text:
Q: Automatically mount bucket with s3fs on boot I use an Amazon S3 bucket to deliver some of my server's content.
I was able to mount it successfully, and grant Apache rights over it, but can't get it mounted properly at reboot.

I updated my /etc/fstab with this line, but nothing happens when I boot
s3fs#my-bucket-name /mnt/s3_bucket fuse allow_other,umask=227,uid=33,gid=33,use_cache=/root/cache 0 0

So, I tried another way, commented said line, and just put my command line in /etc/init.d/local :
#!/usr/bin/env bash
s3fs -o allow_other,uid=33,gid=33,umask=227,use_cache=/root/cache my-bucket-name /mnt/s3_bucket

... didn't work either.
I ended up putting a cron, and now, it works, but it feels terribly hacky to me, and I wonder why mounting it at start doesn't work.
//Crontab
*/10 * * * * ~/mountBucket.sh 1>/dev/null

//Mount script
#!/usr/bin/env bash
if [[ -d /mnt/s3_bucket/someBucketVirtualDirectoryName ]] ; then echo 'Bucket already mounted' ; else s3fs -o allow_other,uid=33,gid=33,umask=227,use_cache=/root/cache my-bucket-name /mnt/s3_bucket ; fi 1>/dev/null

Is there something I missed ?
I'm Using Ubuntu 14.04.4 LTS, with Fuse 2.9.2

EDIT :
Here is another unrelated, yet important performance issue I had to figure out by myself:
If your system includes locate and/or mlocate (and Ubuntu 14.04 does), you may want to add an exception, so that it does NOT scan your bucket.
I had to modify both my /etc/updatedb.conf and /etc/cron.daily/locate, adding " /mnt/my-bucket-name" to PRUNEPATHS and " fuse.s3fs" to PRUNEFS
I suppose adding fuse.s3fs should be enough, but... no time to take risks right now :)

A: You want to add _netdev to your fstab:

s3fs#my-bucket-name /mnt/s3_bucket fuse _netdev,allow_other,umask=227,uid=33,gid=33,use_cache=/root/cache 0 0

A: for me, using Amazon Linux 2 this worked:
s3fs#my.bucket.name  /mount/path fuse _netdev,allow_other,iam_role,url=http://s3.amazonaws.com 0 0

From:
https://github.com/s3fs-fuse/s3fs-fuse/issues/1138


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What has us most excited about Sucker Punch's much-anticipated sequel?
A teaser trailer for Get Even, a mind bending shooter that is currently in development.
LittleBigPlanet is going to get some super heroes to defend it.
Double Dragon: Neon's face punching action is coming to the PC!


text:
Peter Julius Moi
Shooting of freelance reporter increases fear for South Sudan's press
September 11, 2015 4:44 PM EDT
Freelance journalist Peter Julius Moi used to ride a motorbike without wearing a helmet, despite warnings from one of his colleagues to be more careful. Moi would just shrug off those concerns, saying that as a South Sudanese journalist "risk was simply part of life." Last month, the reporter was shot dead as he walked…
CPJ condemns killing of South Sudanese journalist
August 20, 2015 6:14 PM EDT
Nairobi, August 20, 2014–The Committee to Protect Journalists condemns the killing of Peter Julius Moi, a reporter for business weekly The Corporate and independent bi-monthly New Nation, who was shot in South Sudan's capital, Juba, Wednesday, according to reports.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My name is Josh Ginter, and I'm the Editor-in-Chief here at The Sweet Setup. During the day, I work as an accountant at a small accounting firm and I'm constantly working away at completing my CPA designation in the evenings. I feel like I've been going to school forever (I have), but the light is starting to appear at the end of the tunnel.
What is your current iPad setup?
As time goes by, I find myself sticking to apps and devices that fit my needs — I experiment less and less these days. I spend every 8 to 10 hour workday on the ThinkPad at the office, but all my communication and extra-curricular activities are managed on a 2018 12.9-inch iPad Pro with 256GB of storage (Wi-Fi only). Although the ThinkPad is the main work computer at the office, I find myself on the iPad Pro for everything else.
I grabbed the Smart Keyboard Folio to go with the new iPad Pro and I bet I have the iPad docked for about 90% of the day on the keyboard. That said, there's something to a simple glowing slab of glass and I prefer to use the iPad all on its own. I don't really like the feel of the Smart Keyboard Folio, especially after long periods of writing. I'm very curious about the upcoming Brydge Keyboard for iPad Pro and look forward to the first reviews to hit the airwaves.
The Apple Pencil isn't for every iPad Pro user, but I use the new #2 Pencil for lots of schoolwork, PDF annotations, signing digital documents, and more. Professional offices are notorious for falling behind technological workflows, but as our office continues to progress technologically, the iPad Pro and Apple Pencil combination has become indispensable for digital documentation.
And, of course, this iPad Pro is the best device ever made for students. I watch lectures on the iPad Pro, read and mark up my PDF textbooks, communicate, complete assignments, and save feedback all on the iPad. For students, it's a miracle device.
I also complete a good range of the photography here for The Sweet Setup, and an increasing amount of the editing work is completed on the iPad Pro as well. I use Apple's USB-C to SD Card Reader to import photos to Camera Roll, and then I use the new Adobe Lightroom shortcut to import photos into Lightroom and delete in the camera roll.
I also use a USB-C to Ethernet adapter to directly connect to the internet when I'm at home. Our new 300 down/300 up connection is best utilized when hardwired, so I use this adapter when I have a lot of uploading work to do.
Where can we find your iOS wallpaper?
I use the same wallpaper on iPhone and iPad, and it's one of Apple's old default wallpapers. You can find it here.
Which apps do you use and for what do you use it?
There are apps, and then there are shortcuts. The balance of apps and shortcuts seems to swing by the day, with custom shortcuts being the way I get an increasing amount of work done.
Stocks: Stocks can't track an actual portfolio, lots, and values, but the addition of Apple News to Stocks is great for discovering applicable news to your stock watchlist.
App Store: I simply don't like auto-updating apps. I jump into the App Store each day to see if there are app updates and I update them one by one. Like an animal.
TestFlight: I test apps fairly regularly. TestFlight is so much better than having to deal with betas through email.
NHL: It's hockey season, and I have officially cut the satellite cord. I wish you could watch multiple games at once on the iPad. You can watch up to four games at once in a desktop browser, and the iPad's GPU is more than capable of handling that many streams.
Books: I use Books specifically for PDF management and school study purposes. Apple Pencil annotations are synced to the Mac, which is great for studying close to exam time.
Music: I never listen to music on the iPad, but rather use Music to browse and send music to our HomePod in the living room at home.
Microsoft Excel: Basically, Microsoft Excel is the single greatest piece of software ever written. End of debate.
Microsoft Word: Conversely, Microsoft Word is a torrential nightmare and my least favourite piece of software ever written. It's a must-have, unfortunately.
Pocket: I find myself saving more video than ever before, so Pocket seemed like a better fit for this purpose than Instapaper.
Pinterest: I'm in the middle of a fashion kick, so Pinterest has become a daily-used app for discovering new looks and outfits.
Fiery Feeds: The big 12.9-inch iPad Pro presents some difficulties for RSS readers, most of which are handled best by Fiery Feeds. I'm excited for their triple-pane UI coming soon.
Photos: Photos is the iOS image silo, so it's a must-have on my home screen.
Day One: Since day one, Day One has been the best journaling app you can buy. I don't journal as often as I used to, but it's absolutely essential for capturing memories of our young family.
Bear: I go through highs and lows with keeping notes, but Bear is basically my own personal pinboard. I use it the way Keep It is meant to be used, but I like the added functionalities like Apple Pencil support.
LookUp: I only recently added this to my home screen and I'm hoping it improves my writing and reading over the next year.
Fantastical: Natural language parser, for the win.
Basecamp: For communicating with the Blanc Media team.
Slack: For communicating with a few other teams and groups of friends. I'm not in Slack as much as others, and I don't care to be in it more or less. I do think it's a superior product to Microsoft Teams, but only for teams who aren't dependent on Microsoft's Office suite.
Files: The more I use the iPad, the more I appreciate having a files manager app.
Adobe Lightroom CC: Editing photos on the iPad is a dream come true. My 2019 wish list for Adobe Lightroom CC: batch copying and pasting of edits. That's it. Please Adobe! Please!
Messages: I use Messages for less official correspondence with clients, as well as the regular banter with family and friends. I increasingly use stickers, which is both odd and fun.
Safari: Chrome just isn't as good as Safari, even though Safari is the single biggest piece of low-hanging fruit for Apple to tackle on the iPad right now.
Microsoft Outlook: Who would have guessed Microsoft's email application would be the best email app on Apple's iPad? Not me. The new Outlook design is really only a fresh coat of paint, but it really looks great on the iPad.
Things: External keyboard support in Things 3 for iPad is so good. How I wish this kind of support would come to other popular apps.
Ulysses: This is an example of an app that could use better external keyboard support. I hope it's coming. Generally, I write in Ulysses (as I'm doing now) and I edit in iA Writer. Editing is most often done on the Mac, hence why iA doesn't make it onto my iPad home screen.
Tweetbot 5: I like to keep up with the news (both the good and bad kind). Twitter is essential for keeping up with breaking news, and Twitter's own app for iPad simply blows.
Shortcuts: I could write paragraph upon paragraph about how Shortcuts has changed how I work on the iPad. In fact, I'll take a quick screenshot of my current shortcut library.
Shortcuts has changed how I work on the iPad and is the main reason for supplanting many tasks I formerly completed exclusively on the Mac. I have been able to move a daily Sweet Setup task of updating our deals page over to the iPad with a string of five different workflows, and I have a range of shortcuts I use to capture blog posts for my personal blog, alter URL paths when copied from Transmit, and so on.
Putting these screenshots into device frames is also way easier using Shortcuts thanks to Federico Viticci's handy shortcut. I used to complete this task tediously using Sketch or Photoshop. Now, what used to take 30 minutes now takes less than 15 seconds. The future!
I created two simple searching shortcuts for the App Store and Amazon. It takes the search query, finds the app on the App Store or the product on Amazon, and copies a URL with an affiliate tag to my clipboard. The Amazon search shortcut utilizes an app called Associate to do this. Both work well and meet my specific needs.
Lastly, the pink shortcut at the end of the list is used for uploading imagery to The Sweet Setup's WordPress CMS. Jeffrey Abbott created this for his own use and shared it with me, and I've evolved my edition of the shortcut over time. This shortcut takes an image (which I drag and drop into Shortcuts for memory purposes), resizes the image, uploads the image with a specific URL, copies the URL to the clipboard, and prepends the copied clipboard to a specific draft in Drafts 5. If I have multiple images, Shortcuts completes this process in a big loop, meaning I have very few button presses to upload and generate all the URLs needed for large image sets on The Sweet Setup. The amount of time Jeff's shortcut has saved me is probably days at this point.
What is your current iPhone setup?
Because I'm at the office for most of every day with the iPad at my side, my iPhone is my least-used device by far. At this point, it has been relegated to (gasp!) making phone calls.
I have a 64GB Silver iPhone XS Max wrapped in one of Apple's Saddle Brown Leather cases. The Saddle Brown case ages very quickly, which looks great, but cuts down on its lifetime.
The iPhone XS Max is quite a big phone and, the more I use it for phone calls and taking photos, the more I'd prefer a smaller iPhone. I'm almost certainly going back to the smaller iPhone XS size next time around.
Where can we find your iPhone wallpaper?
It's the same wallpaper as I have on the iPad. You can find it here.
Many of the apps on my iPhone's home screen are the same as the apps on the iPad Pro, but I use the apps in different ways.
Calcbot: Some folks like Soulver, others prefer PCalc. Calcbot is the perfect iPhone calculator for me, mainly because of its built-in conversion functionality.
CIBC Mobile Wealth: For on-the-go check-ups on how my portfolio is doing. Wealth doesn't have the built-in news functionality, but it has the ability to make trades on-the-go, which can be very handy.
Hello Weather: We like CARROT Weather here at The Sweet Setup, but the design and character aren't for me. I prefer Hello Weather personally and love the app's design.
Fantastical 2: For checking into my calendar. It's not very often that I add events to my calendar on my iPhone unless I'm out and about.
Day One: I almost never add journal entries to Day One via my iPhone unless they are audio entries or out of the Activity Feed inside the app. Since Instagram isn't on the iPad (yet?), feeding Instagram posts into Day One via the Activity Feed is my main use for Day One for iPhone.
Music: I don't listen to much music, but I have the app on the home screen for some DJ'ing while driving.
Adobe Lightroom CC: I rarely edit photos on the iPhone in Lightroom, but I use the app often for finding a photo in my library and exporting to share with someone.
Ulysses: I use Ulysses on the iPhone almost strictly for capturing and publishing Fresh Links to my personal blog. I publish via a shortcut that grabs text from Ulysses and posts it to the blog via Working Copy.
Fiery Feeds: For RSS purposes. Mainly, I use Fiery Feeds when reading before going to bed.
Pocket: Anything I plan to read or want to capture for later is sent to Pocket, and then I use a shortcut to share articles from Pocket to Ulysses if I'd like to share the article on the blog.
Shortcuts: Like on the iPad, Shortcuts has been revolutionary for me. I use it less on the iPhone, mind you.
Bear: I use Bear for capturing all sorts of stuff. My Bear is littered with iPhone screenshots and links for something I've come across that I'd like to reference at a later date.
Safari: Because Safari is the only iOS browser worth its salt, even if it's not really worth its salt.
Photos: Like on the iPad, Photos is the photo silo on the iPhone. I'm considering swapping Photos out for Darkroom, but haven't taken the plunge.
Instagram: Instagram is my most-used social network. I haven't shared many photos recently, but I browse Instagram for all sorts of ideas and inspiration. Travel inspiration really kicks in at this time of year thanks to Instagram.
Things 3: I use Things very little on the iPhone, simply because all my GTD'ing is completed on the iPad. But, it's on my iPhone to stay on top of my day.
Slack: For communicating with friends. I actually quite like the new icon.
Basecamp: For all things The Sweet Setup. We're always trying to improve how we use Basecamp and its crazy how much I find myself inside the app each day.
Phone: For making real, honest-to-goodness phone calls. I wish regular phone calls were as clear as FaceTime Audio calls.
Messages: For sending all sorts of messages to friends, family, colleagues, and clients. I'd like to see better search history when in Messages — I search for old messages often.
Outlook: I greatly rely on Outlook's "Focused" inbox throughout the day. Anything important finds its way into the focused inbox, while I check the "Other" inbox generally once or twice throughout the day.
Tweetbot 5: Everyone loves to hate on Twitter right now, but eliminating Twitter means eliminating the chance to use Tweetbot. Twitter's API may have foiled much of Tweetbot's ability to link into Twitter, but there's no better way to stay on top of your timeline than with Tweetbot.
I've ranted and raved enough about it already, but Shortcuts is absolutely fundamental to many of my newest workflows on iOS. About 90% of my work for The Sweet Setup is handled on the iPad and about 90% of that work is handled through some sort of shortcut. My entire personal blog is published through Shortcuts, my notes capturing methods are handled in Shortcuts, and many of my photography workflows are handled in Shortcuts.
I would be put on halt if Shortcuts was not present on my iPhone or iPad.
The new iPad Pro is very much my jam, and I am looking forward to how iOS 13 continues to build out iPad Pro-specific features. I'd really like to find an iPad Pro keyboard with more key travel, a function key row, and backlit keys, while somehow still staying thin and light. I'm always on the hunt for stylish bags and folios for carrying the iPad. And I'd like to create a nice little writing nook somewhere in the house that boosts the iPad to a more comfortable height, has a great writing keyboard, and is close to my coffee maker.
As for the iPhone, I'm looking forward to going back to a smaller iPhone next time around. I've always justified the larger iPhone because of the larger keyboard and the improved accuracy of the larger keyboard. However, now that I rely so heavily on the iPad for correspondence, a smaller iPhone would be great for better fitting in tighter fitting dress pants and for more comfortably pulling out for quick snapshots.


Another view of the platypus nose of the Nozumi - runs at 300kph, about 170 MPH.
though they use Kansai more often now due to the English meaning of this word.
Japan is a highly wired country, with impressive technology everywhere, except in laptops. This is one of the ONLY laptop I saw in use the whole week, by a woman standing in a train station.
Of course, Japan is the land of automated toilets - here is a VERY simple control panel; some have a dozen buttons - you can't fully see the images here, but they have good icons for buttocks.
Yes, if you look hard enough you can find a track 0 !!
A bathroom exhibit in the wonderful Roppongi Hills Museum - pictures were banned in the museum, but this was in the bathroom, where I risked a secret picture.
Harajuku greasers - Elvis-like impersonators dancing to old music. Common in this park on Sundays.
These are everywhere - I love the pictures - with child, pregnant, old, injured.
Yup, this is surely true, those less so than in the past - some things are pretty short !


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Engineering help for the healthcare industry to combat COVID-19
Written by: Andrew Merrell | Posted 29 April 2020 11:52
An engineering firm from Gloucestershire has gone into overdrive to help supply parts for critical medical kit used to combat the effects of coronavirus pandemic.
Röchling Engineering Plastics UK Ltd is supporting the medical and healthcare sectors with thermoplastic components and materials considered vital to assist the NHS and worldwide OEMs in fighting the outbreak.
The £20 million turnover Gloucester-headquartered firm's extensive engineering plastic capability and the UK's largest network of dedicated plastic CNC machining centres enabled it to rapidly respond and offer support for key lifesaving technologies.
Mike Knowles, Röchling'sUK managing director, said: "I'm proud of the way all the UK Röchling sites have responded in meeting the challenges of these urgent requirements at a time of national emergency, it couldn't be achieved without the cooperation, determination and dedication of all our staff to adjust to the changes in working practices and their commitment to ensure we play our part in the supply of life supporting equipment"
From its UK headquarters in Quedgeley, Gloucester, Röchling is machining more than 13,500 critical components in medical grade plastics in support of the consortium of companies in the UK Governments Ventilator Challenge.
Most recently it has taken on manufacture of 13 different parts in their thousands for a new rapid diagnostic testing device for COVID-19
The RöchlingFibracon facility in High Peak, Derbyshire is producing more than 28,000 items over the next few weeks to meet their customers threefold increase in production of ventilators for supply around the globe.
And in Hitchin, Hertfordshire Röchling Insoll, specialist in micro-machining plastics are seeing a significant increase in demand for thermoplastic seals and fittings used in all types of fluid and gas supply systems in the healthcare sector.
All Röchling UK sites, representing 185 staff, have remained open throughout the crisis and have adapted safe working practices to ensure the rapid response on these projects whilst maintaining uninterrupted supply to their existing customers. All sites continue to work on a daily basis with new crucial projects to combat the pandemic
In addition to the medical device projects Röchling's existing customers in the bioscience industry are increasing demand for parts as they and their customers urgently put resource and capacity into developing a vaccine to combat Covid-19
Röchling Engineering Plastics UK is part of the Röchling Group, which describes itself as a leading, globally active plastics specialist operating across 90 locations in 25 countries, with in excess of 11,000 employees and generating sales over 2.140 billion euros.


text:
Video Games Can Sharpen Our Vision
New research published in Nature Neuroscience suggests that action-based video games can improve vision. It is believed that human's visual acuity cannot be improved significantly to differentiate among shades of gray. However, Professor Daphne Bavelier, of the University of Rochester, has shown that with much practice video games packed with action can improve this ability by up to 58 percent. This type of improvement is typically only seen with corrective lenses.
These action games appear to facilitate the processing of visual information and with practice visual improvements can be maintained for many months without continued gaming. Bavelier claims that playing action games can reduce visual crowding, which is the main factor restraining visual perception.
The study observed the contrast sensitivity of 22 students separated into two groups. The first group played 50 hours of Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty over 9 weeks, whereas the second group played 50 hours of Sims 2 over 9 weeks. Although Sims 2 is quite visual, it lacks the visual-motor coordination. Results showed a 43% improvement in differentiating shades of gray for those in the first group who played the action packed video games, while those who played Sims 2 showed no improvement at all.
"When people play action games, they're changing the brain's pathway responsible for visual processing. These games push the human visual system to the limits and the brain adapts to it, and we've seen the positive effect remains even two years after the training was over."
Video gaming has certainly taken its share of grief over the years. Research typically points toward the negative aspects of gaming such as photosensitive epilepsy, headaches, hallucinations, nerve and muscle damages, social problems, behaviour problems etc.; however the multi-million dollar industry has evolved to work against such claims and provide more therapeutic games that aim to rehabilitate and improve physical and mental abilities. Could the use of action-based video games be yet another therapeutic tool? A tool that can correct vision without the use of glasses?
Action Video Games Improve Vision, New Research Shows
Research, Video Games, Vision


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Essay/Paper Submission
Call for Papers: RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review | RFMLR Volume VIII Issue II [Submit by March 30]
By Admin LBPublished on 17 Feb 2021 2:21 AM GMT
About RFMLR Volume VIII Issue II In the past, RFMLR has usually invited submissions on specific fields of business laws. However, given the considerable developments in every field of business law in the past year, the Editorial Board is pleased to invite submissions pertaining to all areas of business and allied laws for Volume VIII Issue II. The author(s) can… Read More »
About RFMLR Volume VIII Issue II In the past, RFMLR has usually invited submissions on specific fields of business laws. However, given the considerable developments in every field of business law in the past year, the Editorial Board is pleased to invite submissions pertaining to all areas of business and allied laws for Volume VIII Issue II. The author(s) can make submissions pertaining to various areas of business and commercial laws such as corporate law, mergers and...
About RFMLR Volume VIII Issue II
In the past, RFMLR has usually invited submissions on specific fields of business laws. However, given the considerable developments in every field of business law in the past year, the Editorial Board is pleased to invite submissions pertaining to all areas of business and allied laws for Volume VIII Issue II. The author(s) can make submissions pertaining to various areas of business and commercial laws such as corporate law, mergers and acquisitions, competition, insolvency, banking and finance, insurance, capital markets, securities, dispute resolution and ADR, international trade, investment funds, labour and employment, taxation, intellectual property, real estate, technology, media & telecommunication, and white-collar crimes. Submissions encouraging an insightful discourse around any contemporary developments in the field of financial and mercantile laws are also welcome.
The Editorial Board invites submissions from legal practitioners, professionals, academics, and law students.
Categories of Submission and word limit
RFMLR accepts submissions in the following categories:
Article: 6000-10,000 words
Short Note: 4000-6000 words
Case Comment: 3000-5000 words
Book Review: 1500-3000 words
The word limit is exclusive of footnotes.
The submissions shall be written in the English language only.
Co-authorship is limited to a maximum of two authors.
Any form of plagiarism is strictly prohibited and the submission shall be original, unpublished, and an outcome of the author's own efforts.
The author(s) are required to submit an abstract, not exceeding 250 words, within their manuscript.
The Editorial Board shall endeavor to publish Volume VIII, Issue II of the Journal by June 2021.
For detailed submission guidelines, refer to the brochure.
Submission Procedure
The manuscripts shall be submitted through this Google Form only. Submissions made through any other mode will not be entertained.
Any author is not allowed to submit more than one manuscript.
Manuscript is to be submitted in .doc or .docx format.
The author(s) shall submit the manuscript along with a duly signed Certificate of Originality and Copyright (in this format).
All queries shall be sent to the Editorial Board at [email protected].
The author(s) shall submit the manuscript along with the duly signed Certificate of Originality and Copyright (in the attached format) via this form latest by March 30, 2021.
For further details (including submission guidelines and deadlines), please refer to the brochure.
Click here to view Brochure
About Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law
The Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala (RGNUL) is an autonomous National Law University (NLU) established by the RGNUL Act (No. 12 of 2006) passed by the Legislature of the State of Punjab, under the second wave of reforms instituted by the Bar Council of India. Established in 2006, RGNUL has garnered a pan-India reputation as a stellar institution for legal research and education. In May 2015, RGNUL became the first and the only NLU to have been accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with an 'A' grade. In March 2018, RGNUL was amongst the four NLUs to have been granted autonomous status by the University Grants Commission.
The University has been ranked among the top 10 law schools in India in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), by the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.
About RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review
RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review (RFMLR) is a bi-annual, student-run, double-blind peer-reviewed law journal published by the Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Punjab. The Journal was first published in the year 2014 and gives an opportunity to the legal academia, legal professionals, and law students to contribute cutting-edge doctrinal and empirical research in the field of business and commercial laws. The Journal is indexed on SCC Online and has been ranked amongst the ten most accessed law school journals by SCC Online. The Editorial Board also collaborates with various legal experts and undertakes various academic initiatives to promote study and research in the field of business and commercial laws.
In our previous issues, the Peer Board of the Journal has been graced by the presence of various legal luminaries from top law firms in India, including Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co., Khaitan & Co., J. Sagar Associates, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, Anand & Anand, Nishith Desai Associates, Economic Laws Practice, Talwar Thakore & Associates, Kochhar & Co., Dua Associates, and more. Further, the Journal has previously received guest articles from leading professionals and academicians from top law firms and law schools across India.
The Editorial Board has also organized a Colloquium on GST Laws in association with Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan Attorneys in February 2020, which witnessed participation from industry professionals as well as students across India.
Reported by: RFMLR Editorial Board
Updated On 17 Feb 2021 2:23 AM GMT


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The Megafauna extinction in South América.
Megatherium americanum Cuvier, 1796. Museo Argentino de La Plata.
During the Pleistocene and the early Holocene, most of the terrestrial megafauna became extinct. It was a deep global-scale event. The extinction was notably more selective for large-bodied animals than any other extinction interval in the last 65 million years. Multiple explanatory hypotheses have been proposed for this event: climatic change, over hunting, habitat alteration, and the introduction of a new disease. Traditionally, the focus of research and debate has been on the Eurasian and North American extinctions. In North America, two mammalian orders (Perissodactyla, Proboscidea) were eliminated completely. At the species level, the extinction was total for mammals larger than 1000 kg and greater than 50% for size classes between 1000 and 32 kg. Early observations confirm that extinctions could be severe even in relatively climatically stable regions where the vegetation changed little. In South America the event was more severe, with the loss of 50 megafaunal genera. Three orders of mammals disappeared (Notoungulata, Proboscidea, Litopterna), as did all megafaunal xenarthrans and at the species level, the extinction was total for mammals larger than 320 kg (Koch and Barnosky, 2006).
"Descuartizando un gliptodonte. Escenas de
la vida del hombre primitivo" (Quartering a
glyptodont. Scenes from the life of primitive man). Painting by Luis de Servi, Museo de la Plata.
Before the Great American Biotic Interchange, about 3 million years ago, the largest mammals in South America were mainly endemic notoungulates, litopterns and xenarthrans. But, during the interchange, many other megamammals and large mammals arrived to South America. The late Pleistocene in this region is first characterized by a rapid cooling. During the Pleistocene-Holocene transition pollen sequences suggest a change to sub-humid climatic conditions. In addition to rapid climate change, the extinctions are seen as the result of habitat loss, reduced carrying capacity for herbivores, resource fragmentation or disturbances in the co-evolutionary equilibrium between plants, herbivores, and carnivores. The death event of the gomphothere population in Águas de Araxá (Brazil) about 55,000 years ago, is probably an example of individuals that were suffering with the climate changes during the Late Pleistocene.
Paleontological and archaeological data indicate that extinctions seem more common after the human arrival and during the rapid climate change between 11.200 and 13.500 years. This pattern suggests that a synergy of human impacts and rapid climate change—analogous to what is happening today — may enhance extinction probability (Prado et al., 2015).
J.L. Prado et al. (2015). "Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 425: 41–49
Alroy, John. (2001). "A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction." Science 292:1893-1896
Koch PL, Barnosky AD (2006) Late Quaternary extinctions: State of the debate. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:215–250.
Prescott GW, Williams DR, Balmford A, Green RE, Manica A. (2012) Quantitative global analysis of the role of climate and people in explaining late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109,4527–4531
Barnosky AD, Lindsey EL.(2010) Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change
Remembering Mary Anning.
Sketch of Mary Anning by Henry De la Beche. From Wikimedia Commons.
Mary Anning, 'the greatest fossilist the world ever knew', died of breast cancer on 9 March, 1847, at the age of 47. She was buried in the cemetery of St. Michaels. In the last decade of her life, Mary received three accolades. The first was an annuity of £25, in return for her many contributions to the science of geology. The second was in 1846, when the geologists of the Geological Society of London organized a further subscription for her. The third accolade was her election, in July 1846, as the first Honorary Member of the new Dorset County Museum in Dorchester (Torrens, 1995). After her death, Henry de la Beche, Director of the Geological Survey and President of the Geological Society of London, wrote a very affectionate obituary published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society on February 14, 1848, the only case of a non Fellow who received that honour. In his presidential address, de la Beche summarized Mary's work: "I cannot close this notice of our losses by death without adverting to that of one, who though not placed among even the easier classes of society, but who had to earn her daily bread by her labour, yet contributed by her talents and untiring researches in no small degree to our knowledge of the great Enalio-saurians, and other forms of organic life entombed in the vicinity of Lyme Regis. MARY ANNING was the daughter of Richard Anning, a cabinet-maker of that town, and was born in May, 1799. … From her father, who appears to have been the first to collect and sell fossils in that neighbourhood, she learnt to search for and obtain them. Her future life was dedicated to this pursuit, by which she gained her livelihood; and there are those among us in this room who know well how to appreciate the skill she employed (from her knowledge of the various works as they appeared on the subject), in developing the remains of the many fine skeletons of Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri, which without her care would never have presented to comparative anatomists in the uninjured form so desirable for their examinations…"
Mary Anning's Window, St. Michael's Church. From Wikimedia Commons.
In February 1850 Mary was honoured by the unveiling of a new window in the parish church at Lyme, funded through another subscription among the Fellows of the Geological Society of London, with the following inscription: "This window is sacred to the memory of Mary Anning of this parish, who died 9 March AD 1847 and is erected by the vicar and some members of the Geological Society of London in commemoration of her usefulness in furthering the science of geology, as also of her benevolence of heart and integrity of life."
In 1865, Charles Dickens wrote an article about Mary Anning's life in his literary magazine "All the Year Round", where emphasised the difficulties she had overcome: "Her history shows what humble people may do, if they have just purpose and courage enough, toward promoting the cause of science. The inscription under her memorial window commemorates "her usefulness in furthering the science of geology" (it was not a science when she began to discover, and so helped to make it one), "and also her benevolence of heart and integrity of life." The carpenter's daughter has won a name for herself, and has deserved to win it."
Davis, Larry E. (2012) "Mary Anning: Princess of Palaeontology and Geological Lioness,"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon: Vol. 84: Iss. 1, Article 8.
Hugh Torrens, Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme; 'The Greatest Fossilist the World Ever Knew', The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 257-284. Published by: Cambridge University Press.
De la Beche, H., 1848a. Obituary notices. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 4: xxiv–xxv.
Dickens, C., 1865. Mary Anning, the fossil finder. All the Year Round, 13 (Feb 11): 60–63.
Response of marine ecosystems to the PETM.
Biotic change during and after the PETM. (From Speijer et al., 2012)
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 55.8 million years ago), was a short-lived (~ 200,000 years) global warming event attributed to a rapid rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It was suggested that this warming was initiated by the melting of methane hydrates on the seafloor and permafrost at high latitudes. During the PETM, around 5 billion tons of CO2 was released into the atmosphere per year, and temperatures increased by 5 – 9°C. This event was accompanied by other large-scale changes in the climate system, for example, the patterns of atmospheric circulation, vapor transport, precipitation, intermediate and deep-sea circulation and a rise in global sea level.
Dinoflagellate cysts: Adnatosphaeridium robustum and Apectodinium augustum (From Sluijs and Brinkhuis, 2009)
The rapid warming at the beginning of the Eocene has been inferred from the widespread distribution of dinoflagellate cysts. One taxon in particularly, Apectodinium, spans the entire carbon isotope excursion (CIE) of the PETM. The distribution of Apectodinium is linked to high temperatures and increased food availability.
The most disruptive impact during the PETM was likely the exceptional ocean acidification and the rise of the calcite dissolution depth, affecting marine organisms with calcareous shells (Zachos et al., 2005). When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it produce carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates in the water releasing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. The formation of bicarbonate then removes carbonate ions from the water, making them less available for use by organisms.
Nannofossil abundance changes during the PETM. (From Kump, 2009.)
The PETM onset is also marked by the largest deep-sea mass extinction among calcareous benthic foraminifera (including calcareous agglutinated taxa) in the last 93 million years. Similarly, planktonic foraminifera communities at low and high latitudes show reductions in diversity, while larger foraminifera are the most common constituents of late Paleocene–early Eocene carbonate platforms.
The response of most marine invertebrates (mollusks, echinoderms, brachiopods) to paleoclimatic change during the PETM is poorly documented.
Coccolithus bownii and Toweius pertusus (Adapted from Bown and Pearson, 2009)
The PETM is also associated with dramatic changes among the calcareous plankton,characterized by the appearance of transient nanoplankton taxa of heavily calcified forms of Rhomboaster spp., Discoaster araneus, and D. anartios as well as Coccolithus bownii, a more delicate form.
The combination of global warming and the release of large amounts of carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system during the PETM has encouraged analogies to be drawn with modern anthropogenic climate change. The current rate of the anthropogenic carbon input is probably greater than during the PETM, causing a more severe decline in ocean pH and saturation state. Also the biotic consequences of the PETM were fairly minor, while the current rate of species extinction is already 100–1000 times higher than would be considered natural. This underlines the urgency for immediate action on global carbon emission reductions.
Comparison of the effects of anthropogenic emissions (total of 5000 Pg C over 500 years) and PETM carbon release (3000 Pg C over 6 kyr) on the surface ocean saturation state of calcite. From Zeebe, 2013
Maria Rose Petrizzo, The onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at Sites 1209 and 1210 (Shatsky Rise, Pacific Ocean) as recorded by planktonic foraminifera, Marine Micropaleontology, Volume 63, Issues 3–4, 13 June 2007, Pages 187-200
Zeebe RE and Zachos JC. 2013 Long-term legacy ofmassive carbon input to the Earth system: Anthropocene versus Eocene. Phil Trans R Soc A 371: 20120006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0006.
Wright JD, Schaller MF (2013) Evidence for a rapid release of carbon at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(40):15908–15913.
Kump, L.R., T.J. Bralower, and A. Ridgwell. 2009. Ocean acidification in deep time. Oceanography 22(4):94–107, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.100
Raffi, I. and de Bernardi, B.: Response of calcareous nannofossils to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: observations on composition, preservation and calcification in sediments from ODP Site 1263 (Walvis Ridge – SW Atlantic), Mar. Micropaleontol., 69, 119–138, 2008.
Robert P. SPEIJER, Christian SCHEIBNER, Peter STASSEN & Abdel-Mohsen M. MORSI; Response of marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: a synthesis of biotic patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences. Vienna. 2012. Volume 105/1.


The team at Loehr Chiropractic, is passionate about empowering people to lead healthier lifestyles and about partnering with non-profits in the community. Tied to those passions, Loehr Chiropractic is pleased to announce its newest partnership with the American Heart Association's Go Red BetterU Challenge.
The Go Red BetterU Challenge is a 12-week program developed by the American Heart Association that takes ten women step-by-step to learn more about heart health, eating healthy, and exercising. Sound like something you're interested in? Applications for this year's challenge are available now!
To support the participants' journeys, Loehr Chiropractic & Acupuncture is pleased to provide each participant with a chiropractic treatment package including adjustments, therapies, and acupuncture (as needed) throughout the duration of the program. Additionally, Dr. Aimee LaBrie will be leading a workshop for participants on healthy stress management. Learn more about all the other wonderful, healthy, benefits participants will enjoy here.
Loehr Chripractic & Acupuncture has seen what healthy lifestyle changes can do for patients, and is excited to share its mission with this year's BetterU participants!
Loehr Chiropractic & Acupuncture, located in Southeast Springfield, MO, provides chiropractic manipulation, acupuncture, and massage to patients while specializing in women's health, pregnancy, holistic pediatrics, internal medicine, sports injury prevention, and rehab. For more information on Loehr Chiropractic & Acupuncture, please visit www.LoehrChiro.com or follow us on Facebook for more information.


This Hyperion Planning training teaches you how to create and administer applications. Learn to manage metadata, add dimensions and members, load data, set up security, create forms, set up task lists and more.
Create and deploy planning applications.
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Retinal progenitor cells undergo apical mitoses during the process of interkinetic nuclear migration and newly generated post-mitotic neurons migrate to their potential retinal layer. with an apical mitosis or by a cell routine with an S-phase that was not really implemented by any mitosis. Such cells stay with duplicated DNA and may end up being viewed as somatic heteroploids. The noticed heterogeneity of the last cell routine was noticed in the phrase of Rb1 also, cyclin T1, p27Kip1 and cdc25C. Phosphorylated Rb1-Ser608 was limited 165668-41-7 manufacture to the Lim1+ cells that inserted S-phase while cyclin T1 and cdc25C had been solely portrayed in HPCs having a basal mitosis. Just HPCs that keep the cell routine after an apical mitosis portrayed g27Kip1. We speculate that the cell routine heterogeneity with development of heteroploid cells may present a mobile circumstance that contributes to the recommended tendency of these cells to generate cancers when the retinoblastoma gene is certainly mutated. Launch Cells of the central anxious program are produced during the procedure of interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) with S-phases on the basal aspect implemented by apical mitoses C. Once the cells go through the airport/neurogenic mitosis they migrate out and take away from the cell routine . Cortical progenitors either go through airport mitosis at the apical surface area of the neuroepithelium or they initiate difference and go through a postponed airport mitosis in the subventricular area during migration C. Such postponed non-apical airport mitosis acts a system for enlargement of a particular cell type. Newly produced post-mitotic cortical cells after that continue to migrate to their last places in the cerebral cortex . The retina comprises of neurons that go through fatal mitosis on the apical aspect  and post-mitotic cells migrate to their potential retinal level. This is certainly valid for many of the five retinal neuronal classes but not really for side to side cells (HCs), which can end up being generated by non-apical mitoses. In the poultry retina these airport mitoses take place on the basal aspect ,  and in the zebrafish 165668-41-7 manufacture retina in the HC level . Before the airport mitosis, side to side progenitor cells (HPCs) express HC-characteristic indicators such as Ptf1a, Prox1, Lim1, Cx55 and Isl1.5. The HPCs are thus capable to stay in the 165668-41-7 manufacture cell routine and perform an extra mitosis after starting difference . The phrase of difference indicators before the airport mitosis resembles that of the cortical neurons, which initiates migration and differentiation before the neurogenic non-apical mitosis . Another likeness between migrating HPCs and cortical progenitors is certainly Rabbit polyclonal to ATF2 the phrase of doublecortin , . Poultry and most vertebrate HCs can end up being divided in two groupings structured on the phrase of the transcription elements Lim1 or Isl1 , , . In poultry the Lim1 positive (+) HCs (axon bearing HCs, L1 subtype) constitute 50% of all HCs ,  and are produced one time before the Isl1+ HCs (axon-less HCs, L2, L3 subtypes). We concentrated 165668-41-7 manufacture on the Lim1+ L1 HCs because they are a well-demarcated inhabitants and possess the non-apical airport mitoses. Lim1 is certainly portrayed solely in L1 HCs during their last cell routine and in older HCs , , , , . Prior function structured on [3H]-dT incorporation, indicated that the Lim1+ HPCs move through a last S-phase at st19C25. It was also confirmed that the HPCs migrate to the basal aspect of the retina where they pile up and separate before migrating back again to the potential side to side level , . The last S-phase and the cell routine behaviour of HPCs differs from the INM noticed by various other retinal cells and hence it was hypothesised that the tight association between nuclear placement and cell routine stage, as noticed during INM, may end up being de-regulated during the last cell routine of HPCs. In this ongoing function we examined the last cell routine of HPCs, with respect to the T-, G2-stages and the noticed basal mitosis . We utilized indicators for T- and G2/M-phase in.


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RDBlog
The hospitality and travel industries post COVID-19 with Stephan Aigner
August 10, 2021 /in Influencer Marketing, Podcast /by RDB Agency
From bars and restaurants to hotels and airlines, no part of the hospitality and travel sector was spared the effects of COVID-19. We sat down with Stephan Aigner, Director of Profit Cluster for Nordic Choice Hotels, to get his take on the industry today and what changes he sees on the horizon.
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The impact of storytelling across touch points with Christopher Wallace
July 13, 2021 /in Influencer Marketing, Podcast /by RDB Agency
Even the best marketing strategy and messaging will fail to have the desired impact if they aren't used by all consumer touchpoints. Christopher Wallace, Co-Founder & President of InnerView Group discusses transmitting marketing messages downstream.
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Building brands out of people with Maegan Lujan
June 23, 2021 /in Influencer Marketing, Podcast /by RDB Agency
Overcoming adversity to write her own story, literally and figuratively. Brand strategist, Toshiba director and author Maegan Lujan talks with us about building brands for companies and individuals.
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How to expand your business the right way
May 19, 2021 /in Influencer Marketing, Podcast /by RDB Agency
Are you experiencing challenges in scaling and growing your business? Milos Perovic, COO of Termovent, shares his insights for growing a company in a meaningful way in our podcast.
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How to get into influencer marketing
April 22, 2021 /in Influencer Marketing, Podcast /by RDB Agency
Sean Perez started using the yo-yo as a child, now, he's an eight-time world champion and influencer for America's top toy company Duncan Toys. Discover how brands are recruiting top influencers in the podcast.
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How to create a dynamite niche marketing strategy
April 14, 2021 /in Podcast /by RDB Agency
Niche marketing is the process of selling to a specialty segment of the market. With today's guest, Bryan Jardin, we discuss how your brand can drive growth in the new normal with niche marketing.
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Why workplace diversity has to change
April 1, 2021 /in Podcast /by RDB Agency
Why can't being black in the workplace be viewed as an asset? Tony Effik, Managing Director at Google and Founder of Black and Brilliant, shares his insights about diversity in marketing, and his outlook on the next digital advertising trends.
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Why we need to rethink employer branding in 2021
March 17, 2021 /in Employer Branding, Podcast /by RDB Agency
Do you know how to attract the best talent in 2021? According to our podcast guest, Ulrich Puntigam, Founder of CONOUT, the best strategy you can have is building a positive work environment that goes beyond superficial perks and drinks over Zoom.
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Emerging trends of impact entrepreneurship and investment with Alessandra Sollberger
March 11, 2021 /in Podcast /by RDB Agency
The financial and technology industries are becoming more sustainable, but what lies ahead? Alessandra Sollberger, an impact entrepreneur, and investor, shares how impact investing can make a positive difference in the world.
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How Brands and People are Dealing with the Pandemic
February 3, 2021 /in Podcast /by RDB Agency
The global pandemic may not be over yet, but so far it has undoubtedly shaped the way we think, behave and work. Our podcast guest Eliot Robinson, CEO of Dunk and a Gen Z TikTok star, shares how the pandemic has caused a major shift within us and within society.
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Das Kammergericht (KG) ist das höchste Berliner Gericht der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit. Es ist das Oberlandesgericht des Landes Berlin.

Das Gericht ist aus dem Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts durch den brandenburgischen Kurfürsten Friedrich II. gegründeten Hof-Kammergericht hervorgegangen. Es wurde 1468 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt und gilt als das älteste noch arbeitende Gericht Deutschlands. Das neu erbaute Kollegienhaus diente ab 1735 als Sitz des Kammergerichts. Im September 1913 bezog es ein neues Dienstgebäude in der Schöneberger Vorstadt. Das Haus liegt im Bezirk Tempelhof-Schöneberg, steht seit Juni 1993 unter Denkmalschutz und beherbergt auch andere Institutionen der Rechtspflege.

Geschichte des Kammergerichts

Das Kammergericht ist das älteste deutsche Gericht mit ununterbrochener Tätigkeit. Urkundlich erwähnt wurde es erstmals 1468. Bereits in der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts war indes von des Kämmerers Kammer berichtet worden, die als Gericht in Tangermünde am Hof der Markgrafen von Brandenburg, die zugleich Erzkämmerer des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation waren, bestand. Seiner Rechtsprechung waren zum einen die Gegenstände und Personen unterworfen, die keinem Gerichtszwang unterlagen und nur vom Landesherrn selbst belangt werden konnten. Zum anderen war das Kammergericht später bis 1735 oberste gerichtliche Instanz in Kurbrandenburg bzw. im späteren Staat Preußen. Es entstand wegen des kurfürstlichen Privilegs, wonach gegen Urteile kurfürstlicher Gerichte keine Rechtsmittel an Reichsgerichten möglich waren (Ius de non appellando). Diese Institution diente als oberste Appellationsinstanz wegen der fürstlichen Gerichtsgewalt, die im Herrschaftsbereich des Kurfürsten anstelle der kaiserlichen Reichsgerichte (insbesondere des ab 1495 eingerichteten Reichskammergerichts) gegründet wurde.

Von 1698 bis 1735 hatte das Kammergericht seinen Sitz im alten Kollegienhaus an der Brüderstraße 1 in Kölln. Im Jahr 1735 wurde es unabhängig vom inzwischen königlichen Hof und bezog das neue Kollegienhaus an der Lindenstraße in der von König Friedrich Wilhelm I. erweiterten Friedrichstadt. Der König hatte hier durch Philipp Gerlach das erste große Verwaltungsgebäude seiner Regierungszeit erbauen lassen, um die verschiedenen zivilen, strafrechtlichen, geistlichen und ständischen Gerichte unter einem Dach zusammenzufassen. Seit dem späten 20. Jahrhundert ist das barocke Kollegienhaus Teil des Jüdischen Museums Berlin.

Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gliederte sich das Kammergericht in das Hausvogteigericht (Bagatellsachen), den Instruktionssenat (mit Kriminal-Deputation und Zivil-Deputation, daneben Pupillenkollegium) und den Oberappellationssenat.
Ein bekannter Kammergerichts-Prozess im 18. Jahrhundert war das Revisionsverfahren des Predigers Johann Heinrich Schulz (genannt Zopfschultz) gegen seine Suspendierung vom Dienst (1792). In diese Zeit fällt auch die Tätigkeit von E.T.A. Hoffmann als Kammergerichtsrat in diesem Gebäude (1816). In einem anderen Prozess, der als Indiz für die Unabhängigkeit des Kammergerichts gilt, unterlag der König, als er der Stadt Berlin die Kosten für das Pflastern der Wege aufbürden wollte.

Eines der bedeutenden Verfahren des Kammergerichts im 19. Jahrhundert war der Polenprozess (1847). Er war der erste öffentliche politische Prozess Preußens, fand aber wegen der großen Zahl der Angeklagten nicht im Gerichtsgebäude statt, sondern im neuen Zellengefängnis Lehrter Straße.

Das Kammergericht als Appellationsgericht
1849 wurde die Gerichtsorganisation in Preußen nach der Märzrevolution neu und systematisch geordnet. Die Verordnung über die Aufhebung der Privatgerichtsbarkeit und des eximierten Gerichtsstandes sowie über die anderweitige Organisation der Gerichte vom 2. Januar 1849 hob die Patrimonialgerichtsbarkeit auf und richtete einheitlich Appellationsgerichte als Mittelinstanzen ein. Als Berliner Appellationsgericht diente das Kammergericht. Aus Traditionsgründen wurde es nicht in Appellationsgericht Berlin umbenannt, sondern behielt seinen Namen. Dem Kammergericht waren nun Kreisgerichte nachgelagert, die grundsätzlich je Landkreis eingerichtet wurden. Dem Kammergericht war das Oberappellationsgericht Berlin übergeordnet.

Der Sprengel des Kammergerichts umfasste den Regierungsbezirk Potsdam ohne einen kleinen Teil des Kreises Beeskow-Storkow, einem Teil der Kreise Königsberg i. d. Neumark, Lebus und Lübben aus dem Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt und einen Teil des Kreises Jerichow aus dem Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg. Es bestanden dort 14 Kreisgerichte in 5 Schwurgerichtsbezirken.

Ab 1853 war das Kammergericht für alle Kapitalverbrechen in Preußen zuständig.

Das Kammergericht nach dem Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz
Mit Inkrafttreten des Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes im Jahr 1879 waren dem Kammergericht neun Landgerichte (Berlin I und II, Cottbus, Frankfurt a. O., Guben, Landsberg a. W., Potsdam, Prenzlau und Neuruppin) zugeordnet.

1913 erhielt das Kammergericht ein eigens errichtetes Gebäude am Heinrich-von-Kleist-Park (dem ehemaligen Botanischen Garten) in der Schöneberger Vorstadt (siehe unten).

Bis 1918 bestand als eine besondere Abteilung der Geheime Justizrat, vor dem die Mitglieder des preußischen königlichen Hauses und der hohenzollerischen Familie ihren persönlichen Gerichtsstand hatten. Außerdem bildeten sechs Richter des Kammergerichts zusammen mit fünf Verwaltungsjuristen den Gerichtshof zur Entscheidung der Kompetenzkonflikte (vgl. § 17 GVG).

Eduard Tigges wurde 1922 Präsident des Kammergerichts. Er war gemeinsam mit dem Staatssekretär des Reichsjustizministeriums Curt Joël treibende Kraft der Weimarer Reform zum Ehegüterrecht und Anhänger der Zugewinngemeinschaft.

Kammergericht in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Im Juni 1933 wurde Heinrich Hölscher Präsident des Kammergerichts als Nachfolger von Tigges, der zwangsweise in den Ruhestand versetzt wurde. Die Rolle im Nationalsozialismus wird unterschiedlich gesehen. Während die Justiz der DDR Hölscher als wesentlichen Unterstützer des NS-Regimes ansah, geht Weichbrodt (2009) in seiner Aufarbeitung der NS-Geschichte des Kammergerichtes davon aus, dass Hölscher das Gericht "zwar in das nationalsozialistische Regime eingeordnet, es aber nicht darüber hinaus in besonderer Weise mit dessen Ungeist durchdrungen hat". 1943 verschärfte sich die Repressionspraxis des Gerichts unter Kammergerichtspräsident Johannes Block, eines "nationalsozialistischen Lehnsmanns seines Führers". Es sind mindestens 69 Todesurteile des Kammergerichts gegen Widerstandskämpfer und Zwangsarbeiter zwischen 1943 und 1945 bekannt. Die Todesurteile wurden in der heutigen Gedenkstätte Plötzensee vollzogen.

Kammergericht nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Nach der Eroberung Berlins im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Block von der sowjetischen Geheimpolizei NKWD verhaftet. Ein Sowjetisches Militärtribunal verurteilte ihn zum Tode, hingerichtet wurde er wahrscheinlich am 25. November 1945. Deutschlands Aufteilung in Besatzungszonen, verbunden mit der Viermächteverwaltung Berlins sowie die Auflösung Preußens in Länder beschränkte ab 1945 die Zuständigkeit des Kammergerichts auf das Gebiet von Groß-Berlin; das Umland gehörte zum neu geschaffenen Land Brandenburg mit dem Oberlandesgericht Potsdam. In das Gebäude zog der Alliierte Kontrollrat ein. Das Kammergericht hatte Ende 1945 seinen Sitz zunächst in Ost-Berlin (Landgerichtsgebäude). Die Spaltung des Kammergerichts begann mit einer Affäre um den Vizepräsidenten des Berliner Landgerichts Jakob Blasse. Dieser wurde nach Bereicherungsvorwürfen von dem Kammergerichtspräsidenten Georg Strucksberg am 8. November 1948 suspendiert. Während die drei Westmächte diese Position stützten, befahl der sowjetische Gerichtsoffizier dessen Wiedereinsetzung. Mit der Begründung, dass eine solche Anweisung nur von allen vier Mächten gemeinsam erteilt werden könne, verweigerte der Präsident des Landgerichts Siegfried Loewenthal diesen Befehl am 4. Februar 1949. Nach der Drohung mit Verhaftung und mit stillschweigender Unterstützung durch die Westalliierten verlegte der Kammergerichtspräsident Strucksberg den Sitz des Kammergerichts am 5. Februar 1949 in das York-Haus am Fehrbelliner Platz in West-Berlin. Der weitaus überwiegende Teil der Richter setzte dort seine Arbeit fort. Von den elf Senatspräsidenten entschieden sich zehn für die Weiterarbeit im York-Haus.

Da gleichzeitig das Kammergericht im sowjetischen Sektor bestehen blieb, war damit die Teilung der Berliner Justiz vollzogen. Im Ostteil der Stadt erklärten die Sowjets Loewenthal und Strucksberg für abgesetzt. Am 16. Februar ernannten sie Hans Freund zum neuen Kammergerichtspräsidenten, was wiederum im Westen nicht anerkannt wurde. Das Kammergericht (Ost-)Berlin war der nach der Teilung der Berliner Justiz 1949 im sowjetischen Sektor Berlins verbliebene Teil des Kammergerichts. Es war aus Sicht der DDR das Oberste Gericht von Groß-Berlin. Es wurde am 27. November 1959 in seinen Aufgaben durch das Oberste Gericht der DDR ersetzt und 1961 aufgelöst.

Von 1951 bis zum Ende der deutschen Teilung hatte das Kammergericht, zuständig lediglich für West-Berlin, seinen Sitz in der Witzlebenstraße 4/5 in Berlin-Charlottenburg im Gebäude des vormaligen Reichsmilitärgerichts.

Es hatte die Funktion eines für das Land West-Berlin zuständigen Oberlandesgerichts und war auch für Staatsschutz-Angelegenheiten wie Terrorismus zuständig. Der Präsident des West-Berliner Kammergerichts Günter von Drenkmann wurde am 10. November 1974 von Terroristen der Bewegung 2. Juni bei einem Entführungsversuch getötet.

Kammergericht nach der Wiedervereinigung
Nach der Wiedervereinigung am 3. Oktober 1990 war das Kammergericht wieder für ganz Berlin zuständig. 1997 zog es zurück an seinen angestammten Platz am Kleistpark.

Die erste Präsidentin in der Geschichte des Kammergerichts war Gisela Knobloch, die von 1990 bis 2001 im Amt war.

Kammergerichtsbezirk
Der Kammergerichtsbezirk umfasst das vollständige Gebiet des Bundeslandes Berlin. Zu dem Bezirk gehören das Landgericht Berlin und elf Amtsgerichte. Die Strafgerichte erster Instanz sind im Gebäude des Kriminalgerichts Moabit beim Amtsgericht Tiergarten eingerichtet, Familiengerichte bestehen bei den Amtsgerichten Pankow/Weißensee, Tempelhof-Kreuzberg und Schöneberg. Das Gericht für Landwirtschaftssachen ist beim Amtsgericht Schöneberg eingerichtet, das auch erstinstanzlich für alle Abschiebehaftsachen zuständig ist.

Am 1. Januar 2018 waren im Bezirk des Kammergerichts 14.127 Rechtsanwälte und Syndikus-Rechtsanwälte zugelassen.

Aufgaben des Kammergerichts

Grundsätze
Das Kammergericht ist das oberste Gericht für Straf- und Zivilangelegenheiten im Land Berlin. Es steht über den Amtsgerichten und dem Landgericht. Die 144 Richter verhandeln unter anderem politische Strafsachen wie Spionage und Terrorismus sowie Berufungen, Beschwerden, Revisionen, unterhaltsrechtliche Fragen. Sie können Urteile und Beschlüsse anderer Gerichte aufheben. Das Gericht wird von einem Präsidenten/einer Präsidentin geleitet.

Das Kammergericht ist Ausbildungsbehörde für die Rechtsreferendare im Land Berlin.

Registratur und Bibliothek
In dem Haus sind die Akten aller hier stattgefundenen Verfahren aufbewahrt worden, die jedoch zu großen Teilen im Verlauf des Zweiten Weltkriegs vernichtet wurden oder als verschollen gelten. Eine umfangreiche Bibliothek mit rund 120.000 juristischen Büchern befand sich ebenfalls im Haus, von denen etwa die Hälfte von der Staatsbibliothek Berlin anfangs der 1950er Jahre auf ein Bauerngehöft im Brandenburgischen ausgelagert wurde, wo sie in Vergessenheit geriet. Im 21. Jahrhundert wiedergefunden und in das Gebäude zurückgebracht, konnten die Bücher mit Hilfe von 340.000 Euro aus Lottomitteln restauriert werden. Sie werden derzeit gesichtet und stehen dann wieder Juristen und Wissenschaftlern zur Verfügung. Die Bestände werden in einem Bibliothekskatalog zusammengefasst. Das älteste bisher aufgefundene Dokument ist eine Gerichtsordnung aus dem Jahr 1533.

Leitung (seit 1945)
 1945–1946: Arthur Kanger
 1946–1951: Georg Strucksberg (1884–1965), von den Alliierten ernannt
 1951–1958: Alfred Skott (1893–1958)
 1958–1966: Walter Kühn (1902–1967)
 1967–1974: Günter von Drenkmann, (1910–1974) Attentatsopfer der Bewegung 2. Juni
 1975: Stelle vakant
 1976–1990: Diether Dehnicke (* 1925)
 1990–2001: Gisela Knobloch (* 1936), erste Präsidentin in der Geschichte des Kammergerichts
 2002–2015: Monika Nöhre (* 1950)
 Seit 2015: Bernd Pickel (* 1959)

Bedeutende Juristen am Kammergericht

Nach Geburtsjahr geordnet:
 Johann Weinlob († 1558), Vorsitzender des Kammergerichts, Kurbrandenburgischer Kanzler
 Gabriel Luther (1612–1672), Kammergerichtsrat
 Thomas von dem Knesebeck (1628–1689), brandenburgischer Staatsmann, 1686–1689 Kammergerichtspräsident
 Samuel von Cocceji (1679–1755), Direktor
 Karl Friedrich von Benekendorff (1713–1788), Kammergerichtsrat
 Carl Anton Wilhelm Freiherr von Schleinitz (1751–1807), Präsident des Kammergerichtes
 Johann Daniel Woldermann (1753–1839), Präsident (1810–1826)
 Carl Friedrich von Beyme (1765–1838), Wirklicher Geheimer Staatsminister (Justiz), Mitglied des Staatsrates, Präsident des Kammergerichtes (1807)
 Friedrich Christoph Trützschler von Falkenstein (1768–1830), Präsident des Kammergerichtes (1827)
 Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder (1773–1798), Assessor
 Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776–1822), Richter, ab 1816 Kammergerichtsrat
 Julius Eduard Hitzig (1780–1849), Kriminalrat, Director des Inquisitoriats, Mitglied im Criminal-Senat
 Wilhelm Heinrich von Grolman (1781–1856), Vizepräsident des Kammergerichtes
 Karl Wünsch (1793–1837), Richter
 Karl Friedrich Benjamin Löwenberg (1807–1871), Mitglied des Oberappellationssenats 1833–1839, Kammergerichtsrat 1844–1848
 Edwin von Drenkmann (1826–1904), Präsident des Kammergerichtes (1889)
 Otto von Oehlschläger (1831–1904), Präsident des Kammergerichtes (1885), später Präsident des Reichsgerichts
 Hermann Lisco (1850–1923), Präsident des Kammergerichtes 1907 bis 1909
 Benno Mugdan (1851–1928), Richter
 Heinrich Delbrück (1855–1922), Richter, später Präsident des Reichsgerichts
 Arnold Freymuth (1872–1933), Senatspräsident 1923 bis 1925
 Eduard Tigges (1874–1945), Präsident des Kammergerichtes 1922 bis 1933
 Adolf Baumbach (1874–1945), Senatspräsident am Kammergericht
 Heinrich Hölscher (1875–1945), Präsident des Kammergerichtes 1933 bis 1942
 Alfred Orgler (1876–1944 (?)), Senatspräsident am Kammergericht 1929 bis 1933, ermordet in Auschwitz oder Theresienstadt
 Johannes Block (1881–1945), Präsident des Kammergerichtes 1943 bis 1945, durch Militärtribunal hingerichtet
 Friedrich Walter Jung (1890–1978), Generalstaatsanwalt 1933 bis 1942
 Hans-Joachim Rehse (1902–1969), Richter
 Kurt-Walter Hanssen (1903–1945), Generalstaatsanwalt 1943 bis 1945
 Rudolf Wassermann (1925–2008), Richter
 Egbert Weiß (* 1931), Kammergerichtsrat 1972–1993
 Eckhart Dietrich (1937–2023), Vorsitzender Richter
 Marion Claßen-Beblo (* 1953), Vizepräsidentin des Kammergerichts 2005 bis 2009, Präsidentin des Rechnungshofes von Berlin 2009 bis 2018
 Josef Hoch (* 1960), Vorsitzender Richter am Kammergericht von 2007 bis 2016, seitdem Richter am Bundesgerichtshof
 Ludgera Selting (* 1964), Richterin und Referentin, seit 2019 Präsidentin des Verfassungsgerichtshofs

Geschichte des Bauwerks in der Elßholzstraße

Neubau
Unter Beteiligung der Architekten und preußischen Baubeamten beim Ministerium der öffentlichen Arbeiten Paul Thoemer und Rudolf Mönnich (Planung) sowie Carl Vohl (Bauleitung) entstand im Auftrag des Justizministeriums ein den gewachsenen Anforderungen entsprechendes neues Dienstgebäude. Einige Quellen nennen weitere Beteiligte, darunter z. B. Jean Fasquel.

Als Standort hatte man das Gelände des ersten Botanischen Gartens an der Potsdamer Straße ausgewählt. Dessen gläserne Gewächshäuser am Westrand des hier angelegten Heinrich-von-Kleist-Parks wurden 1902 abgetragen, und im Jahr 1909 erfolgte die Grundsteinlegung für das Gerichtsgebäude. Nördlich und südlich des Neubaus reservierte man Freiflächen für eventuelle Erweiterungen. Das Grundstück schließt an die Grunewaldstraße (im Süden), die Elßholzstraße (im Westen), die Pallasstraße (im Norden) und den Heinrich-von-Kleist-Park (im Osten) an.

Die Eröffnungsfeier des Kammergerichtsgebäudes fand am 18. September 1913 statt, zu ihr waren zahlreiche Gäste und 52 Ehrengäste eingeladen. Der damalige preußische Justizminister Max von Beseler übergab den Neubau nach dem Auftritt eines Blasorchesters symbolisch an den Kammergerichtspräsidenten Wilhelm Heinroth.

Der Plenarsaal als Sitzungsort für den Volksgerichtshof
Als nach dem Attentat vom 20. Juli 1944 die NS-Führung auf direkte Weisung Hitlers Schauprozesse gegen die Beteiligten vor dem Volksgerichtshof vorbereitete, erschien ihr dessen Verhandlungssaal aus Kapazitäts- oder anderen Gründen als ungeeignet. Die Wahl für einen besser tauglichen Ort fiel auf den Plenarsaal des Kammergerichts, was die bereitwillige Zustimmung des Kammergerichtspräsidenten Block fand. Vom August 1944 bis Januar 1945 verhängte der Volksgerichtshof viele seiner über 200 Todesurteile gegen die Verschwörer, oft unter dem Vorsitz Roland Freislers und heimlich gefilmt, im Plenarsaal des Kammergerichts vor hunderten stets ausgesuchten Zuschauern.

Nicht-öffentliche Nutzung durch die Besatzungsmächte

Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs beschlagnahmten die vier Siegermächte das Gebäude und brachten hier verschiedene administrative Einrichtungen unter, an erster Stelle den Kontrollrat. Am 18. Oktober 1945 konstituierte sich im Plenarsaal das Internationale Militärtribunal für die Nürnberger Kriegsverbrecherprozesse. Die vereidigten Richter erhielten die Anklageschriften zur Durchsicht und Vorbereitung auf die Prozesse gegen 24 Hauptkriegsverbrecher. Danach vertagte sich das Tribunal nach Nürnberg, behielt aber gemäß Artikel 22 seiner Charta seinen "ständigen Sitz" in Berlin. Der Alliierte Kontrollrat verlor seine Bedeutung, nachdem ihn die Vertreter der Sowjetunion im März 1948 aus Protest gegen die Deutschlandpolitik der drei westlichen Besatzungsmächte verlassen hatten. Danach trat er nie wieder zusammen, wurde aber formal erst nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung aufgelöst.

Die Außenminister der USA, Großbritanniens, Frankreichs und der Sowjetunion tagten Anfang 1954 im Großen Plenarsaal, um über die Zukunft Deutschlands zu verhandeln. In diesen Jahren ging es vor allem um die Frage eines Friedensvertrags, mit dem der Krieg erst offiziell hätte beendet werden können, und darum, ob es Wiedervereinigungsgespräche geben solle.

Am 3. September 1971 unterzeichneten die Botschafter der vier Alliierten im Plenarsaal das Viermächteabkommen über den Status Berlins, das den Gästen und Einwohnern von West-Berlin zahlreiche Erleichterungen im Reise- und Besuchsverkehr brachte. Als gemeinsame Einrichtung der Alliierten nutzte bis 1990 die Alliierte Luftsicherheitszentrale 20 Räume des Gebäudes.

Restaurierung bis 1997 zur neuen zivilen Nutzung
Nach der Wiedervereinigung gaben die ehemaligen Besatzungsmächte das Gebäude in deutsche Verwaltung zurück. Der Senat veranlasste anschließend eine umfangreiche Sanierung und technische Modernisierung des Gebäudes unter Federführung des Berliner Architektenehepaars Ralf Schüler und Ursulina Schüler-Witte. Dabei wurden zum Beispiel Flure und Treppenräume wieder farblich gestaltet, zusätzliche Fluchtwege eingerichtet und Aufzüge in die Höfe eingebaut. Der Ausbau des Dachgeschosses erbrachte fast 6.000 m² neue Nutzfläche, die Gesamtfläche beträgt nunmehr 35.165 m².

In dem Haus befindet sich seit 1997 wieder das Berliner Kammergericht, dessen Großer Plenarsaal von Gruppen nach Anmeldung besichtigt werden kann. Zugleich ist es seit 1992 Sitz des Berliner Verfassungsgerichtshofs, der Berliner Generalstaatsanwaltschaft und mehrerer Berufsgerichte.

Der Verein Forum Recht und Kultur im Kammergericht e. V. hat seinen Sitz ebenfalls in dem Gebäude und führt regelmäßige Gesprächsrunden, Diskussionsabende oder Kulturveranstaltungen zum Thema Recht und Gesetz in Berlin durch.

Das Gebäudeensemble am Kleistpark

Außenarchitektur

Das Bauwerk entstand von 1909 bis 1913 im historisierenden Neobarockstil nach Plänen der preußischen Baubeamten Rudolf Mönnich und Paul Thoemer, die als weitere Baumeister Jean Fasquel und Carl Vohl hinzuzogen. Weil während der Entwurfsarbeiten für das Gebäude die Amtsgeschäfte des Gerichts erheblich zunahmen, mussten noch vor der Grundsteinlegung Umplanungen für einen erhöhten Raumbedarf vorgenommen werden.

Der Baukörper
Das Gebäude aus Sandstein und Basaltlava besteht aus drei parallelen Längsflügeln, die durch kurze Querflügel miteinander verbunden sind. Es ruht auf einem von den Planern als Kanalgeschoss bezeichneten Unterbau. Darüber sind ein Sockelgeschoss, ein Erdgeschoss, die Etagen eins bis drei sowie ein Dachgeschoss angeordnet. Das Bauwerk gliedert sich in 38 Fensterachsen, ist rund 135 Meter lang und in der Mittelachse 67 Meter tief. Die in der Infobox angegebene Höhe ist der Abstand vom Straßenniveau bis zur Dachtraufe, entnommen aus den Bauschnittzeichnungen. Der Sockel- und Erdgeschossbereich des Gebäudeensembles ist mit Bossenwerk verkleidet, die darüber liegenden Etagen sind verputzt und mit verschiedenen Ornamenten über den Torbögen, über den Fenstern, unter der Dachtraufe und am Giebel versehen. Den Gebäudeabschluss bildet ein hohes Walmdach, das jeweils zur Gebäudeaußenseite hin Dachgauben aufweist. In den 1970er Jahren wurden die Dachziegel erneuert. Der Zugang von der Elßholzstraße aus ist als doppelläufige Freitreppe gestaltet, dessen Zier ein schmiedeeisernes Gitter darstellt. Die Gesamtkosten für den Bau betrugen seinerzeit 4.283.700 Mark.

Die Schaufassade mit dem Hauptportal liegt zum Park hin und ist auf die während der Bauzeit hierher umgesetzten Königskolonnaden ausgerichtet. Schwerpunkte der Fassadengestaltung sind ein reich dekorierter Mittel-Risalit, der um vier Meter aus der Fluchtlinie hervortritt mit vier Säulen, dessen Dreiecksgiebel das Große Wappen Preußens trägt. Weitere Zierden des Gebäudes sind Rundbogenportale, Rundbogenfenster, zahlreiche skulptierte Kartuschen und plastische Frauenköpfe über den Fenstern.

Ebenfalls an der Hauptfront erhielt das Bauwerk seitliche Risalite, die reich geschmückt waren und in dreiteiligen Dachfenstern abgeschlossen wurden.

Der Turm
Der anfangs mittig über dem Ostflügel errichtete Turm ist nicht mehr vorhanden. Er besaß einen achteckigen Grundriss, enthielt eine Turmuhr und an zwei Stellen offene Umgänge. Seine Plattformen waren über zwei Wendeltreppen erreichbar, zwei Leitertreppen im Inneren führten bis in die Spitze der Laterne. Den oberen Abschluss bildete eine Turmkugel.

Der Turm wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg bei einem Bombeneinschlag in unmittelbarer Nähe des Gebäudes schwer beschädigt. Sein Wiederaufbau hätte etwa zwei Millionen DM gekostet, weswegen er nach Kriegsende wegen Einsturzgefahr abgerissen wurde.

Wandgestaltung, Kunst und Weiteres

Die Wände der beiden großen Innenhöfe sind ornamentiert, die der kleineren Höfe mit glasierten weißen Ziegeln verblendet, was die Helligkeit fördern und die Reinigung erleichtern sollte. Das Bauwerk umschließt insgesamt sieben verschieden große Innenhöfe.

Auf dem Vorplatz des Hauptportals stehen die Rossebändiger rechts und links seitlich des Gebäudes. Diese beiden Bronzeskulpturen des russischen Bildhauers Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg waren 1842 als Geschenk des Zaren Nikolaus I. an seinen Schwager Friedrich Wilhelm IV. nach Berlin gelangt und befanden sich bis 1945 vor dem Berliner Stadtschloss.

Südlich des Gerichtsgebäudes projektierten die Architekten ein Gartenhaus für den Kammergerichtspräsidenten.

Ursprüngliche Innenarchitektur

Der repräsentative 1913 eingeweihte Bau verfügte über 540 Räume, davon zahlreiche Verhandlungsräume. In den ersten Jahren befand sich in dem Haus eine Dienstwohnung für den Kammergerichtspräsidenten mit insgesamt 16 Zimmern auf 520 Quadratmeter, unter anderem Festsalon, Musik- und Kaminzimmer. Diese drei Gesellschaftsräume wurden von den Architekten Bruno Paul, Joseph Wackerle und Erich R. Weiß ausgestaltet. Einen eigenen Fahrstuhl hatten die Bewohner zur Verfügung. Der separate Eingang befand sich an der Südfront des Gebäudes.

Die einzelnen Etagen können von drei Haupt- und vier Nebentreppen erreicht werden. Von den ursprünglich eingebauten zwei Aufzügen ist einer im 21. Jahrhundert weitestgehend erhalten und in Betrieb.

In allen Fluren sind die Wände gefliest, je nach Stockwerk in verschiedenen Farben. Über Fluren und Warteräumen finden sich Gewölbe in verschiedenen Ausformungen: römische Kreuzgewölbe, Tonnen-, Ring-, Kloster- oder Trichtergewölbe. Wie die Fassaden sind verschiedene Bereiche im Inneren des Gebäudes mit schmückenden Elementen versehen worden. Die Eingangshallen und die haushohe Mittelhalle mit ihren 17 m Spannweite weisen figurative und ornamentale Bildhauerarbeiten auf. Mit Stuckdecken, Kronleuchter, einem Deckengemälde von Albert Maennchen und hölzernen Wandpaneelen ist der acht Meter hohe Plenarsaal ausgeschmückt. Er besitzt einen eigens für den König geplanten Balkon, an dessen Ecken Puttengruppen saßen. Im Dienstzimmer des Generalstaatsanwalts und in zwei weiteren an der Hauptfront gelegenen Sitzungssälen in der dritten Etage sind künstlerisch wertvolle Stuckrosetten zu sehen, die aus dem Marien-Dom zu Fürstenwalde stammen. Die Gerichtsbibliothek enthält auf vier Ebenen – zwei durch Zwischendecken jeweils in der Höhe halbierten Etagen – Bücherregale von insgesamt 7000 Meter Länge.

Änderungen in der Ausstattung
In der 45-jährigen Nutzung durch alliierte Diensteinheiten erfolgten etliche Um- und Einbauten, von denen nach dem Auszug nicht mehr viele vorhanden sind. Auf dem Dachboden sind die Umrisse von kleinen Buchten erhalten, die von Soldaten zur Schweinehaltung hier eingerichtet worden sein sollen. Das verbesserte deren Ernährungssituation in den 1940er und 1950er Jahren. Die Amerikaner hinterließen an einer Wanduhr einen als Seepferdchen gestalteten Zeiger in der großen Mittelhalle. Diese Darstellung erinnert an die hier mit Restaurierungsarbeiten beauftragte Pioniereinheit, die das Tier als Talisman nutzte. Außerdem stehen eine von den Amerikanern in der westlichen Eingangshalle errichtete Pförtnerloge, die vier Fahnenstangen an der Ostfassade und eine schrankgroße, hölzerne Termintafel im östlichen Eingangsbereich unter Bestandsschutz.

Bis zur 100-jährigen Wiederkehr der Einweihung war die Sanierung und Modernisierung abgeschlossen. Im September 2013 gab es eine Jubiläumsfeier mit Harfenspiel, Pressevertretern und wiederum vielen Ehrengästen.

Cyber-Angriff 2019
Das Kammergericht wurde im September 2019 Opfer eines Cyber-Angriffs mit dem Computervirus Emotet. Wann genau der Angriff stattfand, ist unklar, der Trojaner Emotet wurde Ende September in den Systemen des Gerichts gefunden. Die IT des Gerichts wurde daraufhin vom Netz des Landes Berlin getrennt. Wie das Virus in die Systeme gelangen konnte, ist unklar. Mögliche Ursachen könnten kontaminierte Anhänge in E-Mails oder USB-Sticks sein, die mit dem Virus infiziert waren. Richter und Mitarbeiter des Gerichts haben USB-Sticks dafür genutzt, um Dateien zwischen ihren Büros und Wohnort zu transportieren. Ob das System so infiziert wurde, ist ebenfalls unklar.

Der Berliner Justizsenator Dirk Behrendt und der Präsident des Kammergerichts Bernd Pickel haben nach dem Angriff versichert, dass keine Daten durch den Angreifer gestohlen wurden. Ein Gutachten des IT-Dienstleisters T-Systems, das der Kammerpräsident zuerst aus Sicherheitsgründen zögerte zu veröffentlichen, hat aber gezeigt, dass der Angreifer  Dem Gutachten nach hat die schlechte Netzwerksegmentierung des Gerichts dem Angreifer ermöglicht, das ganze System zu befallen und lahmzulegen. Alle Backup-Server waren zudem defekt, als der Trojaner entdeckt wurde. Was das Ziel des Angreifers war und wie viele Daten er gestohlen hat, ist auch unklar.

Das Gutachten hat gezeigt, dass der Angreifer sich darauf konzentriert hat, die Passwörter von den Rechnern zu stehlen. Die Passwörter sind zwar seit dem Abschalten der Rechner nutzlos, aber weil der genaue Zeitpunkt des Angriffs unbekannt ist, hatte der Angreifer möglicherweise genug Zeit, um Schaden anzurichten. Da das Gericht die höchste Instanz für unter anderem Straf- und Zivilsachen ist, könnten sich auf seinen Servern Informationen und Namen von verdeckten Ermittlern, Informanten und Zeugen in sensiblen Prozessen wie Terror- und Staatsschutzprozessen befinden.

Literatur
 Hans Bergemann, Simone Ladwig-Winters: Jüdische Richter am Kammergericht nach 1933. Eine Dokumentation. C. Heymanns, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-452-25833-5.
 Michael Bienert: Das Kammergericht in Berlin. Orte. Prozesse. Ereignisse. Vbb, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-947215-15-7.
 Jürgen Kipp: Einhundert Jahre. Zur Geschichte eines Gebäudes 1913–2013. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-8305-3226-2.
 Friedrich Scholz: Berlin und seine Justiz. Geschichte des Kammergerichtsbezirks 1945-1980. De Gruyter, Berlin, New York. 1982, ISBN 3-11-008679-4.
 Johannes Tuchel: Die Todesurteile des Kammergerichts 1943 bis 1945. Eine Dokumentation. Lukas, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86732-229-4.
 C. Vohl: Der Neubau für das Kammergericht in Berlin. In: Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, Jahrgang 65 (1915), Sp. 519–548, Tafel 54–60, kobv.de/zlb.
 Rudolf Wassermann: "Kammergericht soll bleiben." Ein Gang durch die Geschichte des berühmtesten deutschen Gerichts (1468–1945). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8305-0877-8.
 Stephan Weichbrodt: Die Geschichte des Kammergerichts von 1913 bis 1945. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-8305-1716-5.
 Das neue Kammergerichtsgebäude in Berlin. In: Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, Jg. XXXIII, Nr. 75, 20. September 1913, , S. 489–492.

Weblinks

 360°-Panorama der Eingangshalle
  von Paul Thoemer, Rudolf Mönnich und C(arl) Vohl
 Website des Kammergerichts – Berlin.de
 Geschichte und Literatur des Gebäudes, Webseite des Kammergerichts
 31 Projektblätter Thoemer und Moennich zum Kammergericht Berlin auf architekturmuseum.ub.tu-berlin

Einzelnachweise

Berlin
Gericht (Berlin)
Berlin
Berlin-Schöneberg
Baudenkmal in Berlin
Berlin, Kammergericht
Neobarockes Bauwerk in Berlin
Gegründet 1468

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Looking Up: Springtime Big Dipper leaps for joy
Peter BeckerMore Content Now
Have you noticed the leaping dipper?
The Big Dipper, in its never tiring circumlocution of the northern heavens, presents itself on spring evenings as if it is leaping in a burst of joy. Let your imagination soar, just as the ancients did who organized the stars into constellation patterns. It�s not extremely scientific, but it�s all part of the love of the night sky that keeps us, from professional scientist to the casual star watcher, with their neck craned back and their eyes looking up.
As many may know, the Big Dipper is part of a larger constellation, Ursa Major, the Great Bear. We once had an ursa major in the backyard stand on its hind legs and peer right in the kitchen window. It�s fun living near the woods.
The Big Dipper, as such, is not among the officially listed 88 constellations, but is an �asterism,� which is basically another word for constellations that aren�t really constellations. Recognized around the world and across cultures and the span of time, the seven stars have been variously referred to as a plow, (Ireland and Great Britain), a butcher�s cleaver (northern England), a wagon (some parts of England and Scandinavia), a sauce pan (Holland), a medicine cart (Hungary), the Seven Sages (Hindu), Seven Gods (Mongolia), coffin (Arabia), drinking gourd (Africa) and of course the Big Dipper (North America).
Amos 5:8 in the Bible refers to the �Seven Stars,� which some believe may be the Big Dipper, or more commonly heard, the Pleiades star cluster.
In any case, the Big Dipper serves as a convenient pointer to the North Star, about which our whole sky seems to revolve. The front two stars of the Big Dipper do the pointing. It is oriented in spring evenings climbing the northeast, its dipper about to unload its contents. In summer, look for it �dipping down� in the northwest.
Here�s the names of the seven stars. Learn them and be possibly the first on the block to be able to regal your guests with this information.
The end star of the �handle� is Alkaid, followed by Mizar (more later), Alioth, and the Megrez, the first corner of the �bowl.� Move down the side of the �bowl� to Phecda, across the bottom of the �bowl� to Merak, and then up to Dubhe. Again as seen on spring evenings, the bottom of the �bowl� is on top.
If you have reasonably good eyesight you should be able to see the dim star right next to Mizar, known as Alcor. Binoculars will show it very clearly. Aim a small telescope at Mizar and using a magnification of about 40x or more, you will at once see that Mizar is split into two stars very near each other. The magnified view will show Alcor far apart from Mizar but in the same field of view. Mizar and Alcor are a chance alignment and are not associated to each other, but the two stars of Mizar are an actual double (binary), connected by gravity.
The North Star (Polaris) is at the tip of the �handle� of the Little Dipper. Most of the these stars are considerably fainter than in the Big Dipper. The official name for the Little Dipper group is Ursa Minor, the Little Bear.
Note Dubhe�s yellow shade, in binoculars.
Full moon is on April 4.
Keep looking up!


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