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How often do you do something you don't really want to do because you feel obligated to other people? Whether it's sticking around at a party when you really just want to go home or keeping quiet about some subject you think needs to be talked about, we all do it.
That's why we should all read this Vice article called Why You Should Stop Trying to Please Everyone, By Me, An Autistic Woman with Madeleine Ryan being the autistic woman who wrote it. She describes her experience as a person who is both autistic and antisocial, just doing whatever the heck seems right to her without trying to balance and account for everyone's feelings.
Basically, as she puts it, "By virtue of being autistic, I'm highly likely to find myself inconveniencing people with the truth."
I am partially horrified and partially inspired.
The horror comes from the fact that, if we want to have friendship and community, we have to consider the feelings of others. Caring about someone else and their feelings is kind of a core principle of being in a relationship. This means thinking about who is around when you bring up someone's drug problem and going to their wedding or art opening, smiling, and saying nice things, even if you are bored out of your mind.
Truly doing whatever you want, whenever you want, no matter who is around, is selfish and breaks a community apart pretty quickly.
To be clear, I am not horrified at her - she is welcome to do whatever she wants and seems very aware of the consequences of potentially alienating everyone in her life and is fine with it. She can go forth and live her life. I am just horrified to think of doing that myself. I am not antisocial. I need community and friendship and love.
The inspiration, on the other hand, comes from that low-level release of obligation that might make it easier for me to honour my own needs. Sometimes, for example, I have no problem leaving a party when I'm tired or just feeling done, while other times I sit in a circle of people who are idly chatting, dying of sleepiness, and can't bring myself to say goodbye.
This is where she makes a very good point: "Socializing when you'd rather not means missing out on an opportunity to care for and get to know yourself. And the relationship that you have with yourself is the longest lasting, till-death-do-you-part relationship that you're ever going to have."


text:
Hong Kong's Beatles Bar
by AFP/Richard A. Brooks, Sep 4, 2009 | Destinations: Hong Kong / China
The bar is typically Japanese. Businessmen sip their Yebisu beers or savour "two-fingers" of whiskey, while office ladies out on the town clap along to the band and chatter between sets.
The quartet of Japanese musicians belts out out a string of hits from one of the Land of the Rising Sun's most enduring popular bands, The Beatles.
And with Fab Four memorabilia from vintage guitars to newspaper clippings adorning the walls, a visitor could be forgiven for assuming he were in one of the many theme bars or karaoke clubs in downtown Tokyo.
Yet this is Hong Kong -- home to some 25,000 Japanese expatriates according to the latest figures from the Japanese Consulate -- and the bar, named after the Beatles song "Mr Moonlight", is the result of three men's passion for the British band and their music.
"This is when the Beatles came to Hong Kong", owner Hiroshi Yanagida says as he points to a framed Hong Kong newspaper clipping from 1964. "Ringo was sick. The drummer was Jimmy Nicol", whose fifteen minutes of fame standing in for Ringo during their 1964 tour of Asia and Australia has been well documented.
Yanagida and Fumihiko Ono, who are the George (guitarist Harrison) and Ringo (drummer Starr) in the local Beatles cover band called The Broadwoods, opened Mr Moonlight in 2003 with a third enthusiast, shortly after the territory hit rock bottom due to the outbreakof SARS, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
At the height of SARS epidemic, which killed almost 300 people in Hong Kong and threw the city's residents into a panic, many Japanese and their families joined an expatriot exodus and returned home.
But Yanagida, who came to Hong Kong some 28 years ago shortly after graduating from university and has since created a successful chain of 18 retail clothing stores, stayed.
He knew there would always be a market for his bar regardless of the business climate since it was borne from their common love of The Beatles.
And Japanese love The Beatles.
"I did not expect a big profit operating a night-time business, so it was important not to forget my daytime job," Yanagida says. "During the week, it is quiet with only a few regular customers. Usually people come here only at weekends."
The bar occasionally hosts other musical acts on Saturday nights, including an all-Japanese Dixieland jazz band the previous weekend who entertained patrons with hits such as "Hello Dolly" and "When the Saints Go Marching In".
But with pictures of John, Paul, George and Ringo staring down from the walls, The Beatles cast a shadow of everyone here.
On nights when the The Broadwoods play, the bar is packed with people taking advantage of the all-you-can-drink admission charge of 300 Hong Kong dollars (40 US dollars).
Choruses of "Help!" and "Love Me Do" resonate from the businessmen and office ladies as they sing along as if taking part in a communal karaoke session.
"People who want to can often join the band and sing on stage with the band," says Ken Sugawara, a Japanese expat based in Hong Kong for 20 years who regularly visits Mr Moonlight.
"Beatles fans want to go far the atmosphere, especially the music. People want to enjoy the music and dance," adds his wife Miki, going on to explain why the Fab Four's appeal endures among Japanese after 40 years.
"Over 30 years ago younger people were very influenced by their music and style, and many businessmen remember their music and want to recall their younger days," she says.
Memories which Yanagida, who during a break in the music displays a set of Russian "matryoshka", or nesting dolls, hand-painted with Beatles faces, helps his compatriots bring back every night.
12/F Henry House, 40-42 Yun Ping Road, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. Tel: +852-2881-0199. mrmlhk.exblog.jp
Pakistan's Basant Festival
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Book review: Warrior Odyssey - Antonio Graceffo
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David Calleja
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
will-o'-the-wisp (n.)
1660s, earlier Will with the wisp (c. 1600), from the masc. proper name Will + wisp "bundle of hay or straw used as a torch." Compare Jack-o'-lantern.
will (n.)
Old English will, willa "mind, determination, purpose; desire, wish, request; joy, delight," from Proto-Germanic *wiljon- (source also of Old Saxon willio, Old Norse vili, Old Frisian willa, Dutch wil, Old High German willio, German Wille, Gothic wilja "will"), related to *willan "to wish" (see will (v.1)). The meaning "written document expressing a person's wishes about disposition of property after death" is first recorded late 14c.
fifteenth letter of the alphabet, from a character that in Phoenician was called 'ain (literally "eye") and represented "a very peculiar and to us unpronounceable guttural" [Century Dictionary]. The Greeks also lacked the sound, so when they adopted the Phoenician letters they arbitrarily changed O's value to a vowel. (Thus there is no grounds for the belief that the form of the letter represents the shape of the mouth in pronouncing it.) The Greeks later added a special character for "long" O (omega), and the original became "little o" (omicron).
In Middle English and later colloquial use, o or o' can be an abbreviation of on or of, and is still literary in some words (o'clock, Jack-o'-lantern, tam-o'-shanter, cat-o'-nine-tails, will-o'-the-wisp, etc.).
O' the common prefix in Irish surnames is from Irish ó, ua (Old Irish au, ui) "descendant."
The "connective" -o- is the usual connecting vowel in compounds taken or formed from Greek, where it often is the vowel in the stem. "[I]t is affixed, not only to terms of Greek origin, but also to those derived from Latin (Latin compounds of which would have been formed with the L. connecting or reduced thematic vowel, -i), especially when compounds are wanted with a sense that Latin composition, even if possible, would not warrant, but which would be authorized by the principles of Greek composition." [OED]
As "zero" in Arabic numerals it is attested from c. 1600, from the similarity of shape. Similarly the O blood type (1926) was originally "zero," denoting the absence of A and B agglutinogens.
As a gauge of track in model railroads, by 1905. For o as an interjection of fear, surprise, joy, etc., see oh.
The use of the colloquial or slang -o suffix in wino, ammo, combo, kiddo, the names of the Marx Brothers, etc., "is widespread in English-speaking countries but nowhere more so than in Australia" [OED].
will (v.1)
Old English *willan, wyllan "to wish, desire; be willing; be used to; be about to" (past tense wolde), from Proto-Germanic *willjan (source also of Old Saxon willian, Old Norse vilja, Old Frisian willa, Dutch willen, Old High German wellan, German wollen, Gothic wiljan "to will, wish, desire," Gothic waljan "to choose").
The Germanic words are from PIE root *wel- (2) "to wish, will" (source also of Sanskrit vrnoti "chooses, prefers," varyah "to be chosen, eligible, excellent," varanam "choosing;" Avestan verenav- "to wish, will, choose;" Greek elpis "hope;" Latin volo, velle "to wish, will, desire;" Old Church Slavonic voljo, voliti "to will," veljo, veleti "to command;" Lithuanian velyti "to wish, favor," pa-velmi "I will," viliuos "I hope;" Welsh gwell "better").
Compare also Old English wel "well," literally "according to one's wish;" wela "well-being, riches." The use as a future auxiliary was already developing in Old English. The implication of intention or volition distinguishes it from shall, which expresses or implies obligation or necessity. Contracted forms, especially after pronouns, began to appear 16c., as in sheele for "she will." In early use often -ile to preserve pronunciation. The form with an apostrophe ('ll) is from 17c.
wisp (n.)
early 14c., "handful or bundle of hay, grass, etc.," used for burning or cleaning or as a cushion; perhaps from an unrecorded Old English word, cognate with Norwegian and Swedish visp "wisp," of unknown origin; sometimes said to be connected with whisk or with Middle Low German and Middle Dutch wispel "a measure of grain." Meaning "thin, filmy portion" first attested 1836.
Old English willian "to determine by act of choice," from will (n.). From mid-15c. as "dispose of by will or testament." Often difficult to distinguish from will (v.1).
good will (n.)
Old English godes willan "state of wishing well to another;" see good (adj.) + will (n.). Meaning "cheerful acquiescence" is from c. 1300. In the commercial sense "degree of favor enjoyed through patronage of customers" from 1570s.
*were-o-
*wērə-o-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "true, trustworthy."
It forms all or part of: aver; Varangian; veracious; veracity; verdict; veridical; verify; verisimilitude; verism; veritas; verity; very; voir dire; warlock.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Latin verus "true;" Old Church Slavonic vera "faith," Russian viera "faith, belief;" Old English wær "a compact," Old Dutch, Old High German war, Dutch waar, German wahr "true;" Welsh gwyr, Old Irish fir "true."
Jell-O (n.)
also sometimes Jello, trademark for powdered gelatin food, advertised from 1900 by Genesee Pure Food Co., Le Roy, N.Y.
addressing abbreviation for care of; common by 1889.


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Blog Oklahoma Podcast / Blog Oklahoma Podcast 001: Reboot!
Have you ever thought about just starting over. It could be a project you've been working on. It could be a relationship. It could be a way of thinking. It could be anything that you've come to the realization, it's just better to stop what you are doing and set it aside and just start all over. That's a reboot.
For those of you unfamiliar with the term "reboot". It's a technical reference that means to restart your computer, to boot it up again, or reboot. The term has been expanded beyond its technical roots to describe starting something over, to refresh or try again.
As an example, the latest Star Trek or Mission Impossible movies are a reboot from the original TV series. Movies, TV shows, comic books, you'll find many works have been rebooted. Sony pictures is about to do a third version of the Spiderman franchise. Rebooting, to the chagrin of some, happens quite a bit in the entertainment industry.
There are many times when I've been working on a coding project, and I went in a completely wrong direction or the client changed the scope of the project. I had to scrap what I did and just start over. I know many artists and writers who have had the same thing happen to them, whatever they were working on didn't work, so they just started over.
Relationships can also be rebooted. A rekindled friendship, a business deal, or even exiting a relationship to begin another with someone else.
Life is full of reboots.
That brings us to something else. Did you just happen to notice the episode number on this podcast before you played it? I've done something. I've rebooted the Blog Oklahoma Podcast.
When I started the Blog Oklahoma Podcast back in 2008, it was a way to keep everyone up to date with the happenings of the Blog Oklahoma community. I'd share some fun podsafe music, list a few blog posts from around Oklahoma, and highlight an interesting app or two. For a while there it was enjoyable to do and made a great hobby.
Unfortunately something wasn't happening, community engagement. I only occasionally got any comments or feedback, there wasn't much interaction at all on social media, and the one thing that I really wanted to happen with the podcast, didn't, a conversation.
So it's time to try something different. I'm scrapping the old format and starting over. From now on this podcast will be more essay, less power point, and hopefully more conversational.
A secondary goal of this reboot is to try to inspire you, to encourage you, to convince you, to cajole you to write something. In this age of social media, many of us Oklahoma bloggers have let our blogs slide. We're posting tiny bits of information here and there and not really writing anymore. With the exception of some of you out there, when was the last time you've written more than a paragraph? I know I've been guilty of it, and I'm endeavoring to do better Thus the change in format here.
So from now on each episode will present a topic that I hope will spur some discussion and inspire you to write something on your own blog.
So this episode's writing topic suggestion is: Write about the last time you had to reboot something.
A few more topics that might interest you to write about this month, June 2015.
June 21st is Father's Day. So why not write a series of posts about your father, spin some dad tales from your childhood, or even share what it's like being a father.
June 14th is Flag Day. How about trying your hand at some poetry? It's a grand old flag after all.
And the Women's World Cup is this month. Show some support for Team USA, their first match in Group D will be on June 8th. How about writing a review of the game?
If you'd like some more writing topic ideas, head over to BlogOklahoma.com and try our new topic idea generator, and while you're there check out the blog month challenge. It's a great way to challenge yourself into writing more.
PS: I can't believe I forgot the YAY! in the outro. O_o. I moved to another room to record the podcast. See my instagram for new setup.


Can You Make Coffee Cake Batter Then Bake Next Morning is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at April 24, 2019 upload by admin in .You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.


text:
Basilic can refer to:

 Basilic (cannon)
 Basilic vein
 French for basilisk

See also
 Basil (name), of which Basilic is a variant

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some Democrats and health groups say this Senate bill is even worse than the outdated Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.
For an instructive example of how unfettered money in politics corrupts the legislative process, consider a chemical-safety bill under deliberation in the Senate.
The legislation, sponsored by Louisiana Republican David Vitter and New Mexico Democrat Tom Udall, would reform the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which the chemical industry and environmental and public health advocates alike say is severely outdated. In the absence of solid federal protection from the roughly 1,000 chemicals that the Environmental Protection Agency judges as potential health hazards, more than half the states have picked up the slack by putting their own regulations in place. The bill's opponents warn it would undermine these state laws, without strengthening the EPA's oversight powers enough to compensate. Unsurprisingly, the proposed overhaul has the "unequivocal support" of the chemical industry.
Although Udall has a strong environmental record, he's become cozy with ACC and other industry groups over the two years he's spent working on the TSCA overhaul, as the same Times article revealed. He has raised "tens of thousands" of dollars from chemical interests, and the ACC even ran a television ad on his behalf. "The leadership he is providing is absolutely critical," the group's president and lobbyist Cal Dooley told the Times. Udall and the other sixteen cosponsors of his legislation received, on average, about 70 percent more from chemical companies than other senators.
Udall's office and ACC insist the digital link between the document and the lobby group indicates only that after Udall's office circulated the draft to stakeholders, someone at ACC saved a version and sent it back to the senator's staff. But the Environmental Working Group, one of the bill's chief opponents, and Boxer's office told the SF Gate the draft version they received had the same authoring information.
Even if the bill didn't fully originate with ACC, it's clear that the chemical industry—which has a financial incentive to keep regulations loose—has left its mark on the Udall-Vitter legislation. The bill would bar states from regulating a chemical once the EPA designates it as "high priority" for assessment, a process that can take up to seven years. It requires the EPA to start reviewing a minimum of twenty-five chemicals within five years, but at that rate, it could be centuries before the agency got through the 1,000 chemicals is says need assessment. (To make matters worse, the underfunded EPA is known for missing deadlines.) To date the EPA has only ever banned five chemicals, and mandated testing on a mere 200 of the 80,000 in use in the United States.
Nevertheless, in a sign of how broken the 1976 law is—the oft-repeated example is that it doesn't even allow the EPA to ban asbestos—other health and environmental groups support the bill anyway. Anything stronger, they say, and it will lose Republican support, making it impossible to pass. "I don't want to be facing another Senate committee twenty years from now, testifying about a sixty-year-old law. Nor do I want have to tell my daughter that she and her future children will not have a greater level of protection because we failed to pass a good, even if not perfect, law," Lynn Goldman, a professor of environmental health at George Washington University, testified before the Senate committee on Wednesday.
It may be true that a bill that truly protects consumers from harmful chemicals can't pass Congress in its current form. But that's a stone that shouldn't be cast against advocates for something better than the Udall-Vitter compromise. It's an indictment of the pay-to-play political system and the legislators who gamely reward their corporate sponsors.


This is Chance the sulki with his friend pepper.
Chance came to see me for his training , he had had quite a long journey as he arived from Yorkshire where he lives with his two owners and little pepper.
We spent a whole day together as he had come for the day course ,where he and his owners were taught the first two stages of the basic training which had to be continued over the next month untill there return visit when the final lesson would be given.
Chance really enjoyed the day and was very eager to learn however both he and his owners were quite tired when they left me it was mentioned that one of the owners as well as Chance enjoyed a snooze on the way home !
I am really looking forward to meeting them all again as on this last visit Chance will be off the training line having freedom.


text:
MBB Questionnaire
Warriors Hold Off Quinsigmaond In Wild Finish
Quinsigamond Community College
Quinsigamond Community College (2-7, 2-5) 23 41 64
Massasoit Community College (6-4, 5-2) 34 32 66
Pts: James Flynn - 26
Reb: Mike Fernandez - 17
Ast: Elijah Perez - 7
Pts: Mike Ward - 22
Reb: Connor Schaefer - 12
Ast: Connor Schaefer - 7
BROCKTON, Mass. ---- Quinsigmaond missed a game-winning 3-pointer with 2.7 seconds left as the Massasoit men's basketball survived a frantic comeback by the visiting Wyverns, winning 66-64, on Saturday afternoon at the Asiaf Field House.
Massasoit (6-4, 5-2) was led offensively by Mike Ward (Brockton), who finished with 22 points, 17 coming in the first half.
Jovani Harper-Lopez (Randolph) netted 13, Omar Jules 10 and Connor Schaefer chipped in with nine in the two-point win.
Massasoit led by as many as 15 in the first half and was up 34-23 at the break.
In the second half, the Wyverns made things interesting. Trailing by five points with 16 seconds left, the Warriors missed a pair of free throws. On the ensuing possession, QCC's James Flynn sank a 3-pointer to pull within a single possession with 7.8 seconds left.
The Wyverns stole the inbounds pass, but the game-winning 3 hit the back of the rim as the Warriors escaped with the victory.
Flynn finished with a game-high 26 points, while Mike Fernandez and Elijah Perez each added 10.
Massasoit plays at Roxbury on Tuesday at 7 PM.


text:
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Making Movies is Hard Fun: Building Tools for Telling Stories
Entertainment | Technology
Michael B. Johnson, Ph.D. has been at Pixar for over 20 years—he started as an intern in 1993 while working on his PhD at the MIT Media Lab.
Dr. Johnson is a lead in Pixar's Studio Tools R&D department, where he has led groups responsible for the design, implementation and support of the pre-production pipeline for Pixar features and shorts. These areas include Story, Editorial, Art, Production Management, and the Review process. His teams worked directly with the directors, editors, producers, production designers, art directors, artists and production groups who start the process of bringing Pixar stories to the screen.
As an individual contributor, Dr. Johnson wrote tools for all of Pixar's feature films (and many of their short films), including storyboarding, pre-viz, layout, animation, modeling, lighting, rendering, and editorial tools.
Before that, he led an early effort at Pixar in the Interactive Division to explore possibilities for storytelling and character construction.
Prior to Pixar, he attended the University of Illinois where he earned his undergraduate degree in Computer Science Engineering. He studied abroad for a year in Swansea, Wales and also worked for NCSA, Thinking Machines, IBM and MIT's Media Lab.
Dr. Johnson completed his Masters of Science in Visual Studies and his Ph.D. in Computer Graphics and Animation at the MIT Media Lab, where Dr. Edwin Catmull (founder of Pixar) was on his thesis committee.
Dr. Michael Johnson lives in Oakland, CA with his wife and daughter.
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Home Neurology Acquired Language Disorders in Bilinguals
Acquired Language Disorders in Bilinguals
*Elisa Cargnelutti,1 Barbara Tomasino,1 Franco Fabbro2,3
1. Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
2. Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, DILL, University of Udine, Italy
3. PERCRO Perceptual Robotics Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
*Correspondence to [email protected]
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
EMJ Neurol. 2019;7[1]:101-109. DOI/10.33590/emjneurol/10310117. https://doi.org/10.33590/emjneurol/10310117.
Aphasia, bilingual, language disorders, language impairment.
The literature reports an increased number of aphasias involving bilingual people. Dealing with bilingual aphasia requires particular attention from the diagnostic to the therapeutic phase. In this review, the authors describe the possible impairment patterns, which could be different between the two languages and be characterised by specific deficits and sometimes unexpected profiles. The role of some crucial factors in determining the observed deficits and impairment patterns is illustrated, for instance age of appropriation and proficiency. An early versus late language appropriation recruits different brain processes and hence different brain structures. In general, a greater vulnerability is observed for the late-learned languages, although a high proficiency or use and exposure appear to prevent language impairment even in the case of late appropriation. The authors also discussed the role of other intervening factors, such as emotional–motivational aspects, which could explain unusual profiles. Furthermore, language deficits specific to bilingualism, such as pathological mixing and switching and translation problems were described. In this respect, the authors underlined the fundamental involvement of cognitive control mechanisms and of the role of the brain structures associated with this. Lastly, the clinical practice issues in bilingual aphasia were outlined, underlining the need for a careful diagnosis. This should take into account the patient's language history in order to avoid biased assessments and instead promote the setup of effective intervention programmes.
The cases of bilingual aphasia are increasing worldwide, as they also reflect the globally increasing number of individuals speaking more than two languages (representing more than half of the population),1,2 who are referred to as bilinguals, irrespective of the number of known languages. Bilinguals differentiate one another under multiple aspects and their clinical language profiles may differ. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the different bilingual aphasia profiles and the factors associated with these different conditions, providing hints for their understanding and treatment.
In relation to the different patterns of language impairment or recovery, Paradis3 proposed, in 1977, the first structured classification: a) parallel impairment, in which the languages are similarly compromised; b) differential impairment, in which one language is more affected than the other; c) selective impairment, in which only one language is affected and the other is spared; d) blended or mixed impairment, in which there is interference between the languages and the patient cannot keep them separated; e) antagonistic, in which improvement in one language is associated with an increased impairment in the other and vice versa; and f) successive recovery, characterised by improvement in one language taking place only after the complete recovery of the other.
These impairment patterns reflect the interplay between many factors. These include first the clinical parameters that shape aphasia in monolinguals as well, such as lesion volume or patients' age, but, crucially, also the patients' language background. To this regard, the age at which the patients were exposed to the non-native or second language (L2) is also crucial.4,5 Age of acquisition or appropriation (AoA) is critical as it influences the way the language is represented in the brain. Neuroimaging studies in healthy bilinguals usually take the age of 6 as the cut-off to differently investigate the brain networks associated with an early versus late L2 appropriation, because around this age crucial developmental changes occur in the brain and in the learning mechanisms. Indeed, up to this age, language appropriation takes place in the form of acquisition, meaning an almost unconscious process supported by implicit mechanisms. Otherwise, late appropriation is defined in terms of learning, which instead relies on explicit processes.6-8
According to authors such as Paradis and Ullman,6-9 the role of AoA differs based on the considered language structural domain. It is particularly crucial for morpho-syntax and phonology/articulation. Internalisation of the related processes and, hence, native-like proficiency can only be achieved with early acquisition, relying on implicit mechanisms. On the other hand, lexical knowledge depends more on the degree of language use and exposure, as it is supported by explicit memory. Besides AoA, other factors also influence language mastery and related brain representation, with the chief role of proficiency.10 The following paragraphs illustrate these main factors and relate them to the impairment patterns.
PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT IN BILINGUAL
Cases of either parallel or differential impairment are reported in many studies as the sole conditions, indicating their higher incidence with respect to the other impairment patterns. For instance, Fabbro described 20 bilinguals (AoA up to 7) with left-hemisphere damage, of whom 65% manifested parallel impairment and the remaining differential impairment. In these, either the native, first language L1 (15%), or non-native, L2 (20%), were affected the most.11 According to Paradis, the overall most frequent condition is parallel impairment, although it is underrepresented in literature, probably because it appears less appealing and therefore less worthy to be reported.6,7
Parallel impairment is frequently observed between non-native languages (for patients knowing more than two languages) when these had similar AoA, in particular when they shared the same learning modality (e.g., formal instruction).12 However, parallel impairment was also observed irrespective of AoA. For instance, Green et al.13 reported a parallel impairment between L1 and English, the L2, in patients having lived in the UK for many years, indicating the fundamental role of language use and exposure.13 The authors, however, attributed this condition to impaired control abilities, which is discussed further.
Concerning differential impairment, many patients follow either the so-called Ribot's rule, postulating better preservation of L1,14 or the Pitres' rule, according to which it is the most familiar language to be better preserved.15 In fact, although it is more intuitive to hypothesise greater resistance to damage for the language learned first, in many cases L1 was instead the most affected. This occurred, for instance, when the patients had a premorbid high level of L2 proficiency and frequency of use, although a recent systematic review seemed to restrict this possibility to early bilinguals.16
The patient described by Samar and Akbari17 had more preserved L2, which she learned at school, then studied at university and taught there as a teacher for 18 years. In this case, the high and deep knowledge of the language together with its constant use reduced the impairment severity. In healthy adults, the language networks appeared highly similar between L1 and L2 when proficiency is high.10 The learning method, represented by formal instruction, also had a possibly relevant role. In fact, as long as the brain lesion spares the explicit learning system and therefore the consciously learned meta-linguistic skills, formal knowledge, which relies on them, can potentially promote language recovery. This view is supported by the cases of an apparently paradoxical profile in which the patients were impaired in their native language but retained the use of an only-formally learned language, including the dead languages, such as Latin.18
Nevertheless, main exposure alone can not assure the language preservation. Impairment can indeed occur in cases of L2 learning that took place recently19 or in adulthood,20 when the brain is less prone to remodelling and language brain representation, therefore results can be less sound, hence more vulnerable to damage.
All the aforementioned language background factors indeed shape the language brain representation. Tangible information about the bilingual patients' brain networks mainly comes from intraoperative stimulation studies. In a large-cohort study, Roux and Trémoulet21 observed that only two patients displayed solely common stimulation sites between the two languages, whereas the majority of them had both common and language-specific sites. Interestingly, language-specific sites were observed even in early bilinguals and, secondly, no additional cortical sites were found for the less-proficient language. There were similar results from a subsequent study on late but proficient bilingual patients, which further reported 'L2-restricted zones' in the perisylvian cortex, i.e., sites associated exclusively with L1.22 Although these findings were limited to the scouting of the affected region and its surroundings, they show that even close brain sites may be dedicated to different languages and that sometimes neither AoA nor proficiency can predict the extent of different representation between the two languages.
The depicted language brain representation leads us to suppose that a brain lesion, unless it is small and circumscribed, hardly affects one language while completely sparing the other. Nevertheless, a few cases of selective language impairment have been reported. This phenomenon was described in patients with epilepsy, with a selective postictal temporary loss of either L123,24 or L2.25 This specific type of impairment may hence have a neurofunctional rather than a neuroanatomical substrate. Changes in the normal brain electrical activity may temporarily inhibit the circuits associated with a specific language, which is recovered when the normal brain functioning is restored. In this vein, selective recovery might also result from impairment in control functions, which is illustrated in the following chapter.
The reversible inhibition of one language characterises another apparently odd condition, naming the alternating antagonism. This phenomenon is characterised by phases in which only one language seems to be accessible, whereas the other is apparently lost, and usually takes place in the immediate post-event period.26 This confirms the hypothesis that the impaired language is not lost, but inhibited, and that when this inhibition resolves, either spontaneously or throughout rehabilitation programmes, the language may recover.
Alternating antagonism is likely to take place when there is an underlying deficit in the regulation processes, which caused competition even between structurally distant languages, such as Farsi and German, as seen in the patient described by Nilipour and Ashayeri.27 The patient also manifested a successive recovery, with English (L3) recovering only after the complete recovery of the other two languages.
ROLE OF COGNITIVE CONTROL IN BILINGUAL APHASIA
Bilingualism indeed entails the need to coordinate language use to activate the proper language according to the context, while suppressing the irrelevant. This entails the constant recruitment of cognitive control functions and a certain degree of cognitive flexibility to properly shift from one language to the other.28 This could be the reason of the cognitive advantage some studies observed in bilinguals with respect to monolinguals, even in presence of aphasia.29
According to the neural convergence hypothesis,30 as bilinguals become more familiar with the new language, its brain representation converges with that of the native language. In this perspective, differences rather rely on the diverse recruitment of the cognitive control resources. Moreover, Radman et al.31 observed language improvement following stroke to be associated with increased connectivity between language areas and those devoted to cognitive control.31 However, they noticed this phenomenon was restricted to the language that improved the most, therefore suggesting that, at least in some cases (e.g., different AoA or proficiency), differences in the neural representation between the languages can actually be present.
Control deficits were observed in both parallel13,32 and differential or selective language impairment.33 Recently, many studies aimed to understand whether possible cognitive control deficits in bilingual aphasia. Some studies seem to suggest a language-specific control deficit,32 although problems in general control were also observed, and the interplay between other intervening factors, such as task complexity or lesion site were proposed to modulate the relation between language and control deficits.13,34
In their recent review on the neuroimaging of language control, Abutalebi and Green28 recapitulated their previous studies on the topic by illustrating the specific role of the brain structures associated with the language control network. These include both cortical (i.e., prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area, and inferior parietal cortex, with the involvement of both hemispheres) and subcortical regions (i.e., left basal ganglia and thalamus and right cerebellum). These regions are deputed to specific functions within the language control process and lesions at their level might cause different control deficits.
Among these regions, extensive literature has highlighted the crucial role of the basal ganglia, and particularly the left (head of the) caudate and putamen, which are involved in appropriate language selection. Aglioti and Fabbro35,36 reported the case of a woman who lost her ability to speak her first language (an Italian dialect), but surprisingly began to speak Italian, which she had learned at school but rarely spoke throughout her life.35,36 She also began to speak with a strong German accent, a phenomenon known as foreign accent syndrome and described even in monolingual patients (Figure 1). This is a case of paradoxical use of one language and can be explained in light of the lesion location, which affected the left basal ganglia,39 and also stress the role of the subcortical structures in implicit memory processes, which normally support the early acquired languages.
Figure 1: Foreign accent syndrome.
Foreign accent syndrome is a rare acquired motor speech variation, which has been reported in about 60 cases in literature.37 Patients suddenly exhibit a seemingly 'strange' accent and are perceived as having a foreign accent by listeners of the same speech community. Tomasino et al.38 reported a tumoral patient developing foreign accent syndrome following a small and circumscribed lesion in the left precentral gyrus. The patient, an Italian native speaker, developed altered speech rhythm and melody. During pronunciation of words and pseudowords in fMRI tasks, the patient showed a hyperactivation, compared to the control group, in areas around the pre/postcentral gyrus corresponding to those involved in phonation (i.e., larynx motor area). The fMRI cluster related to mouth (A) and tongue (B) movements located behind the patient's lesion (indicated by the red circle).
For the role the basal ganglia plays in implicit memory processes, a lesion at this level is likely to predominantly affect the mopho-syntactic processes. This was reported, but even for late-learned languages of high proficiency, for which even these linguistic processes could have become automated.40 This result indicates the crucial role proficiency may have in promoting language representation reshaping throughout life.
An illustrative case of the association between lesion site and impaired language was described by Moretti et al.41 The patient manifested impairment in the native language following an infarct in the left caudate nucleus and then, when a lesion affected the left frontotemporal cortex, she developed deficits in her late-learned L2. This supports the predominant cortical representation of languages learned through explicit processes, although an opposite trend was also described.42
OTHER CLINICALLY RELEVANT FACTORS
Recovery patterns may also be modulated by factors other than AoA, proficiency, and cognitive control deficits (see Figure 2 for an overview). Bilinguals learning a new distant language try to adopt the same L1 processes, but when these turn out to be unsuitable, they need to develop new processes (assimilation-accommodation processes).43 Evidence is however lacking regarding the possibly greater impairment in L2 when structurally distant from L1.16
Figure 2: Overview of the factors contributing to the different language recovery patterns.
AoA: age of acquisition or appropriation.
Recorded difficulties reflect the cognitive demands required to process a given language, for instance when reading a transparent versus opaque language. This point is tricky as these differences might bias the diagnosis between the languages,44 and therefore call for a language assessment respectful of language complexity.
Other factors contributing to the definition of a given impairment pattern include the language spoken in the environment, namely in the hospital, in the period immediately following the clinical event. This factor can also be relevant from the rehabilitation viewpoint, as lower-than-expected improvements in the treated language were attributed to the fact that the patient was constantly exposed to another language outside the rehabilitation setting.45
Finally, even the affective factors can assume a fundamental role. Emotionally relevant episodes may induce the release of the apparently lost language46 and the willingness to recover a given language may actually prompt its improvement.47
SPECIFIC LANGUAGE DEFICITS IN BILINGUAL APHASIA
Differently from monolinguals, bilingual patients may develop deficits characterising specifically the bilingual condition and concerning the reciprocal use of the two languages. These symptoms include mixing (i.e., recourse of words or other elements of one language during the use of the other), switching (e.g., shift from one language to the other), and problems in translation.
Frequently, these events arise from lesions in the mentioned areas involved in regulating the proper language use,48,49 with greater interference frequently observed between two structurally close languages.19,50 Fabbro et al.51 described the case of a patient with a glioma in the left prefrontal and cingulate cortices who involuntary switched to his native language, even talking to people he knew could not understand it, indicating the inability to inhibit the process.
Lesions in other areas were observed to pathologically induce or prevent language switching and include the inferior parietal lobe52 and the fronto-temporal cortex.53 Interestingly, switching was observed during direct electrostimulation of specific brain sites (Figure 3), including the white-matter tracts connecting control and language-specific brain areas.56
Figure 3: Switching from L2 to L1.
In neurosurgical patients, Penfield W and Roberts L54 largely documented language switching during electro-cortical stimulation mapping as an automatic mechanism that turns off one language when the other language is on. Tomasino et al.55 described involuntary language switching from L2 (Italian) to L1 (Serbian) evoked by electro-stimulation in the left superior temporal gyrus/supramarginal gyrus during awake brain surgery. The language switching site belonged to an fMRI cluster in the area Stp (in the planum temporale) which has a role in phonological processing and was found to activate for both L1 and L2 during language tasks. The language switching site (MN1 coordinaltes: x=-61, y=-30, z=18)
In some other cases, these phenomena reflect language impairment, as they occurred to compensate for anomia or other difficulties in the more impaired language.57,58 This can also be the case of translation deficits, which often reflect the general impairment in a specific language, with greater difficulty in translating from better preserved to more impaired languages than vice versa. Sometimes, this language deficit occurs selectively, despite spared ability in naming59 or in recognising translation equivalents across the languages.60 In other cases, in which naming abilities were impaired, translation processes were preserved, and further employed to recover word finding difficulties through translation from the preserved languages, therefore preventing switching.49
However, some patients were observed to paradoxically translate to the most affected language while unable to translate to the spared language,61 for instance when antagonistic recovery occurred.26 Sometimes, the patients instead manifest the compulsive tendency to translate from one language to the other, while not being able to prevent this automatic behaviour.39
ISSUES IN BILINGUAL APHASIA
Dealing with bilingual aphasia requires specific precautions from the diagnostic to the therapeutic phase. Firstly, for a proper diagnosis, it is fundamental to take into account the level of premorbid language proficiency, which was observed to be one of the most important factors in predicting the postmorbid level of deficit.62 Hence, it is fundamental to first thoroughly inspect the language history (e.g., AoA, proficiency, frequency, and context of use) by means of structured questionnaires.
Secondly, clinical assessment should ideally be performed in all the languages the patient knows, even though, especially for immigrated people, clinicians may not master the patient's L1. When testing the different languages, it is also fundamental to take into account the structural differences between them. To this aim, Paradis and Libben developed the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT), now available in >70 languages, with items for each language matched in complexity and selected for their cultural adequacy.63 The battery is structured in three parts: the first inspecting the language history, the second making a comprehensive assessment of each language skills, and the last addressing specific language pairs, offering an understanding of which language was affected the most. A proper diagnosis is fundamental for setting the rehabilitation programme. Ideally, each impaired language should be treated. When this is not possible, therapists should train the language that could have more beneficial effects on the untreated language, therefore promoting cross-linguistic transfer. Although not univocally, many studies have observed that treatments focussing on the weaker language, meaning a non-native language64 or, in the case of comparable AoA, a lower-proficiency language65 are more likely to boost improvements in the untreated language.62,63 With regard to naming training, this trend can be explained in light of the revised hierarchical model by Kroll and Stewart,66 according to which L1 words are tightly linked to their correspondent meaning, whereas L2 word semantic access occurs via translation to L1. Consequently, semantic access after L2 training likely takes place by passing through the L1 lexicon, which recovers in turn. In the case of difficulty in properly regulating the language use, rehabilitating general cognitive functions is recommended first.67
Gil and Goral,68 however, qualitatively observed beneficial transfer effects following treatment in each language, in spite of the structural distance between them (i.e., Russian and Hebrew, for which transfer was poor only in writing which differs substantially between them). However, they tested the patient in the subacute phase, when spontaneous recovery was also taking place. The majority of the reported studies, however, took charge of the patients in the chronic phase and documented positive treatment effects as well. Language skill improvement and associated brain reorganisation were observed to occur just 10 days after intensive training, indicating the high brain plasticity potential even many months post-onset.69
According to Kiran et al.,70 all the parameters that have been described, such as AoA, language use, and proficiency before and after the clinical event, are relevant for the prediction of the recovery profile following treatment, although their interplay and the intervention of additional factors undermines an accurate prediction. In some instances, lack of transfer can be attributed to factors other than the treated language. These can include the choice of inappropriate rehabilitation strategies,71 the impossibility to practice the treated language outside the rehabilitation setting,45 the fact that the unimproved language had already reached its highest recovery level.72 Lastly, some partly unexpected improvements might be attributed to the willingness to recover a given language, highlighting the emotional valence the languages can take on.47
In conclusion, although it is difficult in clinical practice to concretely take account of the bilingual patients' languages, some attempts should be made to achieve an accurate diagnosis and guarantee the most effective possible therapeutic intervention, as impairments in a given language can have relevant consequences for the patients' life on social, affective, and working levels.
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Non-treated languages in aphasia therapy of polyglots benefit from improvement in the treated language. J Neurolinguistics. 2009;22:135-50. Abutalebi J et al. Do subcortical structures control 'language selection' in polyglots? Evidence from pathological language mixing. Neurocase. 2000;6(1):51-6. Ansaldo AI et al. Model-driven intervention in bilingual aphasia: Evidence from a case of pathological language mixing. Aphasiol. 2010;24(2):309-24.
Conner PS et al. The role of language proficiency and linguistic distance in cross-linguistic treatment effects in aphasia. Clin Linguist Phon. 2018;32(8):739-57.
Fabbro F et al. Pathological switching between languages after frontal lesions in a bilingual patient. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68(5):650-2. Pötzl O. [About parietal aphasia and its influence on speaking several languages]. Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr. 1925;96(1):100-24. (Article in German) Leemann B et al. Paradoxical switching to a barely-mastered second language by an aphasic patient. Neurocase. 2007;13(3):209-13. Penfield W, Roberts L. Speech and Brain Mechanisms. 1959. Princeton University Press. Tomasino B et al. Involuntary switching into the native language induced by electrocortical stimulation of the superior temporal gyrus: A multimodal mapping study. Neuropsychologia. 2014;62:87-100. Adrover-Roig D et al. Impaired L1 and executive control after left basal ganglia damage in a bilingual Basque–Spanish person with aphasia. Clin Linguist Phon. 2011;25(6-7):480-98. Lerman A et al. Language mixing patterns in a bilingual individual with non-fluent aphasia. Aphasiol. 2018;1-17. Neumann Y et al. Codeswitching and discourse markers in the narratives of a bilingual speaker with aphasia. Aphasiol. 2017;31(2):221-40.54. Gastaldi G. Observations on a bilingual aphasia. Sist Nerv. 1951;3:175. Green DW et al. Parallel recovery in a trilingual speaker: The use of the bilingual aphasia test as a diagnostic complement to the comprehensive aphasia test. Clin Linguist Phon. 2011;25(6-7):449-512. Fabbro F, Paradis M. "Differential Impairments in Four Multilingual Patients with Subcortical Lesions," Paradis M (ed.), Aspects of Multilingual Aphasia (1995), Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 139-76. Gray T, Kiran S. A theoretical account of lexical and semantic naming deficits in bilingual aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2013;56(4):1314-27. Paradis M, Libben G. The assessment of bilingual aphasia (1987), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Kiran S, Roberts PM. Semantic feature analysis treatment in Spanish-English and French-English bilingual aphasia. Aphasiol. 2010;24:231-261. Edmonds L, Kiran S. Effect of semantic naming treatment on crosslinguistic generalization in bilingual aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2006;49:729-49. Kroll JF, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. J Mem Lang. 2004;33:149-74. Kohnert K. Cognitive and cognate-based treatments for bilingual aphasia: A case study. Brain Lang. 2004;91(3):294-302. Gil M, Goral M. Non-parallel recovery in bilingual aphasia: Effects of language choice, language proficiency, and treatment. Int J Biling. 2004;8:191-219. Marangolo P et al. Bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment enhances functional connectivity in the left hemisphere: Preliminary data from aphasia. J Cogn Neurosci. 2016;28:724-38. Kiran S et al. A computational account of bilingual aphasia rehabilitation. Biling: Lang Cogn. 2013;16(2):325-42. Miller Amberber A. Language intervention in French-English bilingual aphasia: Evidence of limited therapy transfer. J Neuroling. 2012;25:588-614. Goral M et al. Cross-language treatment generalisation: A case of trilingual aphasia. Aphasiol. 2010;24:170-87.
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jesse is also rad
oh man, this is going to be great. you can quote me on this, people.
RS500 and some seriously awesome Motown and Oldies
I've been leafing through the Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs list and I might post another time about how the list is dumb and how it could be better, what I'd put on it, etc, but it's also got me listening to some songs I haven't heard for a while.
Particularly some Sam Cooke stuff ("Dream Lover" and "Chain Gang" are just classic), Marvin Gaye ("Ain't no Mountain High Enough" is a great song), Ronettes ("Be my Baby," classic Phil Spector), Chuck Berry ("Maybellene," the recording is crap and the verses are throwaway but the chorus makes it worth the listen), and Ray Charles ("What I'd Say," I can't get over the sounds from the keyboard and the band (and that crazy breakdown) in this recording).
But the most astounding track that I'm listening-to-again-for-the-first-time is "Tracks of my Tears" by Smokey Robinson. Dylan may have written world-changing protest songs and the Beatles sold a trillion records, including some that had meaningful songs, but I don't think I've heard another song from that era with as much tortured-soul emotion in it. What gets me is that it's more than just the song. Songs that really get me now (for example, "You will miss me when I burn" by Palace Brothers and "Sodom, South Georgia" by Iron & Wine) are delivered pretty flatly; the singer's voice may crack or be whispered or whatever, but Smokey's voice is a wail, a cry. Other people could sing this song but in part it's his voice that makes this song great.
Christmas dinner, complete with (Iron &) Wine
We had our work Christmas dinner at Kuleto's in Burlingame. It's a pretty fancy Italian place with good food and the service was, well, unnoticable (in a good way–unobtrusive and my food just sort of appeared). We did a gift exchange. It was one of these things where you can pick a present or take someone else's present and people kept taking my presents, except I ended up being able to take anyone's present at the end. I got something pretty sweet.
When I found out about the company party last week I thought that I wouldn't be able to go to Iron and Wine scheduled for the same night, the tickets for which I bought in September. Then I figured if the party ended by 10pm in Burlingame, I could be at the concert by 10:25 or so and if the concert started at 9 and there was an opening band or two, I would be alright. Turns out I missed about 15 or 20 minutes. I gave Judit a call as I was on my way up and she made her way over from where she was in the Haight to go to the show. She was 'on call' for the show.
It was just Sam Beam and the acoustics in Great American were great. He did some great versions of his own songs, not necessarily sticking to how he recorded them. He did a few of his songs that are unreleased (one of which I liked a lot, but I can't remember for the life of me enough about it to look it up on the internet). He also did a few covers, one of which was of course "Such Great Heights" (Postal Service), which he closed the encore with and Judit just about died, and the other, more surprising one was "Love Vigilantes" (New Order). A really solid concert overall. I wish I'd seen all of it.


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OVC Statistics
Tournament Central
Game Notes (PDF)
2019 Quick Facts (PDF)
@BelmontSoftball
Alumnae Round Up
Final Stretch
Belmont (23-24, 4-15) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 2
Tennessee State (3-47, 0-19) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3
UT Martin (25-29, 9-12) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0
2B: Jess Andree
HR: Jess Andree
HR: Alicia Hansen
2B: Baylee Cook; Jess Andree; Bailey Sims
HR: Lexi Rouse
NASHVILLE, Tenn. – Belmont Softball will be on the road for the final contests of the regular season this weekend. The Bruins (22-22, 3-13 OVC) make the short trip to crosstown rival Tennessee State (3-46, 0-18 OVC) on Friday before facing off against UT Martin (25-28, 9-11 OVC) on Sunday afternoon.
Tennessee State has struggled most of the 2018 campaign and find itself in the midst of a 30-game skid heading into the final weekend of the regular season with a record of 3-46 overall and 0-18 in conference play. The Tigers are led at the plate by Sarah Snell, who is batting .268 with 34 hits, one double and eight RBI. Katie Schneider is right behind her, batting .258 with 31 hits, nine doubles, one homerun and 14 RBI.
Inside the circle, work is nearly split evenly between Lauren Powell and Tori Hart. Powell has thrown 139.2 innings to the tune of a 5.21 ERA with 85 strikeouts and a 2-23 record while Hart has tossed 103.1 innings with 26 strikeouts, a 0-14 record and a 5.49 ERA.
BU leads the all-time series, 27-14. The Bruins swept the doubleheader one year ago at Rose Park.
UT Martin has won three of its last four outings to stand at 25-28 overall and 9-11 in the OVC. The Skyhawks are led at the plate by Jodie Duncan, who is batting .302 with 49 hits, seven doubles, one homerun and 26 RBI. Lauren Myers is right behind her, batting .295 with 43 hits, two doubles, two triples and 13 RBI.
Inside the circle, work is almost evenly split between Hannah Ridolfi and Caitlin Karo. Ridolfi has a 2.56 ERA and a 9-16 record after throwing 164.0 innings with a total of 65 strikeouts while Karo has tossed 161.2 innings to the tune of a 2.77 ERA with 55 strikeouts.
UTM leads the all-time series, 28-7. The Skyhawks won both games one year ago in Nashville.
Belmont is led at the plate by senior Lexi Rouse (Macon, Ga.), batting .319 with eight homeruns, 38 hits, 10 doubles, a triple and 26 RBI. Classmate Jess Andree (Darien, Ill.) follows, sporting a .312 batting average with 44 hits, six doubles, one triple, eight homeruns and 27 RBI.
Inside the circle, sophomore Brooklin Lee (Burns, Tenn.) remains the Bruins' ace, tossing 166.2 innings, recording a whopping 202 strikeouts to the tune of a 1.89 ERA and a 12-12 record with eight shutouts. Freshman Alicia Veltri (Clarksville, Tenn.) has thrown 86.1 innings to the tune of a 3.57 ERA, a 4-9 record and 70 strikeouts. Rouse sports a 6-3 record and a 3.85 ERA after tossing 52.2 innings with 19 strikeouts.
Friday's first pitch at Tennessee State is slated for 11 a.m. while Sunday's doubleheader is set to begin at 1 p.m. Live stats will be available for all contests.


It is perfectly reasonable to expect a good level of customer service. If you encounter rude customer service staff that do not address your concerns satisfactorily, you should escalate to a higher point of authority. This gives a more senior member of staff the opportunity to look into your complaint. You should be reassured that your custom is valued and that your complaint will be responded to within a given timeframe.


Sunshine Bill, by W H G Kingston.
Bill's father is a wherry man in Portsmouth Harbour, who one day has an accident and is killed. Bill's mother is a seller of apples. The whole family are a happy, good humoured lot. Bill is befriended by a Captain Trevelyan, who offers him a boy seaman's place in his ship, the Lilly. So Bill goes off to sea, knowing that it would be perhaps four years or more before he would see his family again.
His companions as boy seamen include Tommy Rebow, a somewhat weaker lad than Bill. The crew are all reasonably pleasant people, maybe grumbling occasionally, but all getting on well together.
But all is not sunshine, for there are hurricanes, fallings overboard, and other serious mishaps resulting in some swimming. Some fighting with the French, some encounters with sharks, some days with little or no food and water. But they get through it all, giving heartfelt thanks to God for each release from their ordeals. They were taking a captured prize to Jamaica, when a lot of this occurred, and it was a considerable time before they found themselves back on board the Lilly, and homeward bound.
This is a neatly written book no complaints about it. It is also very short, only half the length of most of Kingston's books, and printed on incredibly thick paper, comparable with the card used to pack breakfast cereals. But the action is lively and frequently unexpected.
Sunshine Bill, according to the world's notion, was not "born with a silver spoon in his mouth;" but he had, which was far better, kind, honest parents. His mother kept an apple stall at Portsmouth, and his father was part owner of a wherry; but even by their united efforts, in fine weather, they found it hard work to feed and clothe their numerous offspring.
Sometimes Sunshine Bill's father was laid up with illness, and sometimes his mother was so; and occasionally he and his brothers and sisters were sick also. Sometimes they had the measles, or small pox, or a fever; and then there was the doctor to pay, and medicine to buy; consequently, at the end of these visitations, the family cash box, consisting of an old stocking in a cracked basin, kept on the highest shelf of their sitting room, was generally empty, and they considered themselves fortunate if they were not in debt besides. Still, no one ever heard them complain, or saw them quarrel, or beat their children, as some people do when things do not go straight with them; nor did their children ever fight among themselves. Even, indeed, in the worst of times, Sunshine Bill's mother managed to find a crust of bread and a bit of cheese, to keep the family from starving. To be sure, she and her husband could not give their children much of an education, as far as school learning was concerned. They themselves, in spite of all trials, were never cast down; and they taught Bill, and his brothers and sisters, to follow their example. They said that God had always been kind to them, and that they were sure He would not change while they tried to do their duty and please Him.
The most contented, and merriest, and happiest of their children was Sunshine Bill. That was not his real name, though; indeed, he did not get it till long after the time I am speaking of.
He was properly called William Sunnyside, for, curiously enough, Sunnyside was his father's name. His father was known as Merry Tom Sunnyside, and his mother as Pretty Molly Sunnyside for pretty she had been when she was young, and good as she was pretty. It may seem surprising that they were not better off, but they began the world without anything, and children came fast upon them a circumstance which keeps many people poor in worldly wealth.


I love hiking, I love hiking gear and I start getting pretty excited when spring is only a short while away and we can get into our hiking mode with more gusto. Admittedly I am not a lover of winter hiking for more than a day hike so I really look forward to the warmer weather, especially since we live along the Pacific Westcoast.
I don't love hanging out in malls or shopping endlessly for clothes but put me in a camping, hiking and outdoor store and I feel right at home and my adrenaline starts rushing at the sights of new gear and gadgets. The smell of the latest and greatest, what new pot set has MSR got this year? What are the new features on the Osprey backpacks that mine doesn't have? Maybe we need more titanium kitchenware?
But the truth is that investing in hiking gear can really add up and add up quickly. Especially brand new gear that's just been released and you happen to be shopping during peak hiking season. So how can you save some money but still get great gear? Check out these tips for having top notch gear and pay less for them, nothing could be sweeter than that.
Tip #1: Buying Used Gear. There's nothing like recycling and helping out our environment at the same time. A lot of people buy great gear, hike a few times and give it up or want to trade in their gear for newer hiking equipment. You can find super gear, barely used, in great condition at a fraction of the original price. Places to check for used gear are online with Craigslist in your area, gear swap sites which can often be found through local outdoor stores such as MEC in Canada (I have found great kids gear this way for our family camping and hiking trips) and even the classifieds in your local paper. Also check out the bulletin boards inside your local outdoor store, they are usually filled with people offering to sell their equipment for very little.
A lot of hikers are like me and want the latest and greatest but need to trade in what we already have so selling off gear that isn't too old helps to justify buying newer gear each year. We've also found great gear that we wanted this way and as long as you inspect it for any wear and tear most really good quality gear should last a very long time.
Tip #2: Buy Off Season. Another great reason to head to your outdoor store between hiking seasons if you are a seasonal hiker. The outdoor stores need to clear their inventory after the peak season to make room for the upcoming season's new models of just about everything. Sometimes the only difference in a backpack or tent may be a colour change or the addition of a zipper but everything else stays the same. You'll find prices slashed for brand new gear if you search regularly during the off season.
Stores such as MEC and REI sell their gear online as well and you can check weekly for sales, special deals and discounts. It's a great way to stock up on your favourite pieces of hiking equipment.
Whether you hike year round or only part of the year these two tips will help you save money on some of the best gear you can have. What will you do with the money you save?
Please visit us at http://www.family-camping-and-hiking.com for more great advice and articles.


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Alejandro Ochoa
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