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An Exclusive Interview With "Cowspiracy" Filmmakers Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn
Posted: October 2, 2014 in Posts
Tags: Climate change, Cowspiracy, Drought, Environment, Keegan Kuhn, Kip Andersen, vegan, veganism
As Californians struggle through a four-year drought, lake and reservoir levels are at historic lows – and many of us are looking for ways to lower our water use. Want to save 660 gallons of water? You could quit showering for two months – if you can ignore the heartfelt pleas of friends and family begging you to resume. Alternatively, and amazingly, you could save the same amount of water by simply foregoing a single hamburger.
This is just one of the astonishing statistics to emerge from the groundbreaking new documentary film "Cowspiracy" by Kip Andersen and Keegan Kuhn. The pair set out to learn why the nation's biggest environmental groups routinely ignore the massive environmental effects of animal agriculture. Through a series of interviews with environmental leaders that are sometimes tense, sometimes bizarre, and sometimes downright funny, a pattern of denial, fabrication and wishful thinking emerges that will leave you shaking your head and wondering who's really calling the shots at these huge eco-charities. You might even think twice before writing another check to Greenpeace or Sierra Club.
I was fortunate to be interviewed for the film and given a chance to explain some of the hidden, or externalized, costs of meat and dairy (a topic I explore in my book Meatonomics). Although they're busy screening "Cowspiracy" and discussing it at conferences around the country, the two filmmakers took time out from their hectic schedules to answer a few questions – like why they got involved in the project, how the environmental groups that they embarrassed are responding, and the most outlandish thing that happened during the filming.
First the basics: How did you get the idea for this film, how long did it take to make, and what sort of background in film-making did you have going into it?
Kip Andersen: After watching the documentary "An Inconvenient Truth" about the catastrophic impacts of global warming, I started following all the advice of the major environmental organizations on how I could best help the planet. But when I found out that animal agriculture plays an even bigger role in environmental destruction and resource degradation than the fossil fuel industry, I was shocked that the organizations I had trusted were not talking about it. I tried emailing and calling these groups for months in order to get answers, but no one would ever get back to me. I realized that I was going to have to take a camera into these organizations' headquarters if I wanted answers.
Keegan Kuhn: Kip asked me to be involved in this project because of my background in making documentaries through First Spark Media. I had recently just finished the feature length documentary "Turlock" and it was perfect timing to jump into another film. We worked on Cowspiracy intensively for over a year.
The filmmakers: Keegan on the left, Kip on the right.
Some potential funders backed out. What impact did that have on the film-making process and on your morale? How did you fund it after that?
KA: We had applied for a number of grants and funding for making Cowspiracy. A few foundations took serious interest in the film, but after having internal meetings with their boards and looking at the potential risks of being associated with such a controversial documentary, each one of them backed out. It was disheartening and made us wonder what we were really getting ourselves into. The film ended up being entirely self-funded by a non-profit I created, A.U.M. Films.
The film should be a source of embarrassment and discomfort for many of the nation's leading environmental organizations and government agencies, including Greenpeace, Surfrider, Sierra Club, Rainforest Action Network, National Resources Defense Council, the California Water Resources Control Board, and others. Executives with these organizations come across in the film as ignorant, disingenuous, or both. Have any of these organizations or their executives publicly acknowledged the film or the issues it raises? Do you think the film will someday cause these organizations to acknowledge the massive role of animal production in climate change?
KA: We were shocked by the evasive nature of so many of the executives we interviewed for the film. These are people who have supposedly dedicated their lives to protecting the environment and yet when asked simple questions about the environmental destruction caused by animal agriculture, they would consistently sidestep the question and avoid talking about the subject in every way they could.
KK: The organizations you mentioned should all be embarrassed for their failure to properly address the impacts of animal agriculture. They really should be publicly apologizing to all of their supporters who have trusted them. These groups and organizations are doing good work, but they are misleading their supporters and the public into believing the fossil fuels are the only environmental ill we face. Absolutely the fossil fuel industry is causing huge ecological devastation, but when compared to what animal agriculture is doing to the climate, water pollution, topsoil erosion, deforestation, species extinction, ocean dead zones and habitat destruction, it pales in comparison.
Some of these groups have responded since Cowspiracy premiered. Rainforest Action Network has released a series of images on social media about the impacts of animal agriculture and have advocated for eating less meat, which we are thrilled about. But sadly they still have not mentioned the impacts of cattle on the rainforests in these images or launched a campaign about livestock and their feed crops in relation to the clearing of the Amazon.
I absolutely believe that these organizations are going to have to start addressing the impacts of animal agriculture if they want to stay in business.
In the film, you interview the Markegard family, who raise grass-fed pigs and cattle in Northern California. In one particularly bizarre scene, Doniga Markegard says, "I love animals. And that's why I'm in the meat business." Her husband Erik agrees, "We do it because we love them." Do you think they really believe this? If so, how would that kind of love even work? Or do you think it's just a marketing line that they've been repeating for so long that it now comes naturally?
KA: I think that they undoubtedly care about the animals they raise. It shows in how they are treated and cared for, but there is a powerful disconnect between caring for them and then leading them to be slaughtered. It was very revealing when I was talking with their young daughter about the pigs she is raising, who she truly loves. She even went as far as comparing her relationship to them as like sisters. But quickly corrected herself and said "I know I shouldn't be bonding with them."
KK: The Markegards were a very open and kind family to us and I think they justify killing the animals they raise because their animals live so much better lives than factory farmed animals. I think they really do care deeply about the animals but that emotional disconnect is very present when it comes to killing them. But to be completely fair, this is the same exact disconnect that so many people in our society have; they claim to "love" animals and yet they eat meat every day.
One of the many challenges of any message that promotes a plant-based diet is finding acceptance in the mainstream community. How has this been going for you so far?
KA: A lot of people are waking up to the realities of environmental issues and the peril we all face together. I think because of this unifying force of ecological collapse that the issues of promoting a sustainable diet will begin to fade. The resistance that people have been met with in the past will become so much clearer in their motivations.
KK: I think the challenge that we are really facing is about information control. People can only make informed decisions about how they eat when they have the information. Luckily we are living in a time where people are desperately hungry for real information. The response we have had from truly environmentally conscious people has been amazing and I feel very strongly that with proper ambassadors for this issue we are on the right course to a sustainable future.
What was the most bizarre or outlandish thing that you saw or heard in the course making the film?
KA: The most bizarre thing that I saw was how Rainforest Action Network did not have animal agriculture as one of the four key issues they focus on! How can one of the world's biggest rainforest protection groups not have the #1 cause of deforestation as one of their main key issues, let alone not having it there at all? This was the case for Amazon Watch as well, I just couldn't and still don't understand how they think they can/could get away with that. The whole Oceana and Andy Sharpless TED talk was also perhaps the most ridiculous thing I heard over the course of filming. Oceana saying for us to eat more fish to protect the ocean is like a zookeeper saying to kill more of their animals but to just make sure to rotate killing of animals so they don't go extinct before they are killed. They care about fisherman, not the fish inhabitants of the ocean, nor the overall health of the ocean it seems.
KK: For me, what I could not wrap my head around is how the Oceana representative said that we could sustainably take 100 million tons of fish out of the ocean every year and that it would be sustainable. Even if we allowed the ocean's fish population to recover to pre-industrial levels, these ecosystems never evolved to handle a massive super-predator removing 100 million tons, or even 10 million tons, from the ecosystem. In a functioning ecosystem you have a feedback loop, but with human beings, a purely terrestrial species, we are essentially an alien life force mining the ocean of animals.
Is there one particular scene or interview that ended up, metaphorically speaking, on the cutting room floor that you wish could have been included in the film?
KA: The entire Howard Lyman interview I would have liked to include in the film! He is such a powerful force and everything he said was so impactful on Keegan and me. Eventually we will release his entire interview along with the extended interviews of many of the organizations featured in the film.
KK: There were a lot of stats that we couldn't fit into the film. For example, annually more than 3.3 million tons of palm oil is fed to livestock and yet in the massive PR campaigns about the damage of palm oil from environmental organizations, there is little or no mention of this. Another figure that I wish we could have included is the fact that pigs in the US consume more fish than human beings do. It seems one of the best ways to help save fish is to not eat pigs.
Do you have day jobs? If so, what are they, and do you think the film's success will allow you to give them up?
KA: I'm a serial entrepreneur and so have a number of businesses that I run, which have allowed me to work on this film.
KK: I consider myself extremely fortunate that I have been able to make a living entirely from making films for the last 3 years. I have a production company, First Spark Media, that keeps me very busy.
What's your favorite vegan meal?
KA: My favorite meal overall is breakfast but if I had to choose one food item it would be (right now): Nachos! I love cashew cheese and vegan sour cream on them in particular. I also love pizza and waffles (not together necessarily).
KK: All I ever want to eat is vegan Mexican food. Huaraches, tacos, nopales, etc. Flacos in Berkeley, California is my home away from home.
I was honored that you interviewed me for the film and featured some of the issues raised in my book Meatonomics. I've gotten a lot of compliments from friends who saw me in the film. So now I'm thinking Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor. What are my chances? Should I be working a room somewhere in Hollywood right now?
KA: Ha ha, yeah we were really pleased we were able to interview you for the film. I think it's really important that people realize that this isn't just about a personal choice. As you say in the film, whether you're an omnivore or an herbivore, we are all paying the costs of the animal agriculture.
KK: The financial price that we as a society have to pay for this industry is massive and I'm glad that we could touch on it in the film. I feel though the cost is so much higher though than even the astronomical figure of 414 billion dollars that you state. Every single day we have to pay the incalculable price of species extinction, species that have been wiped off the face of the earth forever because of this industry. We pay with the priceless lives of children who die from lack of clean water and food while it is diverted to feed livestock, destined for western plates. And ultimately we may end up paying with our own lives unless radical changes take place.
Cowspiracy is now being shown in theatrical screenings across the U.S. and many parts of the world. To attend or host a screening, visit www.tugg.com/titles/cowspiracy. The film will be available in DVD and streaming formats this fall. For more information, visit cowspiracy.com.
8 Questions for Mark Devries, Twenty-Something Creator of "Speciesism: The Movie"
Posted: September 18, 2014 in Posts
Tags: factory farming, Speciesism, vegan, veganism
Several years ago, while his peers popped No-Doz and sported fake IDs, college sophomore Mark Devries had other plans. The 20-year-old Devries spent his time and money traveling the country to conduct video interviews of philosophers, activists, and factory farmers. His efforts would ultimately become "Speciesism: The Movie," a groundbreaking, feature-length documentary about the nature of species-based prejudice. The film was released in 2013 to glowing reviews in Psychology Today, Scientific American, The Huffington Post, and many other media.
"Speciesism" refers to the categorical exclusion of nonhuman animals from the moral realm occupied by humans, and exclusion from the protections that realm offers. Through a number of eye-opening interviews, the film reveals that most humans hold speciesist views – and that these views typically lack a rational basis. We learn that because humans and nonhuman animals share many emotional and cognitive traits, the prejudice of speciesism is little different from racism, sexism, or other forms of discrimination among humans.
I recently caught up with Devries, now in his mid-twenties, to ask him about this remarkable movie and the inspiring story of its production. He delayed the start of law school for a year to work on the film, and while he did finally graduate, now he's too busy traveling and screening the movie to focus on the bar exam like most law grads. Making movies instead of practicing law? It's a brilliant, alternative legal career that many lawyers – including me – would view with admiration and envy.
Dave Simon: What led you, as a 20-year-old college student, to start making this film?
Mark Devries: I came across some PETA demonstrations, and I became curious as to what motivated them. I started looking into it, and once I discovered factory farming, I was shocked to learn that for the most part, farms don't really exist anymore. Instead we have these highly-controlled, sci-fi dystopias. I thought it seemed like something that should be made into a documentary. It was only once I started filming that I came upon the much larger and deeper issue of speciesism itself.
DS: You mention in the film that you didn't know anything about movie-making when you started. How did you do it?
MD: I bought a camera, and I taught myself how to use that and the recording equipment. Then I taught some college friends how to use the equipment.
DS: Amazing. So you had a crew of friends. What was the film-making process like?
MD: I had to film sporadically while in college at the beginning, using money I earned from part-time jobs. I did a lot of filming, trying to find things out, and I made many attempts to get things on film – sometimes succeeding and sometimes not. Often we just walked up to animal facilities and tried to get into discussions with the owners, and to get them to talk about what goes on inside. Some of things they told us were quite shocking, as seen in the film. Then, perhaps a year into filming, I learned about speciesism – and that quickly became the film's new direction.
DS: It must have been incredibly challenging to do all this while in college. Did you ever consider dropping the project?
MD: I almost gave up many times. As a college student, I didn't have much money, and I was spending everything I had to take these regular excursions to investigate factory farms and conduct interviews. I also used practically all of my free time on this, so it was exhausting.
DS: There's an intense scene in the film in which your father describes living with chronic pain. You mention it was the first time he ever discussed his pain with you. What was it like for you to film this scene?
MD: I was honored that my father was willing to discuss it. While shooting the scene, I was thinking that his experience would make a real difference in opening peoples' minds and hearts to what nonhuman animals experience. Audience members tell me that until watching this scene, they had never thought of nonhuman animals experiencing pain in the same ways humans do, so it have been a very effective part of the film.
DS: You interview, or try to interview, a number of factory farmers in the movie. Did you learn anything important from these interviews (or attempted interviews)?
MD: More than anything else, I was floored by the cavalier attitude of the farmers who finally let us onto their property. That seemed to perfectly illustrate the level of desensitization to suffering that exists in today's meat industry.
DS: What effect do you think the movie has had so far in raising awareness of speciesism and its consequences?
MD: I am thrilled to say that it has completely exceeded my expectations. I hear all the time from people who say that the film dramatically affected them, and I hear even more often from animal advocates who gave or showed the film to friends or colleagues and it persuaded them to go vegan when nothing else worked for years. One of the best uses of the film is for animal advocates to show it to others, host a screening of it, or post a link to it on their website. With so many people showing it at home or school, and giving DVDs to others, we've reached thousands upon thousands of viewers. For those who want to hand it out, we provide packs of multiple DVDs at reduced prices – we charge the lowest we can afford and still meet our operating expenses. [Note: see below for info on buying DVDs at a 50% discount.]
DS: How did making this movie change you?
MD: I wasn't vegan when I started the movie. I became vegan about halfway through, after I had spent time talking with philosophers like Peter Singer and Tom Regan. They argue for fundamental changes in our view of nonhuman animals, on the grounds that not taking nonhuman animals seriously is a form of prejudice similar to racism and sexism. This moved me from thinking of the topic as an issue of sentiment – whether or not we have kind feelings towards other animals – to seeing it as a serious ethical issue on par with the other major ethical and political issues of our time.
"Speciesism: The Movie" is now showing in screenings around the country. To find or arrange a screening near you, buy DVDs for yourself or others, or learn more about the movie and the issues it covers, visit SpeciesismTheMovie.com. Special bonus: use coupon code meatonomics for a 50% discount on any purchase.
Curious about the bizarre economic forces in the meat and dairy industries? Check out Meatonomics: How the Rigged Economics of Meat and Dairy Make You Consume Too Much, and How to Eat Better, Live Longer, and Spend Smarter.
How to Reverse Climate Change Before It's Too Late
Posted: September 4, 2014 in Posts
Tags: Carbon footprint, Climate change, factory farming, Greenhouse gas, Livestock, veganism
By Robert Goodland[1]
Climatic change is fearsome. The National Academy of Sciences published a study in 2013 explaining how 1,700 American cities – including New York, Boston, and Miami – will become locked into some amount of submersion from rising sea levels unless expensive new dykes and levees can hold back the rising waters. In fact, the International Energy Agency has warned that major action by 2017 may be the last real chance to reverse climate change before it's too late.
Elsewhere, the last chance for major action is said to be 2020. Even with that more generous timeframe, it's too late to reverse climate change by replacing fossil fuel infrastructure with renewable energy infrastructure. That's because doing so is estimated to require at least 20 years to implement at the necessary scale. Indeed, large-scale implementation of renewable energy infrastructure was the general basis for the Kyoto Protocol when it was drafted in 1990. But the Kyoto Protocol did not yield a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as intended; to the contrary, global greenhouse gas emissions have risen shockingly by 61% from 1990 to 2013.
Now, there seems to be only one remaining pragmatic way to reverse climate change before it's too late – and that's by taking quick and large-scale actions in food, agriculture, and forestry. When Jeff Anhang and I estimated in 2009 that at least 51% of human-induced greenhouse gas is attributable to livestock, we calculated that replacing 25% of today's livestock products with better alternatives could almost fully achieve the objective of the Kyoto Protocol.
However, as greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric carbon have continued to rise, now almost 50% of today's livestock products must be replaced with better alternatives by 2017 – or by 2020 at the latest – in order to achieve the objective of the Kyoto Protocol and avert catastrophic climate change. No other pragmatic worldwide action to reverse climate change has been proposed by anyone.
One reason why worldwide action is needed is that climate change is one of a relatively small number of environmental issues that are transboundary. This means that greenhouse emissions and atmospheric carbon don't respect borders – so a molecule of carbon dioxide emitted in China can affect someone anywhere in the United States just as much as it will affect someone in Beijing.
CO2 Emissions By Country in Metric Tons as of 2010 (Source: US Dept of Energy)
The transboundary nature of climate change means that everyone in the United States could go vegan with virtually no climatic benefit if the consumption of livestock products continues to increase in China and elsewhere. In other words, it's as important to be concerned about what happens with food and climate change elsewhere as it is to be concerned about what happens with food and climate change in the United States.
In fact, the average global concentration of atmospheric carbon continues to increase after it recently rose above 400 parts per million, far above the safe level of 350 parts per million. The only known way to draw down atmospheric carbon on a large scale in a relatively short timeframe is by growing more trees, which is uniquely possible through our recommendations. That's because replacing a substantial amount of today's livestock products with better alternatives will free up a vast amount of land to permit large-scale reforestation and greenhouse gas sequestration – at the same time as it will massively reduce greenhouse gas emissions attributable to livestock production.
The dual benefits of reducing emissions and absorbing atmospheric carbon on a large scale at the same time are the key aspect of what makes our recommendations the only pragmatic way to reverse climate change before it's too late.
To be clear about what we mean by "better alternatives" to livestock products: We mean everything from grain-based meats to soy milk, nut butters, as well as whole grains and legumes. This is because any food that comes directly from a plant rather than from livestock will generally be responsible for a much lower level of greenhouse gas emissions than are livestock products.
We recommend against framing what's needed as less "meat" and less "milk," in part because producers of vegan foods often use terms such as "grain-based meat" and "hemp milk." Moreover, dictionaries define "meat" and "milk" as essential food products that include vegan versions. So we suggest that it is not the soundest of strategies to cede the terms "milk" and "meat" to livestock producers, and to press people to sacrifice those items. Indeed, the livestock industry perceives that consumers see milk as such an essential beverage that some livestock producers have filed lawsuits to prevent vegan food producers from using the term "milk."
One of the reasons to focus attention on livestock and feed production is that such production is estimated to occupy 45% percent of all land on earth – that's all land, both arable and non-arable, including ice caps and mountaintops. Most of the land used for livestock and feed production was once forested, and can be forested again. In fact, there is documented potential for agricultural change to bring atmospheric carbon to pre-industrial revolution levels within five years.
To provide as much scientific information on this as possible, we've developed a website where we've posted updated versions of our assessment and links to many prominent citations of our work (and our site has attracted a lot of attention since its high-profile launch, which was reported on by Paul McCartney's Meat Free Monday campaign).
For decades, activists have urged that people reduce their consumption of livestock products in order to reduce environmental impacts in general, to be more compassionate to animals, and to improve human health – yet global consumption of animal-based foods has risen dramatically, instead of falling.
In contrast, emergencies normally motivate major action – and since major action to reverse climate change is said to be needed by 2017 or no later than 2020, activists may find it most compelling and effective to cite reversing climate change as the key goal for people to act upon. Indeed, there is surely no more compelling motivation to act than the knowledge that replacing livestock products with better alternatives may be the only pragmatic way to stop catastrophic climate change from imperiling much of life on earth.
[1] The late, renowned ecologist Robert Goodland served as Lead Environmental Adviser at the World Bank Group, after being hired as its first full-time professional ecologist. Among his many accomplishments, Dr. Goodland co-authored (with Jeff Anhang) the ground-breaking study finding that livestock is responsible for at least 51% of human-induced greenhouse gases. This article is excerpted and edited from the last public presentation made by Dr. Goodland (in September 2013).
An Interview with Bestselling Author Jeffrey Masson
Posted: August 27, 2014 in Posts
Tags: animal rights, Cruelty to animals, Jeffrey Masson, veganism
Jeffrey Masson has written nine books on animals, including the bestsellers When Elephants Weep (1996) and Dogs Never Lie about Love (1998). His books The Pig Who Sang to the Moon (2004) and The Face on Your Plate (2010) are quoted in Meatonomics for their evocative descriptions of the emotional lives of pigs, chickens and other animals.
Masson's latest book is Beasts: What Animals Can Teach Us about the Origins of Good and Evil (Bloomsbury, 2014). In Beasts, Masson pursues the theme that humans are the only animals who engage in cruelty and systematic killing of their own kind, and he explores the disturbing ramifications and possible causes of these unique traits. I interviewed Masson about the book and his views on evil, altruism, why he went vegan, and what's next on his writing plate.
Dave Simon: In addition to being a prolific writer with a number of bestsellers under your belt, you are also a scholar of such diverse fields as Sanskrit and psychiatry. How did your background in these areas inform your writing of Beasts?
Jeff Masson: Sanskrit was no help! Actually, neither was psychiatry, except that while I reject much of Freudian psychoanalysis (even though I was trained as one), some ideas of Freud, especially around denial, seem to me apposite when it comes to our extraordinary ability to ignore other people's suffering. But for that insight, one does not need psychiatry.
DS: One of the main themes of Beasts is that humans are the only animals who engage in cruelty – and the only ones who routinely kill one another. The book offers a couple of possible explanations for these unique traits: first, the development of agriculture gave humans a reason for violence because it gave us material goods to protect, and second, human intelligence uniquely shows us that killing an enemy better serves our gene-propagation goals than merely subjugating him. Ultimately, however, it seems you don't find either of these explanations completely convincing or conclusive. Do you have a personal theory for why humans are uniquely predisposed to cruelty and intraspecies killing?
JM: It is one of the great unanswered questions. For me, it is not just agriculture that is to blame, but the domestication of animals. I think that was a terrible moment in history, for it allowed us to give rein to a kind of cruelty toward other animals that is absent from all other animals. We are simply the most violent animal on the planet. But you could ask why, given the opportunity, do we engage in this level of awful behavior? I am afraid nobody knows the answer. I do not believe it is part of human nature. I think it is, like war, something we learn.
DS: Because evolution favors the fittest, it's tempting to think of the universe as a harsh, violent place where weakness is punished and kindness and compassion have a role only when they serve to advance gene propagation – such as a mother nurturing an infant. Beasts discusses several possible explanations for altruistic behavior. Are human compassion and altruism inherently self-interested in the sense that their goal is merely to advance the giver's interests? Moreover, if these traits could stem from purely selfless objectives, wouldn't that actually contradict our genetic wiring?
JM: Altruism, too, is something we learn. It is, alas, extremely easy to raise a child to be brutal and sadistic. It is much harder to raise them to be selfless and compassionate. But it can be done.
DS: You point out, somewhat startlingly, that humans have suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) since the origin of agriculture and domestication of animals. Spiritualist Eckhart Tolle has said, pointing to a different kind of collective, mental illness, that human societies "engage in behavior that would be immediately recognizable as psychopathic in an individual." Is one possible explanation for our violent behavior that we suffer from collective mental illness? If so, how can we treat it?
JM: Is our species psychopathic? Interesting question. Consider the fact that no other animal in the wild develops what we humans call "mental illness." This suggests something artificial has happened to our species. But what is it, when did it happen, and how can we rid ourselves of it, are questions of enormous importance, but very difficult to answer.
DS: You quote Holocaust survivor Primo Levi, who said people initially denied the Holocaust was underway because the information suggested "a massacre of such vast proportions, of such extreme cruelty and such intricate motivation that the public was inclined to reject" the reports. Is it possible that similarly, the sheer enormity of the scale of factory farming's violence against animals is what prevents most people from acknowledging or confronting it?
JM: Yes, I would love to have met Primo Levi and have asked him this very question. I saw a book yesterday about having pigs in your backyard. At first I thought, "how nice," people want to live with pigs as with dogs, as friends. Then I saw a chapter entitled "Saying goodbye," naturally about slaughter. I was horrified. What is wrong with us? How can we raise pigs (or any other animal) as friends and then decide we want to eat them instead of befriend them? Imagine if we raised children in this way, to be killed and eaten. It completely baffles me that EVERYONE does not see this! Why not? I just don't know but it makes me very sad.
DS: I remember the moment I decided to go vegan – it was while watching An Unnecessary Fuss, an undercover video about head-injury testing on baboons. If you could point to a primary catalyst that led you to veganism, what would it be?
JM: For me it was visiting farms, chicken farms, dairy farms, pig farms, and duck farms. When I saw the obvious suffering of these animals, I just could not believe I had not seen it before (see above about denial!) and could not participate in such suffering by drinking milk, or eating eggs, let alone flesh of another being.
DS: Since your 1984 book on psychiatry, The Assault on Truth, you've written nine books on animals. In explaining your shift in focus, you told another interviewer, "It was very hard to make a living, and I thought, 'As long as I'm not making a living, I may as well write about something I really love: animals.' " Where does your love for animals come from? And, as a number of your animal books have done well commercially, is it fair to say that making a living as a writer is working out better for you now than it once was?
JM: My love of animals goes way back. I can remember being a total animal lover at 6. I was also a vegetarian from the time I was born until I went off to college (what happened then I don't understand – but I got back on track later). Yes, I had two major best-sellers, both When Elephants Weep and Dogs Never Lie About Love sold well over a million copies each, primarily, I believe, because both books validated what people already believed. That commercial success was not repeated with any of my other books, however
DS: What's your next book or other project?
JM: I am now writing a novel about the Holocaust, called Evian, 1938.
For more information about Jeffrey Masson and his work, visit www.jeffreymasson.com.
Five Reasons You Should Stop Eating Salmon
Posted: June 20, 2014 in Posts
Tags: Fish, Fish farming, Salmon
If you eat fish for the health benefits, then you likely value salmon for its Omega-3's and its supposed ability to boost brain function. In that case, sorry for the bad news, but recent research shows there's a shadowy dark side to the salmon's light, silvery façade.
My book Meatonomics (Conari Press 2013) explores the hidden forces at play in Americans' high levels of consumption of fish and other animal foods. Salmon is particularly troubling because research shows that our obsession with this and other fish is causing real-time, catastrophic declines in marine ecosystems. This article explores these and other problems with salmon, giving you five reasons to drop-kick the fish the way you might a false lover.
Salmon's "Health Benefits" are a Fish Story
Studies often praise salmon's health benefits. But that's just because salmon is healthier than other animal-based foods, particularly red meat. However, when research compares salmon to truly healthy alternatives like plant-based protein, which has no cholesterol, the fish comes up as short as a ship's flag at half-mast. Nutritionist John McDougall, MD, for example, warns salmon is "half fat" and says eating it increases the risk of obesity and type-2 diabetes. And the USDA says ounce for ounce, salmon contains just as much cholesterol as hamburger.
But wait – what about those healthy Omega-3's everyone seems to crave? Unfortunately, research finds fish-based Omega-3's inhibit the action of insulin, thereby increasing blood sugar levels and aggravating diabetes. Another study shows fish-derived Omega-3's increase the volume of colon cancer metastasis by a massive factor of 1,000 when compared to a low-fat diet. And forget salmon if you're worried about bone density: the fish's highly-acidic flesh speeds calcium loss and contributes to osteoporosis and kidney stones.
Down on The Farm, Things Are Even Worse
Of course, we've been talking about wild salmon, which is far healthier than its farmed cousin. But if you eat farmed salmon, you're really asking for trouble. Farm-raised salmon contains unhealthy levels of contaminants like PCBs, dioxins, and other chemicals that cause cancer and developmental problems in kids. One study says "young children, women of child-bearing age, pregnant women, and nursing mothers" should avoid farmed salmon if they're "concerned with health impairments such as reduction in IQ and other cognitive and behavioral effects." Which makes one wonder: who isn't concerned about such things?
Salmon Takes a Walk on the Not-So-Wild Side
If the concept was unclear before, now you know: farmed salmon is bad news. The problem is, sticking to wild-caught salmon is easier said than done. With armadas of commercial fishing ships scouring the oceans, largely unregulated and driven by huge government subsidies, the last few decades have seen many of the planet's wild salmon habitats decline or collapse like tents in a storm. As a result, producers increasingly turn to aquaculture to meet demand, and today, four out of five forkfuls of salmon eaten in the U.S. come from fish farms. With numbers like these, it's no big surprise that a New York Times investigation found three-quarters of fish stores pawning off farmed salmon as wild-caught. One store in the sting had the nerve to charge $29 per pound for farmed salmon falsely labeled as wild.
Could this happen to you? Is it possible it already has? Yes and yes. Fish farmers feed red foodstuffs to salmon to turn their flesh pink, which makes it impossible for consumers without a lab or a sophisticated palate to tell the difference between wild and farmed fish. Worse, it's not just fish distributors and retailers who deceive us – the fish do it themselves. One alarming study found that as a result of farmed fish escaping into the wild, up to 40% of supposedly wild-caught salmon studied were actually of farmed origin.
Salmon for the People Means Less for the Animals
There's a lot of competition for food in the wild, and when humans eat salmon, we make it harder for other species to eat. Salmon is a "keystone species" – that is, it has a disproportionately large importance on its environment compared to its abundance. In regions where predators rely on salmon for their own survival, decreases in the salmon population cause predator populations to decline. Thus, in the Pacific Northwest, one of a number of regions where wild salmon populations are struggling because of over-fishing and other human-caused problems, the sharp drop in salmon numbers is causing populations of bears, orcas and eagles to die off. With one-third of the world's commercial fishing grounds already in a state of collapse, and the rest headed there by mid-century, one person's whimsical enjoyment of an occasional salmon steak can literally mean the difference between life and death for another animal.
Farming Only Makes Overfishing Worse
Some urge fish farming as the solution to the problems of overfishing, but aquaculture only aggravates things. Salmon are predators who must eat other fish to survive, and it takes up to five pounds of prey fish like anchovies and herrings to produce one pound of salmon. As fish farmers around the world scoop up prey fish to feed their farmed animals, this lop-sided math is damaging prey fish stocks everywhere. One sobering report finds that aquaculture's insatiable demand for prey fish is responsible for declining populations of whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, tuna, bass, salmon, albatross, penguins, and other species. "We have caught all the big fish and now we are going after their food," said Margot Stiles, the report's lead author. The result, said Stiles, is "widespread malnutrition" in the oceans.
It can be hard to drop a food you've loved for years, but sometimes you've got to read the writing on the seawall. People don't need salmon or any other fish to survive. In fact, by avoiding fish and other animal foods, millions of vegans around the world lead uber-healthy lives with negligible levels of cancer, diabetes and heart disease compared to the rest of the population. Looking for Omega 3's? Try cholesterol-free plant sources like flax, hemp, soy and walnuts. Of course, fish get all their Omega-3's from aquatic vegetation like seaweed, which is another great source of these beneficial fatty acids. With a little willpower, you can dump salmon.
Are Big Macs Killing Bees?
Posted: April 11, 2014 in Posts
Tags: bees, Big Mac, colony collapse disorder, externalized costs, factory farming, Meat, meatonomics
There's a beautiful beach called "Crystal Cove" near my home, so close that my partner Tania and I, who consider it our personal sanctuary, walk on the shore several times a week. (This stretch of coastline is one of the best things about Orange County, California, a place so conservative and corporate-friendly that voters here rejected a GMO labeling initiative by a two-to-one margin.) In the past year, however, we've seen something strange on the beach along with the starfish, anemones and shorebirds: dying bees. Sometimes there are none. Other times they're present by the dozens, wriggling in circles in the wet sand at the water's edge like drunken, disoriented little aviators. Eventually, they get tired and simply expire. You can pick them up, barely alive, and move them inland to a safe place, but it makes no difference. They're fatally lost, they can't find their hive, and they'll be dead in a few hours.
"Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD) refers to the mysterious disappearance of millions of US honeybees over the past half-century – and at an alarmingly accelerated rate since 2006. I don't know for certain whether dying bees at the shore are casualties of CCD, and the academics I asked didn't know either. But it sure seems likely, especially since CCD is such a generalized concept that almost anything might fit the category. Which brings me to the main point of this post: the evidence shows that CCD is yet another unfortunate, costly result of Americans' extraordinarily high consumption of meat and dairy.
In my book Meatonomics, I show that our nation's obsession with animal foods – leading us to consume more meat per capita than any other country on the planet – costs us more than $400 billion yearly in hidden, or externalized, costs. The expenses related to these bee die-offs are also significant, which is why the agriculture industry and the US Department of Agriculture take CCD seriously and are devoting resources to addressing it. One-third of the food we eat depends on honeybee pollination – giving those pollination services an estimated value of $215 billion worldwide.[1] In 2008, there were just 2.4 million honeybee colonies in the United States, down from 5.9 million in 1945.[2] These massive colony losses have already raised honey costs and beehive rental costs, hurt some beekeepers' incomes, put others out of business, and threatened to disrupt the production of crops worth $15 billion.[3]
Let's consider how bees are dying, then look at why meat and dairy are to blame. One leading explanation for CCD is that the prevalent use of pesticides on crops is killing the little pollinators.[4] When exposed to toxins, bees become disoriented and die within twenty-four hours. The bee deaths at the beach, of course, fit this pattern like a honeycomb fits a hive.
Another theory for the bees' disappearance is that with vast amounts of US cropland now dedicated to monocrops like corn and soybeans, foraging bees cannot find sufficient nutritional or seasonal variety to meet their needs.[5] Moreover, bees get important immune-boosting benefits from consuming a variety of pollen types, and when they consume only one type, these benefits are diminished.[6]
A final hypothesis says that bees are dying because the pollen of GMO plants is altering the DNA of bees or of bacteria that live in bees' guts. One researcher who studied this phenomenon found that genetic material transferred to bees from GMO corn may have "altered the surface of the bee's intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees to allow parasites to gain entry."[7]
Of course, it could even be a combination of all three of these factors. After all, bees evolved to consume healthy pollen from a variety of natural plants, not toxic pollen from pesticide-soaked, genetically modified, monocrops. So the triple-whammy theory makes sense too.
It seems indisputable that CCD is a consequence of industrial agriculture, but what does this have to do with meat and dairy? That's easy: most of the crops we grow in this country are fed to livestock.[8] Thus, the top three US crops are corn, soybeans, and hay. Farm animals eat 70 percent of the soybeans, 80 percent of the corn, and virtually all of the hay.[9] Moreover, 94% of US soy is GMO, as is 88% of US corn.[10]
Thus, the picture that emerges is this: most US cropland is dedicated to GMO monocrops being raised to feed livestock. And the research shows that it is precisely these crops that are killing bees. So it is fair to conclude that animal agriculture is largely responsible for the massive bee declines associated with CCD.
What can we do about it? For starters, we can consume less meat and dairy and eat more organic fruits and vegetables. This switch alone would go a long way toward helping restore the natural and variegated sources of healthy pollen that bees need. I propose some other solutions to this and other problems of animal agriculture in my book – so for more details, check out Meatonomics.
[1] Dennis vanEngelsdorp et al., "A Survey of Honey Bee Colony Losses in the U.S., Fall 2007 to Spring 2008," PLoS ONE 3, no. 12 (2008).
[3] George Raine, "Many Causes Blamed for Honeybee Die-off: Colony Collapse Disorder Could Cost $15 Billion," San Francisco Chronicle (June 1, 2007).
[4] Pettis J, vanEngelsdorp D, Johnson J, Dively G. Pesticide exposure in honey bees results in increased levels of the gut pathogen Nosema. Naturwissenschaften. 2012;99:153–158.
[5] M. Spivak, E. Mader, M. Vaughan, N. H. Euliss Jr., 2011.- The plight of the bees.- Environmental Science and Technology, 45: 34-38.
[6] Alaux C; Ducloz F; Crauser D; Le Conte Y. 2010. Diet effects on honeybee immunocompetence. Biology Letters.
[7] Gunther Latsch, "Collapsing Colonies: Are GM Crops Killing Bees?," Spiegel Online (March 22, 2007).
[8] Edgar G. Hertwich et al., "Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production: Priority Products and Materials" (report, Working Group on the Environmental Impacts of Products and Materials to the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, United Nations Environment Program, 2010), 80.
[9] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Major Crops Grown in the United States"; Lester Brown, "Soybeans Threaten Amazon Rainforest," Grist (2010).
[10] Ryan Beville, "How Pervasive are GMOs in Animal Feed?," GMO Inside Blog (July 16, 2013).
Fun New Animation Explains Meatonomics in Two Minutes
Posted: January 29, 2014 in Uncategorized
Check out the new animated video of Meatonomics! It's a graphic, two-minute overview of the book suitable for foodies of all ages. (And if you like it, please share!)
Five Ways the USDA Puts Your Health at Risk
Posted: January 2, 2014 in Posts
Tags: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Nutrition, United States Department of Agriculture, USDA
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has a bad case of multiple personality disorder, and just like Brad Pitt and Edward Norton in the movie "Fight Club," the agency's alter egos regularly duke it out. In one corner is the USDA, charged with protecting consumers. In the other corner is … the USDA, dedicated to helping industry. Yet when consumer protection and industry promotion go toe-to-toe, the results can be bizarre and dangerous for consumers.
In my book Meatonomics (Conari Press, 2013), I show how the USDA's built-in conflicts of interest threaten Americans' health and well-being through inadequate food safety, misleading product labeling, and confusing or inaccurate nutrition advice. This article looks at five ways the USDA regularly fails to safeguard consumers and keep us informed. Regardless of your diet or politics, this routine and risky government bungling is something you cannot afford to ignore.
1. Faulty Food Safety Measures
The USDA is responsible for inspecting meat to ensure it's safe to eat. But audits find that misguided USDA inspection efforts permit the regular presence in meat of dangerous toxins or pathogens like arsenic and E. coli, with the latter found only by "happenstance."
2. Sketchy Labeling Enforcement
Labeling standards can be misleading and subject to industry influence. Thus, more than 300 inorganic substances – including artificial colorings and flavorings – find their way into foods certified by the USDA as "organic." In one example reported in The Washington Post, staff at the USDA staff decided that baby formula containing synthetic fats could not be called organic because the synthetic fats are often made with hexane, a neurotoxin. However, after an industry lobbyist contacted a USDA deputy administrator to advocate his clients' position, the agency bureaucrat overruled her staff and allowed the questionable baby food to sport the organic label.
3. Dietary Advice Brought to You By McDonald's
Industry players move around the agency with ease, exerting tremendous influence on nutrition policy. Case in point: two-thirds of the panelists who drafted the USDA's latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans had ties to industry, including McDonald's, Dannon, and others. As a result of this commercial influence on federal nutritional policy, the Harvard School of Public Health rejects the USDA's dietary advice as the product of "intense lobbying efforts from a variety of food industries."
4. Conflict and Confusion in Nutrition Recommendations
The USDA's battling campaigns in nutrition and marketing often confuse consumers. Thus, the USDA's nutritional arm says we should "ask for … half the cheese" on pizza to reduce our saturated fat intake. But at the same time, the USDA's promotional arm helps dairy farmers sell more cheese. A program under USDA oversight teamed with Domino's Pizza to create and market a pizza with much more cheese than normal. With six cheeses on top and two more in the crust, a twelve-inch "Wisconsin" pizza contains 39 grams of saturated fat, roughly double the USDA's recommended daily saturated fat maximum of 20 grams.
5. Anything to Sell More Product
Sometimes the agency gets the facts wrong in ways that help industry and put consumers at risk. During the 2009 swine flu epidemic that killed 12,000 Americans, the pork industry asked the USDA for help diffusing a major sales problem – people were buying less pork because they didn't want to get sick. Despite strong evidence that swine flu originated in pigs, USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack told Americans in a press conference that the disease is unrelated to pigs and would henceforth be called "H1N1 Virus." But research published in the peer-reviewed journal Nature a few months later showed – surprise – that swine flu actually started in pigs.
The USDA's heavy conflict of interest in nutritional matters has led to calls for change. Former U.S. Senator Peter Fitzgerald (R-IL) said in 2003 that USDA dietary guidance "probably has more to do with diabetes and obesity than Krispy Kremes." But Fitzgerald got little traction with his proposal that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services take over USDA's responsibility for nutritional advice.
American consumers deserve better. We deserve dietary advice, labeling standards, and food safety programs that are objective and based on science rather than on industry lobbying. Two in three adult Americans are overweight, and one in three has heart disease (including hypertension, or high blood pressure). Our government should act to reverse this epidemic of illnesses of indulgence, not help industry sell us even more of the very foods that are hurting us.
Senator Fitzgerald had the right idea, even if he lacked the votes to get it done. We must keep pushing lawmakers to disentangle the USDA from policy-making in nutrition, labeling and food safety, and leave it to its main goal of helping farmers. And in the meantime, treat dietary advice from the USDA as you would investment advice from a car salesman: with caution.
For more information, get the book Meatonomics.
9 Things Everyone Should Know About Farmed Fish
Posted: November 11, 2013 in Posts
Tags: Aquaculture, Fish, Fish farming, Omega-3 fatty acid, Salmon, Tuna
If you eat seafood, unless you catch it yourself or ask the right questions, the odds are pretty good it comes from a fish farm. The aquaculture industry is like a whale on steroids, growing faster than any other animal agriculture segment and now accounting for half the fish eaten in the U.S. As commercial fishing operations continue to strip the world's oceans of life, with one-third of fishing stocks collapsed and the rest headed there by mid-century, fish farming is increasingly seen as a way to meet the world's growing demand.
In my book Meatonomics, I look at the latest data on fish farming and explore whether it's really the silver bullet to solve the Earth's food needs. Can marine farms reliably satisfy the daily seafood cravings of three billion people around the globe?
This article looks at aquaculture and its long-term effects on people, fish, and other animals. With this industry regularly touted as a paragon of food production, whether you eat seafood or not, you should know these nine key facts about farmed fish.
1. Farmed fish have dubious nutritional value.
Here's a frustrating paradox for those who eat fish for their health: the nutritional benefits of fish can be greatly decreased when it's farmed. Take omega-3 fatty acids. Wild fish get their omega-3's from aquatic plants. Farmed fish, however, are often fed corn, soy, or other feedstuffs that contain little or no omega-3's. This unnatural, high-corn diet also means some farmed fish accumulate unhealthy levels of the wrong fatty acids. Further, farmed fish are routinely dosed with antibiotics, which can cause antibiotic-resistant disease in humans.
2. Fish farming robs Peter to pay Paul.
While some farmed fish can live on diets of corn or soy, others need to eat fish – and lots of it. Tuna and salmon, for example, need to eat up to five pounds of fish for each pound of body weight. The result is that prey (fish like anchovies and herring) are being fished to the brink of extinction to feed the world's fish farms. "We have caught all the big fish and now we are going after their food," says the non-profit Oceana, which blames aquaculture's voracious hunger for declines of whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, tuna, bass, salmon, albatross, penguins, and other species.
3. Fish experience pain and stress.
Contrary to the wishful thinking of many a catch-and-release angler, the latest research shows conclusively that fish experience pain and stress. In one study, fish injected with bee venom engaged in rocking behavior linked to pain and, compared to control groups, reduced their swimming activity, waited three times longer to eat, and had higher breathing rates. Farmed fish are subject to the routine stresses of hyperconfinement throughout their lives, and are typically killed in slow, painful ways like evisceration, starvation, or asphyxiation.
4. Farmed fish are loaded with disease, and this spreads to wild fish populations.
Farmed fish are packed as tightly as coins in a purse, with twenty-seven adult trout, for example, typically scrunched into a bathtub-sized space. These unnatural conditions give rise to diseases and parasites, which often migrate off the farm and infect wild fish populations. On Canada's Pacific coast, for example, sea lice infestations are responsible for mass kill-offs of pink salmon that have destroyed 80% of the fish in some local populations. But the damage doesn't end there, because eagles, bears, orcas, and other predators depend on salmon for their existence. Drops in wild salmon numbers cause these species to decline as well.
5. Fish farms are rife with toxins, which also damage local ecosystems.
You can't have diseases and parasites infecting your economic units, so operators fight back by dumping concentrated antibiotics and other chemicals into the water. Such toxins damage local ecosystems in ways we're just beginning to understand. One study found that a drug used to combat sea lice kills a variety of nontarget marine invertebrates, travels up to half a mile, and persists in the water for hours.
6. Farmed fish are living in their own feces.
That's right, fish poop too. Farmed fish waste falls as sediment to the seabed in sufficient quantities to overwhelm and kill marine life in the immediate vicinity and for some distance beyond. It also promotes algal growth, which reduces water's oxygen content and makes it hard to support life. When the Israeli government learned that algal growth driven by two fish farms in the Red Sea was hurting nearby coral reefs, it shut them down.
7. Farmed fish are always trying to escape their unpleasant conditions, and who can blame them?
In the North Atlantic region alone, up to two million runaway salmon escape into the wild each year. The result is that at least 20% of supposedly wild salmon caught in the North Atlantic are of farmed origin. Escaped fish breed with wild fish and compromise the gene pool, harming the wild population. Embryonic hybrid salmon, for example, are far less viable than their wild counterparts, and adult hybrid salmon routinely die earlier than their purebred relatives. This pressure on wild populations further hurts predators who rely on fish like bears and orcas.
8. Also at Work: the Twisted "Jevons Paradox."
This counterintuitive economic theory says that as production methods grow more efficient, demand for resources actually increases – rather than decreasing, as you might expect. Accordingly, as aquaculture makes fish production increasingly efficient, and fish become more widely available and less expensive, demand increases across the board. This drives more fishing, which hurts wild populations. Thus, as the construction of new salmon hatcheries from 1987 to 1999 drove lower prices and wider availability of salmon, world demand for salmon increased more than fourfold during the period. The net result: fish farming cranks up the pressure on already-depleted populations of wild fish around the world.
9. When the heavy environmental damage they cause is taken into account, fish farming operations often are found to generate more costs than revenues.
One study found that aquaculture in Sweden's coastal waters "is not only ecologically but also economically unsustainable." Another report concluded that fish farming in a Chinese lake is an "economically irrational choice from the perspective of the whole society, with an unequal tradeoff between environmental costs and economic benefits." Simply put, aquaculture drives heavy ecological harms and these cost society money. In the U.S., fish farming drives hidden costs of roughly $700 million each year – or half the annual production value of fish farming operations.
With its long trail of diseases, chemicals, wastes, and suffering, and the heavy pressure it puts on wild populations through parasites, escapes, and higher demand, the sustainability of fish farms emerges as a fish story. And by the way, farmed or wild, fish are only "healthy" when compared to high-fat foods like red meat. But wild fish is no great nutritional treat either: pound for pound, salmon has just as much cholesterol as ground beef, and virtually all wild fish contains highly-toxic mercury.
Here's one solution to the farmed fish dilemma: vote with your pocketbook and eat less seafood or give it up completely. Get your omega-3's from flax, hemp, soy, or walnuts – all without cholesterol or mercury. And just maybe, as George W. Bush hoped in a moment of unintended comedy, "the human being and fish can coexist peacefully."
For more information and additional solutions, get the book Meatonomics.
10 Things I Wish All Americans Knew About The Meat and Dairy Industries
Tags: Dairy, Food, Greenhouse gas, Meat, USDA
Are you being manipulated into buying things you don't want or need? In my book Meatonomics, I show that animal food producers control our everyday food-buying choices with misleading messaging, artificially low prices, and heavy control over legislation and regulation. This producer behavior is simply shocking. The result is that in many respects, we have lost the ability to decide for ourselves what – and how much – to eat.
By learning just 10 quick facts about this industry and its highly coordinated messaging and manipulation, you can empower yourself to make better-informed choices immediately. You'll see benefits to your health, your waistline, your ecological footprint, and more.
1. In a creepy, Big-Brotherish tactic straight out of a sci-fi movie, the federal government uses catchy slogans to get people to buy more meat and dairy.
Beef. It's what's for dinner.
Milk. It does a body good.
Each year, USDA-managed programs spend $550 million to bombard Americans with slogans like these urging us to buy more animal foods. Although people in every age group already eat more animal protein than recommended, and far more than our forebears did, these promotional programs are shockingly effective at making us buy even more. Each marketing buck spent boosts sales by an average of $8, for an annual total of an extra $4.6 billion in government-backed sales of meat, dairy, and eggs.
2. Americans eat more meat per person than any other people on earth, and we're paying the price in doctor bills.
At 200 pounds of meat per person per year, our high meat consumption is hurting our national health. Hundreds of clinical studies in the past several decades show that consumption of meat and dairy, especially at the high levels seen in this country, can cause cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and a host of other diseases. Thus, Americans have twice the obesity rate, twice the diabetes rate, and nearly three times the cancer rate as the rest of the world. Eating loads of meat isn't the only reason people develop these diseases, but it's a major factor.
3. Animal food production is the world's leading cause of climate change.
That's right. Forget carbon-belching buses or power plants. Animal food production now surpasses both the transportation industry and electricity generation as the greatest source of greenhouse gases. Yet amazingly, if Americans could just cut back on animal foods by half, the effect on greenhouse gas emissions would be like garaging all U.S. motor vehicles and vessels for as long as we keep our consumption down.
4. There's no sustainable way to raise animal foods to meet the world's growing demand.
Two acres of rain forest are cleared each minute to raise cattle or crops to feed them. 35,000 miles of American rivers are polluted with animal waste. We're watching a real-time, head-on collision between the world's huge demand for animal foods and the reality of scarce resources. It takes dozens of times more water and five times more land to produce animal protein than equal amounts of plant protein. Unfortunately, even "green" alternatives like raising animals locally, organically, or on pastures can't overcome the basic math: the resources just don't exist to keep feeding the world animal foods at the level it wants.
5. A $5 Big Mac would cost $13 if the retail price included hidden expenses that meat producers offload onto society.
Animal food producers impose $414 billion in hidden costs on American society yearly. These are the bills for healthcare, subsidies, environmental damage, and other items related to producing and consuming meat and dairy. That means that each time McDonald's sells a Big Mac, the rest of us pay $8 in hidden costs.
6. American governments spend $38 billion each year to subsidize meat and dairy, but only 0.04% of that ($17 million) to subsidize fruits and vegetables.
The federal government's Dietary Guidelines urge us to eat more fruits and vegetables and less cholesterol-rich food (that is, meat and dairy). Yet like a misguided parent giving a kid cotton candy for dinner, state and federal governments get it backwards by giving buckets of cash to animal agriculture while providing almost no help to those raising fruits and vegetables.
7. Big businesses love farm subsidies. Small farmers and rural Americans hate them.
In the last 15 years, two-thirds of American farmers didn't receive a single penny from direct subsidies worth over $100 billion – the funds mainly went to big corporations. The subsidy money spurs the growth of factory farms, which are surprisingly bad for local economies (they employ fewer workers per animal than regular farms, and they buy most of their supplies outside the local area). That's why when pollsters asked Iowans how they feel about farm subsidies, a large majority preferred ending the handouts.
8. Factory fishing ships are exploiting the world's oceans so aggressively that scientists fear the extinction of all commercially fished species within several decades.
Like an armada bent on victory at any cost, the 23,000 factory ships that patrol the world's oceans have decimated one-third of the planet's commercially fished species. They also indiscriminately kill and discard 200 million pounds of non-target species, or bycatch, every day. Because of such colossal destruction and waste, the United Nations says fishing operations are "a net economic loss to society."
9. Fish farming isn't the answer.
Sometimes hailed as the future of sustainable food production, fish farming is actually just another form of factory farming. Farmed fish live in the same stressful, tight conditions as land animals, and concentrated waste and chemicals from aquaculture damage local ecosystems. Escapes lead to further problems, as in the North Atlantic region where 20% of supposedly wild salmon are actually of farmed origin. When genes from wild and farmed fish mix, it degrades the wild population.
10. If they treated a dog or cat like that, they'd go to jail.
Industry-backed laws passed in the last 30 years make it legal to do almost anything to a farmed animal. Connecticut, for example, in 1996 legalized "maliciously and intentionally maiming, mutilating, torturing, wounding, or killing an animal" – provided it's done "while following generally accepted agricultural practices." Since most states have similar exemptions, farmed animals have almost no protection from inhumane treatment.
What's a person to do?
Vote with your pocketbook. If you're concerned about the creepy marketing, environmental damage, health risks, economic problems, or ethical issues that plague the meat industry, you can take action immediately. Make a choice to buy less meat, fish, eggs, and dairy – or better yet, give them up completely. It's one of the most powerful things you can do.


MESA SAFE MBF7236E Gun Safe protects your valuables combining all the security features of a burglary safe and the peace of mind achieved with a fire safe. The MBF7236E weighs 860 pounds with four anchor holes that can be anchored securely to the floor preventing any burglary or thief from removing it from its place.
Includes FREE dehumidifier! Please select from drop down menu above.
Exterior Dimensions H: 71.00" W: 36.00" D: 24.00"
Interior Dimensions H: 67.50" W: 32.50" D: 18.00"


I hope you all are having a great weekend! We have gotten a good dose of rain and are enjoying running between rain drops when we are not staying dry indoors. Now that the #COYER Winter Switch Challenge is over, I am trying to play catch up with Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. I hope to dive into my TBR winner next.
I am anxious to read all three of this month's TBR List options, and appreciate you helping me decide which one I should read first. It was fun watching the results come in. Each book was in the lead at one point or another. In the end though, there could only be one winner.
Thank you for voting! I hope you all have a wonderful March and Happy Reading!
I voted for The Storm King. ;) Looking forward to your thoughts on it, Wendy.
Ooh I think I vote for that one. Enjoy!!!
I wavered between The Storm King and The Broken Girls - think I voted for the Girls. I'm reading that one now in any case, but also want to read TSK. Hope you enjoy. I'm really liking TBG.
Looking forward to your thoughts on this!
Enjoy reading The Storm King and happy Sunday!
It looks like it was a close vote. I hope you love it!
I had mixed feelings about The Storm King because it kept me so uneasy! Hope you enjoy it, Wendy!
I haven't read this one yet but I look forward to hearing what you thought of it :) It looks like a great read!
Hope you enjoy this one. It's a pretty cover isn't it!
I know nothing about The Storm King but the cover is gorgeous! Can't wait to see what you think of it!


SudoHopper3D is a card game to improve the overall understanding of parametric thinking in Grasshopper. It playfully takes you on a journey through mathematics, algorithms and basic coding. Players surprisingly learn concepts such as vector geometry and trigonometry.


Growing up you would have spent time with your parents whether you liked it or not. That is because you lived together. But this would not be the case when you move out and build your own families. Furthermore, remember that by this time your parents would have also retired. Therefore they would have a considerable amount of free time on hand. When this happens it is easy for them to feel lonely. Thus, that is why it is imperative for you to spend time with your ageing parents. But we understand that you may not know how to accomplish this task.
Growing up you may have gone on vacation in custom caravans every summer. But if you have moved cross country we understand that this would not be possible. That is because it is not always easy to take time off from work. Furthermore, you would also have a family of your own. But that does not mean you cannot talk to your parents on a regular basis. If you have a set time to do this then it would become a part of your routine. For instance, once a day or even every Sunday set aside a time to call them. Furthermore, with the development of technology, the distance would no longer be a problem. That is because there are numerous ways to communicate with them. You can facetime them or even skype with them.
Many people tend to buy luxury caravans or motorhomes conversion once they retire. If your parents did the same then they would have no problem visiting you. But what if this is not the case? Then you should strive to vacation with them at least once a year. We know that this would not be an impossible task. That is because no matter what type of job you have every individual gets vacation time. Therefore you can use this time to explore a new destination with your parents. We can guarantee that they would truly appreciate this gesture.
Once parents retire it is easy for them to become less social. That is because they would have no reason to meet people on a daily basis. Thus, that is why it is important for you to take them to various social events. This can be anything from a gallery opening to the theatre. But make sure that it is something that interests them.
Thus, with the help of this guide, you can easily make sure that your parents are not feeling lonely.


text:
Q: How can I interpret serial data in Arduino? I've been trying to send and receive serial data to represent a couple sine waves, one before filtering and one after that. I seem to be receiving floats to my result array after sending my data to filter in my Arduino Board, however, I know they don't make sense, since sine data must stay between -1 and 1 and I keep getting values beyond that.
Here's my Python code, from what I was able to gather, I'm sending a string from an array to Arduino in bytes, so I'm guessing I messed up the unpacking and that's why the operations make no sense.
import serial
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

#Comunicación Serial
arduino = serial.Serial('COM3',115200,timeout = 2);
time.sleep = 1;
t = 0; #Señal Ruidosa
d_señal = []; #Graficar
d_filtro = [];
while (t <= 10):
    señal = np.sin(2*np.pi*5*t) + 0.2*np.sin(2*np.pi*50*t);
    t = t + 1;
    d_señal.append(str(señal)); #**

for i in d_señal:
    arduino.write(i.encode());
    salida = arduino.readline().decode('ascii');
    d_filtro.append(salida);

d_filtro[0] = "0.00\r\n"
cuenta = 0

for k in d_filtro:
    strorg = d_filtro[cuenta];
    strnew = strorg.replace('\r\n','');
    d_filtro[cuenta] = strnew;
    cuenta = cuenta + 1;

print(d_filtro);
arduino.close();

Here's the Arduino side.
String IncomingByte; //Serial Data
float x[] = {0,0,0};
float y[] = {0,0,0};
float valor = 0.0;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
}

void loop() {
  if (Serial.available() > 0) {
    IncomingByte = Serial.read();
    valor = IncomingByte.toFloat();
    x[0] = valor;
    y[0] = 1.91122623*y[1] + -0.91500257*y[2] + 0.00094408*x[0] + 0.00188817*x[1] + 0.00094408*x[2];
    Serial.println(y[0]);
    delay(1); //10ms

    for(int i = 1; i >= 0; i--){
      x[i+1] = x[i];
      y[i+1] = y[i];

    }

  }

After the whole process, I get data like this:
['0.00', '0.04', '0.22', '0.57', '1.08', '1.73', '2.50', '3.41', '4.43', '5.55', '6.77']

What am I missing to transfer the data properly?
P.S. Thank you for reading this

A: Replace
IncomingByte = Serial.read();
valor = IncomingByte.toFloat();
x[0] = valor;

with
x[0] = Serial.parseFloat();

Make sure you send a delimiter after the number. Otherwise Arduino will wait to receive more digits.
https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/communication/stream/streamparsefloat/

A: If you are attempting to send something that looks like a sine wave then your problem is here:
señal = np.sin(2*np.pi*5*t) + 0.2*np.sin(2*np.pi*50*t);

You see, you are using 11 values created by adding two sine values:
d_señal[0]=     sin(0)      + 0.2 x sin(0)
d_señal[1]=     sin(10PI)   + 0.2 x sin(100PI)
d_señal[2]=     sin(20PI)   + 0.2 x sin(200PI)
etc.

These terms and sums are all zero, so it seems you need to adjust your "sampling frequency".  I am unaware of how NumPy's trigonometric functions work for LARGE angles, but if it handles them properly these sines should all be zero. Maybe you intended to use sin(2xPI x t/5) + 0.2 x sin(2xPI x t/50)?  Also, you haven't shown what values you are sending, and what comes out on the receiving end (ie., arduino.write() and valor)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
PetrosiaWuchereria bancroftiTreesCocosFishes
DiphtheriaFilariasisDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Chemicals and Drugs2
Diphtheria-Tetanus VaccineDiethylcarbamazine
Ecological Parameter MonitoringGeographic MappingBirth CertificatesRadiographic Magnification
Phenomena and Processes3
Tropical ClimateOceans and SeasIslands
Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5
Medical TourismIncestPunishmentUnited States Department of AgricultureChild Abuse
AgricultureConservation of Natural ResourcesAutomobilesIndustryAirportsFisheries
Encyclopedias as TopicBirth Certificates
Tropical ClimateConservation of Natural ResourcesGeographic MappingMedical TourismUnited States Department of AgricultureBirth CertificatesAirportsIslands
Geographicals25
Commonwealth of Independent StatesAmerican SamoaIndependent State of SamoaEurope, EasternUSSRTajikistanAzerbaijanSamoaPacific IslandsMicronesiaPalauBrazilVanuatuMelanesiaFijiPolynesiaHawaiiTongaPapua New GuineaArizonaNew GuineaOceans and SeasIslandsSaint LuciaWest Indies
OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Commonwealth of Independent StatesAmerican SamoaIndependent State of SamoaEurope, EasternUSSRTajikistanAzerbaijanDiphtheriaDiphtheria-Tetanus VaccineSamoaDiethylcarbamazinePetrosiaFilariasisPacific IslandsEcological Parameter MonitoringWuchereria bancroftiMicronesiaPalauTreesTropical ClimateEncyclopedias as TopicAgricultureConservation of Natural ResourcesBrazilGeographic MappingVanuatuMelanesiaFijiAutomobilesCocosIndustryMedical TourismIncestPunishmentUnited States Department of AgricultureBirth CertificatesChild AbusePolynesiaHawaiiTongaDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Papua New GuineaArizonaNew GuineaAirportsOceans and SeasRadiographic MagnificationIslandsFisheriesSaint LuciaWest IndiesFishes
A group of islands of SAMOA, in the southwest central Pacific. Its capital is Pago Pago. The islands were ruled by native chiefs until about 1869. An object of American interest beginning in 1839, Pago Pago and trading and extraterritorial rights were granted to the United States in 1878. The United States, Germany, and England administered the islands jointly 1889-99, but in 1899 they were granted to the United States by treaty. The Department of the Interior has administered American Samoa since 1951. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p44)
Independent State of Samoa
An island group and constitutional monarchy in the southwest central Pacific Ocean. The capital is Apia. The islands were jointly administered by England, the United States, and Germany 1889-99, with the chief islands of Savai'i and Upolu recognized as German until 1919. Western Samoa gained independence in 1962 and assumed its present formal name in 1997.
Europe, Eastern
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.
Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine
A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.
A group of islands in the southwest central Pacific, divided into AMERICAN SAMOA and the INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA (Western Samoa). First European contact was made in 1722 by Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutchman. In 1768 they were named Navigators Islands by Louis de Bougainville. The present name may derive from that of a local chieftain or from a local word meaning place of the moa, a now-extinct island bird. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1061 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p481)
An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.
Petrosia
A genus of SPONGES in the family Petrosiidae, characterized by an ectosomal triangular or polygonal reticulation of spicule tracts or single spicules.
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.
The islands of the Pacific Ocean divided into MICRONESIA; MELANESIA; and POLYNESIA (including NEW ZEALAND). The collective name Oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; and the Malay Archipelago (INDONESIA). (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)
Ecological Parameter Monitoring
Ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of ecological data that is used to assess changes in the components, processes, and overall condition and functioning of an ECOSYSTEM.
Wuchereria bancrofti
A white threadlike worm which causes elephantiasis, lymphangitis, and chyluria by interfering with the lymphatic circulation. The microfilaria are found in the circulating blood and are carried by mosquitoes.
The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)
A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.
A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, i.e., one with continually high temperatures with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Encyclopedias as Topic
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
Conservation of Natural Resources
The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.
Geographic Mapping
Creating a representation of areas of the earth or other celestial bodies, for the purpose of visualizing spatial distributions of various information.
A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Port-Vila. It was called New Hebrides until 1980. It was discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese, forgotten for 160 years, then visited by Bougainville in 1768 and Captain Cook in 1774. It was under joint British and French administration from 1906 until it became independent in 1980 under the name of Vanuatu. The name is native, meaning our land. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p833 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p570)
The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Suva. It was discovered by Abel Tasman in 1643 and was visited by Captain Cook in 1774. It was used by escaped convicts from Australia as early as 1804. It was annexed by Great Britain in 1874 but achieved independence in 1970. The name Fiji is of uncertain origin. In its present form it may represent that of Viti, the main island in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p396 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p186)
A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)
A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. It is a tropical palm tree that yields a large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.
Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.
Travel to another country for the purpose of medical treatment.
Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry.
The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII; NEW ZEALAND; Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND; SAMOA; TONGA; Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)
A group of islands in Polynesia, in the north central Pacific Ocean, comprising eight major and 114 minor islands, largely volcanic and coral. Its capital is Honolulu. It was first reached by Polynesians about 500 A.D. It was discovered and named the Sandwich Islands in 1778 by Captain Cook. The islands were united under the rule of King Kamehameha 1795-1819 and requested annexation to the United States in 1893 when a provisional government was set up. Hawaii was established as a territory in 1900 and admitted as a state in 1959. The name is from the Polynesian Owhyhii, place of the gods, with reference to the two volcanoes Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, regarded as the abode of the gods. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p493 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p2330)
An archipelago in Polynesia in the southwest Pacific Ocean, comprising about 150 islands. It is a kingdom whose capital is Nukualofa. It was discovered by the Dutch in 1616, visited by Tasman in 1643, and by Captain Cook in 1773 and 1777. The modern kingdom was established during the reign of King George Tupou I, 1845-93. It became a British protectorate in 1900 and gained independence in 1970. The name Tonga may be of local origin, meaning either island or holy. Its other name, Friendly Islands, was given by Captain Cook from the welcome given him by the natives. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1219 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p549)
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
Originally an island of the Malay Archipelago, the second largest island in the world. It divided, West New Guinea becoming part of Indonesia and East New Guinea becoming Papua New Guinea.
Terminal facilities used for aircraft takeoff and landing and including facilities for handling passengers. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed.)
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
Radiographic Magnification
Use of optic and geometric techniques to enhance radiographic image quality and interpretation. It includes use of microfocal X-ray tubes and intensifying fluoroscopic screens.
Tracts of land completely surrounded by water.
Places for cultivation and harvesting of fish, particularly in sea waters. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
An independent state in the West Indies. Its capital is Castries. It was probably discovered by Columbus in 1502 and first settled by the English in 1605. Contended for by the French and English in the 17th century, it was regarded as neutral in 1748 but changed hands many times in the wars of the 19th century. It became a self-governing state in association with Great Britain in 1967 and achieved independence in 1979. Columbus named it for the day on which he discovered it, the feast of St. Lucy, a Sicilian virgin martyr. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1051 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p477)
Islands lying between southeastern North America and northern South America, enclosing the Caribbean Sea. They comprise the Greater Antilles (CUBA; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; HAITI; JAMAICA; and PUERTO RICO), the Lesser Antilles (ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA and the other Leeward Islands, BARBADOS; MARTINIQUE and the other Windward Islands, NETHERLANDS ANTILLES; VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES, BRITISH VIRGINI ISLANDS, and the islands north of Venezuela which include TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO), and the BAHAMAS. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1330)
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since the middle of January, the Duchess Meghan (37) is the patron of the National Theatre in London. Previously, the Queen was Elizabeth II (92) 45 years the patroness of the large theatre house. Now Meghan, who worked before her marriage with Prince Harry (34) as an actress ("Suits") has paid, on the Thames opposite the theatre a first visit.
in This case, the learned mother more about the work and projects of the London Institution, and met staff and apprentices involved in the processes behind the Scenes. Among other things, she talked to the craftsmen, for the stage, and joked with the children-actors of the theatre. The Kensington Palace posted a short Video on Twitter of Meghans appointment .
For your Royal appointment as patron had made Duchess Meghan, as usual, chic. Despite her ever-growing baby belly ends wore the 37-Year-old is an elegant dress by Brandon Maxwell in a delicate Rosé tone. To do this, combined with a Blazer in the same color. While holding it in one Hand and a Mini-Clutch, she put the other protectively over her unborn child.
In her shoes Meghan sat on the Tried and trusted – and sent as a hidden greeting to her husband, who was not at the appointment: The cream-colored "Matilde"Pumps from Aquazzura she had worn on the day of the announcement of her engagement to the grandson of the Queen in November 2017.