hadada (Bostrychia hagedash), Eurasian marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), black-breasted snake eagle (Circaetus pectoralis), little sparrowhawk (Accipiter minullus), Walhberg's eagle (Aquila wahlbergi), lizard buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus), pale chanting goshawk (Melierax canorus), African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), black kite (Milvus migrans), black-shouldered kite (Elanus caeruleus), curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea), little stint (Calidris minuta), Sooty gull (Larus hemprichii), black and white cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus), pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis), mangrove kingfisher (Halcyon senegaloides), Eurasian bee-eater (Merops apiaster), lilac-breasted roller (Coracias caudate), golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus) and the pied crow (Corvus albus).
經濟 /民生: In Kenya the damage done by Corvus splendens is economically important in the case of maize, mangoes, pawpaws, poultry and goats. Livestock are threatened by the scavenging behaviour of house crows. In Kenya C. splendens kills large numbers of poultry, new- to attacks, particularly when crow attempt to steal their food.
The house crow is also a crop-raider and frequently damages young maize cobs, as well as soft fruits like mangoes, pawpaws and bananas, thus rendering them useless for selling (Ryall 1992). Fruit and other crops are spoiled by house crows in Africa (eg: Kenya), India (Ali 1944, Ali et al. 1982), Aden, Yemen (Ash 1984a) and the Maldives (Ash 1984a) (cited in Ryall 1992).born lambs/goats and calves left unattended. Lesions on dairy cattle may be exacerbated by the birds, eventually leading to the death of the animal. Dogs and cats are often subjected to attacks, particularly in incidents when crows attempt to steal their food.
House crows may also present an economic problem by thieving fish from fish farms, either directly from the surface of rearing ponds or from drying area as fish are being sun-dried. In at least one fish farm near Mombasa (Kenya) they are known to frequently grab fish from fish-rearing ponds (R. Waller, pers. comm., in Ryall 1992).
降低本地生物多樣性: Corvus splendens has been observed preying on the following bird species in and near Mombasa: grey heron, black-headed heron, feral pigeon (Columba livia), yellow-collared lovebirds, speckled moosebird, scarlet-chested sunbird, grosbeak weaver, Zanzibar red bishop , golden palm weaver, black-headed weaver, house sparrow (Passer domesticus), red-cheeked cordon-bleu, bronze manikin. The most affected are the black-headed and golden palm weavers. Colonies of these birds in Mombasa have been displaced and are subject to constant nest-raiding in the breeding season. The spotted morning thrush and the black-backed puffback were once frequent in the gardens on Mombasa Island but declined drastically as the population of C. splendens increased.
The native pied crow (Corvus albus) at one time roosted in large trees at Mombasa station gathering every evening in substantial numbers. C. splendens shared this roost in growing numbers until they finally ousted their larger but less aggressive cousins in the 1960s (R. McVicker, pers. comm., in Ryal 1992). C. albus and the black kite (Milvus migrans) were formerly common scavengers in Mombasa but since the proliferation of C. splendens they are only seen occasionally.
Some non-avian species have also become prey, including bats, lizards and frogs. Crows are often seen noisily chasing fruit bats which are usually killed and eaten. This has resulted in the disappearance of epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) from many of the eaves and palms where it used to roost.
Mombasa (Kenya)
降低本地生物多樣性: The most dramatic effect linked to house crow presence in Mombasa has been the virtual elimination of small native birds such as weavers (Ploceidae) and sunbirds (Nectariniidae) (Ryall and Reid 1987, C.J.F., personal observations in 1985, in Feare and Mungroo 1990) and, locally, the displacement of native pied crows Corvus albus (Britton 1980, in Feare and Mungroo 1990).
滋擾人類: Communal roosts annoy residents (Yap and Sodhi 2004).
競爭: Competes with native species (Yap and Sodhi 2004).
農業: Potential crop pest (Yap and Sodhi 2004).
降低本地生物多樣性: Attacks small birds and eats their eggs (Yap and Sodhi 2004). Corvus splendens is well known as a nest-raider of ploceida and other native birds in its native India (Reid 1881, Ali 1956, Lamba 1976) as well as in much of its introduced range: Malaysia (D.R. Wells pers. comm.), the Seychelles (Ryall 1986), Zanzibar (Alexander 1985) and mainland Tanzania (N. Baker, pers. comm.) (cited in Ryall 1992).
傳播疾病: It is reported that at least eight species of animal intestinal parasites are known to be harboured by the Indian house crow while disease-causing organisms can also be transmitted passively via their feet, bills and bodies (Archer Pers. Comm., in Puttoo and Archer 2003). These can be passed to humans by the fouling of water supplies and food sources (Ryall and Reid 1987, in Puttoo and Archer 2003). In Mauritius crows have been observed at market places, slaughter house, public gardens, coastal beaches and also known to visit reservoirs and available water points for bathing and drinking purposes.
滋擾人類: The Indian house crow is an incessant cawer and is reported to steal food from market stalls and kitchens. It may also damage TV aerials and electrical lines and fouls buildings and public gardens and roadways (eg: Jardin de la Compagnie). Some incidents of crow attacks in Tombeau Bay and Pointe aux Sables have also been reported.
降低本地生物多樣性: This introduced avian species has no natural predators in Mauritius and this factor coupled with favourable environmental conditions has contributed to its successful colonisation. It has been reported that Indian crow has negative influence on the survival of other indigenous birds species. The effect of the house crow on the small populations of endemic birds and other animals on oceanic islands, such as the Seychelles and Mauritius, could be ecologically catastrophic. Most of the small birds in Mauritius have been introduced, the only common and widespread endemic being the Mascarene grey white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus) (Feare and Mungroo 1990). Surveys carried out in the field in selected areas showed complete absence of the Mauritian grey white eye (Zosterops mauritianus) where the Indian house crow exists in high densities, which confirmed possible predation of eggs and fledglings in their nests.
It is unlikely that house crows, tied as they are to human proximity, will threaten the existing populations of the rarer endemic birds which are largely restricted to the small area of indigenous forest on the high ground of the south-west (Diamond 1987, in Feare and Mungroo 1990). However, if current conservation programmes are successful and some of the presently endangered birds, such as the pink pigeon (see Nesoenas mayeri in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) and Mauritius kestrel (see Falco punctatus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), extended their ranges from forest into more disturbed habitats, the ranges of these birds may begin to overlap with that of the crows. In this case the crows could threaten the continued expansion of the endemics (Feare and Mungroo 1990).
競爭: House crows are suspected to be raiding domestic pigeon nests on Halul Island (Nation et al. 1997, in Ryall 2002).
滋擾人類: It is considered to be a pest in parts of Jeddah with reports of attacks on humans appearing in the local press.
經濟 /民生: House crows may also present an economic problem by thieving fish from fish farms, either directly from the surface of rearing ponds or from drying area as fish are being sun-dried (eg: in the Seychelles and the Maldives, Ryall 1986, Ash 1984a, in Ryal 1992).
降低本地生物多樣性: Corvus splendens is well known as a nest-raider of ploceida and other native birds in its native India (Reid 1881, Ali 1956, Lamba 1976) as well as in much of its introduced range: Malaysia (D.R. Wells pers. comm.), the Seychelles (Ryall 1986), Zanzibar (Alexander 1985) and mainland Tanzania (N. Baker, pers. comm.) (cited in Ryall 1992).
滋擾人類: The noise from house crow roosts, and the accumulated droppings, are a nuisance to residents who live nearby. When the crows gather to roost, they often perch on structures and buildings nearby, soiling them and sometimes damaging associated fixtures. During the breeding season, adult nesting crows occasionally attack passers-by (Soh et al. 2002).
降低本地生物多樣性: Although Lim & Gardner (1997, in Lim et al. 2003) speculated that the house crow may be out-competing and causing the decline of the native large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), it is equally likely that the latter's decline is caused by a reduction in habitat (e.g. secondary forests, mangroves).
降低本地生物多樣性: Corvus splendens is well known as a nest-raider of ploceida and other native birds in its native India (Reid 1881, Ali 1956, Lamba 1976) as well as in much of its introduced range: Malaysia (D.R. Wells pers. comm.), the Seychelles (Ryall 1986), Zanzibar (Alexander 1985) and mainland Tanzania (N. Baker, pers. comm.) (cited in Ryall 1992). For example, the black kite (Milvus migrans) is being driven out of urban areas in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, by the house crow (C. splendens).
Zanzibar (Tanzania, United Republic of)
降低本地生物多樣性: Corvus splendens is well known as a nest-raider of ploceida and other native birds in its native India (Reid 1881, Ali 1956, Lamba 1976) as well as in much of its introduced range: Malaysia (D.R. Wells pers. comm.), the Seychelles (Ryall 1986), Zanzibar (Alexander 1985) and mainland Tanzania (N. Baker, pers. comm.) (cited in Ryall 1992). For example the native pied crow (Corvus albus) has been displaced by C. splendens in Zanzibar (Pakenham 1979, in Ryall 1992).
經濟 /民生: The house crow is a crop-raider and frequently damages young maize cobs, as well as soft fruits like mangoes, pawpaws and bananas, thus rendering them useless for selling (Ryall 1992). Fruit and other crops are spoiled by house crows in Africa (eg: Kenya), India (Ali 1944, Ali et al. 1982), Aden, Yemen (Ash 1984a) and the Maldives (Ash 1984a) (cited in Ryall 1992).
In Aden, Yemen, Ash (1984a) reported that 2 – 3 % of calves and 10 – 15 % of newborn sheep and goats were killed by C. splendens in the absence of preventive action (cited in Ryall 1992). Dogs and cats are often subjected to attacks, particularly in incidents when crows attempt to steal their food.
Aden (Yemen)
傳播疾病: House crows may be related to important public health problems. In one study different members of Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella, and Shigella serotypes and Proteus strains as well as members of Vibrionaceae and Pseudomonads were isolated from a great proportion of crows. Some of them were found identical to the strains previously isolated from patients suffering from diarrhea in Aden. Giardia lamblia cysts and Hymenolepis nana ova were also recovered from crows. It was concluded that crows may participate in the spread of diarrheal diseases in Aden (al-Sallami 1991).
污染: The house crow pollutes the environment by dropping their faecal material all over the city (al-Sallami 1991).
經濟 /民生: House crows have become a major pest in the Aden-Lahej-Abiyan region due to the extremely high density that the house crow population has reached in these areas. These populations have presumably been supported by the highly available refuse, drying fish and market gardens (al-Sallami 1991).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


after Roger de Clifford who was hung in chains from its battlements in 1322.
The original defences of the city go back to Norman times when William I, had two timbered motte and bailey forts built just north of the point where the River Ouse joins the River Foss. These towers were to have a very precarious, if not horizontal, history. The first being built in 1068 on the western bank of the Ouse in the "Old Bail" or Bail Hill and the second, early in 1069 on the eastern bank beneath Clifford's Tower. Both of these towers were to be destroyed by September 1069 when the English and Danish armies captured York from their Norman invaders. Their victory was sadly short lived as William and his Norman army recaptured the city and promptly rebuilt the towers that same year. It was the eastern fort which became the Castle of York and to improve its defences the Foss was dammed up to flood a whole "carucate" of land.
the countryside from the Humber to the Tees.
The first craftsman to be mentioned is a carpenter, in 1086, who is named Landric. He may have built the timbered towers but there is no further information.
In 1190 the castle tower was burned down during anti-Jewish riots in which the Jews of York were massacred. The following year it was rebuilt and, like the previous tower, it was constructed of wood and cost about £219. Little more is recorded until 1228 when the tower was probably blown down by a high wind.
The mason, Henry de Reyns, is believed to have designed and started to build the "Clifford Tower" in 1245, as well as the town's defences which comprised of a curtain wall with at least five towers encircling the bailey and two gateways. One, the great gateway, was on the south side facing the mill-pool. The second gateway to the north, gave access to the city and, where it faced Clifford's Tower, there was a timbered palisade in place of a stone wall. Below and surrounding Clifford's Tower was another timbered palisade. Water from the River Foss pool filled the surrounding moat and also drove the Kings mills as it flowed into the River Ouse. In the bailey itself, were a great hall, chapel, kitchen, prison and other buildings.
These major works, took about twenty three years and cost £2,600.
A 1360 survey showed the castle to be in a deplorable state of decay, in fact it was a complete mess, with the Clifford Tower cracked from top to bottom in two places, the vault of the great gate damaged, part of the tower at the west end of the castle had collapsed into the moat. The tower known as "Ie Boretour" had a crack to the top, the gaol was unsafe because of the encroaching water of the Foss and Ouse and the castle buildings were in a roofless and ruined state. The sheriff was ordered to spend up to 1,000 marks or £666.13s.4d. for repairs made by view of Henry of Ingleby, Cannon of York, Roger of Chesterfield, Kings Clerk and John of Langton mayor of the city. In fact they spent £800 on the restorations. Clifford's Tower was only patched up but the fallen tower on the west side was rebuilt and another fitted up to serve as a prison. The remaining buildings were repaired and re-roofed. The dilapidation was probably brought about by a general lack of funds and compounded by the encroaching water which undermined the weak foundations.
By 1484 Richard 111 had issued orders for a commission to organise a work force to dismantle the castle as a preliminary to its eventual reconstruction but the battle of Bosworth put an end to his plans.
Henry V11 had other ideas and the castle has remained in a half demolished state, for which, today, the only remains are its ruined stone town walls and keep.


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San Diego Christian College
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When it comes to relationships, there's no shortage of advice from self-help 'experts', pick-up artists, and glossy magazines. But modern-day myths of attraction often have no basis in fact or – worse – are rooted in little more than misogyny. In this talk, Prof Viren Swami, one of the world's leading experts in the psychology of romantic attraction, debunks these myths and draws on cutting-edge research to provide a ground-breaking and evidence-based account of relationship formation. He'll present a very simple idea: that there are no 'laws of attraction', no foolproof methods or strategies for getting someone to date you. But this isn't to say that there's nothing to be gained from studying attraction. Based on science rather than self-help clichés, Prof Swami looks at how factors such as geography, appearance, personality, and similarity affect who we fall for and why.
Viren Swami is Professor of Social Psychology at Anglia Ruskin University and Director of the Centre for Psychological Research at Perdana University. His research is focused on body image and human appearance and, separately, the psychology of conspiracy theories. He is the author of over two hundred academic papers and three books, including Attraction Explained and The Psychology of Physical Attraction.


CLASSIFICATION F.C.I.: Group 5 Spitz and primitive type.
When World War II ended, Akitas had been drastically reduced in number and existed as three distinct types; 1) Matagi Akitas, 2) fighting Akitas, and 3) Shepherd Akitas.This created a very confusing situation in the breed.
During the restoration process of the pure breed after the war, Kongo-go, a dog of the Dewa line, which exhibited characteristics of the Mastiff and German Shepherd.
Skull: The size is in proportion to the body. The forehead is broad, with distinct furrow. No wrinkle.
Muzzle: Moderately long and strong with broad base, tapering but not pointed. Nasal bridge straight.
Jaws/Teeth: Teeth strong with scissor bite.
Eyes: Relatively small, almost triangular in shape due to the rising of the outer eye corner, set moderately apart, dark brown: the darker, the better.
Ears: Relatively small, thick, triangular, slightly rounded at tips, set moderately apart, pricked and inclining forward.
Chest: Deep, forechest well developed, ribs moderately well sprung.
Shoulders: Moderately sloping and developed.
Feet: Thick, round, arched and tight.
Hair: Outer coat harsh and straight, undercoat soft and dense; the withers and the rump are covered with slightly longer hair; the hair on tail is longer than on the rest of the body.
Colour: Red fawn, sesame (red fawn hairs with black tips), brindle and white. All the above mentioned colours except white must have «urajiro ».


Richmond Baseball always welcomes new players regardless of their experience.
Richmond Baseball Club welcomes adult players of all abilities – from seasoned ex-pros to those who have never picked up a baseball before.
The club has four adult baseball teams that compete in different divisions within the British Baseball Federation. You must be 14 or over to play on an adult team; if you are younger than 14 why not take a look at the youth programmes we offer at the club.
Spring Training has now begun for the 2019 Season and all existing and new members are welcome to come train with us.
Bank Transfer – Richmond Baseball Club, Lloyds Bank, Sort code: 30-97-06 Account number: 01498230.
Cash or Card payment at the club – we can now accept card payments at the field.
Click here to see the list of 2018 Winners from across all 4 different Richmond Teams. Plus the Annual Club Wide Awards.
London Mets are hosting the 2018 Fall ball in Frinsbury Park. Click here for more details.
Find out about our current teams, rosters and 2018 Richmond training and game schedule.
Check out our facilities here at Richmond and directions on how to find us.
Ready to join? You can become a member of Richmond Baseball as a volunteer, spectator or participate yourself.


Gender Pay Gap - what would you earn if you were the opposite gender?
How much more or less would you earn if you were the opposite gender?
To tie in with International Women's Day, a clever tool has been created to show you what your salary might look like if you were the opposite gender, based on where you live and the local gender pay gap.
What is International Women's Day?
International Women's Day (Thursday, March 8) celebrates the achievements of women, as well as acting as a catalyst for change when it comes to gender equality.
It has been observed for over 100 years and is now celebrated around the world. The first International Women's Day was marked in New York on February 28, 1909.
Global governments, women's organisations, businesses and charities now celebrate the day on March 8 every year together under the banner of International Women's Day.
The theme of this year's International Women's Day is #PressforProgress, and today will be marked with talks, rallies and marches.
The International Women's Day website says: "We can't be complacent. Now, more than ever, there's a strong call-to-action to press forward and progress gender parity.
"A strong call to #PressforProgress. A strong call to motivate and unite friends, colleagues and whole communities to think, act and be gender inclusive."
How much would I earn if I was another gender?
The data shows that out of 430 local authorities across Britain, there were just seven where the average full-time wage for women living in those areas was higher than the average full-time wage for men, in all the rest men had higher full-time earnings on average.
Type your postcode, salary and gender in the tool to find out the whether your pay check would take a hit if you were the opposite gender.


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Developing Economics
A Critical Perspective On Development Economics
Africa / Developmental state / Economic History / Economic structure / Ethiopia / FDI / Industrialization / Late Development / South Korea / Trade
Should the African lion learn from the Asian tigers? A comparison of FDI-oriented industrial policy in Ethiopia, South Korea and Taiwan
August 20, 2019 August 10, 2019 Jostein Hauge1 Comment
The Huajian shoe factory in the Eastern Industrial Zone in Ethiopia. Photo: UNIDO.
Ethiopia is being hailed as one of the most successful growth stories in Africa. Because of the country's rapid economic growth, the high degree of state intervention in the economy, and the state's focus on industrialization, people have started to compare Ethiopia to the Asian 'tigers' (Aglionby, 2017; Clapham, 2018; De Waal, 2013, Hauge and Chang, 2019; Oqubay, 2015) — four countries in East Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan) that underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates in the post-WWII era.
However, this emerging literature on Ethiopia-Asia comparisons has not yet sufficiently addressed one of the most important aspects of Ethiopia's industrialization strategy — the attraction of foreign direct investments (FDI) into the manufacturing sector.
The rationale of my recently published article was this gap in the literature. In it, I ask the question: Should the African lion learn from the Asian tigers with respect to FDI-oriented industrial policy?
In short, my answer is yes. While Ethiopia's policies are bringing about short-term economic success and showing promise for further industrialization, the state could arguably bargain harder with foreign investors, like it did in South Korea and Taiwan.
The increasing importance of FDI in developing countries
The motivation for investors from the West to relocate their production to developing countries (i.e. offshoring) has remained the same since the 1960s — the search for cheap labor, cheap land and cheap energy. However, the scale of offshoring started intensifying first in the 1990s, driven by falling transport costs, advances in information and communication technology, and lower trade and investment barriers. From 1990 to 2016, FDI inflows into developing countries increased from US$35 billion to US$646 billion. This represents an increase from 17% to 37% of world FDI inflows (UNCTAD, 2018).
This is why attracting foreign investments has become a more central part of economic development and industrialization strategies. From the perspective of developing countries, inflows of investments from higher-income countries can yield a number of benefits. In the short term, it can boost employment, it can increase foreign exchange and tax revenues, it can assist the integration of host countries in the world economy, and it can have a positive impact on infrastructure development (Farole and Winkler, 2014; Gallagher and Zarsky, 2007).
There are also benefits from attracting foreign investments that are more long term in nature, contributing to technological development and industrialization of the host country. This happens especially through technology transfer, production linkages to the host economy, and human capital development (OECD, 2002). However, these long term benefits are more difficult to achieve than the short term benefits. Some would argue that it boils down to the role of industrial policy, and how active the state is in utilizing foreign investments for developing domestic technological capabilities (Chang et al., 2016; Gallagher and Zarsky, 2007; Lall, 2000; Wade, 1990).
Not many developing countries have been successful at achieving these long term benefits, as it often requires hard bargaining with large transnational corporations. However, the Asian tigers were exceptions. This is why their experiences hold valuable lessons for today's developing countries.
The ingredients to South Korea's and Taiwan's success
Among the Asian tigers, I chose to focus on South Korea and Taiwan because Hong Kong and Singapore are considered more special cases: they have small populations and their development process did not start from an agrarian or raw material base that is typically taken to be the starting point for industrialization.
Studying the policies in South Korea and Taiwan, I found two measures that stood out.
First, both countries actively pushed for joint ventures with foreign companies. South Korea best illustrates this. While South Korea had a restrictive stance towards foreign investors, investments from Japan were an exception. Between 1962 and 1974, 52% of Japanese direct investments in South Korea were with minority ownership (Castley, 1997). Joint ventures with the Japanese in which Koreans had majority stakes more easily facilitated the transfer of technological know-how, marketing skills and managerial techniques.
Second, both countries actively pushed for local content requirements. Taiwan probably best illustrates this. The strategy of linking foreign firms with local suppliers became a staple of industrial policies, especially in the 1970s and 1980s (Wade, 1990). Foreign firms' links with local producers were assisted by proactive industry associations. For example, the electronics industry association TEAMA aggressively recruited members from both foreign and local firms and, with the support of the government, actively promoted the 'local content program' (Aw, 2002). Local producers wanted to take advantage of the technology, management skills and sales networks of transnational corporations.
How do Ethiopia's industrial policies compare?
At this point, the part of Ethiopia's industrialization strategy that is concerned with foreign investments is focused on attracting foreign investors and making them export. The most important measures include the construction of industrial parks, and handing out financial incentives to firms in industrial parks. To name a few of these incentives, they include the exemption from duties and other taxes on imports of capital equipment; no taxes on exports; subsidized land leases; and guaranteed remittance of capital for foreign investors (EIC, 2016).
To some extent this strategy has been successful. Manufacturing FDI inflows in the country has increased from US$570 million in 2007–2008 to US$3712 million in 2016– 2017 (from 2.5 to 5.1% of GDP) (Oqubay, 2019). The trajectory of exports is also positive: From 2004 to 2017, manufactured exports increased from US$21 million to US$389 million (led by exports in the textile and leather industries), representing more than a doubling of manufactured goods exports' share of total merchandise exports (WTO, 2018).
But is this enough? Are technology transfers and linkages to domestic firms taking place? There is some evidence of this, but mostly anecdotal accounts of non-government facilitated technology collaborations between domestic and foreign firms and the formation of supplier relationships between domestic and foreign firms. At large though, domestic firms haven't broken into the export market. Foreign firms still account for the majority of manufactured exports, and the value of these exports (US$389 million) is very low from a comparative perspective. For example, in Vietnam — a developing country of similar size, although at a slightly higher income level — the value of manufactured exports was US$1,750 million in 2017 (WTO, 2018). The near absence of domestic firms' participation in international markets indicates that little technology transfer has taken place. So, while the trajectory in Ethiopia is positive, it's nowhere near claiming 'success'.
Should Ethiopia look to learn more from South Korea and Taiwan?
If Ethiopia should look to learn anything from South Korea and Taiwan, it seems to be clear what it is: the state should be more proactive in terms of pushing – not to speak of forcing – foreign investors to transfer technology to the domestic economy and to create backward linkages from foreign to domestic firms.
However, in some ways, today's global economic environment has made such proactive industrial policy more difficult. In a world where cheap labor is more easily accessible and plentiful than before, transnational corporations can largely pick and choose outsourcing locations. For a country like Ethiopia, a non-liberal stance towards foreign investors will make it more challenging to attract them. Moreover, the protectionist measures that have been important for South Korea and Taiwan are not completely straightforward to apply in today's global trade environment. For example, local content requirements are now prohibited by the World Trade Organization (WTO) for most countries. Therefore, Ethiopia's strategy of simply attracting foreign investors and pushing them to export does make some sense.
The key point here is that a careful balance needs to be struck between, on the one hand, the benefits that a liberal stance towards foreign investors can bring about and, on the other hand, the need to develop domestic technological capabilities.
Aglionby, J. "Ethiopia Bids to Become the Last Development Frontier." Financial Times. July 3, 2017.
Aw, B.-Y. "Technology Acquisition and Development in Taiwan." In Competitiveness, FDI and Technological Activity in East Asia, edited by S. Lall and S. Urata. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003.
Castley, R. J. "Korea's Export Growth: An Alternative View." Canadian Journal of Development Studies 18, no. 2 (1997): 187–212.
Chang, H.-J., J. Hauge, and M. Irfan. Transformative Industrial Policy for Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2016.
Clapham, C. "The Ethiopian Developmental State." Third World Quarterly 39, no. 6 (2018): 1151–1165.
De Waal, A. "The Theory and Practice of Meles Zenawi." African Affairs 112, no. 446 (2013): 148–155.
EIC. Invest in Ethiopia's Booming Textile & Apparel Sector: Textile, Garment, Footwear, Leather Products. Information brochure produced by the Ethiopian Investment Commission, 2016.
Farole, T., and D. Winkler. Making Foreign Direct Investment Work in Sub-Saharan Africa: Local Spillovers and Competitiveness in Global Value Chains. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014.
Gallagher, K. P., and L. Zarsky. The Enclave Economy: Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley. Boston: MIT Press, 2007.
Hauge, J., and H.-J. Chang. "The Concept of a 'Developmental State' in Ethiopia." In The Oxford Handbook of the Ethiopian Economy, edited by F. Cheru, C. Cramer, and A. Oqubay, 824–841. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Lall, S. "Selective Industrial and Trade Policies in Developing Countries: Theoretical and Empirical Issues." QEH Working Paper Series 48, Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford University, 2000.
OECD. Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2002.
Oqubay, A. Made in Africa: Industrial Policy in Ethiopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Oqubay, A. "The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector." In The Oxford Handbook of the Ethiopian Economy, edited by F. Cheru, C. Cramer, and A. Oqubay, 630–650. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
UNCTAD. "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Statistics Database." Accessed June 2018.
Wade, R. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
WTO. "World Trade Organization Statistics Database." Accessed June 2018.
Jostein Hauge is an economist and a Research Associate at the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (Institute for Manufacturing) at the University of Cambridge.
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The Developing Economics blog takes critical approach to development economics. It seeks to stimulate debate and critical reflection on economic development among academics and practitioners from all relevant fields.
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"Under pressure": negotiating competing demands and desires in a time of precarious earnings December 7, 2020
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Knowledge Divides November 22, 2020
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Abkhazia (quite separately from any region belonging to Georgia) comes under the protection of Tsarist Russia, and administers its own affairs until 1864.
Tsarist Russia finally crushes North Caucasian resistance, and the majority of the Abkhazians (along with related Circassians and all the Ubykhs) go into exile in Ottoman lands, leaving the Northwest Caucasus decimated of its native population.
Further expulsions of Abkhazians to Turkey occur after trouble connected with land-reform in Abkhazia following the Russo-Turkish war.
Soviet power is re-established on March 4. Abkhazian Soviet Republic is recognized by Georgia's revolutionary committee on May 21. Special "contract of alliance" is signed between Abkhazia and Georgia on December 16.
Adoption of the Abkhazian Constitution, enshrining its republican status with treaty ties to Georgia.
Stalin reduces the status of Abkhazia to that of an autonomous republic within Georgia.
Start of Beria's anti-Abkhazian drive, involving forced immigration of thousands of non-Abkhazians (especially Mingrelians), placing the local administration in Kartvelian hands, changing the Abkhaz alphabet to a Georgian base, closure in 1944-45 of Abkhazian schools, replacing them with Georgian schools, banning the Abkhaz language; post-war plan to deport the entire Abkhazian nation, using Pavle Ingoroqva's "theory" of their supposed arrival in Abkhazia only in the 17th century as "justification".
Deaths of Stalin and Beria mean reversal of the anti-Abkhazian drive; new script based on Cyrillic is devised, Abkhazian schools reopen, and administration put back in Abkhazian hands.
130 Abkhazian intellectuals write to Brezhnev to request permission for Abkhazia to secede from Georgia and join Russia because of ongoing Georgian encroachment on the rights of Abkhazians. In compensation, the Abkhazian State University is opened (with Georgian, Russian and Abkhazian sectors) to serve the needs of higher education in Western Georgia. The 130 signatories of the letter loose their jobs.
As a result of agitation by Kartvelian nationalists (Gamsakhurdia, Kostava, Chanturia), ethnic clashes take place in Abkhazia over attempts to open a branch of Tbilisi University in Abkhazia's capital, Sukhum, aimed at undermining the official university established in 1978.
As in other autonomous republics throughout the USSR, the Abkhazian Supreme Soviet declares sovereignty over its territory.
An absolute majority of the entire eligible electorate of Abkhazia vote in March to remain within Gorbachev's proposed restructured USSR rather than run the risk of joining a chauvinistically inclined Georgia in its bid for independence.
Following the abolition in Tbilisi of all Soviet legislation affecting Georgia and the reinstatement of Georgia's 1921 pre-Bolshevik Constitution, Abkhazia reinstates its 1925 Constitution as a temporary measure since no formal status was assigned to Abkhazia in the 1921 Georgian Constitution, whereas the 1925 Abkhazian Constitution allowed for a federative relationship between the two equal republics of Abkhazia and Georgia.
While negotiations on the nature of future federal ties between Abkhazia and Georgia are in progress, Shevardnadze, head of the State Council that had come to power in Tbilisi as a result of an illegal coup which ousted Pres. Gamsakhurdia in January 1992, launches the invasion of Abkhazia. His excuse is that ministers kidnapped by Gamsakhurdia's supporters are being held in Abkhazia, whereas they are actually in Mingrelia. A few days later Georgian Defense Minister Kitovani admits that the real reason behind the invasion is to bring down the Abkhazian administration of Vladislav Ardzinba.
Allied troops, composed of Abkhazians, other non-Kartvelian residents of Abkhazia, and North Caucasian volunteers, expell Shevardnadze and his fighters.
"Meeting of Circassian Princes in the Valley of the Sochi River, 1840-1841", Prince Gregory Gagarin.


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Q: convert excel/word hierarchical column to microsoft word list I have some base data that looks like this:
Parent  Sub A   AAB
Parent  Sub A   AAU
Parent  Sub B   AAP
Parent  Sub B   AA1
Parent  Sub B   AAK

I would like to convert to a hierarchical list in word format like this:

I have tried recording a macro to do this but can't get it to work. My other thought is some kind of command prompt on a text file but not sure where to start with that.
Any help would be appreciated thanks.

A: Let's say you have a .txt file containing the following:
Parent  Sub A   AAB
Parent  Sub A   AAU
Parent  Sub B   AAP
Parent  Sub B   AA1
Parent  Sub B   AAK

Then, you can run the following Python script:
# Open the file data.txt and read line by line
with open('data.txt', 'r') as f:
    # Create an empty list
    data = []
    # Read the file line by line
    for line in f:
        # Remove the newline character and add the line to the list
        temp = line.rstrip()

        # Split the temp string into a list, except for second element and third element
        temp = temp.split()
        # Concatenate second and third element and make it the second element
        temp[1] = temp[1] + ' ' + temp[2]
        del temp[2]
        data.append((temp))

structure = {}

def add_to_structure(structure, path):
    if len(path) == 1:
        structure[path[0]] = {}
    else:
        if path[0] not in structure:
            structure[path[0]] = {}
        add_to_structure(structure[path[0]], path[1:])

for i in data:
    add_to_structure(structure, i)

def write_to_file(structure, level=0):
    for key in structure:

        # Write the key to the file
        f.write(' ' * level * 5 + key)

        f.write( '\n')
        write_to_file(structure[key], level + 1)

with open('result.txt', 'w') as f:
    # Write the structure to the file
    write_to_file(structure)

The result.txt file would look like this:
Parent
     Sub A
          AAB
          AAU
     Sub B
          AAP
          AA1
          AAK

I hope it solves your problem. Recursion in Python can be really helpful when dealing with a tree type structure of data as in your case, and so can be Python dictionaries for storing such data. Do look up more into them if you want to make amendments in the given script.

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