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One district, all students.
The 2018 school board election kicked off great conversations about our school district. Let's keep that momentum going.
Latest Post (scroll down for older posts)
Campaign Summary
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One School – Yes and No.
Momentum Building: Notes from our 3rd Conversation Club
Polar(izing) Vortex : Notes from the First SMCSD Conversation Club
SMCSD Conversation Club
Truth and Courage
Just the facts, ma'am.
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nathanscripps@gmail.com
Concerned Parent of a Future Public School Kid
The upcoming election is going to have a permanent impact on the Sausalito Marin City School District, but everyone seems to be treating it like business as usual.
I believe we will either lose a school or lose the district all together.
We may lose the district if the same two sides continue to have the same resource allocation argument between the same two K-8's, which forces the county or court's hand to merge us with Mill Valley. The county already explored that option, suggesting intent, and recently merged two small districts together, proving capability.
We may lose Bayside MLK if the Willow Creek board majority rolls on and, without stating so on their campaign website, effects a long-standing plan to merge all students into a single K-8 school. A Willow Creek board member presented that idea to the Sausalito City Council last year, suggesting intent, and a two or four year majority board position provides capability.
Both of those structural changes seem plausible, yet neither are being given the broad attention they deserve. With under 600 students in the district and under 1,200 parents likely voting along school lines, both sides of the campaign seem to be sticking to similar talking points supporting all students to attract non-parents from both cities. Willow Creek has a much larger parent base than Bayside MLK, so it's an uphill battle for the "Two Choice Candidates" against the WCA-aligned "Team Up for All Kids" group of three. If all three win, Willow Creek will have a four year majority control of the board, guaranteed.
A structural change creating two K-8's several years ago shifted the headlines from our once award winning schools to a district entangled in cultural, legal, and financial troubles. I believe a structural change is required at this point to set us on a better path. Either the county or court enforces it, or the WCA majority board does it, or… and this is where my idealism kicks in… we shine a light on the conversation and vote for a different plan instead of choosing the same old sides.
I can't get excited about our "Two Choice Candidates for Two Choice Schools" when their stated goal is to continue making progress as we've seen in the past 2 years. Bonnie Hough and Ida Green both bring myriad experience and an incredible willingness to keep negotiating a community-inclusive solution to the table. And yes, programs have been recently restored at BMLK that had been lost over the course of a decade under a WCA-majority board, although these gains came during a contentious time with WCA-aligned board members recusing themselves from service. While this plan definitely supports community inclusion, relying on the double K-8 structure just doesn't seem financially viable in the long run, nor does perpetuating the resource debate with a strong-and-growing-stronger WCA parent base.
Nor can I get excited about our "Team Up for All Kids" trio when their goal doesn't appear to be stated on their site at all. Kurt Weinsheimer, Jen Conway, and Josh Barrow speak of "teaming up," "coming together," and a "unifying vision" as seeming codewords for the 2017 single K-8 school proposal from a WCA board member to the Sausalito City Council. Both Kurt, as the WCA board president, and Josh, as the district board president, were aware of this plan at the time. Assuming that is still the goal, then Bayside MLK will be eliminated and all students will presumably go to Willow Creek as our single, independent charter school K-8. While this instantly addresses financial concerns, it leaves open the questions of transparency and equitable outcomes for all students given that most Marin City kids are not performing on par with their Sausalito classmates.
And, further complicating things, a Sausalito neighbor reached out recently to share that they were told there wasn't space for their child at Willow Creek; they now send that child to private school and said other parents have had the same experience. They are now planning to move to Mill Valley.
What I am excited to support is revamping the old model that worked when we had award winning schools: two elementary programs and a dedicated middle school. The elementary programs could once again share a campus in order to maximize shared resources and student interaction, especially before and after school programs, lunch service, social activities, and subjects like art, PE, and foreign languages (all of which had been lost or minimized at BMLK, only some regained recently in the back and forth resources battle). Extra capacity at the middle school could attract other students from the county if we included hands-on experiential learning programs (proven to increase engagement and retention) that leveraged our unique physical proximity and access to programs like NatureBridge, Marine Mammal Center, Bay Area Discovery Museum, Bay Model, YMCA Point Bonita, and more. It's a big idea, a new option, and an admittedly difficult conversation to figure out the finances and program details.
This covers both the financial concern of maximizing shared resources while also inviting community-inclusive practices and learner-specific core-subject area options during critical early years. At the middle school years, it boosts headcount, fills seats from across the county in the short term, expands our community to include amazing programs here in southern Marin, and keeps our capacity high as our elementary student counts swell in the coming years… all of which is a great prep for entering Tam.
At the very least, that structural shift (and others?) should be vetted next to WCA's single school approach and the benchmark of our existing two-school structure. We can only have that conversation if we keep the district and vote for board members open to pursuing structural solutions that are both financially sustainable and community-inclusive. I think both sides get it half right, which means either side gets it half wrong.
Ultimately, what kept me up nights or woke me up early in the morning, besides my newborn son, was knowing that neither side provided a long-term solution that I was excited to support. I joined the race on the last day possible because I just had a kid (our first), my job at the nation's leading non-profit for school aged kids was ramping up with back to school and the onslaught of social media and new technology in the classroom, and jumping into my first ever campaign as an unbacked, unfunded independent was daunting to say the least. I know that I can do good work for the district, and, if elected, promise to run for re-election until that work is done and our schools are award-winners once again.
My goal is to raise the structural conversation at the district level without upsetting everyone I respect on both sides of the situation. My son will be going to school here in a few years regardless of the results, and how he is received and what options he will have at whatever school he attends is always in the back of my mind. I believe we need to have this structural conversation as a district, during this election, in order to keep all doors open while providing long term sustainability.
Absent that conversation, we either lose a school or lose the district. I'm not a fan of lose-lose scenarios, so I'm running as a third option supporting a new version of our old, award-winning three school structure.
We are one district that can serve all students if we stop taking sides.
Two Choice Candidates:
Community Inclusive? YES
Financially Viable? NO
Team Up for All Kids:
Community Inclusive? NO
Financially Viable? YES
One district, All students, No sides:
Posted on September 28, 2018 September 29, 2018 Author nathanscripps
One thought on "Concerned Parent of a Future Public School Kid"
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44 employees, 6 belong to the Central Administration Division, and the remaining 38 belong (including 10 social workers) to women and children shelters, community education, men's services hotline, domestic violence crisis management, and child and youth services front-line services units.
Website contains statistical data that would be very valuable to research and development of programs.
To consider listing fund-raising costs for rating.
To focus on domestic violence prevention work and expanding the range of services, including community education and, children and youth services </br> To be a one-stop domestic violence prevention center by November, dedicated to all victims of domestic violence </br> To provide prevention, education and treatment, and other diversified services </br> To reach out and care for affected families in need through counseling and crisis intervention </br> To protect and care for women and children victims of domestic violence </br> To help establish personal self-esteem and confidence </br> To provide counseling and guidance for abusers and terminate the cycle of domestic violence </br> To provide public education to the community and professional organizations, so as to work together for harmonious families.


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Justia Lawyer Directory Maritime Law Washington Amboy Attorneys
Amboy, Washington Maritime Lawyers
Free Consultation! Aggressive Maritime & Injury Lawyer! Victim Representation!
I provide skilled counsel and legal advocacy. I am dedicated to obtaining the best possible results for maritime and injury victims! Visit my website to see case verdicts and settlements. Call for a free consultation. Read More »
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Tacoma, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 45 years experience
(800) 732-7258	3639 N Pearl St
Free ConsultationMaritime
University of Washington School of Law
Picking the wrong maritime lawyer can be like drowning in a bath tub of salt water.But salt water runs through my veins. Being born in Seattle, My first salt water job as a longshoreman and ILWU membership starting at age 16. This was long before containerization and when longshoreman carried steel hooks for grabbing boxes, and the entire waterfront was controlled by the ILWU. I walked picket lines during strikes and learned what living without a wage means.I beame a lawyer after seeing what employer union busting looked like and how marine employers out-gunned and out lawyerd workers in...
George Knowles
Tacoma, WA Maritime Law Attorney
Free ConsultationMaritime and Personal Injury
Santa Clara University School of Law and University of Washington School of Law
Harold Thaddeus Dodge Jr.
Tacoma, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 34 years experience
(253) 250-4516	4701 S 19th St
Maritime, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Mark Hammer
(800) 529-6275	Tacoma Mall Office Building , Suite 307 4301 South Pine Street
Maritime, Criminal, DUI and Personal Injury
Patrick Thomas Manza
(253) 473-2771	2928 S Union Ave
Maritime, Estate Planning, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
Michael Vincent Riggio
(253) 922-8724	4505 Pacific Hwy E
Maritime and Personal Injury
John Stephan Moceri
Maritime, Legal Malpractice, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Christopher M. Davis
Seattle, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 26 years experience
(800) 422-2433	2101 4th Avenue
Free ConsultationMaritime, Insurance Claims, Personal Injury and Products Liability
University of Oregon School of Law and University of Washington School of Law
Seattle attorney Chris Davis has spent the last 20+ years "leveling the playing field" between accident victims and insurance companies. He is passionately devoted to advancing and perfecting trial techniques and communication strategies on behalf of injured victims and their families. Mr. Davis has won numerous and notable jury verdicts against individuals insured by big insurance companies such as Allstate, Farmers, Encompass, Geico, State Farm and Mutual of Enumclaw. He is recognized by his peers, and various professional organizations and legal publications as being a very creative and accomplished lawyer in the field of personal injury law.
Gordon Charles Webb
(425) 454-3800	4005 20th Avenue West #110
Tulane University School of Law and University of Idaho College of Law
Gordon Charles Webb is recognized by the American Society of Legal Advocates as one of the top 100 Litigation lawyers in the State of Washington. He is also one of the principal founding members of Seattle Maritime Attorneys and Webb Law Firm, a specialized firm with offices in Bellevue and Seattle. Gordon is licensed to practice in all State and Federal Courts of the State of Washington. He holds a Master's Degree in Maritime Law from Tulane University Law School, and has represented hundreds of clients in personal injury, wage claims, bankruptcy claims and other matters involving...
Edward K Le
Renton, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 24 years experience
(844) 958-7842	135 Park Ave N.
Free ConsultationMaritime, Construction, Personal Injury and Products Liability
University of Houston - Main Campus
Edward Le has litigated, tried, and settled personal injury cases for over 20 years, recovering over 30 millions for his clients. He is Board Certified by the National Board of Trial Advocacy in Civil Trial Law, a distinction at the national level for attorneys who have tried numerous cases within a practice area and whose skills is recognized by peers and judges [Washington State does not recognize legal specialties]. There are currently less than 6 lawyers in Washington who have achieved Board Certification. He is also AV rated, the highest distinction given to an attorney by other lawyers...
Marissa A. Olsson
Washington Maritime Law Lawyer
University of Washington School of Law and University of Washington School of LawWashington and U.S. District Court Western District of Washington
Richard John Davies
Washington Maritime Law Attorney with 24 years experience
Willamette University College of LawWestern District of Washington and Washington
Derek Radtke
(425) 374-4907	3721 Colby Avenue
Free ConsultationEverett, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 21 years experience
Maritime, Insurance Claims, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
Gonzaga University School of Law
Derek grew up in Edmonds, WA. After High School he attended Shoreline Community College, in Seattle, WA, earning an AA degree in Audio Engineering. He changed focus, attended the University of Washington, and graduated with a BA in English, with Writing Emphasis. He completed his Juris Doctorate at Gonzaga School of Law in 1997. He worked his entire way through college. Since being admitted to the Washington Bar in 1997 his focus has been on litigation of personal injury cases on behalf of injured parties. For the last 20 years, he worked as a trial...
Michael John Tario
Mount Vernon, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 40 years experience
(360) 336-6666	413 S. 1st Street
Free ConsultationMaritime, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Seattle University School of Law
Michael John Tario is thought of by many as being one of Washington State's most experienced and successful trial lawyers. In 2013, he was recognized as being one of the nation's top 100 trial lawyers by the National Trial Lawyer's Association. In the same year, he was also ranked as a "Top Lawyer in Washington" for Ethical Standards and Professional Excellence by the Legal Network. In 2014, he earned a "Very High–Distinguished" and a "BV Distinguished" rating from Martindale-Hubbell which signifies a very high rating in both Legal ability & Ethical Standards. In 2007, the Bellingham Business Journal rated Mr....
John Merriam
Bellevue, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 37 years experience
(877) 800-1007	225 106th Ave NE
Lewis & Clark Law School and University of Washington School of Law
I was an unlicensed seaman in the U.S. merchant marine for 12 years, while working my way through college and law school. Law school tuition was paid for with a scholarship from the Seafarers Int'l Union. I have practiced maritime law for 30 years and for the past 16 years have restricted my practice to the representation of claimants for maritime injury and wages.
Joseph S. Stacey
(877) 332-5529	4039 21st Ave W.
Free ConsultationMaritime, Insurance Claims and Personal Injury
Joe is a founding member of Stacey & Jacobsen, PLLC. His practice concentrates on the representation of injured maritime workers, fishermen, blue water seamen, tug and barge seamen, tankermen, longshoremen, repairmen, maritime construction workers and pilebucks.
Joe was born and raised on the Maine coast. He attended the University of Maine in Orono, then traveled west to attend law school at Seattle University.
Joe has been married to Elizabeth since 1986. They have four children, three boys (in a row) and a girl. Joe has always been involved in his kids' education, sports, and other activities. Joe has coached Little League...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileLII GoldBlawgsearchSocial Media
Seattle, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 39 years experience
(206) 624-8844	600 University St
Charles Moure
(206) 695-9202	1700 Seventh Avenue
Free ConsultationMaritime and Business
Education: St. Thomas University (B.A., 1989); St. Thomas University School of Law (J.D., 1992); University of Miami (L.L.M. Maritime Law, 1995) Dean's List, 1991; High Honors in Admiralty, Professor Robert M. Jarvis; Judicial Extern: United States Federal District Court Magistrate Judge William C. Turnoff; Held US Coast Guard Captain's License; Raced yachts in Miami and Seattle. Member: Washington, Florida, and Oregon Bar Associations; Federal District Court for the Western District of Washington; Federal District Court for the Southern District of Florida; Federal Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; Washington State Trial Lawyers Association. Languages: Spanish. Practice...
James M. Beard
Kirkland, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 36 years experience
(452) 822-2242	5400 Carillon Point
University of Washington - Tacoma campus and University of Puget Sound
Maritime Injury Lawyer James Beard has a unique understanding and compassion for the clients he represents. For 30 years his legal career has been devoted to representing crewmen and commercial fishermen who have been injured while working at sea. He is widely recognized as one of the most experienced maritime injury lawyers in the Pacific Northwest in handling maritime wrongful death and personal injury cases. He has recovered millions of dollars in compensation for his clients located throughout the United States.
Beard begins each maritime injury case by making sure that his clients are getting the proper medical treatment and care...
Attorney Douglas G. Johnson, Esq. has dealt with a plethora of different personal injury cases, and he is ready to stand beside you and support you today. Come to Johnson & Combs law firm and seek out the help you need from a trusted and proven attorney who has your best interests in mind and who is ready to support you now. He received his undergraduate degree from Oregon State University. Upon graduating, he earned his law degree from Williamette University College of Law. He is a member of the Alaska Bar Association, where he serves on the Rules of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileLII SilverBlawgsearchSocial Media
Robert Kornfeld
(425) 893-8989	3724 Lake Washington Blvd NE
Free ConsultationMaritime, Asbestos, Insurance Claims and Personal Injury
As an attorney who has personally experienced the pain, anxiety, and distress of a personal injury (see Rob's story), I assure you that I understand the challenges you and your family may now face. For more than 30 years I have been helping people just like you navigate the legal system to recover the compensation you deserve and to recover reimbursement of medical bills, lost wages and other compensation.
James Jacobsen
University of Oregon School of Law
Jim Jacobsen is a partner at Stacey and Jacobsen, PLLC in Seattle, Washington. As a Washington native, it was his work in the maritime trades that sparked his interest in maritime law. Jim worked as a merchant seaman and Alaska fisherman from 1979 to 1984. He has worked as a deckhand and mate in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Puget Sound. He is licensed by the U.S. Coast Guard. Jim is a former member of the Inland-boatmen's Union of the Pacific as well as the Alaska Fishermen's Union.
Jim graduated from the University of Oregon School of Law...
Seattle, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 8 years experience
University of Washington School of Law and University of Washington School of Law
Robert Anderson
(206) 436-8490	100 South King Street
Maritime, Business and Personal Injury
David Bowen Anderson
(360) 671-6711	800 5th Avenue
Free ConsultationMaritime, Personal Injury and Products Liability
David Anderson has assisted hundreds of seamen and their families to secure fair compensation for injuries at sea, as well as for those who have lost loved ones to sunken vessels. His decades of experience in the admiralty law field have made him a respected name in the industry. As a native of Seattle, Dave spent his childhood on docks and shores. He learned to take the helm of sail and powerboats from an early age, and he has owned a wide variety of vessels. Dave attended Stanford University before earning his J.D. at the University of Michigan School...
(206) 684-9315	1001 4th Ave
Maritime, Business, Employment and Family
University of Washington School of Law and University of Oregon School of Law
My office is a full service, general practice firm. I provide services in several areas, including employment law, personal injury, environmental law, family law, real property and general civil litigation.
Neil Lindquist
Kirkland, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 2 years experience
(425) 372-7799	12000 129th Ln NE, P400
Free ConsultationMaritime, Bankruptcy and Personal Injury
Wayne Mitchell
Arnold Isaac Berschler
Bainbridge Island , WA Maritime Law Attorney
(800) 338-1441	261 Madison Avenue, South
Bainbridge Island , WA 98110
Free ConsultationMaritime, Civil Rights and Personal Injury
Arnold I. Berschler's accomplishments are:
Proctor Member of the Maritime Law Association of the United State, and a California Certified Legal Specialist in Admiralty and Maritime Law.
Lead attorney in published opinions emanating from the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals, and from the State of California Court of Court of Appeals.
Litigates cases in the state and federal court level.
Harold F. Vhugen
Free ConsultationMaritime, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Personal Injury
Harold F. Vhugen's practice emphasizes personal injury and wrongful death claims for fishermen, seamen, and other injured workers and their families. He has been selected by his peers as one of "The Best Lawyers In America" and was elected as a Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers. He has been a frequent lecturer, mediator and arbitrator in marine and other personal injury claims.
Hal's bar association activities include serving as President of the King County Bar Association and as Governor of the Washington State Bar Association. He is a member of the Maritime Law Association and Washington State Trial Lawyers' Association.
Gordon Carey
(360) 671-6711	800 Fifth Ave
Maritime, Personal Injury and Products Liability
As a maritime lawyer with nearly 40 years of experience, Gordon T. Carey is a veteran of taking on complex and challenging cases. He has fought for clients at both state and federal levels, and has helped a range of mariners, from merchant crew to dockworkers and other seamen. His educational background includes graduating cum laude from University of Michigan with his JD and gaining a license to practice in both Washington and Oregon. He is an member of several organizations in the legal community, including his role as a proctor in the Maritime Law Association. His knowledge of maritime...
Douglas Ralph Williams
(360) 671-6711	800 Fifth Ave #4100
As a child, Doug Williams spent a good amount of the time when he wasn't in school, on the cruise lines where his father was chief medical officer. These experiences gave him the knowledge and passion he needed to pursue a career in maritime law. After graduating magna cum laude at Florida State University and earning his Juris Doctorate, Doug accepted a position with a leading maritime law firm in Tampa, Florida. Here he handled commercial disputes and the defense of casualty lawsuits. In 2011, Doug and his wife relocated to Seattle, Washington, where Doug...
Lanning M. Trueb
Free ConsultationKirkland, WA Maritime Law Lawyer with 30 years experience
University of Montana School of Law
Lanning M. Trueb has spent almost 30 years representing seamen in plaintiff maritime cases arising throughout the North Pacific; including waters off Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California and Russia. In addition to practicing maritime law, Lanning owned and operated his own commercial fishing vessel in the Alaska commercial salmon fishery. Lanning has been involved in over a thousand maritime matters covering a wide range of maritime issues - from commercial fishing injury and death claims, to serious injury and death claims involving oil spill response, tug and barge, SERVS, off-shore supply, tankers, and cargo vessels. He's represented crew and family members...
David Simmons Roth
(206) 447-8665	500 Union St
Maritime, DUI, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
For over 30 years, I have represented persons injured in car, motorcycle, truck, bicycle, pedestrian and premises liability accidents as well as victims of professional negligence. My many years of experience in personal injury law, strong work ethic, and tenacity have helped me obtain the compensation my clients deserve. I am listed under the Martindale Hubble Directory of Distinguished Attorneys. I have been a guest lecturer at continuing legal educational seminars for trial lawyers before the Washington Association of Justice and the Seattle-King County Bar Association. I received the top 10/10 rating of "superb" by Avvo. I...
Dean Swanson
Edmonds, WA Maritime Law Attorney
(425) 778-8558	23607 Highway 99, Suite 3A
Dean Swanson is a civil litigation attorney focused entirely on helping those who have been injured or wronged by others. He has represented individuals and businesses. Dean is a native of the Northwest US, and is a member of the Washington State Bar Rules of Professional Conduct Committee. Dean is dedicated to getting justice for his clients.
Amie Christine Peters
Edmonds, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 13 years experience
(425) 361-2054	144 Railroad Avenue Ste 308
Free ConsultationMaritime, Personal Injury and Workers' Comp
Carol L. Hepburn
(206) 957-7272	200 First Avenue West
Free ConsultationMaritime and Employment
John-Paul Gustad
(206) 533-2222	13510 Aurora Ave., N. Suite C-1
Maritime, Business, Civil Rights and Personal Injury
David A. Kohles
Stanwood, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 42 years experience
(360) 629-4100	26231 72nd Ave. NW, Suite 202
Stanwood, WA 98292
Maritime, Business, Personal Injury and Workers' Comp
Nicholas Neidzwski
Seattle, WA Maritime Law Attorney with 9 years experience
(206) 624-8647	800 5th Ave
Nick is a trial attorney that joined Anderson Carey & Williams in 2015. Appearing for defendants and plaintiffs in federal and state courts throughout California, Arizona, Washington and other jurisdictions, Nick's litigation experienced includes successful resolutions of various Jones Act, food contamination, constructions defect, insurance bad faith, and product liability cases on behalf of many different businesses and individuals. Nick grew up in New Jersey and after highschool he attended New York University for undergraduate studies in music and business. After he graduated in 2007 with honors from NYU he moved over to Virginia for law school and attended...
Rodney Fonda
Seattle, Washington Maritime Law Attorney with 43 years experience
(206) 224-1253	1201 Third Avenue, Washington Mutual Tower, Suite 5200
Maritime, Business, Insurance Defense and Personal Injury
Maritime Lawyers in Nearby Cities
Maritime Lawyers in Nearby Counties
Cowlitz County
Use Justia to research and compare Amboy attorneys so that you can make an informed decision when you hire your counsel.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Herts Advertiser > Lifestyle
Digging up St Albans' past to preserve it for the future
Charlotte Morgan
Published: 6:00 PM August 16, 2010 Updated: 2:43 PM November 1, 2020
DUSTY archaeologists recently invaded St Albans and, armed with diggers and delicate brushes, they have been spending the past few weeks unearthing ancient secrets that lie beneath the city's soil.
Eager to discover some treasure myself, I headed down to the site just outside Westminster Lodge for a closer look.
Wessex Archaeology was in charge of the dig and fieldwork director Jon Martin heads a modest team of two archaeologists, Ben and Mark.
Excavating the proposed site and checking for ancient remains is a vital part of any development process and, funded by the St Albans district council, it is up to Jon and his team to photograph, draw and record everything they discover.
When I visited the site, the archaeologists had already been there for two weeks and the site was dotted with what looked like giant, dusty potholes.
Jon, who has been in the trade for over 10 years, told me that the solitary keyhole-shaped one was probably a Roman corn-dryer (or kiln), an indication perhaps that Westminster Lodge was once a buzzing area of industry.
I counted six plastic bags jam-packed with bits of Roman tile and Jon, who guessed that an excavation of almost any St Albans garden would reveal Roman artefacts, surprised me with his top fact of the day: did you know that our very own Abbey was built from Roman stone?
Apparently, our lazy medieval ancestors preferred to recycle Roman materials, rather than source their own.
A very tanned Mark, who loves digging his way around the country, had spent over a week excavating the (possible) corn-dryer, and his job was to plan it and record any interesting finds before the diggers filled it in with soil a couple of weeks later.
Meanwhile, 23-year-old Ben was also nearby, and he was using a total station (a tripod-esque piece of equipment used in modern surveying) to pinpoint the precise shape and location of the hole.
Ben, who had to take 50 readings for just one hole, was momentarily disrupted by an intrigued bystander, who wanted to know if he had found any treasure.
"The public usually show interest in what we do," Jon said. "We've actually been really well received in St Albans to be honest – it's nice that people are so interested in where they live, especially because St Albans is a goldmine for unearthed history."
But despite finding a Roman corn-dryer, medieval pits and countless shards of Roman pottery and part of a large Roman brick wall during a dig last winter, nothing the archaeologists have discovered so far would stop further development on the Westminster Lodge site.
Although that may come as a relief to the council and developers alike, Jon explained that the aim of the game was not to discover something incredible; instead, his job was to record our city's rich heritage, so it never lies forgotten again.


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The Fraser Institute
RRSPs & RRIFs
It was at a Fraser Institute Foundation donor stewardship event in the summer of 2012, while listening to an explanation of why the Planned Giving program is so important to the long-term future of the Institute, that a loyal donor realized making a current-day planned gift was the answer to challenges he was going to have with his taxes that year.
Anonymous donorFraser Institute supporter since1991
A shrewd businessman, generous community supporter, visionary, and Fraser Institute donor, Dave Willliamson passed away in November 2010. He felt a strong attachment to the Institute's practical and conservative ideology and his generous bequest will help ensure our work continues.
Dave WilliamsonSupporter and Bequest Donor2013
You must give back! You don't need to be a Warren Buffet or a Bill Gates - each of us according to our means - it's a sound, simple idea.
Dick SheppardLong-time Fraser Institute Supporter2012
The Fraser Institute has a distinguished record of thought leadership in our country. Its founders started as a dissenting voice, defending against the socialist policies and runaway government spending of the 1970s. Today, the Institute's paradigm-challenging studies, along with 'if it matters, measure it' analyses have made the Fraser Institute Canada's most influential voice for economic freedom and accountable government.
Gwyn MorganFounding CEO, EnCana Corp.2010
I'm delighted to honour the great work which you have done. The Fraser Institute is very similar to the Institute of Economic Affairs in London, which had a tremendous influence on the whole of economic and political thought in Britain.
Margaret the Baroness Thatcher1994
It's an Institute that you can trust, and it provides the kind of facts and analysis that will help direct better public policy in this country.
Mike Harris22nd Premier of Ontario2009
Within Canada, the Fraser Institute has become by far the most influential think-tank on problems of economic and social policy. Without the steady drumbeat from Fraser, it is my considered opinion that inflation would be considerably higher in Canada today than it is, and so would government spending as a fraction of income.
Milton FriedmanNobel Prize-winning economist1999
The Fraser Institute doesn't just believe in economic freedom. It has researched the subject and found that economic freedom works. In addition to unassailable research, the Institute's emphasis on clear thinking over wishful thinking has made it the leading institute of its kind in Canada.
Peter MunkFounder and Chairman, Barrick Gold Corp.2010
Rod, a retired consulting engineer and long-time Fraser Institute supporter, has travelled to many developing countries, which has given him a real appreciation of the Fraser Institute's work on many key issues. As a result, Rod decided to leave a legacy of freedom and prosperity by naming the Fraser Institute Foundation as the beneficiary of several of his registered investment accounts.
Rod WilmoreSupporter and planned gift donor 2011
The Fraser Institute has become, in the first 30 years of its existence, one of the leading advocates of freedom, liberty, and free and competitive markets in the whole world. We all have learned a lot from its activity.
Václav KlausPresident, Czech Republic2004
Copyright © 2020 Fraser Institute Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


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Backbench Business — Badger Cull
Part of Royal Assent – in the House of Commons at 4:27 pm on 13th March 2014.
Andrew Stunell Liberal Democrat, Hazel Grove 4:27 pm, 13th March 2014
Hazel Grove is in the northern part of Cheshire or the southern part of Greater Manchester, and Cheshire is on the frontier zone of the northern spread of bovine TB. We are officially an edge risk area. In Cheshire there were 143 outbreaks in 2013 and 829 animals were destroyed as a result. Based on DEFRA's figures for the average costs, dealing with bovine TB in Cheshire therefore cost something over £4 million, and more than £1 million—more likely £1.5 million—of that cost fell on farmers. The House will therefore understand that I share a lot of the concerns that have been expressed by those representing agricultural areas, albeit mine is a suburban one, but of course I also get a very large number of e-mails and letters from those who are concerned about the culling of badgers.
I want to focus on the efforts I believe it is right to put into preventing the spread of the disease northwards. I have asked the Minister questions about this and I am working with Cheshire Wildlife Trust and the Cheshire NFU on how we might do that. It is feasible to have a vaccinated zone across Cheshire that acts as a barrier to the spread of infected badgers to the north and hence causes a reduction in the transmission of the disease to cattle.
At the end of last year I visited a badger vaccination project being carried out by Cheshire Wildlife Trust with the full support of the NFU, and with a 50% contribution to the cost by the Department, and I want to thank the Minister for the £250,000 fund that is in place for similar projects around the country. One of my questions to him will be whether he can do more on that front, because having a vaccinated zone in Cheshire is a pretty good guarantee of preventing the spread of the disease further north.
I also want to thank the Minister for the support that the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, which is funded by the Department, is giving to the road-kill testing of badgers in Cheshire. That project is being run by the university of Liverpool, and I hope that it will provide us with more evidence on the prevalence of the disease among badgers, as well as assisting us in reducing that prevalence.
I thank the Minister and his predecessor, my hon. Friend Mr Heath, for the steps that they have taken to improve data sharing. One of the absurdities of the situation up to about 18 months ago was that data protection legislation was being used to prevent adjacent farmers from finding out about outbreaks. In Cheshire, where herds are frequently moved from one farm to another to exploit grazing opportunities, farmers were at risk of moving animals into an area adjacent to one in which infection had been detected. I am pleased to say that a little more data sharing is now in place, but I ask the Minister whether he is satisfied that data transmission is now at an appropriate level. I am meeting representatives of Cheshire NFU tomorrow morning, and I expect them to tell me how it is on the ground, so he might want to make sure that he has got his story straight.
I am very keen to ensure that we succeed in stopping the spread of bovine TB further north into Cheshire and beyond. That is why I very much encouraged the Cheshire Wildlife Trust and the NFU to work together on vaccination. I want to point out that vaccination is not quite as simple as we in the House sometimes make it sound. There is a narrow calendar window during which the badgers can be vaccinated. They spend the winter months in their setts and are inaccessible. There is a narrow period of time during the day, too, when vaccination can take place. It has to be early in the day and they have to be trapped as they come out overnight.
The trapping is not simple: we do not want to catch rabbits or foxes; we want to catch badgers. The trap has to be laid in a particular way, and the bait has to be under a suitably heavy stone that neither rabbits nor foxes can move, but that badgers can, in order to shut the trap. I am impressed by the care and thought that goes into the capture of the animals, and by the professionalism that is needed to do it.
The day I visited a farm in the south of Cheshire, eight or nine traps had been laid, and they yielded four badgers. One professional gentleman had spent a whole day setting the traps, vaccinating the animals, releasing them and clearing the traps, and he got just four badgers. It is slow, complicated work, and of course that process has to be repeated each year. I am not decrying the process; I am simply saying that there is not a solution to this problem that can be achieved by waving a magic wand.
Will the Minister give the House an undertaking that those of us who live in edge risk areas—the frontier zones, as I call them—will have all the support that is needed for an intensive vaccination programme to prevent the spread of the disease northwards? Will he ensure that the data sharing relating to outbreaks is at a level that will really prevent the possibility of herds being unwittingly moved back into infected areas?
I also want to raise a point that was put to me by the Cheshire Wildlife Trust. In carrying out the vaccination programme in south Cheshire, the trust discovered more or less the same thing that had been discovered in the culling areas—namely, that there did not seem to be as many badgers as people were expecting. Does the Minister think that the assessment of the density of the badger population, on which the whole culling exercise seems to have been based, is a realistic one? Is he satisfied that the calculations that spring from that assessment have been made on a sound basis? If, when we get to the capture of animals—or in the case of culling, the destruction of animals—the animals simply are not there, the whole calculation becomes different. For those of us in the edge zone—the high risk zone—the solution on offer is not culling but the creation of a cordon sanitaire. The problem is not easy to resolve anywhere, but we believe that there is a specific solution that will do exactly that, at least in our area, and I would like the support of the Minister in achieving it.
Hansard source (Citation: HC Deb, 13 March 2014, c511)


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Guide to Baseball Uniforms
Every game has its own uniform, and baseball uniforms are totally unique. Like in other sport, in a baseball game all players from the same team must wear identical uniforms to identify of which team they belong and play for, as well as to distinguish themselves from their opponents.
Of course, you can only play a good baseball game with the proper equipment, gear, and uniform. Like many other sports uniforms, baseball uniforms have evolved throughout the decades. Thus, this article presents the baseball uniform's history and essential elements.
History of the baseball uniform
The New York Knickerbockers were seen wearing the first baseball uniforms on April 4, 1849. Their uniforms consisted of blue woolen pants, white flannel shirts, and straw hats. There have been some pretty cool baseball t-shirt designs over the years.
The practice of wearing baseball uniforms soon became widespread. By the 1900s, baseball uniforms had become a standard as all Major League Baseball (MLB) teams had adopted them.
Around 1882, baseball clubs were originally distinguished by the color and pattern of their socks. The uniforms themselves had different colors to represent different positions on the field. For instance: pitchers wore light blue uniforms, catchers wore scarlet, first basemen wore scarlet with white vertical stripes, second basemen wore orange with black vertical stripes, and so on.
This uniform code style proved to be highly confusing for the players and fans. Thus, this was discontinued mid-season.
Home and away uniforms by the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century
20th century – By the end of the 19th century, baseball teams had also adopted the practice of wearing "home and away" uniforms. It became common for teams to wear white at home and other colors on the road (usually black, gray, or solid dark blue).
Home-and-away uniforms produced some exciting designs. For example, the New York Giants uniforms during the 1910s had purple lines that gave them a tartan-like effect (the pattern usually seen at Scottish kilts). The color of Kansas City Athletics' home-and-away uniforms was changed to gold and green. Some baseball teams used light blue uniforms from the 1970s through the 1990s for their on-the-road matches.
History of baseball caps
Baseball caps and hats have been integral to the baseball uniform since the beginning.
But during the early days of baseball, the sport didn't have an actual headgear that it could call its own. Players would wear different kinds of hats, such as boater hats, full-brimmed straw hats, cycling caps, jockey caps, and flat-topped ones. Sometimes, they would go hatless, as there was no official rule yet regarding headgear.
During the 1860s, the Brooklyn Excelsiors started wearing caps with rounded tops and peaks, thus the birth of the modern baseball cap. The cap featured a brim on the front, which was meant to shield the wearer's eyes from the sun. It was made from a material meant to wick out moisture from the wearer's eyes and face. This specific cap was first known as the Brooklyn-style hat.
By the 20th century, many players and teams had adopted the Brooklyn-style hat, although some still insisted on the flat-topped hat. However, the Brooklyn-style (or sometimes called New York-style) baseball cap still emerged as the most popular baseball headgear.
Even now, this baseball cap is still popular among baseball players and non-baseball players.
The history of baseball pants and stockings
Pants, as well as stockings, are also integral to the baseball uniform. The first baseball pants were knee-length or, to an extreme, to the middle of the shin. This was because the original teams used the color and pattern of their socks to denote who they were.
The Cincinnati Red Stockings, as their name suggests, had adopted the use of colored stockings as their way of distinguishing themselves from the other teams. Soon, other teams followed suit. That's why teams had names like Chicago White Stockings and St. Louis Brown Stockings. Striped stockings were also used by other clubs (like the New York Giants), but it was rare during the 1920s.
By the 1990s, full lengths pants were used in the game, making it possible for players to wear pants that ran down to the top of the shoes.
By the early 21st century, almost all players had been wearing either the traditional knee-length pants or full-length pants that covered the shoe tops with no elastic at the bottom.
The history of the baseball shoes
The first baseball shoes worn during the 19th century consisted of soft and durable leather. They bore some similarities to modern baseball shoes but were obviously less optimized or streamlined.
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, baseball shoes were mainly colored black. But in the 1960s, the Kansas City Athletics adopted white shoes – they carried this long-standing tradition over when they moved to Oakland. Since then, many teams have been wearing colored shoes and cleats to correspond to the colors of their uniforms.
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, baseball shoes were mostly colored black. But in the 1960s the Kansas City Athletcis adopted white shoes – they carried this long-standing tradition over when they moved to Oakland. Since then, many teams have been wearing colored shoes and cleats to correspond to the colors of their uniforms.
The essential elements of the baseball uniform
1) Jersey
Jerseys are traditionally made of cotton or wool, but nowadays, most baseball jerseys are made with stretchable polyester. This is the preferred fabric because it allows proper airflow, keeping the wearer cool.
The typical baseball jersey has a lettering or logo which represents the name of the baseball club the wearer plays for. It also has the number and the name of the player who wears it.
If you think that baseball jerseys look the same as each other, you'll be surprised to know that there are different types of jerseys:
Normal – Normal baseball jerseys can have buttons at the top, like the polo shirt, but most of them do not have buttons.
Button-down – Button-down baseball jerseys are worn like regular button-down shirts. Many baseball players wear these shirts with a few buttons at the top undone.
Vest – A baseball vest is normally worn under the button-down baseball jersey.
2) Cap
A baseball cap is often the most visible part of a baseball uniform. Baseball caps are usually soft, making them comfortable to wear. The cap usually bears the baseball club's name and/or logo. The following lists the main parts of a baseball cap:
Crown – The crown is the main part of the cap, consisting of three panels or sections: the front, side, and back. Typically, a crown has six to eight sewn panels of fabric.
Visor – All standard baseball caps feature a visor to protect the wearer's eyes from the sun's glare. It is also called a bill or a brim.
Button – The top rounded part of a cap. Baseball cap buttons are typically made of metal and covered with fabric.
Strap – At the back panel of the baseball cap is an adjustable strap to adjust the baseball cap to your head's size for the perfect fit.
Eyelets – The eyelets are small round holes near the top of the cap. The purpose of these eyelets is to provide ventilation to the head, keeping it cool.
3) Pants
The first baseball pants were purely made of either cotton or wool. But nowadays, pants made with polyester have become more popular among professional and amateur players. Polyester fabric is soft, flexible, comfortable, and sweat-absorbent. There are three types of baseball pants:
Full-length – While the function is similar to regular pants, full-length baseball pants may restrict the player's movements
Dirty-mids – These pants generally go halfway down the shin, old-school style. They typically feature a band at the bottom to bunch the pants around the shin to prevent them from falling.
Knee-length – As the name implies, these pants go down just below the knee. Like the dirty-mids, knee-length pants are often worn with stirrups.
Here are the three different styles of baseball pants:
Solid – Solid features a single and plain color, seen in full-length, dirty-mid, and knee-length types. It's the most basic and classic design, creating a clean look that many players favor.
Piped – The piped style is seen in full-length, dirty-mid, and knee-length pants. It features a single color for the base of the pants with a single stripe down the sides.
Pinstripe – The pinstripe style is also commonly found in all three types of pants already mentioned. It features a solid base color (like white or gray) accented by several colored stripes running vertically. These stripes may be of a single color or multicolored. The vintage look of these pants makes pinstripes popular among many players.
4) Socks and stirrups
Both socks and stirrups should come up to just below the knee. They come in different colors and designs. Socks and stirrups are an integral part of a baseball uniform, and every player is always required to wear both to prevent himself from getting cut up while diving or sliding.
The purpose of stirrups is thought to provide another layer of protection or simply to look good in the same manner as wearing a tie. There was a grim story behind the adoption of stirrups:
During the early 1900s, a baseball player died of blood poisoning when he suffered a cut on his leg. In the early days, the color dyes of the outer stirrup socks were not safe as they are now, so the poison was absorbed into his wound, which caused his demise.
Not wanting this tragedy to happen again, baseball players were now required to wear what was called "sanitary socks," which exposed the ankles so players could wear their cleats. Players may now have the option to wear old-school, classic or modern stirrups that come in many designs and colors.
5) Cleats
The surface of a baseball field is made up of grass (natural or artificial) and dirt. That's why cleats are essential because they provide firm traction and grip on a soft or slippery surface such as the surface of the baseball field. The type and quality of cleats can significantly impact a player's performance. The following are the different types of cleats:
Metal – Metal cleats provide the most effective grip because they dig into the surface deeper (compared to plastic cleats) such as grass and hard dirt infields. Metal cleats are also great for helping the batter secure his foot on the batter box so that he can bat the ball without slipping. Be careful when using metal cleats because they can cause accidents and injuries particularly when you (or the other players) suddenly change your direction. Another disadvantage of wearing cleats is that they can wear down when especially when worn on surfaces that are not grass or dirt.
Molded plastic – Molded plastic cleats are typically attached to the shoe's soles. One of the advantages of molded plastic cleats is that they can be worn on any surface without wearing down – from grass to concrete. They're also cheaper and last much longer than metal. However, plastic cleats do not have a firm grip on the ground compared to metal cleats, making plastic cleats ideal for soft or muddy surfaces.
6) Belt
Another essential part of the baseball ensemble, the belt is available in various lengths and colors. However, almost every baseball belt has one solid color. So, you have to buy a specific belt to match your uniform color. Like many other belts, baseball belts should be adjustable.
7) Sliders or sliding shorts
"Sliders" or "sliding shorts" are worn as an athletic supporter and undergarment to support and protect the player's private parts, thighs, and buttocks from abrasions while sliding or diving. The additional padding can help the wearer guard himself against bruises and soft tissue injuries.
Although sports rules do not require or require sliders, they are otherwise highly recommended. They give the additional protection that every baseball player needs since baseball is a rough and physically demanding sport where accidents can occur.
Choose the right pair of baseball sliders to enable you to move confidently, which spells a big difference in your performance on the field.
Sliders are typically made of a snug-fitting fabric with strategically-placed protective padding. Some sliders are even located on the knees to keep them protected from cuts and bruises as players hit the ground. Some sliders are specifically made to wick out the moisture to keep the wearer dry; this feature is often called "Dri-Fit." So, make sure to say "Dri-Fit" or "moisture wicking" the next time you buy a pair of sliders.
Most consumers see "sliders" and "compression shorts" as the same, and they use these terms interchangeably. But according to retailers, it's not quite so – sliders have protective paddings while compression shorts do not. "Compression shorts" get their name from their primary function in compressing or squeezing the muscles, which is said to increase blood circulation.
Sliders come in various lengths that range from above the knee to full-length (down to the ankle).
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By: Portia Ladrido 10 Jul 2017 28 Apr 2019
Chase That Passionart, arts, artworks, fashion, jordan, refugee, Refugee camps, shirts
The Orenda Tribe: Shirts designed by children refugees and other at-risk kids
A social enterprise in Amman, Jordan is emboldening children refugees and less fortunate communities through art.
by Portia Ladrido
Zaid Souqi (rightmost) with volunteers and children refugees after a mural painting activity. © The Orenda Tribe
In psychotherapy, there is a field called art therapy that has gained some traction in the recent years. The process is often used as an alternative remedy for children and youths who face a diverse set of challenges – from childhood neglect to a sudden loss of loved ones.
The president of the American Art Therapy Association, Dr. Sarah Deaver, said in an interview with the Huffington Post that art has the ability to express things that cannot be articulated verbally. "That's a huge advantage for people who don't have the language to talk about what's inside of them," she added.
With the knowledge that art has the ability to transform individuals or help children, in particular, to show what they feel and think, an entrepreneur in Jordan, Zaid Souqi, developed a business idea that revolved around using art as a way for disenfranchised kids – specifically refugees and orphans – to improve their lives.
"More than 30 percent of Jordan's population are foreigners and most of them are refugees. We have Syrian refugees, Palestinian refugees, Libyans, Yemenis, and Sudanese. There are a lot of refugees so I thought it is the place to start The Orenda Tribe art because of this," Zaid explained.
The beneficiaries of the enterprise thoroughly enjoying the art workshops. © The Orenda Tribe
Orenda is a native American word that signifies "a mystical force present in all people that empowers them to affect the world, or to effect change in their own lives." As the company's mission is to embolden children through art, Zaid felt it was fitting to name the company with this highly symbolic word.
The social enterprise sells 100 percent organic cotton T-shirts, which have imprinted artworks made by children living in refugee camps. Besides the shirts, he also does beautification projects and art workshops in refugee camps and at-risk communities. The company started over a year ago, on May 2016, and they have since ensured that even their supply chain has a social aspect.
"Besides the shirts which are 100 percent organic cotton, the dye is also organic and water-based, and the packaging is recycled. I'm now studying a way to move the manufacturing to a local community in Jordan so we can empower the people in the community, give them a living, and employ them," he said.
The idea generation for the business idea was not an easy process, however. Zaid had to go through years of work completely unrelated to his advocacy now before he had the gradual revelation that social entrepreneurship was his way towards a purposeful life. A computer systems engineering graduate at the University of Bristol in the UK, he worked at banking immediately after that, had a stint at a logistics company, did his MBA in IE Business School in Madrid, and worked again as a general manager for a logistics company.
When he was doing his MBA, he had an internship with a South African foundation in Johannesburg that helped vulnerable children, and it was during this time that he felt he needed to pursue an enterprise that did a positive, meaningful impact within his community.
"I lived there for 3 months and it was an amazing experience. It changed me a lot. I loved the social work and I loved the entrepreneurship at the university. This environment really helped create the Orenda tribe," he recalled.
Zaid with a freshly painted mural. © The Orenda Tribe
The Orenda Tribe t-shirts are available in premium department stores in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Saudi Arabia among others. Zaid is currently figuring out how to penetrate the e-commerce industry, as the clothing industry is quite saturated and it would need more financing to pay for the brand's online advertising. It's also been a constant challenge for him to operate alone. He has been running the business without a partner, meaning he attends to all e-mails on orders, goes to the camps himself for the workshops and mural activities, presents pitches by himself to cosignatories and organisations, and all other business operations that need attending.
Despite these day-to-day challenges, what has kept him going is his motivation to help children refugees and underprivileged communities through art. When the business is stripped down to its basics, it is this mission to help that is at its core. Their first mission took place at Za'atari Refugee Camp in Jordan, which is known to be one of the most populated camps in the world with 80,000 Syrian refugees.
"Our first project was made actually before we sold the first t-shirt. I went to Save the Children Jordan, I pitched my idea of doing art workshops and beautification projects, we signed a contract, they took the approval from the people in the camp, and then we went in and did the activities," Zaid said.
The children with the newly painted wall in their community. © The Orenda Tribe
After this first activation, he also carried out art workshops at the Jerash camp, also known as the Gaza camp in Jordan, which currently houses 29,000 Palestinian refugees and is the poorest camp in Jordan according to a Fafo report. Schools for orphaned children in Jordan are among The Orenda Tribe's beneficiaries as well.
"One time, we were doing an exercise and kids were supposed to draw their favourite place or the place where they're the happiest. One of the girls drew herself drawing art and that was amazing to see," he said with a thoughtful pride in knowing that in one way or another his brand is not only helping children express their internal dialogue through colourful shapes and figures, but also that his brand is able to make the children happy.
The Orenda Tribe is currently designing an art curriculum for children within the camps and communities that they are currently involved with. Through this art curriculum, Zaid plans to improve problem-solving and communication skills in children through art, and teach the local community how to run the curriculum so they can do it themselves. Zaid also added that more beautification projects are in the works as this kind of activity promotes collaboration and cooperation between people.
The value of art may be hard to convey but it is stories like that of Zaid's where you see the intangible positive difference that it creates.
Portia Ladrido
Portia Ladrido is a multimedia journalist specialising in countercultures and social justice. She has written for Radio Times, Because London, Very Nearly Almost, The Metropolist, and other independent publications. She's usually looking for new exhibitions to visit, new social media trends to try, new books to read, and new gummy bear flavours to munch on until she falls asleep.
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Illinois Jacquet life and biography
Illinois Jacquet biography
Date of death : 2004-07-22
Birthplace : Broussard, Louisiana U.S.
Credited as : jazz tenor, saxophonist, "Flying Home"
Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, best remembered for his solo on "Flying Home", critically recognized as the first R&B saxophone solo.
When 19-year-old Illinois Jacquet stepped to a Decca Records microphone in May of 1942 to take his solo on the Lionel Hampton Band's "Flying Home," he was a young saxophonist with tremendous ability but no clear identity. It was the first or second time he had made a recording, and he had recently switched from alto to tenor sax at Hampton's instruction. "I didn't know what I was going to play or what I was going to sound like, or who I was going to imitate," he told Texas Monthly. One of Hampton's sidemen told him to try to find his own style. And then Jacquet delivered one of the two or three most influential solos in all of jazz history, an 80-second masterpiece that began with a quotation of an obscure operatic melody, suddenly gathered energy, and climaxed in a screeching, honking, thrilling repetition of a single note.
Nearly every tenor player who followed made it a priority to learn that solo, note for note. But "Flying Home" marked neither the beginning nor the end of Jacquet's seven-decade career. He was one of jazz's great survivors, thought of as an outrageous musician when he was young but hailed as a classic figure in old age. He was as effective with romantic jazz ballads as he was with the explosive performances with which he made his reputation.
Of French-Creole ancestry on his father's side, Jean-Baptiste Jacquet (pronounced Ja-KETT) was born in Broussard, Louisiana, on October 31, 1922 (one researcher has argued for a 1919 date). He moved with his family to Houston when he was young and, finding that his French name caused difficulties for Texans, began to use the name Illinois instead. Jacquet's mother was a Native American of the Sioux tribe, and his two versions of how he came by the new name were both connected to her: he said variously that the name was derived from a Siouxan word "Illiniwek," meaning "superior men," and that he was named for a friend of his mother's who came from Chicago to help out when was born.
The family was a musical one; Jacquet's father and three older brothers were all musical professionals, and he made his debut at age three, singing on the radio in Galveston, Texas, to promote a stage show mounted by his brothers. He was a tap dancer at first, but he soon learned to play drums and the soprano and alto saxophones (he eventually mastered the bassoon, an unusual jazz instrument, as well). Jacquet was something of a prodigy, joining the Milton Larkin Orchestra at 15 and finding that he could keep up with the best players he encountered. "Every band that came through heard about this young guy and would want to jam with me," he told Texas Monthly. "It was inspiring because they weren't doing too much that I wasn't doing." But he became depressed by the realities of Southern segregation and set out for Los Angeles in 1939.
The talented teenager quickly made friends in the L.A. jazz community, and a young singer named Nat Cole steered him toward a big band being formed by the popular vibraphonist Lionel Hampton. Hampton hired Jacquet late in 1941 but insisted that he switch to tenor sax. The move proved a smart one on Hampton's part, for the more guttural sound of the tenor instrument fit Jacquet's style. The bandleader noticed that crowds responded strongly to Jacquet's solos when the new Lionel Hampton Band appeared live.
So Hampton took Jacquet with him into the studio in May of 1942 for the famed session that produced "Flying Home." Jacquet's solo was brilliantly structured, hovering and twisting around bent notes for much of its length, building up energy that was released in a torrent with the sequence of repeated notes at the end. The recording became a hit, covered even by country musicians. After Jacquet, exhausted by playing the solo night after night, quit Hampton's band in 1943, Hampton demanded that his replacements learn to reproduce it exactly, and Jacquet's solo eventually became part of every good saxophonist's advanced education.
Jacquet quickly signed on with bandleader Cab Calloway and appeared in several films, including Stormy Weather and a musical short subject called Jammin' the Blues. As promoter Norman Granz put together his Jazz at the Philharmonic concert in 1944 to raise money for Mexican men arrested after the Los Angeles "Zoot Suit riots," Jacquet was a natural choice. The opening concert at the city's Philharmonic Hall produced a live Jacquet recording, "Blues (Part 2)," on which the saxophonist bit his reed while trying to drive the instrument to the very top of its range. Jazz purists were cool to Jacquet's flamboyant style, with its screeches and honks, but what they missed was that Jacquet had forged a style that drew strongly on the blues music of his native Texas. Jacquet's playing influenced rhythm and blues and later rock saxophonists (some writers have even claimed "Blues (Part 2)" as the first rock and roll recording).
After the end of World War II, Jacquet moved to New York and took the place of saxophonist Lester Young in the Count Basie Orchestra, with which he had already often appeared. He formed a sextet of his own in 1946 and continued to tour with various Jazz at the Philharmonic groups, recording for the small Aladdin and Apollo labels and later, more prolifically, for Granz's Clef label. As the large swing bands declined, Jacquet revealed other facets of his style in addition to the explosive aspect that had made him famous; he cultivated a smooth ballad style and sometimes took solos on the mellow-sounding and extraordinarily difficult-to-play bassoon.
The composer of several jazz standards, including "Blue Velvet," "Robbins Nest," and "Port of Rico," Jacquet occasionally reunited with bands led by Hampton and Basie. Recording more sporadically after a disagreement with Granz in 1958, and perhaps feeling trapped by the stylistic mold the concert-going public expected him to fit, Jacquet spent much of the 1960s and 1970s touring in Europe. A stint as artist-in-residence at Harvard University in 1983 (he was the first jazz musician to serve in that position) brought Jacquet back to the United States and stimulated a new burst of creativity in his career.
"I made up my mind that if I could make students at Harvard sound that good, it was time for me to come back to New York and pick the best musicians I could find and form my own big band," Jacquet told Jazz Times. Full-sized swing bands were rare by the mid-1980s, but the Illinois Jacquet Big Band shattered attendance records at the prestigious Village Vanguard club. Jacquet moved into a house in Queens with companion Carol Scherick and took his place among New York jazz royalty. The album Jacquet's Got It! documented this phase of the musician's career and was nominated for a Grammy award. The documentary film Texas Tenor: The Illinois Jacquet Story also lent new prominence to the saxophonist's work.
The nation as a whole was reminded of Jacquet's talents in 1993 when he shared the stage at the White House with President and fellow saxophonist Bill Clinton. Jacquet kept up a full concert schedule into his old age, receiving the Jazz at Lincoln Center Award for Artistic Excellence in 2000 and honorary doctorate from the Julliard School of Music in May of 2004. He played his last concert with his big band at New York's Lincoln Center on July 16, 2004, one week before his death from a heart attack at his home. A funeral at the city's Riverside Church was attended by dozens of jazz musicians who admired Illinois Jacquet and had been creatively shaped by his meaty, immensely influential music.
Jacquet died in his home in Queens, New York of a heart attack on Thursday July 22, 2004. He was 81 years of age.
1966 Illinois Flies Again
1966 Go Power
1968 How High the Moon
1968 Bottoms Up
1968 The King
1968 Illinois Jacquet on Prestige! Bottoms up
1969 The Soul Explosion
1969 The Blues: That's Me!
1971 Genius at Work
1971 The Comeback
1973 Blues from Louisiana
1973 The Man I Love (Black & Blue)
1976 On Jacquet's Street
1978 God Bless My Solo
1980 JSP Jazz Sessions, Vol. 1: New York
1988 Jacquet's Got It!
1994 Jazz at the Philharmonic: First Concert
1994 His All Star New York Band
1996 Big Horn
1999 Birthday Party
2002 The Man I Love
2003 Live at Schaffhausen: March 1978
2004 Jacquet's Street
2004 Collates
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I want to make the ISR handling and initialization similar to the ARM Interrupt Vector Table in my AVR (atmega328p) application, to have the final interrupt initialization API and assignment as much similar as possible when using the same firmware ported from the Atmega328P on an ARM (which could be an M3 or M4), and viceversa.
Now, for the AVR part, I wonder if I can somehow do the same, by knowing the address (which is in flash) of the vector table. The problem is that the ISR() macro links to a compiler macro (I believe), called _vector(number), in which the linker (or the compiler?) recognize that I needed the ISR(ADC_vect), containing the function my_isr() (for example) and so in the vector table will be changed at the line of the ADC with a JUMP my_isr. Sorry for butchering in that way, I am no veteran.
As you can see is a very different approach, which rely heavily on the GCC macros. This is new as I am trying to understand if I can have a similar API between different families. Normally, regarding the example above, I would put just my ISR inside the ISR() macro.
Reading the nongnu guide of the interrupt, I am aware that I can do any sort of manipulation and also assign the unused interrupts. But I wanted to not rely necessarily on the gcc macros, to achieve a more similar API for the interrupts, in the firmware. I know this could be a big no go for many, but I am doing this to go through a learning process of the ISR structure of different platforms, and see how much (or not) burden is required in the background to have a similar API for different platforms.
To me that looks about as close as you can get. To be able to call via function pointers you need to have an array of function pointers in memory to call through. Then you simply have a "shim" that hooks the vector and calls through the pointer. And that's what you've got.
When nothing about the hardware is otherwise similar (the UARTs aren't, the timers aren't, the ADCs aren't, etc etc) I see little merit in trying to replicate the IVT mechanism? You are going to have to have a "HAL" anyway and it should "hide" the IVT thing just as much as it hides every other hardware specific detail of the peripherals.
(for an example of such a HAL see "Arduino". It offers the same APIs at a hardware abstraction level whether the underlying CPU is AVR or Cortex.
Thanks, that is quite conclusive, but I would like to dig a bit more. I believe that replicating the mechanism would mean taking over the ISR macros of the compiler (warning #1). And using the addresses like the ARM is not really possible as to access the flash it should use the flash API (warning/incompatibiity #2). So basically is the reason why everything happens at compile time with macros within the Atmel Studio software and the tool chain. Am I right? I am also be wrong on the ARM side expectations (being able to allocate the addresses "easily" to the IVT as shown in the code), as I never went deep yet in those.
I believe that replicating the mechanism would mean taking over the ISR macros of the compiler (warning #1).
The ISR mechanism is really remarkably simple in fact.
So this make a jump (XJUMP is RJMP on small AVR and JMP on big ones) to either the real function __vector_21 if there is an implementation or, as a "weak" fall back to __bad_interrupt.
So .vectors gets placed first at location 0x0000.
All this hard codes jumps to the thing you called ADC_vect or whatever.
Now one option for you is -nostartfiles so that all this CRT stuff is not linked. But if you do that you will likely want to add a file that puts SOMETHING into .vectors remembering that the AVR only allows room for one RJMP or one JMP at each vector location so you have either 2 or 4 bytes for your indirection jump. I'd say that because of that it's pretty hard to contemplate anything but a hardcoded RJMP/JMP to some "catcher".
If you didn't need adjacent vectors you could allow the code for one vector to spill into the next "slot" (but don't ever enable that other interrupt!). But if you want the utility of being able to use any vector in the IVT it's hard to know what better 3/4 byte opcode you could put there than RJMP/JMP. Even if you limit the destination range by using RJMP on a CPU that is really JMP sized you haven't got room to load Z and do an ICALL or anything like that as far as I can see.
If I got it right, in the beginning there is this CRT (C-Run Time I believe) assembly which gets executed. This file gets generated, linked and compiled within my project.
Regarding the abstraction part of the ISRs, by seeing the FreeRTOS to understand how should I go down in the hardware dependent code, seems it is using the same mechanism provided by the compiler, i.e. let the user take the supported compiler with the supported familiy macros, and put them in the device dependent code (which is the user project this time), with calls to the higher level OS. A typical example I saw is a UART example. With MSP430 uses the macro interrupt, while with an STM with ARM plays with addresses at the NVIC. Seems that, what I want to achieve (dynamic assignment of interrupt at startup, less dependent with compiler macros, eventually configured by filling up an array or a matrix), could be achieved with the ARM interrupt strategy (like the example I posted in the #1). If that is true, would also make sense, as they want to be as much scalable as possible.
But for other devices or compilers, I should rely on their supported macro, even when using an RTOS.
In the meantine, if I have to organize code in the application firmware, using an HAL to join the application code to the hardware dependent drivers, so I have like 3 layers, in which the lower are the hardware dependent drivers (bare metal drivers).
What would be the right approach, if I want to keep code portability? Using, inside the ISR(), low level driver functions, the HAL functions or the application one? The application code could call nothing else, or if has to access a register, for sure then has to call another HAL function to access the hardware. So I guess the application code could not be the optimal solution as it would fill more the stack, and mess with cleaner file separation of the firmware. But in the FreeRTOS examples, they are using also calls to higher level RTOS functions.
If I get that clear, I think I could also understand what could be accepted as elegant and portable code and then stop to search for alternatives.
So in this case the CRT is being delivered by avr5/crtatmega328p.o. That's one of the 300+ prebuilt copies of CRT that comes with the compiler (all built from that single gcrt1.S who's source I linked to above. It gets built 300+ times, once for each AVR supported (as each potentially has a different IVT with a different number of vectors).
That is setting SREG to 0x00 (clears interrupts) then it sets the stack pointer to RAMEND. You probably want to duplicate this action manually if you aren't using CRT. The "call 0" in there is actually the "call main" that enters your C code. You likely want something like that too.
What would be the right approach, if I want to keep code portability? Using, inside the ISR(), low level driver functions, the HAL functions or the application one?
If you reserve two (low)registers the push and pop can just be two movw (save 6 clk).
So I believe is what I am already doing. I was working now to find a proper separation between the application, my portable libraries and the HAL, which is used by such libraries. So I have kind of 3 layers of software here. The Atmega328p is really immense in terms of 8bit resources, where performance is needed, shortcuts can be allowed too, to speed up the ISR execution and the like, if the CPU is too slow.


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Статут Айоны () — соглашение, в 1609 г. навязанное королём Яковом VI девяти вождям горных кланов Шотландии (Макдональдам, Маккуарри, Макфи и другим). Соглашение было подписано на острове Айона у западного побережья Шотландии после карательной экспедиции лорда Охилтри на Гебридские острова в 1608 г.

Подписанием статута Айоны вожди кланов принесли присягу повиновения королю Шотландии и шотландским законам. В соглашении запрещались многие вещи, составлявшие суть гэльской культуры. В частности предписывалось изгнать бродячих музыкантов, которые путешествовали по Ирландии и Шотландии, восхваляя вождей кланов, так как по мнению Якова их песни напоминали людям о вражде между кланами.

Также было запрещено ношение огнестрельного оружия, пьянство и продажа вина и виски. Вождям кланов предписывалось обучать старших сыновей, своих преемников, английскому языку. Этот пункт соглашения был опасен тем, что будущие вожди клана утрачивали связь с собственной культурой.  Кроме того на лидеров кланов возлагалась персональная ответственность за поддержание порядка и следование законам королевства членами их кланов.

Статут Айоны стал важным этапом в многовековой борьбе королей Шотландии за включение горных регионов страны в единую государственную структуру Шотландии и ликвидацию автономии гэльских регионов страны. Вслед за статутом Айоны последовали еще более жесткие меры королевской власти: в 1610 г. была введена личная отчетность вождей кланов перед королевским советом, а в 1616 г. запрещено приобретать собственность на Гебридах лицам, не владеющим английским языком.

XVII век в Шотландии

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Either way, join us for a night of fun facts and win the honour of knowing that you and your mates are the brainiest bunch in the room!
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Blake Leeper and his prosthetic team at Scott Sabolich Prosthetics.
Blake Leeper, an eight-time Paralympic Track and Field international medalist, world record holder and three-time American record holder, knows all too well the hurt that accompanies falling down. Physically, he has fallen down time and again due to being born with no legs. In the eyes of the Paralympics community, he has fallen from grace due to self-admitted bad personal life decisions.
But every time Blake Leeper has fallen, he has got back up stronger than ever before. And each time, he has risen with a newfound purpose in his life.
Born in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, Blake has defied the odds since the moment his parents Billy and Edith welcomed their baby boy in 1989.
Doctors told Leeper's parents that the best case scenario for their legless son would be living life in a wheelchair. Fortunately for Leeper, his mother knew better. Edith worked as a nurse and was heavily involved in the medical community.
"This is not going to be his story," Edith told those doctors and her husband nearly 30 years ago. Truly prophetic, Edith knew the key to changing the course of her son's life was prosthetics.
Fast forward four years, and young Blake had major surgery so that his first legs would fit his little body better. For eight long weeks, Blake was in a full body cast and a wheelchair.
Blake, armed with legs for the first time, literally hit the ground running. He played any and every sport. He roller-bladed with his older brother Kris. So many times in those physically formative years, Blake's legs would break or fall off, but he would always get back up. His main objective was to show the world how much he could do with his new legs.
In high school, Blake's best friend just happened to be the best athlete on campus. His name was Coty Sensabaugh, who is currently starring at cornerback for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
After high school, Blake enrolled at the University of Tennessee as a pre-med student. He was ready to hang up the sneakers and become an orthopedic surgeon. That all changed the moment he saw Oscar Pistorius sprint across his television during the 2008 Olympics.
Blake got his first pair of running legs the next year. Before he even had time to start seriously training, he and his parents drove 14 hours to Oklahoma to participate in the Endeavor Games and his first ever race. As a rookie competing in a field stacked with national champs, the odds were stacked against him. The doe-eyed novice took first place in all three events he raced in: the 100, 200, and 400 meters.
Two whirlwind weeks later, Blake found himself racing in an international event in Brazil. He ran even faster than he did in Oklahoma, won a silver medal and came close to conquering the world champion.
In 2012, Blake tied Pistorius's record time in the 400 meters going into the London Paralympics. He was ranked #1 in the 100, #1 in the 200, and #2 in the 400. In London, Blake won the silver medal in the 400 behind previous inspiration Pistorius and took home the bronze in the 200.
Only a few years after getting his running blades, Blake became a celebrated media mainstay. He played alongside superstars Kevin Hart and Chadwick Boseman in the NBA All Star Celebrity Game. His positive personality was welcomed on The Queen Latifah show, the Arsenio Hall show, and the Naomi Campbell fashion show. For the first time in his life, Blake was making big money.
Relying on talent, Blake was able to pull off the delicate balancing act of partying and still competing and winning. He broke every American record. He seemed invincible on and off the track.
In 2015, Blake did cocaine and a week later raced in the US Paralympic Nationals, breaking the American record. But he failed the drug test. The punishment was a one year suspension, reduced from two years behind the promise that Blake would get clean. The story broke in the Los Angeles Times.
A purpose was knocked down. But it would get back up.
Determined to come back stronger and faster after serving his suspension, Blake needed to find a new pair of running legs. Aaron Holmes from Wiggle Your Toes connected Blake with Scott Sabolich Prosthetics.
Blake walked into the building, back in Oklahoma where his racing career had begun, for the first time wearing two different pairs of legs that he had duct taped together.
Refocused, Blake was ready to prove that he was the fastest amputee in the world. Along with the new legs, he obtained new coaches, management, a trainer, and a nutritionist in preparation for the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. Running was no longer a hobby or a job, it was his life.
One year after testing positive for cocaine, Blake dropped his 400 meters time from 48 seconds, an American record at the time, to 46.1 seconds. He made the 2016 Paralympics team.
After that life altering phone call, Blake went to his room, took off his legs and didn't leave for three days. His coaches had to bust down Blake's door to get him out. He walked out of that door a new man.
A fun and easygoing soul, Blake was mad and trained with a chip on his shoulder. The 46.1 he ran qualified him for the 2017 able body national championships, making history as the first amputee to qualify for any national championships.
At trials, Blake ran a blazing 45.5, qualifying for the semifinals. The man with no legs beat 2016 Olympians. The next day, Blake ran a 45.25 and broke Pistorius's amputee world record, a personal goal of his from day one. He finished 12th overall out of top 64 fastest runners in the nation.
To make the 2020 Olympic relay team, Blake needs to cut his time down about half a second and place top 6 overall. That's his primary focus on the track these days. But it's getting his life off the track back on the right track that defines the man.
Edith Leeper was right. Being in a wheelchair would not be her son's story. His story is one of triumph, tragedy, redemption and most importantly, purpose. And it's a story that he fully embraces and loves.


It's probably not something you think about very often, but more people than ever are getting oral cancer. Awareness surrounding the disease remains critically low, and your Houston oral surgeon, Dr. Steve Koo is working on improving outcomes following oral cancer diagnoses by emphasizing the need for regular screenings. Did you know you can give yourself an oral cancer exam at home? It's easy — read on to learn how.
Oral cancer is that which affects the lips, tongue, cheeks, hard or soft palate, or the neck. Historically linked to age, genetics, and tobacco/alcohol use, oral cancer rates are on the rise among younger, healthier patients along with the spread of the human papillomavirus. Men are slightly more likely to have oral cancer than women. It is recommended that adults should have a professional oral cancer screening annually alongside the regular checkup and cleaning at the dentist, but you can also give yourself a screening at home.
Early detection is important for successful outcomes following any cancer diagnosis, and the same is true with oral cancer. Because no one knows better than you about the small changes that occur in your mouth, a self exam for oral cancer is an important tool for catching oral cancer in the earliest stages. If you find anything suspicious during the self exam, don't hesitate to get in touch with a specialist like Dr. Koo.
Get a mirror. You'll need to look in your mouth and at your face to catch the early warning signs of oral cancer. Stick out your tongue and look for any lumps, bumps, or discolored patches. See your doctor if you notice anything unusual, or if you have persistent swelling. Do the same for the roof of your mouth, under your tongue, and on your cheeks.
Look for asymmetry. Changes in the symmetry of your face can indicate oral cancer. Stand with your head straight up in front of the mirror and see if everything lines up the way it always has. If you notice any changes, that could be cause for concern.
Touch your neck. You won't be able to see inside your neck, but you can feel around to see if there's any tenderness or bumps that exist on one side but not the other. With a light touch, press around both sides of your throat. Notice any lumps that exist on one side but not the other, including whether or not they are tender or sore.
Take note of a cough. If you have a cough that doesn't go away but you don't have any other symptoms of a cold, it could be a sign of oral cancer.
Consider changes in swallowing. Discomfort or a strange sensation when swallowing can indicate oral cancer.
If you find anything unusual during an oral cancer examination, don't hesitate to get in touch with a specialist. Dr. Koo can provide a professional exam and give you advice for what you should do next. Request an appointment for a checkup and cleaning today.
by: Dr. Steve Koo at May 18, 2017 .


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The M-class was a class of 17 trams built by Duncan & Fraser, Adelaide for the Hawthorn Tramways Trust (HTT) as numbers 1 to 10, and 33 to 39. All passed to the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board on 2 February 1920 when it took over the Municipal Tramway Trusts, becoming the M-class and being renumbered 107 to 116, and 183 to 189.

These were four-wheel (single truck) trams of the California open-combination, drop-end body design, of which several dozen others operated in Melbourne under various operator, differing in details to varying extents. These cars had clerestory roofs, a centrally located passenger saloon (over the wheels) with four windows on each side, and open end platforms for smokers - each with two cross-bench seats, and separated from the drivers cabin by a bulkhead featuring stained glass lead-light panels.

In 1916 the HTT placed into service the first ten M class cars from late April to early July. When the Trust ordered seven more to the same design, they specified that more leg room was to be provided in the open drop-end smokers' compartments resulting in those trams being one foot (300mm) longer than the first ten. Because the extension to Hawthorn Depot was not completed in time, the second batch of seven were stored at the builder's premises. After delivery was eventually taken, they then languished in storage at Hawthorn Depot as the electrical equipment to fit them out for service had been delayed due to World War I. Requiring finance for urgent track repairs, and unable to utilise the new trams, the HTT arranged to sell the car bodies to the Footscray Tramway Trust (FTT); the seven sets of Robison 21E trucks for these trams were retained by the HTT as the FTT already had sufficient Sewell 21E trucks and electrical equipment on hand to complete the trams to operating condition.

Alas, these trams never saw service for the FTT, as they were taken-over by the M&MTB before a power supply had been finalised. All seven trams were returned to Hawthorn Depot, where they entered service during August and September 1920, numbered 33 to 39. They were then transferred back to the isolated Footscray tramway system in time to inaugurate services there on 6 September 1921. When the time came for their first repaint, they were renumbered 183 to 189, whilst still at Footscray. From mid-September to late October 1923, six of these trams were transferred from Footscray to Essendon Depot, with number 188 joining them in February the next year.

Apart from being renumbered, all trams were repainted in the M&MTB standard brown ("chocolate & cream") livery; when the alphanumeric classification scheme was condensed they joined the other drop-end, open California combination cars as A class. Cars 183 to 189 had been built with air-brakes, and those not retro-fitted by the Trust were so equipped by the M&MTB soon after acquisition.

In January 1930, numbers 107 and 108 were sold to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, going to Bendigo and Ballarat respectively. Evidently they were deemed a success, with the other eight following that March. February 1935 saw cars 183 to 189 following suit. Numbers 109, 112, 114, 115, 185, 187, and 188 entered service in Bendigo, 110, 111, 113, 116, 183, 184, 186, and 189 in Ballarat, most being converted to One-Man operation.

Preservation
Eleven have been preserved:
107, 110, 185, 187, and 188 by the Bendigo Trust as (2nd) 12, (3rd) 6, (2nd) 19, 20, 21
111, 113, 116, 186, and 189 by the Ballarat Tramway Museum as 26, 28, 27, 32, and 33
114 as HTT 8, on display at the Melbourne Tram Museum, Hawthorn
183 (Ballarat number 30) was sold to the United States in 1980, and has been restored to a semblance of its original condition after a devastating arson attack.
184 by the Perth Electric Tramway Society as Ballarat number 31 (in Bendigo livery)

References

Melbourne tram vehicles
600 V DC multiple units