text:
Little-Known Facts About The First Families
History November 8, 2016
It can feel like the media is constantly telling us everything we need to know (and even more) about the first family. Here's a look back on some interesting first family facts, including the rumored, the scandalous, the tragic, the sweet, and the creepy!
John Adams' last words were eerie, to say the least.
Jefferson's Contradictions
Thomas Jefferson's wife died in childbirth so there was no First Lady during his term as president. Jefferson famously operated multiple plantations where he owned hundreds of slaves, and used them to work the land. The majority of historians believe that after the death of his wife, Jefferson likely had a relationship with one of his slaves. Who was this woman?
She was a woman by the name of Sally Hemings and Jefferson was the father to at least one of her children. The man was seemingly a bit hypocritical as he had very liberal political ideas, which included anti-slavery ideals, yet he continued to own slaves and even had a child with one. Regardless, historians still frequently view Jefferson as of the United States' greatest presidents.
Tortured Existence
Sadly, the President's son George lived a tortured existence caused primarily by his struggle with alcoholism. George was born in Berlin while his father served as a diplomatic representative of the United States. He was also a known womanizer and suffered greatly from depression. Ultimately, he died of an apparent suicide during the President's final year in office in 1829.
Was Andrew Jackson a bigamist?
Andrew Jackson, Bigamist?
Andrew Jackson first met his future wife Rachel Donelson Robards when she was still in an unhappy marriage with Captain Lewis Robards. They separated in 1790, but never officially divorced. Jackson apparently thought that they had divorced, because he married Rachel — thereby making their marriage bigamous and invalid. The divorce had to be carried through and then Jackson and his missus were able to officially marry in 1794.
I'm Sorry, Miss Jackson
This fun fact was used against Jackson during his candidacy for the presidency. Allegedly, Rachel lived with Andrew Jackson and called herself "Mrs. Jackson" before the divorce petition had ever been officially made. Scandalous! Obviously it didn't matter much, as we are still studying about him as a President of the United States.
Next, George Washington TMI.
Sterile George Washington
Our first president married the wealthy widow Martha Custis in 1759. Martha had two children from her previous marriage, and George Washington helped her to raise them. Washington also later helped raise his wife's two oldest grandchildren. He never had any children of his own, which many attribute to his bout with smallpox. This could have made him sterile.
John Tyler Had Two First Ladies
During President John Tyler's term in office he had two First Ladies. His first wife Letitia had a paralytic stroke in 1839, which left her an invalid. For the rest of her life she remained upstairs in the White House, only coming downstairs once for the wedding of her daughter. She passed away in September of 1842. John Tyler married his second First Lady Julia in 1844. She was only 24 when she married the 54-year-old President. The couple went on to have seven children together.
Walter Francis White
In a biography of the noted African American civil rights activist and one-time president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Walter Francis White, a historian named Kenneth Robert Janken noted that White's mother Madeline traced some of her mixed-race white ancestry to President William Harrison.
Dilsia
It is believed that a female slave named Dilsia, and belonging to William Henry Harrison, had six children by him — all of whom he allowed to be born into slavery. Allegedly, four of these children were sold to a planter located in Georgia including a daughter named Marie Harrison. Marie was Madeline's mother, and Walter Francis White's grandmother.
James Buchanan Had No Family
James Buchanan never ever married or had children. He met a woman named Anne Caroline Coleman at a ball, and the two began courting. Buchanan visited another woman, who was simply his friend's wife, but Coleman broke off the engagement. She died suddenly afterward, with a doctor attributing her death to hysteria and an overdose of laudanum.
Buchanan asked to attend the funeral, and wrote that "I feel happiness has fled from me forever." He never courted another woman or showed any romantic interest in one. Biographers argue whether he was asexual, celibate, homosexual or bisexual. Many cite his close relationship with William Rufus King as evidence of something further.
The two men lived together in a Washington boardinghouse for 10 years. The two men often attended social functions together and King even referred to the relationship as a "communion." President Andrew Jackson referred to them as "Miss Nancy" and "Aunt Fancy," the former being an old euphemism used towards effeminate men.
Lincoln experienced much tragedy in his life.
The Adams Family – The Original Bush Dynasty
When John Adams' son Quincy was elected to the presidency, it marked the first time a father and son had served as president in our young nation. Another interesting fact is that Quincy Adams' wife Louisa was the only foreign-born First Lady in the history of the United States. She was originally born in London.
Creepy John Adams Family Fact
John Adams' family was the first to ever live in the White House. Adams was a cousin to revolutionary and beer namesake Samuel Adams. Ironically, the President and First Lady's second oldest son Charles died because of complications of alcoholism. Another creepy tidbit about Adams is the last phrase he ever spoke, which we'll learn about next.
Same Death Day
On July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, John Adams died. Oddly, Adams' last words spoke of his longtime friend and rival. He reportedly said "Thomas Jefferson survives" although unbeknownst to Adams, Thomas Jefferson had died earlier that same exact day, several hours earlier. Spooky!
Lincoln's Children Tragedy
Abraham Lincoln was the father of four children. Robert Lincoln was born in 1843 and Edward Lincoln in 1846. Edward died at age four, most likely of tuberculosis. William Lincoln was born 1850, and died of a fever in 1862. The Lincolns' fourth son, Thomas Lincoln, was born in 1853, and died of heart failure at the age of 18 in 1871. Robert was the only child to live to adulthood and produce children. Lincoln apparently loved children and he and his wife were not considered to be strict with their own brood.
Emotional Torture
Losing their sons affected both Lincoln and his wife profoundly. Mary was tortured by the deaths of her sons (and later her husband) and was ultimately committed to a mental asylum briefly by her son Robert Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was also known to suffer from "melancholy," a condition which is now known as depression.
Up next, a salacious rumor about Lincoln.
Lincoln's Male Lover?
Lincoln led such an interesting life that he deserves several spots on this list. It was often rumored that Lincoln may have been either homosexual, or possibly bisexual, and carried on relationships with men. A poem he wrote was uncovered that contained the following lines: "For Reuben and Charles have married two girls, But Billy has married a boy. The girls he had tried on every side, But none he could get to agree; All was in vain, he went home again, And since that he's married to Natty."
The First Birther Movement: Chester Arthur
Because Chester Arthurs' family regularly moved throughout his childhood, people accused him of being a non-natural born citizen. When Arthur was nominated for vice president in 1880, a political opponent named Arthur P. Hinman, speculated Arthur was born in Ireland and didn't come to the United States until he was 14 years old.
History Repeats Itself
When Hinman's original try at starting a rumor failed he tried again and spread a new story that Arthur was actually born in Canada. This rumor also failed to gain steam. Clearly, this was just another political ploy in attempting to diminish someone's capacity to fulfill presidential and vice presidential duties. Sound familiar?
Hayes Family Bans Alcohol
Rutherford B. Hayes is known for an epic beard and also for overseeing the end of Reconstruction. He married a woman named Lucy Webb. Historians often refer to her as "Lemonade Lucy" due to her extreme support of the temperance movement. The truth is that she never actually went by this nickname while living, and it was actually her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.
"Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?"
When Grover Cleveland ran for the presidency in 1884, a woman came forward stating that she had previously had an affair with him and given birth to their son. The woman, a widow, named Maria C. Halpin, named the boy Oscar Folsom Cleveland. Grover agreed to pay child support.
"Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha!"
He also paid for the child to be placed in an orphanage when Halpin was no longer fit to raise him. During the 1884 election the opposing side used a chat "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa? Gone to the White House, ha, ha, ha!" Cruel. Grover stayed honest about the entire predicament, which obviously did not hurt him as he ended up winning the presidency.
Next: Roosevelt's sad loss.
Theodore Roosevelt's Lady Loss
Theodore Roosevelt was married to the beautiful socialite Alice Hathaway Lee. She was known for her stunning looks and her happy demeanor, being nicknamed "Sunny." She and Roosevelt had a daughter and named her Alice Lee Roosevelt, born on February 12, 1884. Theodore's wife died two days after giving birth. Apparently, she was suffering from an undiagnosed case of kidney failure, which was often referred to as Bright's disease at the time.
Light, Extinguished
Sadly, his mother had died of typhoid fever only hours before in the same house. Roosevelt wrote a large X in his diary and the following sentence, "The light has gone out of my life." Theodore left baby Alice in the care of his sister in New York City and retrieved custody of his daughter when she was three years old. So sad.
Harding's Mistresses
You would never know it by looking at his stoic photographs, but apparently President Warren G. Harding was quite the ladies' man. Harding had multiple extramarital affairs throughout his presidency and marriage. One was with Carrie Fulton Phillips, which lasted about 15 years before ending in 1920. This information wasn't known until letters from Harding were uncovered by a biographer.
Nan Britton
Another mistress named Nan Britton wrote a book in 1927 alleging him to be the father of her child Elizabeth Ann Blaesing. The Harding family claimed that the President was infertile and could not have sired a child because of a bout with mumps as a child. In 2015, ancestry.com held DNA comparisons between members of the Harding and Blaesing families and concluded that Harding was, in fact, Elizabeth's father.
Were FDR and Eleanor faithful to each other?
FDR Cheated on Eleanor and She Cheated Back
Although it is well known that Roosevelt had extra-marital affairs, including one with Eleanor's social secretary Lucy Mercer. This caused Eleanor to become enraged, after she discovered letters in Franklin's luggage. He contemplated divorcing Eleanor but Lucy refused to marry a divorced man with five children. The Roosevelts remained married, and FDR promised never to see Lucy again.
Her Side Of The Story
Eleanor never truly forgave him. Instead she embarked on her own lesbian affair decades later with a woman named Lorena Hickok. Allegedly, during the 1932 presidential campaign, Eleanor fell for the reporter. They spent many hours together and often wrote each other long love letters when they were apart. Eleanor wrote "I can't kiss you, 'Hick,' so I kiss your picture good night and good morning!" Scandalous!
Hoover Homoxsexual?
According to many historians, J. Edgar Hoover was extremely sexually repressed and lived with his mother until he was 40. Some think he repressed his sexual desires because of his homosexuality, and speculate that he was in a relationship with Clyde Tolson (Associate Director of the FBI under Hoover). Hoover is known for vehemently protesting homosexuals and keeping confidential files on the sex lives of other politicians yet he apparently had his own secrets.
JFK's Hidden Sister
While the Kennedy family is often thought to be "cursed" with scandals, affairs, and untimely deaths, one of the most interesting aspects of the family is JFK's oldest sister Rosemary Kennedy. Her father arranged one of the first prefrontal lobotomies for her, without consulting his wife and her mother. At the age of 23, Rosemary had a failed lobotomy and was left incapacitated. She spent the rest of her life in an institution.
Ford Married a Dancer
Gerald Ford married Elizabeth Bloomer Warren in 1948. Elizabeth was a department store fashion consultant and previously worked as a John Robert Powers fashion model and a dancer in the auxiliary troupe of the Martha Graham Dance Company. She was also a divorcee. A bit of a problem arose when he was first engaged to her.
Divorce, What A Scandal!
Ford was campaigning for his first term as a member of the United States House of Representatives. His people thought it was best to delay the wedding as Ford was unsure how voters would react to him marrying a divorced ex-dancer. How the times have changed! Now we have a presidential candidate whose wife has posed half-naked in a variety of publications.
Reagan's Communist Mix-Up
Ronald Reagan is known for what he touted as Christian values while in the presidency. This is also notable because he was the first American president to have been divorced. Before his presidential days and while he was still active in Hollywood he met the woman who would become his second wife, and famous in her own right.
Ronald And Nancy
In 1949, Nancy Davis contacted Ronald Reagan because her name appeared on the communist blacklist in Hollywood. Strange how that is a thing that actually existed at some point in history. Apparently, she had been mistaken for another actress with the same name. Ultimately, Ronald and Nancy married in 1952 and had two children.
Ronald Reagan's First Family
As mentioned, Ronald Reagan was the first U.S. president to have been divorced. Reagan met his first wife, Jane Wyman on the set of Brother Rat, a film that began shooting in 1938. Wyman was his co-star, and going through her second divorce at the time they worked together, although she was only 21 years old (Reagan was 27 at the time.) The couple quickly fell in love and married two years later. They had a child together, Maureen, and adopted another child, Michael a few years later. Wyman proved to be a successful actress, but as her career gained steam, she was heartbroken over the loss of their third child, a prematurely born daughter. Wyman became depressed and lost interest in Reagan. The couple divorced in 1948.
Before There Was Bill There Was George
Having an affair almost seems like a prerequisite to hold office these days. Many members of the general public don't realize that George Bush Sr. also had his own scandalous affair. Bush met a woman named Jennifer Fitzgerald in 1974, when she worked as his personal assistant while he served as special envoy to China.
Bush Family Drama
Fitzgerald continued to work with Bush through his time with the C.I.A. and when he was Ronald Reagan's vice president. While Barbara was out promoting her book about the Bush family dog, her husband and Fitzgerald allegedly shared a private cottage in Switzerland. Bill wasn't the only one with a Lewinsky. For shame George!
Clinton In The Dog House
The poor Clintons' marriage really went through the ringer while they were in the White House. Although we know many other politicians have had affairs on their wives, it never really got pulled to the forefront of the news like it did with Bill Clinton. Allegedly, for several months in 1998, the president slept on a couch in a private study that was attached to his and Hillary's bedroom. It is said that most of the women on their staff thought he got what he deserved.
Laura Bush had a tragic accident when she was a teenager.
Laura Bush Killed Someone
In 1963 Laura Bush (then Laura Welch) was involved in a fatal accident in Midland, Texas. She was 17 years old at the time. Apparently, she had run a stop sign and caused the death of the occupant of the other vehicle. The future First Lady and her friend Judy had been on their way to a local drive-in when she went through an intersection without stopping at the stop sign. Another 17-year-old named Michael Douglas was the victim killed. All around, it's a really sad story.
The Obamas' First Date
Our hippest president to date, Barack Obama is known for his extremely charming demeanor. Perhaps his youth is also an asset in this regard. We have often seen him playing games on late night shows, singing Al Green as press conferences, and being photographed on the basketball court. A little-known fact about him is that his first date with Michelle was to see Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing. Another funny tidbit Michelle has revealed is that Barack never puts the butter away and is horrible at making the bed. He certainly sounds like a pretty normal guy.
abraham lincoln barack obama bill clinton george washington grover cleveland white house White House Children


Lenovo likes to release a bunch of laptops. Its flagship lineup, the Yoga 900 series, usually gets all the attention from both the public and media. This leaves other series unnoticed by a lot of people such as 700 and 500 collections. Over the past month, I've been testing one of the latest entries in the former, the Yoga 720. It's a smaller $849.99 machine with a 13-inch display but enough power to get you through a workday. It's a fine computer, but it probably doesn't deserve to be pushed that hard.
And that's just how Lenovo sees it. It's advertising the beauty and power featured in the Yoga 900 series every day, it feels like, across social media. Meanwhile, the 700 series isn't getting that much attention. And for the 720, that's fine, because it wasn't built to be a super flashy competitor to the HP Spectre x360 or Apple MacBook. It's just there for people who can afford it.
Starting with the build, the Yoga 720 uses aluminum everywhere, making the laptop feel very premium for its price. It uses a standard 360-degree capable hinge rather Lenovo's famous watchband hinge found on products like the Yoga 920 and Yoga Book, but it makes sense considering it's not one of the company's higher-end devices. That being said, it can still be used as a tablet, tent, or stand thanks to the hinge which adds some versatility to the laptop. Chamfered edges add to its very pleasing and attractive aesthetic.
For IO, Lenovo includes two USB-C ports and a headphone jack on the left and a USB-A port on the right. The power button can be found on the right side as well. While not the most available ports ever put on a laptop, the Yoga 720 at least offers enough that should suffice most user's needs, especially in this day and age where dongles are plentiful and not everyone has caught up to speed with the inevitable wireless future.
The laptop, while not being the thinnest, is thin enough at 14.3 mm that it fits comfortably in any bag I throw it in. This paired with its weight of 2.9 pounds (1.3 kg) makes the Yoga 720 a great travel computer. It also allows for a relatively pleasant experience using the laptop as a tablet. I still don't necessarily doing this that often, but if you wanna just use the screen for a while, you won't have a treacherous time doing so.
Opening the laptop, you'll immediately notice the 13.3-inch IPS touch display. During my review period, I got to test the 1080p model that looks fine for normal everyday activities. Of course, I'd prefer the 4K UHD resolution, but 1080p on a 13-inch screen is certainly plentiful. Colors are well balanced, it's easy to read off of, and while I'd like it to get a bit bright especially in well-lit environments, I'm okay with how bright this panel glows.
Surrounding the Yoga 720's screen are relatively small bezels that help with its looks, but directing your attention to the bottom of the screen will present a pretty sizeable bezel that, honestly, looks kind of dumb. I know all the display components need to go somewhere, but I think I'd prefer a balancing out of all four bezels rather three super tiny ones and a massive one at the bottom. Luckily, the webcam isn't located in this bottom bezel: it's at the top of the screen where it should always be.
For my review, Lenovo specced my Yoga 720 with an 8th-generation Intel Core i5 processor, 8GB of RAM, 256GB of storage, and Intel HD Graphics 620. Day to day, the laptop offers enough power to get me through as I tend to do a lot of work in lighter apps like Google Chrome and Microsoft Word. Of course, there are those of you who use heavier tools and, unfortunately, the Yoga 720 can't really be specced much higher than this. You could opt for a UHD screen, UHD Intel graphics, and an 8th-gen Core i7, but in a nutshell, this laptop isn't really built for heavy users.
That being said, the computer still packs a punch for lighter tasks as it blazes through all the stuff I've thrown at it. Even some games from the Microsoft Store work. Of course, I wouldn't go installing Call of Duty or Halo, but for lighter titles, you should be good to go.
For sound, Lenovo packs JBl-branded speakers. They'd probably sound fine if they weren't mounted to the bottom of the Yoga 720's base. Honestly, I have no idea why companies do this since, based on the surface your laptop is sitting on, your music can get extremely muffled or tinny and, altogether, unpleasant to listen to. Therefore, I wish Lenovo at least put the speakers below the keyboard or something. Thank God there's a headphone jack.
Speaking of the keyboard, both the keyboard and trackpad are comfortable to use. Believe me, I've used both for plenty of time to determine they're good enough to return a pleasant experience for the end user. Of course, as I've said in the past, Lenovo's keyboards always feel a bit mushy to me, and the one on the Yoga 720 is no exception, but the more and more I type on it the more I get used to it. Therefore, I'm sure you'll have no problem adapting to Lenovo's methods of input.
Found below the keyboard and to the right of the trackpad, the Yoga 720 includes a fingerprint sensor for compatibility with Windows Hello. It works like 70% of the time, which is a shame. I'm not sure if it's a software thing or if the sensor is bad, but I can never really get a good experience out of a fingerprint reader from Lenovo. Of course, the sensor does work, it just doesn't work as well as I was hoping. I mean, we're not talking Touch ID-quality here. More like a sub-$200 Android phone quality.
As far as battery life goes, Lenovo projects up to 10.5 hours of usage, and I got around the nine to 10 hours mark myself. This is usually just enough to get me through a full day's worth of work, and that's really saying something as I'm constantly on my computer. Plus, it takes around two to two and a half hours to fully charge the laptop from zero to 100. Therefore, you probably won't have any problems with the battery stats on the Yoga 720.
So should you buy the Yoga 720? As I said earlier in my review, the laptop is as advertised. It's a less-powerful, less feature-rich, less pretty version of the Yoga 920 that makes up for people who don't wanna spend $1,000+ on a new laptop. It definitely has its shortcomings, but considering how many upsides it packs, I can actually recommend it to those who need something in the $800-$900 range. Why? Because it has a nice screen, good battery life, good speed, enough storage, and decent audio output. Plus, Lenovo built it for this market anyway. What more do you really need from a laptop?


This is a placeholder page for Carlos Banderas, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Carlos Banderas.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Carlos Banderas. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Carlos Banderas. We created this page automatically in hopes Carlos Banderas would find it. If you are not Carlos Banderas, but are an alumni of Bell High School Bell, CA, register on this site for free now.


The set was inspired by the fiddle playing of Dirk Powell and the Foghorn Stringband. We learned the tune Redbird from an old recording of Clark Kessinger. This track features some tenor banjo picking from Ewen Thomson and Grant Nicol on Mandolin.


I finished moving Tine's site to WordPress last night. I moved the data over from MT a while ago, and only now had a chance to sit down and whip up a template. The first one I did was for planetkris and the second was for rallynotes. As far as page complexity, rallynotes is a repeating background and two nested tables in HTML. I made Christine's site a little more colorful and tweaked some other things.
Unlike MT, I have some idea of what WP is doing in the background. I can at any point, open up the PHP hood and tweak a few settings. All of the templates use the same CSS tags, so if I see something on a forum or another site I like, I can grab it and tweak it into my home.
I found a sweet as in free GNU CSS editor called JustStyle CSS Editor over at ucware.com. It shows all the CSS tags possible in a list, so you can quickly hunt down what you want to change, or remember the more obscure tags like 'background-attachment'.
Side note – some of you may have seen that Matt from WordPress.org recently got pWn3d by Google for hosting hundreds of hidden indexed pages off of wordpress.org's site. I still love WP and I'm still loyal – but I removed the default WP link off the bottom of all of my pages.


text:
package org.theeuropeanlibrary.maia.converter.json.basetype;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationContext;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonDeserializer;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * A BaseTypeEncoder for Field
 *
 * @author Markus Muhr (markus.muhr@theeuropeanlibrary.org)
 * @since 22.10.2014
 */
public class DoubleDeserializer extends JsonDeserializer<Double> {

    @Override
    public Double deserialize(JsonParser jp, DeserializationContext dc) throws IOException, JsonProcessingException {
        return jp.getDoubleValue();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Extracting data in R using RedditExtracoR I've tried to extract Reddit data in R using the following:
library(RedditExtractoR)
term <- "science"
test <- get_reddit(search_terms = term,page_threshold = 10,sort_by = "new")

(taken from Search Operators in RedditExtractoR)
However, it gives me an emtpy data frame. Any ideas?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: What is strange error in Angular JS after ng-change? I have ng-change event in select list HTML:
<select class="form-control select short-input" ng-model="albumSelect" ng-change="selectedAlbum(albumSelect)" required>

Angular JS:
$scope.selectedAlbum = function (item) {
   $scope.selectedAlbum = item;
}

When I change option in select list I get error:

TypeError: k is not a function
      at ib.functionCall (angular.min.js:198)
      at l.$get.l.$eval (angular.min.js:125)
      at angular.min.js:213
      at angular.min.js:225
      at s (angular.min.js:7)
      at dg.$$writeModelToScope (angular.min.js:225)
      at angular.min.js:225
      at l (angular.min.js:223)
      at g (angular.min.js:223)
      at dg.$$runValidators (angular.min.js:224)

I can not find reason of this error. What is it may be?

A: You are changing function to a variable inside the function, first try changing this (different name for a function or variable).
Perhaps using a different name for a function such as:
<select class="form-control select short-input" ng-model="albumSelect" ng-change="selectAlbum(albumSelect)" required>

and then also change function to selectAlbum instead of selectedAlbum:
$scope.selectAlbum = function (item) {
   $scope.selectedAlbum = item;
}


ILVO's Spray Tech group is responsible for the mandatory and periodic inspection of sprayers in Flanders (BELAC accreditation 197 – INSP – ISO 17 020). Every three years, about 11 900 field sprayers, 1600 orchard sprayers and 700 greenhouse sprayers are tested by three mobile inspection teams. During these tests, all parts influencing the distribution of the crop protection products are checked, e.g. the pressure gauge, nozzles, pressure distribution, spray boom stability, etc.
ILVO is responsible for the mandatory and periodic inspection of sprayers in Flanders.


Place you liked in Ghana?"
There's bird watching, hiking and even paragliding in some parts of Ghana. There are even some I've never heard of, and thats why I created this page so that you can also tell us what you saw and what you liked. Other readers of this site would be happy if you share your magic moments with us.
Share Your Magic Moments about Attractions In Ghana?


Join the Authors Guild Foundation and fellow writers for this exciting literary series in New York! Authors and members of their publishing teams will discuss the process of creating and publishing their books, revealing how their manuscripts made it to the marketplace. The authors of the books and industry professionals who worked on them will candidly share their experiences regarding publicity, social media, working with agents and editors, and more. The panel discussions will be followed by a Q&A session and book signing. All are encouraged to attend, especially new authors looking to learn more about the business of writing.
From Manuscript to Marketplace is made possible by the New York State Council on the Arts with the support of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo and the New York State Legislature.
Stay tuned for more Manuscript to Marketplace events this Spring!
Copies of Halsey Street by Naima Coster and Everyday People: The Color of Life by Jennifer Baker (editor) will be available for purchase from Kew & Willow bookstore.
Naima Coster is the author of Halsey Street, a novel of family, loss, and renewal, set in a rapidly gentrifying Brooklyn. Halsey Street has been recommended as a must-read for 2018 by People, Essence, Bustle, Kirkus Reviews, Electric Lit, BitchMedia, The Root, and elsewhere.
Vivian Lee is an editor at Little A, Amazon Publishing's literary fiction and narrative nonfiction imprint, where her list includes Naima Coster's Halsey Street, Matthew Salesses's The Hundred-Year Flood, Viet Dinh's After Disasters (PEN/Faulkner Finalist), and Harold Schechter's Hell's Princess (a Washington Post bestseller). She is a 2018 PW Rising Star Honoree.
Jennifer Baker is a publishing professional, creator/host of the Minorities in Publishing podcast, and contributing editor to Electric Literature. In 2017, she was awarded a NYSCA/NYFA Fellowship and a Queens Council on the Arts New Work Grant for Nonfiction Literature. Jennifer is editor of the short story anthology Everyday People: The Color of Life (Atria Books, 2018). Her writing has appeared in Forbes.com, LitHub, Poets & Writers, and Bustle, among other online publications. Her website is jennifernbaker.com.
Copies of That Kind of Mother by Rumaan Alam available for purchase from Stories bookstore.
Rumaan Alam is the author of the novels Rich and Pretty and That Kind of Mother. His work has appeared in The Wall Street Journal, Buzzfeed, The New Republic, Elle, and The New York Times, where he is an editor.
Born and raised in New York City, Julie Barer began her career as a bookseller at Shakespeare & Company. She started her own agency, Barer Literary, in 2004 and came together with her partners to form The Book Group in 2015. Julie represents a variety of writers across a literary spectrum, with a special emphasis on fiction.
Megan Lynch is VP & Editorial Director at Ecco, where she has worked since 2014. Prior to that, she spent more than a decade working at Riverhead Books. A graduate of Brown University, she is from Philadelphia.
Brigid Hughes is the founder and editor of A Public Space. Previously, she edited The Paris Review. The recipient of the PEN/Nora Magid Award for editing, she has also curated a literary series at BAM and teaches at Columbia University.
Copies of Speak No Evil by Uzodinma Iweala available for purchase.
Uzodinma Iweala is an award-winning writer, filmmaker, and medical doctor. He is the CEO of The Africa Center in New York, promoting a new narrative about Africa and its diaspora through a focus on culture, policy, and business. Uzodinma is the Co-Founder of Ventures Africa magazine, a publication that covers business, policy, culture, and innovation spaces in Africa. He has written three books: Beasts of No Nation (2005), a novel also adapted into a major motion picture; Our Kind of People (2012), a nonfiction account of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria; and Speak No Evil (2018), a novel about Washington, D.C. Instagram: @uiweala.
A graduate of Yale University, Jennifer Barth has worked in publishing for thirty years, ten of which have been spent at Harper as a Vice President and Executive Editor. She edits both fiction and nonfiction; her authors include Michael Chabon, Tessa Hadley, Uzodinma Iweala, Mary Karr, Armistead Maupin, Caitlin Moran, Peggy Orenstein, and Jacqueline Winspear, among many others. She lives in Manhattan with her husband; they have a son and a daughter. Jennifer serves on the advisory board of the Bronx Academy of Letters.
Sign up for our newsletter to receive information about future events.
Log in to your member account. If you are a member and do not have an online account, get in touch with the Authors Guild via our contact form.


text:
using System.Text;

public static partial class Extensions
{
    /// A StringBuilder extension method that extracts the hexadecimal described by @this.
    /// <param name="this">The @this to act on.</param>
    /// <returns>The extracted hexadecimal.</returns>
    public static StringBuilder ExtractHexadecimal(this StringBuilder @this)
    {
        return @this.ExtractHexadecimal(0);
    }

    /// A StringBuilder extension method that extracts the hexadecimal described by @this.
    /// <param name="this">The @this to act on.</param>
    /// <param name="endIndex">[out] The end index.</param>
    /// <returns>The extracted hexadecimal.</returns>
    public static StringBuilder ExtractHexadecimal(this StringBuilder @this, out int endIndex)
    {
        return @this.ExtractHexadecimal(0, out endIndex);
    }

    /// A StringBuilder extension method that extracts the hexadecimal described by @this.
    /// <param name="this">The @this to act on.</param>
    /// <param name="startIndex">The start index.</param>
    /// <returns>The extracted hexadecimal.</returns>
    public static StringBuilder ExtractHexadecimal(this StringBuilder @this, int startIndex)
    {
        int endIndex;
        return @this.ExtractHexadecimal(startIndex, out endIndex);
    }

    /// A StringBuilder extension method that extracts the hexadecimal described by @this.
    /// <param name="this">The @this to act on.</param>
    /// <param name="startIndex">The start index.</param>
    /// <param name="endIndex">[out] The end index.</param>
    /// <returns>The extracted hexadecimal.</returns>
    public static StringBuilder ExtractHexadecimal(this StringBuilder @this, int startIndex, out int endIndex)
    {
        // WARNING: This method support all kind of suffix for .NET Runtime Compiler
        // An operator can be any sequence of supported operator character

        if (startIndex + 1 < @this.Length && @this[startIndex] == '0'
            && (@this[startIndex + 1] == 'x' || @this[startIndex + 1] == 'X'))
        {
            var sb = new StringBuilder();

            var hasNumber = false;
            var hasSuffix = false;

            sb.Append(@this[startIndex]);
            sb.Append(@this[startIndex + 1]);

            var pos = startIndex + 2;

            while (pos < @this.Length)
            {
                var ch = @this[pos];
                pos++;

                if (((ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
                     || (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f')
                     || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F'))
                    && !hasSuffix)
                {
                    hasNumber = true;
                    sb.Append(ch);
                }
                else if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z'))
                {
                    hasSuffix = true;
                    sb.Append(ch);
                }
                else
                {
                    pos -= 2;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (hasNumber)
            {
                endIndex = pos;
                return sb;
            }
        }

        endIndex = -1;
        return null;
    }
}


text:
Q: How to implement facebook share functionality in react.js? I want to implement facebook share functionality in react.js. Now the issue is I can't add meta tags dynamically in the react.js as the head tag is out of scope. Any one can help me regarding this?
Thanks in advance


text:
Q: Django: Where do I place reusable functions?
Possible Duplicate:
How can I include custom modules in a Django app

There are functions that I'd like to re-use in my views. Do I define them inside views.py? What is the "django way" to do this?

A: I have seen projects that use a utils.py file. If the functions inside only pertain to one app it goes in the apps directory.  If it is shared between apps it can go in an app called common or something to similar effect.


As a way for friends and family to share information, or simply to catalogue your digital photo files, Dropbox is a superb resource.
It's simplicity, openness, and ease of use makes it the perfect tool for sharing. However, the very things that make Dropbox an easy way to distribute information, also makes it a potential liability for business users.
Because Dropbox was designed for the average user and was not intended specifically for business, oversight controls are much less stringent than true enterprise data management systems. One of the primary concerns with Dropbox is that any device with an instance of Dropbox installed can access your corporate Dropbox account and synch all your data without your IT Admin even knowing.
This means that an employee can be walking around with your critical data on an non-secure laptop or tablet. Even if they have no intention of causing the firm harm, your data is now at risk.
Last fall, hackers claiming to have over seven million Dropbox usernames and passwords leaked some of this data to the internet threatening to release more unless they were paid a ransom. Dropbox denied their servers were hacked in this case, placing the blame instead on other services to which Dropbox provides access.
But that is the problem: because there are so many possible points of entry into Dropbox, the potential for a malicious attack is very high.
Most industry regulators – and indeed many corporate compliance polices – require all data files to be maintained for a prescribed period of time. Typically, access to certain files must also be restricted to only approved individuals and in both instances, Dropbox falls short. This is because Dropbox does not allow you to set user-level read and write privileges so access to data in a Dropbox folder is either all or none.
Dropbox has very limited data encryption capabilities that fall well below the standards of typical corporate data management systems. While this may be adequate for storing non-critical files, it is not sufficient for sensitive client data.
Because Dropbox does not provide an audit trail identifying users that accessed a file, it is not possible for IT Administrators to know when a file was modified or deleted. This can make it very difficult to enforce proper file versioning controls and protect data.
The attraction to Dropbox is understandable; it is very low-cost and provides the ease of accessibility that is the hallmark of cloud storage facilities. Having said that, there are better alternatives to safe-guard your data while still providing all the benefits the cloud has to offer.
Have questions about Dropbox for your business? Give your team of cloud experts a call today. We are here to make sure your business is completely safe.


A black-pied coat prevailing over the white. White limbs, black head with a star in the forehead. White tail tuft; grey and black wide muzzle. Moderate size and height.
Both meat and dairy production breed, mainly dairy though. Very rustic, able to exploit poor mountainous pastures.


text:
Hostname: page-component-7ccbd9845f-hl5gf Total loading time: 0.365 Render date: 2023-01-30T15:58:04.153Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false } hasContentIssue true
>The Journal of African History
>THE UNACCOUNTABLE CENSUS: COLONIAL ENUMERATION AND...
The Journal of African History
THE UNACCOUNTABLE CENSUS: COLONIAL ENUMERATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOMALI PEOPLE OF KENYA*
KEREN WEITZBERG
KEREN WEITZBERG*
In 2010, the Kenyan government annulled national census results due to concerns that Somalis in the country had been over-counted. This article traces the genesis of this recent demographic dispute, which held important implications for the distribution of political power. It shows that African leaders inherited long-standing practices laid down by the colonial state, which was unable to obtain a reliable count of the number of people in Kenya or render its Somali subjects into a countable, traceable population. In regions where expansive Somali networks had long predated British rule, colonial authorities only loosely enforced the concept of a permanent population. By yielding to this reality, colonial officials developed governance techniques that should not be mistakenly portrayed as state 'failures'. These policies call into question the applicability of James C. Scott's concept of 'legibility' to Kenya. They also suggest that recent demographic controversies cannot be reductively blamed on 'illegal' immigration.
KenyaSomaliademographypastoralismnomadismmigrationstate
The Limits of Power over People in the Horn of Africa
The Journal of African History , Volume 56 , Issue 3 , November 2015 , pp. 409 - 428
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185371500033X[Opens in a new window]
I would like to extend my gratitude to Richard Ambani and the rest of the staff at the Kenya National Archives as well as Hassan Kochore, Hassan Ibrahim, Abdi Billow Ibrahim, and Ibrahim Abdikarim, who helped at different stages of my fieldwork, in addition to the many people in Kenya who generously shared aspects of their lives with me. Thanks are also due to Dr Alden Young, Dr Mathew Barton, Dr Timothy Parsons, Alice Brown, Pete Tridish, and the three anonymous readers at The Journal of African History, who read early drafts of this article. Stanford University, the Mellon Foundation, and the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania generously supported my writing and research. Author's email: kerenwe@sas.upenn.edu
1 Samantha Balaton-Chrimes argues that the census provided marginalized minorities in Kenya with a new way to engage in the 'politics of recognition'. Balaton-Chrimes, S., 'Counting as citizens: recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 census', Ethnopolitics, 10:2 (2011), 215CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi:10.1080/17449057.2011.570983. Due to increased sensitivity resulting from the 2007 post-election violence and lobbying from minority groups, the government decided to encode groups for the first time, which more than doubled the number of legally recognized 'ethnicities'. Ibid. 207.
2 Other historically nomadic communities living in the north, such as the Turkana, were also affected by the government's decision.
3 Samora, M., 'The Somali question', World Policy Journal, 30:3 (2013), 105CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1177/0740277513506387; A. Teyie, 'Kenya: 2009 census delayed over Somali numbers', The Star (Nairobi) reprinted at All-Africa.com, 9 Jan. 2010 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201001120871.html).
4 Not only have nomadic populations posed unique challenges for census agents, but inhabitants of the north have also been reluctant to cooperate with census efforts due to a long history of political and economic marginalization. The 2009 census may have turned out greater participation, in part, because it was tied to the promise of political reform.
5 The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was technically known as the East Africa Protectorate prior to 1920.
6 J. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998), 2.
7 Ibid.
8 Lee, C. Joon-Hai, 'The native undefined: colonial categories, Anglo-African status and the politics of kinship in British Central Africa, 1929–1938', The Journal of African History, 46:3 (2005), 458–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1017/S0021853705000861; Miescher, S. F., 'Building the city of the future: visions and experiences of modernity in Ghana's Akosombo township', The Journal of African History, 53:3 (2012), 368CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 389, doi: 10.1017/S0021853712000679.
9 Pierce, S., 'Looking like a state: colonialism and the discourse of corruption in Northern Nigeria', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 48:4 (2006), 909–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1017/S0010417506000338, emphasis in original. See also Bähre, E. and Lecocq, B. (eds.), 'The drama of development', Special Issue, African Studies, 66:1 (2007), 1–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sivaramakrishnan, K. (ed.), 'Moral economies, state spaces, and categorical violence: anthropological engagements with the work of James Scott', Special Issue, American Anthropologist, 107:3 (2005), 321–562CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
10 A useful examination of the failed state paradigm is to be found in R. I. Rotberg, 'Failed states, collapsed states, weak states: causes and indicators', in R. I. Rotberg (ed.), State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror (Washington, DC, 2003), 1-25. Shahar Hameiri argues that both the neo-Weberian and the neoliberal literature on this topic are predicated on an overly technocratic view of the state. See S. Hameiri, 'Failed states or a failed paradigm? State capacity and the limits of institutionalism', Journal of International Relations and Development, 10:2 (2007), 122–49, doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800120.
11 J. Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton, NJ, 2000), 3. The intellectual roots of Herbst's argument can be traced to Max Weber, who drew a link between state power and the ability to maintain a monopoly on the use of violence within a given territory.
12 A. Mbembe, On the Postcolony (Berkeley, CA, 2001), 8. A number of influential philosophical texts have explored the association between Africa and 'incompleteness', such as C. L. Miller, Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French (Chicago, (1985), 3–29; and V. Y. Mudimbe, The Idea of Africa (Bloomington, IN, 1994), 5–6.
13 There are, however, notable exceptions to this trend, such as J. F. Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London, 1993), 1–37.
14 Whereas the popular image of the Somali in the 1960s was that of the shifta or bandit, today many Kenyans perceive Somalis to be potential terrorists. For more on why Somalis came to be constructed as 'security threats', see Prestholdt, J., 'Kenya, the United States, and counterterrorism', Africa Today, 57:4 (2011), 3–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.2979/africatoday.57.4.3; and Whittaker, H. A., 'The socioeconomic dynamics of the shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–1968', The Journal of African History, 53:3 (2012), 391–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1017/S0021853712000448.
15 A. de Waal, Famine That Kills: Darfur, Sudan (New York, 2005), 4. Finding colonial and postcolonial government statistics to be unreliable, de Waal instead grounds his analysis in ethnography.
16 S. Berry, No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (Madison, WI, 1993), 22; F. Cooper, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge, UK, 1996), 465. The limited reach of the colonial state, however, did not preclude the use of coercion and performative violence. See C. Young, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (New Haven, 1994), 43–140.
17 K. Breckenridge, 'No will to know: the rise and fall of African civil registration in twentieth-century South Africa', in K. Breckenridge and S. Szreter (eds.), Registration and Recognition: Documenting the Person in World History, Proceedings of the British Academy, 182 (Oxford, 2012), 357.
18 Martin, C. J., 'The East African population census, 1948: planning and enumeration', Population Studies, 3:3 (1949), 303–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.2307/2172580.
19 K. Ittmann, '"Where nature dominates man": demographic ideas and policy in British colonial Africa, 1890–1970', in K. Ittmann, D. D. Cordell, and G. H. Maddox (eds.), The Demographics of Empire: The Colonial Order and the Creation of Knowledge (Athens, OH, 2010), 67.
20 See M. Jerven, Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It (Ithaca, NY, 2013), 1–7. Morten Jerven's work, which calls into question indicators such as GDP, has sparked a reevaluation among economic historians of the uses and misuses of statistical data.
21 Blacker, J., 'The demography of Mau Mau: fertility and mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: a demographer's viewpoint', African Affairs, 106:423 (2007), 209CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1093/afraf/adm014. Blacker critiques Caroline Elkins's use of the 1948 and 1962 national censuses to derive Mau Mau casualty figures. His study provides important cautionary advice against the uncritical use of census data.
22 P. Manning, 'African population: projections, 1850–1960', in K. Ittmann, D. D. Cordell, and G. H. Maddox (eds.), The Demographics of Empire: The Colonial Order and the Creation of Knowledge (Athens, OH, 2010), 245–75.
23 N. Mburu, Bandits on the Border: The Last Frontier in the Search for Somali Unity (Trenton, NJ, 2005), 23–74; G. Schlee, Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya (Manchester, 1989); H. Whittaker, Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Kenya: A Social History of the Shifta Conflict, c. 1963–1968 (Leiden, 2014), 1–23; interview with Ahmed Maalin Abdalle, Habasweyn, 16 July 2011; interview with Aden Hassan Baraki, Habasweyn, 16 July 2011; Kenya National Archives (KNA) DC GRA/3/4, H. B. Sharpe, 'The Somali general history', Jan. 1932.
24 L. Cassanelli, 'The opportunistic economies of the Kenya-Somali borderland in historical perspective', in D. Feyissa and M. Virgil Höhne (eds.), Borders & Borderlands As Resources in the Horn of Africa (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2010), 133–150.
25 Some Somali traders also immigrated from Kismayo, a port city in southern Somalia.
26 'Clan' should be understood as an imprecise label. The term is defined relationally and what it means in any given context varies. It is also likely that members of other clans who immigrated to Kenya ultimately came to identify as Isaaq or Harti.
27 Interview with Farah Mohamed Awad, Nairobi, 12 Oct. 2010; interview with Hussein Nuur, Nairobi, 14 Oct. 2010; Turton, E. R., 'The Isaq Somali diaspora and poll-tax agitation in Kenya, 1936–1941', African Affairs, 73:292 (1974), 325–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
28 KNA VQ 1/21, 'The position of alien Somalis in Kenya Colony', letter from the Secretariat circulated to all members of Executive Council, 25 Apr. 1945.
29 M. Owino, 'The discourse of overpopulation in Western Kenya and the creation of the Pioneer Corps', in K. Ittmann, D. D. Cordell, and G. H. Maddox (eds.), The Demographics of Empire: The Colonial Order and the Creation of Knowledge (Athens, OH, 2010), 158.
30 Dracopoli, I. N., 'Across southern Jubaland to the Lorian Swamp', The Geographical Journal, 42:2 (1913), 128–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
31 Some of the material in this article is based upon previous and forthcoming publications by the author. See Weitzberg, K., 'Producing history from elisions, fragments, and silences: public testimony, the Asiatic poll-tax campaign, and the Isaaq Somali population of Kenya', Northeast African Studies, 13:2 (2013), 177–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and K. Weitzberg, 'Rethinking the "Shifta War" fifty years after independence: myth, memory, and marginalization', in M. M. Kithinji, M. M. Koster, and J. P. Rotich (eds.), Kenya at Fifty: History, Policy, Politics (New York, 2016).
32 For more on 'hybrid' forms of governance on the borderlands of colonial states, see A. Walraet, 'State-making and emerging complexes of power and accumulation in the Southern Sudan-Kenyan border area: the rise of a thriving cross-border business network', in C. Vaughan, M. Schomerus, and L. de Vries (eds.), The Borderlands of South Sudan: Authority and Identity in Contemporary and Historical Perspectives (New York, 2013), 173–92.
33 KNA PC NFD 1/5/2, F. G. Jennings, 'Wajir District annual report', 1930; Schlee, G., 'Territorializing ethnicity: the imposition of a model of statehood on pastoralists in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36:5 (2013), 860CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
34 KNA PC NFD 1/5/2, F. G. Jennings, 'Wajir District annual report', 1930.
35 Interview with Ali Hassan, Nairobi, 3 Nov. 2010; KNA PC/NFD/1/5/2, F. G. Jennings, 'Wajir annual report', 1932.
36 KNA PC NFD 1/5/2, F. G. Jennings, 'Wajir annual report', 1932.
37 KNA PC NFD 1/5/2, 'Wajir annual report', 1933.
38 Ibid. 5.
39 Herbst, States, 3.
40 KNA PC NFD 1/5/2, 'Annual report for the year 1934, Wajir District, NFD', 1–5, 15.
41 M. Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, NJ, 1996), 16–21.
42 Sir Richard Burton helped to popularize this image of the Somalis in the mid-nineteenth century. R. F. Burton, 'The Somal, their origin and peculiarities', in I. Burton (ed.), First Footsteps in East Africa or, An Exploration of Harar, Two Volumes Bound as One, vol. I (New York, 1987 [orig. pub. 1856]), 70–5.
43 KNA PC NFD 4/1/6, 'Somali Exemption Ordinance 1919 and the Somali exemption rules 1919', letter from Chief Native Commissioner to all Provincial Commissioners, 2 Feb. 1920; interview with Zaynab Sharif, Nairobi, 13 Jan. 2011; interview with Hassan Ahmed Warsame, Nairobi, 11 Oct. 2010.
44 KNA PC Coast 1/3/162, 'Re: status of Somalis', letter from H. W. B. Blackall, Ag. Crown Council to Chief Native Commissioner, 3 Apr. 1920; The National Archives of the UK (TNA) CO 533/402/6, letter from Edward Grigg, Governor of Kenya Colony and Protectorate to Lord Passfield, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 15 Sept. 1930; TNA CO 533/425/7, 'Re: hospital accommodation-native civil hospital', letter from representatives of the Isaak Sheriff Community, Arabs to Governor of Kenya, 4 May 1932; KNA AG 39/120, letter from Attorney General to Colonial Secretary, 31 May 1934.
45 TNA CO 533/402/6, letter from H. Kittermaster to Lord Passfield, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 10 Sept. 1930.
46 It is worth noting, however, that colonial officials often struggled to give their subjects singular and unambiguous ethnic labels. See Parsons, T., 'Being Kikuyu in Meru: challenging the tribal geography of colonial Kenya', The Journal of African History, 53:1 (2012), 65–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1017/S0021853712000023.
47 KNA PC CP 8/3/11, 'Population of Colony and Protectorate of Kenya: Machakos, North Nyeri, and Meru'.
48 B. R. O'G. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 2006), 170.
49 H. K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York, 1994), 159–63.
50 T. Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, 1993), 17.
51 Lee, 'The Native', 455–78.
52 Kenya, The Official Gazette of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (Special Issue) 38:49 (Nairobi, 3 Oct. 1936), 949. For more on the campaign for Asiatic status, see Turton, 'The Isaq'; and Weitzberg, 'Producing'.
53 KNA AG 39/120, letter from E. J. A. Musa, President, British Shariff Ishak Community of Kenya Colony to Colonial Secretary.
54 KNA PC SP 6/1/2, 'Status of Somalis in Kenya: rate of payment under Non-Native Poll Tax Ordinance', letter from A. de V. Wade, Colonial Secretary to Secretariat, 26 Apr. 1938.
55 KNA AG 39/120, 'Note on the status and control of Somalis in Kenya Colony in time of war', letter from P. Wyn Harris, Officer-in-Charge of Native Intelligence, 24 Oct. 1940.
56 KNA AG 39/120, 'Objects of the Somali Registration Bill'.
57 KNA AG 39/120, letter from G. Reece to G. M. Rennie, Chief Secretary, 16 Jan. 1940.
58 A concern that no doubt grew as increasing numbers of Somali soldiers began fighting in the Second World War on behalf of the British Empire. To preempt accusations of racial discrimination, the governor of Kenya instead implemented a far more limited system of registration for 'non-natives' residing in the NFD. KNA AG 39/120, 'Government notice No. 506: The defence (Northern Frontier District) regulations', in Kenya, The Official Gazette of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (Supplement No. 23) 43:24 (Nairobi, 3 June 1941), 169.
59 Turton, 'The Isaq', 345.
60 The Managing Committee of the Shariff Ishakian Community, Memorandum of the Population of The Shariff Ishakians and Somalies in East Africa (Nairobi, Jan. 1940), courtesy of Dr Tabea Scharrer.
61 For example, see C. Vaughan, 'The Rizeigat-Malual borderland during the condominium: the limits of legibility', in C. Vaughan, M. Schomerus, and L. de Vries (eds.), The Borderlands of South Sudan: Authority and Identity in Contemporary and Historical Perspectives (New York, 2013), 133–52.
62 Cooper, Decolonization, 65–73.
63 J. M. Hodge, Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (Athens, OH, 2007), 178. Ironically, as Ittmann points out, only a few decades earlier, most colonial officials thought of Sub-Saharan Africa as underpopulated. Ittmann, 'Where nature', 59.
64 For more on the history of postwar development projects in Africa, see F. Cooper, 'Modernizing bureaucrats, backward Africans, and the development concept', in F. Cooper and R. Packard (eds.), International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, CA, 1997), 64–92.
66 KNA DC ISO 3/6/26, 'Crown Lands Ordinance', letter from G. Reece, Officer-in-Charge, Northern Frontier District to Attorney General, 11 May 1939.
67 KNA DC ISO 3/6/26, 'Alien Somali settlement scheme', letter from G. Reece, Officer-in-Charge, Northern Frontier District to Chief Secretary, 12 Mar. 1940, 6.
68 KNA DC ISO 3/6/26, 'Alien Somalis', letter from T. G. Askwith, District Commissioner, Isiolo District to the Officer-in-Charge, Northern Frontier District, 17 June 1942.
69 KNA DC ISO 3/6/26, 'Somali settlement', letter from T. G. Askwith, District Commissioner, Isiolo District to Officer-in-Charge, Northern Frontier District, 16 Apr. 1943.
70 KNA PC NFD 5/5/1, D. C. Edwards, Senior Agricultural Officer (Pasture Research), 20 Nov. 1943.
71 KNA DC MDA 5/1, G. Reece, 'Control of grazing areas', 23 July 1945.
72 Ellis, J. E. and Swift, D. M., 'Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development', Journal of Range Management, 41:6 (1988), 450CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.2307/3899515.
73 Ibid. 453. See also E. M. Fratkin and E. A. Roth (eds.), As Pastoralists Settle: Social, Health, and Economic Consequences of the Pastoral Sedentarization in Marsabit District, Kenya (New York, 2005), 1–28.
74 KNA PC NFD 1/1/9, 'Northern Province annual report, 1947', 4–5; KNA SA 15/17, 'Wajir District handing-over report', letter from P. G. P. D. Fullerton to J. M. Golds, 20 May 1961.
75 KNA DC WAJ 2/1/4, 'Chief's Meeting', 4 Jan. 1949; KNA DC WAJ 2/1/4, 'Meeting of Chiefs', 24 Dec. 1949; interview with Abdi Salat Abdille, Kotulo, 1 June 2011; interview with Saman Ali Aden and Abbas Aden Amin Osman, Wajir, 6 Apr. 2011; Schlee, 'Territorializing', 859.
76 KNA DC WAJ 2/1/4, 'Minutes of Chiefs' and Headmen's Meeting Held at Wajir', 25 Jan. 1948.
77 As Andrew S. Mathews has shown of Mexico, 'official knowledge' rarely 'arises from the imposition of legibility', but is more often 'the relatively fragile product of negotiations between officials and their audiences in meeting halls and offices'. A. S. Mathews, Instituting Nature: Authority, Expertise, and Power in Mexican Forests (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 15.
78 As Mohammed Farah notes, 'no clan boundary, no matter how well-adjudged, could be said to contain all that was necessary for the needs of the livestock'. M. I. Farah, From Ethnic Response to Clan Identity: A Study of State Penetration Among the Somali Nomadic Pastoral Society of Northeastern Kenya (Uppsala, 1993), 133.
79 KNA PC NFD 1/1/10, 'Northern Frontier Province annual report, 1951', 2.
80 M. I. Farah, From Ethnic Response to Clan Identity: A Study of State Penetration Among the Somali Nomadic Pastoral Society of Northeastern Kenya (Uppsala, 1993), 133.
81 KNA PC NFD 2/1/4, letter from R. G. Turnbull to J. W. Cusack, 'Northern Province handing-over report', Mar. 1953.
82 East African Statistical Department, African Population of Kenya Colony and Protectorate: Geographical and Tribal Studies, 1948 (Nairobi, 15 Sept. 1950), 5–6.
83 KNA PC NGO 1/1/18, letter from R. G. Turnbull, Provincial Commissioner, Northern Province to E. A. Sweatman, Officer-in-Charge, Maasai, 24 Nov. 1952.
84 Ibid.
85 KNA PC NGO 1/1/18, letter from Ag. Secretary for African Affairs to Provincial Commissioners of Nyanza, Coast, Rift Valley, Southern, and Central Provinces and Officer-in-Charge of Nairobi Extra-Provincial District, 18 June 1956.
86 KNA DC MUR 3/1/21, 'The Somali Census in Kenya Colony', letter from Officer-in-Charge of Somali Census to Ag. Provincial Commissioner, Central Province, 28 Nov. 1956.
87 Between 1957 and 1959, Somali political associations petitioned the government to give Somalis outside of the NFD employment opportunities as well as their own member in the Legislative Council. There were approximately 8,000 Somalis living outside of the NFD at this time. (Somali veterans of the Second World War had augmented their numbers). KNA CS 28/2/1, letter from A. Warsame, Vice President of the United Somali Association to Chief Secretary, 7 Oct. 1957; KNA CS 28/2/2, letter from President, Somali National Association to Chief Secretary, 24 Feb. 1959; KNA CS 28/2/2, letter from W. F. Coutts, Chief Secretary to M. Blundell, Minister for Agriculture, 7 Apr. 1959.
88 B. S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, NJ, 1996), 8; N. B. Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Princeton, NJ, 2001); M. Mamdani, Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity (Cambridge, MA, 2012), 48–9; Scott, Seeing, 83.
89 A notable exception is Arjun Appadurai. See A. Appadurai, Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger (Durham, 2006), 49–85; A. Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, 1996), 114–35.
90 A. Ghosh, 'The fundamentalist challenge', in W. H. Gass and L. Cuoco (eds.), The Writer and Religion (Carbondale, IL, 2000), 88.
91 Mamdani, Citizen; P. Geschiere, The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe (Chicago, 2009), 130–68. As Peter Geschiere shows, nativist politics and anti-immigrant sentiments are also problems within Europe and thus can hardly be considered exclusive to Africa. For recent work on the relationship between elections, political ethnicity, and multiparty democracy in Kenya, see Bratton, M. and Kimenyi, M. S., 'Voting in Kenya: putting ethnicity in perspective', Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2:2 (2008), 272–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1080/17531050802058401.
92 'Revisiting Kenya's forgotten pogroms', Al Jazeera, 15 Dec. 2013 (http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2013/11/revisiting-kenya-forgotten-pogroms-2013111110145776543.html); Hogg, R., 'Pastoralism and impoverishment: the case of the Isiolo Boran of Northern Kenya', Disasters, 4:3 (1980), 299–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
93 A. M. Wandati, 'Screening: no laughing matter', Daily Nation (29 November 1989), 7; Lochery, E., 'Rendering difference visible: the Kenyan state and its Somali citizens', African Affairs, 111:445 (2012), 615–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1093/afraf/ads059.
94 Geschiere, P. and Nyamnjoh, F. B., 'Capitalism and autochthony: the seesaw of mobility and belonging', Public Culture, 12:2 (2000), 423CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: 10.1215/08992363-12-2-423.
95 Campbell, E. H., 'Urban refugees in Nairobi: problems of protection, mechanisms of survival, and possibilities of integration', Journal of Refugee Studies, 19:3 (2006), 396–413CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi:10.1093/jrs/fel011. Many citizens of Somali descent have also been denied official forms of identification due to government discrimination. Consequently, ID cards are often a poor marker of legal status.
96 Jerven, Poor, 73–4; Samora, 'The Somali'; D. Zarembka, 'Perilous times for Kenya's Somalis', Foreign Policy in Focus, 21 Oct. 2013 (http://fpif.org/perilous-times-kenyas-somalis/).
97 Appadurai, Fear, 6.
98 J. Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: 'Development', Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (Minneapolis, 1990), 19–20.
This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.
Weitzberg, Keren 2016. Kenya After 50. p. 65.
WHITTAKER, HANNAH 2017. FRONTIER SECURITY IN NORTH EAST AFRICA: CONFLICT AND COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE MARGINS c. 1930–60. The Journal of African History, Vol. 58, Issue. 3, p. 381.
Allen, Tom 2017. The Purposes of Land Settlement in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1914: Drawing Paths through the Weeds. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. 45, Issue. 6, p. 894.
Serra, Gerardo 2018. "Hail the Census Night": Trust and Political Imagination in the 1960 Population Census of Ghana. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 60, Issue. 3, p. 659.
Scharrer, Tabea 2018. "Ambiguous citizens": Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging. Journal of Eastern African Studies, Vol. 12, Issue. 3, p. 494.
Espeland, Wendy and Yung, Vincent 2019. Ethical dimensions of quantification. Social Science Information, Vol. 58, Issue. 2, p. 238.
Christopher, A. J. 2019. Nationality and citizenship in the Commonwealth census record. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol. 57, Issue. 3, p. 262.
Varming, Kirstine Strøh 2020. Urban subjects: Somali claims to recognition and urban belonging in Eastleigh, Nairobi. African Studies, Vol. 79, Issue. 1, p. 1.
Ng'asike, Philemon Ong'ao Stepputat, Finn and Njoka, Jesse Theuri 2020. Livestock trade and devolution in the Somali-Kenya transboundary corridor. Pastoralism, Vol. 10, Issue. 1,
Whittaker, Hannah 2020. Youth on the margins: criminalizing Kenya's pastoral frontier, c. 1930-present. Journal of Eastern African Studies, Vol. 14, Issue. 4, p. 763.
Balaton-Chrimes, Samantha 2021. Who are Kenya's 42(+) tribes? The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty. Journal of Eastern African Studies, Vol. 15, Issue. 1, p. 43.
Feghali, Sylvia Faria, Caroline and Jama, Fardowsa 2021. "Let us create space": Reclaiming peace and security in a Kenyan Somali community. Political Geography, Vol. 90, Issue. , p. 102453.
Serra, Gerardo and Jerven, Morten 2021. Contested Numbers: Census Controversies and the Press in 1960s Nigeria. The Journal of African History, Vol. 62, Issue. 2, p. 235.
Harvey, Bonnie Dalal, Warren Amin, Farah McIntyre, Elvira Ward, Sarah Merrill, Rebecca D. Mohamed, Abdinoor and Hsu, Christopher H. 2022. Planning and implementing a targeted polio vaccination campaign for Somali mobile populations in Northeastern Kenya based on migration and settlement patterns. Ethnicity & Health, Vol. 27, Issue. 4, p. 817.
Balaton-Chrimes, Samantha and Cooley, Laurence 2022. To count or not to count? Insights from Kenya for global debates about enumerating ethnicity in national censuses. Ethnicities, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 404.
Scharrer, Tabea 2022. Creating an atmosphere of intellectual superiority: Islamic missionary work in Kenya as staged competition in a climate of religious diversity. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 37, Issue. 2, p. 203.
KEREN WEITZBERG (a1)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185371500033X

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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/News/Business
US stock indexes continue to climb into record territory
NEW YORK (AP) — The major U.S. stock indexes closed at record highs on Friday, with the S&P 500 ending above 3,000 for the first time. The market was driven higher by technology, consumer discretionary and industrial company stocks, which more than offset the drop in ...
Current economic expansion longest in history — what does this mean for your finances?
The current U.S. economic expansion recently enjoyed its ten-year anniversary. This means that for the past decade the economy, as measured by the nation's gross domestic product has been consistently growing without a measurable pull-back, or recession. This long expansion follows the very ...
Guacamole blues: Mexicans dismayed by avocado price climb
MEXICO CITY (AP) — Mexicans are dismayed by continued increases in the price for avocados, a staple of the country's cuisine. And the situation has also led to outrage too, as recipes have begun popping up for so-called "mock guacamole" without avocados. "This really does hurt," ...
Seeking the positive
MARSHALL — It all began with a school project. Eric Leach, Parker Terfehr, and Simon Zahrbock, recent graduates of Marshall High School, started TZ Clothing, a business and clothing line, in December. It started when Terfehr and Zahrbock worked on a school project involving the ...
Trump pick for Fed says she does not want to harm investors
WASHINGTON (AP) — Economist Judy Shelton, tapped by President Donald Trump for a seat on the Federal Reserve board, said on Friday she does not favor credit tightening by the Federal Reserve that would harm investors. In a CNBC interview, Shelton sought to align her past criticism of the ...
Burned Jim Beam warehouse was insured
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) — A Jim Beam storage warehouse that burned down, destroying 45,000 barrels of aging whiskey, was equipped with sprinklers and was insured, the company says. Meanwhile, the famed distiller is still assessing the loss of the bourbon. Remnants of the fire that erupted ...
US stocks cap milestone-setting week with modest losses
Bond yields rose and stocks mostly bounced back from an early slide to finish with modest losses Friday, a downbeat end on Wall Street to an otherwise milestone-setting week for the broader market. The small decline snapped a six-day winning streak for the S&P 500, though the benchmark ...
Trump promises order aimed at lower prescription drug prices
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump is promising an executive order that he says is intended to enable the U.S. government to pay lower prices for prescription drugs. Trump says his administration soon would announce a "favored-nations clause," where the amount paid by the ...
US adds 224,000 jobs, making Fed rate cut less certain
WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. employers sharply stepped up their hiring in June, adding a robust 224,000 jobs, an indication of the economy's durability after more than a decade of expansion. The strength of the jobs report the government issued Friday could complicate a decision for the Federal ...
Business Briefs for July 1
Bjorlie hired at Avera Marshall Big Stone Therapies Jessica Bjorlie has been hired at Avera Marshall Big Stone Therapies as a clinician. She has a bachelor of science degree in athletic training from the University of North Dakota. She is married to Dan Bjorlie and lives in Benson. Bursch ...
New business on the block
MARSHALL — Sarah Kesteloot's goal to have her own retail business ties in perfectly with the expansion of business activity on North Third Street in downtown Marshall. Kesteloot opened Rustic Hideaway Boutique June 1 as the latest of several successful neighboring business startups in the ...
Help people 'keep moving'
MARSHALL — Like a lot of Minnesotans, last winter Stephen Browne found himself to be pretty much a couch potato. "When I wasn't sitting down I was lying down," he said. In his late 60s, he began to feel like he was starting to "rust." He was feeling achy in his hips and ...
Arizona fire highlights challenges for energy storage
PHOENIX (AP) — Arizona's largest electric company installed massive batteries near neighborhoods with a large number of solar panels, hoping to capture some of the energy from the afternoon sun to use after dark. Arizona Public Service has been an early adopter of battery storage ...
Ameriprise Financial advisers volunteer to deliver Meals on Wheels
Ameriprise Financial advisers in Marshall took part in the company's nationwide volunteer effort the help feed hungry families and individuals in partnership with Feeding America. Together, eight volunteers from Van der Hagen, Skogrand & Associates worked at Marshall Adult Community ...
North Star announces two promotions
Cory Hubbard has been promoted to department manager of the Farm Underwriting department. He has worked for North Star since July of 2004 and previously held the position of assistant department manager of the Farm Underwriting department. Zach Pringle has been promoted to assistant manager ...
Average US price of gas drops 11 cents per gallon to $2.73
CAMARILLO, Calif. (AP) — The average U.S. price of regular-grade gasoline dropped 11 cents per gallon (3.8 liters) over the past two weeks, to $2.73. Industry analyst Trilby Lundberg of the Lundberg Survey says Sunday that lower crude oil prices contributed to the drop at the pump. Oil ...
Minn. added to suit to stop Sprint-T-Mobile deal
NEW YORK (AP) — Hawaii, Massachusetts, Minnesota and Nevada are joining the legal fight against T-Mobile's $26.5 billion bid for Sprint in a case that lawyers on both sides say they hope will reach trial in October. Beau Buffier, a lawyer for New York state's attorney general, told a ...
S&P 500 notches 3rd straight weekly gain after wobbly day
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NEW YORK (AP) — All 18 of the nation's largest and most complex banks are strong enough to withstand a severe economic downturn and would be able to stay in business without collapsing, the Federal Reserve said Friday. The results are from the first round of the central bank's annual ...
US stocks climb, sending S&P 500 index toward a new high
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NBA: Timberwolves sign rookie Naz Reid to multiyear deal


Gandhidham Tirunelveli Humsafar Express (19424) runs from Gandhidham Bg (GIMB) to Tirunelveli (Tirunelveli). It has classes third ac (3A). It is not a superfast train and covers a distance of 2400 kms in 45 hr 30 min. This train runs on Mon. It has 380 halts. This train runs with an and also has a pantry car. Final chart for 19424 is prepared usually 3-4 hours before train departure time or a day before if train departs early morning.
Gandhidham Tirunelveli Humsafar Express departs from Gandhidham Bg at 14:00 pm with an average delay of No Delay and arrives at at 11:30 am with an average delay of No Delay . The average delay of 19424 is calculated by averaging the actual delay of last 7 days. You can also check PNR status for tickets booked in Gandhidham Tirunelveli Humsafar Express.


text:
It is everyone's duty to leave the future generations a livable world.
On this subject, we are doing what we are supposed to do for our
share and we are manufacturing environmentally sensitive,
new generation %100 electrical vehicles.
Who can use electric vehicle?
As the electrical vehicles do not consume fuel and emit carbon dioxide, naturally, compared to gasoline or diesel vehicles, they are considered as a much more environmentally friendly "technology".
The transformation needed in the changing world requires us to feel responsibility not only for the tiny decisions in our life but also in our choices that impact life.
Starting from this point, electrical vehicles which can be comfortably preferred by all the people with a driving license from every age, gender and geography, removes the words such as "petrol" and "poisonous gas" from our life. Therefore, every conscious consumer, both in the sense of environment and economy, is aimed towards use of electric vehicle. In addition to that, the electric vehicles combined with property of easy recharge and long-life battery technology are becoming good fellow travelers of the users. In the name of informing its consumers Pilotcar feels the need of stating that the difference between a vehicle with electrical motor and a vehicle with internal combustion motor is not limited with the motors only.
Likewise, in difference to internal combustion motors, electrical vehicles removes the need for gearbox and driven plate assembly and the parts removed are not limited with these and this creates a difference in the economic sense. When we think that the gasoline used in Turkey is the most expensive in the world, we can even say that absence of these in the electric vehicle relives us.
When we look at the world scale, USA and China being at the first place, electrical vehicles which are preferred in an appreciable speed in Europe, in daily life, can be comfortably used by people having a driving license from all ages. Especially in the crowded cities, in those towns where a lot of time is spent in traffic and in those countries where the price of gasoline is extremely high, the electrical vehicles are preferred by young and old people; regardless of gender. As a leader firm that feels the pulse of electric vehicles sales and use in the world and in Turkey, with its advantageous electric vehicle offers, different brand and model variety, addresses consumers from all strata.


text:
New study: Without right messaging, masks could lead to more COVID-19 spread
Credit: Joshua Brown
A novel new study suggests that the behavior public officials are now mandating or recommending unequivocally to slow the spread of surging COVID-19–wearing a face covering–should come with a caveat. If not accompanied by proper public education, the practice could lead to more infections.
The finding is part of an unique study, just published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, that was conducted by a team of health economists and public health faculty at the University of Vermont's Larner College of Medicine in partnership with public health officials for the state of Vermont.
The study combines survey data gathered from adults living in northwestern Vermont with test results that showed whether a subset of them had contracted COVID-19, a dual research approach that few COVID studies have employed. By correlating the two data sets, researchers were able to determine what behaviors and circumstances increased respondents' risk of becoming sick.
The key risk factor driving transmission of the disease, the study found, was the number of daily contacts participants had with other adults and seniors.
That had relevance for two other findings.
Those who wore masks had more of these daily contacts compared with those who didn't, and a higher proportion contracted the virus as a result.
Basic human psychology could be at work, said Eline van den Broek-Altenburg, an assistant professor and vice chair for Population Health Science in the Department of Radiology at the Larner College of Medicine and the study's principal investigator.
"When you wear a mask, you may have a deceptive sense of being protected and have more interactions with other people," she said.
The public health implications are clear. "Messaging that people need to wear a mask is essential, but insufficient," she said. "It should go hand in hand with education that masks don't give you a free pass to see as many people as you want. You still need to strictly limit your contacts."
Public education messaging should make clear how to wear a mask safely to limit infection, van den Broek-Altenburg added.
The study also found that participants' living environment determined how many contacts they had and affected their probability of becoming infected. A higher proportion of those living in apartments were infected with the virus compared with those who lived in single family homes.
"If you live in an apartment, you're going to see more people on a daily basis than if you live in a single family home, so you need to be as vigilant about social distancing," van den Broek-Altenburg said.
The study controlled for profession to prevent essential workers, who by definition have more contacts and are usually required to wear masks, from skewing the results.
"It's generally known that essential workers are at higher risk, and our study bore that out," van den Broek-Altenburg said. "We wanted to see what else predicted that people were going to get sick," she said.
Reported cases in Chittenden County, Vermont only one-fifth of likely total
The study provides the first estimate of unreported cases in Vermont's Chittenden County, where most study participants live. The survey found that 2.2 percent of the survey group had contracted the virus, suggesting that an estimated 3,621 Chittenden County residents were likely to have become ill, compared with just 662 reported cases, just 18%.
That figure translates to a hospitalization rate of 1.2% and adjusted infection fatality rate of 0.55%.
This finding is important for policy-makers, van den Broek-Altenburg said, in and out of Vermont.
"If you know how many people are sick or have been sick, you're much better equipped to make precise predictions of will happen in the future and fashion the appropriate policies," she said.
It also shows the importance of serologic and PCR testing of the general population, she said.
"If you only test symptomatic patients, you'll never be able to find out how many people have already had the virus. With our random sample study we were able to show that Vermont has so far only tested less than one-fifth of the people who have likely had the virus. To capture the larger population, random samples of the population are needed so we can also capture asymptomatic patients, which appears to be the majority of COVID-19 cases."
The study, among other things, is a proof of concept, van den Broek-Altenburg said.
"I hope it leads to other, larger studies that combine survey data with widespread testing. This approach is essential to both understanding the dynamics of this pandemic and planning our response to futures ones."
Ten of the 454 survey respondents who took the serologic test had antibodies for Covid-19, and one tested positive for the virus. Given the small number, researchers simplified their models and were able to reach a high confidence level in the two key findings.
"We tested our models and found that the results were robust through several different model specifications," van den Broek-Altenburg said.
To create the study group, the researchers sent a survey to 12,000 randomly selected people between the ages 18 and 70 who had at least one primary care visit at the University of Vermont Medical Center, which services primarily northwestern Vermont, in the past three years.
Coauthors on the study include Eline van den Broek-Altenburg, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Department of Radiology; Adam Atherly, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research; Sean Diehl, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Kelsey Gleason University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine; Victoria Hart, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine; Charles MacLean, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine; Daniel Barkhuff, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Emergency Department; Mark Levine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Department of Medicine; Jan Carney, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Department of Medicine.
Jeff Wakefield
Critical Care/Emergency MedicineDiagnosticsEpidemiologyHealth Care Systems/ServicesInfectious/Emerging DiseasesMedicine/HealthPublic HealthVaccines
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Pinpointing rare disease mutations


Our two-star hotel in Nice has an ideal location to discover the city. Indeed, it is located in one of the perpendicular streets at the main entrance of Nice and close to the tramway, between the liberation stop (stop 7), and the one of the train station (stop 8). You will be able to go to the city center by walking, discover Jean Medecin, or stroll along the Promenade des Anglais just 15 minutes walk from our hotel. Cultural centers, museums or gastronomic places are not lacking in Nice. We will be at your disposal to advise you and help you make your excursions during your stay at the Hotel Parisien.
Nice is a jewel of the Franch Riviera with many facets. Its fishing ports, beaches, tree parks and Old Nice are essential. Nice is also a cultural city with its baroque palaces and castles, numerous art galleries and museums. The festive side of the city can be seen through its various events such as the Nice Jazz Festival or the Nice Carnival. Sports activities are not left behind, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
Eze is one of the beautiful medieval villages to visit around Nice. Its stone alleys at vaulted passages are a true testimony of the history of Eze. You will appreciate its luxuriant vegetation with its banana, date and orange trees as well as its garden composed of cacti and rare species.
Located about thirty minutes from our 2-star hotel, Vence has a rich historical and cultural heritage. Many artists like Henri Matisse stayed there, seduced by this historic city with an exceptional microclimate. Do not miss to visit this authentic village with undeniable charm.
At the end of 2015, a new shopping center was opened in Cagnes-sur-Mer: Polygone Riviera. With 101 shops, 27 restaurants and a cinema, this open-air center is the place to be in the French Riviera for shopping addicts! It is only a 20 minute drive from our hotel.
Come and see one of the most prestigious car races in the world: Monaco Formula 1 Grand Prix. As it is not always easy to stay in Monaco, we suggest you to stay in Nice in our hotel 2 stars near the train station. Reservation in advance recommended!
Do you dream of stepping on the red carpet, discovering the latest movies or meeting your favorite actors? Do not miss the unmissable event for cinema professionals: The Cannes Film Festival. It takes place each year in February, about thirty kilometers from our hotel.
In 2019, the Nice Carnival will take place from February 13th to 28th. During this festive period, Nice will vibrate to the rhythm of the balls, masquerades, dances, farandoles, exhibitions and other animations. Remember to book your room in our hotel in Nice Center, close to the tram and train station.


Maharashtra, one of the most sought after travel destinations, is ideal for experiencing thrills of some of the most wild and whacky adventure sports. Rappelling is one such adventure sport that tops the things to do list of countless adventure freaks.
Adorned with spectacular locations and ideal setting for rappelling, Maharashtra beckons adventure junkies from places far and wide, to indulge in this exhilarating outdoor sport. Konkan Kada cliff at Harishchandragad, Dukes Nose Lonavala, Sandhan Valley near Ratangad and Karjat near Mumbai are best destinations to indulge in this madcap adventure sport. To enter the next level of excitement, one can also try their hands on waterfall rappelling. Characterizing extreme challenges, one can indulge in waterfall rappelling at Kundalika River, Bhivpuri, Kondane Caves, Panshet and Diksal. There are numerous options that available in the state, to tone down the craze of adventure enthusiasts. Rappelling, all it requires is fine balance and a strong foothold. One has to be ready to face the dangerous descends, and focus is the key, when the steps become wobbly.
Dotted with enchanting hills, cliffs and rocky slopes, the state offers the exact stimulation that this outdoor activity requires. With the increasing popularity of rappelling, Maharashtra tourism also conducts this nerve-wrecking adventure sport for lovers of adventure. As the state is blessed with numerous waterfalls, this adventure sport can be best enjoyed in the monsoons, as it is the time when the water is plenty and there is lush greenery around.


The Nemaha Central Elementary and Middle School Parent Teacher Organization (PTO), held the annual Thunder Bash on Friday, February 22. The Thunder Bash is an event held every year, where the eighth graders play the staff at NCEMS. For the event the eighth-graders had the chance to play, coach, cheer, or be in the pep club. This left the sixth and seventh graders to be in the pep club, cheer, keep score, or ref. During the event, the sixth graders were also able to provide a concessions stand. The concessions had various baked goods and water. The money raised from the concession stand went to Babies Best Start at the Nemaha Valley Community Hospital. In total, the sixth graders raised over 100 dollars!
In order for the students to participate in the bash, they each had to bring a two-liter bottle of pop. At the bash, the pop was used for the free throw contests. Between each quarter, students had the chance to come down to the court and shoot free throws for a dollar. If the free throw was made, the student was awarded a pop.
This year the staff team consisted of 11 teachers throughout the school. The staff members were: Mr. Cory Bass, Mrs. Angie Bass, Mrs. Carissa Williams, Mrs. Heidi Holthaus, Mrs. Lisa Holthaus, Mrs. Jessica Koch, Mrs. Nikki Honeyman, Mrs. Betty Peterson, Mr. Hadden Hiltgen, Mr. Mitchell Baumgartner, and Mr. Terry Stueve. The team of staff members went up against three coaches and 21 players.
This year the game was played a little differently. In the first quarter, it was the modern-day rules of basketball. The second quarter went back to the original rules of basketball, with three defensive players on one side of half court, and three offensive players on the other side.
During the third quarter, the teams were keeping it cool by playing with sunglasses on. At the end of the third quarter, there was a chance for each team to raise their score. Each team was able to go into the bleachers and collect money. After the money was collected and counted it was added to the final score of the team. Then the last quarter went back to the modern day rules. Because of the collected money, it was a very high scoring game. The final score ended with the students taking a 70 point victory from the teachers, 150-80.
"The Thunder Bash was so much fun, and I'm glad I had the chance to play!" said Emilie Strahm.
NCEMS would also like to thank all the refs, scorekeepers, and the crowd who came out to support the PTO!


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text: A simple implementation of Huffman coding in C++


text:
Q: OpenApi 3.0 string array inside body In OpenApi 3.0 how do I pass string array inside requestBody?
I'm able to pass it as member of class, but since it is class with one field only, I'm looking for simpler solution.
When using:
requestBody:
  content:
    '*/*':
      schema:
        type: array
        items:
          type: string
  required: true

I get error 415.

A: Looks like using application/json content does the trick. Although string array is not a typical json, it is treated as one.