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Game Day Threads
NFL Preseason Week 2 Schedule: Super Bowl reunion week with PIT-GB & PHI-NE
Thursday features rematches from last year's Super Bowl and the Packers' most recent appearance in the big game.
By Evan "Tex" Western@TexWestern Aug 16, 2018, 4:30pm CDT
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The second week of the NFL 2018 Preseason schedule is upon us, and the Green Bay Packers are in action on the first day of the week. Their game this week pits them against the same franchise that they defeated in their last Super Bowl appearance — a 31-25 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV.
This is not the only Super Bowl rematch on the schedule, however. In fact, the most recent championship game — between the Philadelphia Eagles and New England Patriots — also sees a rematch on Thursday, as those two teams square off in an exhibition contest.
By virtue of their victory in Super Bowl LII, the Eagles also get to open the NFL season with a home game exactly three weeks from now; that game brings the Atlanta Falcons to town, a team that played in the Super Bowl the year before and made the postseason as a Wild Card in 2017.
Here's the complete schedule for this week's games.
Philadelphia Eagles at New England Patriots
Gillette Stadium, Foxboro, MA
New York Jets at Washington
FedEx Field, Landover MD
Pittsburgh Steelers at Green Bay Packers
7:00 PM CT (8:00 ET)
Kansas City Chiefs at Atlanta Falcons
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, GA
New York Giants at Detroit Lions
Ford Field, Detroit, MI
Buffalo Bills at Cleveland Browns
FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, OH
Miami Dolphins at Carolina Panthers
Bank of America Stadium, Charlotte, NC
Arizona Cardinals at New Orleans Saints
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, LA
Jacksonville Jaguars at Minnesota Vikings
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, MN
12:00 Noon CT (1:00 PM ET)
Oakland Raiders at Los Angeles Rams
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, CA
1:00 PM PT (4:00 ET)
Cincinnati Bengals at Dallas Cowboys
AT&T Stadium, Arlington, TX
Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Tennessee Titans
Nissan Stadium, Nashville, TN
San Francisco 49ers at Houston Texans
NRG Stadium, Houston, TX
Chicago Bears at Denver Broncos
Mile High Stadium, Denver, CO
7:00 PM MT (9:00 ET)
Seattle Seahawks at Los Angeles Chargers
StubHub Center, Carson, CA
7:30 PM PT (10:30 ET)
Monday, August 20th
Baltimore Ravens at Indianapolis Colts
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis, IN


Monday, April 23 was world book day. April 23 is a symbolic date for world literature. It is on this date in 1616 that Cervantes, Shakespeare and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega all died. It is also the date of birth or death of other prominent authors, such as Maurice Druon, Haldor K.Laxness, Vladimir Nabokov, Josep Pla and Manuel Mejía Vallejo.
To recognize this day, we had a STOP-DROP- and READ where everyone in the school stopped what they were doing and read for 20 minutes from 1:00-1:20. Classes spread out into the hallways with their favorite book and read.
LAs and staff dressed up like their favorite book character and walked in a parade through the hallways reading their favorite book.
The Board participated in a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis on Monday, April 23rd to continue to review the Hopkins immersion proposal to ISLA. Jen Dellmuth, past board chair and board member and current ABC Board member led the SWOT analysis.
The Board reviewed a preliminary draft of the 2018-2019 budget. This draft reflects on each committee's annual goals based on the current strategic plan. Additionally, the most recent conversations about what ISLA can build upon in both strengths and opportunities can be seen in the current budget proposal. Further budget discussions and the approval of the budget will happen in the May and June meetings.
The Board reviewed and proposed a revision in the sibling preference and enrollment policy from the Governance Committee.
The Board approved the expenditure of funds to repair windows and trim trees. A final approval of construction plans will be reviewed in May for the green space construction.
Heather Copps presented marketing strategies and a proposal for a marketing specialist that would improve and streamline parent and community communications. Her work at ISLA, as a parent, PTO member, and School Board member have been helpful in recognizing the history and development of ISLA as a great place to go to school.
A Board retreat is being proposed for this summer in order to on board new board members and use available training from MSBA (MN School Board Association) for MN school boards.
iii. To make any necessary revisions to the PTO meeting minutes and post to the ISLA PTO website within two weeks of the meeting when the revisions were discussed.
iv. To assist the PTO Board in handling any necessary correspondence.
v. To maintain the permanent records of the Organization including but not limited to Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, IRS Determination letter, Federal Employer Identification Number, Sales Tax Exemption documentation, etc.
We are selling products and services. The product students will be selling is food. Our services include playing video games, playing hand-made games, and the creation of art. Some examples are throwing a ping pong ball into a cup, claw machine, making slime and other activities.
Our mission is to bring happiness and fun to the people that come to the carnival in where they will be able to eat, play, and create art.
The Mother's Day cards are a dollar to make yourself .
Arcade-A is a place to play video games and arcade games.
Fuego competitivo is a place to play competitive games in which you receive prizes.
The date will be May 1st and May 2nd in the time will be from 1:30 through 3:00pm. Also don't forget to send your child with money in a plastic bag with their name on it so they can have lots of FUN!


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10 Great American Animal Races
Growing up in upstate New York, my dad and I would go to the Saratoga Races every August. There's nothing like watching your horse come around the final turn, battling for the lead. So events like this weekend's Preakness Stakes always bring back some very cool memories.
But horses aren't the only animals with a racing tradition. Here are ten examples.
1. Calaveras County Jumping Frogs
These high-jumping amphibians, made famous by Mark Twain, are actually battling it out right now. The Calaveras County Fair & Jumping Frog Jubilee began on Thursday. If you hurry, you may still be able to get a bet in.
2. Ostrich Festival Races (Chandler, Arizona)
Did you know Ostriches can exceed speeds of 40 miles per hour? The good folks of Chandler, Arizona, do. I'd love to see this one, just to see what kind of wacky jockey decides to sit on an Ostrich. I'm thinking there may be alcohol involved.
3. Armadillo Races (Edgewood, Texas)
Imagine little round knights in not-so-shiny armor, racing around a dirt track. Sounds kinda cute. Although I've read they grow to 2 1/2 feet. That's considerably less cute. Armadillo racing became popular in Texas in the 1970s, and the Armadillo World Headquarters is in Austin. (You heard me…the Armadillo World Headquarters.) Guess they're mighty proud of their armored mammals down in Texas.
4. Camel Races (Virginia City, Nevada)
You wouldn't think there would be camel races in the United States. Then again, we do have a big desert, so why not? The Virginia City Camel Races are a nostalgic reminder of the Comstock Lode, the first large discovery of silver ore in the U.S., when I suppose they used Camels to transport the silver. According to the official website, they also race ostriches and emus, because that's how they roll in Nevada.
5. Cockroach Races
This is one of the slimier races I've come across. The annual cockroach races are held by the entomology club at Iowa State University. And if you've ever hung out with the members of the Iowa Stae Entomology Club, you know this is one rockin' event. They also put on
something called the Insect Horror Film Festival, which features gourmet insect tastings. Who says there's nothing to do in Iowa in October?
6. Lizard Races (Lovington, New Mexico)
How do you celebrate the 4th of July, with fireworks? How last season. The folks in Lovington, New Mexico, like a few lizard races with their barbeque. The Chaparral Park speedway is apparently the world's premiere mini-reptile racetrack (Go USA!). And there's a colorful history to the event, as well.
At the inaugural race in 1976, the lizards, frightened by the big crowds and flashbulbs, apparently started to eat each other (you can't make this stuff up).
Modifications to the track and crowd placement have decreased the reptile carnage in recent years. But there's always a chance one of the little guys will go all Godzilla on the competition.
7. Wiener Dog Races (Buda, Texas)
Who doesn't love wiener dogs? Not only do they look great dressed up for Halloween, but you can also make a little extra cash with them at the track. Head down to Buda, Texas, in April, and you'll enjoy the annual wiener dog race (and parade!), as well as the yearly chili cookoff.
8. Lobster Races (Aiken, South Carolina)
You would think an annual lobster race would be held in Maine, but the city of Aiken, South Carolina, has been racin' crustaceans – that's right, the Aiken racin' crustaceans – since 1985 as a spoof of the Kentucky Derby. This year's race, which just happened a couple weeks ago, drew close to 10,000 fans.
9. 4th of July Celebration & Porcupine Race (Council, Idaho)
Squeeze this one in between visits to the Potato Museum and Philo Farnsworth's home. The race is held each year for charity, but I'm sure
a few dollars need to be taken out for bandaids, just in case any participants make their way into the crowd.
10. Great Alaskan Pig Races
And we end our collection of Great American Animal Races in the 49th state. Why race pigs in Alaska, you ask? If you had to pick something other than dog sled teams, you'd think moose, or elk. Something that represents the state, right? At least, I did. But Alaskans appear to prefer pigs. They're quick little guys, too. And in these races, there are hurdles. I may need to find a Vegas sports book that takes pork action.
10 Great American Animal Races by Mario Marsicano
2010 Wienerschnitzel Wiener Races
Living the Life of Riley – Wiener Nationals
Northern California Wiener National Series
Old World Dachshund Races
July 17, 2010 Posted by justonemorepet | animals, Just One More Pet, Pet Events, pet fun, Unusual Stories	| animal races Wiener Nationals, armadillo races, camel races, cockroach races, Dachshund Races, dog races, horse races, jumping frog races, lizard races, lobster races, ostrich races, pet races, pig races, porcupine races | 1 Comment
Camel riders jockey for race cup
On most days of the year, Jason Pfafman is a mild-mannered computer engineer for Intel in Seattle.
But once a year, he and his family come to Virginia City to be camel jockeys and take on "feather backing," as they call riding an ostrich. He leaned as far forward as he could, flattening his body to the camel to win one heat Friday.
"It's an adrenaline rush. It's certainly not the kind of thing people back at work would believe," Pfafman said.
From far and wide, as a television sportscaster might say, a crowd of 5,000 or more is expected for the 50th year of International Camel Races at Virginia City.
The Aussies are here. Champion jockeys Shorty Smith, from Tasmania, and Ian Rowan, from Alice Springs, Australia, are here to compete for the International Cup on Sunday. The cup is traded between the winner at Virginia City and Alice Springs, which had its 38th annual race this year. There is no prize money. Just a cup.
Surrounding Alice Springs in the middle of the Australian desert are more than a million feral camels. Many more were born this year because of rainy weather, Rowan said.
In Alice Springs, wild camels are captured and trained to race when they're young. They're bigger and stronger than the domesticated animals raced at Virginia City, he said. And they also are used for safaris to the Outback.
In Virginia City, the stock comes from Joe Hedrick's Exotic Animal Farm in Kansas. In addition to camels and ostriches, he has brought emus and a zebra. Children take to the field to race with the emus.
You can't exactly say it's the 50th annual camel race in Virginia City. But it's the 50th year since the first race.
And it was a hoax. Bob Richards, now deceased, a reporter from the Territorial Enterprise, made up a story about camel racing on the Comstock in 1959 that was picked up by the news wires. Soon, the San Francisco Chronicle and the Phoenix Sun challenged each other to a real race, and that's how it began.
John Huston, in Reno to direct "The Misfits," was an original camel jockey while Clark Gable and Marilyn Monroe watched.
For a couple of years after that, no race occurred because of lack of interest, a lack of camels and a lack of funding, said Joe Curtis, who owns the Mark Twain Bookstore.
The camel jockeys come back year after year to race and volunteer in putting on the event, said Kristy Bond, 47, a fire captain from Mt. Shasta, Calif., who sported a hat with feathers. Many camp right next to the racetrack.
Bond considers racing the ultimate challenge of balance.
Karla Burrell, owner of Silver Sadie's Old Time Photo in Virginia City, has been riding for eight years now.
"It's an adrenaline rush like no other," she said.
Linda Conroy of Carson City attended her first race Friday as a spectator.
"It was great," she said, saying her favorite moment was watching an ostrich run in circles.
"I liked the little Australian dude," said her husband Steve, in watching Shorty Smith.
When was the last time you witnessed a camel or ostrich race? If you haven't yet experienced it, you must make it a point to attend this hilarious and unpredictable event. A Riverside County Fair & National Date Festival tradition for years, camel and ostrich races continue to captivate audiences with their crazy riders and unexpected animal behavior.
Did you know that the ostrich is the largest bird on earth today and the only two-toed bird on earth? African natives use ostrich eggs as canteens! Don't believe the myth that ostriches stick their heads in the sand when frightened. One fact, however, that is true, is this birds' ability to run at very high speeds in excess of 40 MPH. At that speed, it's a good thing that ostriches have excellent eyesight, and it makes for more excitement at the races!
Camels are fun to watch too, but they have more important uses to Bedouin people, who say that the camel gives the local tribesman his mobility as well as his beast of burden. He can ride it to his date garden, to a distant market, a port – or for fun, such as in the traditional races.
Although JOMP is not a fan of any kind of animal racing events… these are always interesting races!!
Quite a crowd for the Prairie Camel and Ostrich Races in August 2009
Posted: Just One More Pet
September 14, 2009 Posted by justonemorepet | animals, Just One More Pet	| Camel, camel jockeys, camel races, feather backing, ostrich, ostrich races | Leave a comment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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In pictures: major moments in the history of the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show
News that the upcoming Victoria's Secret catwalk show will be held at the Grand Palais exhibition center and museum in Paris caused a sensation in the fashion world. This is a first for the famous lingerie label, which has never before held one of its legendary shows in the French capital. The event will be broadcast December 5 on CBS.
Naomi CampbellHere, runway megastar Naomi Campbell can be seen modelling for the second time for the Victoria's Secret brand, wearing a black satin bra and briefs. The supermodel, who went on to take part in many Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows, trod the catwalk alongside Karen Mulder, Heidi Klum, Laetitia Casta, Stephanie Seymour and Tyra Banks. February 4, 1997, New York, USA.©AFP PHOTO/Timothy A. CLARY
From Naomi Campbell, Tyra Banks, Karen Mulder, Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio to Kendall Jenner and Gigi Hadid -- to name just a few -- all of the world's most famous models have walked the runway at the legendary Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, each leaving their mark on the brand's history.
From the arrival of the label's emblematic Angels to the spectacular costumes and the first TV broadcast, here's a look at some of the shows -- and their stars -- who have shaped the now legendary "Fashion Show."
Tyra Banks The brand's now famous Angels first took to the runway in 1998. Here's Tyra Banks in Angel attire. Today, the Victoria's Secret Angels are the envy of models all over the world. February 3, 1998, New York, USA. - ©AFP PHOTO/Jon LEVY
Laetitia Casta Now shown on CBS, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was broadcast for the first time online at Broadcast.com. That year, Laetitia Casta, Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima, Heidi Klum and Karen Mulder were picked to present the new collection. February 3, 1999, New York, USA. - ©AFP PHOTO / Stan HONDA
Eva Herzigová The year 2000 was a turning point in the history of the legendary Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, as the Angels traveled across the Atlantic for the first time to stage a show in Cannes, at the height of the French Rivera town's annual film festival. Eva Herzigová, Alessandra Ambrosio, Gisele Bündchen, Naomi Campbell, Laetitia Casta, Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Karolina Kurková and Stephanie Seymour were among the models to make the trip. May 18, 2000, Cannes, France. - ©GERARD JULIEN / AFP
Gisele Bündchen The lingerie brand's show was broadcast for the first time on CBS, a few days after the event. Like the previous year, several celebrities came to join the show, with performances form the likes of Phil Collins and Destiny's Child. A star of the show for few years already, Gisele Bündchen became a key figure in the Angels line-up. November 14, 2002. - ©AFP PHOTO/Timothy A. CLARY
Doutzen Kroes After skipping a year in 2004 to focus on a special US tour, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show returned with a particularly sensual and mouth-watering edition. The brand brought its sexiest models to the runway in a show themed on life-sized toys and sweet candy. The show proved quite a performance, and saw Doutzen Kroes make her first appearance for the label. November 9, 2005, New York, USA. - ©AFP PHOTO/Timothy A. CLARY
Adriana Lima After modelling for the label for several years, the show-stopping Brazilian was picked to wear the "Fantasy Bra" for the first time. That year, it was called the "Black Diamond Fantasy Miracle Bra" and cost no less than $5 million. In total, the young model has been picked to wear the "Fantasy Bra" three times. November 15, 2008, Miami, USA. - ©AFP PHOTO / TIMOTHY A. CLARY
Cara Delevingne The British model -- very much in demand among labels and designers -- took part in her second and final show for the lingerie label in 2013. November 13, 2013, New York, USA. - ©AFP PHOTO/Emmanuel Dunand
Cindy Bruna Three stunning French models starred in the 2015 edition of the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: Cindy Bruna, Pauline Hoarau Constance Jablonski. Perhaps it was a sign of things to come, since the 2016 show will be held in the French capital. Gigi Hadid and Kendall Jenner made their first appearance in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2015. November 10, 2015, New York, USA. - ©AFP PHOTO/JEWEL SAMAD
Australian fashion week to take place May 15
Valentino dives deeper into creative circularity with La Réserve des Arts
Aelis, Juana Martín and Imane Ayissi's contemporary craftsmanship
Iris van Herpen on the role of women in the fashion industry and the business potential of haute couture


How might we co-create the future of holistic education? What radical experiments must we run to keep spirit and mystery alive in our teaching and learning? This highly interactive workshop draws from design thinking and expressive arts as scaffolds to help us creatively and performatively cook up new ways of being and doing our work. We will go through an iteration of a creative design process which includes dis/un/re/covering inner resources, reframing our challenges, ideating wild possibilities, and crafting embodied expressions (prototypes) of the more expansive, sacred contexts we seek as educators. Participants are strongly encouraged to bring a burning question they're wrestling with.
Sean Park is an educator, facilitator, coach, and scholar. He holds a PhD in contemplative and arts education from Simon Fraser University having studied with Heesoon Bai, Avraham Cohen and Celeste Snowber. Sean has training in Theravadan Buddhism, Daoist martial arts, theatre work, Afro-Brazilian percussion, counselling, and solution-focused coaching. He is presently a student of Dr. Bradford Keeney and Dr. Hillary Keeney in ecstatic healing.
He once served as a faculty member in the Interdisciplinary Expressive Arts (IDEA) program at Kwantlen Polytechnic University and recently lead the Studio Y fellowship for youth at MaRS in Toronto. He currently teaches design thinking and creativity at McMaster University and freelances as a writer and creative life coach.
Sean lives with his wife Stephanie and son Theo in West Hamilton. You can sometimes find him freestyle rapping with kids at the Ryerson HAAA park. He is also becoming an expert at writing his bios in the third person.
Working in long-term care homes, Caring Clowns create a holistic and joyful environment to help stimulate the well being of residents, especially those with dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. This playful session will introduce participants to basic clowning skills and how they are applied in a health care setting. Residents, staff and the clowns themselves reap the benefits. Experience first hand the fun behind the red nose. Participants will be able to share their personal experiences and ways of adapting the skills to suit their unique situations.
Lynda Del Grande is a retired high school teacher who found a new passion in becoming a Caring Clown. Since 2008, she has taught Caring Clown at Ryerson's Program for Adults 50+. Clowns thrive on surprise, and true to form, Lynda was overwhelmingly surprised how Caring Clown 'found' her. Now entering it's ninth year, Caring Clown graduates volunteer at long-term care homes across the city of Toronto.
In an airplane emergency, we are told: "take the oxygen first before assisting others". On the ground, regardless of how we spend our time, it can be very difficult to balance the care of ourselves with the care of others. Together we will explore questions about this important topic. In this experiential session, I will offer a process to help access the often hidden intuitive wisdom rooted in our own experiences. This can help us take better care of ourselves and those around us.
Larry Nusbaum is a physician, psychotherapist, storyteller, and musician. He designs Inner Guidance tools that help people access the healing power of their intuition, imagination, and hope. He is committed to promoting a culture of self care as a foundation for the care of others, and has been teaching his methods in the fields of education and health care for over 25 years.
This short workshop will involve looking at and practicing therapeutic writing, especially using forms of poetry. Most students who struggle in school, and even ones who don't seem to struggle, do so because of emotional factors. Working with students to help them get underneath their own feelings can help them un-block their education, whether those blocks manifest as apathy, anger, substance abuse, lack of confidence, some combination, or something else entirely. This workshop will borrow from the realms of counselling and psychotherapy, hopefully presenting some useful frameworks and tools for helping students cultivate more emotional literacy.
Participants will be invited to explore themselves through writing activities, and discuss the therapeutic value of each form.
Misha Abarbanel is a high school teacher in the Toronto District School Board, served for years as an English and Literacy Curriculum Leader, and is currently completing his PhD in Curriculum Studies and Teacher Development at OISE/UT. Misha writes on education and politics for the Huffington Post and the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, and volunteered for many years on the Board of Directors of the Ontario Student Debating Union.


Is there any way to force update c41-700 genie mini from 0x0FBA to the latest new interface?
We never recommend forcing updates as there is beta testing software that can cause more problems.
You can't force it. It will come when it's your equipment's turn.
when are all the directv cutomers going to see it, when will the "final" equipment update?
@bdswedberg, none of us know. I'm guessing they've slowed down the rollout given all of the complaints about the new menus.
Reset the receiver by pressing the red reset button.
While on blue screen, enter 0 2 4 6 using the remote.
That's it. Suggest performing it late in the evening as the process takes a long time to complete.
It's very risky to force DirecTV software updates. You have no idea what version you might get. An early beta software release could wipe out recordings. It's happened to folks before. Proceed at your own risk!
DirecTV software updates happen on an automatic schedule. No need to force anything.
Again looking for a push of a more recent rev, or a way to revert to a less buggy build. Thanks!
My Genie HR44/500 receiver is stuck in exactly the same firmware date/version as clintmoyers: 0x1104, Thu 8/9, 4:56a. The DirecTV tech who came to the house three weeks ago verified this and forced an update. The update appeared to go thru all the motions, but ended up right back where it started. The receiver is aware that an update is available and tries to reset up to three times a day. Each time the reset process takes about an hour to complete. During that time the main unit and both bedroom units are completely out-of-service. I have asked for Tier3 assistance, but get crickets.
Your receiver is not "stuck" anywhere. I wish people particularly techs who do nt understand how this works would not keep recommending actions that can't solve the problem.
If you try to force a download during the normal business day you will get the so-called "national release" which you have. There are only three ways you can get an update.
1. DirecTV forces an update to your box usually overnight. You can't make this happen. You will get this when you are next in line.
2. You trigger a download when a new version happens to be in the download stream. Usually early morning.
Options 2 and 3 have different degrees of uncertainty. Cutting Edge release are typically the most advanced which means they also have most problems. A couple of times in the past CE releases have actually deleted programs, or completely bricked the receiver. Certainly you run the risk of your spouse permanantly losing all their programs - not good!
With all due respect TexasBrit, I don't think you understand the situation clintmoyers and I find ourselves. My Genie HR44/500 displays a popup at least three times a day advising me that an update is available, and that I can either reboot now or tell it to wait until later. If I do nothing within a few minutes it will spontaneously reboot, presumably to download and install the update. After an hour or so, when all functionality is finally restored, the software version still reads 0x1104, Thu 8/9, 4:56a. If what you say is true about software update scheduling, then all HR44/500 receivers should be at that version level and I should not be seeing those constant popups and spontaneous reboots. Can you confirm that the latest version is 0x1104? If not, how do I get through to Tier3 (or whatever DirecTV calls it) technical support to fix whatever the problem is?
The latest national release for the HR44-500 is 1104. My guess is that the receiver was telling you there was a newer release available. But these new releases, which are not the national release, are only in the download stream temporarily, and I suspect by the time the download happened the version had reverted to the national release, so that is what you will get, even though it's what you already have..
If my HR44/500 is actually running software version 0x1104, how do I get it to STOP thinking it needs to download a fresh update several times a day? I have called the DirecTV 800 number. They have sent a technician to the house. No joy. What do I have to do to find someone who knows how to fix this problem? I'm a long time customer (pre-AT&T) paying full fare for a service that goes down three or four times a day for an hour each time.


Many car wash owners opt to run their facilities with cold wash water in an attempt to save money on operating expenses and/or to reduce or eliminate gas costs. However, you could be at a major disadvantage with a cold water facility. Hot water is the key to providing customers with a quality wash and satisfied experience. We all know hot water cleans better. Why not outfit or retrofit your car wash facility with a high efficiency system to deliver a high value hot water car wash?
Hot water increases reaction rates speeding up the break down of foreign substances. Hot water excites the elements of soil, oils and dirt so they can be detached easier from vehicle surfaces giving customers a much more effective wash.
Hot water increases dissolving abilities. Some greases and residues on your car's surface have low melting points. Even without soap, some greases will dissolve in hot water.
Hot water with soap: Hot water acts as a catalyst when coupled with cleaning chemicals and auto wash soap's. Cleaning agents react better with hot water substantially increasing the effectiveness to remove dirt and road grime. Hot water makes it easier for wash soap to surround, penetrate and detach dirt particles.
Do you live in a winter climate? Hot water is particularly important during winter periods to remove grime, road salt and ice that are the most destructive and corrosive components to vehicle bodies and chassis. During cold weather periods, customers are much more likely to frequent hot water car washes.
The human element: Nobody takes a cold shower or relaxes in a tub with cold water. The tangible affects on your customers' wash experience is just as important as providing quality service.
Hot water soothes. Hot water keeps hands from freezing in cold weather and provides a quicker, more effective cleaning. You'll increase customers with a pleasant, satisfying wash experience.
Install a High Efficiency Boiler and Water Heater System from Carwash Boilers.
Chris Rojas at Carwash Boilers can design your system to get the best efficiency to meet your heating demands. A high efficiency boiler is 98.6% efficient. Units can modulate down to 20% of full fire input automatically. High efficiency boilers monitor your de-icing system set points automatically reducing output when not needed.
In contrast, older units are full fire continuously whereas a high efficiency system automatically modulates fire output for better efficiency and lower operating costs. High efficiency boilers and water heaters also incorporate high-tech, "smart" digital technology with continuous monitoring for optimal performance.
A high efficiency boiler system from Carwash Boilers can reduce gas consumption up to 51% and operate at a 93% Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency rating (AFUE).
Pre-Plumbed Systems from Start to Finish: Chris Rojas at Carwash Boilers can also design and provide full installation support for a complete pre-plumbed system to meet your specific application. After site engineering, system design and specifications are approved, Chris provides full units all piped, wired, tested and I-beam mounted providing ultimate functionality and ease of installation. Why not let Carwash Boilers design a high efficiency custom system to fit your needs?
Chris Rojas is your certified representative for boilers and water heaters and a one-stop source for all your car wash floor and water heating solutions. From concept to engineering and tech support, Carwash Boilers provides you the expertise for your existing or new car wash business.


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Mendeleyev Glacier () is a glacier,  long, draining northeast through the northern outcrops of the Payer Mountains, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from air photos and surveys by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–61, and named after Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, whose surname may also be transliterated as "Mendeleyev".

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Glaciers of Queen Maud Land
Princess Astrid Coast

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


One member of the Crosby, Stills and Nash of Tokyo nightlife.
When charismatic Bar Manager Edward Baffoe from Ghana teamed up with equally prominent Chef Matthew Crabbe and Restaurant Manager Nathan Smith, this supergroup was celebrated as the Crosby, Stills and Nash of Tokyo nightlife. In March 2009 they opened their eagerly awaited Two Rooms in the futuristic AO building overlooking Tokyo's Aoyama fashion district, a soaring space where the arresting design is crowned by a bar hewn from New Zealand swamp kauri— timber hauled from 50,000-year-old peat bogs.
But it takes more than good looks to keep the international bankers and art scenesters vying for seats. " This crowd is always looking for something new," admits Baffoe, who offers beguiling bar snacks like Teppan Grilled Scallops powdered with bacon dust, and hunts down under- the- radar vintages for the 2,000 bottle walk-in wine cellar.
See Baffoe's recipe for a fresh kiwi martini, our July 2010 cocktail of the month.


Whatever your industry, niche, or ambition – Think Big.
Aiming for "mice" is attractive – and we all fall for the trap of these small wins.
They're much easier to find.
But it's a poor return on investment in both time and energy. The effort required to hunt and string together many small wins rather than fewer – but large – wins requires exponentially more energy. Over time you'll burn out and starve your career following this pattern. Some of you already know what I'm talking about.
It's a new day in a new year.
This year – leave the mice behind. Only hunt antelopes.


text:
Die Pratica della mercatura (italienisch für "Praktik des Handels"), auch als "Handbuch des Händlers" bezeichnet, ist ein umfassender Leitfaden für den  Handel in Eurasien und Nordafrika im 14. Jahrhundert, wie er seinem Verfasser, dem Florentiner Händler, Politiker und hohen Angestellten der Bardi-Bank, Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, bekannt war. Die Bezeichnung von Pegolottis Werk als 'Handelspraktik' geht erst auf den Herausgeber des 18. Jahrhunderts zurück, Pegolotti selbst nannte es libro di divisamenti di paexi e di mixure di mercatantie. Das Original ist nicht erhalten, es existiert nur eine einzige, 1472 vollendete Abschrift, die heute in Florenz liegt. Ursprünglich handelt es sich bei dem Begriff Pratica della mercatura um einen Gattungsbegriff, der eine Reihe solcher Werke einschließt, deren ältestes aus dem 13. Jahrhundert stammt.

Der Autor, Lebensweg und Niederschlag im Manuskript (um 1290 bis 1349)
Pegolotti verfasste sein Werk zwischen 1335 und 1343. Sein ursprünglicher Titel war Libro di divisamenti di paesi e di misure di mercatantie, was sich etwa mit 'Buch der Beschreibungen der Länder und der Maße für Waren' übersetzen lässt. Sein gebräuchlicherer Name ist jedoch derjenige der ersten Edition von 1766, nämlich als "Pratica della mercatura".

Pegolottis Werk basiert auf seinen jahrzehntelangen Erfahrungen als hoch eingestufter Angestellter der Bardi-Bank, einer der größten Banken seiner Zeit, sowie auf verschiedenen lokalen Dokumenten, Statuten und Preislisten, die ihm seinerzeit zur Verfügung standen. Andererseits flossen Erfahrungen aus seinen bedeutenden politischen Ämtern, aber auch Verhandlungen und persönliche Kontakte in Nordwesteuropa, der Toskana und im östlichen Mittelmeerraum in sein Werk ein.

Aufstieg in der Gesellschaft der Florentiner Bardi: Antwerpen, London (bis 1321)
Geboren wohl vor 1290 (Evans, S. xvii), absolvierte er vor 1310 eine Lehre und stieg danach hoch auf. Er besuchte Antwerpen, wo er für die Bardi erfolgreich Unterhandlungen mit dem Herzog von Brabant führte. Von dort brach er im April 1317 nach London auf, wo er zunächst unter Doffo de' Bardi, einem der Meister der Handels- und Finanzgesellschaft arbeitete. Bereits ab Ende des Jahres leitete Pegolotti die englische Niederlassung der Bardi bis 1321 selbstständig; der langen Preisliste nach, die er in seiner 'Handelspraktik' hinterließ, war er vor allem im Wollhandel tätig (ed. Evans, S. 258–269), der die Grundlage für den gewinnträchtigen Tuchhandel bildete. Ihm oblag aber auch der Transfer päpstlicher Einnahmen. In dieser Funktion war er für Kredite bis auf die Königsebene verantwortlich, erscheint aber auch bei Handelstransaktionen und vor allem im Zusammenhang mit der päpstlichen Schatzkammer – allein zwischen dem 6. September 1318 und dem 5. Januar 1321 wurden 41.800 Florin von London nach Avignon transferiert (S. xix), wo zu dieser Zeit der Papst residierte (Avignonesisches Papsttum). Wohl 1322 durchquerte Pegolotti (vermutlich) Frankreich und kehrte in die Toskana zurück. Von König Edward III. erhielt er Ende 1321 einen Geleitbrief, um England verlassen zu können. Mit englischer Wolle landete er in Livorno.

Famagusta (1324–1329/30 und 1335–1339(?))
Am 21. Mai 1324 erlangte er auch beim König von Zypern ein Privileg. Dieses wurde mehrfach verlängert, bis es am 3. August 1327 entfristet wurde. Zugleich war er selbst als Procurator in Famagusta die letzte Instanz in Fragen der Florentiner Bürgerschaft. Diese Zeit auf der Insel, die mindestens bis 1329 dauerte, schlägt sich als sehr umfangreiches Material in Pegolottis Handelspraktik nieder. So ist der Abschnitt über Famagusta einer der umfangreichsten des Werkes (Evans, S. xxi). Auch geht er in ungewöhnlicher Tiefe und in höchstem Detailreichtum auf den dortigen Handel, etwa mit Zucker ein, der so hoch im Kurs stand, dass er als Mitgift in höchsten Kreisen Anerkennung fand. Dabei kam Pegolotti sogar durch selbst durchgeführte Messungen Ungenauigkeiten auf die Spur. Auch dürfte er in Gesprächen umfassende Kenntnisse über Kleinasien und wohl auch Konstantinopel, das Schwarze Meer und Alexandria erlangt haben. Auf der Insel blieb er mindestens bis 1329. 1331 erscheint er dann wieder in Florenz, wo er bis zum Gonfaloniere di Compagnia aufstieg (28. Juni d. J.). Erneut ab spätestens 1335 war er wieder auf Zypern, von wo er am 10. Januar 1336 ein Privileg beim König von Armenien erlangte. Nach über zwanzigjähriger Tätigkeit für die Bardi belief sich sein Jahresgehalt auf 200 Florin.

Florenz, politische Karriere, Liquidator der Bardi (1331–1335 und 1340–1349)
1340 erscheint er erneut in Florenz, an seinem Wohnort in S. Frediano, über die Jahre dazwischen ist nichts bekannt. Wieder erhielt er ein hohes politisches Amt und wurde 1341/42 zum zweiten Mal Gonfaloniere di Compagnia; dabei überstand er die Folgen eines niedergeschlagenen Aufstands gegen das oligarchische Regiment in der Stadt schadlos, obwohl die Bardi darin involviert waren. Bis 1346 erscheint er nicht in den Quellen, dann stieg er zum höchsten Amt auf, das er in seinem Leben erreichte, denn er saß als 'Bannerträger der Gerechtigkeit', als Gonfaloniere della Giustizia, den Prioren vor. Er war berechtigt, Verstöße gegen die Verfassung, die Ordinamenti di Giustizia, zu ahnden – ob er dies jemals tat, ist allerdings unbekannt. Klar ist, dass einige seiner nächsten Verwandten ebenfalls Prioren wurden, wie etwa ein zweiter Bruder und ein Neffe, aber auch sein Sohn, sein Enkel und sein Urenkel.

1347 taucht sein Name zum letzten Mal im Zusammenhang mit den Bardi auf, nämlich mit der Liquidation des bankrotten Bankhauses. Es war, wie viele Banken dieser Zeit, an der Weigerung oder Unfähigkeit von Magnaten eingegangen, Kredite zu bedienen. In diesem Falle war es der König von England.

Viele seiner politischen und ökonomischen Kenntnisse flossen in Pegolottis Werk zusammen. Er selbst arbeitete spätestens 1348 für ein anderes Handels- und Bankhaus, die Alberti, eine Zusammenarbeit, die allerdings die Pest beendete.

Vielleicht deretwegen hatte er bereits am 5. Mai 1347 bei dem Notar Ser Filippo di Ser Benintendi ein Testament aufsetzen lassen. Nach seinem wohl 1349 eingetretenen Tod und der Verlesung des Actums wurde sein letzter Wille an die Testamentsvollstrecker überantwortet, nämlich Banco di Ser Bartolo, Priorozzo und Niccolaio, seine Söhne, allesamt aus der Gemeinde S. Niccolò. Unter Einverständnis des Franziskanerbruders Bernardo de' Pegolotti sollten die im Dokument aufgeführten Personen begünstigt werden. Neben den Franziskanern wurden darin die Armen berücksichtigt, aber auch seine Witwe Tessa und ihr gemeinsamer Sohn Pegolotto, der unter den Schutz des Testamentsvollstreckers gestellt wurde.

Die einzig erhaltene Abschrift (1472)
Das einzige erhaltene Manuskript, das beiden gedruckten Ausgaben als Vorlage diente, befindet sich in der Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florenz unter der Signatur Ricc. 2441. Es handelt sich um einen ledergebundenen großen Quart-Band. Darin heißt es, dass es am 19. März 1472 von Filippo di Niccolaio Frescobaldi von einer Kopie angefertigt wurde, die wiederum ein Agnolo di Lotto dall'Antella angefertigt hatte, wie das Titelblatt behauptet. Diese wiederum stamme, so das besagte Titelblatt, von einer Kopie des Autographen des "Francesco Balducci".

Das Manuskript stammt von einer einzigen Hand, sieht man von wenigen erläuternden Einträgen einer wohl dem 16. Jahrhundert zuzuordnenden Hand ab, die eine Liste von Gewürzen knapp annotierte. Dabei ist die ursprüngliche Reihenfolge der ersten Vorlage nicht eingehalten, so als seien die Blätter neu geordnet worden, wie Evans (S. xii) schreibt. Dies erschließt sich etwa aus Rückverweisen auf bereits dargestellte Themen, die jedoch in der überlieferten Fassung erst später folgen. Soweit möglich hat Evans in seiner Edition die ursprünglichen Zusammenhänge wiederhergestellt. Am Ende bricht die Abschrift einfach ab, der Grund ist nicht klar; auch nicht, ob Pegolotti selbst oder einer der Kopisten abbrach. Um die Ordnung wiederherzustellen, wurde offenbar, nachdem die Seiten durcheinandergeraten waren, ein Index an den Anfang der Handschrift gestellt.

Bedauerlicherweise modernisierte Evans, wie es üblich war, den Text, das heißt sowohl Schreibweisen als auch Groß- und Kleinschreibung, Satzzeichen und Absatzbildung, verfuhr mit Schriftarten oder Setzen von Kapitälchen etc. recht willkürlich, so dass die Edition für sprachliche oder etwa buchwissenschaftliche Analysen nur partiell zu gebrauchen ist.

Vorlagen, Informationsquellen, Zuverlässigkeit
Pegolotti verfasste sein Werk nicht in einem Zuge, sondern es entstand während seiner Tätigkeit für die Bardi, wie sich etwa anhand der jeweils aktuell herrschenden Männer, die genannt werden, eingrenzen lässt. Doch lässt sich das Werk nicht nur auf seine reichhaltigen Erinnerungen zurückführen. So scheint er etwa Zugang zu einer früheren, viel bescheideneren Zusammenstellung gehabt zu haben, die 1279 in Pisa angefertigt worden war und die heute in der Biblioteca Comunale in Siena unter dem Titel Memoria de Tucte le Mercantie zu finden ist (nach ed. Evans, S. xxxv, Anm. 2 unter der Signatur Codice C, VI, 8). Bei dieser handelt es sich um die älteste Pratica della mercatura. Neben den Capitoli della Compagnia di San Domenico di Siena, einer kleinen Zahl von Briefen aus dem Tolomei-Archiv, einigen Transkripten des Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala, liefert das nur in einer Kopie des 17. Jahrhunderts überlieferte Werk eine Einleitung, die Evans partiell Pegolittis Angaben gegenüberstellt. Dies betrifft die S. 350 in den Memoria und in Pegolottis Werk die Seiten 71 und 75, insgesamt 16 Einträge. Offenbar sind diese Einträge von Pegolotti übersetzt worden. So heißt es beispielsweise in der Vorlage "Seta libbre cinquecento per una sportata", bei Pegolotti "Libbre 500 di seta per una sporta". Nach dieser Passage stimmen die beiden Werke nicht mehr entfernt überein. Pegolotti hat gelegentlich Bestimmungen zusammengefasst, weicht aber bei der Mengenangabe nur beim Kristallzucker ab. Evans selbst hält die Vorlage zwar für evident, schränkt aber ein, dass eine Zwischenfassung zu Pegolotti gelangt sein könnte (S. xxxvii).

Er selbst wollte ausdrücklich die für diejenigen Händler nützlichen Dinge niederschreiben, die in verschiedenen Teilen der Welt mit Waren und Wechselkursen zu tun hatten. Damit mussten zahlreiche und teils umfangreiche Listen erstellt werden. Die von ihm intendierten Hinweise konnten also auf eigenen, wohl nicht in Listen verfügbaren Erfahrungen beruhen, wie etwa das in Neapel übliche Trinkgeld für die dortigen Amtsinhaber, aber auch auf umfangreichen offiziellen Listen von Zollstellen, in die er zumindest Einblick genommen haben muss.

Diese Vorlagen erweisen die Zuverlässigkeit des Werkes. Zwei Abschnitte lassen sich je einer Vorlage zuordnen, mit der sein Werk verglichen werden konnte, nämlich einer Liste und einer Urkunde. Die lange Liste von Maklergebühren, die bei Evans die Seiten 204 bis 209 füllt, lässt sich auf einen entsprechenden Pisaner tariffa zurückführen, das als Breve dell'Ordine del Mare erhalten geblieben ist. Dabei weichen die beiden Listen nur geringfügig voneinander ab, allerdings ersetzt Pegolotti vielfach Pisaner Ausdrücke durch solche seiner Heimatstadt Florenz, und an zwei Stellen korrigiert er sogar zu Recht die Liste. Andererseits erscheinen einige offenkundige Fehler, wie etwa die Verwechslung von "senape" und "sapone", also 'Senf' und 'Seife' (ed. Evans, S. 26 f.). Da die Kopisten, die nacheinander Pegolottis Ausgangswerk kopiert haben, ansonsten recht sorgfältig gearbeitet hatten, könnten diese doch recht häufigen Abweichungen und Fehler darauf zurückgehen, dass Pegolotti selbst eine fehlerhafte Kopie des Pisaner Originals vorgelegen hatte.

Eine nicht ganz so klare Ableitung von einer Quelle liegt im Fall des Handelsprivilegs der Florentiner in Antwerpen vor, das Pegolotti selbst ausgehandelt hatte (bei Evans Seite 251 bis 254). Dieses ist zwar verloren, doch die sehr ähnlich lautenden Privilegien für die Deutschen und die Genuesen, die beide am 28. Oktober 1315 ausgestellt wurden, liegen gedruckt vor. Die überaus starke Übereinstimmung mit der Urkunde für die deutschen Händler bestärkt die Annahme, dass Pegolotti auch hier das Original oder eine Abschrift vorgelegen hat. Pegolotti übersetzte auch hier wieder Begriffe ins Florentinische, doch unterliefen dabei nur zwei Fehler. In einem Fall wurde aus einer 18 eine 8, im anderen Fall wurde eine Eintragung zum Robbenöl ausgelassen. Diese Tatsachen verdeutlichen die Verlässlichkeit von Pegolottis Text insgesamt, zumal ihm nur eine Kopie vorgelegen haben kann – das Original musste in Antwerpen aufbewahrt werden. Nur Informationen aus zweiter Hand muss mit Vorsicht begegnet werden, wie Evans (S. xxviii) konstatierte.

Eine weitere Quelle für Pegolottis Zusammenstellungen stellen die Statuten der Florentiner Calimala dar, der Tuchhändlergilde. Dabei standen sie Pegolotti in einer Fassung zur Verfügung, wie sie sich zwischen 1338 und 1342 entwickelte. Die Ähnlichkeiten beziehen sich nicht nur auf die Struktur, sondern reichen bis in einzelne Formulierungen. Dies wiederum gestatten anhand der überlieferten Fassungen eine genauere Einordnung der Jahre, die für die Einpflegung der dortigen Angaben in Pegolottis Werk in Frage kommen (ed. Evans, S. xxx–xxxiii). Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben für den gesamten Abschnitt über Florenz eine Entstehungszeit zwischen 1332 und 1345 (S. xxxiv).

Bei all dem muss berücksichtigt werden, dass Pegolotti keine Privatperson war, die ein Kompendium für Händler zusammenstellen wollte, sondern, dass er dies im Auftrag der größten Bank ihrer Zeit tat, oder zumindest in deren Diensten. Damit kann angenommen werden, dass das Opus der Verbesserung der Arbeit ihrer Beschäftigten dienen sollte (ed. Evans, S. xxxvii). Pegolotti seinerseits dürfte eine große Menge an Dokumenten aus dem Bardi-Umkreis und dem Hause selbst zur Verfügung gestanden haben. Das Bardi-Archiv jedoch ist fast vollständig untergegangen. Ein Vergleich mit dem Archiv des Kaufmanns Francesco Datini, das fast vollständig überliefert, aber überwiegend mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert jünger ist, erweist weitere Zusammenhänge. Dort finden sich etwa Florentiner Preislisten und tariffe, Abgabenlisten aus Pisa usw. Sie wurden an die Wand des Büros gehängt. Möglicherweise standen derlei Listen, aber auch Verträge, in einer Art Regal für den Gebrauch bereit. Der wechselnde sprachliche Duktus bei Pegolotti, etwa zwischen der kaufmännischen Beschreibung und der legalistischen Ausdeutung, weist auf einen solchen unmittelbaren Gebrauch hin.

Allerdings sammelte Pegolotti seine Informationen über einen langen Zeitraum, so dass diese an einigen Stellen schon zu seiner Zeit veraltet waren. Dies führte dazu, dass ihm Fälschung vorgeworfen wurde. Dass der Autor jedoch zuverlässig war, ließ sich bis in einzelne Abschnitte der von ihm dargestellten Routen belegen, wie etwa für die Strecke nach Tana.

Frühe Wirkungen
Pegolottis Arbeit wurde wahrscheinlich vom Verfasser des venezianischen Handelshandbuchs Tarifa zoè noticia dy pexi e mexure di luogi e tere che s'adovra marcadantia per el mondo in den 1340er-Jahren verwendet. Dieses Werk bestand aus drei Teilen, wobei der mittlere Teil, der die Seiten 41 bis 70 füllt, sich mit Konstantinopel, Tana, Sara, Negroponte, Famagusta, Candia, Alexandria, Damaskus, Mallorca und Venedig selbst befasste. Der erste Teil enthielt eine gekürzte Passage zu denselben Orten, jedoch kamen Trapezunt, Messina, Ancona, dann Montpellier und die Messen der Champagne hinzu. Der dritte Teil (S. 70–75) befasste sich mit Gewürzen und anderen Waren ("Chognoscimento de splezie et altre merze"). Unmittelbar davor, auf S. 70, hatte eine andere Hand "Gaieta con Veniexia" eingefügt. Der erste Teil ist wohl eine Zusammenfassung des zweiten, wobei Tatsachen aus einem Vertrag des Jahres 1345 stammen. Diese Passage könnte wohl mit dem Werk Pegolottis gleichzeitig entstanden sein. Der Autor habe sich aber nicht bei Pegolotti unmittelbar bedient, wie zahlreiche Parallelen in der Struktur, aber auch Korrekturen nahelegen, sondern es handelte sich wohl, im Gegensatz zum ganz offenkundig abschreibenden Giorgio Chiarini, eher um eine 'Milieubeziehung' als solche unmittelbaren Kontaktes (ed. Evans, S. xlix). Wie die spätere Ergänzung zu Gaeta zeigt, war es noch immer Usus, sich frei bei anderen Autoren zu bedienen und sein eigenes Werk damit im Alltag des Kaufmanns an dessen Stelle zu setzen. Daher lag die Annahme, dass die Autorschaft Pegolottis nur ein Konstrukt der späteren Kopisten gewesen sei, zwar nahe, doch ist Pegolottis Werk zu stark von seinen eigenen Erfahrungen und seinem enormen Wissen geprägt.

Pegolottis Opus diente später als Quelle für ein späteres Werk, das den gleichen Titel trägt, die Pratica della mercatura, die 1442 von Giovanni di Bernardo da Uzzano zusammengestellt wurde. Evans konnte in einzelnen Fällen sogar nachweisen, dass dieser Angaben von Pegolotti korrigiert hatte, etwa beim Vergleich von Hohlmaßen zwischen Stiva und Chiarenza (was auch auf Kopierfehler zurückzuführen sein könnte); andererseits machte Uzzano gravierendere Fehler. So liest Uzzano etwa statt "mille" "miglioresi", "188" statt "tarì 38" (letztere eine Münze) oder gar "dassi" für "d'argento"; er löste offenbar Abbreviationen falsch auf (ed. Evans, S. xliii). Umgekehrt erweist dies, dass Pegolottis Text mehr Abkürzungen enthalten haben muss, als die erhaltene Abschrift.

Bald darauf wurde Pegolotti vom Autor des Libro che tracta di mercatantie et usanze de' paesi herangezogen, das 1458 wahrscheinlich von Giorgio Chiarini zusammengestellt und später in Luca Paciolis Summa de arithmetica aufgenommen wurde. Von dieser Handschrift existieren drei Abschriften, von denen die älteste von 1458 stammt (ed. Evans, S. xliii). Diese wurde wohl 1498 gedruckt, wenn diese Ausgabe auch ohne Jahr erschien, wurde aber bereits 1481 in das Handbuch des Fra Luca Pacioli aufgenommen. Wieder konnte Evans zeigen, dass Chiarinis und Pegolottis Text eine große Zahl an Parallelen aufweisen (S. xliv f.). Im Falle einer Liste konnte Evans sogar belegen, dass Pegolotti nicht nur eine Liste an zwei Stellen aufnahm – was er nur einmal tat –, sondern, dass beide Autoren den gleichen Fehler aufweisen. Zugleich wahrten sie eine gemeinsame Struktur bis in Einzelheiten hinein. Pegolotti bediente sich demnach bei zwei Listen, Chiarini bei einer dritten. Dies lässt sich am besten erklären, indem man annimmt, dass alle drei einem gemeinsamen Stemma entstammten, einer Dokumentenfamilie.

Inhalt

Zunächst liefert der Autor "dichiarigioni", Erläuterungen, aus denen hervorgeht, wie die Bezeichnungen bestimmter Maße oder Geldeinheiten in Florenz und "in prulare" lauten, aber auch in zahlreichen anderen Sprachen und Dialekten, dazu die jeweiligen Abbreviationen, vor allem für Maße und Gewichte, aber auch Münzen usw. (ed. Evans, S. 14ff). Anschließend erläutert er einige Kernbegriffe des Handels und liefert Übersetzungen in verschiedenen Sprachen. Dabei ist er am ausführlichsten beim Begriff für den Marktplatz, resp. die Zollstelle, für die er etwa 20 Übersetzungen liefert – für den Raum zwischen "Persia" und "Tana" oder "Erminia" und "Cipri" im Osten, sowie "Inghilterra", "Tunizi in Barberia" oder "Ispagna" im Westen. Zudem listet er die unterschiedlichen Bezeichnungen für das Handelshaus in Toskanisch, Genuesisch, Französisch, dann 'verschiedene Sprachen' und in Flämisch auf: "Fondaco e bottega in Toscana. / Volta in genovesco. / Stazione in francesco. / Magazzìno in più linguaggi. / Celliere in fiammingo." Ähnlich verfährt er etwa mit dem Makler, wobei er drei Bezeichnungen aus 'mehreren Sprachen' aufführt, und "Messetto" im Venezianischen: "Sensale in più linguaggi. / Curattiere in più linguaggi. / Mezzano in più linguaggi. / Messetto in vinizianesco.". Daran schließt der Autor eine Erläuterung über deren übliche Tätigkeit an. Zugleich eröffnet er in diesem Abschnitt den räumlichen und sprachlichen Horizont, wenn er zu großen Frachtschiffen in Ägypten erklärt: "Giermo vuol dire in saracinesco grossi navili che portano le mercatantie da Damiata su per lo fiume insino al Cairo di Bambillonia e dal Cairo su per lo detto fiume insino al mare dell'India." Er nennt also einen Schiffstyp mit seinem arabischen Namen, der Waren von Damiette über Kairo in den Indischen Ozean verfrachtete (ed. Evans, S. 19). Zu den Dolmetschern meint er, bevor er auf die Reiserouten eingeht: "Turcimanno in più linguaggi, calamanci in tarteresco, sono gente che temperano e dànno a intendere linguaggi da uno linguaggio a un altro che non sì intendessoro insieme."

Routen und Städte

Reiseroute von der Krim nach Peking
Diesen eher knappen Hinweisen folgt ein gewaltiger Abschnitt mit den Handelsrouten, der sich über die "Rubriche" erschließen lässt, die Pegolotti zu Anfang liefert. Von diesen aus ließen sich die jeweiligen carte auffinden. Sie fungierten also wie eine Art Inhaltsverzeichnis. Diese Routen umfassen in der Edition über 250 Seiten und damit den Löwenanteil des Werkes, das neben 443 Seiten Textedition noch 46 Seiten Einführung umfasst. Pegolotti liefert dabei nicht nur eine Auflistung von Routen und Handelsstädten, die von italienischen Händlern frequentiert wurden, sondern auch die Importe und Exporte verschiedener wichtiger Handelsregionen, dann die in jeder dieser Regionen vorherrschenden Handelsgepflogenheiten und Transportmittel, schließlich den Vergleichswert der führenden Münzen, Gewichte und Maße (ed. Evans, S. 21–277).

Die weiteste Reise, die Pegolotti gleich als erste beschreibt, führt binnen mehr als neun Monaten von der Krim nach China (Cathay), genauer von La Tana (Asow) nördlich um das Kaspische Meer durch Usbekistan nach Peking, oder, wie es Pegolotti nennt, nach Gamalecco (Evans, S. 21–23). Die Route führte über Astrachan an der unteren Wolga und die heutige Geisterstadt Otrar. Dabei nennt der Autor jeweils die Anzahl der Tagesreisen, das übliche Transportmittel und an zwei Stellen auch die Lagermöglichkeiten für Waren, die der Grund für Alternativrouten sind. Der Autor nennt als Etappen mitsamt Distanzen in Tagen: von Tana nach "Gintarcan" 25 Tage mit Ochsenkarren, dann 10 bis 12 Tage mit einem Pferdekarren; daran schließt sich eine Flussreise von einem Tag nach "Sara" (vielleicht Saray, später von Timur zerstört) an, eine weitere von 8 Tagen nach "Saracanco" (am Nordrand des Kaspischen Meeres, wohl im 16. Jahrhundert von Kosaken zerstört), wohin man auch über Land und Wasser gelangen könne. Doch sei die Fahrt über Wasser preislich günstiger. Von dort gehe es auf einem Kamelkarren binnen 20 Tagen nach Köneürgenç (?) das Pegolotti "Organci" nennt, und das südlich des Aralsees liegt – dies sei günstiger, weil dort mehr Platz für die Waren sei –; weiter gehe es mit dem Kamelkarren 35 bis 40 Tage lang bis "Ioltrarre" (Otrar unweit des Syrdarja). Wer aber von "Saracanco" direkt nach "Oltrarre" (Namensvariante!) reise, weil er keine Waren mitführe, der solle sich den Umweg über "Organci" ersparen. Von "Oltrarre" brauche es 45 Tage auf Eseln "e ogni dìe truovi moccoli", also bewaffnete Männer, Tataren, bzw. Mongolen. An anderer Stelle erläutert Pegolotti diesen Begriff selbst: "moccoli, cioè tartari scherani" (ed. Evans, S. 29). Von dort führe der Weg 70 Eselstage nach "Camexu" (Ganzhou), danach wiederum zu einem Fluss namens [Lücke], dann folgen 45 Tage zu Pferde. Von dort kann man nach "Cassai" (Hangzhou) gehen, um dort sein Silber zu verkaufen. Auch dort befinde sich viel Lagerplatz für Waren. Mit dem Geld, das man in "Cassai" für sein Silber erhalte, könne man weiterreisen. Dieses war Papiergeld ("moneta di carta"), das sogenannte "moneta basilisci", für das Pegolotti auch den Wechselkurs in China angibt (dieses Papiergeld gab es von 1287 bis 1402). Von "Cassai" gehe es schließlich nach "Gamalecco" (Peking) binnen 30 Tagen, das die Hauptstadt ("mastra città") des Landes "Gattaio" sei.

Nach dieser Route folgen bei Pegolotti Hinweise darauf, was man für die Reise brauche, und welche Waren dort geeignet seien. Als erstes meint er, es sei üblich sich einen langen Bart wachsen zu lassen und sich keinesfalls zu rasieren. Man solle sich in La Tana mit Dolmetschern ("turcimanni") ausstatten und keineswegs die billigsten nehmen. Außerdem brauche man mindestens zwei Diener ("fanti"), die das Kumanische gut beherrschen. Der Händler wird darauf hingewiesen, dass er als respektabler gelte, wenn er eine Frau auf diese Reise mitnehme, die jedoch die kumanische Sprache fließend beherrschen sollte. Von dort bis Gittarcan solle er sich für 25 Tage mit Lebensmitteln eindecken, vor allem mit Mehl und Stockfisch, denn Fleisch erhalte man überall. Die Strecke bis Gattaio sei "sicurissimo", also 'überaus sicher', allerdings falle das gesamte Gut des Händlers, wenn er dort sterben sollte, an die "uficiali del signore" desjenigen Landes, durch das er bis zum Zeitpunkt seines Todes gereist sei – es sei denn, sein Bruder oder "stretto compagno" reise mit ihm. Eine weitere Gefahr stelle ein Thronwechsel dar, wenn es keinen direkten Nachfolger des Herrschers gebe, denn bis dahin seien auch schon 'Franken' in Gefahr geraten ("v'è stata fatta novitade a'franchi"). Daran anschließend führt der Autor einige wesentliche Angaben über die Kosten der Reise auf, dann über Maße und Gewichte, über Seidenpreise, aber auch, dass der Weg von Tana nach Sara weniger sicher sei.

Örtliche Bestimmungen und Gebräuche, Maße und Gewichte

Das Manuskript enthält Hauptüberschriften für zahlreiche Handelsplätze. Viele andere sind nebenbei aufgeführt. Unter jeder Rubrik gibt es Listen der wichtigsten Waren mit Angaben zu Gewichten und Maßen, Gesetzen und Gewohnheiten des Handels, Preisen und Zöllen. Pegolotti fügt Tabellen zum Vergleich der Gewichte und Maße jeder Stadt mit denen anderer Städte hinzu, um die Berechnungen zu erleichtern.

Dementsprechend anders ist der Schwerpunkt, als Pegolotti seinen eigentlichen Überblick mit "Tana nel Mare Maggiore" und "Caffa" beginnt (ed. Evans, S. 23–26). Hier liefert er ausschließlich "pesi e misure" ('Gewichte und Maße'), wie er selbst ankündigt, aber auch welche Waren in welcher Einheit gemessen werden, dann folgen jeweils Angaben über örtliche Abgaben. Im Falle von La Tana wurden diese nur bei der Einfahrt fällig, während man bei der Ausfahrt nichts entrichten musste. Sehr häufig wird dabei mit Genueser Maßen verglichen, aber auch mit venezianischen. So entsprach etwa ein "cascito" fünf "staia" in Venedig, einem häufigen Hohlmaß. Im genuesischen "Caffa" wurden Abgaben in Höhe von "3 per centinaio" bei Ein- und Ausreise fällig. Nur die Genuesen entrichteten jeweils 3½ %, und zwar ½ % an die Genueser Gemeinde, 3 % an den "signore di Caffa". Der "moggio" von Kaffa entspreche in Venedig "4 1/3 staia".

Im Falle von Täbris in Persien ("Torisi di Persia") nennt Pegolotti in gewohnter Weise die Maße und Gewichte, befasst sich aber etwas ausführlicher mit den dort umlaufenden Gold- und Silbermünzen, ihrem Feingehalt und den dortigen Wechselkursen. Daran anschließend führt er die Handelsabgaben und -gebühren auf, die bei Waren aus "Laiazo d'Erminia" (Aigeai) anfallenden Kosten, schließlich die Maßrelationen zwischen Täbris und anderen Städten, wie Pera oder Famagusta, Venedig oder Genua (ed. Evans, S. 26–31). Ähnlich verfährt der Autor mit "Trabisonda" (Trapezunt), Konstantinopel und Pera, wobei er hier besonders ausführlich auf die "lunghezze di panni", die Länge der dortigen Tücher eingeht. Entsprechend der Bedeutung der byzantinischen Hauptstadt befasst er sich mit einer großen Zahl von Waren, darunter Mandeln, Datteln und Nüsse, Salz und Olivenöl, Getreide und Wein. Schließlich folgen, wie stets, die Münzverhältnisse, das örtliche Handelsrecht, vor allem die lokalen Abgaben nach Typen unterschieden, ja, er wägt sogar Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Messmethoden ab. Bei all dem umfassen die Vergleiche der Maße praktisch den gesamten bekannten Handelsraum im Mittelmeer und im Nordatlantik bis London (bis S. 54).

Diesen Überblick setzt Pegolotti fort, es folgen das "Mare Maggiore", "Alto luogho di Turchia", "Setalia di Turchia", dann "Ermenia" (Armenien, S. 59–63), "Acri di Soria", womit er sich bereits dem wichtigsten Handelsplatz in Syrien zuwendet (bis S. 69), schließlich "Alessandria" in Ägypten (bis S. 77). Einen besonders ausführlichen Abschnitt widmet er Zypern, vor allem dem ihm so wohlbekannten Famagusta (S. 77–102). Eher knapp handelt er Rhodos und Kreta ("Candia") ab, etwas ausführlicher wiederum Sizilien (S. 107–116). Dann springt er wieder auf die östliche Adriaseite mit "Chiarenza", "Stiva" und "Nigroponte", um dann auf Sardinien (S. 119–122) und Mallorca (S. 122–130) zu sprechen zu kommen. Daran schließt er Tunis an (bis S. 136), knapp streift er Tripolis und Djerba. Die S. 137 bis 154 umfassen Venedig, dann schließt Pegolotti das Friaul an ("Frioli"), schließlich Ancona (S. 156–161) und Apulien (S. 161–176). Nach einem sehr knappen Abschnitt über Salerno widmet er sich ausführlicher Neapel (bis S. 190) und vor allem Florenz (bis S. 203), Pisa (bis S. 214) und Genua (bis S. 224). Weiter westwärts ausgreifend folgen nun Nimes und Montpellier ("Nimissi e Monpolieri"), Avignon ("Vignone") und Aigues-Mortes ("Aguamorta") bis S. 231, bald folgen die Messen der Champagne (S. 233–236), nur sehr knapp Paris (S. 236), dann Flandern, unterteilt nach Brügge (S. 237–250), sehr knapp Brabant, ausführlicher Antwerpen (S. 250–254). Daran schließt sich "Londra d'Inghilterra" an (S. 254–258), dann vorrangig die Wolle von "Inghilterra" (S. 258–269). Schließlich folgen sehr knappe Abschnitte über "Roccella di Guascogna", "Sobilia di Spagna", dann das "Reame di Morrocco di Spagna", "Salle Reame di Morrocco" und schließlich im selben Reich "Arzilla".

Listen und Tabellen, Verfahren, Warenkunde

Ohne Umstände ändert der Autor sein bis dahin räumliches Prinzip in ein waren- oder sachorientiertes, wobei er mit den Maßen für Tuche beginnt (S. 277–286). Später wendet er sich Metalllegierungen und der Feinheit der Gold- und Silbermünzen zu (ab S. 287–292), Gewürzen und ihrer Verpackung (S. 293–300 und 307–319), Seide (ab S. 300).

Pegolotti liefert die ersten bekannten Zinseszinstabellen. Er betitelt sie mit "Quelle che vegnono guidardonate le lire cento in uno anno o più a diversi pregi …", wobei es ihm darum geht, tabellarisch in 8 Stufen zu je einem halben Prozent darzustellen, wie sich 100 Lire binnen 20 Jahren bei Verzinsungen von 1 bis 4,5 % entwickeln) (S. 301 f.). Auch befasst der Autor sich mit Gebräuchen beim Verkauf und Kauf von Getreide (ab S. 319) oder dem Anmieten von Schiffen (ab S. 322). Gegen Ende folgt eine Ostertafel für die Jahre 1340 bis 1465 (S. 324 f.), dann Rechenhilfen, eine Mondtabelle, "Ricetta d'affinare oro" (S. 331–338), dann Silber legieren (S. 339–352), oder Gold (S. 352–358) usw.

Schließlich folgt von S. 360 bis 383, dem Schluss also, eine Warenkunde ("Conoscere le mercatantie") mit dem ausdrücklichen Ziel, sich vor Betrug ("inganno") zu schützen. Zu diesen Waren zählt etwa "giengiovo" (Ingwer), "cannella" (Zimt), "verzino" (Brasilholz), vor allem aber "zucchero" (S. 362–365). Dann folgen "ciera" (Wachs), aber auch Baumwolle, Alaun, Mastix, oder auch Salz, Aloe, Safran oder Datteln.

Editionen (1766 und 1936)
Pegolottis Werk wurde erstmals 1766 von Gianfrancesco Pagnini als Teil seines Opus Della Decima e delle altre Gravezze, della Moneta e della Mercatura de' Fiorentini fino a secolo XVI ediert, seiner vierbändigen Geschichte der Finanzen von Florenz, erschienen bei G. Bouchard in Lissabon und Lucca 1765 und 1766. Die Abschrift von Pegolottis Werk, das erst durch Pagnini den Titel Pratica della mercatura erhielt, erschien seinerzeit anonym, doch wurde ihr Editor bald bekannt. Die Pratica erschien als Band 3 seines Werkes, Band 4 stellte die Praktik des Giovanni da Uzzano aus dem 15. Jahrhundert dar. 1970 erschien ein Nachdruck bei Kraus Reprint Co., New York. Nur kurze Abschnitte sind in französischer und englischer Übersetzung erschienen.

Die Edition von 1936 durch Allan Evans, die Pagninis bis dahin maßgebliche Arbeit erst nach 170 Jahren ersetzte, gilt seither als Standardwerk. Dieser verfasste seine 1931 abgeschlossene Dissertation an der Harvard University über Pegolottis Werk, die auch eine Übersetzung ins Englische beinhaltete. Die Edition erschien bei der Mediaeval Academy of America. Sie enthält Glossare zu Waren, Ortsnamen, Münzen und Geld usw., aber keine Übersetzung.

Literatur
 Jean-Claude Hocquet: La pratica della Mercatura de Pegolotti et la documentation d'archives: une confrontation, in: Radovi 1. Medunarodnog kongresa za Povijesnu metrologiju, Zagreb 1975, S. 49–84.
 Kurt Weissen: Dove il papa va, sempre è caro di danari. The Commercial Site Analysis in Italian Merchant Handbooks and Notebooks from the 14th and 15th Centuries, in: Markus A. Denzel, Jean Claude Hocquet, Harald Witthöft (Hrsg.): Kaufmannsbücher und Handelspraktiken vom Spätmittelalter bis zum beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert, Steiner, 2002, S. 65 f.
 Notices of the Land Route to Cathay and of Asiatic Trade in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century, in: Henry Yule (Hrsg.): Cathay and the Way Thither, Bd. 3: Missionary Friars—Rashíduddín—Pegolotti—Marignolli, Hakluyt Society, London 1914, S. 135–173. (Digitalisat)
 Maria Elisa Soldani: Pegolotti, Francesco di Balduccio, in: Dizionario biografico degli Italiani 82 (2015).
 Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998.

Weblinks

 bloßer Text der Evans-Edition, nebst Gliederung
 Pegolotti's Merchant Handbook, partielle Übertragung der englischen Übersetzung bei Henry Yule, Henri Cordier (Hrsg.): Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Bd. III, London, 1916, S. 143–171, Website der University of Washington.

Anmerkungen

Literarisches Werk
Sachliteratur (Wirtschaft)
Literatur (14. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Italienisch)


Tiger Woods' decision to take "an indefinite break" to repair his marriage was greeted with surprise, bemusement and even relief Saturday as golfers, fans and commentators contemplated the immediate future of a sport without its biggest draw.
John Daly sympathized as the worldwide media continued to pile up accusations of infidelity, Annika Sorenstam lamented a family tragedy and Colin Montgomerie noted dryly that golf's big prizes just became a little more accessible.
These are tumultuous times for golf after Friday's announcement by its No. 1 player that he is taking time out following two weeks of allegations of extramarital affairs. Woods and his wife, Elin, have been married five years and have a 2-year-old daughter and a 10-month-old son.
"There was an aura, and that wall, if you like, has been split slightly," said Montgomerie, Europe's 2010 Ryder Cup captain. "There are cracks, and I feel that it gives us more opportunity of winning these big events now."
Next year could have been one of the biggest in Woods' career, with three of the four majors played at courses on which he has triumphed by large margins.
Instead, golf is preparing for another spell without its biggest superstar. Woods' absence from the PGA Tour for much of last season because of reconstructive knee surgery led to a drop in television ratings of 50 percent.
"Indefinite is a scary word," former U.S. Open champion Geoff Ogilvy said. "That's not good for us. But I'm sure he'll get it worked out."
Woods so far seems intent on doing so without help from his fellow professionals.
"He just didn't want to talk to anybody," Daly said at the Australian PGA on Saturday. "I'm in shock over it all, a lot of our players are in shock. I'm not happy with the way some of our players have responded -- that's their way of getting back because they know they can't beat him at golf.
"They always say there is no one bigger in golf than the game itself. But Tiger is."
Craig Parry was finishing his third round at the Australian PGA when he heard about Woods' decision to step aside.
A friend of Woods who lives nearby in Windermere, Fla., Parry played alongside him for the first two rounds of last month's Australian Masters in Melbourne -- Woods' final tournament before his car crash and subsequent accusations of infidelity.
"What he did was totally wrong," Parry said. "And he's got no one to blame except himself. You can look at other people, but he's the one who's got to look in the mirror."
And in the newspapers, Saturday brought a fresh round of headlines all over the world.
Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport featured a cartoon showing a golf bag containing six bare female legs in high heels and two clubs.
German tabloid Bild continued to print salacious details of the scandal, but added on its Web site that it hoped "Tiger is as successful as on the golf course" as he tries to repair his marriage.
"For years to come he will be a figure of fun to comedians great and small," said Peter Allis, the BBC's chief golf commentator for more than 30 years. "We were told for years that his father stood by the side of the green throwing pebbles in buckets of water, shouting and blowing whistles to make him oblivious to all these noises.
"Now we have to see how strong his mind is."
Although Michelle Wie refused to comment at the Dubai Ladies Masters on what she said was a private matter for Woods, former top-ranked LPGA star Sorenstam told Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet she was saddened by the news.
"I think this whole thing is tragic," she said. "We used to train together, but both myself and Tiger have been very busy lately and therefore haven't seen, or heard from each other as frequently."
Daly, who has been married four times, cautioned Woods and his wife, Elin, to remain together for the right reason. He said Woods should consider a television interview to limit damage to his image.
"If I was him, I'd go to Oprah, I would get on her show, tell the truth and it doesn't matter what the media say any more, because it's all out in the open," Daly said.
Veteran British publicist Max Clifford agreed.
"Hopefully he can go on something like Oprah, maybe even with his wife, to show that they're making a real go of it," Clifford said. "The clever move would be for him to say, 'I'm coming back when Elin tells me the time is right.'"
For now, Woods is communicating publicly only through carefully worded statements on his Web site.
Earlier this year, he became the first athlete to surpass $1 billion in career earnings, according to Forbes magazine. His sponsors include Nike, Gillette, AT&T, Gatorade and Tag Heuer.
Nike, which signed a multiyear contract with Woods in 2006, is standing by the player.
"He is the best golfer in the world and one of the greatest athletes of his era," Nike spokeswoman Beth Gast said in a statement. "We look forward to his return to golf. He and his family have Nike's full support."
And it isn't just golfers who are thinking about Woods.
"One thing people don't understand is that we're human," Heat guard Dwyane Wade said in Miami. "You're not born with a menu on how not to do things wrong. You're going to make mistakes like every human being. It's just unfortunate that you're in the public eye so much and a lot of people get hurt by it."
Bobcats forward Stephen Jackson wished Woods the best.
"Sometimes you just got to take time out to reflect on what's more important, and that's family," he said after Charlotte's 104-85 loss in San Antonio.
AP Sports Writer Dennis Passa in Coolum, Australia, AP Sports Writer Andrew Dampf in Rome, AP Sports Writer Tim Reynolds in Miami and Associated Press Writer Paul J. Weber in San Antonio contributed to this report.


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Stephen Prina and Christopher Williams
Kuhlenschmidt-Simon Gallery
Collectively entitled "The Construction and Maintenance of Our Enemies," this collaboration between Stephen Prina and Christopher Williams took the form of 13 black-and-white photographs of plant specimens at the Huntington Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California, all from 1986. At first glance, these carefully composed depictions of roses, cacti, and other, more exotic plants appeared to be an ironic demystification of the conventions of landscape photography—especially those established by such hallowed Modernists as Edward Weston and Ansel Adams—through the direct simulation of historical models. As with most conceptual pieces, however, the work's real discourse stood outside the parameters of the immediate text, focusing instead on the process of collaboration and creative decision making.
Our first clue to this extratextual signification lay in the work's rigorous documentation.
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text:
Q: >>> import pikle Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in  ImportError: No module named 'pikle' I can not import pikle.
and,I can not install pikle.
Collecting pikle
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No matching distribution found for pikle
Why ??
My python version is 3.5.6.

A: You are probably trying to use to Pickle, which is spelled with a "ck", not just a "c". So, replacing "pikle" with "pickle" should resolve your problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Parking is available in Lot 4.
Research interests of Michele Tagliati, MD, include the study of early and advanced therapeutics of Parkinson's disease, dystonia and other movement disorders. Tagliati pioneered the use of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's and dystonia, and his work contributed advances in the definition of outcome predictors and therapeutic settings of DBS. He is currently involved in research on the role of nonmotor and nondopaminergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's.
Tagliati M. Multiple-source current steering: a new arrow in the DBS quiver. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:670-1.
Cheung T, Noecker AM, Alterman RL, McIntyre CC, Tagliati M. Defining a therapeutic target for pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(1):22-30.
Okun MS, Gallo BV, Mandybur G, Jagid J, Foote KD, Revilla FJ, Alterman R, Jankovic J, Simpson R, Junn F, Verhagen L, Arle JE, Ford B, Goodman RR, Stewart RM, Horn S, Baltuch GH, Kopell BH, Marshall F, Peichel D, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Tröster AI, Vitek JL, Tagliati M. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson's disease: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(2):140-149.
Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, Horak FB, Okun MS, Foote KD, Krack P, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: an expert consensus and review on key issues. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(2):165-171.
Tagliati M, Krack P, Volkmann J, Aziz T, Krauss JK, Kupsch A, Vidailhet AM. Long-term management of deep brain stimulation in dystonia. Mov Disord. 2011;26(S1):S54-S62.


Children who are good at maths at the age of 10 are earning more than other similar children by the time they are 30, a study has found.
Good luck to everyone taking maths exams in the next few weeks!
Magical Maths « How do I choose a Maths Tutor? Choosing a Maths Tutor?


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David Steinhart Wins Gerbode award
Posted November 21, 2012, By the Annie E. Casey Foundation
David Steinhart, the Juvenile Justice Program director for Bolinas, the California-based Commonweal research institute, is one of five recipients of the 2011 Gerbode Professional Development Award.
The award is given annually by the U.C. Berkeley School of Social Welfare to nonprofit professionals "whose outstanding achievements are highly regarded by their peers." The award includes a $10,000 grant to further professional development.
"This came as a complete surprise," said Steinhart, who received his award during a luncheon at the U.C. Berkeley campus on May 4. "It is really a tribute to Commonweal's twenty year track record of juvenile justice advocacy and legal reform in California."
The fellowship is funded by the San Francisco-based Wallace Alexander Gerbode Foundation, which supports a range of progressive social, cultural, and arts organizations in California.
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Saturn Data Room
Third Pole Therapeutics
In 1998, three American scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for their identification of Nitric Oxide (NO), dubbed "the miracle molecule" for its impact on cardiovascular health, and since its introduction to market in 1999, over one million people, including hundreds of thousands of infants, have been treated with this life-saving gas.
Today, Third Pole, Inc. is revolutionizing the way this gas, and cardiopulmonary therapeutics more broadly, are being delivered, starting with their first generation product: a simple, lightweight and economical device capable of generating nitric oxide from air and electricity, eliminating the need for the large, bulky and expensive compressed cylinders currently utilized in hospitals today.
Third Pole's groundbreaking therapies are leading the charge in bringing inhaled NO out of acute care and into the broader world. The flexibility of their inhaled NO technology possesses the potential to transform the lives of patients beyond traditional hospital settings, from those suffering from daily chronic cardiopulmonary challenges, who require convenient, flexible solutions, to those in the developing world in dire need of an easy, economical means of accessing this life-saving gas.
Third Pole Therapeutics Website
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Update your sleepwear essentials with a touch of BOSS luxury. Crafted from classic woven cotton, the Dynamic Pants are light, breathable and soft. Nodding to this season's check obsession, you'll sleep easy knowing you're right on-trend.


While I enjoy mindless action as much as the next person, stories where I can genuinely empathize with the folks currently shooting at each other have always been the most memorable for me. James Bond is entertaining, but every lost ally and vanquished foe is a footnote or wisecrack. Bond doesn't suffer.
Jason Bourne suffers, even after he's singlehandedly pummeled eight thugs into unconsciousness with a tea cozy or something. But he feels bad about it afterward, right? You see the toll the violence takes on him, and his victories are not so much victories as survival and often, the loss of those he holds dear. That resonates with me. I come for the action and explosions, but stay for the aftermath and regret.
A deadly weapon … in the right hands.
My desire to evoke sympathy for my characters before and after the action was foremost in my mind when I wrote Supremacy's Shadow. My goal was to write a fast-paced, twisty scifi thriller with morally gray characters, grounded conflict, copious amounts of snark, and, of course, explosions. But while those can make a book fun, unless my readers actually like and feel for my characters, it's not enough.
I love carefully crafted worldbuilding as much as I love making that carefully crafted world's buildings explode, but in my work, characters are key. I find characters most interesting when they're out of their depth, and find the best drama occurs when they are forced into situations where there are no good choices, just bad ones. As an author, I want to write explosions that made people feel.
Okay, actually, maybe I want you to feel stuff between explosions. Like, there's a bunch of explosions, and then feelings, and then more explosions. Either way, you're doing some feeling in there, because characters! You like them. And oh man, that character just exploded, and this character misses them.
Bob exploded! Oh no! Let's all mourn him and talk about our FEELINGS.
Big battles are fun, but it's always what happens between the battles that stays with me. Whether it's seeing a cyborg Alex Murphy stare longingly at the wife and child he can never visit again, the way Sarah Conner grits her teeth as she realizes she can only stop Judgment Day by murdering an innocent man in front of his family, or the raw fear in Ripley's eyes as she goes back into an alien hive to save a lost little girl, the vulnerability those characters display before and after the action makes it meaty and memorable.
So yes. I write books to evoke feelings. And while I always want you to root for my protagonists, it's just as important to me that you understand the desires, hopes, and motivations of my antagonists as well. My favorite bit of writing advice is "every villain is the hero of their own story" and I hope that, once all my cards are on the table, I've created antagonists who readers can sympathize with and understand.
Am I being vague here? Absolutely. Wouldn't want to spoil the big twist. Oh look! More explosions!
If you just read my books for the snarky action, that's terrific. But I hope after the last thrilling battle scene is over, and the last twisty plot point unraveled, you'll actually remain attached to my characters because you empathize with the pain they feel due to the horrible choices I forced them to make along the way. Because without relatable characters, all the explosions in the world don't really matter.
Unless, say, I wrote a character who was actually an explosion. A sentient, sympathetic explosion with feelings. EXPLODING FEELINGS. That should be the title of my next book. But until then, here's this one!


Becoming a nurse is an exciting and challenging process, as well as an exciting career choice. The future of nursing is bright and opportunities for qualified nurses will continue to expand. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts nursing opportunities will continue to grow at a rate of 18 to 20% through the year 2020.
The average salary for a registered nurse (RN) in North Dakota is $65,000 annually. The average RN entry level salary is $44,000 annually. RNs in positions of administration and supervisor will find the average salary to be about $92,000 annually. This takes into account the level of responsibility and the years of experience required to fill those positions.
RNs will find employment in hospitals, nursing homes and assisted care facilities, as well as rehabilitative and occupational healthcare centers, clinics, visiting nurse and hospice organizations and government and educational facilities. RNs will also find employment as staff nurses within the oil industry in and around the Watford, North Dakota area.
There are certain educational qualifications an RN candidate must meet in order to qualify to take the National Council for Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). The candidate must complete an in state nursing program approved by the North Dakota Board of Nursing (NDBON) or an out of state nursing program that is approved by another board of nursing and includes clinical training equivalent to what the NDBON approves. The RN candidate must earn a minimum of an Associate's degree. The program will include class work and clinical training.
After the nursing program is completed, the graduate must pass the NCLEX-RN to become licensed. Since North Dakota is a member of the Nurse Licensure Compact, the RN candidate's home state must be North Dakota to qualify to take the NCLEX-RN. Application to test is submitted to the NDBON and includes a criminal background check and fingerprint card and a transcript of grades from the applicants nursing program. The transcript must be sent directly from the school to the NDBON. Transcripts sent to the school from the applicant will not be accepted. At the same time the application is submitted, the applicant must register with Pearson VUE to take the exam. Pearson VUE is the NCLEX-RN administrator. Once the NDBON approves the application to test, Pearson VUE will be notified of the applicants eligibility and Pearson VUE will issue the applicant an authorization to test (ATT). With the ATT in hand the applicant contacts Pearson VUE and schedules a date to take the exam.
When the NDBON approves an application to test, the applicant is issued a temporary 90 day work authorization to allow the graduate nurse to begin employment while in the exam process. In this case nursing employment includes orientation. The work authorization will be posted online only. The temporary work authorization is only available to graduates who apply to test within 60 days of graduation.
The graduate nurse will be able to obtain unofficial results 48 hours after the exam is taken through the Pearson VUE NCLEX Quick Results Service for a fee. The NDBON will mail the results of the exam within a week of receiving them from Pearson VUE. Graduates will receive a pass or fail notice. If the graduate passes the exam, the graduate will be issued an RN license number and a graduate who does not pass the exam will receive a notice of failure and an application to take the exam again. All initial RN licenses will expire on 31 December of the year they are first issued.
RNs are required to renew their license every two years by 31 December of the renewal year. RNs renewing their license for the first time will be required to renew their license the very next renewal period. RNs must complete 12 hours of approved continuing education hours every renewal period. RNs renewing their license for the first time will be required to complete 6 hours of approved continuing education hours. Documentation of completing the required continuing education hours should be kept for two renewal cycles. The NDBON conducts random audits and will require selected RNs to provide the necessary continuing education documentation.


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text:
The Stuff Falling into This Black Hole Is Moving at Almost 56,000 Miles a Second!
By Elizabeth Howell
A glob of material the size of Earth is getting sucked into a black hole at nearly one-third the speed of light, a new study reports.
The speed of light in a vacuum is 186,282 miles (299,792 kilometers) per second, and, according to Einstein's theory of special relativity, that's the top speed for anything traveling in our universe. So, something zipping at a third the speed of light is moving nearly 56,000 miles (90,000 km) per second — fast enough to circle Earth twice in that brief time.
The newly observed infall event occurred in the galaxy PG211+143, which is more than 1 billion light-years away from Earth. Astronomers spotted it using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton space telescope, which observes the universe in X-ray light. [Images: Black Holes of the Universe]
Characteristic disk structure from the simulation of a misaligned disk around a spinning black hole. (Image credit: K. Pounds et al./University of Leicester)
"We were able to follow an Earth-sized clump of matter for about a day, as it was pulled towards the black hole, accelerating to a third of the velocity of light before being swallowed up by the hole," study lead author Ken Pounds, a space physicist at the University of Leicester in England, said in a statement.
The matter reached such incredible speeds because black holes have extremely strong gravitational fields, so strong that even light cannot escape once it goes beyond a critical boundary known as the "event horizon." (That's why they're called black holes.)
There are several types of black holes. The most massive kind, called a supermassive black hole, resides at the core of most if not all galaxies, including our own Milky Way.
If there's enough matter falling into a supermassive black hole, the area shines in superbright X-rays that are visible for long distances. These objects are called quasars, or active galactic nuclei. However, most black holes are too compact to pull such material — which is mostly gas — in immediately. Instead, the stuff orbits the black hole, forming an "accretion disk" as it spirals closer. Eventually, the gas is moving so fast that it gets extremely hot and luminous, generating radiation that we can often see from Earth.
The XMM-Newton spacecraft. (Image credit: ESA)
"The orbit of the gas around the black hole is often assumed to be aligned with the rotation of the black hole, but there is no compelling reason for this to be the case," University of Leicester representatives wrote in the same statement.
"In fact, the reason we have summer and winter is that the Earth's daily rotation does not line up with its yearly orbit around the sun," they added. "Until now, it has been unclear how misaligned rotation might affect the infall of gas. This is particularly relevant to the feeding of supermassive black holes, since matter — interstellar gas clouds or even isolated stars — can fall in from any direction."
Members of the study team think the gas is indeed misaligned with the black hole's rotation in PG211+143. In such situations, accretion disks can be twisted and torn; some of the various pieces can then slam into each other, "canceling out" their rotation and allowing some gas to zoom directly toward the black hole, rather than swirl around it.
If misaligned disks are common, it could help explain why black holes from the early universe grew big so quickly. Such black holes would spin relatively slowly, allowing them nab more gas in a shorter amount of time than previously thought, researchers said.
The new study was published this month in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.
Staff Writer, Spaceflight
Elizabeth Howell, Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022. She was contributing writer for Space.com (opens in new tab) for 10 years before that, since 2012. Elizabeth's reporting includes an exclusive with Office of the Vice-President of the United States, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, "Why Am I Taller?", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and (soon) a Bachelor of History from Athabasca University. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace
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