text:
#include "uml/impl/ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl.hpp"
#ifdef NDEBUG
	#define DEBUG_MESSAGE(a) /**/
#else
	#define DEBUG_MESSAGE(a) a
#endif

#ifdef ACTIVITY_DEBUG_ON
    #define ACT_DEBUG(a) a
#else
    #define ACT_DEBUG(a) /**/
#endif

//#include "util/ProfileCallCount.hpp"

#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>

#include "abstractDataTypes/SubsetUnion.hpp"

#include "abstractDataTypes/AnyEObject.hpp"
#include "abstractDataTypes/AnyEObjectBag.hpp"
#include "abstractDataTypes/SubsetUnion.hpp"
#include "ecore/EAnnotation.hpp"
#include "ecore/EClass.hpp"
#include "ecore/EAttribute.hpp"
#include "ecore/EStructuralFeature.hpp"
#include "ecore/ecorePackage.hpp"
//Forward declaration includes
#include "persistence/interfaces/XLoadHandler.hpp" // used for Persistence
#include "persistence/interfaces/XSaveHandler.hpp" // used for Persistence

#include <exception> // used in Persistence
#include "uml/umlFactory.hpp"
#include "uml/Comment.hpp"
#include "uml/Dependency.hpp"
#include "uml/Element.hpp"
#include "uml/ExecutionSpecification.hpp"
#include "uml/GeneralOrdering.hpp"
#include "uml/Interaction.hpp"
#include "uml/InteractionOperand.hpp"
#include "uml/Lifeline.hpp"
#include "uml/Namespace.hpp"
#include "uml/OccurrenceSpecification.hpp"
#include "uml/StringExpression.hpp"
//Factories and Package includes
#include "uml/umlPackage.hpp"

using namespace uml;

//*********************************
// Constructor / Destructor
//*********************************
ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
	/*
	NOTE: Due to virtual inheritance, base class constrcutors may not be called correctly
	*/
}

ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::~ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
#ifdef SHOW_DELETION
	std::cout << "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\ndelete ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification "<< this << "\r\n------------------------------------------------------------------------ " << std::endl;
#endif
}

//Additional constructor for the containments back reference
ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl(std::weak_ptr<uml::Interaction> par_enclosingInteraction)
:ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
	m_enclosingInteraction = par_enclosingInteraction;
	m_namespace = par_enclosingInteraction;
}

//Additional constructor for the containments back reference
ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl(std::weak_ptr<uml::InteractionOperand> par_enclosingOperand)
:ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
	m_enclosingOperand = par_enclosingOperand;
	m_namespace = par_enclosingOperand;
}

//Additional constructor for the containments back reference
ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl(std::weak_ptr<uml::Namespace> par_namespace)
:ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
	m_namespace = par_namespace;
	m_owner = par_namespace;
}

//Additional constructor for the containments back reference
ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl(std::weak_ptr<uml::Element> par_owner)
:ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
	m_owner = par_owner;
}

ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl(const ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl & obj): ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl()
{
	*this = obj;
}

ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl& ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::operator=(const ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl & obj)
{
	//call overloaded =Operator for each base class
	OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::operator=(obj);
	/* TODO: Find out if this call is necessary
	 * Currently, this causes an error because it calls an implicit assignment operator of ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification
	 * which is generated by the compiler (as ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification is an abstract class and does not have a user-defined assignment operator).
	 * Implicit compiler-generated assignment operators however only create shallow copies of members,
	 * which implies, that not a real deep copy is created when using the copy()-method.
	 *
	 * NOTE: Since all members are deep-copied by this assignment-operator anyway, why is it even necessary to call this implicit assignment-operator?
	 * This is only done for ecore-models, not for UML-models.
	 */
	//ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification::operator=(obj);

	//create copy of all Attributes
	#ifdef SHOW_COPIES
	std::cout << "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++\r\ncopy ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification "<< this << "\r\n+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ " << std::endl;
	#endif
	//Clone Attributes with (deep copy)

	//copy references with no containment (soft copy)
	m_execution  = obj.getExecution();
	//Clone references with containment (deep copy)
	return *this;
}

std::shared_ptr<ecore::EObject> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::copy() const
{
	std::shared_ptr<ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl> element(new ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl());
	*element =(*this);
	element->setThisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr(element);
	return element;
}

//*********************************
// Operations
//*********************************

//*********************************
// Attribute Getters & Setters
//*********************************

//*********************************
// Reference Getters & Setters
//*********************************
/* Getter & Setter for reference execution */
std::shared_ptr<uml::ExecutionSpecification> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::getExecution() const
{
    return m_execution;
}
void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::setExecution(std::shared_ptr<uml::ExecutionSpecification> _execution)
{
    m_execution = _execution;

}

//*********************************
// Union Getter
//*********************************
std::weak_ptr<uml::Namespace> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::getNamespace() const
{
	return m_namespace;
}

std::shared_ptr<Union<uml::Element>> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::getOwnedElement() const
{
	if(m_ownedElement == nullptr)
	{
		/*Union*/
		m_ownedElement.reset(new Union<uml::Element>());
			#ifdef SHOW_SUBSET_UNION
			std::cout << "Initialising Union: " << "m_ownedElement - Union<uml::Element>()" << std::endl;
		#endif

	}
	return m_ownedElement;
}

std::weak_ptr<uml::Element> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::getOwner() const
{
	return m_owner;
}

//*********************************
// Container Getter
//*********************************
std::shared_ptr<ecore::EObject> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eContainer() const
{
	if(auto wp = m_enclosingInteraction.lock())
	{
		return wp;
	}

	if(auto wp = m_enclosingOperand.lock())
	{
		return wp;
	}

	if(auto wp = m_namespace.lock())
	{
		return wp;
	}

	if(auto wp = m_owner.lock())
	{
		return wp;
	}
	return nullptr;
}

//*********************************
// Persistence Functions
//*********************************
void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::load(std::shared_ptr<persistence::interfaces::XLoadHandler> loadHandler)
{
	std::map<std::string, std::string> attr_list = loadHandler->getAttributeList();
	loadAttributes(loadHandler, attr_list);

	//
	// Create new objects (from references (containment == true))
	//
	// get umlFactory
	int numNodes = loadHandler->getNumOfChildNodes();
	for(int ii = 0; ii < numNodes; ii++)
	{
		loadNode(loadHandler->getNextNodeName(), loadHandler);
	}
}

void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::loadAttributes(std::shared_ptr<persistence::interfaces::XLoadHandler> loadHandler, std::map<std::string, std::string> attr_list)
{
	try
	{
		std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator iter;
		std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> metaClass = this->eClass(); // get MetaClass
		iter = attr_list.find("execution");
		if ( iter != attr_list.end() )
		{
			// add unresolvedReference to loadHandler's list
			loadHandler->addUnresolvedReference(iter->second, loadHandler->getCurrentObject(), metaClass->getEStructuralFeature("execution")); // TODO use getEStructuralFeature() with id, for faster access to EStructuralFeature
		}
	}
	catch (std::exception& e)
	{
		std::cout << "| ERROR    | " << e.what() << std::endl;
	}
	catch (...)
	{
		std::cout << "| ERROR    | " <<  "Exception occurred" << std::endl;
	}

	OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::loadAttributes(loadHandler, attr_list);
}

void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::loadNode(std::string nodeName, std::shared_ptr<persistence::interfaces::XLoadHandler> loadHandler)
{

	//load BasePackage Nodes
	OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::loadNode(nodeName, loadHandler);
}

void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::resolveReferences(const int featureID, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ecore::EObject> > references)
{
	switch(featureID)
	{
		case uml::umlPackage::EXECUTIONOCCURRENCESPECIFICATION_ATTRIBUTE_EXECUTION:
		{
			if (references.size() == 1)
			{
				// Cast object to correct type
				std::shared_ptr<uml::ExecutionSpecification> _execution = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<uml::ExecutionSpecification>( references.front() );
				setExecution(_execution);
			}

			return;
		}
	}
	OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::resolveReferences(featureID, references);
}

void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::save(std::shared_ptr<persistence::interfaces::XSaveHandler> saveHandler) const
{
	saveContent(saveHandler);

	OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::saveContent(saveHandler);

	InteractionFragmentImpl::saveContent(saveHandler);

	NamedElementImpl::saveContent(saveHandler);

	ElementImpl::saveContent(saveHandler);

	ObjectImpl::saveContent(saveHandler);

	ecore::EObjectImpl::saveContent(saveHandler);
}

void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::saveContent(std::shared_ptr<persistence::interfaces::XSaveHandler> saveHandler) const
{
	try
	{
		std::shared_ptr<uml::umlPackage> package = uml::umlPackage::eInstance();
	// Add references
		saveHandler->addReference(this->getExecution(), "execution", getExecution()->eClass() != uml::umlPackage::eInstance()->getExecutionSpecification_Class());
	}
	catch (std::exception& e)
	{
		std::cout << "| ERROR    | " << e.what() << std::endl;
	}
}

std::shared_ptr<ecore::EClass> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eStaticClass() const
{
	return uml::umlPackage::eInstance()->getExecutionOccurrenceSpecification_Class();
}

//*********************************
// EStructuralFeature Get/Set/IsSet
//*********************************
Any ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eGet(int featureID, bool resolve, bool coreType) const
{
	switch(featureID)
	{
		case uml::umlPackage::EXECUTIONOCCURRENCESPECIFICATION_ATTRIBUTE_EXECUTION:
			return eAny(getExecution(),uml::umlPackage::EXECUTIONSPECIFICATION_CLASS,false); //9015
	}
	return OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eGet(featureID, resolve, coreType);
}

bool ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::internalEIsSet(int featureID) const
{
	switch(featureID)
	{
		case uml::umlPackage::EXECUTIONOCCURRENCESPECIFICATION_ATTRIBUTE_EXECUTION:
			return getExecution() != nullptr; //9015
	}
	return OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::internalEIsSet(featureID);
}

bool ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eSet(int featureID, Any newValue)
{
	switch(featureID)
	{
		case uml::umlPackage::EXECUTIONOCCURRENCESPECIFICATION_ATTRIBUTE_EXECUTION:
		{
			// CAST Any to uml::ExecutionSpecification
			std::shared_ptr<ecore::EObject> _temp = newValue->get<std::shared_ptr<ecore::EObject>>();
			std::shared_ptr<uml::ExecutionSpecification> _execution = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<uml::ExecutionSpecification>(_temp);
			setExecution(_execution); //9015
			return true;
		}
	}

	return OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eSet(featureID, newValue);
}

//*********************************
// EOperation Invoke
//*********************************
Any ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eInvoke(int operationID, std::shared_ptr<std::list<Any>> arguments)
{
	Any result;

  	switch(operationID)
	{

		default:
		{
			// call superTypes
			result = OccurrenceSpecificationImpl::eInvoke(operationID, arguments);
			if (result && !result->isEmpty())
				break;
			break;
		}
  	}

	return result;
}

std::shared_ptr<uml::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification> ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::getThisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr() const
{
	return m_thisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr.lock();
}
void ExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationImpl::setThisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr(std::weak_ptr<uml::ExecutionOccurrenceSpecification> thisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr)
{
	m_thisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr = thisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr;
	setThisOccurrenceSpecificationPtr(thisExecutionOccurrenceSpecificationPtr);
}


Scale: 1:60, model is decked and equipped. 'L'Éole' was typical of the large 74s built by the French towards the end of the 1790s. Measuring 182 feet (55.5m) along the gun deck by 48 feet (14.6m) in the beam, it had a displacement of 1900 tons and carried 28 guns on the gun deck and 30 on the upper deck. Under the overall command of Villaret-Joyeuse, 'L'Éole' took part in the Battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794. In 1805-06, 'L'Éole' was in Vice-Admiral Willaumez's squadron in the West Indies. Under the command of Captain Louis Gilles, 'L'Éole', with the 'Patriote', made for the safety of the Chesapeake Bay during a storm. Arriving damaged and dismasted, they were blockaded there later by some British ships detached from the Halifax Station. 'L'Éole' never left the bay and was eventually broken up.


How many players will we sign on deadline day?
What time do we get the top spenders award then?
I could be wrong but I don't think there was a single transfer between premier clubs which involved a regular first team player. Assuming I'm right this might be the result of all the money clubs are now getting from TV deals - at least £80M per year. The smaller clubs are no longer tempted by higher than value offers.
This may be a sign of things to come in the summer too. We may be better off financially than before but it's not going to be easy to get other teams' players unless they cause trouble or are out of contract soon.
We should be OK with competing for the top teams' players who aren't getting enough games. That is if we're prepared to pay their wages.
Thats the difficulty the money for being in the PL has created. Its why there was no chance of us signing Keane yesterday. A few years ago you could have offered £20m and they might have been tempted even if they were in a relegation battle, they might think if he has a bad 6 months his value drops they dont get that so lets take the money now.
Whereas now because they get 100m+ if they stay up its absolutely pointless, even if we'd thrown 35m at them they'd still have said no yesterday. They know players values are only going up because of the TV money involved so why take 20m yesterday when they can likely push for 25-30m in the summer, the money for being in the league means its worth the gamble of his value dropping as losing 5-10m on his value is nothing compared to staying in the league.
The only player who would fall into the category of first teams moving from a PL club to another was van Aanholt. They sold him because Moyes was told he could only spend any money if they sold first so he obviously thought better off replacing him with Oviedo and filling a few other areas of the squad. So its only those type of teams who are looking to do anything but spend money and are in a desperate relegation battle who might be tempted.
We either have to accept you are going to have to seriously overpay for players who are regulars for a team in the league, like 30-35m for Keane or 50m+ for VVD or go abroad and still overpay but maybe not so much because they know how much money PL teams have.


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text:
in: Former British colonies, Islands of Australia, States and territories established in 1825,
States and territories of Australia
Tasmania view Community messages
Articles, images
Archeology • Farms • Landmarks • Migrations and settlements • Photo gallery • Prehistory • Timeline
Births • Deaths • Baptisms • Marriages • Divorces • Burials • Families • Residents
Before 1800 • 1800-1819 • 1820-1839 • 1840-1859 • 1860-1879 • 1880-1899 •
1900-1919 • 1920-1939 • 1940-1959 • 1960-1979 • 1980-1999 • 2000-present
including queries
Links • Birth records • Businesses • Cemeteries • Census data •
Church records • Court records • Death records • Directories • Landowner records •
Marriage records • Maps • Military records • Obituaries • Probate records • Queries
Flag Coat of arms
Slogan or nickname
The Island of Inspiration;
The Apple Isle;
Ubertas et Fidelitas
(Fertility and Faithfulness)
Other Australian states and territories
Unknown format in {{Coord}}. Parameters:
2=S
3=147
4=E
5=type:isle_region:AU-TAS
6=
9=Coordinates: Unknown format in {{Coord}}. Parameters:
Demonym
Taswegian[1][2] (colloquial)
- Governor
Kate Warner
Will Hodgman (LP)
Australian state
- Established as Van Diemen's Land
- Responsible govt.
(as Tasmania)
- Became state
- Australia Act
90,758 km² (7th)
35,042 sq mi
- Land
68,401 km²
- Water
22,357 km² (24.63%)
8,632 sq mi
(End of March 2014)[3]
- Population
514,700 (6th)
- Density
7.24/km² (4th)
18.8 /sq mi
- Highest point
Mount Ossa
1,617 m (5,305 ft)[4]
Gross state product
- Product ($m)
$22,341[5] (7th)
- Product per capita
$44,011 (8th)
Time zone(s)
UTC+10 (AEST)
UTC+11 (AEDT)
Federal representation
- House seats
- Senate seats
- Postal
- ISO 3166-2
AU-TAS
- Floral
Tasmanian Blue Gum
(Eucalyptus globulus)[6]
Tasmanian devil (unofficial)
(Sarcophilus harrisii)[7]
- Bird
Yellow Wattlebird (unofficial)
(Anthochaera paradoxa)[7]
- Mineral or Gemstone
Crocoite[8]
(PbCrO4)[9]
- Colours
Dark green, red & gold
www.tas.gov.au
Tasmania from space
Tasmania (abbreviated as Tas and known colloquially as "Tassie"; /tæzˈmeɪniə/[10]) is an island state, part of the Commonwealth of Australia, located 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania, the 26th largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands.[11] The state has a population of 507,626 (as of June 2010), almost half of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city Hobart.
Tasmania's area is 68,401 square kilometres (26,410 sq mi), of which the main island covers 64,519 square kilometres (24,911 sq mi).[12] Tasmania is promoted as a natural state; almost 45% of Tasmania lies in reserves, national parks and World Heritage Sites[13] and the state was the founding place of the first environmental party in the world.[14] The modern state was founded as Van Diemen's Land by the British Empire, though it was inhabited by Tasmanian Aborigines for up to 40,000 years before. In 1856 it became a self-governing colony and renamed to Tasmania, and in 1901 it became part of the Federation of Australia.
The northernmost terrestrial point of the state of Tasmania is Boundary Islet, a nature reserve in Bass Strait which, due to a quirk of history, is shared with the state of Victoria. The subantarctic Macquarie Island and its surrounding islands are also under the administration of Tasmania as a nature reserve and part of the Huon Valley Council local government area. The Bishop and Clerk Islets, about 37 km south of Macquarie Island, are the southernmost terrestrial point of the state of Tasmania, and the southernmost internationally recognised land in Australia.
1 Toponymy
2.1 Physical history
2.2 Indigenous people
2.3 European arrival
2.4 Colony of Tasmania
2.5 1969–2010s
3.1 Politics
3.2 Local government
4.1 Climate
4.2 Soils
6 Demography
7 Economy
8.1 Cuisine
8.3 Literature
8.5 Music and performing arts
8.6 Tasmanian cinema
8.7 Visual arts
9.1 Air
9.2 Antarctica base
9.3 Road
9.4 Rail
9.5 Shipping
11 Notable people
15 Further reading
Toponymy[]
The state is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November 1642. Tasman named the island "Anthony van Diemen's Land" after his sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to Van Diemen's Land by the British. It was officially renamed Tasmania in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856.[15]
Tasmania was sometimes referred to as "Dervon", as mentioned in the Jerilderie Letter written by the notorious Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in 1879. The colloquial expression for the state is "Tassie". Tasmania is also colloquially shortened to "Tas", especially when used in business names and website addresses. TAS is also the Australia Post abbreviation for the state.
The name for Tasmania in Palawa kani is "Lutriwita".[16]
Main article: History of Tasmania
Physical history[]
Main article: Geology of Tasmania
Tessellated pavement, a rare rock formation on the Tasman Peninsula
Autumn on the Derwent River in Tasmania
The island was adjoined to the mainland of Australia until the end of the last glacial period about 10,000 years ago. Much of the island is composed of Jurassic dolerite intrusions (upwellings of magma) through other rock types, sometimes forming large columnar joints. Tasmania has the world's largest areas of dolerite, with many distinctive mountains and cliffs formed from this rock type.
The central plateau and the southeast portions of the island are mostly dolerite. Mount Wellington above Hobart is a good example, showing distinct columns known as the Organ Pipes. In the southern midlands as far south as Hobart, the dolerite is underlaid by sandstone and similar sedimentary stones. In the southwest, Precambrian quartzites were formed from very ancient sea sediments and form strikingly sharp ridges and ranges, such as Federation Peak or Frenchmans Cap.
In the northeast and east, continental granites can be seen, such as at Freycinet, similar to coastal granites on mainland Australia. In the northwest and west, mineral-rich volcanic rock can be seen at Mount Read near Rosebery, or at Mount Lyell near Queenstown. Also present in the south and northwest is limestone with magnificent caves.
The quartzite and dolerite areas in the higher mountains show evidence of glaciation, and much of Australia's glaciated landscape is found on the Central Plateau and the Southwest. Cradle Mountain, another dolerite peak, for example, was a nunatak. The combination of these different rock types offers incredible scenery, much of it distinct from any other region of the world. In the far southwest corner of the state, the geology is almost completely quartzite, which gives the mountains the false impression of having snow-capped peaks year round.
Indigenous people[]
Main article: Tasmanian Aborigines
Picture of the last four full-blood Tasmanian Aborigines c.1860s. Truganini, the last to survive (supposed to be last full blood), is seated at far right.
Tasmania was first inhabited by the Tasmanian Aborigines. Evidence indicates their presence in the region, later to become an island, at least 35,000 years ago.[17] Rising sea levels cut Tasmania off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago.
By the time of European contact, the Aboriginal people in Tasmania had nine major ethnic groups. At the time of the British occupation and colonisation in 1803 the indigenous population was estimated at between 5,000 and 10,000 people. Through the introduction of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, war, persecution and intermarriage,[18] the population dwindled to 300 by 1833. Almost all of the indigenous population was relocated to Flinders Island by George Augustus Robinson.
A woman named Truganini (1812–1876) is generally recognised as the last full-blooded Tasmanian Aborigine. Strong evidence suggests that the last survivor was another woman, Fanny Cochrane Smith, who was born at Wybalena and died in 1905.[19]
European arrival[]
The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on 24 November 1642 by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. Tasman landed at today's Blackman Bay. In 1773, Tobias Furneaux was the first Englishman to land in Tasmania at Adventure Bay. A French expedition led by Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne also landed at Blackman Bay in 1772.
Captain James Cook landed at Adventure Bay in 1777—with young William Bligh aboard. Bligh returned in 1788 (HMS Bounty) and again in 1792 (HMS Providence), with young Matthew Flinders aboard. Numerous other Europeans made landfalls, adding a colourful array to the names of topographical features. Matthew Flinders and George Bass first proved Tasmania to be an island in 1798–99.[20]
Mount Wellington and Hobart from Kangaroo Point, c. 1834
The first settling of Tasmania was by the British at Risdon Cove on the eastern bank of the Derwent estuary. In 1800, the French sent an expedition led by Commander Baudin to explore the South Seas. It was suspected that the reason for this expedition was to try to establish a French colony on the coast of New Holland. In response to this, the Lady Nelson and the whaler Albion, both commanded by Lieutenant John Bowen, sailed from Port Jackson on 31 August 1803. Bowen arrived in the Derwent on Sunday, 12 September 1803, in the Albion. The Lady Nelson had arrived five days before, on 7 September. 12 September is regarded as the birthday of the colony (now state) of Tasmania. Lieutenant Bowen chose Risdon Cove on the left bank of the Derwent a few miles above Hobart. Among the settlers were 21 male convicts and an overseer and three women, besides the officers and two free settlers. About two months later, the colony had increased to 100 people.[21] An alternative settlement was established by Captain David Collins 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south in 1804 in Sullivans Cove on the western side of the Derwent, where fresh water was more plentiful. The latter settlement became known as Hobart Town or Hobarton, later shortened to Hobart, after the British Colonial Secretary of the time, Lord Hobart. The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned.
The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards, with the task of developing agriculture and other industries. Numerous other convict-based settlements were made in Van Diemen's Land, including secondary prisons, such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at Port Arthur in the southeast and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast. Van Diemen's Land was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales, with its own judicial establishment and Legislative Council, on 3 December 1825.
Colony of Tasmania[]
Main article: Colony of Tasmania
A convict ploughing team breaking up new ground at the farm – Port Arthur
Falls Hut near Hobart during the winter of 1910. Recreational huts were built extensively in Mount Wellington during the 1880s
The Colony of Tasmania (more commonly referred to simply as "Tasmania") was a British colony that existed on the island of Tasmania from 1856 until 1901, when it federated together with the five other Australian colonies to form the Commonwealth of Australia. The possibility of the colony was established when the Westminster Parliament passed the Australian Colonies Government Act 1850, granting the right of legislative power to each of the six Australian colonies.
The Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land drafted a new constitution which they passed in 1854, and it was given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria in 1855. Later in that year the Privy Council approved the colony changing its name from "Van Diemen's Land" to "Tasmania", and in 1856, the newly elected bicameral parliament sat for the first time, establishing Tasmania as a self-governing colony of the British Empire.
The Colony suffered from economic fluctuations, but for the most part was prosperous, experiencing steady growth. With few external threats and strong trade links with the Empire, the Colony of Tasmania enjoyed many fruitful periods in the late 19th century, becoming a world-centre of shipbuilding. It raised a local defence force which eventually played a significant role in the Second Boer War in South Africa, and Tasmanian soldiers in that conflict won the first two Victoria Crosses awarded to Australians. Tasmanians voted in favour of federation with the largest majority of all the Australian colonies, and on 1 January 1901 the Colony of Tasmania became the Australian state of Tasmania.
1969–2010s[]
The state was badly affected by the 1967 Tasmanian fires, in which there was major loss of life and property. In the 1970s, the state government announced plans to flood environmentally significant Lake Pedder. As a result of the eventual flooding of Lake Pedder, the world's first greens party was established; the United Tasmania Group.
In 1975, the Tasman Bridge collapsed when the bridge was struck by the bulk ore carrier MV Lake Illawarra. This made crossing the Derwent River at Hobart almost impossible.
National and international attention surrounded the campaign against the Franklin Dam in the early 1980s.
On 28 April 1996, in the incident now known as the Port Arthur massacre, lone gunman Martin Bryant shot and killed 35 people (including tourists and residents) and injured 21 others. The use of firearms was immediately reviewed, and new gun ownership laws were adopted nationwide, with Tasmania's law one of the strictest in Australia.
In April 2006, the Beaconsfield Mine collapse was triggered by a small earthquake. One person was killed and two others were trapped underground for 14 days.
The Tasmanian community has for some time been divided over the issue of the proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill to be built in the Tamar Valley. Proponents argue that jobs will be created, while opponents argue that pollution will damage both the Bass Strait fishing industry and local tourism.
In January 2011, wealthy philanthropist David Walsh opened the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) in Hobart to international acclaim. Within 12 months, MONA became Tasmania's top tourism attraction.[22]
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Main article: Government of Tasmania
Parliament House, Hobart.
The form of the government of Tasmania is prescribed in its constitution, which dates from 1856, although it has been amended many times since then. Since 1901, Tasmania has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth and prescribes which powers each level of government enjoys.
Politics[]
Main articles: Governors of Tasmania and Parliament of Tasmania
Tasmania is a State in the Australian federation. Its relationship with the Federal Government and Parliament are regulated by the Australian Constitution. Tasmania is represented in the Senate by 12 senators, on an equal basis with all other states. In the House of Representatives, Tasmania is entitled to five seats, which is the minimum allocation for a state guaranteed by the Constitution—the number of House of Representatives seats for each state is otherwise decided on the basis of their relative populations, and Tasmania has never qualified for five seats on that basis alone. Tasmania's House of Assembly use a system of multi-seat proportional representation known as Hare-Clark.
At the 2002 state election, the Labor Party won 14 of the 25 House seats. The Liberal Party saw their percentage of the vote decrease dramatically, and their representation in the Parliament fell to seven seats. The Greens won four seats, with over 18% of the popular vote, the highest proportion of any Green party in any parliament in the world at that time.
Composition of the Parliament of Tasmania
ALP 7 1
Liberal 15 2
Greens 3 0
Independent 0 12
Source: Tasmanian Electoral Commission
On 23 February 2004, the Premier Jim Bacon announced his retirement, after being diagnosed with lung cancer. In his last months he opened a vigorous anti-smoking campaign which included many restrictions of where individuals could smoke, such as pubs. He died four months later. Bacon was succeeded by Paul Lennon, who, after leading the state for two years, went on to win the 2006 state election in his own right. Lennon resigned in 2008 and was succeeded by David Bartlett, who formed a coalition government with the Greens after the 2010 state election resulted in a hung parliament. Bartlett resigned as Premier in January 2011 and was replaced by Lara Giddings, who became Tasmania's first female Premier. In March 2014, Will Hodgman's Liberal Party won government, ending sixteen years of Labor governance, and ending an eight-year period for Hodgman himself as Leader of the Opposition.[23]
Tasmania has numerous relatively unspoiled, ecologically valuable regions. Proposals for local economic development have therefore been faced with strong requirements for environmental sensitivity, or outright opposition. In particular, proposals for hydroelectric power generation proved controversial in the late 20th century. In the 1970s, opposition to the construction of the Lake Pedder reservoir impoundment led to the formation of the world's first green party, the United Tasmania Group.[24][24]
In the early 1980s the state was again plunged into often bitter debate over the proposed Franklin River Dam. The anti-dam sentiment was shared by many Australians outside Tasmania and proved a factor in the election of the Hawke Labor government in 1983, which halted construction of the dam. Since the 1980s the environmental focus has shifted to old growth logging and mining in the Tarkine region, which have both proved a highly divisive. The Tasmania Together process recommended an end to clear felling in high conservation old growth forests by January 2003, but was unsuccessful.
Local government[]
Tasmania is divided into 29 Local Government Areas. Local councils are responsible for functions delegated by the Tasmanian parliament, such as urban planning, road infrastructure and waste management. Council revenue comes mostly from property taxes and government grants.
As with the House of Assembly, Tasmania's local government elections use a system of multi-seat proportional representation known as Hare-Clark.
Topography of Tasmania
A lavender farm in Nabowla
Dove Lake and Cradle Mountain, Central Tasmanian Highlands
Wineglass Bay, in Freycinet National Park
Tasmania's landmass of 68,401 km2 (26,410 sq mi) is located right in the pathway of the notorious "Roaring Forties" wind that encircles the globe. The island is surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans and separated from mainland Australia by Bass Strait. Tasmania is the only Australian state that is not located on the Australian mainland.
Tasmania has been volcanically inactive in recent geological times but has many jagged peaks resulting from recent glaciation. Tasmania is the most mountainous state in Australia. The most mountainous region is the Central Highlands area, which covers most of the central western parts of the state. The Midlands located in the central east, is fairly flat, and is predominantly used for agriculture, although farming activity is scattered throughout the state. Tasmania's tallest mountain is Mount Ossa at 1,617 metres (5,305 feet). The mountain lies in the heart of the world famous Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park.[4][25] Much of Tasmania is still densely forested, with the Southwest National Park and neighbouring areas holding some of the last temperate rain forests in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Tarkine, located in island's far North West, is the largest temperate rainforest area in Australia covering about 3,800 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi).[26] With its rugged topography, Tasmania has a great number of rivers. Several of Tasmania's largest rivers have been dammed at some point to provide hydroelectricity. Many rivers begin in the Central Highlands and flow out to the coast. Tasmania's major population centres are mainly situated around estuaries (some of which are named rivers).
The Derwent River flows south and reaches the coast at Hobart; the Tamar River flows north from Launceston; the Mersey River also flows north to the North West coast at Devonport, and the Franklin and Gordon Rivers flow west and meet the coast at Strahan. The South Esk River is the longest river in Tasmania. It starts in the mountains at Fingal and flows through Avoca, Evandale, Longford, Hadspen and finally Launceston. The river is dammed at Launceston's Trevallyn Dam and used for the city's hydroelectricity. Although most of the water is dammed at Lake Trevallyn, some flows on into the Cataract Gorge, where it becomes a tributary to the Tamar Estuary, and the outflow from the power station also joins the Tamar River downstream of Launceston.[27]
Climate[]
See also: Climate diagrams of Tasmania and Climate of Tasmania
Knyvet Falls near Cradle Mountain, Tasmania
Moulting Lagoon and Great Oyster Bay with the Freycinet Peninsula in the distance
Tasmania has a cool temperate climate with four distinct seasons. Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is 21 °C (70 °F) and inland areas around Launceston reach 24 °C (75 °F). Other inland areas are much cooler, with Liawenee, located on the Central Plateau, one of the coldest places in Australia, ranging between 4 °C (39 °F) and 17 °C (63 °F) in February. Autumn lasts between March and May and experiences changeable weather, when summer weather patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns.[28]
The winter months are between June and August and are generally the wettest and coolest months in the state, with most high lying areas receiving considerable snowfall. Winter maximums are 12 °C (54 °F) on average along coastal areas and 3 °C (37 °F) on the central plateau, as a result of a series of cold fronts from the Southern Ocean. Inland areas receive regular freezes throughout the winter months.[29] Spring is a season of transition, where winter weather patterns begin to take the shape of summer patterns, although snowfall is still common up until October. Spring is generally the windiest time of the year with afternoon sea breezes starting to take effect on the coast.
Rainfall in Tasmania follows a complicated pattern rather analogous to that found on large continents at the same latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. On the western side, rainfall increases from around 1,458 millimetres (57.4 in) at Strahan on the coast up to 2,690 millimetres (106 in) at Cradle Valley in the highlands.[30]
There is a strong winter maximum in rainfall: January and February typically averages between 30 and 40% the rainfall of July and August, though even in the driest months, the number of rainy days per year is much greater than on any part of the Australian mainland. Further east in the Lake Country, annual rainfall declines to around 900 millimetres (35 in), whilst in the Midlands, annual rainfall is as low as 450 millimetres (18 in) at Ross and generally below 600 millimetres (24 in). The eastern part of Tasmania has more evenly distributed rainfall than in the west, and most months receive very similar averages.
The more densely populated northern coast is much drier than the western side, with annual rainfall ranging from 666 millimetres (26.2 in) in Launceston to 955 millimetres (37.6 in) in Burnie in the north west and 993 millimetres (39.1 in) in Scottsdale located further to the east.[31][32] Most rain falls in winter, and in summer the average can be as low as 31 millimetres (1.2 in) per month in Launceston.
The east coast is wetter than the Midlands, with an average annual rainfall ranging from 775 millimetres (30.5 in) in St. Helens to around 640 millimetres (25 in) in Swansea.[33][34] Here the rainfall is evenly distributed over the year, but can be very erratic as heavy rainfalls from the warm Tasman Sea are quite frequent. Whereas a three-day fall of 125 millimetres (4.9 in) occurs only once every 50 years on the north coast, it occurs on average once every four or five years around Swansea and Bicheno, and on 7–8 June 1954, there were many falls as large as 230 millimetres (9.1 in) in two days in that area. The east coast is sometimes called the "sun coast" because of its sunny climate.[35]
Several sections of inland Tasmania, together with Flinders Island, were declared drought-affected areas by the state government in 2007.[36]
The highest recorded maximum temperature in Tasmania was 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) at Scamander on 30 January 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave. Tasmania's lowest recorded minimum temperature was −13 °C (8.6 °F) on 30 June 1983, at Butlers Gorge, Shannon, and Tarraleah.[37]
Mean Min. Temp °C
Mean Max. Temp °C
No. Clear days
Rainfall (mm)
Hobart 8.3 16.9 41 616[38]
Launceston 7.2 18.4 50 666[39]
Devonport 8.1 16.8 61 778[40]
Strahan 7.9 16.5 41 1,458[41]
Soils[]
An apple orchard in the "Apple Isle"—Tasmania.
Despite the presence of some quaternary glaciation, Tasmania's soils are not more fertile than those of mainland Australia, largely because most are severely leached and the areas with driest climates (least leaching) were unaffected by glaciation or alluvia derived therefrom. Most soils on the Bass Strait Islands, the east coast and western Tasmania are very infertile spodosols or psamments, with some even less fertile "lateritic podzolic soils" in the latter region. Most of these lands are thus not used for agriculture, but there is much productive forestry—which remains one of the state's major industries.
On the north coast, apart from some relatively fertile alluvial soils used for fruit-growing, there are also deep red, easily workable soils known as "krasnozems" ("red land"). These soils are highly acidic and fix phosphate very effectively, but their extremely favourable physical properties make them extensively used for dairying, beef cattle and fodder crops.
The Midlands and the Lower Derwent present a different story from the rest of the state. Owing to a relatively dry climate and alkaline (mostly dolerite) parent material, these soils are relatively unleached and contain lime in the deeper subsoil. They are mostly classified as "prairie soils" or "brown earths" and bear some resemblance to the chernozems of Russia and North America, although they are much lower in available phosphorus and somewhat acidic in the surface levels. Their higher nutrient levels, however, allow them to support productive pasture, and large numbers of sheep are grazed in these regions. Some grain crops are also grown in the driest areas. In the alluvial areas of southeastern Tasmania, rich alluvial soils permit apples to be grown.
Tasmania became known as the "Apple Isle" because for many years it was one of the world's major apple producers. Apples are still grown in large numbers, particularly in southern Tasmania, and have the distinction of being the first approved by the Japanese government for import, due to their verifiable pest-free status.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many
Ecology[]
Main article: Flora and fauna of Tasmania
Geographically and genetically isolated, Tasmania is known for its unique flora and fauna. Tasmania has extremely diverse vegetation, from the heavily grazed grassland of the dry Midlands to the tall evergreen eucalypt forest, alpine heathlands and large areas of cool temperate rainforests and moorlands in the rest of the state. Many flora species are unique to Tasmania, and some are related to species in South America and New Zealand through ancestors which grew on the super continent of Gondwana, 50 million years ago.
The island of Tasmania was home to the Thylacine, a marsupial which resembled a wild dog. Known colloquially as the Tasmanian Tiger for the distinctive striping across its back, it became extinct in mainland Australia much earlier because of competition by the dingo, introduced in prehistoric times. Owing to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters and, in the final years, collectors for overseas museums, it appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The Tasmanian devil became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936, and is now found in the wild only in Tasmania.
Ferns in Hellyer Gorge, to the northeast of Savage River National Park.
Although Tasmanian devils are nocturnal, they like to rest in the sun. Scarring from fighting is visible next to this devil's left eye.
Demography[]
Hobart, seen here from Mount Wellington, is Tasmania's most populous city and comprises a large portion of the state's population.
Estimated resident population since 1981
Tasmania's population is unusually homogeneous. The state receives relatively little immigration, and an estimated 10,000 or fewer "founding families" in the mid-19th century are the ancestors of about 65% of its residents. As of 1996 more than 80% of Tasmanians were born in the state and almost 90% were born in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, or Ireland. The majority of the residents are of British descent.[42] The homogeneity makes it an attractive location to study population genetics.[43]
Until 2012, Tasmania was the only state in Australia which has an above-replacement total fertility rate; Tasmanian women had an average of 2.24 children each.[44] However data indicated that by 2012 the birth rate had slipped to 2.1 children per women, bringing the state to the replacement threshold. It however remains the second highest birth rate of any state or territory (behind the Northern Territory).[45]
Major population centres include Hobart, Launceston, Devonport, Burnie, and Ulverstone. Kingston is often defined as a separate city but is generally regarded as part of the Greater Hobart Area.
Greater Hobart 211,656[46]
Launceston 106,153[47]
Devonport 25,551
Burnie 19,160[48]
Ulverstone 12,110[49]
Economy[]
Main article: Economy of Tasmania
Western Tasmania and South West Tasmania with natural resources on 1865 map
Traditionally, Tasmania's main industries have been mining (including copper, zinc, tin, and iron), agriculture, forestry, and tourism. In the 1940s and 1950s, a hydro-industrialisation initiative was embodied in the state by Hydro Tasmania. These all have had varying fortunes over the last century and more, involved in ebbs and flows of population moving in and away dependent upon the specific requirements of the dominant industries of the time. The state also has a large number of food exporting sectors, including but not limited to seafood (such as Atlantic salmon, abalone and crayfish).
In the 1960s and 1970s there was a rapid decline in traditional crops such as apples and pears,[50] with other crops and industries eventually rising in their place. During the 15 years until 2010, new agricultural products such as wine, saffron, pyrethrum and cherries have been fostered by the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research.
Manufacturing declined during the 1990s, leading to a drain of some of the island's trained and experienced working population to mainland Australia, especially to urban centres such as Melbourne and Sydney. Since 2001, however, the Tasmanian economy has experienced a significant improvement. Favourable economic conditions throughout Australia, cheaper air fares, and two new Spirit of Tasmania ferries have all contributed to what is now a booming tourism industry.
About 1.7% of the Tasmanian population are employed by local governments.[51] Other major employers include the Federal Group, owner of several hotels and Tasmania's two casinos, and Gunns Limited, the state's biggest forestry company. Small business is a large part of the community life, including such success stories as International Catamarans, Moorilla Estate and Tassal. In the late 1990s, many national companies based their call centres in the state after obtaining cheap access to broad-band fibre optic connections.
Apparently the state's housing market was undervalued in the early part of 2000, and a large boom in the national housing market finally made Tasmanian housing prices rise dramatically. This has in part been attributed to increased levels of interstate[52] and overseas immigration. A shortage of rental accommodation has caused problems for many of Tasmania's low income earners. Thirty-four percent of Tasmanians are reliant on welfare payments as their primary source of income.[53] This number is in part due to the large number of older residents and retirees in Tasmania receiving Age Pensions.
Culture[]
Cuisine[]
See also: Tasmanian wine
During colonial times the cuisines of the British Isles were the standard in most areas of Tasmania. Tasmania now has a wide range of restaurants, in part due to the arrival of immigrants and changing cultural patterns. Scattered across Tasmania are many vineyards,[54] and Tasmanian beer brands such as Boags and Cascade are known and sold in Mainland Australia. King Island off the northwestern coast of Tasmania has a reputation for boutique cheeses[54] and dairy products. Tasmanians are also consumers of seafood,[54] such as crayfish, orange roughy, salmon[54] and oysters,[54] both farmed and wild.
Main article: List of Events in Tasmania
To foster tourism, the state government encourages or supports several annual events in and around the island. The best known of these is the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, starting on Boxing Day in Sydney and usually arriving at Constitution Dock in Hobart around three to four days later, during the Taste of Tasmania, an annual food and wine festival. Other events include the road rally Targa Tasmania which attracts rally drivers from around the world and is staged all over the state, over five days. Rural or regional events include Agfest, a three-day agricultural show held at Carrick (just west of Launceston) in early May and the Royal Hobart Show and Royal Launceston Show, both held in October annually. Music events held in Tasmania include the Falls Festival at Marion Bay (a Victorian event now held in both Victoria and Tasmania on New Year's Eve), MS Fest is a charity music event held in Launceston, to raise money for those with multiple sclerosis, the Cygnet Folk Festival is one Australia's most iconic folk music festivals and is held every year in January, the Tasmanian Lute Festival is an early music event held in different locations in Tasmania every two years and directed by Susan King (Tasmanian Lutenist) . Recent additions to the state arts events calendar include the 10 Days on the Island arts festival, and MONA FOMA, run by David Walsh and curated by Brian Ritchie.
Literature[]
Main article: Tasmanian literature
Tasmania has a vibrant and growing literary culture. Notable titles include For the Term of His Natural Life by Marcus Clarke, The Sound of One Hand Clapping, Gould's Book of Fish by Richard Flanagan, The Alphabet of Light and Dark by Danielle Wood, The Roving Party by Rohan Wilson, The Butterfly Man by Heather Rose and The Year of Living Dangerously by Christopher Koch and children's books such as The Museum of Thieves by Lian Tanner and Tiger Tale by Marion and Steve Isham.
Media[]
See also: Tasmanian Media
Tasmania has five broadcast television stations which produce local content including ABC Tasmania, Southern Cross Television Tasmania - an affiliate of Seven Network, WIN Television Tasmania - an affiliate of Nine Network, TDT Ten - an affiliate of the Ten Network (joint owned by WIN and Southern Cross), and SBS.
Music and performing arts[]
The Princess Theatre and Earl Arts Centre, Launceston
Tasmania has a varied musical scene, ranging from the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra whose home is the Federation Concert Hall, to a substantial number of small bands, orchestras, string quintets, saxophone ensembles and individual artists who perform at a variety of venues around the state. Tasmania is also home to a vibrant community of composers including Constantine Koukias, Maria Grenfell and Don Kay, who is the patron of the Tasmanian Composers Collective,[55] the representative body for composers in Tasmania. Tasmania is also home to one of Australia's leading new music institutions, IHOS Music Theatre and Opera and gospel choirs, the Southern Gospel Choir. Prominent Australian metal bands Psycroptic and Striborg hails from Tasmania.[56] Respected noir-rock band The Paradise Motel[57] and eighties power-pop combo The Innocents[58] are also citizens. The first season of The Mole was filmed and based mainly in Tasmania, with the final elimination taking place in the famous Port Arthur gaol.
Tasmanian cinema[]
Films set in Tasmania include The Tale of Ruby Rose, The Hunter, The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce, Arctic Blast, Manganinnie and Van Diemen's Land. Common within Australian cinema, the Tasmanian landscape is a focal point in most of their feature film productions. The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce and Van Diemen's Land are both set during an episode of Tasmania's convict history. Tasmanian film production goes as far back as the silent era, with the epic For The Term of His Natural Life in 1927 being the most expensive feature film made on Australian shores.
Visual arts[]
The biennial Tasmanian Living Artists' Week is a ten-day state-wide festival for Tasmania's visual artists. The fourth festival in 2007 involved more than 1000 artists. Tasmania is home to two winners of the prestigious Archibald Prize—Jack Carington Smith in 1963 for a portrait of Professor James McAuley, and Geoffrey Dyer in 2003 for his portrait of Richard Flanagan. Photographers Olegas Truchanas and Peter Dombrovskis are known for works that became iconic in the Lake Pedder and Franklin Dam conservation movements. English-born painter John Glover (1767–1849) is known for his paintings of Tasmanian landscapes. The Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) opened in January 2011 at the Moorilla Estate in Berriedale,[59] and is the largest privately owned museum complex in Australia.[60]
Transport[]
A view of Hobart International Airport.
Air[]
Tasmania's main air carriers are Jetstar Airways and Virgin Australia; Qantas, QantasLink and Regional Express Airlines have services from Tasmania. These airlines fly direct routes to Brisbane, Canberra, the Gold Coast, Melbourne and Sydney. Major airports include Hobart International Airport (which has not had a regular scheduled international passenger service since the 1990s) and Launceston Airport; the smaller airports, Burnie (Wynyard) and King Island, serviced by Regional Express; and Devonport, serviced by QantasLink; have services to Melbourne. Inter-Tasmanian air services are offered by Airlines of Tasmania. Until 2001 Ansett Australia operated majorly out of Tasmania to 12 destinations nationwide.
Antarctica base[]
Tasmania, Hobart in particular, serves as Australia's chief sea link to Antarctica, with the Australian Antarctic Division located in Kingston. Hobart is also the home port of the French ship l'Astrolabe, which makes regular supply runs to the French Southern Territories near and in Antarctica.
Road[]
Bridgewater Bridge
Within the state, the primary form of transport is by road. Since the 1980s, many of the state's highways have undergone regular upgrades. These include the Hobart Southern Outlet, Launceston Southern Outlet, Bass Highway reconstruction, and the Huon Highway. Public transport is provided by Metro Tasmania bus services within urban areas, with Redline, Tassielink and Callows Coaches providing bus service between population centres.
Rail[]
Rail transport in Tasmania consists of narrow-gauge lines to all four major population centres and to mining and forestry operations on the west coast and in the northwest. Services are operated by TasRail. Regular passenger train services in the state ceased in 1977; the only scheduled trains are for freight, but there are tourist trains in specific areas, for example the West Coast Wilderness Railway and the Ida Bay Railway. There is an ongoing proposal to reinstate commuter trains to Hobart. This idea however lacks political motivation.
Shipping[]
See also: Bass Strait Ferries
The Spirit of Tasmania links the island with mainland Australia.
The port of Hobart is the second deepest natural port in the world, second to only Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. There is a substantial amount of commercial and recreational shipping within the harbour and the port regularly hosts Cruise ships and occasionally military vessels. Burnie and Devonport on the northwest coast host ports and several other coastal towns host either small fishing ports or substantial marinas. The domestic sea route between Tasmanian and the mainland is serviced by Bass Strait passenger/vehicle ferries operated by the Tasmanian government-owned TT-Line (Tasmania). The state is also home to International Catamarans, a manufacturer of very high-speed aluminium catamarans that regularly broke records when they were first launched. The state government tried using them on the Bass Strait run but eventually decided to discontinue the run because of concerns over viability and the suitability of the vessels for the extreme weather conditions sometimes experienced in the strait.
Sport[]
Main article: Sport in Tasmania
Bellerive Oval at night, during the one-day cricket Australia vs England.
Sport is an important pastime in Tasmania, and the state has produced several famous sportsmen and women and also hosted several major sporting events. The Tasmanian Tigers cricket team represents the state successfully (for example the Sheffield Shield in 2007, 2011 and 2013) and plays its home games at the Bellerive Oval in Hobart; which is also the home ground for the Hobart Hurricanes in the Big Bash League. In addition, Bellerive Oval regularly hosts international cricket matches. Famous Tasmanian cricketers include David Boon and former Australian captain Ricky Ponting.
Australian Rules Football is also popularly followed, with occasional discussion of a proposed Tasmanian team in the Australian Football League (AFL). Several AFL games have been played at Aurora Stadium, Launceston, including the Hawthorn Football Club and as of 2012, at the Bellerive Oval with the North Melbourne Football Club playing 3 home games there. The stadium was the site of an infamous match between St Kilda and Fremantle which was controversially drawn after the umpires failed to hear the final siren.
Association football (soccer) is played throughout the state, with discussion of a Tasmanian A-league Club building on the existing Victory League. Tasmania hosts the Moorilla International tennis tournament as part of the lead up to the Australian Open and is played at the Hobart International Tennis Centre, Hobart. The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race run every year between Boxing Day and New Year since 1945, finishes in Hobart.
While some of the other sports played and barracked for have grown in popularity, others have declined. For example in basketball Tasmania has not been represented in the National Basketball League since the demise of the Hobart Devils in 1996.
Main article: List of Tasmanians
Notable people from Tasmania include:
Royce Hart, Australian rules footballer
Matthew Richardson, Australian rules footballer
Richard Flanagan, Australian author and recipient of the Man Booker Prize 2014
F. Matthias Alexander (1869–1955), originator of the Alexander Technique
Former V8 Supercar and current NASCAR driver Marcos Ambrose (2003–2004 champion of V8 Supercar)
Anglican, Archbishop of Brisbane and Primate of Australia Phillip Aspinall
actor Simon Baker, star of The Mentalist
Elizabeth Blackburn, first woman from Australia to win a Nobel Prize
Australian cricketer David Boon
Retired V8 Supercar, driver John Bowe (1995 champion)
Bob Clifford, owner and founder of Incat
Robert Fahey, real tennis player; reigning World Champion since 1994.
actor Errol Flynn
world champion woodchopper David Foster
John Gellibrand, founder of Legacy
drummer Dave Haley from technical death metal band Psycroptic and black metal band Ruins (metal band)
composer Don Kay
author Christopher Koch
Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia
his wife Dame Enid Lyons, the first woman member of the House of Representatives
former ATP Tennis player David Macpherson
Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark (née Mary Donaldson)
author and permaculturalist Bill Mollison, Right Livelihood Award, 1981
dancer and choreographer Graeme Murphy
Cyclist Luke Ockerby
Australian cricketer Ricky Ponting
Australian actress Kris McQuade lives in Tasmania.
Country music singer Jean Stafford
Cyclist Richie Porte
composer Peter Sculthorpe
actress Rachael Taylor
Truganini, last surviving full-blooded Tasmanian Aborigine
David Walsh—Owner and founder of MONA
Deny King, naturalist, ornithologist and environmentalist
Alex Cisak, Association football player currently playing for Premier League side Burnley F.C.
Mount Roland, Tasmania
Cataract Gorge, Tasmania
Hastings Thermal Pool, Tasmania
Antarctic Garden, Hobart Botanical Garden, Tasmania
Hastings Caves, Tasmania
Old chocolate vending machine at the Cadbury factory in Tasmania.
Salamanca Market in Hobart, Tasmania.
Russell Falls
Book: Australia
Outline of Australia
Index of Australia-related articles
List of amphibians of Tasmania
List of schools in Tasmania
Protected areas of Tasmania
Islands portal
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Tasmania portal
^ "A SOLDIER'S DIARY DOGS, FINES, RAFFLES, AND "TASWEGIANS".". Barrier Miner (Broken Hill, NSW : 1888–1954) (Broken Hill, NSW: National Library of Australia): p. 3. 5 June 1940. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48350824. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ "ON RADIO.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995) (ACT: National Library of Australia): p. 34. 14 November 1994. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130537614. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ "3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2012". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 September 2012. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0/. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
^ a b "LISTmap (Mount Ossa)". Tasmanian Government Department of Primary Industries and Water. http://www.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/listmap.jsp?llx=419200&lly=5363700&urx=420100&ury=5364300&layers=17. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
^ 5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2009–10.
^ "Proclamation of Tasmanian floral emblem". Tasmanian Government Gazette. www.parliament.tas.gov.au. 27 November 1962. http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/FloraProclamation.htm. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ a b "Tasmanian State Emblems". www.parliament.tas.gov.au. 29 January 2003. http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/StateEmblems.htm. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ Proclamation of Tasmanian mineral emblem, Tasmanian Government Gazette, 4 December 2000.
^ "Proclamation of Tasmanian mineral emblem". Tasmanian Government Gazette. www.parliament.tas.gov.au. 4 December 2000. http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/MineralProclamation.htm. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ "Definition of Tasmania from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/tasmania. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
^ "Discover Tasmania - Our Islands". Government of Tasmania. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. http://web.archive.org/web/20140107225939/http://www.discovertasmania.com/about_tasmania/our_islands. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
^ Area of Australia – States and Territories. ga.gov.au
^ "Complete National Parks and Reserves Listings". Parks and Wildlife Service. 28 January 2013. http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/manage/parksres/reserves.html. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
^ Howes, Michael. "United Tasmania Group (UTG)". Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245350/United-Tasmania-Group-UTG. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ Newman, Terry (2005). "Appendix 2: Select chronology of renaming". Becoming Tasmania – Companion Web Site. Parliament of Tasmania. http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ "Breathing new life into Indigenous language". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 June 2012. http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2012/06/15/3526278.htm. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ "Tasmanian Aboriginal People and History". Aboriginal Art Online. http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/regions/tasmania.php. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
^ "Tasmania embroiled in dispute over white tribe of Aborigines". The Daily Telegraph. 14 July 2005.
^ Smith, Fanny Cochrane (1834–1905) Australian Dictionary of Biography Online
^ Giblin, R.W. (1928) The Early History of Tasmania
^ "AN AUSTRALIAN CENTENARY.". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1956) (Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia): p. 5. 12 September 1903. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10571640. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ MONA takes top billing Trips – The Mercury – The Voice of Tasmania. The Mercury (30 December 2011). Retrieved on 16 July 2013.
^ "Tasmanian Liberals secure 15 seats as election count ends". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 March 2014. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-27/tasmanian-liberals-secure-15-seats-as-election-count-ends/5350000. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
^ a b Davies, Lynn (2006). "Lake Pedder". Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/L/Lake%20Pedder.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ Ridge, Justin. "Mt. Ossa, Tasmania". The Interactive Tour of Tasmania. http://tourtasmania.com/content.php?id=ossa. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ 'About the Tarkine' Tarkine: Australia's Largest Temperate Rain forest. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ 'Statistics – Tasmania, 2006', Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
^ "Climate of Launceston". Australian BOM. http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/tas/launceston/climate.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Tasmania Climate". World 66. http://www.world66.com/australiaandpacific/australia/tasmania/geography. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Cradle Valley Climate". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_096005.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Burnie Climate". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091009.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Scottsdale Climate". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091219.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "St Helens Climate". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_092033.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Swansea Climate". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_092038.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Climate of Tasmania". T Change. http://www.tchange.com.au/climate/climate.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Midlands Drought area". Tasmanian Government. http://www.farmpoint.tas.gov.au/farmpoint.nsf/v-attachments/B314475C0B2942F0CA2572F7007EA8CD/$file/Midlands-drought-area-24July07.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
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^ "Devonport Climate Statistics". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091126.shtm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Strahan Climate Statistics". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_097072.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
^ "Tasmania (island and state, Australia)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ Rubio, Justin P. et al (May 2002). "Genetic Dissection of the Human Leukocyte Antigen Region by Use of Haplotypes of Tasmanians with Multiple Sclerosis". American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (5): 1125–1137. DOI:10.1086/339932. PMID 11923913.
^ "Australia had baby boom in 2007: ABS". The Age (Australia). http://news.theage.com.au/national/australia-had-baby-boom-in-2007-abs-20081028-5ag2.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ "Birth-rate slump in Tasmania linked with tough economic times for families". The Mercury. 4 November 2013. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/birth-rate-slump-in-tasmania-linked-with-tough-economic-times-for-families/story-fnj4f7k1-1226752410226. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ 2011 Census QuickStats: Hobart. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
^ 3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2009–10. Abs.gov.au. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
^ 2006 Census QuickStats : Burnie-Somerset (Urban Centre/Locality). Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.
^ "Tasmania Urban Centres and Localities Ulverstone". Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/UCL613002?opendocument&navpos=220. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ "Industry Info page". Fruit Growers Tasmania. http://www.fruitgrowerstas.com.au/industry_fgt.html. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ Eslaka, Saul (August 2011). Local Government and Southern Tasmanian Economy.
^ ABC Television News (Tasmania), 7 p.m. Friday, 27 January 2006
^ Denholm, Matthew (9 April 2011). "Clean, green and leaning on the mainland". The Australian (Sydney, Australia). http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/clean-green-and-leaning-on-the-mainland/story-fn59niix-1226035870147. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ a b c d e "Tasmania Food & Wine." Goway.com. Retrieved July 2011.
^ 'Don Kay' Tasmanian Composers Collective. Retrieved 15 June 2009. Archived at Wayback Engine.
^ "PSYCROPTIC: Rise Above". www.themetalforge.com. http://www.themetalforge.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=329. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ "The Paradise Motel: Info". Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/theparadisemotel?ref=ts#!/theparadisemotel?sk=info. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ "Beathoven and The Innocents – Official Web site". The Innocents. http://www.theinnocents.com.au/. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ McKay, Danielle (27 March 2011) MONA puts Tassie on map, The Mercury.
^ Shock of the old and new, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 January 2011.
Alexander, Alison, ed (2005). The Companion to Tasmanian History. Hobart, Tasmania: Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, University of Tasmania. ISBN 1-86295-223-X. OCLC 61888464. http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/.
Robson, L. L. (1983). A History of Tasmania. Volume I. Van Diemen's Land from the Earliest Times to 1855. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554364-5.
Robson, L. L. (1991). A History of Tasmania. Volume II. Colony and State from 1856 to the 1980s. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553031-4.
Tasmania Online—the main State Government website
Discover Tasmania - official tourism website
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text:
Adrian Martin (a.k.a. the man behind the most anticipated website in the cinephile world) sends a surprise that he found when "throwing out boxes of old stuff": an new English translation of Serge Daney done for a magazine called France Information in 1981.
I had never heard of this piece and got quite excited (sad, I know). But when I tried to trace it back to the original French text, it became quickly apparent that the magazine Adrian uncovered proceeded to a shameless "collage" of several texts, highly edited, incomplete and assembled together with little regard to what Daney tried to convey in each text... France Information was perhaps one of these industry publications or perhaps an official magazine from the Ministry of Foreign affairs more focused on promoting France abroad than on film criticism. I'm not sure what they were trying to achieve with these texts but they certainly butchered the main article by Daney.
Undeterred, I'm publishing my translation of the complete original text "The raw and the cooked": a review of the state of French cinema in the early 1980s which resonates strangely with today's division between arthouse/festival movies and the mainstream production.
(The state of French cinema, 1980)
For French cinema, the 1970s were the post decade: post-New Wave, post-68, post-modern. No ground swell, no new movement, no new school: almost an aesthetic desert. We don't know how this decade already looks toward the 1980s. We won't know until later what it has prefigured of the 1980s. While we wait, we must propose a description: neither hot [immediate] nor cold [with hindsight] but tepid.
Authors, but which ones?
Something is undeniable however: French cinema is unique, it resembles no other. Some (and not the least ones: Rohmer, Moullet) say it is the best in the world. As if it was in France that the old "seventh art", the cinema-art-of-the-twentieth-century, was giving away the least amount of ground, or at least not as fast as elsewhere. As if it was in France that the dialogue between "art and industry" (to talk like Malraux) or between "culture and capitalism" (to talk like Musil, who wasn't French but wrote – it's not known enough – film criticism) was obstinately continuing.
This specificity of French cinema can be summed up in one word: it is an authors' cinema, rich of all the literary connotations of this word: author. The famous politique des auteurs wasn't born in France by chance and it ended triumphing to the point of covering with one word what was kept separated by many others: metteur en scène, director or even producer. As a result, we no longer know very well what this word, an author, means.
If there was a crisis after 1968, it was the crisis of the other cinema, mass market cinema, the cinema of traditional producers, many of which – we tend to forget – took part in the early days of the New Wave adventure. Confronted to this situation (the disappearance of dialogue, even stormy, between producer and author), filmmakers became (were forced to become?) everything for their films. Throughout the decade, those who could call themselves authors were the ones who, by dint of calculations, tenacity and also egocentrism, simply managed to get their films to exist – and eventually be seen. To do this, they had to be everywhere: upstream and downstream of the film, producer, director, promoter but also tumbler, financier, bursar, delivery man. Many damaged their health and squandered their talent in the venture: how many interesting first films not followed by a second? How many not uninteresting second films not followed by a third? Only the toughest and maddest (about cinema) held out: cinema's a jungle.
And being everything for a film, is a bit too much. Worse: it's no guarantee that the film will be personal and will have original ideas of mise en scène or a real thought about cinema. That's why it's not enough to talk about an authors' cinema, whether to praise or criticise it, one must say how the authors, most of whom come from the New Wave or were influenced by her, travelled through this "post" decade. In brief, one should explain this: a politique des auteurs which triumphs in a system where producers have no longer any politique, transforms authors into producers or, more exactly, in small producers. Production, in a wide sense, is therefore the strong idea of the decade.
Those who resembled their time
Towards the middle of the 1970s Godard attempted to get a cleaning lady to sing on a TV program. He wanted her to say a forgotten sentence in The Internationale: "Producers, save yourselves". This sentence sums up and politicise the question that film-makers faced because of the crisis of traditional cinema. And those who best crossed the desert of this joyless years were the ones who asserted themselves – or were confirmed – as authors by saving themselves as producers. Let's take three film-makers as different as Godard, Vecchiali and Rohmer: they never stopped filming. Better: they never stopped experimenting; an absolute luxury at a time where others, more dependent on traditional production, found themselves obstructed in their work. Facing a system where they no longer knew how to measure (can one measure himself up against the Advance on box office receipts scheme? Not really; one can only hope and put up with it), they managed to continue their own production machine or, as Rivette says, their "micro-system". A machine designed to produce a film, but more importantly, to produce the possibility of another film after that – a machine to reproduce. The idea of series has haunted nostalgically this decade doomed to the racing of prototypes, to hits without tomorrow. These micro-systems were named Sonimage, Diagonale, Les Films du Losange, and others.
They condensed, often like a parody, everything that cinema has always been made off: fleeting time, violent affects, money flows, power struggles, erotic situations. Godard, Vecchiali, Rohmer – these three names act here as emblems – were tempted by the family business, they lived off the system (without necessarily respecting it), they thought "small is beautiful", there were, to borrow Deleuze's beautiful expression, "very populated within themselves". They had to be since traditional cinema, mainstream cinema, Qualité France and Show-business cinema were then singularly desert (this is about to change).
In these micro-systems, which are also dreamed mini-majors, there was the whole of cinema: a fabulous cinephile memory, false stars (in Vecchiali's films), false extras (in Godard's films), war economy, the sense of good management and, last but not least, the love of money. Their strength, at that time, was to love the trade, whatever small, and not to depend mechanically on the laws of a shrunk market.
I mentioned, because they are exemplary, Godard, Vecchiali, Rohmer. I could have said: Truffaut, Duras, Moullet, Straub, even Garrel: Truffaut because he managed to set up Les Films du Losange between France and the USA, Duras because she knew how to be double, Garrel because, at the degree zero of the economy, he managed to last. What differentiate these machines which are so different from one another is not their size (in general, they are small), it's their ability to allow swerves: to move from a budget to another, from a duration to another, from an experiment to another – yet another luxury. For example, Godard, after 1968, turns his back to his career to follow his time even in its cul-de-sacs (militant cinema and its critique, television and its critique), Vecchiali allows himself to add to his body of works a film with a truly pornographic side (Don't change hands), Rohmer can alternate without waning (and rather flourishing) a great and a small film (Perceval and The aviator's wife), etc.
What counts is less the content or the formal choices than the plasticity of the machine which produces them. In front of the naked law of capitalism requiring that those not advancing must decline and those advancing too fast must fall from their heights (a law which is returning in anger in the French cinema of the 1980s, threatening younger film-makers like Jacquot or Téchiné), a handful of film-makers started to work with varying speeds. This was a new luxury (even small-budget films had a certain dandyism, Moullet's for example). Because the true richness is time, the time an artist needs to work a material, to accumulate experience.
What to say then of the filmmakers who were less tempted (or totally unable) to create their own production machine? Clearly, Demy, Pialat, Rozier, Eustache or Resnais are not – far from it – less important authors. But they haven't lived through this decade as well: they worked less, experimented less than they had wished – and they probably suffered for it. It allowed them to express their time with acuteness, every time they encountered it (The mother and the whore, Nous ne vieillirons pas ensemble). They produced X-rays of their time but they didn't resemble their time. That's the difference.
For this "post" and disenchanted decade wasn't just random. There was 1968, beliefs, speeches, utopias: French society was shaken. Remember: the end of militancy and the beginning of feminism, the success of the minority idea (…), the value of the local, of the hic et nunc, of the "do and learn". The cinema micro-systems were mirroring these post-leftist years: small (desiring) machines, stubborn (and spread out) resistance, different labour divisions (between men and women, manual and intellectual). We won't find this in the late and politically correct hijackings by mainstream cinema (from Boisset to the left-leaning sociological and naturalist fictions) but in these authors-machines who, for a few years, have resembled their time.
French cinema, itself
The 1970s micro-systems make for a small cinema (too French, restricted, non-exportable, desperately white, etc.): it's already been said. But it's also a cinema with a very fine taste. I don't know if the French cinema is the world's best, I know that the French cuisine is the world's best, and I also know, irrefutable syllogism, that there is a cuisine of French cinema, and an old one too.
Look at Méliès, what does he do? Not only card tricks or stencilled-coloured Passions, but he films the trial of Dreyfus: he re-enacts the event on the spot with an actor who plays like Mounet-Sully! Every thing is already there in Méliès' gesture, and less in the famous opposition to the Lumière brothers than in the presence of Lumière-effects in Méliès' films, and vice versa, in this unique mix of burning news and cold rules. Afterwards, French actors have always had this way to maintain together but disjointed, i.e. united yet separate, what other countries' cinemas had either united or separated. Between documentary and fiction, the crude and the coded, the hazards and the devices, in a word between the raw and the cooked, there has always been a short-circuit, a striking shortcut, impurity.
The raw easily becomes cruel, obscene, sadistic; the cooked easily becomes too cooked, burnt, perverted. But there is no happy middle. Godard said recently that he fond "average American cinema infinitely superior to average French cinema". But this is precisely about "average" cinema. We could turn the proposition on its head: non-average French cinema is generally superior to non-average American cinema. It may always have been that way, and one might even say that the only tradition of French cinema resides in its modernity, its unique capacity to house singular experiences in a normal industrial and commercial framework. Modernity: the great French films are more or less documentaries on the state of the filming material, always a two-stage, dialectical, operation. Hence today, French cinema appears better armed than others (in Europe) to face the future while remaining the place of aesthetic works.
For there are two faces of French cinema. On the one hand, the prodigious actors' cinema, this "Saturday night" cinema, more or less dead today, and whose ghost has not ceased to haunt the 1970s (especially Vecchiali, Mocky, Truffaut). And on the other hand, a certain number of heretical experiments conducted by authors who were often authors in two ways (Pagnol, Guitry, Cocteau, Renoir, Duras are also writers) and who share this fundamental idea that one mustn't adapt the written for the image but, on the contrary, play with their heterogeneity. To the point that, to study the authors of French cinema, the cautious micro-systems of the 1970s, the 1960s boom (New Wave), the great post-war moderns (Bresson, Tati), the ever great moderns (Renoir, Gance), is to spot every time the demarcation line that they create between what is, for them, the raw and the cooked, the non-cinema and the cinema, a raw material and a crafty device.
This line, which never stays at the same place, is inevitably linked to the fact that, for 50 years, cinema is now talking, even talkative. French cinema authors have in common to have worked the image and to have been worked up by speech. That's how they changed the cinema, that they modernised it. The emptied body of Bresson's model, Duras' writing in voice over, Pagnol's delirious over-speaking, Tati-Hulot's rumblings, Eustache's redoubling stories, the wind in the bushes in Straub's films, Godard stuttering in front of chattering children, Demy's bourgeois' "sprecheesang", Pialat's idiolects and Rohmer's sociolects, Moullet's statistical reciting, Rivette's or Vecchiali's controlled yet absolute freedom of improvisation, Rouch as a white sorcerer, all this – all this raw and unknown material – makes noise. A noise – to stick to the culinary metaphor –, that shall not be reduced.
We often reproach to French film critics no to love the cinema of their own country, to act like snobs towards it, to underestimate it, to love national cinemas which move better (because, the dance here, is all about the forclusion!), etc. The problem is that this reproach almost always comes from those who think that French cinema is too static, too literary, not enough constructed, etc. Whereas this is precisely this that is unique (and lovable): its passion for the language, its lightness and its moralising, its digressions and its authors' dark narcissism.
Initially published in Cahiers du cinéma, issue 323-324 in May 1981. Also published in Serge Daney's first book: La rampe. Cahier critique 1970-1982, Cahiers du cinéma – Gallimard, 1983. Translation by Laurent Kretzschmar.
If anybody is interested, the bibliographic reference of the 1981 "translation" is FRANCE INFORMATION, no. 115 (1981), pp. 23-25.
Posted by LK at 10:30 am


text:
Escape From the Snow With This Day in History: Feb. 6, 1952
Posted by Museum Intern Victoria Kunhardt
It's cold outside but the museum is warm, open, and fun for kids and families. Guests always learn about something new in history, like how Queen Elizabeth accessioned onto the throne on this day in 1952. Now is a great time to visit our European Kings and Queens Exhibit before it closes for renovations.
Due to deteriorating health, King George VI of Great Britain and Northern Ireland passed away, leaving his oldest daughter Elizabeth the throne. It was not until a year later on June 2, 1953 that Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. While it seemed likely that the royal house would bear Elizabeth's husband's last name after her accession, Winston Churchill, Prime Minster of Britain, and Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother, favored the current name, retaining the name The House of Windsor.
Having stood in for her father at public events before his death, Elizabeth had a great understanding of public relations, and allowed for her coronation to be televised. Elizabeth accessioned into seven independent countries and although her realms have varied she is currently Queen of 16 states. Elizabeth remains a powerful figure and is currently the second longest British monarch reigning for 62 years. While her reign has not gone without some controversy Elizabeth still receives a great amount of support for the monarchy and remains a popular figure.
Want to know more about Queen Elizabeth II or any of Europe's other rulers? Visit the museum's European Kings and Queens Exhibit before it closes for renovations on March 3, 2014. Major renovations will be completed in the summer of 2014. The new exhibit will include significant design changes, updated research, and more interactives to create an even more exciting and engaging space.
Labels: Exhibits, News


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Author William Shubin's new book "Mikhail Alexeevich Shubin: Molokan" is a fascinating account of a little-known Christian sect and their struggle to survive in Russia
Recent release "Mikhail Alexeevich Shubin: Molokan" from Page Publishing author William Shubin is a spellbinding discussion of the history of the Molokan people, and the true story of one family's journey from the war-torn persecution of pre- and post-revolutionary Russia, through the Middle East, and, ultimately, to peace and freedom in America.
FRESNO, Calif. (PRWEB) November 30, 2020
William Shubin has published his new book "Mikhail Alexeevich Shubin: Molokan": a riveting family history and an inspiring true story of extraordinary determination and courage.
Imagine joining a traditional Russian Molokan family at the dinner table to hear about their struggles and their victories.
Imagine finding yourself a pioneer in a new land and having to rebuild your lives virtually from scratch.
This true-to-life account of the Molokan people covers this journey through Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey, and the USA. Their world was so different from anything we know now, but it was just as real. You are invited on a journey of courage, overcoming unbelievable odds and preserving the faith of their fathers. On the pages of this biography, you will meet religious prisoners, the Persian shah, and four generations of the tenacious Shubin family.
Published by Page Publishing, William Shubin's engrossing book is an excellent choice that keeps the pages turning for anyone with an interest in Christian, Russian, and Middle Eastern history.
Readers who wish to experience this engaging work can purchase "Mikhail Alexeevich Shubin: Molokan" at bookstores everywhere, or online at the Apple iTunes store, Amazon, Google Play, or Barnes and Noble.
For additional information or media inquiries, contact Page Publishing at 866-315-2708.
About Page Publishing:
Page Publishing is a traditional, full-service publishing house that handles all the intricacies involved in publishing its authors' books, including distribution in the world's largest retail outlets and royalty generation. Page Publishing knows that authors need to be free to create - not mired in logistics like eBook conversion, establishing wholesale accounts, insurance, shipping, taxes, and so on. Page's accomplished writers and publishing professionals allow authors to leave behind these complex and time-consuming issues to focus on their passion: writing and creating. Learn more at http://www.pagepublishing.com.
Page Publishing Media Department
Page Publishing


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text:
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  is_nullable: 0
  sequence: 'boardsection_section_id_seq'

=head2 board_id

  data_type: 'integer'
  is_foreign_key: 1
  is_nullable: 1

=head2 position

  data_type: 'integer'
  default_value: 0
  is_nullable: 0

=head2 language_key

  data_type: 'varchar'
  is_nullable: 0
  size: 80

=head2 thread_count

  data_type: 'integer'
  default_value: 0
  is_nullable: 0

=head2 post_count

  data_type: 'integer'
  default_value: 0
  is_nullable: 0

=head2 last_post_id

  data_type: 'integer'
  is_foreign_key: 1
  is_nullable: 1

=cut

__PACKAGE__->add_columns(
  "section_id",
  {
    data_type         => "integer",
    is_auto_increment => 1,
    is_nullable       => 0,
    sequence          => "boardsection_section_id_seq",
  },
  "board_id",
  { data_type => "integer", is_foreign_key => 1, is_nullable => 1 },
  "position",
  { data_type => "integer", default_value => 0, is_nullable => 0 },
  "language_key",
  { data_type => "varchar", is_nullable => 0, size => 80 },
  "thread_count",
  { data_type => "integer", default_value => 0, is_nullable => 0 },
  "post_count",
  { data_type => "integer", default_value => 0, is_nullable => 0 },
  "last_post_id",
  { data_type => "integer", is_foreign_key => 1, is_nullable => 1 },
);

=head1 PRIMARY KEY

=over 4

=item * L</section_id>

=back

=cut

__PACKAGE__->set_primary_key("section_id");

=head1 RELATIONS

=head2 board

Type: belongs_to

Related object: L<CSN::Schema::Result::Board>

=cut

__PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
  "board",
  "CSN::Schema::Result::Board",
  { board_id => "board_id" },
  {
    is_deferrable => 0,
    join_type     => "LEFT",
    on_delete     => "CASCADE",
    on_update     => "NO ACTION",
  },
);

=head2 boardsubscribers

Type: has_many

Related object: L<CSN::Schema::Result::Boardsubscriber>

=cut

__PACKAGE__->has_many(
  "boardsubscribers",
  "CSN::Schema::Result::Boardsubscriber",
  { "foreign.section_id" => "self.section_id" },
  { cascade_copy => 0, cascade_delete => 0 },
);

=head2 boardthreads

Type: has_many

Related object: L<CSN::Schema::Result::Boardthread>

=cut

__PACKAGE__->has_many(
  "boardthreads",
  "CSN::Schema::Result::Boardthread",
  { "foreign.section_id" => "self.section_id" },
  { cascade_copy => 0, cascade_delete => 0 },
);

=head2 last_post

Type: belongs_to

Related object: L<CSN::Schema::Result::Boardpost>

=cut

__PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
  "last_post",
  "CSN::Schema::Result::Boardpost",
  { post_id => "last_post_id" },
  {
    is_deferrable => 0,
    join_type     => "LEFT",
    on_delete     => "SET NULL",
    on_update     => "NO ACTION",
  },
);

# Created by DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader v0.07040 @ 2015-02-07 00:20:18
# DO NOT MODIFY THIS OR ANYTHING ABOVE! md5sum:suwz6EUcBwVYpd9nE6WqhQ

sub last_post {
  my $self = shift;

  if (!$self->last_post_id) {
    return 0;
  }

  my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;

  return $schema->resultset('Boardpost')->find($self->last_post_id);
}

sub unread {
  my ($self, $account_id) = @_;

  my $schema = $self->result_source->schema;

  if(defined $account_id) {
    return $schema->resultset('Unreadboardthread')->search({'me.account_id' => $account_id, section_id => $self->section_id})->count();
  }

  return $schema->resultset('Unreadboardthread')->search({section_id => $self->section_id})->count();
};

sub subscribed {
  my ($self, $account_id) = @_;

  if(!defined $account_id) {
    return 0;
  }

  return $self->boardsubscribers->search({'me.account_id' => $account_id})->count;
};

sub TO_JSON {
  return { $_[0]->get_inflated_columns };
}

# You can replace this text with custom code or comments, and it will be preserved on regeneration
1;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub