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The Best Hotels in Montréal
We've filtered out the noise and surfaced the best luxury, boutique and most charming hotels in Montréal for you below. Bon voyage!
Hotel Nelligan
Located in Old Montreal, only steps from many attractions, this historic hotel offers European elegance, along with an… See more
Located in Old Montreal, only steps from many attractions, this historic hotel offers European elegance, along with an extensive selection of on-site dining options.
Each of the rooms include a down comforter, modern bathroom facilities and flat-screen TV. The rooms benefit from large windows which offer natural light and some rooms have views of Old Montreal.
Hotel Nelligan features 24-hour concierge services to arrange anything from babysitting services to concert tickets. Guests can also work out in the fitness centre, then relax with a massage. A metro station is conveniently less than 10 minutes' walk from the hotel.
Verses Restaurant at the Nelligan serves fine contemporary cuisine with an impressive wine selection. Visitors can relax with a drink in front of the fireplace in VersesBar or on the rooftop terrace, Terrasse Nelligan. For late night dining, Méchant Boeuf Bar-Brasserie features a large selection of beers on tap as well as signature cocktails.
Le Mount Stephen is located in Montreal's Golden Square Mile, 450 metres from the Museum of Fine Arts, 550 metres from… See more
Le Mount Stephen is located in Montreal's Golden Square Mile, 450 metres from the Museum of Fine Arts, 550 metres from Bell Center and 900 metres from McGill University. This hotel is housed in a historic mansion dating from 1880, coupled with a sleek contemporary tower of 90 rooms and suites.
Guest rooms offer complimentary WIFI, a Nespresso machine, mini-bar and flat-screen IPTV, as well as touch panel automated climate, lighting and curtains controls. Marble bathrooms feature heated floors and a rain forest shower head with Chroma lighting therapy.
Bar George, restaurant and bar is located on site. Guests can also dine on the outside terrace during the summer months.
Shopping along Ste-Catherine Street is only 130 meters from the hotel. Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport is 18 km away.
Hotel Gault
Luxurious guestrooms, gourmet breakfast options await at this downtown contemporary boutique hotel, situated in the… See more
Luxurious guestrooms, gourmet breakfast options await at this downtown contemporary boutique hotel, situated in the heart of Old Montreal, moments from popular attractions.
Hotel Gault provides a library area with a fireplace and on-site DVD rentals. Spacious accommodations at the hotel feature heated bathroom floors, minibars, flat-screen TVs and large picture windows.
The World Trade Center, Notre Dame Cathedral and the Old Port of Montreal are all only a short distance from the hotel. The hotel staff can also arrange area tours, excursions and activities.
Hôtel Birks Montréal
Located in Downtown Montreal, Hôtel Birks offers a street level terrace for the Restaurant Henri Brasserie Française… See more
Located in Downtown Montreal, Hôtel Birks offers a street level terrace for the Restaurant Henri Brasserie Française. The property is set 300 metres from Eaton Centre Montreal and 400 metres from Museum of Contemporary Art.
At Hôtel Birks, rooms are fitted with a desk, a flat-screen TV and a private bathroom. Each room has air conditioning, and some rooms at the Hôtel Birks Montreal offer a private terrace overlooking the city. Some rooms feature a claw-foot bath and a gas fireplace.
A continental, express or à la carte breakfast can be enjoyed at the property. At Hôtel Birks you will you will find the Restaurant Henri Brasserie Française, offering French comfort food made with seasonal Canadian products.
Hôtel Birks Montréal is also home to Spa Valmont, the perfect place to be treated with Valmont skin care.
Staff at the 24-hour front desk speak English and French.
Convention Centre Montreal is 500 metres from Hôtel Birks. The nearest airport is Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, 15 km from the property.
Our rooms are cleaned according to the most demanding cleaning protocol in compliance with government regulations. If you require additional items (towels, shower gel, comb etc.), simply request them from the hotel reception and they will be delivered to you. Some items have been removed from the rooms and are available on request to facilitate the sanitation process.
Restaurant Henri Brasserie Francaise
Our restaurant Henri Brasserie Française is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner services from Tuesday to Saturday and for brunch service on Sunday. We offer our guests the opportunity to order Room service through our menu available 24 hours per day 7 days a week.
Valet service:
It will be our pleasure to park your vehicle while making sure to follow the cleaning guidelines every time you need your vehicle. The drop off for our valet service with underground parking is located at 1240 Square Phillips. The service is offered with in and out privileges at a daily fee of $40. Please note that due to height restrictions 'pick-up' trucks and vehicles with sportrack cargo box may be refused based on their height. Our valets will direct you to the closest parking available
Auberge du Vieux Port
Overlooking the Saint Lawrence River, this Old Montreal hotel is 5 minutes' walk from the Montreal Science Center. It… See more
Overlooking the Saint Lawrence River, this Old Montreal hotel is 5 minutes' walk from the Montreal Science Center. It offers on-site French-style dining options and views of Montreal's Old Port.
The rustic and modern guest rooms at Auberge du Vieux Port are uniquely decorated and include free WiFi and a cable TV. Multi-jet showers and bathrobes are provided.
The on-site Taverne Gaspar serves dishes such as burgers and fish, as well as a wide variety of beers and wine. A breakfast is served every morning at the Auberge du Vieux Port.
Concierge services and valet parking are offered 24 hours a day.
The Montreal History Center and the Centaur Theater are a 10-minute walk from Auberge du Vieux Port. Subway access is less than 1 block away.
The Ritz-Carlton, Montreal
This luxury hotel in Montreal city centre features contemporary French cuisine at the on-site Maison Boulud. All rooms… See more
This luxury hotel in Montreal city centre features contemporary French cuisine at the on-site Maison Boulud. All rooms feature a flat-screen TV. A variety of galleries and boutiques are within 5 minutes' walk and a saltwater pool is located on site.
The spacious rooms at The Ritz-Carlton, Montreal feature a marble bathroom with heated floors and 19-inch flat-screen TV. Asprey bath products are provided. Rooms include a digital control of lights and curtains, as well as automatic toilets. Free WiFi, a minibar and flat-screen TV in the bedroom are also included.
A fitness centre is available at The Ritz-Carlton, along with in-room massages. A business centre, 24-hour concierge service and client accompaniment service are also offered.
Guests can dine in the garden of Le Jardin during summer months. Cocktails and snacks are available in The Ritz Bar.
Casino de Montreal is 15 minutes' drive from Montreal Ritz-Carlton. Old Montreal is 10 minutes' drive away.
William Gray
Featuring free WiFi and a sun terrace, William Gray offers accommodation in Montréal. Guests can enjoy the on-site bar… See more
Featuring free WiFi and a sun terrace, William Gray offers accommodation in Montréal. Guests can enjoy the on-site bar. Private parking is available on site.
All rooms are fitted with a flat-screen TV. You will find a coffee machine in the room. Every room has a private bathroom with bathrobes and slippers.
There is free shuttle service, a 24-hour front desk, a cash machine and gift shop at the property.
You can play billiards at the hotel. Place Jacques Cartier is 100 metres from William Gray, while Notre Dame Basilica Montreal is 400 metres from the property. The nearest airport is Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, 16 km from William Gray.
Set in the heart of Old Montreal, within walking distance to a variety of attractions and Place d'Armes metro, this… See more
Set in the heart of Old Montreal, within walking distance to a variety of attractions and Place d'Armes metro, this hotel offers free WiFi, relaxing spa services and gourmet dining options.
The guestrooms and suites at Le Place d'Armes Hotel & Suites feature luxuries such as down duvets, cosy bathrobes and well-stocked minibars.
Guests can work out in the fully equipped fitness centre or relax with a massage in the full-service Rainspa.
Kyo Bar Japonais serves refined, Japanese comfort food and a selection of Japanese spirits. Guests can sip on a summer cocktail with lunch and dinner on the seasonal rooftop Terrasse 701 or enjoy a creative martini in the elegant Suite 701 Lounge.
Hôtel Le Germain Montréal
This modern hotel in central Montreal features a free espresso bar in its hall and WiFi in all rooms. In-room massage… See more
This modern hotel in central Montreal features a free espresso bar in its hall and WiFi in all rooms. In-room massage and spa services are also offered.
Rooms at Hotel Le Germain Montreal are furnished with environmentally-friendly items made in Quebec and decorated with original artwork. A wall-mounted 42-inch flat-screen TV is included, as is a workstation with easy computer connections. Beds feature goose down duvets and feather pillows.
Le Boulevardier Restaurant, offering authentic Quebec dishes, is open on-site at the Hotel Le Germain. A lounge with bar service and fireplace is located on the hotel's main level.
The Hotel Le Germain is less than 15 minutes from the Parc Olympique, site of the 1976 Summer Olympics. Montreal Central Station is a 10-minute walk from the hotel.
W Montreal
The modern W Montreal is located in the city centre's historic Banque du Canada building. Located on Square Victoria… See more
The modern W Montreal is located in the city centre's historic Banque du Canada building. Located on Square Victoria, this property is just minutes from Old Montreal and the Quartier des Spectacles.
Begin the day at the pet-friendly Montreal W with a workout in the state-of-the-art fitness centre. Take advantage of the hotel's personalised Whatever/Whenever service. Guests can enjoy a cocktail at one of the several on-site lounges, a Quebec-style gin lounge featuring artisanal flavors located in the lobby, or try the restaurant called Tbsp.
Guest rooms are furnished with goose-down duvets and flat-screen TVs.
Easily discover all of the city centre's most popular sites, including Notre Dame Basilica and the World Trade Centre when staying at W Montreal. The Montreal Casino, the shops and restaurants of St. Catherine Street and the Eaton Centre are also easily accessible.
Terrasse W Montréal is a lively social scene in Victoria Square. Surrounded by lush greenery, go on a cocktail journey curated by 10 mixologists from 10 iconic W destinations around the world.From Melbourne to London, via Aspen, Colorado, set off on a cocktail escapade featuring 10 summer cocktails from 10 W destinations around the world. An original concept to try out this summer at Terrasse W MTL.
Work at your own beat. Here's a vibrant coworking space for travelers and Montrealers alike, with magnetic playlists to amplify your ideas. Our Living Room is designed by the most brilliant minds to foster focus and creativity during the workday, and spark serendipity and play at night.
As you emerge from deep work, the barista winks at you. The beat picks up, cueing the mixologist to come on. The mocktail/cocktail culture sets in with its acidic, bitter, sweet and salty flavors to meet your mood as the Living Room fills up, and the retox cycle starts again. The fresh sound of a Living Room series live music performance catches your ear, while a little something else catches your eye. The space is yours, live it up.''
Boasting a bar, Four Seasons Hotel Montreal is situated in the centre of Montréal, 300 metres from Montreal Museum of… See more
Boasting a bar, Four Seasons Hotel Montreal is situated in the centre of Montréal, 300 metres from Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. With free WiFi, this 5-star hotel offers room service and a 24-hour front desk. The hotel has family rooms.
Popular points of interest near the hotel include Bell Centre, Ogilvy and Eaton Centre Montreal. The nearest airport is Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport, 14 km from Four Seasons Hotel Montreal.
Hotel Bonaventure Montreal
Located in Montreal's city centre, Hotel Bonaventure Montreal is located only steps from major attractions. It features… See more
Located in Montreal's city centre, Hotel Bonaventure Montreal is located only steps from major attractions. It features free WiFi, a fitness centre and a 24-hour front desk.
A flat-screen cable TV, seating area and work desk are offered in each room at this hotel. Guests can enjoy air conditioning during the summer season.
Offering 2.5 acres of beautiful gardens and streams, Montreal Bonaventure Hotel provides stunning views of the city from the year-round rooftop pool and terrace. The hotel also features several gourmet restaurants as well as spacious meeting and banquet facilities.
Guests can easily discover numerous festivals, art galleries, museums and world-renowned restaurants only steps from the hotel's front doors.
Saint-Sulpice Hotel Montreal
Located behind Notre-Dame Basilica in the heart of historic Old Montreal, this luxurious hotel offers spacious suites… See more
Located behind Notre-Dame Basilica in the heart of historic Old Montreal, this luxurious hotel offers spacious suites along with exceptional services and on-site facilities.
Le Saint-Sulpice's contemporary suites are furnished with fully equipped kitchenettes, flat-screen TV and coffee machine. Room service is also available.
Saint-Sulpice Hotel Montreal is also home to the Oskar Restaurant, located in the heart of the hotel's gardens. Guests can enjoy their meal in the luxurious glass space, with doors giving direct access to exterior terrace.
Easily explore all of Montreal city centre's most popular sites when staying at Le Saint-Sulpice Hotel. Take a short walk and visit the convention centre.
Hotel St Paul
Situated inside a beautifully restored landmark building in the heart of Montreal, steps from major attractions… See more
Situated inside a beautifully restored landmark building in the heart of Montreal, steps from major attractions including Old Montreal, Hotel St Paul offers unrivalled personalised services and many modern conveniences.
A coffee machine, minibar, desk and safety deposit box are provided in each room at the hotel. A flat-screen TV is also included.
Guests can enjoy the hotel's 24-hour fitness centre, free WiFi access, in-room massage services and on-site restaurants.
Only moments from Hotel St. Paul, guests can discover the historic Port of Montreal, the World Trade Center and the charming shops of St. Catherine Street. There is also a underground station located nearby, offering easy and instant access to all of the city centre.
Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth
Connected to Montreal's underground city, Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth offers access to more than 20 miles of… See more
Connected to Montreal's underground city, Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth offers access to more than 20 miles of underground pedestrian walkways, shopping centres, entertainment venues and attractions. A wellness centre with an indoor pool is featured at the hotel.
The famous John Lennon and Yoko Ono suite, site of the 1969 "bed-in for peace" has been revamped and features a virtual reality experience.
The hotel boasts a lounge area, a business campus with an outdoor terrace, a mixology bar, a cosy coffee lounge, a lively bistro and a unique urban market. Innovative event lounges provide the latest technology. An art collection featuring work by established and emerging artists add a sense of community and flair to the property.
Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth features a health club with a state-of-the-art fitness center. Guests can relax with a massage at the hotel's full-service spa.
The hotel is conveniently located on top of the Central train station and is connected to two metro stations. It is also located near the Bell Centre, the Entertainment district and Sainte-Catherine Street.
Maison Saint-Vincent By Maisons & co
Situated 1.2 km from Clock Tower Beach in Montréal, Maison Saint-Vincent By Maisons & co features accommodation with air… See more
Situated 1.2 km from Clock Tower Beach in Montréal, Maison Saint-Vincent By Maisons & co features accommodation with air conditioning and free WiFi.
The aparthotel offers a seating area with a flat-screen TV and a private bathroom with free toiletries, a hairdryer and shower. A microwave and toaster are also available, as well as a coffee machine and a kettle.
Popular points of interest near Maison Saint-Vincent By Maisons & co include Place Jacques Cartier, Notre Dame Basilica Montreal and Old Port of Montreal. The nearest airport is Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport, 14 km from the accommodation.
LHotel is a 19th-century hotel located in Old Montréal, less than 10 minutes' walk from Palais des Congrès Convention… See more
LHotel is a 19th-century hotel located in Old Montréal, less than 10 minutes' walk from Palais des Congrès Convention Centre. It offers an on-site bar, art gallery and free WiFi.
Large windows and antique furniture are part of every elegant room at LHotel. Cable TV and a work desk are provided.
Breakfast is available every morning at this LHotel Montreal. The lounge and bar offer a selection of wines, mixed drinks and beer.
Facilities on site include a business centre and a fitness centre. Concierge services and valet parking are featured at the hotel.
Place d'Armes Metro Station is within 5 minutes' walk of the LHotel. Shopping and restaurants on Ste-Catherine Street is 1 km away.
Maison Sainte-Thérèse By Maisons & co
Situated within 1.2 km of Clock Tower Beach and 100 metres of Place Jacques Cartier in Montréal, Maison Sainte-Thérèse… See more
Situated within 1.2 km of Clock Tower Beach and 100 metres of Place Jacques Cartier in Montréal, Maison Sainte-Thérèse By Maisons & co features accommodation with free WiFi and seating area.
Every unit has a private bathroom and shower, air conditioning, a flat-screen TV and a fridge. A microwave, a stovetop and toaster are also available in the kitchen, as well as a coffee machine.
Popular points of interest near the aparthotel include Notre Dame Basilica Montreal, Old Port of Montreal and Montreal Convention Centre. The nearest airport is Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport, 14 km from Maison Sainte-Thérèse By Maisons & co.
Le Petit Hotel Montreal
This hotel in downtown Montreal offers rooms with free WiFi. Le Petit Hotel features a European café and is located one… See more
This hotel in downtown Montreal offers rooms with free WiFi. Le Petit Hotel features a European café and is located one block from Notre-Dame Basilica.
The boutique Le Petit Hotel Montreal features modern rooms with flat-screen TVs and jet-massage shower heads. Each room has a work desk and seating area.
A daily continental breakfast is served at Le Petit Montreal. The café, Le Petit Café, provides guests with a comfortable lounge and option of room service.
Le Petit Hotel provides free 24-hour access to the Hotel Nelligan gym, which is just 2 blocks away. It also has 2 complimentary bicycles and an iPad at the front desk for guest use.
Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art is a 5-minute drive from Montreal Le Petit Hotel. The hotel is 7.8 km from the Montreal Botanical Gardens.
Le St-Martin Hotel Centre-ville – Hotel Particulier
Le St-Martin Hotel Centre-ville – Hotel Particulier is located above Montreal's Underground City. An outdoor pool… See more
Le St-Martin Hotel Centre-ville – Hotel Particulier is located above Montreal's Underground City. An outdoor pool, located above the restaurant, is available along with free WiFi in the guest rooms.
While staying at Le St-Martin Hotel Centre-ville – Hotel Particulier, each room also provides a 55-inch flat-screen cable TV. A minibar is in the rooms.
Our restaurant Fiorella, located on the main floor, serves a delightful and upscale Italian cuisine.
At the Le St-Martin Hotel Particulier Centre-Ville, the pool area boasts a water fall and water jets. Cardio and weight machines are included in the gym and wall-to-wall windows with views of the pool are offered.
The Notre-Dame Basilica is 2.5 kilometers from the Le St-Martin Hotel. It is 3 blocks from Gare Centrale Train Station and is 650 meters from McGill University.


Library details: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum is a US Presidential library.
This library is affiliated with National Archives and Records Administration.
Record History: This listing was created on Jun 12, 2000 and was last modified on Jul 26, 2014.


Roger McGuinn will always be best known for his role as the innovative front person in the Byrds, the genre-jumping band of the '60s. But he began as an accompanist for the Chad Mitchell Trio before becoming a member of Bobby Darin's group in his folk phase. His sessions with Hoyt Axton, Judy Collins and the like at that time secured for good his solid folk roots. He was a folkie who fell in love with the Beatles, it is true, but he never lost his appreciation for folk music and its classic songs.
This gathering of fellow folk icons can be considered a return to roots of sorts for Mr. McGuinn, but oh, what a delightful homecoming it is.
He could have easily gathered together an all star collection of pop and rock stars for the purpose of paying tribute to the songs that first tickled his fancy as a youth. Instead, he invited diehard folk troubadours such as Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, Judy Collins and Odetta for a kind of Bleeker Street family reunion.
McGuinn recorded this album as a hard copy extension of the work he has been doing on his web site, where he tries to record a folk song a month and make them available for site visitors to download. Not everyone has the technology to gather music from the web yet, which is one big reason why this CD project came to fruition. Besides, the combination of high tech procedures and back-to-nature folk music aficionados is probably not common.
As he explains in the liner notes, McGuinn drove - along with his trusty computer and multi-track software - to the homes of his intended recording partners, in much the same way Alan Lomax once traveled the back roads to capture the early music of America.
Most of these songs are traditional, without many writers' names listed on the credits. The CD booklet, in fact, acts as a kind of history pamphlet, by explaining the origins and inspirations for these songs. It actually ends with a new Pete Seeger song, however, which McGuinn titled "Pete's Song." It sums up Pete's lifetime mission as a folk envoy with its final verse.
This album covers a lot of musical territory for just one disc - at least a continent's worth, and then some - including sea chanteys ("Bonnie Ship the Diamond"), chain gang songs ("Cane Blues") and Irish sounds ("Reel"). Spirituals and blues are also touched upon with "John the Revelator" and "The Virgin Mary."
The most Byrd-like track on this 18-song disc is his duet with Judy Collins on "John Riley" with its distinctive McGuinn Rickenbacker electric 12-string guitar accompaniment.
Listening to this album leaves one a lasting vibe/impression of just how much of a deep love McGuinn has for this music. He doesn't try to modernize the stuff, or somehow make it hip. Besides, songs don't survive this long unless they really have something going for them. How can one even try to improve upon an already good thing?
McGuinn remarks in the liner notes that he doesn't hear many songs like these anymore, and he's absolutely correct in his remark. But now with his recorded labor of love, many newcomers will have a chance to experience the songs and sounds that turned on McGuinn in the first place. Thanks be to Roger McGuinn for bringing these treasures out of his den.


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How Much Does an Emergency Room Nurse Make an Hour?
By Lainie Petersen Updated September 24, 2018
Career of an Emergency Trauma Nurse
RN Vs BSN Wages
Wages & Benefits for a Registered Nurse
How Much Can an Oncology Pediatric Nurse Earn?
LPN Preparation
Emergency room nursing isn't easy, but it does provide new challenges and constant surprises. Registered nurses who work in emergency rooms are responsible for evaluating patients, providing and assisting with medical treatments and educating patients on what they need to do once they have left the hospital. Emergency room nurses are in demand and can earn an above-average income, particularly as they gain job experience.
Emergency room nurses provide patient care in what is often a chaotic environment. Like all registered nurses, ER nurses conduct patient interviews, provide assessments and work with physicians and other healthcare professionals to provide treatment, They also help to ensure that patients and their caregivers understand what they need to do to manage their condition after they have left the hospital.
The types of cases that a nurse encounters in an emergency room vary significantly in seriousness and need for prompt treatment. Nurses in emergency rooms are often expected to quickly assess a patient's condition so that staff can treat the most severe cases as soon as possible.
According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, registered nurses must complete an approved educational program and then pass the NCLEX-RN licensing exam. Educational options for RNs include:
Completing an associate's degree in nursing (ADN). These programs take about two years of full-time study to complete.
Completing a bachelor's degree in nursing (BSN). A BSN takes about four years of full-time study.
Completing a diploma program at a hospital. Nursing diploma programs take about three years to complete.
While the NCLEX-RN exam is national, and all states require RNs to pass it, each state sets its own rules for approving licensing applications. For example, a state may also require applicants to undergo criminal background checks.
The BLS does not specify salaries for emergency room nurses. As of May 2017, the median annual salary for a registered nurse in the United States was $70,000, or $33.65 per hour. This means that 50 percent of registered nurses made more than this amount, and the other half made less.
Emergency rooms are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, so ER nurses can expect to work evening, overnight, weekend and holiday shifts. Emergency rooms can be chaotic, and nurses who work in them report having to be extremely flexible in dealing with an ever-changing variety of patients and patient concerns. Due to the need to maintain staffing in emergency rooms, some nurses may be considered on call even when they are not scheduled to work.
According to a survey by PayScale.com, emergency room nurses can expect to earn more as they gain job experience. The chart below shows the correlation between years on the job and the median annual salaries of emergency room nurses:
0-5 years: $57,000
5-10 years: $64,000
10-20 years: $73,000
20+ years: $77,000
Job Growth Trend
Employment for registered nurses is expected to grow by 15 percent between 2016 and 2026. The BLS doesn't break out nursing specialties in its estimates, though it does note that nurses who hold a BSN may find it easier to find a job. In addition, there may be strong competition for jobs in some areas due to an increase in nurses entering the job market.
BLS.gov: Registered Nurses
Payscale.com: Registered Nurse (RN) Emergency Room Salary
O*Net Online: Registered Nurse
DailyNurse.com: A Day in the Life of an ER Nurse
Lainie Petersen is a full-time freelance writer living in Chicago. She holds a master's degree in library and information science from Dominican university and spent many years working in the publishing, media and education industries. Her writing focuses on business, career and personal finance issues. Her work appears on a variety of sites, including MoneyCrashers, Chron, GoBankingRates and 8th & Walton News Now.
What Is the Job Description for a Hospice Liaison Nurse?
Nursing Salaries in Hospitals vs. in Clinics
What Is an RN's Role in the ER?
LVN Vs. RN
Functions of an LPN
What Are the Salaries of OBGYN Nurses?
How to Become a Maternity Ward Nurse
The Average Hourly Rate for Traveling ICU Nurses
What Are the Duties of RNs?
1 What Is the Job Description for a Hospice Liaison Nurse?
2 Nursing Salaries in Hospitals vs. in Clinics
3 What Is an RN's Role in the ER?
4 LVN Vs. RN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Following the ubiquitous images of U2 gyrating to their new single "Vertigo" in a TV spot for Apple's iPod and iTunes, the band and the corporation are set to announce that they've partnered to release a special-edition iPod pre-loaded with U2 music this fall.
The unique black iPod will be preprogrammed with the band's upcoming album, How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, as well as a greatest-hits mix of tracks from their catalog. With these added perks, this version of the music player will cost $30 more than the original.
"Vertigo" is currently the top seller on the iTunes online music store — ahead of new tracks by superstars Eminem, Usher and Destiny's Child — breaking the U.S. record for digital download sales in a single week.
This marks the first time the band has partnered with a major corporation, going so far as to meld their performance of a new single with the look and feel of that company's existing ad campaign.


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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › District Courts › California › Central District of California › 1974 › Bradley v. JUDGES OF SUPERIOR CT. FOR CTY. OF LOS ANGELES
Bradley v. JUDGES OF SUPERIOR CT. FOR CTY. OF LOS ANGELES, 372 F. Supp. 26 (C.D. Cal. 1974)
US District Court for the Central District of California - 372 F. Supp. 26 (C.D. Cal. 1974)
Thomas BRADLEY, Mayor, City of Los Angeles, et al., Plaintiffs and Petitioners,
JUDGES OF the SUPERIOR COURT FOR the COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, STATE OF CALIFORNIA, as a class, represented by Alfred J. McCourtney, Jr., presiding Judge, Defendants and Respondents,
William A. Goodwin, Jury Commissioner of the Superior Court, Los Angeles County, Defendant,
Peter J. Pitchess, Sheriff of Los Angeles County, California, Respondent,
Jacob Gunn, Warden, Folsom Prison, Respondent,
James Garner, acting Warden, Deuel Vocational Institution, Respondent,
Percy Lawrence Tolton et al., Intervenors.
Civ. No. 73-408-WPG.
United States District Court, C. D. California.
*27 *28 Thomas G. Neusom, Richard S. Buckley, Public Defender, G. Keith Wisot, Deputy Public Defender, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiffs and petitioners.
John D. Maharg, County Counsel, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants and respondents.
Robert F. Katz, Deputy Atty. Gen., Los Angeles, Cal., for respondents.
Harold Tamkin, Los Angeles, Cal., for intervenor-plaintiff-petitioner Percy Lawrence Tolton.
Patrick J. Sampson, La Verne, Cal., for intervenor-plaintiff-petitioner Bozzie B. Burton III.
Nancy Kelso, Santa Monica, Cal., for intervenor-plaintiff-petitioner Maurice Gilford Moore.
Howard J. Rubinroit, Los Angeles, Cal., for intervenor-plaintiff-petitioner Earl Jerry Butler.
Donald B. Black, Joseph H. Cummins, Fred Okrand, Tom Stanley, Stanley S. Delnick, Los Angeles, Cal., Langston Law Club, Santa Monica, Cal., Burton Marks, Beverly Hills, Cal., amicus curiae.
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER
WILLIAM P. GRAY, District Judge.
This action seeks to challenge the current method of selecting prospective jurors for service in the departments of the Los Angeles County Superior Court that are located in the Central District of the county. One group of plaintiffs (including the mayor of the City of Los Angeles and other prominent government officials) claims that the challenged system unconstitutionally diminishes their opportunities to serve as jurors, and they seek injunctive relief under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The remaining three plaintiffs (and four intervenors) have been convicted of crimes by juries in the Central District, and they pray for habeas corpus relief from the resulting imprisonment. For reasons hereinafter set forth, the civil rights action is dismissed and the petitions for habeas corpus are denied.
The Facts. Because of its large geographic size and population, Los Angeles County for several years has been divided into nine judicial districts, in each of which departments of the Superior Court are located. One of these is the Central District, which, as its name implies, contains the principal commercial and financial area of the City and County of Los Angeles, as well as the seats of their respective governments, including, of course, the main county courthouse.
For several years prior to December 23, 1969, prospective jurors for Superior Court trials in districts other than the Central District were selected, on a computerized random basis, from among residents of the respective districts. By contrast, prospective jurors for the Central District were obtained through a county-wide draw.[1]
On December 23, 1969, the then Presiding Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court issued an order that jurors for the Central District were to be drawn only from that district. This order was given effect for about eighteen months, or until July 6, 1971, when it was terminated, and the county-wide draw for jurors in the Central District was resumed.
Because of the proportionately large numbers of black residents and residents *29 of Mexican-American extraction living in particular areas of the Central District, the racial composition of juries serving in that district is substantially different when they are composed of local residents as compared with a county-wide draw. This is illustrated by the following table:
District     County-wide
Draw         Draw
Blacks:
Residents of Central District        32%         3%
Non-residents of Central District     0          5
Total                                      32          8
Mexican-Americans:
Residents of Central District         18         2
Non-residents of Central District      0         5
Whites and others:
Non-residents of Central District      0        79
Total                                      50         85
____       ____
100%       100%
Thus, it appears that the proportion of blacks on the juries in the Central District has been reduced from 32% to 8% as a result of the return to the county-wide draw, and the reduction of Mexican-Americans has been from 18% to 7%.
The Asserted Justification For Restoration Of The County-Wide Draw. Both the then Presiding Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court and the judge who now holds that position have testified[2] that racial considerations played no part in the 1971 decision to restore the county-wide draw for the Central District, and this court accepts such testimony. The reasons advanced for the change appear to stem from the following:
1. Inasmuch as most of the major law firms have their principal offices in the Central District, most of the major litigation is conducted there. Many of these cases involve matters of county-wide interest and concern.
2. Because of the much greater facilities at the main courthouse and the larger number of judges available there, cases involving trials of anticipated long duration are transferred to the Central District, rather than impose strain on the normal operations of the transferring district (however, the recent increase in the numbers of judges in the other districts has diminished substantially the need for such transfers).
3. All grand jury indictments are filed in the Central District and the trials resulting therefrom are held there.
4. About 20% of the total population of the county lives in the Central District; by contrast, because of the above listed factors, about 60% of the county's jury trials, including 50% of all criminal trials, are held in that district. A local draw would put a disproportionate amount of the burden of jury duty upon the residents of the Central District.
*30 5. As Presiding Justice Ford said, in an opinion upholding the challenged system, "The presence in the Central District of a body of jurors selected on a county-wide basis in accordance with the cross-sectional principle assures a defendant whose case is transferred to that district of a jury free from constitutional defects, irrespective of the place in the county at which the crime is claimed to have been committed or of the defendant's place of residence." Adams v. Superior Court, 27 Cal. App. 3d 719, 731, 104 Cal. Rptr. 144, 153 (2d Dist. 1972).
6. The present system of county-wide draw for the Central District was in effect for many years. The change in 1969 was made by the then Presiding Judge on his own responsibility, and the Executive Committee of the Superior Court later had some doubt as to the legality of such action.
The Civil Rights Action. As has been noted above, under the present system, residents of the Central District are called for jury duty only in that district; but qualified residents of other districts are summoned to serve as jurors in their respective districts and also in the Central District. Thus, the latter are likely to be called upon more frequently than are the former. The plaintiffs seeking relief under the Civil Rights Act allege that they reside in the Central District and that the current system unconstitionally dilutes their rights to serve as jurors in Los Angeles County.
It is well established that action by a state in arbitrarily depriving a person of the opportunity to serve on a jury is a violation of a right secured by the United States Constitution and that federal courts have jurisdiction to grant relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Carter v. Greene County, 396 U.S. 320, 90 S. Ct. 518, 24 L. Ed. 2d 549 (1970). It is equally clear that such jurisdiction includes the ability to give injunctive relief against state court proceedings. Mitchum v. Foster, 407 U.S. 225, 92 S. Ct. 2151, 32 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1972). Nonetheless, I am unable to conclude that this court is obliged to, or should, entertain the present action. Juries are being drawn daily in the courts of the Central District; the injunctive relief requested by the plaintiffs would seriously disrupt the orderly process of pending trial; and the jurisdiction to grant such relief does not foreclose giving careful consideration to the principles of equity and comity that are so important in the relationships between federal and state courts. See O'Shea v. Littleton, ___ U.S. ___, 94 S. Ct. 669, 38 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1974).
Unlike the situation in Carter v. Greene County, supra, the state is not systematically excluding the plaintiffs, or anyone else, from jury service. The principal lament of the plaintiffs is simply that they would like to serve more often. This, of course, is commendable. However, insofar as I am aware, the alleged inequity in the present jury system that concerns the plaintiffs has never been brought officially to the attention of the court that adopted it. The matter here concerned is inherently a state problem, involving the manner in which the duties and privileges of jury service should be divided among the local citizens. The judges of the Superior Court share with the plaintiffs a genuine interest in the constant search for ways to improve the administration of justice in Los Angeles County. Principles of comity suggest that they (and the appropriate appellate courts of California) should be given the opportunity to consider the plaintiffs' contentions before this court undertakes to exercise its civil rights jurisdiction. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S. Ct. 746, 27 L. Ed. 2d 669 (1971); Reetz v. Bozanich, 397 U.S. 82, 90 S. Ct. 788, 25 L. Ed. 2d 68 (1970); City of Meridian v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 358 U.S. 639, 79 S. Ct. 455, 3 L. Ed. 2d 562 (1959); Kinney v. Lenon, 447 F.2d 596, 600 (9th Cir. 1971).
Following the command of the last cited authorities, or as a matter of discretion if no such command be inferred under the circumstances, the portion of this action involving the plaintiffs seeking relief under the Civil Rights Act is dismissed.
*31 The Habeas Corpus Action. The habeas corpus petitions are a different matter, in that they do not raise considerations of abstention. Under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 2254, if a habeas corpus petitioner has not "exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, . . ." this court has no jurisdiction. If he has exhausted such remedies, this court is obliged to entertain the application for the writ.
Petitioners Rickey Relaine Adams and Ronald Patrick Patterson have not exhausted their state remedies, in that the appeals from their convictions are still pending. Davidson v. Klinger, 411 F.2d 746 (9th Cir. 1969). Petitioner Leslie Howard Rooks and intervenors Percy Lawrence Tolton, Bozzie B. Burton III, Maurice Gilford Moore and Earl Jerry Butler, allege that they raised the present jury selection issue in their respective trials in the Central District, in the resulting appeal, and in their unsuccessful petitions for hearing in the California Supreme Court. They have exhausted their state remedies, and this court must therefore consider their applications on the merits, which it now proceeds to do.
The fact that the petitioners were convicted by juries selected by means of a county-wide draw does not raise a valid "due process" issue. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that a defendant in a criminal case is entitled to a trial ". . . by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law." The statutes of California long have provided that a person accused of a felony shall be tried in the county within which the offense was allegedly committed. California Penal Code §§ 691 and 777. Thus, the petitioners cannot be heard to make a "due process" complaint concerning the county-wide area from which the jurors were drawn. Nor are they in position to make such a challenge as to the racial compositions of their respective juries (apart from the fact that we do not know precisely what they were). Federal constitutional rights are satisfied so long as the source of the jury lists ". . . reasonably reflects a cross-section of the population suitable in character and intelligence for that civic duty." Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 474, 73 S. Ct. 397, 416, 97 L. Ed. 469 (1953).
The petitioners do not seriously challenge the constitutionality of the system of county-wide draw for jurors, in itself. Their contention is well expressed by Justice Cobey in his dissenting opinion in Adams v. Superior Court, 27 Cal. App. 3d 719, 735-736, 104 Cal. Rptr. 144 (1972):
"It seems clear to me that Rickey Adams' constitutional right to a jury trial is directly affected by the dual system of selecting prospective trial jurors in criminal cases in the Los Angeles County Superior Court. Since he is to be tried in the Central District his prospective jurors will be drawn countywide, but one tried for precisely the same crimes in another district would be tried by a jury drawn exclusively from residents of that particular district. The constitutional right of a defendant in a criminal case to trial by jury includes trial by a proper jury. (See Glasser v. United States (1942) 315 U.S. 60, 85, 62 S. Ct. 457, 86 L. Ed. 680, 707.) Similarly situated defendants in criminal cases in Los Angeles County are constitutionally entitled to be tried by juries selected on the same basis. Otherwise the concept of constitutional equal protection of the laws that `persons similarly situated with respect to the legitimate purpose of the law receive like treatment' (see Purdy & Fitzpatrick v. State of California (1969) 71 Cal. 2d 566, 578, 79 Cal. Rptr. 77, 85, 456 P.2d 645, 653 [38 A.L.R.3d 1194]), is violated."
The Supreme Court's most recent landmark decision concerning the equal protection clause is San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16 (1973), which was rendered after Adams *32 was published. The opinion in Rodriguez established a framework to be used in determining whether a legislative scheme constitutes a denial of equal protection. It must first be determined whether the accused system discriminates against a "suspect" class (that is, one that has been a traditional or frequent victim of discrimination, or politically powerless) or "impinges upon a fundamental right explicitly or implicitly protected by the Constitution." 411 U.S. at 17, 93 S. Ct. at 1288, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 33. If so, it must be held constitutionally deficient unless it serves a "compelling state interest." If the system is not directed against a suspect class and does not impinge upon a fundamental constitutional right, it must be upheld if "it rationally furthers some legitimate, articulated state purpose." 411 U.S. at 17, 93 S. Ct. at 1288, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 33.
Operating within the framework prescribed by Rodriguez, we must first undertake to identify the victims of the alleged discrimination. We start with the obvious fact that the affected class consists of all defendants in criminal jury trials in the Central District of the Los Angeles County Superior Court. This includes residents and non-residents of that district, rich and poor, and people of all races and cultures. On initial examination, the specter of invidious discrimination is not obvious.
Members of minority races, as such, are not discriminated against; the racial composition of a jury in the Central District, under the county-wide draw, is likely to be generally comparable to what it would be in any of the other districts. Thus a defendant whose skin is black or brown is hardly likely to find less racial affinity among the jurors in the Central District than elsewhere.
Unlike the present petitioners, many defendants tried in the Central District do not live there. Such non-residents would have no reason to expect to be tried exclusively by their own "neighbors," any more than they would if they had found themselves being prosecuted in any other district away from home. It is true that in such other districts they would be tried by the "local" people, as compared with county-wide residents. But this distinction, in itself, would hardly be a matter of significant concern, apart from the factor of race, which is completely fortuitous insofar as non-residents are concerned (and which is considered below with respect to resident defendants).
Thus the designation of the victim class would seem to focus upon defendants that are residents of the Central District, whether they be black, brown, white or of oriental extraction; unlike other defendants who are tried in districts where they reside, their cases are not heard exclusively by jurors who live in that same area. It is self evident that the residence of a defendant in a criminal case, be it the Central District of Los Angeles County or any comparable area, has not been a susbtantial factor in past discrimination. It would therefore appear that the element of a "suspect" class, which is the first test in detecting unconstitutional violation of equal protection, according to Rodriguez, is lacking.
However, the petitioners contend that the suspect class consists of defendants that are residents of the Central District and are members of minority races that have been traditional victims of discrimination, namely, blacks and people of Mexican heritage. They insist that these racially identified defendants are again discriminated against because, as has been noted above, the county-wide draw reduces substantially the numbers of such minorities serving on Central District juries.
This court has been much troubled by such an argument. Before undertaking to resolve it, I have sought carefully to explore the applicability here of the obvious fallacy in the assertion, advanced long ago, that there was nothing discriminatory in an English statute that made it unlawful for any person to sleep under a bridge, because the prohibition applied to the rich and poor alike; I have pondered the awareness that some *33 of the worst manifestations of discrimination are the most subtle; and I have tried to give all appropriate consideration to my deeply held aversion to racial discrimination in all of its forms. Despite these considerations, I am impelled to reject the petitioners' contention. It implies that a defendant in a criminal case gets a "better shake" in direct proportion to the number of members of his own race that are on the jury.[3]
Before considering the constitutional aspects, I cannot resist making the observation that my own experience, as a judge, with multi-racial juries belies the petitioners' contention. Most of the juries have been unanimous in their findings as to the facts, irrespective of their racial compositions and irrespective of the races of the respective defendants; and in the occasional instances in which the juries have been unable to reach a verdict, none of such disagreements have permitted any inference that they stemmed from ethnic considerations. The petitioners' inherent implication to the contrary does injustice to the county-wide citizens of all races that presently serve on Central District juries and to the local residents that the petitioners would like to substitute in their stead.
The upholding of the petitioners' argument would mean that, under the equal protection clause, each defendant in a criminal case would be entitled to a jury containing the same number of members of his own race as would be accorded any other defendant. Thus, by the same reasoning, a return to local drawing of juries for the Central District would result in unconstitutional discrimination against white defendants because the proportionate numbers of jurors representing their ethnic class would be decreased in comparison with other districts. It is a practical impossibility to give judicial concern to the ethnic composition of a jury in relation to the race of a particular defendant, and adherence to the Constitution does not require that such an attempt be made.
"All that the Constitution forbids . . . is systematic exclusion of identifiable segments of the community from jury panels and from the juries ultimately drawn from those panels; a defendant may not, for example, challenge the makeup of a jury merely because no members of his race are on the jury, but must prove that this race has been systematically excluded. [Citing cases] No group, in short, has the right to block convictions; it has only the right to participate in the overall legal processes by which criminal guilt and innocence are determined." Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404, 413, 92 S. Ct. 1628, 1634, 32 L. Ed. 2d 184 (1972).
We therefore return to the proposition that the "victims" of the subject discrimination are all defendants in criminal cases in the Central District that are residents of that district. The discrimination is in the failure to accord them trials by juries drawn entirely from among the residents of the district where they live. Any differences in the racial composition of the juries resulting from such discrimination are due to the happenstance of ethnic distribution and concentration, and do not violate constitutionally protected interests. It is therefore concluded that the present case does *34 not involve discrimination against a "suspect" class, within the meaning of Rodriguez.
The next facet of the framework of inquiry into the alleged "equal protection" violation is as to whether the discrimination "impinges upon a fundamental right explicitly or implicitly protected by the Constitution." See San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. at 17, 93 S. Ct. at 1288, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 33 (page 32, supra). In announcing this test, Mr. Justice Powell found it significant to consider whether there had been an absolute deprivation of a constitutional right as contrasted with a comparative diminution in the opportunity to enjoy such right.
Of course, the right to jury trial is explicit in the Constitution, and such right includes the right that the jury shall be drawn from a list that reasonably reflects a cross-section of the community. See Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 474, 73 S. Ct. 397, 97 L. Ed. 469 (1953). As is discussed earlier in this memorandum (page 31), the petitioners acknowledge that they have been accorded such right. The crux of their complaint is only that, because of the dual system of drawing juries, they have been treated differently than other defendants in that they had fewer members of their races on their juries than they would have had if the alternative portion of the dual system had been applied to them. However, the petitioners' right to trial by jury did not include the right to any particular racial balance on such jury. See Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404, 413, 92 S. Ct. 1628, 32 L. Ed. 2d 184 (1972). Thus, there was no deprivation of or impingement upon a fundamental constitutional right.
Referring again to the analysis prescribed by Rodriguez (supra, page 32), in order to uphold the challenged system, it is not necessary to find that it serves a "compelling state interest." For whatever purpose such comment may be considered appropriate, I am unable to agree with the conclusion of the majority in Adams v. Superior Court, 27 Cal. App. 3d 719, 104 Cal. Rptr. 144 (1972) in its holding that the dual system here concerned meets that test. The system of local draw for the Central District, as well as for the other districts of Los Angeles County, apparently served quite satisfactorily for eighteen months without undue hardship upon the prospective jurors living in that district. And there would seem to be no compelling need to use a different system for all jury trials in that district just for the purpose of being able to accommodate the small and decreasing number of cases transferred there from other districts. If juries from a county-wide draw be deemed necessary for these occasionally "imported" matters, separate panels could readily be constituted as needed, according to unchallenged testimony by fully competent witnesses.
However, the opinion in Rodriguez instructs that the test for this court to apply is whether the dual system as now constituted "rationally furthers some legitimate, articulated state purpose." (See page 32, supra) In seeking to apply this test, federal courts are enjoined not to impose upon the states their own conceptions of the manner in which state juries should be drawn. See Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 474, 73 S. Ct. 397, 97 L. Ed. 469 (1953). A pertinent admonition along these lines is contained in Chief Justice Warren's opinion in McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420, 425-426, 81 S. Ct. 1101, 1105, 6 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1961):
"Although no precise formula has been developed, the Court has held that the Fourteenth Amendment permits the States a wide scope of discretion in enacting laws which affect some groups of citizens differently than others. The constitutional safeguard is offended only if the classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of the State's objective. State legislatures are presumed to have acted within their constitutional *35 power despite the fact that, in practice, their laws result in some inequality. A statutory discrimination will not be set aside if any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it."
In light of the several reasons that are asserted for the actions by the Superior Court judges (as listed at page 29, supra), this court cannot hold that the challenged system rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achieving of some legitimate state purpose.
It is accordingly adjudged that the convictions of the petitioners were not in violation of the Constitution of the United States, and that the petitions for habeas corpus must accordingly be, and they hereby are, denied.
A Caveat. In Johnson v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 92 S. Ct. 1620, 1635, 32 L. Ed. 2d 152 (1972), the Court upheld a state statute providing for less than unanimous verdicts in certain criminal cases. Justice Blackmun joined in the Court's opinion and then wrote a separate concurrence in which he said that he voted to uphold the statute, not because he thought it was a wise one, but only because he could not conclude that the system was constitutionally offensive. He added, "Were I a legislator, I would disfavor it as a matter of policy. Our task here, however, is not to pursue and strike down what happens to impress us as undesirable legislative policy." 406 U.S. at 366, 92 S. Ct. at 1635.
Encouraged by that authoritative example, I express a similar sentiment here and commend to the judges of the Los Angeles County Superior Court a further reexamination of the challenged system. The requirement of a different type of draw for the Central District, with its substantial effect upon the racial composition of the juries impaneled there, has been a divisive force in the community and among the judges of the Superior Court; and it certainly is bitterly resented by many members of the bar that participate in jury trials in Los Angeles.
The record reveals that the present system was reestablished some months after complaint was made by an attorney for a corporate litigant about there being too many dark faces on a particular jury panel. This type of incident is inferred by many to constitute the real reason for the change, and nothing in the testimony to the contrary by Superior Court officials, or in Justice Ford's opinion, or in this memorandum, can begin to dispel that widely held conviction.
According to the record, the District Attorney of Los Angeles County testified to the belief that a system for drawing juries should be uniform throughout the county, that the present dual system, although constitutional, is unfair, and that blacks (and presumably members of any other racial minority) as a class are no less capable as jurors than any other groups of citizens. I share that view as reflecting the essence of the principle of even-handed administration of justice in a Government of, by, and for the people. And I am convinced that the judges of the Superior Court, upon being requested to consider the matter, will be of the same belief.
[1] Such a system is in harmony with section 206 of the California Code of Civil Procedure, which provides, in effect, that persons whose names are selected from a particular district shall not ". . . serve as trial jurors for any other part of the county, other than in the county seat."
[2] Such testimony was in the course of state proceedings related to the issues here concerned. See Adams v. Superior Court, 27 Cal. App. 3d 719, 104 Cal. Rptr. 144 (2d Dist. 1972). The testimony and exhibits in the Adams case have been made part of the record here.
[3] In this connection, it is urged on behalf of the petitioners that the Central District contains a concentrated residential grouping of black people that are substantially different from the rest of the community with respect to matters of culture, thought processes, and even language. It is suggested that this segment of the community simply cannot achieve an adequate understanding of, and cannot be understood by, other residents of the county. The asserted conclusion is that to diminish the numbers of such people from a jury trying a defendant from the same area creates an unconstitutional discrimination against him. Such an argument, if accepted, would prove too much: It would mean that people from the area so described are not competent to serve on juries of the Central District, which juries are called upon to try people of all races and cultures; it would also mean that a defendant from such an area could be understood, and thus tried fairly, only by a jury composed entirely of residents of that limited area.


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