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Sodium;
How does excess licorice consumption cause hypertension and hypokalemia?
October 10, 2018 October 10, 2018 FA Manian MD, MPH11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2;, Addison's disease;, Aldosterone;, Angiotensin;, Catecholamines;, Glycyrrhetinic acid;, Glycyrrhizic acid;, Glycyrrhizin;, Hypertension;, Kidney;, Licorice;, Mineralocorticoid receptors;, Nitric oxide synthesase;, Potassium;, Pseudohyperaldosteronism;, Renin;, Sodium;, Soy sauce;, Systemic vascular resistance;Leave a comment
The active ingredient of licorice, glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizin, is first converted to glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) in the bowel which is then absorbed. Once in the circulation, GRA inhibits activation of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11 β-HSD2), an enzyme in renal tissue that converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone. Without the full action of this enzyme, proper sodium and potassium homeostasis would be difficult because cortisol is just as effective in stimulating mineralocorticoid receptors as aldosterone but with 100-1000 times higher concentration than that of aldosterone! 1-3
Other ways that GRA may cause hypertension and hypokalemia include inhibition of 5 β-reductase in the liver, an enzyme that metabolizes aldosterone and direct stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors, though overall these mechanisms may not be as important as the effect of GRA on cortisol metabolism in renal tissue.1,2
Besides causing fluid retention, licorice ingestion has also been found to increase systemic vascular resistance possibly by increasing vascular tone and remodeling of the vascular wall, potentiating the vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II and catecholamines in smooth muscle, and suppressing vasodilatory systems, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase and prostacyclin synthesis.
It's no wonder that the FDA issued a statement in 2017: "If you're 40 or older, eating 2 ounces of black licorice a day for a day for at least two weeks could land you in the hospital with an irregular heart rhythm or arrhythmia." 5
Bonus Pearl: Did you know that as early as 1951, extract of licorice was reported for treatment of Addison's disease, a combination of licorice and soy sauce has been reported to be "life-saving" in a patient with Addison's disease (2007), and GRA food supplementation may lower serum potassium in chronic hemodialysis patients (2009)? 6,7
Sontia B, Mooney J, Gaudet L, et al. Pseudohyperaldosteronism, liquorice and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008; 10:153-57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256580
Omar HR, Komarova I, El-Ghonemi M, et al. Licorice abuse: time to send a warning message. The Adv Endocrinol Metab 2012;3:125-138. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3498851/
Penninkilampi R, Eslick EM, Eslick GD. The association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: as systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension 2017;31:699-707. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28660884
Black licorice: trik or treat? https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm 277152.htm
Hautaniemi EJ, Tahvanainen AM, Koskela JK, et al. Voluntary liquorice ingestion increases blood pressure via increased volume load, elevated peripheral arterial resistance, and decreased aortic compliance. Sci Rep 2017;7:10947. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5591274/
Groen J, Pelser H, Willebrands AF, et al. Extract of licorice for the treatment of Addison's disease. N Engl J Med 1951;244:471-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14806786
Cooper H, Bhattacharya B, Verma V, et al. Liquorice and soy sauce, a life-saving concoction in a patient with Addison's disease. Ann Clin Biochem 2007;44:397-99. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594790
Farese S, Kruse Anja, Pasch A, et al. Glycyrrhetinic acid food supplementation lowers serum potassium concentration in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 2009;76:877-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641483
Should my patient with compensated heart failure be placed on a sodium-restricted diet?
July 25, 2018 FA Manian MD, MPHACCF;, ACEi;, AHA;, Aldosterone;, Angiotensin converting enzyme;, Angiotension receptor blocker;, ARB;, Diet;, Edema;, Heart failure, Loop diuretics;, Renin;, Sodium;Leave a comment
Although sodium restriction is routinely recommended for patients with heart failure (HF), the data is often conflicting with a number of studies even suggesting that it may be harmful in some patients.
Two randomized trials (by the same group) involving patients with compensated HF recently discharged from the hospital reported that "less restricted" sodium diet (2.8 gm/d) along with fluid restriction (1 L/day) and high dose furosemide (at least 125-250 mg furosemide twice daily) was associated with less rates of readmissions and improved levels of brain natriuretic peptide, aldosterone and plasma renin activity compared to patients on more restricted sodium diet (1.8 gm/d). 1,2
Analysis of data from the multihospital HF Adherence and Retention Trial enrolling New York Heart Association functional class II/III HF patients found that sodium restriction (<2.5 gm/d) was associated with significantly higher risk of death or HF hospitalization but only in patients not on an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). 3
In normal subjects who are not sodium deprived, excess sodium intake has been shown to cause expansion of intravascular volume without increasing total body water. 4 Thus, sodium restriction combined with diuretics may reduce intravascular volume and renal perfusion, further stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and fluid retention. 5
Bonus Pearl: Did you know that the 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines downgraded the recommendation for sodium restriction to Class IIa (reasonable) with Level of Evidence:C? 6
Paterna S, Gaspare P, Fasullo S, et al. Normal-sodium diet compared with low-sodium diet in compensated congestive heart failure: is sodium an old enemy or a new friend? Clin Sci 2008;114:221-230. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688420
Paterna S, Parrinello G, Cannizzaro S, et al. Medium term effects of different dosage of diuretic, sodium, and fluid administration on neurohormonal and clinical outcome in patients with recently compensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:93-102. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19101237
Doukky R, Avery E, Mangla A, et al.Impact of dietary sodium restriction on heart failure outcomes. J Am Coll Cariol HF 2016;4:24-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4705447/
Heer M, Baisch F, Kropp J et al. High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000;278:F585-F595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10751219
Rothberg MB, Sivalingam SK. The new heart failure diet: less salt restriction, more micronutrients. J Gen Intern Med 25;1136-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955483/
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 CCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-239. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23741058
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Why isn't my patient with congestive heart failure or end-stage liver disease losing weight despite being on diuretic therapy? Is the diuretic dose too low, or is the salt intake too high?
April 17, 2018 January 5, 2019 FA Manian MD, MPHcirrhosis, Congestive heart failure, Diuretics;, End-stage liver disease;, Heart failure, Loop diuretics;, Potassium;, Sodium;, Spironolactone;Leave a comment
When a patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) or end-stage liver disease (ESLD) doesn't respond as expected to diuretic therapy, measurement of urinary sodium (Na) can be helpful.
In low effective arterial blood volume states (eg, CHF and ESLD) aldosterone secretion is high, resulting in high urine potassium (K) and low urine Na concentrations. However, in the presence of diuretics, urinary Na excretion should rise.
Patients undergoing active diuresis are often restricted to a 2 g (88 mEq) Na intake/day, with ~10 mEq excreted via non-urinary sources (primarily stool), and ~ 78 mEq excreted in the urine to "break even" — that is, to maintain the same weight.
Although historically measured 1, a 24-hour urine Na and K collection is tedious, making spot urine Na/K ratio more attractive as a potential proxy. Approximately 90% of patients who achieve a urinary Na/K ratio ≥1 will have a urinary Na excretion ≥78 mEq/day — that is to say, they are sensitive to the diuretic and will have a stable or decreasing weight at the current dose. 2,3
Urine Na/K may be interpreted as follows:
≥1 and losing weight suggests effective diuretic dose, adherent to low Na diet
≥1 and rising weight suggests effective diuretic dose, non-adherent to low Na diet
<1 and rising weight suggests ineffective diuretic dose
The "ideal" Na/K ratio as relates to responsiveness to diuretics has ranged from 1.0 to 2.5.4 In acutely decompensated heart failure patients on spironolactone, a K-sparing diuretic, Na/K ratio >2 at day 3 of hospitalization may be associated with improved outcome at 180 days. 5
Remember also that if the patient's clinical syndrome is not correlating well with the ratio, it's always a good idea to proceed to a 24-hour urine collection.
Runyon B. Refractory Ascites. Semin Liver Dis. Semin Liver Dis. 1993 Nov;13(4):343-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303315
Stiehm AJ, Mendler MH, Runyon BA. Detection of diuretic-resistance or diuretic-sensitivity by spot urine Na/K ratios in 729 specimens from cirrhotics with ascites: approximately 90 percent accuracy as compared to 24-hr urine Na excretion (abstract). Hepatology 2002; 36: 222A.
da Silva OM, Thiele GB, Fayad L. et al. Comparative study of spot urine Na/K ratio and 24-hour urine sodium in natriuresis evaluation of cirrhotic patients with ascites. GE J Port Gastroenterol 2014;21:15-20 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4dc3/4d18d202c6fa2b30a1f6563baab80d877921.pdf
El-Bokl M, Senousy, B, El-Karmouty K, Mohammed I, Mohammed S, Shabana S, Shelby H. Spot urinary sodium for assessing dietary sodium restriction in cirrhotic ascites. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3631. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721236/
Ferreira JP, Girerd N, Medeiros PB, et al. Spot urine sodium excretion as prognostic marker in acutely decompensated heart failure: the spironolactone effect. Clin Res Cardiol 2016;105:489-507. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26615605
Contributed by Alyssa Castillo, MD, with valuable input from Sawalla Guseh, MD, both from Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA.


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Resistance Rising: Fighting the Shadow War against the Germans
What, if any, impact did the French Resistance have on the Allied invasion of France?
Using primary and secondary sources and interactive maps from the American Battle Monuments Commission, students will learn about the impact of the French Resistance on the battle for France and the overall outcome of the war. Students will critically analyze documents to learn about the ways in which the Resistance operated. Students will create a newspaper to inform the public and recruit potential members to the movement.
The French Resistance was a collection of French citizens who united against the German occupation. In addition to the German military, which controlled northern France, many French people objected to the Vichy government, the government of southern France led by World War I General Marshal Philipe Pétain. The Resistance played a vital role in the Allied advancement through France. With the aid of the men and women of the Resistance, the Allies gathered accurate intelligence on the Atlantic Wall, the deployment of German troops, and the capabilities of their enemy. Additionally, the Resistance assisted Allied POWs and downed airmen to escape from enemy controlled territory. The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, worked closely with the Resistance to help pave the way for major Allied activities in the area. The OSS, which was the precursor to the CIA, conducted clandestine missions throughout Europe supplying weapons, training, and other war making materials to resistance fighters. The OSS also conducted direct attacks on German forces at key areas.
Describe the role the French Resistance had in the liberation of France;
Analyze primary documents; and
Create a Newspaper to help the Resistance recruit new members.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.9 Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources
D2.His.3.9-12. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to assess how the significance of their actions changes over time and is shaped by the historical context.
D2.His.4.9-12. Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.
D2.His.14.9-12. Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of events in the past.
Profile of the Resistance Handout
World War II Interactive Timeline Station Handout
Primary Document Station Questions Handout
Vocabulary Station Activity Handout
Coded Message Station Handout
Coded Message Station Answer Key
Resistance Newspaper Activity
Resistance Newspaper Activity Rubric
Computer with internet capability to access the ABMC World War II Interactive Timeline
Review the options below and set up materials for the desired stations.
Station One - Vocabulary
Print one Vocabulary Station Activity for each student.
Station Two - Coded Messages
Print one Coded Message Station Handout for each group of students.
Print one Coded Message Station Answer Key to verify student work.
Station Three - Primary Documents
Print one Primary Document Station Questions Handout for each student.
Print two to three primary sources for students to share.
Station Four - World War II Interactive Timeline
Print one World War II Interactive Timeline Station Handout for each student.
Print one copy of the Resistance Newspaper Activity and Resistance Newspaper Activity Rubric for each student.
Divide students into groups of four students each and arrange desks into distinct table groups.
Set up classroom technology, if necessary.
Test all online resources before class.
Activity One: Introducing the Resistance (90 minutes)
Group students into groups of four to complete station activities.
Distribute the Profile of the Resistance Handout to each student.
The teacher can either ask students to read on their own, in their group, or as a class.
Ask students:
Have you heard of the French Resistance before?
Does the French Resistance remind you of other groups in history?
Do you think that small groups like the Resistance can make a major impact in an occupied country, or are they just a nuisance to the occupying forces?
Introduce the station activities.
Teacher Tip: This lesson sets out four station possibilities, choose the stations that best meet the needs of your students. Based on class size, teachers may select to make larger student groups or duplicates of stations. Stations are designed to last 15-25 minutes each (adjust as needed to meet the needs of your students). It is understood that some students will struggle to accomplish these tasks in the time allotted.
Station One, Vocabulary: Students will define each term and draw a picture to help remember the word. Students will write a brief paragraph using the vocabulary to tie the terms together.
Station Two, Coded Messages: Teams will decipher a message, construct a response to it, and then recode it.
Teacher Tip: If desired, groups could leave a message for the next group to decipher. This activity could be timed for speed and accuracy.
Station Three, Primary Documents: Students will read selected primary accounts, respond to questions, and make predictions.
Station Four, World War II: A Visual History Interactive Timeline: Students will use the World War II Interactive Timeline from the ABMC to learn about the Normandy, Northern France, and Southern France campaigns.
Teacher will direct students to wrap up and synthesize material learned at each station.
Distribute copies of the Resistance Newspaper Activity and Resistance Newspaper Activity Rubric. Decide if students will work alone or in pairs to complete the task.
Explain that students are going to write an underground newspaper to help recruit new members to the Resistance.
The final product can be scored using the Resistance Newspaper Activity Rubric.
Students could research key members of the Resistance and create presentations highlighting important information.
Students could research other resistance movements in World War II to compare and contrast their actions and impact.
Students could explore the counter-resistance actions taken by the Vichy French Government and German authorities.
Students can collaborate with lessons in English or French class to expand lessons learned and to investigate daily life in occupied France.
The stations can be done as a whole class with the teacher walking students through each step of the process.
For higher achieving classes, students can become an "expert" at one station. The teacher can then re-adjust the groups so that students can then teach their peers about the station they mastered.
Testimony of Jacqueline Pery Alincourt (translated)
Extract from Morin-Rotureau, Evelyne. 1939-1945: Combats de femmes: Françaises et allemandes, les oubliées de la guerre. Paris: Autrement, 2001.
English translation by Alison Browning.
Office of Strategic Service Intelligence Bulletin, June 14, 1944
National Archives and Records Administration (Record Group 226)
Appeal of General Charles de Gaulle, BBC Radio, June 18, 1940 (excerpt)
Original French transcription available at the Charles de Gaulle Foundation.
Escape and Evasion Report for Flight Officer Charles (Chuck) E. Yeager, October 19, 1942 (excerpt)
National Archives and Records Administration (Escape & Evasion Report 660)
World War II: A Visual History Interactive Timeline
Matthew Poth
Matthew Poth teaches at Park View High School in Sterling, Virginia. He participated in the 2015-2016 World War II in the Mediterranean Understanding Sacrifice program.
6-8, 9-12
Journalism, Language Arts, Social Studies
Rhone American Cemetery
Charles Perry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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World First Review: WWE Breaking The Code – Behind the Walls of Chris Jericho DVD
August 21, 2010 by Daniel Bee
We just posted exclusive photos of WWE's new Chris Jericho "Breaking The Code" DVD due for release September 28th. Now comes the review which could possibly be the first in the world!
Click here to get your copy of Breaking The Code now!!
The packaging for the "Breaking The Code" DVD set looks great, probably the best looking one WWE has put out in quite some time. There is a slipcase holding the set (not all WWE DVDs have a one) which has a shiny cover.
Opening it up the visuals of the whole set play off the blue 'code' theme with great looking images of Chris Jericho on the pack and discs, including a large photo of him smirking similar to the Armageddon 2008 poster which looks to be new for the DVD.
After commercials each of the three discs starts off with 10 second countdown (the one used on Jericho's 2007 return). This is a fitting way to start his DVD I'd say. Then on to a cool looking DVD menu with Jericho's theme playing in the background. So let's get started!
Opening video to the documentary has various superstars such as Cena, Edge, Christian, Chavo Guerrero giving their thoughts on him voiced over clips of Jericho's career over the years and some of his best known catchphrases too. On to the presentation, it is in 16:9 screen format bars at the sides of the older footage (they've put blue code on them to keep with the Y2J theme).
The documentary kicks off by looking at Chris' childhood. By all accounts he was a very active kid into hockey, baseball, camping and swimming. Lots of home video footage here, and the main theme in this is the fact that growing up Chris either wanted to be a wrestler or a rock star. He followed the latter first of all and there is a look at his high school bands here.
Then on to Stampede Wrestling, talking about how he wrote in to them to become a wrestler when it was advertised. He got told not he wasn't old enough because you needed to be 18. Explains the importance of meeting Jesse The Body Ventura at a hockey charity event, telling him he wants to be a wrestler. His advice? Be ready for a life of pain and get a degree. Jericho discusses how he went on to get a Journalism degree and how his parents encouraged him to go for his dreams.
First guy he met on the road to his wrestling goal was Lance Storm and they feel that looking back they made it in wrestling because of each other. At times they were latching on to one another to keep it up and Jericho thinks they always pushed themselves. The Lance Storm interviews in this portion appear to be taken from Before They Were Superstars DVD I believe. Now some of his earliest promos are shown and you can see how far he has come in this field.
Sampling new cultures…
Bret Hart is introduced to the contributors now. The discussion is about Jericho's time in Mexico now, this time being a boom period there and he'd be receiving Beatles-like reactions from the fans after shows. He went by the name of Corazon de Leon and this was his first experience of "fame", being essentially a teenage heart throb here and often experiencing screaming girls giving him gifts. Rey Mysterio talks about Jericho having the opportunity to work with a lot of great Mexican wrestlers. Jericho felt he was having the time of his life – working doing his dream job in a foreign country. Christian speaks here, saying he would often see Jericho on TV and considered him a big star already.
Jericho wanted to expand his horizons so went to Germany, where he worked the same arena every night, in front of the same people. This led to creativity in changing things up on a regular basis and he said this time in his career in Germany gave a huge amount of life experience, which he still makes use of now in wrestling and life.
Then on to Jericho teaming up with Lance Storm as the Thrillseekers in SMW. They were high flyers amongst mat based wrestlers of a different style so the crowd didn't know how to react. The biggest experience he got here was delivering promos. Shows highlights here of some of the Thrillseekers antics.
Jerichos explains that his biggest goal at this point was to work in Japan on the road to the WWE. He got the opportunity to work for WAR – "Wrestling and Romance" in Japan with it's strong, stiff style where the importance was on the wrestling side not so much the character side. Over there, Ultimo Dragon was one of his favourite opponents and still is to this day. He points out these matches as one big reason he got into WCW and helped him to be scouted by the likes of Paul Heymen, Jim Cornette and Mick Foley who were all instrumental in taking him to next level.
Jericho gets extreme…
Jericho arrives in ECW. Paul Heymen brought him in and had him suplex Tazz straight from the off, which was a huge deal at the time and helped him hit the ground running because of Heyman's faith in him. Joey Styles has comments here, explaining Heyman was impressed by Jericho and knew the ECW original fans would appreciate him from the off because their die hard, tape trading wrestling fans knew of Jericho / Corazon de Leon before he arrived.
He was billed as the "Last survivor of the Hart Family Dungeon", and Jericho looks back on how the affiliation with the Hart Dungeon carried a whole lot of weight back then and created a mystique around him. Cactus Jack helped him the most, bringing him into that company after showing his tape to Paul E. First appearance on ECW TV against Cactus Jack which solidified him as a big time player against such a tough performer. Joey says Jericho's style worked perfectly in ECW with his international roots, making him an instant hit. Jericho's great ECW fan following is evident from the footage and comments, despite him only being there a few months. The documentary shows Jerichos farewell speech to the ECW fans receiving a big Lionheart chant and reaction.
Where the big boys play…
The documentary takes a more serious tone profiling Jericho's path to the big leagues in wrestling. At the World Wrestling peace festival Bischoff showed up and offered Jericho a job that quick. He couldn't believe it and accepted in a shot and there it was, he went to work for WCW. He explains the culture shock he faced there wrestling wise, and felt his few matches there were horrendous ("Jericho curse" he mentions in his book). He felt it was a hard transition to make and it didn't help that he was a nameless, faceless babyface character in the beginning. He says the nWo angle was great but the cruiserweight division was also a reason why they were beating WWE at this point.
In this section there are lots of enjoyable clips of Jericho against all the top cruiserweight guys. Rey says Jericho made that division great to watch every night. Chris feels WCW was a place for old wrestlers to have some fun in, but rejoiced when told he would be going heel and could go outside the lines. DVD shows Jericho as a heel and lots of his crybaby promos where he was developing a personality. Now he could say whatever he wanted in the short time he got before or after matches. Shows old interview with Bischoff saying Chris was responsible for a lot of the gimmicks like Monday Night Jericho and running with pop culture references. Shows some great footage of his catchphrases beginning to get over with fans – Jerichoholics, Paragon of Virtue, Never Evvvvvvvver – fans would bring signs and Jericho would rip them up. Chris thinks it was the 'ridiculuousness' of what he was doing and saying got him over at this time.
Getting over…
It is evident by this chapter that Jericho got more creative power as he got more over with the fans. The documentary shows the "Conspiracy Theory" angle prominently here. Clips of Jericho showing up in Washington to attempt to look at the "rules of wrestling" and holding his Consipiracy Victim sign. Jericho jokes that there was no plan just him and the camera man going where they wanted. On to Man of 1004 holds – Malenko feud – shows the promo in which he read his list of holds and Jericho is giving his thoiughts on what he was thinking while doing it. Maleko said it was highly entertaining. Jericho reveals he was bad mouthing the sports teams in the area in the commercial break to get more heat when it was back on TV.
Now comes the topic of Goldberg and shows where Jericho went against an imposter Goldberg and explains how the real Goldberg wasn't happy at all with it. However the angle got over so well they ran with it with Jericho and the real Goldberg where Chris would be calling him "Greenberg" with no experience. Showing clips here of the times he was "challenging" Goldberg, where it reached Jericho 5 – Goldberg 0 and people wanted to see Goldberg kill him by this point.
Goldberg talks here (from Rise and Fall of WCW) saying it wouldn't have been realistic for Goldberg to go against Jericho who was viewed as a cruiserweight at this time, and the final match didn't happen. It's at this point Jericho thought its time to get out of WCW as they had no plans to have Goldberg face Jericho which is what people wanted to see. Big war between Jericho, Goldberg and Bischoff talked about here and eventually a match was planned between them but never happened. Essentially it was ditched because of personal issues and not business which became the turning point for Jericho to try to get into the WWE.
The countdown to the WWE…
Signed with WWE in August, which was all he was thinking about in the end, and the bottom line was he was sick of WCW and wanted out. The DVD shows the original countdown clock and Jericho saying how he came up with the idea in a post office. Edge and Christian talk about the buzz it created. The documentary shows the countdown clock running out where Y2J interrupted The Rock. Jericho gives his thoughts on it as they roll it. Says the genius of it was it ran out right in the middle of Rock's promo.
Whilst showing the promo other stars like Matt Hardy say he had an idea it was Jericho and was excited about it to give Chris better opportunities and the fact he interrupted The Rock, who was the hottest thing going, showed the faith management had in him. The Miz says he loved it because Jericho ran his mouth building himself up but then Rock put him straight back down, which ultimately made Jericho a star. Hayes says it was one of the greatest debuts in history. Jericho says here looking back it was too cheesy and cartoon like and he doesn't like it, but knows people consider it great.
The frustration…
Jericho then talks about how he felt on the sidelines just shortly after this, feeling he wasn't living up to the hype and went from interrupting Rock to Vince asking him if he would work with a woman (Chyna). But he felt at least that was doing something major on the show. This portion shows the feud between he and Chyna and Jericho thinks at some point he will become IC champ in this feud, which had been an ambition of his. Miz says as time went on in his first year and a half everything he touched turned to gold. Leads to working with Stephanie where he says this was a great opportunity to bring the real Jericho out where the rock star would be standing up to the snobby bosses daughter. Clips of him bad mouthing Steph and the crowd jumping on it all, huge angle. Ironic as the first angle was with Chyna and the other big one was with Steph.
Triple H feud next. Says HHH was hot at this time and Jericho was getting pissed off he wasn't doing anything, but Vince was in two minds what to do with him and not very helpful. The documentary shows where Jericho beat HHH for the WWF title but it wasn't allowed. Y2J feels this was the best fan response he ever got and this chapter shows how it all went down and the decision getting reversed. Hayes says he is not sure that was the right decision but it elevated Jericho into the main event status, and Jericho agrees feeling that he got his mojo back at this point.
Building a legacy…
The topic is stardom, with this portion showing the guys hes beat with various WWE personalities talking about his break through. Then we're on to Vengeance 2001 (I felt here there was more past Jericho/HHH stuff to show) and shows how he won the Undisputed Champion, with Jericho giving insight into never thinking he would be booked to win it. Joey Styles interjects here that he loved this moment. Jericho is proud of it himself but he says it "took about 6 people to do it". After the match Jericho sat in corner for a few minutes and just looked back in disbelief he had reached his goal and the top after being considered a cruiserweight in WCW. Then on to a look at his first promo as Undisputed Champ where Ric Flair was in the ring.
Jericho gives his thoughts here on working with Steph as heels or partners in crime. The story is told on how this came to be and the HHH feud for Undisputed Championship. He felt it didn't go quite right, and was bit of a let down putting the two arch rivals – Steph and Jericho – together. Main eventing Wrestlemania 18 came next in his home country. It doesn't register in Jerichos mind that he did main event that right however because of Rock/Hogan. He doesn't think it's one of his best moments of his career. Now the DVD shows cool ringside shots (shot on film) from Wrestlemania 18 of Rock/Hogan and Jericho/HHH. These seem to be never seen before and longer than usual. More of this please WWE! New angles/perspectives of the all time great Wrestlemanias events would be awesome to see.
Now we get a look at the Highlight Reel segment next, which I do feel deserved a feature on the DVD. Jericho says it came about because he wanted a cool show to do improv promos and comedy on, and originally wanted to call it "Jericho's Junction". Rightfully so, the OBSECENLY EXPENSIVE JERITRON 5000 gets a mention and Jericho feels the show was a staple of Raw for a couple of years.
Student vs teacher…
A look at Shawn Michaels – a major reason Jericho got in the business. Their 2003 feud is shown with Jericho's thoughts on it all. It was aa double honor to work with HBK as both sides wanted to work with one another. Feels their first feud was mentor vs student idea. On to a look at their Wrestlemania XIX match (can't leave this one out of the doc or matches on a Y2J DVD!). Hayes says Jericho over-delivers at Mania and that you can put that WrestleMania 19 match up against most and it will win every time. Miz likes that Jericho had the last laugh after the match giving Shawn the lowblow despite losing.
You're fired…
His 2005 feud with Cena is featured next, and Y2J says he was a big fan of Cena from 2002 onwards. At this point of his career he wanted more time at home with his family, so this would be his last feud for the foreseeable future. Says whilst Cena is a little "unorphodox" so was Austin. Shows the fans being behind Jericho at their Summerslam 2005 match and he feels it was because the fans knew he puts his heart into everything and feels they wanted to see him win the title that night.
"You're Fired" match with Cena highlights next and a look at how it came to be. Noticed here the FU/Attitude Adjustment that put Jericho away was pretty cool looking in how Cena made it look like he struggled to deliver it and was a big deal, essentially retiring Jericho for a while. Cena gives his thoughts on him being "fired" – says there was something missing when Jericho was gone. Jericho says a lot of fans were mad the WWE and Vince did that to him without knowing the truth but Jericho considers was one of his fav moments. Felt that was a good way to put a stamp on that part of his career up to then and was burnt out after non stop 15 years, essentially his entire life. Took advantage of the time away in regards to touring with Fozzy. Cena says Jericho is funny outside of the ring full of obscure knowledge, which was used in his VH1 work.
A closer look at Fozzy here, showing how Jericho met Rich Ward backstage at WCW event. A look at some early gigs they've done and the likes of Fozzy's "Watch me Shine", "Martyr No More" and "All that Remains" are playing in the background. The band went from focusing on being a cover band to having more original stuff. Edge says they've morphed into a serious band and are musically tight, live or taped. A look at more recent gigs now. Fozzy getting quite a big chapter here which is surprising since WWE usually do a good job of glossing over them. You get the feeling Jericho lives his dream not only in wrestling but music too. Cena respects the touring he does and managing both lines of work. In his break he also wrote his book A Lions Tale, which his love for writing and degree in journalism helped achieve.
The love of the business…
Y2J singles out watching Wrestlemania 23 Cena vs HBK and their one hour match in the UK as two matches that pushed him to come back. On to the Save_Us campaign, how they brought him back. Shows some of the cool viral videos they put together for it and nice to see them in DVD quality. He felt his entrance to the WWE was so big originally that he couldn't just walk back in 2007 without some sort of fancy comeback. Cena says it created a buzz and Jericho even mentions his sparkly vest! Says he didn't want to be a nostalgia act, wanted to be better than before not the same as before.
Edge feels he was kinda doing the same thing he did when coming back in the beginning which didn't lead anywhere, then the DVD shows the 2008 HBK feud origins which signifies a needed change with Jericho going heel and character turning upside down. Jericho feels that was the end of the Y2J era. Hayes feels his longevity stems from being a student of the game and knowing when to change. The movie "No Country for Old Men" and other influences made him focus on a new character. This is a great chapter and shows the change well – almost to the point of getting quite emotional showing the Y2J character coming to an end. Shows the passion he has for the new character and that his focus is on the stories behind the matches.
An honest man…
A look here at the unsanctioned match between he and HBK, this being the same night Jericho won the World title in the Scramble match. Jericho felt it was a rewarding time and felt the work here was some of the best work of his career, maybe 'the' best. A look at his feud with Rey on Smackdown, particularly concerning the mask. Jericho says he didn't work with Rey all that much in the past but at this time they reached their potential, as he understands how to work his style. He took pride in the inventive ways of incorporating the mask in the feud.
Working with anybody…
Jericho/Edge team featured now. Hayes says they were going to be a huge tag team but the injury left Jericho with nothing. This led on to Jerishow which Chris thinks was a highlight of his career and Big Show was his favourite tag partner, knowing him for years with no egos involved in the team. Big Show says it was a blast and learnt a lot from it, and Jericho's drive and passion. Shows the Royal Rumble as the beginning of the Edge feud into Wrestlemania. Then the world title win at Elimination Chamber. Edge and Jericho give their thoughts on facing eachother at Wrestlemania. Edge feels it will always stand out as it was the grand stage wrestling for the title and both sides wanted to steal the show.
Wade Barrett is introduced now talking about how he met Chris on NXT and feeling he hit the jackpot being aligned with Jericho on the show. Jericho say's its an honour to work with the new guys and use his 20 year experience to guide these people like Barrett. Barrett says he got so much advice about in the ring and on the mic. All the clips here are on Barrett's matches and Jericho's interaction with him on TV and Jericho explains he wants the new guys to have what he didn't early on in his career; somebody to help them out.
In reality Jericho doesn't feel he's actually the best in the world, but puts his effort into every sphere of his performances. Nice video packages here as the documentary is coming to an end, with other Fozzy tracks (quite frankly they all sound great) playing in the background showing a rundown of his whole career and title wins. Miz is saying the new guys want the career Chris Jericho has had, and Barrett says his talents and crossover appear makes him an all round talent everyone should aspire to be. Piper says he has raised the bar and brought it to a new level, Patterson ranks Jericho as one of the best performers ever simply because of his ability to entertain. Hayes says in regards to his legacy he should be remembered as somebody who loves to entertain.
The ending video really does look back at his whole career and feels like a closure of sorts, with Jericho saying he doesn't want a heros send off or a big retirement ceremony just disappearing into the sunset. Jericho has said in interviews he feels there is years left in him yet but the DVD doesn't refer to his plans for the future.
Documentary Outcome:
That's the end of a fantastic documentary. One of the best I've seen and a long time coming. So good I want to watch it again right now. One gripe would be perhaps not enough material on his time in the WWF prior to his Undisputed Championship run but this is understandable as this is a time where his best matches were predominantly with Chris Benoit. Speaking of Benoit, it is a shame there is not one mention to him in a documentary profiling Jericho's whole career – at one point I kind of expected a reference to him – but we all know this is how WWE are dealing with the situation publically on TV and Home Video releases like this one.
It's hard to fault the documentary as it did a great job telling the story of Chris' career. The TV PG rating doesn't seem to affect things much here except a few curses. I'd say they had Jericho hold back a little on the issues of politics in the WWE (like his issues with management when he first came in when feeling he wasn't living up to the hype) and also on some other topics such as his relationship with Goldberg in WCW. They actually had a real fight in the locker room, didn't they? Also no insight on his relationship with Triple H when he was making a name for himself in the WWF, which is often a hot topic people don't know a lot about and would like to. I'm sure more juicy stories will end up in his second book though.
There were lots of good interviews on here – most came from Edge and Christian which is fitting given their friendship over the years – and also a good mix of old timers and young stars talking about Jericho. All of these comments were delivered in a serious manner rather than in character or simply talking about Jericho loving himself, which was a positive. I also liked what Cena had to say, although it seemed he could have been a bit more enthusiastic. I would have liked to see the likes of Vince, Austin, Rock, Triple H and Shawn Michaels interviewed for the DVD but I can understand why they were not. There were some older interviews on here from other releases such as from Eric Bischoff and Lance Storm but they all fit well for the documentary.
All in all, brilliant documentary that I was personally waiting a long time for, and is definitely one to rewatch. Almost full marks for this for me, it's that good, but not quite there. It would be closer to full marks if the likes of those I mentioned were interviewed for it as well and maybe the inclusion of some more controversial topics but it is a great documentary. Jerichoholics, get the DVD come September for this documentary!
Disc 1 Special Features:
17 Extras – Some cool stuff such as extra interviews like Chris talking about how important wrestling was to him growing up, how he came up with the name Chris Jericho (rather than 'Jack Action'!) and his thoughts on his first wrestling match in front of a crowd. Also on here are two cheesy Thrillseekers vignettes including the "Rock America" one but with dubbed over music! More importantly the infamous WCW promos are on here – "Conspiracy Victim" and Jericho listing his "1004 holds". Fozzy gets some love again in here with the "Let the Madness Begin" Music video.
Best of all might be that they put on an unseen post-Raw microphone joust and beer drinking between Austin and Jericho from 2003, and a post-Smackdown Jericho promo from 2009, which ends up in a verbal battle with an old guy in the front row. After which Jericho proclaims everybody in the building is ejected. Hilarious and awkward all at the same time!
The Matches
The matches for "Breaking The Code" begin on Disc 2 and uniquely this portion of the DVD is introduced by Jericho who says finally the WWE monkeys have put together a Chris Jericho DVD. He explains that picking 6 hours of matches out of 2500 in his career was no easy process, and each match was chosen for a reason such as sentimental value, what that match meant to his career or simply choosing ones he wants the fans to see.
There are 19 matches on here. I'm not going to review them all now and I know a lot of you already know a lot of these matches very well, but I'll take a look at the three matches with new content added in the form of alternative commentary.
– "Cowboy" Chris Jericho vs. Lance T. Storm
Calgary, Alberta October 2, 1990
Alternate Commentary By: Chris Jericho & Matt Striker
Home video quality footage here, this being Jericho's first wrestling match in front of a 'big' crowd. In the alternate commentary Jericho talks with Matt Striker about how he was feeling during the match such as at one point during it Jericho experienced reacting with fans during a match for the first time and felt like he was Hulk Hogan. The match isn't much good to look at, mostly due to the quality, but there a lot of unique moves being performed here such as hurricanranas and other 'high flying' maneuvers that I didn't expect to see. The match ended up in a draw and Jericho is quite proud of how it all began wrestling Lance Storm who was integral to his motivation in succeeding.
– International Junior Heavyweight Championship Match
Chris Jericho vs. Ultimo Dragon
Japan July 7, 1995
From Jericho's personal collection, a bout with Ultimo Dragon in Japan that I've never seen before. Again not great quality but let's give it a watch. Jericho is known as Lionheart here. Jericho says this match is the reason he got into ECW, and later this tape was shown to Bischoff so it also contributed to him going to WCW.
Very fast paced, definitely a different style. Jericho says he hasn't watched this match for 10 years. Lots of awesome moves such as a moonsault type move off the top rope which Jericho jokes about that he can't do anymore. Japanese fans study the matches, hence their quiet nature, and he felt like a rock star over there with the fans. This match was before Jericho started doing the Walls of Jericho.
There's a dangerous looking piledriver to Ultimo Dragon on the outside which Jericho says there was no reason for and he thinks the style has changed these days. Springboard drop kick on Jericho to the outside which he says he probably stole from Dragon or another wrestler there. Well thought out spots and moves done on the fly throughout the match. Dragon counters the Lionsault as he tried to jump over him. Lots of unique counters to pins and we see a dragon suplex to Jericho. Pace doesn't slow down, simply remains fast throughout the match as Striker alludes to on the commentary. Cool to see some of Jericho's old moves like a tiger suplex that he no longer does.
Lots of talk on the alternate commentary which isn't about the match like Striker asking if Jericho can go to supermarkets without being recognized. Back to the match, the finish comes with Jericho retaining the IJ title by a butterfly suplex (he says linsault was finisher) which was a big deal to beat the local guy in Japan. This was a good back and forth speedy match that ultimately got him into the big leagues.
– Chris Jericho vs. Shawn Michaels
WrestleMania XIX March 30, 2003
This ought to be good. One of my favourite wrestling matches ever now with a voice over from Chris Jericho as it goes along. The match is arguably the show stealer of the whole event as it flowed so well and always worth a watch. It was their first time wrestling eachother. Jericho explains it was a student vs teacher type storyline, and says HBK only wrestled a few matches and wasn't originally booked for WrestleMania but they both decided they would wrestle eachother after a Highlight Reel segment.
This was Jericho's 13th year in the business at this point and thought he hadn't had a defining Mania moment up until this point. Both on a mission – Shawn's return WrestleMania and Jericho wanting a big moment on the grand stage. As they get started Jericho says it's the first lockup ever referring to the other matches and feuds they will have after this. In the match good guy and bad guy goes out the window. Smooth flowing moves, counters and keeping up the pace. Jericho ribs on Cole by saying one of HBK's moves is "Vintage" Shawn Michaels and he's using that in context rather than saying "Vintage Alica Fox" for example.
This is in Jericho's top 3 matches in his view. Striker asks why Jericho is still there in the WWE when the likes of The Rock have gone on to other things and he says it's all about passion. Jericho locks in the Walls on the outside, working his back in the story, which Y2J claims was Pat Patterson's idea. Jericho does his cocky pin with the foot on Shawn Michaels and he says he stole that from Japan. Throughout the match you can see the old HBK coming back on the grand stage. Jericho and HBK got along so well because of their faith in God also, he says. Jericho did the HBK nip up to a big crowd reaction which he says he practiced for an hour before hand, then HBK does the same behind him. Striker refers to it as a big wrestlemania-esque moment.
Jericho says he jotted down ideas for this match before hand. Jericho says the fun loving Shawn of the beginning of the match has gone and the focused Michaels is back, and HBK is back in business. Back and forth pin attempts by the two of them. He says ever wrestler strives for a match like this, as Michaels counters the Walls now and after a few moments Jericho hits a nice lionsault. Michaels ends up in the Walls but gets to the ropes. Jericho does the spinning elbow off the tope which he doesn't do that much anymore (which I miss).
Jericho goes for a sweet chin music of his own and nails it. The crowd are thinking it might be over but he kicks out. Back and forth shots at eachother. Michaels gets out of another Walls using the ropes and Jericho ends up with sweet chin music, but it still isn't over. Pace slowing down but neither guy is relenting. Shawn rolls up Jericho from behind and gets the 123. It looks like the two will shake hands, they end up hugging but ultimately Jericho lowblows Michaels. Striker and Jericho have a big laugh at this and Jericho says "take that, good guy…best match of my career right there!".
Views on the Match Collection
In terms of WWE content, the match listing for me seems to be lacking in the years 2002-2004 and whilst the documentary does well at making up for that by looking at his tag team with Christian for example, I would definitely have liked to see the Jericho/Christian cage match from Raw in 2003 as a match on here. The reason I say those years is because matches within that time frame from TV are more obscure yet there are some gems like the Y2J/HBK rematch. Also I am a somewhat puzzled why the Triple H match at Fully Loaded 2000 is omitted.
It's also hard to watch through a DVD on the career of Chris Jericho and not find any Chris Benoit matches in there but this is completely expected. Still, it's a shame as the collection of matches would go up a notch with maybe two Jericho/Benoit matches added. There is not really enough matches covering his early years either but this is expected given that they only had 2 discs of space to work with and the focus being on WWE. Overall I enjoyed the matches and feel they gave a good accounting of Jericho's career, with the right career changing/elevating matches and integral victories included. All in all great matches here that you do think about when looking back on Jericho's career.
Special mention to Jericho's WWF debut from 1999 also being on here, in addition to his 2007 WWE return and integral matches such as the championship win that wasn't to be against HHH in 2000, Undisputed Championship victory, his WrestleMania 19 match with HBK, first match ever with Undertaker and title match at WrestleMania 26.
The DVD Verdict
The documentary is a fantastic watch and will remain so for years to come, and it's worth buying this DVD even if that was the only feature. After the documentary on the same disc you have a whole host of great special features there including some rarities and further interviews with Jericho and others which improve the documentary even more. As much as I wanted some comments from The Rock on there and other past stars of the WWE, that's hardly something to expect so you can't really fault it on these grounds.
As for the matches it's a great collection which covers Y2J's whole career and having his WWE debut and 2007 "re-debut" included amongst the matches is a great touch. Without a doubt there should be another Jericho DVD in the future specifically for matches, but this DVD does a great job of giving a look at Jericho's whole career in both documentary and match form with very good selections of content in both. For a diehard Chris Jericho fan like myself this is a DVD set you can't do without and the documentary heightens respect for the guy even more. At the same time, the feature lets the viewer look back on just all he's done in the wrestling business that made us his fans.
This is simply a must buy for all WWE fans and DVD collectors. The DVD will be released on September 28th in North America and mid October in Europe and Australia.
Breaking The Code: Behind The Walls of Chris Jericho DVD <-- Buy it from WWEShop!!
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Posted in 2010 Reviews, News, Reviews Tags: 2010, breaking the code, chris jericho, chris jericho dvd, jericho, News, Photos, review, shawn michaels, wrestlemania, wwe dvd, wwe dvd review, y2j
21 Comments left on this article...
Alan Mercer says:
It's quite obvious that they leave some vital matches (vs. Austin, etc.) off just to keep them for their next Jericho set (which will come one day). Since that set will not feature a documentary and be more of a match anthology, they will need to have the most legendary matches to sell it. It's just the way it works.
JulesMcGrules says:
I get why The Rock isn't on here, but why the hell isn't Austin on here??? More WCW stuff would have been a plus, hopefully they'll make another DVD in a couple years or sooner. Nonetheless, great review and I look forward to getting the DVD.
Luke D. says:
Looks great; I already ordered it.
I want to but this DVD but I don't think I have the money for it and my parents usually don't buy me things from the WWE except my mom is gonna get me some tickets one of these days.
I love this DVD its the best wwe has come out with .Chris Jericho is the most talented man .
Should i get this even though i'm not really a Jericho fan?
Daniel Bee says:
Definitely Dennis, one of the best WWE DVDs put out.
Danny Gowen says:
i just got my jericho dvd today, i cant wait to watch it! both danny's at wdn now have the jericho!!!
JCITYHUSTLA617 says:
NIIIIIICE!!!!!!!!
Glad you guys liked the review. Looks like Jericho himself did too (mentioned it on his Twitter).
The documentary goes for 2 hours and I've watched it twice. Very good stuff.
Awesome review. Good thing its on 16:9 screen format. I hate the black bars on the side but what are you going to do. This DVD might be the Greatest in my collection!!!
Hey dan exactly how long is the documentary? Love your site!
I am getting this DVD tommorow. I have got a guy who can get me early wwe dvds.
wow! I can't wait to buy it! btw jericho is the best in the world at what he does!
Can't wait to see it Chrisis the best.
Looking forward for this DVD sounds interesting
Shaunblackford says:
Very very good job on this review db, damn boy where was you hiding this talent
Melissa Epperson says:
Looks decent. I hate that they put the shitty Boston crab on the cover. Each time he does that non-painful-looking thing I get annoyed and wish it was the Liontamer. Which he does still do once in a while
Adam Wooten says:
Wish there was more WCW matches and segments.
Let's face it, WWE Jericho never lived up to how hilarious he was in those days.
I don't want to see his matches with HBK or Taker or other main eventers. Seen those a million times already.
I wanna see the old WCW matches with Eddie, Dean, Juvi, Rey, Benoit (yeah I know) and others.
Jericho is my fav wrestler ever but I doubt I'll buy it.
Borrow it from my friend who blows his money on everything WWE or TNA release. Just to see the documentary part.
I'm not knocking the match content. Those are big time matches that Jericho is proud of, I fully see why those would be included…but most of those are boring to me these days. I've seen them too many times to care
Great review. So looking forward to getting this. I might get two as I'm afraid I'd wear one set out.
Bobby G says:
Awesome review Danny. I cannot wait to pick this up!
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Hollywood Bowl sees annual profits and sales rise with 13m ten-pin games played in a year - and boss says Brexit will have no impact on the firm
Annual pre-tax profits increased from £2.6m to £21.1m, the company said
Group announced final ordinary dividend of 3.95p per share and a special dividend of 3.33p
Chief executive says Brexit will have no impact on the business
By Jane Denton For Thisismoney
Published: 08:44 EST, 11 December 2017 | Updated: 08:44 EST, 11 December 2017
Ten-pin bowling firm Hollywood Bowl has reported that its annual pre-tax profits have risen from £2.6million to £21.1million in the last year - and its share price is up nearly eight per cent today.
Sales at the group, which is the country's biggest ten-pin bowling operator, grew by 8.8 per cent to £114million over the period, while like-for-like sales rose 3.5 per cent.
Over the year, there were 13million games bowled, with the average spend per game creeping up by 0.8 per cent to £8.70.
Good game: Ten-pin bowling firm Hollywood Bowl has seen its annual pre-tax profits soar from £2.6m to £21.1m
Hollywood Bowl's share price was up 7.83 per cent to 204.88p as of this afternoon.
The group fared better than last year in part because it had no exceptional one-off costs dragging down its results.
Hollywood Bowl announced a final ordinary dividend of 3.95p per share and a special dividend of 3.33p.
MIDAS SHARE TIPS: Ten-pin bowling firm Hollywood Bowl is on... Think small to win big: Why looking beyond the FTSE 100 can...
HOW THIS IS MONEY CAN HELP
Check the latest Hollywood Bowl Group Plc share price
Stephen Burns, chief execuitve of Hollywood Bowl, said: 'I am delighted to report a strong operational and financial performance for our first full year since IPO.
'Our rebrands and refurbishments have delivered significant returns and new centres opened in the year have performed ahead of expectations.
'The investments we have made in improving our brand and customer offer have been well received by customers, resulting in more visits and increased spend per game across our portfolio.'
The group has over 50 sites across the UK and opened three new centres, in Derby, Southampton and The London O2, over the period.
Last year, the group's initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange raised £181million, giving the company a valuation of around £240million.
Looking ahead, Mr Burns said: 'There is much talk in the press and elsewhere of the impact of "Brexit"'.
'We do not believe that the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU will have an impact on the underlying performance of our business because Hollywood Bowl, and the activities we offer, have great customer appeal throughout the country and through all economic cycle.'
At present, the average customer visits Hollywood Bowl 1.3 times a year, something the group is keen to see rise.
The group uses flexible pricing structures, meaning customers pay less if they book in advance or come at off-peak times, namely not on a Friday or Saturday evening. Prices also vary depending on the site's location.
Hollywood Bowl enjoys 7% share price boost as profits soar


23 pre bonus from 4 players. But only have 6 more players left to play. And my cup opponent has 35 pre bonus with 4 players left.
Although, it depends if he has Kranky & Johnson as well. They are in quite good form atm. Those 2 beauties relish these big games.
7 so far ( ), with 10 players still to play..
17 points. Still got four players left to play.
Went into this gameweek first. After yesterday's dismal 14, I'm joint first with lfc4life. Wasn't expecting a good week with United not playing, but Liverpool and Arsenal failing to do much didn't help.
Ah you're Amy, you've been my close competition for months.
I was curious who this girl that was ahead of me was.
Good to see that you're a United fan!
EDIT: Sorensen doesn't even play 90 minutes, so he only gets one point for me as well... Whelan didn't even start. Fantastic.
EDIT 2: Super sub Whelan gets me 6 points and salvages my gameweek to a half decent 41 points. Considering I used all four subs, and made only one chance this week, that's not bad! Plus, Arsenal are still 6 points behind Villa!
Good gameweek for me, up 3 places to 9th, with 8th and 7th hot on the radar.
wtf happened to Aston Villa and Man City? They had relatively easy matches. Ah well, at least I won my H2H.
In other news Man Utd won the league cup!!
I'll soon be beating you again though.
Horrible week of 22, my 2nd worst, but manage to keep hold of the lead. My cushion has gone though.
Moved up one place to 16th I think. Been a while since I've gone up or down in the TSR league.
I'm confused. When do I need to make the transfers for this weeks fixtures for?
You have up until 7.30pm on Tuesday to make any changes.
Mendy, Skrtel or Jo to play? Bearing in mind i love Mendy and I think my mother has a better footballing mind than Jo.
Also should i take a 4 point hit with Lennon for Ireland.
Skrtel is a good shout, although he has been liable for quite a few of the goals that Liverpool have conceded.


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Pimp the Pavement: A Brief History of Seedbombing
Who decides what our communities look like? We do.
Wilder Quarterly
Remember "Miss Rumphius," the Lupine Lady? The children's fiction book by Barbara Cooney (Puffin 1982) recounts the story of Miss Alice Rumphius, a woman who sought to make the world more beautiful by spreading lupine seeds in the wild. Flash back to New York in the 1970s and meet Liz Christy and her Green Guerillas group, who took to beautifying crumbling Manhattan neighborhoods by tossing "seed grenades" into abandoned lots. The first seed grenades, a term coined by Christy, were made from controversial ingredients: condoms filled with local wildflower seeds, water, and fertilizer. They were thrown over fences onto New York City's wastelands in order to "green up" neglected urban land. Seed bombing, as it's known today, is definitely punk, but it's also a cheap and effective way for you, me, and everyone we know to transform an eyesore into a resource.
The seed bomb growing method has been practiced globally for centuries. The idea germinated in Japan with the ancient practice of "tsuchi dango," which translates as "earth dumpling." The idea was re-invented in the 20th Century by the Japanese farmer and philosopher, Masanobu Fukuoka, an advocate of Do-Nothing Farming and author of the classic, "One-Straw Revolution."
Today seed bombs are wrapped in compost and clay, which protects the seeds while providing needed moisture, nutrients, and structure for seed germination and growth. The seed bomb protects seeds from being eaten by wildlife, so few seeds are needed when compared to broadcast seeding. As much as 80 percent of broadcast seeds, those scattered on the surface of the soil, can be lost before germination.
Some argue seed bombs could be used for large-scale interventions in places damaged by man-made or natural disasters, such as wild-fires and floods. Scientists have learned that certain types of plants absorb toxins from the soil without dying and can thus be used as a mechanism to reduce chemical ground pollution. So why not use seed bombs to restore our forests and purify our soil?
In 2010, Greenaid, a Los Angeles-based organization founded by designers Daniel Phillips and Kim Karlsrud, began converting vintage gumball machines into seed bomb dispensers. Drop fifty cents in one of their recycled candy machines and you get a seed bomb. Greenaid describes it as "Change for Change." Check out their website to find a dispenser near you. Surprisingly, they're all over the country.
Christy and the Green Guerillas went on to transform a derelict lot on Manhattan's Houston Street, and the Bowery into a community garden that New Yorkers still revel in today. During the 1970s financial crisis, many NYC landlords abandoned their properties. The city, in fiscal disarray, bulldozed deserted rundown apartment buildings and left remaining residents with vacant lots, and broken neighborhoods. Christy and a small community of downtown New Yorkers decided to take matters into their own hands.
They hauled out the trash, a pile six-feet high, leveled the gravel underneath, and trucked in soil. They planted seeds and young plants recycled from a Parks Department giveaway. When city officials began to crack down on them, Christy went to the media. After the New York Daily News published an article and photos of the garden, officials changed course: for a dollar a year, they leased the lot to the Green Guerillas. In 1974 The Liz Christy Community Garden became the first community garden in New York City, and is still cared for by volunteers, and protected by the Parks Department. More than 1,000 registered or permitted community gardens have since sprouted.
Guerrilla gardening is a form of political action that addresses questions of responsibility and choice. "The Earth is a Common Treasury for All," professed Gerrard Winstanley, who, in 1649, took over common or vacant areas of England with his group of political radicals, the Diggers, committing the first recorded act of guerrilla gardening.
A global army of guerrilla gardeners has since taken form, transforming urban wastelands into flowerbeds and butterfly havens. In 1996, approximately 500 activists occupied a vast piece of derelict land belonging to Guinness Brewery on the banks of the River Thames in South London. Their action aimed to bring light to, as they declared, "the appalling misuse of urban land, the lack of provision of affordable housing and the deterioration of the urban environment." Within weeks of this incident, a group of 1,000 in Denmark spent a night transforming an empty piece of land in the middle of Copenhagen into a garden. On May 1, 2010, marking International Sunflower Guerrilla Gardening Day, more than 5,000 people across the globe participated by planting sunflower seeds in public spaces. In London alone, thousands of people gathered at Parliament Square in one of the biggest orchestrated actions of guerrilla gardening ever seen. They planted flowers and vegetables, and hung banners that read, "Let London Sprout," "Capitalism is Pants," and "Resistance is Fertile."
Seed bombs are definitely my weapon of choice. In the palm of your hand, you have a revolution waiting to happen. Something so powerful, it can radically change the face of the earth. The beauty of seed bombing is its potential to transform, as well as its accessibility. Anyone can make seed bombs with instructions found in the internet. Who decides what our communities look like? We do.
As Woody Guthrie sings:
From California, to the New York Island
From the Redwood Forest, to the Gulf Stream waters
This land was made for you and me."
Pimp the pavement people!
Written by Lisa Rovner for Wilder Quarterly
Related: 10 Most Awesome Guerrilla Gardens from Around the World
Images courtesy of Donald Loggins, Green Guerillas
This post is part of the GOOD community's 50 Building Blocks of Citizenship—weekly steps to being an active, engaged global citizen. This week: Plant a Guerrilla Garden. Follow along and join the conversation at good.is/citizenship and on Twitter at #goodcitizen.


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"We are not working with the Chinese military. We are working with the U.S. government, including the Department of Defence, in many areas including cybersecurity, recruiting and healthcare," a spokesperson for the company said as quoted by the Wall Street Journal reporter Vivian Salama.
In testimony to Congress on Wednesday, US Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Joseph Dunford stated that Google's operations in China are "indirectly helping advance the Chinese military".
"We watch with great concern when industry partners work in China, knowing that there is that indirect benefit and frankly indirect may be not a full characterisation of the way it really is, it's more of a direct benefit to the Chinese military," he added.


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One is the first, and therefore, automatically, it's the most exciting.
1. My first kiss. Mine was while sitting on a floor of a Bakersfield family room. I'd travelled from the coast by Greyhound (I was sixteen! What was my mother thinking?) to visit a young man of whom I'd become enamored while, yes, at Bible camp (um, maybe that's what my mother was thinking). I'd just turned sixteen, and I was terrified I'd remain Sweet Sixteen and Never Been Kissed until I was seventeen, with no way to go back in time to fix it, a perpetual John Hughes joke. I can't remember the boy's name (isn't that awful?) but he was 6'6" and very blond. I had to crane my neck when I imagined kissing him. That night, we sat on the floor across from each other (probably because we'd thought we be able to reach each other's lips), and I remember scooting closer and closer, until our mouths finally met. And I thought, Wow. Is this all there is?
2. My first boombox. We lived overseas on the tiny island of Saipan (random fact: I'm one of three Pens who've been there!) when I was a teenager, and I wanted one thing more than anything else in my life--a boombox so I could play the bootleg tapes we bought at the Chinese store in Garapan. I had a whole collection: Tears for Fears, Madonna, A-ha! But I didn't have anything to play them on except my best friend Tammy's boombox, and I dreamed of the time I could have my very own. After I saved up the money and ordered one from the mainland, I drew a picture of the exact boombox I'd ordered to scale and set the drawing next to my bed to pass the two months I waited for it to arrive. The songs I imagined it playing were better than any of the actual songs I ended up using it for.
3. My first apartment. It was tiny, barely 300 square feet, $350 a month. I had one fire, many gas leaks, marching tarantulas, and creeping mold, but I loved that place. Everything in the fridge was mine. It was built hanging off the back of a garage, completely illegal, and the teeny bedroom was on stilts, but I loved the forest of eucalyptus that grew on all three side of the room. I felt as if I lived in a tree house. But I outgrew it, even though I didn't want to, and moved to a larger place in a better location. Le sigh.
4. My first book. That was the best. Nothing took away from it. Nothing detracted from seeing that ARC for the first time. This was one of the best moments of my life.
Firsts are great. But I will propose this: after one, I quite like two and three. And four and five and eleven and 127 and 1252. They aren't like the first one. The other night I came home from work to find my third book's early copies had arrived. I didn't wait for Lala to get home, I just let the dogs out, fed the cats, and opened the package. Then I set a copy on the dining room table for her to see when she got home.
It was not as exciting as the first one. But the joy of accomplishment (it isn't a fluke!) might be even deeper.
I've gotten better at kissing, too.
Big congratulations on your 3rd book!
can't wait to get my hands on that new one.
oh and i LOVE that you drew the boom box and kept it at your side...what a way to manifest!!


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UN poised to open summit on world's oceans; outcome will 'call for action' on ocean health
UN Photo/Martine Perret
Fisherman in Timor Leste casts net in the water to catch small fish.
Warming oceans, depleting sea life and plastic pollution are on the agenda for next week's ocean summit at the United Nations, which will call for urgent action to improve the health of the oceans, while also creating jobs and raising people out of poverty.
"Human activities are having major impacts on the ocean, affecting everything from the viability of marine habitats to the quality and temperature of the water, the health of marine life, and the continued availability of seafood," the UN organizers said about the event being held 5 to 9 June.
The Ocean Conference, the first ever such summit convened by the UN, will focus on the targets outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by Governments in 2015. In particular among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Goal 14 highlights the need to conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas and marine resources to benefit present and future generations.
"Ocean deterioration has broader implications as it affects poverty eradication, economic growth, sustainable livelihoods and employment, global food security, human health and climate regulation," the organizers said.
Thousands of people are expected to attend – including heads of State and Government, civil society representatives, business people, as well as actors, and ocean and marine life advocates.
Strong showing likely from Pacific Islands, African coastal States
A big showing is expected from small island developing States, particularly from the Pacific Islands, and from African coastal States, which are on the frontlines of climate change and whose economies are particularly vulnerable to changes in the oceans and marine life.
The current President of the UN General Assembly, Peter Thomson, said he is "very confident" that there is an appetite to take action to aid oceans and marine life.
VIDEO: UN General Assembly President Peter Thomson told UN News that reducing marine pollution and sustainably managing and conserving marine resources are some of the expected outcomes from the upcoming Ocean Conference.
Mr. Thomson, whose home country, Fiji, is co-hosting the Conference along with Sweden, said people had been "selfish" about their children's and grandchildren's future – but now are more cognizant of the need to sustainably use natural resources.
"Every second breathe you take comes from ocean-produced oxygen. Without a healthy ocean we're in deep trouble; whether it's food, whether it's our climate, we have to have the integrity for the ocean, the source of life," Mr. Thomson told journalists yesterday in New York.
The main areas of work at The Ocean Conference will be a political call to action, a segment on partnership dialogues and voluntary commitments.
The Secretary-General of The Ocean Conference, Wu Hongbo, who is also the UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, said Member States have already hammered out the final text of the conference – which will include 22 specific actions to be taken.
He noted that climate change action taken by the international community is unstoppable, and needs global support: "If you drop a plastic bottle anywhere near your sea, it may end up in some other places. So all these seas and oceans are connected; so regional or individual action seems very weak. We need global solutions to the global challenge."
NYC's Ocean March
On the eve of the Conference, New York City, which has about 520 miles of coastline, will host the inaugural World Ocean Festival.
New York's festival will feature a first-of-its kind grand "ocean march," which will be a parade of sailing vessels around lower Manhattan and along 10 nautical miles of Manhattan and Brooklyn waterfront from the Hudson to the East River.
The second main event will be the Ocean Village, which will be set up at Gentry State Park in Long Island City as a "hub for all things ocean," and will celebrate art, innovation and exhibits on ocean and climate action.
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Green economy is 'the economy of the future,' says UN chief, urging commitment to climate action
FEATURE: UN Ocean Conference 'dream come true' for Caribbean nations such as Trinidad and Tobago
Cholera cases in Yemen may reach 130,000 in two weeks, UNICEF warns
News Tracker: Past Stories on This Issue
Next month's ocean conference eyes cutting $35 billion in fisheries subsidies – UN trade officials
Harmful fishing subsidies that contribute to overfishing are estimated to be as high as $35 billion, fisheries experts from the United Nations trade and development agency today said, highlighting one of the key issues that will be debated at next month's Ocean Conference.
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Decision on New York school reopening to come in early August
Jon Campbell Sophie Grosserode
New York State Team
ALBANY – New York will decide in early August whether to allow schools to reopen in the fall, Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced Wednesday.
Cuomo laid out a timeline for a school-reopening decision for the first time since the coronavirus pandemic shuttered in-person education in March, promising to provide a final decision by August 7.
The state will provide guidance to school districts by Monday, which the districts will then use to craft individual reopening plans that they will submit to the state by July 31.
New York will then will make two decisions over the following week after analyzing the latest COVID-19 data: Whether to allow schools to reopen at all, and whether to accept, reject or modify each district's individual plan.
Cuomo said it would be "reckless and negligent" to decide today what schools can do in the fall because the data charting the coronavirus' spread is rapidly changing.
"Everybody wants the schools to reopen," he said Wednesday at a news conference in Manhattan. "Nobody wants the schools to reopen more than me."
Schools have been crafting plans without guidance
School districts across the state have been trying to put together plans for the fall without firm guidance from the state.
The state Board of Regents is scheduled to meet early next week and is expected to provide guidance for school districts to consider when crafting their plans.
Ray Sanchez, superintendent of the Ossining school system in Westchester County, said it's helpful to have a timeline for a decision in place, even if schools were hoping for a decision earlier than the first week of August.
"There was discussions that maybe plans were due on the 15th, and now we have a better sense and we can articulate that to our community, who's obviously eager to know where our plans are," he said. "Right now I plan on communicating that to our families, that we just got this new information from the governor, and we're going to proceed accordingly."
The governor said schools may choose to submit a full or partial reopening plan for the fall.
The state will go through each plan to determine if any changes need to be made before it can be accepted, Cuomo said. But those determinations may not ultimately be applicable: The state could still decide not to allow any schools to reopen in the fall.
"It's difficult because families are waiting, staff is waiting eagerly to know what's happening," Sanchez said. "The sooner we have that information, the sooner we can begin to solidify our plans. This will leave us less than a month to make sure everything's up and going."
New York City, meanwhile, unveiled its reopening plan Wednesday.
The city schools, the largest public school system in the country, are planning for a partial reopening, with a staggered schedule that will have individual students in school no more than three days a week and strict limits on the number of people allowed in a classroom at one time.
Trump pushing for full reopening
Cuomo's announcement Wednesday also came as President Donald Trump continues to put pressure on states to reopen their schools in the fall, which is seen as a necessary step to fully restart the coronavirus-harmed economy.
Since many parents rely on schools for child care during the academic year, some may not be able to return to work if schools don't reopen as many hope.
Trump, a Republican, took to his Twitter account Wednesday to threaten to hold back federal education funding from states that do not reopen fully.
"The Dems think it would be bad for them politically if U.S. schools open before the November Election, but is important for the children & families," Trump tweeted. "May cut off funding if not open!"
James Malatras, a top adviser to Cuomo and president of SUNY Empire State College, said New York gets about $3 billion in federal funding for education each year, most of which goes to high-needs districts.
The governor dismissed Trump's push, noting states — not the federal government — have the final call on schools.
"School reopenings are a state decision. Period," said Cuomo, a Democrat. "That is the law and that is the way we're going to proceed. It's not up to the president of the United States."
More:Coronavirus: School districts try to develop reopening plans without state guidance
More:Coronavirus and your summer: The definitive list of what's open and what's not in New York
Jon Campbell is a New York state government reporter for the USA TODAY Network. He can be reached at JCAMPBELL1@Gannett.com or on Twitter at @JonCampbellGAN.
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