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În matematică, conjugata complexă a unui număr complex se obține prin schimbarea semnului părții imaginare. În consecință, conjugatul unui număr complex de forma

(în care  și  sunt numere reale) este

Conjugata complexă este de obicei notată în matematică prin notația .  Aici s-a notat cu  pentru a se evita confuzia cu notația pentru conjugata transpusă a unei matrici (despre care se poate afirma că este o generalizare a conjugatei complexe). De remarcat că dacă un număr complex este notat printr-o matrice , notația rămâne aceeași.

Spre exemplu:

De obicei, numerele complexe sunt privite ca puncte în planul numerelor complexe cu coordonate carteziene. Axa  reprezintă axa ce conține partea reală a numărului, iar axa  reprezintă numărul de multiplicări ale numărului . Sub această privire, conjugata complexă corespunde reflecției față de axa x.

În coordonate polare, conjugata lui  este .  Acest lucru se poate verifica foarte ușor cu formula lui Euler.

Perechile de conjugate complexe sunt importante pentru că unitatea imaginară  este   de nedeosebit față de inversul său aditiv sau multiplicativ , datorită faptului că ambele satisfac definiția părții imaginare: . Deci, în condiții "normale", dacă un număr complex este soluția unei probleme, atunci și conjugata sa este soluție a problemei, precum în cazul unor soluții complexe pentru ecuațiile pătratice cu coeficienți reali.

Proprietăți
Aceste proprietăți se aplică tuturor numerelor complexe  și , dacă nu se precizează altceva.

   dacă  este diferit de zero

  dacă și numai dacă  este real

  pentru orice număr  întreg

  dacă  este diferit de zero

Această formulă este metoda folosită pentru a calcula inversul unui număr complex, dacă se dau coordonatele sale dreptunghiulare.

  dacă  este diferit de zero

În general, dacă  este o funcție polimorfică ale cărei singure restricții asupra numerelor reale este să fie reale, și  este definit, atunci

Prin urmare, dacă  este un polinom cu coeficienți reali și , atunci și . Deci, rădăcinile ne-reale ale polinoamelor reale apar sub forma de conjugate complexe.

Funcția  din  to  este o funcție continuă. Ea nu este o funcție olomorfă, inversează orientarea, în timp ce funcțiile olomorfe păstrează local orientarea. Este o funcție bijectivă și compatibilă cu operațiile aritmetice, prin urmare este un automorfism de corp. Deoarece menține fixe numerele reale, este un element al  al extensiei de corp . Acest grup Galois are doar două elemente:  și elementul neutru din . Astfel, singurele două automorfisme de corp ale  care lasă numerele reale fixe sunt aplicația identitate și conjugarea complexă.

Generalizare
Prin transpunerea conjugatei transpuse (sau adjunctei) unei matrice complexe se generalizează conceptul de conjugată complexă. Chiar și mai general este conceptul de operatori disjuncți pentru operatori ai unui spațiu Hilbertian complex (posibil infinit dimensional). Toate acestea sunt grupate în operații * ale C*-algebra.

Se poate defini conjugata pentru o cuaternară sub forma: conjugata lui  ca fiind .

De remarcat că toate aceste generalizări sunt multiplicative numai dacă factorii sunt inversați:

Pentru că înmulțirea numerelor complexe este comutativă, această schimbare a ordinii nu este necesară.

Există și conceptul abstract de conjugată pentru spații vectoriale  al numerelor complexe. În acest context, orice transformare liniară (reală)  care satisface

 , funcția de identitate pe ,
 , și
  pentru toate , ,

este numită conjugată complexă. One example of this notion is the conjugate transpose operation of complex matrices defined above. It should be remarked that on general complex vector spaces there is no canonical notion of complex conjugation.

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Home > other > In the name of my father
In the name of my father
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Determining the parameters in a social welfare function using stated preference data: an application to health
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Applied Economics, 2011, 43, 22412250
Paul Dolana and Aki Tsuchiyab*
Imperial College Business School, London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Department of Economics, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DT, UK
One way in which economists might determine how best to balance the competing objectives of efficiency and equality is to specify a Social Welfare Function (SWF). This article looks at how the stated preferences of a sample of the general public can be used to estimate the shape of the SWF in the domain of health benefits. The results suggest that people are willing to make trade-offs between efficiency and equality and that these trade-offs are sensitive to what kind of inequalities exist and to the groups across which those inequalities exist.
I. Introduction An important consideration when establishing priorities in the public sector is the amount of benefit generated by alternative allocations. As a result, there has been considerable research effort devoted to developing technologies that allow the benefits from a range of public services to be measured and subsequently valued. If benefits were the only consideration, then the objectives of public policy could be defined in terms of the maximization of these benefits. However, policy-makers, as well as the general public, are also likely to be concerned with how benefits are distributed. Although standard economic models assume that people do not care about inequalities, there is increasing interest in the economics literature in peoples preferences regarding fairness (Rabin, 1993; Fehr and Schmidt, 1999). These models focus on
self-centred inequality aversion in the sense that people care only about their own outcomes relative to those of other people, but they do not care about inequality amongst other people per se. This has important implications for how Social Welfare Functions (SWFs) are constructed and how preferences are aggregated (see e.g. Quesada, 2003). In this article, we are concerned with an individuals distributional preferences as they relate to the treatment of other people. Specifically, our inquiry is into whether an SWF can be constructed from peoples other-regarding, or social, preferences (Menzel, 1999). The SWF is, in principle, a powerful device for determining how best to balance these competing objectives of efficiency and equality. However, in practice, there has hitherto been only limited success in developing an SWF that is operationally useful. There have been some attempts to estimate the parameters of SWFs from the stated preferences
*Corresponding author. E-mail: a.tsuchiya@sheffield.ac.uk
Applied Economics ISSN 00036846 print/ISSN 14664283 online 2011 Taylor & Francis http://www.informaworld.com DOI: 10.1080/00036840903166244 2241
of individuals. For example, Amiel and Cowell (1999) have asked respondents to choose between different distributions of income across population groups. Similar attempts have been made to estimate the SWF for health, using relatively small samples of students (Dolan and Robinson, 2001). In this context, a policy that maximizes population health might be of relatively less benefit to less healthy groups, or a policy that reduces inequalities might forego the opportunity to improve the health of the relatively healthy. This article demonstrates how the stated preferences of a sample of the general public can be used to estimate the parameters of an SWF in the domain of health. The issues addressed in this article are of real policy concern in many countries, such as the UK, Australia and New Zealand, which have put into place policies that seek to improve overall population health and reduce health inequalities (Department of Health, 1999; Rice and Smith, 2001). In order for the SWF approach to be operationally useful, two main questions need to be answered: (1) what type of SWF is to be employed and (2) how is the shape of the SWF to be determined? Sections II and III deal with each of these questions in turn and Section IV presents the design of an empirical study that elicited the publics preferences over two health programmes, one that maximizes health and one that reduces inequalities in health between particular population subgroups. Section V shows how these data can be used to derive a set of relative weights to be given to a unit health gain to people from different population subgroups, and hence to estimate the shape of the SWF. Section VI discusses the implications of the results.
P. Dolan and A. Tsuchiya
determinants of utility, it more readily allows for interpersonal comparisons and may suffer from fewer of the ethical problems with comparisons of utility identified by Sen (1992). From a public policy perspective, citizens and policy-makers may well prefer to focus on the distribution of health across society rather than on the distribution of utility (see e.g. Dolan and Olsen, 2002; Tsuchiya and Miyamoto, 2009). In short, there are good normative and practical reasons for defining a health-related SWF in terms of the different levels of health experienced by different groups (Dolan, 1998). In this article, differences in health are represented as differences in average life. When the analytical objective is that of searching for a more equal distribution of health (rather than utility or health-related utility), a SWF in terms of health is potentially more useful in a policy context since life is more readily interpersonally comparable than utilities (Olsen, 1997). In this study, we assume that health-related social welfare is a function of: (a) the average levels of health of different groups within a given population and (b) the inequalities in health that exist between those groups. Of course, differences in health exist within any population sub-group, as well as between groups. In principle, the SWF could be estimated across groups of any size, including across individuals, but in practice it would be impossible to get reliable health data at such a micro level. There are a number of functional forms that this SWF can take. In order to deal with varying degrees of inequality, an additive SWF with convexity to the origin to allow for inequality aversion has been widely used in the literature (Atkinson, 1970; Little and Mirrlees, 1974; Layard and Walters, 1994). Let us start with a SWF with a Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) 1 r r r W1 H , Ha , Hb 4 0, a Hb 1, r ! 1, r 6 0 1 where W is the health-related social welfare and Ha and Hb are the average levels of health of groups of equal size. (The function is, of course, generalizable to more than two groups, and to groups of different sizes.) The nature of the SWF, and the resulting iso-welfare curves, is determined by r and . The parameter r measures the degree of aversion to inequality, as represented by the convexity of the iso-welfare curves. If r 1, social welfare is equal to the sum of individual health and there is no aversion to inequality. This utilitarian-type SWF results in iso-welfare contours that are straight lines with a gradient of 1. If r41, there is aversion to
II. Defining the Social Welfare Function The SWF in economics textbooks are welfarist in the sense that they rely on an individuals subjective assessment of her own well-being and, as such, they are concerned with the distribution of individual utility. In the few empirical studies that have sought to empirically estimate the parameters in an SWF, economists have used more readily the quantifiable proxies for utility, such as in income (Amiel and Cowell, 1999). Health economics has a tradition of expressing utility in health-related terms, for example in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), where the quality adjustment weight the Q in the QALY is typically defined in terms of dimensions of a health state classification system (see e.g. Drummond et al., 2005). Whilst health (and income for that matter) represents only a sub-set of the
Social welfare function and stated preference data on health
inequality, or diminishing Marginal Rate of Social Substitution (MRSS) between the health of the two groups: along a given iso-welfare curve, the greater the inequalities in health between the two groups, the greater is the weight given to the worse-off group relative to the better-off group. In the extreme, r approaches 1 and all that matters is the health of the worse-off group. This results in a Rawlsian-type SWF with right-angled iso-welfare curves. The parameters and determine the rate at which the welfare of subgroups a and b enter the social welfare calculus. It might be argued, for example, that relatively less weight should be given to those who considered more responsible for their poor health (Le Grand, 1991; Schokkaeart and Devooght, 2003). In the literature on SWFs, however, it is common to assume anonymity, which implies that both individuals and groups are equally deserving of any given gain in well-being (Musgrave, 1959; Harsanyi, 1982; Boadway and Bruce, 1984). In this article, we will also make this anonymity assumption, i.e. 0.5. The objective of this study is to derive the implied weights to be given to a unit health gain to one group relative to another. This is represented as the MRSS along the relevant iso-welfare curve. As such, reference is made only to contours of the SWF, and not to the level of social welfare implied by these contours. In this respect, the CES SWF is equivalent to the Atkinson SWF (Atkinson, 1970) that was first proposed to address income distributions and has been applied to the health context (Wagstaff, 1994). The CES specification is chosen as the baseline specification because it is individualistic, additive, nondecreasing (or monotonic), strictly concave, exhibits constant relative inequality aversion (or scale independence or homotheticity) and, with , it also satisfies anonymity, and thus, satisfies all the conventional requirements of a SWF. We will also look at two alternative SWF specifications by the way of sensitivity analysis. These are derived from the generic form W2 Ha Hb  cjHa Hb j ,  where  4 0, ! 1, c ! 0
relative inequality aversion, while the hyperbolic specification satisfies constant absolute inequality aversion instead. The main characteristic of these two specifications is that beyond a given level of inequality, social welfare ceases to be nondecreasing in composite health.
III. Estimating the Marginal Rate of Social Substitution Given a Social Welfare Function Specification The question now is how do we identify the MRSS, given a SWF specification? One way is to elicit the preferences of the general public over stylized questions specifically designed to allow us to identify points on the same social welfare contour. Williams (1997) suggests that respondents could be presented with the current unequal distribution of health and then asked to think about an equal distribution of health that makes them indifferent between the two distributions, which corresponds to the concept of equally distributed equivalent income by Atkinson (1970). In this way, the general format of the questions would be similar to those used in empirical studies that have attempted to measure the degree of inequality aversion in relation to income distributions (Amiel and Cowell, 1999; Amiel et al., 1999). However, whilst it is possible to take income from one person and transfer it to another, it is not possible to redistribute health in the same way. Therefore, it seems more appropriate to design the empirical study in terms of the distribution of gains in health from an initial position. Figure 1 shows the basis of the questions. The initial situation (I) is presented to respondents together with a programme (A) that will benefit both groups by the same amount. They are then presented with an alternative programme (B) that targets the benefit on the worse-off group. The aim then is to determine, in an iterative way, how much Programme B would have to benefit the worse-off group in order to be considered equally as valuable as Programme A. Once indifference between Programmes A and B has been established, the MRSS of the SWF can be calculated. For the baseline CES specification, the value of r can be obtained by using standard spreadsheet procedures (e.g. the goal seek tool in MS Excel), by looking for the value of r that makes W[1] identical at two points, X and Y. Alternatively, for a mathe solo and Tsuchiya (2004). matical solution, see Aba
which provides a family of SWFs that are increasing in total health and decreasing in inequality in health solo and Tsuchiya, 2004). (Aba When   2, the contours become hyperbolic and when  1 and  2, they become parabolic. The parabolic and hyperbolic specifications are individualistic, additive, inequality averse and symmetric. The parabolic specification satisfies constant
Hb A Ha = Hb
the relative weight for the less advantaged group at point (Ha, Hb) will be given by
n . B 1 I
dHb Ha Hb 1 CHa Hb 1 dHa Ha Hb 1 CHa Hb 1
Iso-welfare
Fig. 1. The SWF and the life expectancy questions. Notes: Ha: health of the less advantaged group; Hb: health of the more advantaged group; I: initial point; It is assumed that ; A: outcome offered by Programme A; the horizontal broken line: the set of options (1 to n) offered by the alternative Programme B; B: the point at which the median respondent is indifferent between the two programmes, and thus the point through which the iso-welfare curve crosses the broken line.
The weight implied to the less advantaged group a relative to group b is calculated from the MRSS ! dHb Hb 1r dHa Ha Provided r41, MRSS increases exponentially with the extent of the equalityefficiency trade-off (since the iso-welfare contour in Fig. 1 is convex), and so the mean of any group of values would give greater relative weight to the preferences of those most concerned about equality. This makes it difficult to account for the strength of each individuals preferences in the overall preferences of a group. For this reason, we will concentrate our analysis and interpretation on the median. Use of the median is also consistent with the median voter rule, which has been used to model public policy choices (Mueller, 1979). Furthermore, the relationship between the number of years traded off and the level of inequality aversion implies that the mean of the former will not correspond to the mean of the latter, thus making the median a more attractive summary measure to use. For the hyperbolic and the parabolic specifications, suppose Ha(X ), Hb(X ) and Ha(Y ), Hb(Y ) represent two points on the same indifference curve. By solving W[2](X ) W[2](Y ) for C C Ha X Hb X Ha Y Hb Y Ha X Hb X Ha Y Hb Y
Any one respondent could be asked to adopt a number of different perspectives when answering questions of the kind used in this study (Dolan et al., 2003). In this study, we asked respondents to adopt a citizen-type perspective, where they are not explicitly asked to think about being in either group. This is the perspective adopted by Amiel and Cowell (1999) in their empirical studies on income inequalities. To us, and as famously emphasized by Rousseau (1762), there is a legitimate distinction between a persons self-regarding preferences based on her own self-interest and her society-regarding preferences which reflect her views about what society should look like. The distinction has more recently received attention and support from a number of economists and political scientists, including Harsanyi (1955) and Etzioni (1986). We therefore collected information on a range of background characteristics in order to examine the extent to which self-interest might be playing a part in responses.
IV. The Questionnaire Design Differences in health in this study, as noted in Section II, have been defined in terms of average life expectancy. The most obvious differences in mortality in the UK exist between the social classes (Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health, 1998). Of the six social classes often used in British surveys, we employ data concerning the top and the bottom classes, which highlights the extent of the prevailing inequalities and has the advantage that the fraction of the population in each of these classes is roughly the same (about 7% in each case). On average, people in the highest social class (such as doctors and other professionals) live 5 years longer than those in the lowest social class (unskilled manual workers such as cleaners). Scenarios with population subgroups other than social class are also used. Differences of the same magnitude (5 years) in average life expectancy exist between women and men. This means that by presenting separate respondents with identical questions regarding life expectancy, but relating them to differences by sex instead of by social class, it is possible to test whether the degree of inequality aversion is a function of the groups across which
the inequalities exist. To further test the sensitivity of inequality aversion, other respondents were presented with the same life expectancy differences across groups that were simply defined as the healthiest 20% and the unhealthiest 20% of the population. The questionnaire was administered during a faceto-face interview, which gave the interviewer the opportunity to assess the respondents understanding of the task and provided the respondent with the opportunity to ask any clarificatory questions. The interview began with a brief description of the task and an explanation of the population sub-group used. The questionnaire was developed through in-depth interviews and extensive piloting, during which time it emerged that the clearest way in which to represent the health of the two groups was in the form of graphical representations, as shown in the Appendix. Respondents were first asked to make a discrete choice between Programme A (that benefits both groups by the same amount) and Programme B (that targets the same amount of overall benefit on the worse-off group). They were told that the two groups were of approximately equal size and that the two Programmes would cost the same. For those respondents who chose Programme A, it was assumed that, since they were unwilling to target the worse off group when overall benefits were the same, they would also be unwilling to target the worse off group when overall benefits were reduced, and so no further sub-questions were asked. Those respondents who chose Programme B were presented with a series of pairwise choices in which the benefits from choosing B were gradually reduced. This order was chosen to make the trade-off between efficiency and equality as transparent as possible, and because it was felt that it would be cognitively less demanding for respondents than a random order that would have
required them to jump around between different trade-offs. Note that respondents were not provided with the opportunity to state that they were indifferent between the two programmes. This option was in the pilot interviews but was never chosen and in fact caused confusion. The interviews were carried out in two rounds using different respondents. In the first round, around half of the respondents were given the social class scenario and the other half were given the sex scenario. In the second round, around half of the respondents were given the social class scenario and the other half were given the quintiles scenario. The response categories presented in the two rounds (independently of scenario) are shown in Table 1. Respondents in the first round who initially chose Programme B were presented with six additional pairwise choices. The response categories in the second round of interviews were revised in the light of the distribution of responses from the first round, resulting in only four additional pairwise choices in the second round. In addition to some of the response categories in the first round being largely redundant, this allowed us to test whether respondents were following a particular pattern of responses, for example choosing the middle option. For those respondents who initially chose to target on Programme B but then switched at some point to Programme A, their point of indifference has been taken to be half-way between the last point at which they chose B and the first point at which they chose A. The first two columns of Table 2 present the implied points of indifference, their associated inequality aversion parameters depending on SWF specification, and their corresponding implied relative weights to the worst off group at the initial point, given the options in Table 1. The precise trade-offs
Table 1. The response options First round of interviews Programme A Group a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Group b 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Programme B Group a 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Group b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Second round of interviews Programme A Group a 2 2 2 2 2 Group b 2 2 2 2 2 Programme B Group a 4 3 2 1.5 1 Group b 0 0 0 0 0
Notes: The initial situation is one in which group a (the worst-off group) live to be 73 and group b (the best-off group) live to be 78. The numbers in the table show average increases in life expectancy per group depending on the Programmes chosen for each of the pairwise choices. indicates where a response category was not offered to respondents.
Table 2. The three SWF specifications and the results Hyperbolic Relative weight at initial pointb Round 1 (n 29) 9 0 0 2 11 4 0 3 1.00 1.25 1.58 2.05 4.04 6.80 16.38 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 0.00 3.30 6.80 10.57 19.36 24.68 30.94 47.96 77.25 225.84 1.00 1.25 1.58 2.08 4.57 9.94 83.12 4.40 2.28 1.31 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.74 1.00 1.24 1.56 2.04 4.36 9.00 559.00 4.58 2.32 1.31 15 5 11 5 0 1 Inequality aversion parametera Relative weight at initial pointb Inequality aversion parametera Relative weight at initial pointb Round 2 (n 37) Parabolic Social classc Pooled (n 66) 24 0 5 0 2 11 11 9 0 4 Sexc Quintilesc
Indifference points as inferred from response options
Inequality aversion parametera
(n 31) 20 1 0 1 5 3 1
(n 33) 12 2 14 3 1 1
(75,80)$(77,78) (75,80)$(76.75,78) (75,80)$(76.5,78) (75,80)$(76.25,78) (75,80)$(75.75,78) (75,80)$(75.50,78) (75,80)$(75.25,78) (75,80)$(74.75,78) (75,80)$(74.25,78) (75,80)$(73.5,78)
1.0 2.3 5.9 9.8 20.1 27.9 41.2 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified
Notes: aInequality aversion parameter is r for the CES, C for the hyperbolic and the parabolic. Relative weight at initial point is the implied equality weight given to group b relative to group a at the initial point where life expectancy for groups a and b are 73 and 78, respectively. c Median respondent in bold; indicates where a response category was not offered to respondents.
made by those who choose not to target and by those who always choose to target are indeterminate, and so, strictly speaking, inequality aversion can only be calculated for those respondents who switch from Programme B to Programme A at some point. Having said this, for those who chose A in the initial pairwise comparison, we have assumed that they are inequality neutral (although we cannot rule out the possibility that some respondents may have favoured increased inequality). For those who always chose B, we have assumed that they are indifferent at the implied point presented on the last row, but again we cannot be sure. As can be seen, the choice functional form for the SWF does not have much effect on the relative weight given to the two groups except in the highly inequality averse region. And even in this range, it is more important to identify the preferences accurately than it is to identify the correct functional form to represent those preferences. Under extreme inequality aversion, where a reduction in inequality is preferred even when it entails loss in the health of the better off so that the monotonicity principle is violated, the CES specification can no longer accommodate such preferences. However, the hyperbolic and the parabolic specifications can, and the relative weights across these two functional forms are similar to each other.
The results are summarized in Table 2 where the last five columns present the distribution of responses. The number of respondents were 29 and 37 for the social class scenario across the two rounds, 31 for the sex scenario (in round one) and 33 for the quintiles scenario (in round two). Since the implied trade-offs that respondents made between the social classes did not differ across the rounds (Mann Whitney U Test, p40.05), pooled responses are also reported. Using these pooled results, the median respondent is indifferent between people in the highest and lowest social classes living on average to be 80 and 75, respectively (i.e. the outcome for choosing Programme A), and these groups living to be 78 and 75.5, respectively (i.e. the outcome for Programme B from the median respondent). Depending on the SWF specification, this implies that a marginal health gain to the lowest social class is valued 6.89.9 times more than a marginal health gain to the highest social class. This is also the median response when the sub-groups are defined in terms of the healthiest and unhealthiest quintiles of the population. However, when identical data are presented but the sub-groups are defined by sex, the median preference is to favour no targeting of men at all, thus implying that a marginal health gain to men and to women are equally valued. The responses were not related to any of the personal characteristics (using the 2 test, p40.05).
V. The Empirical Study In order to interview a broadly representative sample of the general population, every eighth person on the electoral register in three wards in York, UK, was contacted and invited to participate, for which they would receive 15. Out of a total of 1500 letters of invitation, 467 people (31%) agreed to take part. To ensure representativeness, 140 respondents were selected for interview based on the information on a broad range of characteristics obtained from their reply slips. In total, 130 individuals were interviewed. The interviews took place at the University of York and lasted for about an hour. The achieved sample was broadly representative of the population of the Yorkshire and Humberside region: 48% were male (compared to 47% for the region as a whole); 50% were aged under 45 years (compared to 50%); 67% had children (compared to 66%); 54% were employed (compared to 56%) and 60% had the minimum level of education (compared to 61%). This article is based on the life expectancy question, which appeared at the beginning of the interview and was answered by all 130 respondents. VI. Discussion This study has sought to determine the shape of a health-related SWF from peoples stated preferences over various equalityefficiency trade-offs. While a CES was used as the baseline specification, similar results are derived from the hyperbolic and the parabolic specifications. Overall, the results seem plausible, suggesting that there is aversion to inequalities in life expectancy, but its extent is sensitive to the groups across which the inequalities exist. However, the study also raises a number of methodological issues that warrant further discussion. In the first part of each question, the information regarding the size of the health gains of the two Programmes was easy to understand and, in the second part of each question, the implications of choices were made clear through changes in the size of the bars on the graph. Nevertheless, to facilitate this visual representation, the scales on the graphs did not start at zero (Appendix), and this could have led some respondents to perceive that the
relative difference between the two groups was larger than it really was. In general, it has been shown that very subtle changes in the framing of a question can sometimes have a dramatic effect on responses (for an excellent review, see Rabin 1998). This study was designed to minimize the effects of certain framing effects but it is impossible to remove every potential bias. For example, we were aware of the evidence from other studies that suggests that respondents might be reluctant to give all the benefit to one individual or group (see e.g. Cuadras-Morato et al., 2001). We went further, thought, and asked respondents who chose not to target if they would have targeted if there had instead been a 1-year benefit to the better-off group (and hence a 3-year benefit to the worse-off group). None of these respondents chose to revise their answers. It is now well established that respondents may give greater weight to the losses of one group as compared to an equivalent gain to the other group (Schweitzer, 1995). Therefore, the questions were designed so that neither programme in the two questions involved any losses, and so that neither programme was presented as representing the status quo. However, it is possible that loss aversion may also be present when considering potential as well as actual losses from a particular reference point (Dolan and Robinson, 2001). Therefore, if some respondents adopted the potential gains available to both groups in Programme A as their reference point, then Programme B would involve a loss to the better-off group. It would be interesting, and policy relevant, to test with further research how sensitive the degree of inequality aversion is to variation in the initial situation. There is a status quo bias of a different kind that might have made respondents more inclined to stick with Programme B if they chose it initially. This relates to the fact that respondents were always presented with response categories in the same order; that is, Programmes A and B start out being equally effective and then B becomes incrementally less effective. This ordering was chosen to make the equalityefficiency trade-off as transparent as possible and was informed by the results from the pilot interviews which suggested that the trade-off questions would have been cognitively too difficult if the ordering of the response categories was randomized. However, there is the possibility of a status quo bias whereby some respondents get locked into choosing B throughout (Samuelsen and Zeckhauser, 1988). On the other hand, there is some limited evidence that shows there may be a left-hand side bias: when respondents are asked to choose between
two options laid out next to each other, the default choice is the option on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side option will be chosen only when it is significantly more preferable than the default option on the left-hand side (see e.g. McIntosh and Ryan, 2003). Thus, there are two potential biases working in opposite directions. Despite these concerns about the data, we believe that this study represents an advance in terms of both the methodology used and the implications for future research that seeks to enhance the policy usefulness of stated preference data. It suggests that people are willing to forego overall health in order to reduce differences in average life expectancy between the social classes. On the other hand, differences in the average life expectancies of men and women did not seem to matter much at all, with the median respondent unwilling to sacrifice any overall gains in life expectancy in order to target men. Tsuchiya and Williams (2005) try to get behind some of the reasons for the very different attitudes towards health inequalities by sex as compared to those by social class. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that, using carefully designed questionnaire instruments, the SWF can develop from being a theoretical construct to becoming a potentially powerful practical policy tool. A survey instrument can be designed so that elicits meaningful trade-off responses from the general population can then be used to determine the shape of the SWF. We therefore believe that the study indicates a promising new avenue of economic enquiry that is relevant to important policy questions in health care and other areas of public policy.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to Rebecca Shaw who conducted the interviews. The Economic and Social Research Council (Award No: L128251050) supported Rebecca Shaw and the fieldwork. We would like to thank John Cairns, Angus Deaton, Atsushi Higuchi, Daniel Kahneman, Peter Lambert, Chris McCabe, Jan Abel Olsen, and the anonymous referee for Applied Economics for their helpful comments. This article has also benefited from the comments made by participants at a range of seminars, including those held at Princeton, Toronto, East Anglia and Oslo. We are grateful to all the respondents who agreed to take part. Last but not the least, special thanks are due to Peter Smith and Alan Williams. The usual disclaimers apply.
solo, I. and Tsuchiya, A. (2004) Exploring social Aba welfare functions and violation of monotonicity: an example for inequalities in health, Journal of Health Economics, 23, 31329. Amiel, Y. and Cowell, F. A. (1999) Thinking About Inequality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Amiel, Y., Creedy, Y. J. and Hurn, S. (1999) Measuring attitudes towards inequality, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 101, 8396. Atkinson, A. B. (1970) On the measurement of inequality, Journal of Economic Theory, 2, 24463. Boadway, R. and Bruce, N. (1984) Welfare Economics, Basil Blackwell, New York. Cuadras-Morato, X., Pinto-Prades, J. L. and AbellanPerpinan, J. M. (2001) Equity considerations in health care: the relevance of claims, Health Economics, 10, 187205. Department of Health (1999) Saving lives: our healthier nation, CM4386, July 1999. Dolan, P. (1998) The measurement of individual utility and social welfare, Journal of Health Economics, 17, 3952. Dolan, P. and Olsen, J. A. (2002) Distributing Health Care: Economics and Ethical Issues, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Dolan, P., Olsen, J. A., Menzel, P. and Richardson, J. (2003) An inquiry into the different perspectives that can be used to elicit preferences to inform prioritysetting, Health Economics, 12, 54551. Dolan, P. and Robinson, A. (2001) The measurement of preferences over the distribution of benefits: the importance of reference points, European Economic Review, 45, 1697709. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Torrance, G. W., OBrien, B. J. and Stoddart, G. L. (2005) Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Etzioni, A. (1986) The case for a multiple utility conception, Economics and Philosophy, 2, 15983. Fehr, E. and Schmidt, K. M. (1999) A theory of fairness, competition and cooperation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 81768. Harsanyi, J. C. (1955) Cardinal welfare, individualistic ethics and interpersonal comparisons of utility, Journal of Political Economy, 63, 30921. Harsanyi, J. C. (1982) Morality and the theory of rational behaviour, in Utilitarianism and Beyond (Eds) A. Sen and B. Williams, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 23365. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health (1998) Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report (The Acheson Report), The Stationary Office, London. Layard, R. and Walters, A. A. (1994) Allowing for income distribution, in CostBenefit Analysis, 2nd edn (Eds) R. Layard and S. Glasiter, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17998 (reprinted from R. Layard and A. A. Walters, 1978, Microeconomic Theory, McGraw-Hill). Le Grand, J. (1991) Equity and Choice, Harper Collins, London. Little, I. M. D. and Mirrlees, J. A. (1974) Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries, Heinemann Educational Books, London.
McIntosh, E. and Ryan, M. (2003) Eliciting preferences for hernia repair: a comparison of strength of preference modelling and discrete choice experiments, Health Economists Study Group Brunel. Menzel, P. (1999) How should what economists call social values be measured?, The Journal of Ethics, 3, 24973. Mueller, D. (1979) Public Choice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Musgrave, R. A. (1959) The Theory of Public Finance, McGraw Hill, New York. Olsen, J. A. (1997) Theories of justice and their implications for priority setting in health care, Journal of Health Economics, 16, 62539. Quesada, A. (2003) Positional independence in preference aggregation, Social Choice and Welfare, 20, 36370. Rabin, M. (1993) Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics, American Economic Review, 83, 1281302. Rabin, M. (1998) Psychology and economics, Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 1146. Rice, N. and Smith, P. (2001) Capitation and risk adjustment in health care financing: an international progress report, Millbank Quarterly, 79, 1. Rousseau, J. J. (1762) The Social Contract (1998 translation), Wordsworth, London. Samuelson, W. and Zeckhauser, R. (1988) Status quo bias in decision-making, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1, 759. Schokkaert, E. and Devooght, K. (2003) Responsibilitysensitive fair compensation in different cultures, Social Choice and Welfare, 21, 20742. Schweitzer, M. (1995) Multiple reference points, framing, and the status-quo bias in health-care financing decisions, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 6972. Sen, A. (1992) Inequality Reexamined, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Tsuchiya, A. and Miyamoto, J. (2009) Social choice in health and health care, in Handbook of Rational and Social Choice, Chap. 20 (Eds) P. Anand, C. Puppe and P. Pattanaik, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 52442. Tsuchiya, A. and Williams, A. (2005) A fair innings between the sexes: are men being treated inequitably?, Social Science & Medicine, 60, 27786. Wagstaff, A. (1994) QALYs and the equity-efficiency tradeoff, in Cost-Benefit Analysis (Eds) A. Layard and S. Glaister, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 42847 (reprinted from Journal of Health Economics, 10:2141, 1991 with corrections). Williams, A. (1997) Intergenerational equity: an exploration of the fair innings argument, Health Economics, 6, 11732.
Appendix: Example of the Questions Across Social Class As you might know, average life expectancy differs by social class. Whilst actual life expectancy varies between individuals, on average, people in social class 1 live to be 78 and in social class 5 they live to be 73.
Imagine that you are asked to choose between two programmes which will increase average life expectancy. Both programmes cost the same. In the two graphs below the light grey part shows average life expectancy, and the dark grey part shows the increase in life expectancy. There is a separate graph for each of the programmes. As you can see, Programme A is aimed at both social classes equally and Programme B is aimed more at social class 5. Please indicate whether you would choose A or B by ticking one box.
If the respondent chose A, that was the end of the question. If the respondent chose B, she was told: Choosing Programme B might mean that the increase in life expectancy is less overall. For each of the six (or four, depending on the round ) choices below, please tick one box to indicate whether you would still choose B, or whether you would now choose A. The presentation of the choices was of the same kind as that illustrated below.
Programme A
Programme B
Class I 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68
Class V 82 2 years 80 78 76 2 years 74 72 70 68
Copyright of Applied Economics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Class & Inequality
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Why does the UK seem totally incapable of making a plan for anything longer than 2 seconds ago? asks Alex Phillips
Does it feel like there is absolutely no sense of urgency as we're being told the country's on fire, the water's run out and boiling the kettle will cost a hundred quid?
Alex Phillips GB News Presenter
Published monday 15 August 2022 - 10:31 Last updated monday 15 August 2022 - 10:49
Winter is coming. I know it's hard to believe as the country is frazzled into a European Sahel as sleeping at night has been like extreme SAS training trying to catch forty winks in the caldera of a active volcano.
But soon, all that heat clamming up your bed sheets will be gone and you'll be begging for even half a degree of it as your teeth chatter and your shower coughs out a few dribbles of lukewarm water while windscreen scraping becomes a thing again.
Yet, according to the headlines, nobody really has a clue what to do about it.
There's the Starmer plan, which involves just paying for everything, plugging the energy price cap at last year's limits, costing the country in the region of 60 billion quid, about the same amount as furlough, which arguably helped get us into this mess.
Even if it means helping Rishi pay to heat his new monster-sized swimming pool currently under construction.
That's ridiculous, decries the ever-active, oft sourced Liz Truss campaign team, who proudly brag about not even giving a single penny in handouts and somehow growing the economy instead, even though factories will be forced to switch off the lights and only makers of thermal underwear will think investing in Britain is a good idea.
The Red Wall will indeed turn blue, as hypothermia sets in while even the blue blood's energy bills will enter the red, as three in four Tory voters back Labour's plan.
It's enough to make for some very blue headlines in the red tops, but that's OK, because the Prime Minister is off on his hundredth hollibobs of the year, with a shrug of the shoulders and shake of that yellow thatch as he mills around a Greek supermarket near his Dad's gaff.
It will all be someone else's problem, he must think, as he stocks up the pantry for a winter retreat in the comparatively balmy climes of Aegean coast.
Why does the UK seem totally incapable of making a plan for anything longer than 2 seconds ago? And where even is the Government?
That's ok.
There's enough hot air from the leadership contest to power sizewell B for the best part of a year.
alex phillips gb views boris johnson cost of living


text:
Collectible Sneakers Introduced by Heritage In Groundbreaking Auction
Heritage Auctions will be the first major international auction house to offer collectible sneakers. In the highly anticipated June 11 sale titled "The Future is Now." The most coveted sneakers will be showcased alongside urban art, skateboard decks, surfboards, luxury handbags and other contemporary collectibles. Leading the sale is the only complete set of all-white Air Jordans, originally given by Michael Jordan to Kobe Bryant when Bryant retired. The set consists of the entire Air Jordan line (I through XXX) specifically made for Kobe Bryant in his size 14. The set was acquired by a private, California-based collector, who will donate a portion of the proceeds to the Los Angeles chapter of the Make-A-Wish Foundation.
"The history, scale, importance and rarity of this set is unrivaled," said Leon Benrimon, Director of Modern & Contemporary Art at Heritage Auctions.
The title of the auction, "The Future is Now," was adopted from the box for the 2016 Nike Air Mag, a sneaker made famous by Michael J. Fox in Back to the Future II. The automatically lacing sneaker, first conceived in 1989 and finally developed in 2016, symbolizes the growing global interest in the collectible sneaker market. The auction also will include the 2011 edition of the Nike Air Mag accompanied by its original box, hand-signed by Tinker Hatfield, the sneaker's creator. Additional highlights include one of a kind Nikes hand-painted by street artist "Mr. Brainwash" and collector favorites such as Yeezys, classic and retro Jordans, Nike x Supreme collaborations, and the recent Air Jordan x KAWS collaboration.
"It's an exciting moment for Heritage as we undertake this initiative to bridge the gap and draw similarities between industries that have been heavily influenced by street culture and contemporary art," Benrimon said. "Our goal is to offer bidders a new platform where they can collect a diverse group of objects."
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"We're excited to partner with Heritage for 'The Future is Now,'" said StockX Co-Founder and CEO Josh Luber. "As StockX prepares to expand from a sneaker stock market to one for watches and handbags, as well, it's a perfect time to help Heritage – a leader in the luxury watch and handbag space – expand into sneakers."
The sale will also be supported by Artsy, where collectors will be able to bid live and online on auction lots.
ABOUT HERITAGE AUCTIONS
Heritage Auctions is the largest collectibles and sports auctioneer in the world and remains at the forefront of contemporary culture, marketed demand, and collector's interests. Heritage maintains offices in New York, Dallas, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Chicago, Palm Beach, Paris, Geneva, Amsterdam and Hong Kong.
The Internet's most popular auction-house website, HA.com, has over one million registered bidder-members, and searchable free archives of four million past auction records with prices realized, descriptions and enlargeable photos. Reproduction rights routinely granted to media for photo credit.
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StockX is the world's first online consumer "stock market of things" for high-demand, limited edition products including sneaker and, coming soon, watches and handbags. Participants buy and sell authenticated products in a live 'Bid/Ask' marketplace where they anonymously trade with stock market-like visibility. The StockX exchange offers buyers and sellers historical price and volume metrics, as well as in-depth market analysis and news. StockX launched StockX TV, it's 'Mad Money for sneakers' show, in April 2017.
ABOUT MAKE-A-WISH GREATER LOS ANGELES
Founded in 1983 and now in its 34th year, Make-A-Wish Greater Los Angeles has granted more than 9,400 wishes to children living in the communities throughout Los Angeles County. Annually in Los Angeles, the chapter grants about 350 wishes locally and facilitates nearly as many wishes for children from all over the world whose wish is to come to Los Angeles. Make-A-Wish Greater Los Angeles is part of Make-A-Wish America, a national organization that grants the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope, strength and joy. Make-A-Wish is one of the world's leading children's charities, serving children in every community in the United States and its territories. With the help of generous donors and more than 28,000 volunteers, Make-A-Wish grants a wish somewhere in the country every 35 minutes. It has granted more than 270,000 wishes in the U.S. since its inception in 1980.
ABOUT ARTSY
Artsy is the leading destination for exploring and collecting art from the world's top galleries, museums, art fairs, and auction houses. Artsy partners directly with the most influential players in the art world, providing collectors and enthusiasts a central resource to learn about and purchase artwork from anywhere in the world. Powered by The Art Genome Project, a personalization system that maps the connections between artists and artworks, visitors to Artsy can browse art from the world's leading museums, collect artworks from thousands of top galleries, explore international art fairs before they open to the public, bid in auctions from leading auction houses, and read about the art world in the world's most-read arts publication. Our mission is to make all the world's art accessible to anyone with an internet connection.
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Auction of Champions "MVP Auction" Ends February 3, 2023


There are no qualified biomarkers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy at the moment. However, in the 204th ENMC workshop on DMD biomarkers, two markers (dystrophin and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) were identified as candidates for the qualification process. In parallel work has been ongoing to identify additional biomarkers in serum and urine. For this work serum and urine samples are required from patients and controls, and are preferred because they are less invasive than having a muscle biopsy.
During the workshop it became clear that for MRI much of the gaps identified in the previous workshop (204th ENMC workshop, 2014) have now been filled. Alignment was reached on a proposed path for qualifying MRI and dystrophin quantification with the regulatory agencies. For MRI, current efforts are focused on showing responsiveness of the biomarker to drugs in human trials.


Hypoallergenic with no harsh chemicals, inks or dyes, Reassure Premium Cotton Pads are great for sensitive skin. Featuring a real Cotton Core made with 100% pure cotton which is naturally super absorbent and breathable, these are the most comfortable pads you will find. Feel secure with a refined Gel-Dry Polymer locking away wetness and odor. Leakage-Guard elastic creates a gentle, cup-like shape and a wide adhesive strip keeps the pads securely in place. Latex-free.


For a nation of music-loving families, having a home that fosters a love for sound is a big deal. Transform your home into the ultimate audiophile abode with gadgets that let your entire family thrive in tune-age—no matter which room you're in.
In the heart of the home where the family comes together to enjoy each other's company—usually with some form of entertainment in the background, like TV or music—get bolder, richer sound with a hi-fi audio system. This is usually the biggest area in the house, too, so you'd want to make sure the music fills the room without affecting quality. To enjoy high-quality music in a wider space, get a surround sound system or open-back speakers to enable a more spread-out sound. Your sonic sala awaits.
For those of you who whistle while you work, hands-free is the way to go. Save your device's screen from grease, crumbs, stains, and other kitchen mishaps that could damage it or affect its performance. A smart speaker or any voice-activated audio device gives you the freedom to set the soundtrack to your kitchen adventures with a few simple utterances. Voila! SZA Sisig. Dua Lumpia. Bangus a la Beyoncé.
No shame in admitting your love for banyo-oke. We're all guilty here. But as much as you relish in singing (and sometimes dancing) along to your favorite tracks while showering, it's probably not a good idea to bring your mobile device into the bathroom. It's neither safe, wise, nor hygienic. Instead, leave it outside where it's nice and dry and pair it with a bluetooth speaker—one that's water-resistant or has a protective pouch. Want to be extra-sure that your speaker stays dry? Get one with a carabiner or handle that allows you to hang your device on a hook or towel rack.
Your love for your favorite songs, artists, and albums are sometimes deeply personal. Get lost in the intimate connection between you and your music while you spend "me-time" in your sanctuary. Whether you're relaxing after a long day or working on something in solitude, a pair of deep-bass headphones with noise-cancelling features can keep you in the zone. It'll be just you and Ed Sheeran in the comfort of your bedroom.
Pinoys are a celebratory bunch. We pull out all the stops when we host parties and gatherings at home, and we often have music playing in the background that everyone can sing along to. When friends or relatives come over to celebrate, you'd want an audio device with a big sound for all to enjoy, but is not so disruptive that it results in angry neighbors. Good boomboxes produce quality audio without the obnoxiousness you might get from surround-sound systems. Use one that you don't need to plug in, and make sure it reads multiple audio sources—CDs, USBs, AUX IN, and even SD cards. That way, everyone can take turns on DJ duties no matter what device they have on-hand.
What audio gadgets do you use at home? What's on your home audio wishlist? Share your thoughts with us! Tag @gadgetsmagazine on Twitter and Instagram.


In the fall of 2017, I was selected for a small international team of good food advocates in collaboration with The Lexicon and Future Food Institute to contribute information artworks defining sustainable agricultural terms to an exhibit hosted at the G7 Agriculture Summit in Bergamo, Italy. I photographed and created artworks about three Japanese concepts: Mottainai, Megumi Jyunkan Noho and Wabi-Sabi. Each of these concepts, and the food heroes that embody them, have inspired me and many others to live more sustainably and in harmony with nature.
I invite you to visit our LexiconLab website to explore more stories of the people, practices and power of our participatory food system.
The spirit of "Mottainai" provides the West with a philosophical answer to the global crisis of food waste.
A couple turned gardens into laboratories to nourish companionship among people and all living things.
Traditional philosophies such as "wabi-sabi" can disrupt notions of linear progress and help us find a more humble and realistic relationship with nature.
The ground was as dry and expansive as a deserted planet, sand stretching for miles on all sides like outstretched arms. A thin film of dust covered the surface as hundreds of cattle, goats and camels dotted the landscape. As we continued toward the drying well, the livestock moved toward us, behind us and alongside us en route to a trough for water or beyond to graze.
Learn more about the making of Water Wars by reading the story In Search of an Oasis, originally published in Ohio Today.


Darren and Lisa approached Impact AV to create an audio visual design to highlight every special moment of their wedding reception. They wanted to embrace their vibrant fun-filled wedding day with beautiful colours, and to screen a special video of their time together as a beautiful couple.
Impact AV created lighting looks for every aspect of their reception by using our entire lights package at Waterview. To create these magical looks we used all our moving lights, roof wash lights, bridal table lights and our LED Up lights. The event looked amazing!
During the planning stages, Darren also approached us with a slightly unusual request. Lisa (the bride) plays in a duo with her brother, and they wanted to do a few songs on the night.
With extensive communications and planning technicians were able to setup more band equipment to complement their instruments, and even perform a quick sound check, between the ceremony and the reception. During the formalities, unbeknown to Darren, Lisa had also secretly organised with Impact AV to surprise Darren with a special performance dedicated to him.


Full-time Tenure-Track Position: History of Medicine The Department of History and Classics, and the Division of Studies in Medical Education in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Alberta invite applications for a tenure-track appointment at the Assistant Professor level in the History of Medicine. This is a joint appointment, and duties will include teaching and research in both units. In the Division of Studies in Medical Education, responsibilities will include shared responsibilities for establishing and implementing a program in the history of medicine for medical students. In the Department of History and Classics, this appointment will develop further the established offerings in the history of medicine. This position is part of a commitment by the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry to develop an interdisciplinary program of teaching and research in the history of medicine at the University of Alberta.
The successful candidate will have a Ph. D. in the History of Medicine, with a record of teaching and research. Candidates working the Canadian history of medicine would be of particular interest.
The starting date for the appointment is July 1, 2005. The minimum salary (as per collective agreement) will be based on rank at time of hire.
Applications received by January 31, 2005 will be assured of consideration. Interviews will begin as soon thereafter as possible.
All qualified candidates are encouraged to apply; however, Canadian citizens and permanent residents will be given priority. If suitable Canadian citizens or permanent residents cannot be found, other individuals will be considered.
The University of Alberta hires on the basis of merit. We are strongly committed to the principle of equity in employment. We welcome diversity and encourage applications from all qualified women and men, including persons with disabilities, members of visible minorities and Aboriginal persons.


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September 21, 2018 Politics
The Sucking-Up Party
Susan B. Glasser writes in the New Yorker :
In his twenty months as President, Trump has seen firsthand the shift on the Hill among formerly skeptical elected Republicans, most of whom (aside from Sessions) were not enthusiastic supporters of his Presidential campaign. The South Carolina Republican Lindsey Graham called Trump a "kook" when he ran against him in the 2016 primaries, before becoming one of the President's closest confidants in the Senate and his frequent public defender. Ted Cruz, another 2016 rival, called Trump "utterly amoral" and a "pathological liar" before endorsing him; now he's bringing Trump to Texas to campaign for him in an unexpectedly close November race. Few senators, however, have flip-flopped on the subject of Trump more dramatically than Dean Heller, the highly vulnerable Nevada Republican who welcomed the President for a campaign rally in Las Vegas on Thursday. A few weeks before the 2016 election, Heller was quoted memorably as saying he was "a hundred per cent against Clinton" and "ninety-nine per cent against Trump." But that was then. Today, Heller considers Trump a "great leader" and told Republicans in a call to drum up interest in the rally beforehand, the Times reported. "We're so thrilled to have the President."
What a bunch of Trump-suckers.


MyVapors E-juice Peach Rings, there are two capacities available: 30ml & 15ml.
I bought the Peach Rings along with Orange cream just to pad my juice collection. Bought a new rig from here and wanted a couple new flavors. I usually stick to menthol flavors (being a menthol smoker for 25 years). I'm now exactly 1 year smoke free. So.. this flavor, peach rings. It smells like the old candy of my youth. It has a smooth hit, good flavor. I have no complaints. Sorry it's not 5 stars, but it just doesn't blow my mind. Good juice, though.


It's time for a break from all of the bad news about rising health care costs and outrageous drug prices. According to a new study from the Employee Benefit Research Institute, the percentage of employers offering health insurance has risen. While we still aren't back to where we were in 2008, it's nice to see the decade long downward trend in employers offering health insurance reverse course. Now, let's dig into the details.
In 2008, 56.4% of all employers were offering health coverage to their employees. We all know what comes next: a recession. With that recession, the number of employers offering health coverage plummeted to a low of 45.3% in 2016. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) — signed into law on March 23, 2010 — came about at an unfortunate moment, and did little to stem the tide. Fortunately, recessions don't last forever. It's been a slow recovery but a recovery nonetheless. Now it seems that the rate of health insurance coverage is finally starting to catch up with the economy.
The economy is in a much better place now, and with that the labor market is tightening. Unemployment is at its lowest point since 2000 and we are currently at (or very close to, at least) what's known as "full employment". That means that nearly everyone who wants a job can get a job.
For employers, this means that there's lots of competition for the best talent. In order to attract employees, employers are adding health coverage (and other desirable benefits) to their benefits package. Exactly how much of an impact is this having on health insurance numbers? Let's take a look.
This rise in overall coverage is not affecting all business equally. In general, the larger the business the more likely they are to offer coverage. 99% of businesses with 1000 or more employees offer health insurance, and that number doesn't change much. When you take a look at small to mid-sized businesses, things get more interesting.
From 2015 to 2017, the rise in coverage cost for small businesses up to 1,000 employees rose steadily across the board. The greatest gains were in businesses with 100-999 employees with a 1.2% increase, but the numbers increased across the board. We don't have the numbers for 2018 in yet, but odds are that coverage rates will continue on this upward trend.
The economy is a tricky beast, and it's impossible to predict where we'll be 10 or 20 years from now. Should this trend continue upwards unimpeded, that's certainly great news for both employers and employees. Of course, this also depends on how well employers can adapt to a changing healthcare industry. Finding a way to cut costs without sacrificing quality health insurance is going to be vital as we proceed forward.
At Summerlin-Roberts we leverage our expertise in cost containment to provide the best possible health benefits at the lowest possible price, resulting in happier employees and leaner budgets. For more information about providing affordable health insurance that will satisfy your employees, please contact us today.


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Home News Business Indian Railway undertakes INR 40 crore GIS project
Indian Railway undertakes INR 40 crore GIS project
New Delhi, India: Indian Railway undertook a project to create a GIS database of its assets including tracks, stations and signals. The project costs INR 40 crore, Economic Times reported.
"An inventory of the entire railway network including land will be created through GIS and the preparatory work for the geospatial database is being carried out," a senior Railway Ministry official said.
The GIS-based data system would provide information about the life-cycle of a coach, wagon, locomotive, building, signalling system and other assets. One can also track the schedule of the repair or replacement of a particular asset like the signalling system or track on a particular route.
The system would also make the decision making process faster in crisis situation like accidents.
The disaster management system would facilitate location of accident site, its accessibility information, availability of required resources to initiate rescue operation, finding out the optimum routes between the resources and mishap site.
"The critical elements in disaster management and rescue planning and implementation are time and input data availability," the official said, adding "the access of GIS map on the screen will facilitate a faster response to the crisis."
The GIS map, a part of the database, will indicate the location of the accident relief and medical relief equipment trains near the accident site, besides the nearby hospitals and medical facilities.
As per the ongoing work, the entire network will be mapped on the GIS map referred with longitude and latitude. "All stations would be located on the map with attributes and characteristics of stations," the official said.
Source: Economic Times
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From virtual reality to web series to corporate sponsorship, ideas range far and wide, in particular to attract the coveted millennial demographic.
Today food market clients need more than just a flavor. They are exploring and experimenting with various regional and international cuisines.Its important to understand what people are buying, where they eat out, new products available in the food market and trends that excite them and know why. With the growing work culture, people are always short on time but prefer quick, hygienic, healthy home cooked food to eating out daily where food may be heavier and more importantly unhealthy. The industry is embracing new marketing tactics to reach the elusive, but viable millennial market.
From virtual reality to web series to corporate sponsorship, ideas range far and wide, in particular to attract the coveted millennial demographic. These can include playing with nostalgia or offering a "cool" factor that sparks interest.
But the pace of growth has hastened and will continue to accelerate. A report predicts that through 2018, online food delivery will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 21.1 percent, reaching nearly $18 billion by the end of the forecast period.
1.Everyone loves a good home cooked meal- When it comes down to feeding your body and mind, nothing is superior than food prepared from scratch, with quality ingredients and served with love. Its hygienic, nutritious and economical.
2. Home chefs have received a lot of exposure and have some great culinary skills- Even though many home chefs make the act of cooking delicious meals look effortless, they are self taught and often rely on their own experience and tips from other home chefs.
3. Home chefs are 30% cheaper than restaurants because of reduced overheads- Home cooked meals beat the competition hands down when it comes to saving money. At a restaurant, you're spending money on the cost of running somebody's business, including rent and payroll. By the same token, purchasing prepared food from the grocer's freezer involves paying for the processing, packaging, and advertising of that product — none of which adds value to the food itself.
4. Reaching or ordering from Home Chefs is becoming easier because of online marketplaces- E-commerce portals offer so much promise for the food industry and are the next big thing. E-commerce has expanded rapidly as platforms like foodcloud.in look to connect home chefs to clients.
5. The variety of cuisines that can be made available is non comparable to those offered in a restaurant – E-commerce platforms like foodcloud.in are cost effective as compared to restaurants. They are able to offer a wider variety of cuisines from authentic sources. Who wouldn't prefer having mouthwatering treats directly from home chefs.
6. The taste and flavour is more authentic than restaurants as home chefs tend to cook their native cuisine- A Mexican lady from Mexico city living in Delhi and making Mexican food, or a Goan lady from Goa cooking Goan Food would prepare more authentic meals than chefs in restaurants trying their hands at various cuisines.
7. Since most of these chefs are cooking primarily for passion, there is a personal touch, love and care that goes towards food preparation- Ayurveda believes that the mental state of the person preparing the food directly affects the body and mind of the person eating this meal. Food should be cooked with love because emotions are transferred to it and therefore nourish the subtle aspects of the human being (psychology, emotions, spirit, etc). Isn't that why we love the food cooked by our mothers throughout all our lives?
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Extensive security arrangements have been put in the Panjab University (PU) campus for the student council elections scheduled to be held, here on Wednesday.
Panjab University and its affiliated colleges across the city have been turned into a high security zone with more than 900 cops deployed by the Chandigarh police for the purpose of conducting peaceful elections.
The deputy superintendent of police (central) Ashish Kapoor said, "As many as 350 Chandigarh police cops have been deployed at the Panjab University campus and 150 at University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET) Sector 25. Besides, there is also mounted police at the campus. For the affiliated colleges, 70 cops each have been posted to maintain security during the polls."
Around 100 women cops have also been deployed at the campus and colleges. The DSP added that overall, more than 900 cops have been deployed all over the city, including, the entry and exit points of the city to ensure peaceful elections. The police also carried out checks at hostels and paying guest accommodations to check the presence of weapons. During raids, about 50 baseball bats and other sharp edged weapons were recovered in the one week. The vehicles entering the university campus are also being checked.
Vajra, a riot controlling vehicle along with water cannons to combat any untoward situation has also been stationed by the police.
Senior police officers held a meeting with the party presidents and warned them to stay away from violence and coordinate in conducting peacefull elections.


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Kukulu Hou: Rebuilding a Nation
Watch the video, learn about the history and events that led up to the creation of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs in 1980. See how OHA is fulfilling it's kuleana by advocating for Native Hawaiians, providing resources, and facilitating collaboration.
The Establishment of OHA
The Office of Hawaiian Affairs was born of a collective and compassionate effort on the part of the delegates to the state Constitutional Convention of 1978. They spoke to a sense of justice, to the righting of wrongs suffered by the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands for exactly 200 years. The arrival of Captain Cook in Hawai'i had brought not only increased contact with the world beyond the islands' pristine shores, but also diseases that devastated the native population, and a way of life that depressed the circumstances of those remaining.
The terms of statehood had considered the plight of the Hawaiian people, specifically in the Admission Act of 1959. Section 5(f) of the Act refers to the crown and government lands of the Hawaiian Kingdom, which had been designated "ceded" to the Republic of Hawai'i and then to the United States. The Act conveyed these lands to the new State of Hawai'i with the caveat that revenues were to constitute a trust for five purposes. One of these was the betterment of the conditions of native Hawaiians. By any measure, those conditions were sorely in need of improvement, but, by 1978, they had not changed for the better as the state's trust obligation went ignored.
The indigenous people of Hawai'i rediscovered their roots in the context of a rapidly changing environment. Early in the 1960s, jumbo jets began to arrive in Hawai'i, and they were quickly followed by jumbo hotels. In the next six years, the number of visitors to Hawai'i doubled and by the end of the decade, the resident population had grown by 25 percent. New resorts, new highways and new subdivisions sprouted on virgin shores and sprawled into valleys and cane fields.
The stress was felt most by rural Hawaiians who were still living in close contact with the land and sea, on the fringe of the expansion. Suddenly, their lives were shaken by eviction notices and "No Trespassing" signs as exclusive condominiums and hideaway resorts reached the most remote and untouched corners of the islands. Lands that had languished for years were suddenly targets for speculation and development. Title to kuleana lands was challenged and lost.
Often farmers and fishermen had no place to go. Some decided to organize and fight eviction. For the first time in almost 200 years the maka'ainana stood up for their way of life. Their tenacious efforts, now legendary, meant Hawai'i would never be the same. Joining in the life-and-death-struggle around them, Hawaiian musicians, dancers and artists rescued a civilization that had almost disappeared, and from its remnants crafted a powerful renaissance.
In this context of emerging social and cultural activism, the seeds for OHA were planted. Some Hawaiians pored over law books, title records and old documents to better understand rights and entitlements. The years of persistent struggle raised the consciousness of the general public and brought the plight of Hawaiians to national attention.
In 1977, at an unprecedented series of "puwalu" sessions, representatives from 28 Hawaiian organizations discussed a wide range of Hawaiian issues and decided to look to the practices of their ancestors for guidance. Ordinary citizens became familiar with the 1840 Constitution, the Mahele, the Kuleana Act, the Annexation Act, the Organic Act, the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act and the Admission Act. In later sessions, island representatives were elected to a mini legislature, which prepared a set of proposals called the Native Hawaiian Legislative Package. A new era for Hawaiians had been ushered in.
OHA at the Legislature
As part of its mandate to advocate for Native Hawaiians, OHA annually submits a package of proposed bills to the Hawai'i State Legislature, and the agency's Board of Trustees also votes to take positions on a wide range of legislation that affects the Hawaiian community.
The Legal Basis
In 1978, a Constitutional Convention was called to review and revise the functions and responsibilities of Hawai'i's government. At the convention, the Native Hawaiian Legislative Package was considered by the delegates. Among provisions incorporated into the new state constitution was the establishment of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs as a public trust, with a mandate to better the conditions of both Native Hawaiians and the Hawaiian community in general. OHA was to be funded with a pro rata share of revenues from state lands designated as "ceded."
In fact, the public nature of these lands predated the creation of OHA by many years. The ceded lands, consisting of crown lands, once property of the Hawaiian monarchy, and of the government lands of the Kingdom of Hawai'i, totaled 1.8 million acres upon annexation in 1898. Pursuant to the Joint Resolution of Annexation, all of these lands were considered transferred or "ceded" to the United States government "for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands."
Upon statehood in 1959, the federal government returned to the State of Hawai'i all ceded lands not set aside for its own use. Section 5(f) of the Admission Act, directing the state to hold the lands in trust, listed the following five purposes:
The support of public education
The betterment of the conditions of native Hawaiians as defined in the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920
The development of farm and home ownership
The making of public improvements
The provision of lands for public use
In 1979, the Legislature enacted Chapter 10 of the Hawai'i Revised Statutes, implementing the changes to the constitution and making OHA a semi-autonomous "self-governing body." Subsequent legislation has further defined the amount of the revenue stream accruing to OHA. OHA is tasked with addressing historical injustices and challenges. The convention delegates envisioned an agency that provides a form of self-determination for Native Hawaiians and advocate for their overall well-being.
Further, Section 10-4, Hawai'i Revised Statutes, as amended, statutorily established OHA to be constituted as a body corporate that shall have the exclusive power to manage and govern OHA as an entity separate and independent of the Executive branch of government.
In discharging its duties, the BOT shall function in accordance with applicable state and federal statutes, controlling court decisions, and applicable regulations promulgated pursuant to statute by state and federal agencies. Opinions of the Attorney General shall be used for guidance in interpretation of applicable law. The BOT shall constitute a body corporate and each Trustee shall have the legal responsibility of a fiduciary in the management of OHA funds subject to the BOT's control and management.
Hawai'i State Constitution, Article XII
OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS; ESTABLISHMENT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES Section 5. There is hereby established an Office of Hawaiian Affairs. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs shall hold title to all the real and personal property now or hereafter set aside or conveyed to it which shall be held in trust for native Hawaiians and Hawaiians. There shall be a board of trustees for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs elected by qualified voters who are Hawaiians, as provided by law. The board members shall be Hawaiians. There shall be not less than nine members of the board of trustees; provided that each of the following Islands have one representative: Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Molokai and Hawai'i. The board shall select a chairperson from its members. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
POWERS OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES Section 6. The board of trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs shall exercise power as provided by law: to manage and administer the proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the lands, natural resources, minerals and income derived from whatever sources for native Hawaiians and Hawaiians, including all income and proceeds from that pro rata portion of the trust referred to in section 4 of this article for native Hawaiians; to formulate policy relating to affairs of native Hawaiians and Hawaiians; and to exercise control over real and personal property set aside by state, federal or private sources and transferred to the board for native Hawaiians and Hawaiians. The board shall have the power to exercise control over the Office of Hawaiian Affairs through its executive officer, the administrator of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, who shall be appointed by the board. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY RIGHTS Section 7. The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua'a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]


The UK has suffered a 'dramatic and worrying collapse' in clean energy investment, according to MPs. In cash terms, investment in clean energy fell by 10% in 2016 and then 56% in 2017.
The House of Commons Enviromental Audit Select Committee said: "Annual clean energy investment in the UK is now the lowest it has been since 2008." That's two years before the feed in tariff scheme was introduced.
After rising each year between 2011 and 2015, investment in the largest renewable sector – offshore wind – peaked in 2016 and then collapsed by more than 60% last year.
Solar suffered a similar trajectory, with investment peaking in 2015 and then falling significantly for the last two years, while investment in onshore wind has tended to increase and then fall back almost every two years.
Here at Brighton Energy Coop we are regularly about barriers to clean energy development. While there are many answers to this, it's now obvious where the number one obstalce lies: the Conservative government.
– Implemented as a host of minor regulatory measures in an ongoing regulatory war of attrition against clean energy development.
But the reality is that the government has showed continual, predictable and – dare I say it – strong and stable – signals throughout its two terms that it is hostile to renewable energy.
It's no surprise that investors are not convinced.