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Русифікація або зросійщення Балтії (, , , ) — політика, що проводилася Російською імперією на території балтійських (остзейських) губерній (Ліфляндська, Курляндська, Естляндська) з метою насадження місцевому населенню російських мови та культури.

Остзейські губернії в складі Російської імперії
Унаслідок Північної війни та третього поділу Речі Посполитої територія остзейських губерній (сучасні Латвія та Естонія) і Литви потрапили до складу Російської імперії. 1801 року Естляндська, Курляндська та Ліфляндська губернії були об'єднані у Прибалтійському генерал-губернаторстві (існувало до 1876 року). Остзейські губернії мали в складі Росії особливий статус, оскільки являли собою цілком неросійське середовище (у першій половині XIX століття росіяни були або старообрядцями, нелояльними імперії, або купцями і чиновниками), мали автономний устрій та управління як ландтагом із місцевого неросійського дворянства, так і імперською владою, представленою губернаторами. Під час правління імператора Миколи I міністр народної просвіти Сєрґєй Уваров розробив проєкт поступового зросійщення шкіл балтійських губерній і Тартуського університету.

Зросійщення Латгалії та Литви
Після входження до складу Російської імперії Латгалія (історичний регіон на сході Латвії) була перетворена на Двінську провінцію Псковської губернії, проте 1796 року увійшла до Білоруської губернії. У Литві було створено Литовське намісництво, яке 1801 року було розділене між Віленською та Гродненською губерніями.

До 1831 року управління на землях колишньої Речі Посполитої здійснювалося на основі Литовських статутів, але після поразки Польського повстання на них було поширено юрисдикцію російського імперського законодавства. 1832 року було закрито всі католицькі монастирі, а ченців — вигнано. У Латгалії було закрито парафіяльні школи у Вілянах та Аглоні і духовну семінарію в Краславі. 1843 року терени, заселені литовцями, було розділено між Віленською та Ковенською губерніями. Викладання в латгальських і литовських школах мало бути відтоді виключно російськомовним.

1865 року латишам Латгалії було заборонено друкувати тексти латиницею. У 1871—1904 роках в Латгалії було заборонено друкувати і поширювати книги латиською мовою. Так само було змінено писемність литовської мови та обмежено її вживання.

Зросійщення Курляндії, Ліфляндії та Естляндії
Положення про лютеранські народні середні школи в Курляндії, Ліфляндії та Естляндії від 25 квітня 1875 року передбачало, що вивчення російської мови у парафіяльних школах буде обов'язковим і повинно бути запровадженим протягом наступних п'яти років (у Ліфляндії в 1882 році російська викладалася вже у 790 із 1085 парафіяльних шкіл). Водночас почалося створення шкіл із виключно російською мовою викладання (на 1882 рік у латиських частинах Ліфляндії та Курляндії було вже 13 таких парафіяльних шкіл і 8 початкових шкіл та гімназій). 1868 року були відкриті Ризька Олександрівська та Жіноча Ломоносівська гімназія, які стали першими такими закладами у регіоні.

Посилення русифікації (1885—1905)
Сходження на престол Олександра III після вбивства Олександра II у 1881 році спричинило перехід імперської влади до русифікаторської політики. Зросійщення торкнулося усіх мешканців балтійських губерній — і латишів, і естонців, — а статс-секретар А. Половцов у своєму щоденнику занотував: «Усі, хто не відповідає образу великоросів, переслідуються: німці, поляки, фіни, євреї, мусульмани — всі сприймаються вороже до Росії». Головним ідеологом русифікації став оберпрокурор Святійшого Синоду Константін Побєдоносцев.

1888 року почалося створення структур російської державної поліції шляхом завезення офіцерів із Росії. 1889 року розпочалося впровадження загальноросійського імперського законодавства. Російська мова стала єдиною мовою, якою могли працювати поліція та суди. У 1885—1890 роках російська також була введена обов'язковою в усіх школах та університетах остзейських губерній. Також було встановлено, що в народних школах усі предмети, окрім релігії та церковного співу, повинні викладатися російською. 1889 року Біркенругська та Вінландська гімназії отримали розпорядження перейти на російську мову навчання. Ультиматум був відкинутий, тож 1892 року навчальні заклади були закриті.

1890 року Ніколай Лавровський був призначений керівником Тартуського освітнього округу. З його призначенням посилилися русифікаторські тенденції: за перший рік його керівництва всі школи перейшли на російську мову, а вчителів, які не могли викладати російською, було звільнено. За розмову латиською мовою в школах дітей карали вішанням на шию таблиці або медалі з написом «Я сьогодні розмовляв латиською» (), яку учень носив доти, доки не буде виявлено іншого, хто вжив латиську.

В рамках русифікації 1893 року було перейменовано місто Дерпт, що отримало назву Юр'єв (під такою назвою його заснував князь Ярослав у XI столітті). 1918 року містові дали назву Тарту, яку воно носить дотепер.

Імперський уряд на законодавчому рівні заохочував російську імміграцію до Балтії (зокрема, сприяв купівлі державної землі). Серед великих землевласників у Ліфляндії та Курляндії росіян було мало, так само як і селян, проте кількість російських робітників, чиновників, учителів, працівників судів тощо стрімко зростала у великих містах. До регіону прибуло багато російських військовослужбовців, оскільки сюди було переведено багато військових підрозділів, а частина Балтійського флоту дислокувалася в Лієпаї.

1897 року в Ризі було 16,1 % росіян, а 1913 — 19,3 % від загальної чисельності населення міста.

Русифікаторська політика була призупинена і послаблена внаслідок Першої російської революції 1905—1907 років.

Під час реалізації столипінської аграрної реформи імперський уряд планував розмістити у Курляндії близька ста тисяч іммігрантів з Росії. Естонських та латиських селян заохочували емігрувати до малозаселених регіонів імперії. Масштабні колонізаційні заходи були перервані Першою світовою війною, а згодом — утворенням незалежних держав — Литви, Латвії та Естонії.

Примітки

Джерела
 Andreas Renner. Russischer Nationalismus und Öffentlichkeit im Zarenreich 1855—1875. Köln, Weimar, Wien, 2000. // Ab Imperium. 2002. № 3
 Thaden Edward C. Katkov and his Time//Conservative Nationalism in the Nineteenth-Century Russia. Seattle, 1964
 Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland 1855—1914. Princeton, 1981
 Кruus Н. Grundrib der Geschichte des estnischen Volkes. Tartu, 1932
 Martis E. The Role of Tartu University in the National Moovement.// National movements in the Baltic countries during the 19th century. Uppsala, 1985
 Исаков С. Г. Остзейский вопрос в русской печати 1860-х годов. — Тарту, 1961
 Римский С. В., Конфесиональная политика России в Западном крае и Прибалтике XIX столетия. // Вопросы истории. Nr 3, 1998
 Остзейский вопрос в русской общественной жизни второй половины XIX века. // Платоновские чтения: Сборник научных трудов / Под ред. Кабытова П. С. Самара, 2002
 Остзейский вопрос в начале царствования Екатерины II // Проблемы национальной идентификации, культурные и политический связи России со странами Балтийского региона в XVIII—XX веках. Самара, 2001
 «Невозможно из немца сделать русского…» (Политика российского правительства в Прибалтике в начале XX века.) // Русское прошлое. 2001. № 9

Русифікація
Естонія в Російській імперії
Історія Латвії
Історія Литви


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Billions - Season 4 - Promos, Featurettes, Poster + Premiere Date
Pick Your Team Featurette
Photoshoot Teaser
Axe vs. Taylor Promo
Maggie Siff as Wendy Rhoades Featurette
Asia Kate Dillon as Taylor Mason Featurette
Paul Giamatti as Chuck Rhoades Featurette
Damian Lewis as Bobby Axelrod Featurette
I Can Make You A Legend Promo
BTS w/ Paul Giamatti, Damian Lewis, Taylor Mason & More Featurette
An American Oligarch Teaser
You Gotta Pick Sides Teaser
Premiere Date Revealed
SHOWTIME SETS SEASON FOUR PREMIERE DATE FOR HIT DRAMA BILLIONS ON SUNDAY MARCH 17 AT 9 PM ET/PT
NEW YORK – December 19, 2018 – SHOWTIME has announced that the fourth season of the hit drama series BILLIONS will premiere on Sunday, March 17 at 9 p.m. ET/PT. Starring Oscar® nominee and Emmy® and Golden Globe® winner Paul Giamatti and Emmy and Golden Globe winner Damian Lewis, BILLIONS is one of the network's top drama series, with season three averaging five million weekly viewers across platforms. The first three seasons of BILLIONS are available on SHOWTIME on-air, on demand and over the internet.
When everyone is out for revenge, no one is safe. This is never more true than in season four of BILLIONS. Bobby Axelrod (Lewis) and Chuck Rhoades (Giamatti), former enemies, and Wendy Rhoades (Maggie Siff), the chief counselor to each, have come together to form an uneasy but highly effective alliance, aimed at the eradication of all their rivals, including Grigor Andolov (guest star John Malkovich), Taylor Mason (Asia Kate Dillon), Brian Connerty (Toby Leonard Moore) and Waylon "Jock" Jeffcoat (guest star Clancy Brown). Ambition and betrayal have long been at the heart of BILLIONS, and this season all the characters find out exactly how high a price they'll have to pay to satisfy those needs. The series also stars David Costabile, Condola Rashad, Kelly AuCoin, Jeffrey DeMunn and Malin Akerman, along with new guest stars Samantha Mathis, Kevin Pollak, Jade Eshete and Nina Arianda.
BILLIONS is created and executive produced by showrunners Brian Koppelman and David Levien. The series was also created by Andrew Ross Sorkin.
SHOWTIME is currently available to subscribers via cable, DBS, and telco providers, and as a stand-alone streaming service through Amazon, Apple®, Google, LG Smart TVs, Oculus Go, Roku®, Samsung Smart TVs and Xbox One. Consumers can also subscribe to SHOWTIME via Amazon's Prime Video Channels, DirecTV Now, FuboTV, Hulu, Sling TV, Sony PlayStation™ Vue, and YouTube TV or directly at www.showtime.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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BELMONT UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
Please see the BURS site for more information.
Below are some of the more recent papers presented at BURS:
Emily Tanner-Smith
Inter-racial Violence in Blaxploitation Films
The early 1970s gave birth to a new genre of 'blaxploitation' films that were the first movies to have mainly African American editors, directors, producers, and casts. These films were made during a time of great civil unrest, and usually employed the use of violence to address racial issues. It is for this reason that I plan to compare the frequency and proportion of violence done to whites and blacks in these films.
The following films will be used in the study: Across 110th St. (1972), Black Caesar (1973), Black Mama, White Mama (1972), Bucktown (1975), Cleopatra Jones (1973), Cleopatra Jones and the Casino of Gold (1975), Coffy (1973), Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), Dolemite (1975), Sheba, Baby (1975), Foxy Brown (1974), Friday Foster (1975), Hell up in Harlem (1973), Mean Mother (1973), Shaft (1971), Shaft's Big Score (1972), Shaft in Africa (1973), Superfly (1972), Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971), and The Mack (1973).
I will code the acts of violence based on the motivation and type of violence, and its corresponding rate of brutality. I will then contrast the frequency and proportion of violent acts according to character race, using every possible racial combination. I will make use of existing literature on the subject, such as Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks by Donald Bogle, Framing Blackness by Ed Guerrero, That's Blaxploitation! by Darius James, Cinemas of the Black Diaspora by Michael Martin, and Representing Blackness by Valerie Smith.
Anna Margaret Edwards
Racial Spectrum of Youth Crime
This study will shed light on the nature of our popular depictions of race and crime by testing for significant racial disparities in depictions of criminal violence in popular entertainment. Twenty juvenile violence films released between the years 1990 and 1999 were observed and coded for racial violence. The hypothesis is most of the black movies contain violent acts associated with street crimes, including, robbery, drugs, etc., while most of the white films deal with sexual crimes or psycho serial killers. Giroux claims that Hollywood portrays blacks as an oppressive subculture and reinforce the perception that everyday black urban life and violent crime mutually define each other. The same popular culture encourages sympathy and provides justification for white hopelessness and desperation.
Rebecca H. Holladay
A Theoretical Analysis and Application of Fight Club
David Fincher's film, Fight Club has provoked much debate about current society. This paper analyzes Fight Club by applying the theories of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, two of sociology's grand theorists. Evidence of Marx's conflict theory and the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat are obvious themes in the film. Also prevalent are Marxist ideas of use value and exchange value leading to estranged labour, or the view of man as machine. A Durkheimian functionalist approach is applied the development of an anti-establishment organization, whereby the very nature of anti-establishment thought is defied in the sense that an organization is created, reifying Durkheim's idea that society has created structures which are necessary for the continuation of social relationships. This paper provides theoretically supported arguments that evidence that the film can be seen in terms of its much larger social commentary rather than the superficial elements directly presented to the audience.
Bradley A. Koch
The Don of the Box-Office: American Anti-immigrant Sentiment and the Popularity of Mafia Movies
The purpose of this study is to test for the hypothesized correlation between the amount of violence in Italian American Organized Crime Films (commonly known as mafia movies) and the popularity of these films as gauged by domestic box-office receipts. The proposed cause of this relationship is the ever-present anti-immigrant attitudes in the United States. Citizens harbor bias against Italian Americans (Luconi 1999) and further and reiterate this prejudice by supporting most those movies that depict the Italian Americans ethnic group in the most stereotypical manner. Further research topics are suggested.
The Health Belief Model and Predictors of Breast Self-Examination
(Alfred Crabb Writing Award WInner for the best undergraduate research paper)
This study utilized the theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model to predict breast-self examination (BSE) among university women. Namely, this research examined women's uncertainty, self-efficacy, and locus of control as predictors of BSE habits. Past research indicates that women who know other women with breast cancer will have more knowledge about the disease, and so the current study examined if such knowledge increased a participant's likelihood of practicing BSE. Fifty female undergraduate students completed a survey on their age, perceived vulnerability, level of knowledge about breast cancer, and relationships with persons who have/had breast cancer. Participants were also asked about their breast self-examination habits and reasons for not engaging in this preventive health care behavior. The data from the survey yielded interesting results concerning the relationship between women's familiarity with and exposure to breast cancer and their practice of BSE. The findings of this research will benefit the development of theories regarding coping mechanisms used to deal with uncertainty about breast cancer and other medical conditions.
The following are abstracts for BURS presentations from students taking sociology courses at Belmont University.
Capital Punishment and Public Opinion
Brandon Childs
My study examines differences in public opinion on the death penalty based on demographic differences in the population. I hypothesize that race, sex, social class, and religion effect peoples? public opinion on death penalty issues. To support that hypothesis, I plan to determine these differences by analyzing answers to questions about death penalty issues that were presented to a random sample of Americans on the General Social Survey in 1996. My hypotheses are as follows:
*Minorities are less likely to support the death penalty.
*Men are more likely to support the death penalty.
*The higher the social class, the more likely one is in favor of the death penalty.
*The more religious a person is, the less likely one is to support the death penalty.
I will also look at the ways in which combinations of the above variables may effect opinions on the death penalty.
Sex Offender Treatment Program Effectiveness
Brian Grant
I examine the effectiveness of treatment programs for sex offenders, specifically pedophiles, as measured by differences in recidivism. Research in the relevant literature seems to suggest that no treatment program currently implemented is helpful in curbing recidivism in sex offenders. Using secondary data from a long-term study of treatment of sex offenders in Texas, I analyze differences in recidivism patterns between pedophiles and other sex offenders based on their treatment programs.
Why Your Child is an Honor Roll Student
I study the correlation between economic, social and political resources and academic achievement in the Davidson County and Williamson County school districts. I will be employing a quantitative cross-sectional study using secondary data. Resources do not automatically equate to increased educational achievement, but they do provide an environment that allows academic achievement to become more accessible. I hypothesize that the higher the level of resource availability, the higher the overall academic achievement in that school district.
Integration Patterns in Housing in the United States Since 1964
I examine the patterns of racial integration in housing in the United States since 1964, concentrating on which cities, states or regions have had the most success with residential integration. Using quantitative research methods and U.S. Census data, I attempt to debunk the stereotype that the South has the least success with residential integration in the United States.


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Niagara bottling plan prompts Senate vote on water regs
by Mark Pazniokas
Mark Pazniokas :: ctmirror.org
William A. DiBella, center, lobbies Sens. Beth Bye and Tim Larson on bottled water bill.
The Senate passed compromise legislation Tuesday that would regulate but not prohibit a plan by Niagara Bottling to treat, bottle and sell up to 1.8 million gallons of tap water daily at a plant planned for the Hartford suburb of Bloomfield.
The legislation would affect any bottler of more than 500,000 gallons of water daily, but was prompted by opposition to Niagara, the largest family-owned bottled water company in the U.S., using water supplied by the Metropolitan District Commission.
The bill faces an uncertain fate in the House after passage on a 24 to 11 vote in the Senate.
Public water, private profits: A fight over MDC's tap water
The vote was a setback to William A. DiBella, a former Senate majority leader who strenuously lobbied against the bill as chairman of the MDC, the regional water authority for greater Hartford.
"Is this a ploy to kill the plan by the bottling company? I don't know," DiBella said. "I don't know what impact that's going to have on Niagara. If Niagara's decision is not to come, it's going to cost MDC ratepayers about $3.8 million."
Stan Bratskeir, a spokesman for Niagara, could not be reached for comment. Niagara's plan was to start with one bottling line with a daily capacity of fewer than 500,000 gallons and eventually expand to four lines.
At full capacity, Niagara would pay the MDC $3.8 million annually after a new large-user discount the commission established to attract the bottling company, DiBella said.
Environmentalists and a citizens group that quickly organized opposition to Niagara's plans to build in Bloomfield celebrated passage of the legislation, sponsored by Sen. Beth Bye, D-West Hartford, whose district includes Bloomfield.
"Scores of citizens approached me months ago with concerns about who controls our water here in Connecticut, why some commercial water bottling companies have price advantages over those MDC residents who helped improve and pay for the MDC infrastructure, and also with concerns about the availability of water in a drought," Bye said. "All of those concerns rang true to me, and resulted in today's bill, which I am proud to say received broad and bipartisan support in the Senate."
The bill establishes a permitting procedure by the state Department of Energy and Environment Protection for anyone who wishes to bottle more than 500,000 gallons a day after June 1, 2017.
"We love the bill. It's exactly what we wanted," said Lori Brown, executive director of the Connecticut League of Conservation Voters.
It requires DEEP to review as part of a state water plan the rates charged to water bottlers and rate-setting practices and structures. It also empowers the commissioner of public health to impose restrictions during droughts on a local, regional or statewide basis.
"I think it places legislation in place that ensures there will be some oversight," said Rickford Kurtin of Bloomfield, one of the activists.
"I think it raises awareness and offers some protection of our resources," said Paula Jones of Bloomfield.
But DiBella questioned why it singles out bottlers, instead of all large users. "It singles out one industry," he said. "That sends a message that is just terrible."
Opponents sounded the same theme on the Senate floor.
"I think we are weighing in on an area that is unnecessary in terms of the regulatory structure that is in place in this state and in this region and sends a message to business," said Sen. John Fonfara, D-Hartford.
The MDC says its safe daily yield is 77 million gallons. From a high of 66 million gallons, daily demand now is about 50 million gallons, making water a commodity that DiBella says the MDC can responsibly sell to help pay debt service on about $2.4 billion for projects to meet clean-water standards for sewage.
"Here is a resource for which most of the country is envious of us," Fonfara said. "It is a resource that is in excess capacity and there is nothing in the forecast that suggests that will change."
Fonfara and two other Democrats who represent MDC towns, Tim Larson of East Hartford and Paul Doyle of Wethersfield, voted against the bill.
The other no votes were cast by Democrats Joan Hartley of Waterbury and Andrew Maynard of Stonington and Republicans Paul Formica of East Lyme, Michael McLachlan of Danbury, Clark Chapin of New Milford, Henri Martin of Bristol, Kevin Kane of Watertown, and Len Fasano of North Haven.
Mark Pazniokas Mark is a co-founder of CT Mirror, a frequent contributor to WNPR and a former state politics writer for The Hartford Courant and Journal Inquirer and contributor for The New York Times.
Fasano says tolls bill has loophole that could capture cars
by Keith M. Phaneuf
The top Senate Republican charged Democrats Tuesday with building a "workaround" provision into the new truck tolls bill.
A tribe, a state and a mutual reliance on gambling
It's unclear how permissive the Land of Steady Habits is willing to be in gambling's new digital age. The secondary question is how much of the action will be handled by Connecticut's tribal casinos.
A deal on bonding and a drafted transportation bill move CT closer to tolls
Gov. Ned Lamont and the General Assembly took two significant steps closer to ordering electronic tolls on large trucks that travel Connecticut's highways.
CT senators hope Bolton's allegations will sway GOP in Trump impeachment trial
In his forthcoming book, John Bolton says Trump directly tied holding up nearly $400 million in U.S. military aid to Ukraine's investigation of former Vice President Joe Biden and his son Hunter.


Good things do not come to those who wait -- at least when it comes to this year's National Cherry Blossom Festival. The National Park Service just reduced the length of this year's peak bloom.
You'll have to visit the Tidal Basin between March 29 and April 1 to see the trees at their best. The original prediction put the peak bloom at March 29 to April 3.
The Park Service said it changed its prediction after deciding the trees were in their "puffy white" stage on Tuesday. That stage usually occurs four to six days before the peak bloom begins.
The Cherry Blossom Festival officially begins this Saturday. It runs through April 10.
Enjoy the cherry blossoms while you can because they won't be around as long as we thought. A shorter bloom has been predicted by The National Park Service.


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Sleek in Silver: 1979 Bimota SB3 in the UK
by tad · February 21, 2015
Early Bimotas really straddle the "classic" and "modern" sporbike eras and helped set the stage for the mass-produced machines that followed. Prior to bikes like the SB3, monoshock suspensions and fully-faired bodywork were really only seen on factory racebikes, and it's hard to comprehend just how exotic the SB3 was at the time. Although the price was steep, it was virtually the only game in town, until the advent of the GSX-R750.
I'm a big fan of red frames on bikes, assuming the frame is actually worth emphasizing and on these early Bimotas, the frame is basically the whole show. Not that the aerodynamic, quick-release bodywork isn't worth a look, but it's just the icing on the cake. The integrated signals are another nice touch, something that didn't really find its way into widespread use until the past couple decades.
But that frame was the only game in town if you wanted top-shelf race technology for the road. Wrapped so tightly around the virtually stock Suzuki GS1000 engine and transmission that powered the bike, it was designed to separate into halves to allow the powertrain to be removed for servicing. And the very trick concentric swingarm pivot and countershaft sprocket kept geometry and chain tension constant throughout the swingarm's entire range of movement.
At 483 pounds wet, the bike's main advantage in terms of straight-line performance came from a massively reduced weight compared to the original Suzuki. While suspension was compromised for the road by being far too stiff, according to contemporary tests, it's easy to argue that wasn't really the point, and anyone able to afford a Bimota could certainly pay to have the forks and shock retuned to allow for road use.
From the original eBay listing: 1979 Bimota SB3 for Sale
The SB3 has always been a very rare bike: just 402 were built worldwide.
This one is Number 9 (frame number 0009) and was the first SB3 in the UK.
Its history & provenance is fully documented – it's a very special bike, with just 4 owners from new; two of those from the same family (Bought new, sold to son-in-law, then sold on to its third owner, then repurchased by the original owner before being bought by my father in law).
It comes with the original bill of sale (see photos) and a letter to the DVLA – when it was returned to its original number plate after having had a private plate – which describes its history very clearly. A photo of this letter also attached.
It has covered just 6,332 miles from new, with a documented change of speedo under warranty at the first service, hence only 5,045 miles showing on the clock today.
This very bike was the one displayed at the Earls Court bike show in 1979, and then road-tested by Motorcycle News.
(We have a copy of the issue of MCN in which it was reviewed – see pictures)
This SB3 was already in lovely original condition when my father-in-law bought it in 5 years ago, but he still carefully stripped it down and treated it to a full cosmetic restoration – having the frame and fairing professionally resprayed, and the Marchesini wheels re-painted in the original gold.
It has always been garaged, and is in outstanding original condition as you can see from the photos. There are a few marks on it here and there, so am not going to describe it as being in concours condition, but it's pretty close!
I could go on an on about this bike, but no doubt if you're looking at this advert, you'll already be aware of what it is, and the fact that its likely to be many years before another SB3 comes up for sale.
A truly unique opportunity to own a rare piece of superbike history.
Viewing can be arranged in Colchester, Essex.
Collection only. Payment by BACS or cash on collection.
Well, that last bit could present a problem. I assume that, by "collection only" he means he won't arrange shipping, but you could just see it as an opportunity to head to Colchester on vacation! One of my favorite color schemes is silver and red, so it's no surprise that I really like this bike. Although at £19,995.00 [approximately $30,787.00] it is far out of reach for me for the time being.
Tags: 1979Bimotafour cylinderGS1000ItalianSB3Suzuki
1984 Bimota SB4 for sale in Tempe Arizona
1986 Bimota DB1R for Sale
1980 Bimota SB-3 for Sale
The Vintagent says:
People occasionally ask me what bikes I think are undervalued and likely to rise in value by factors of xx….you're looking at one here. Bonhams sold an HB1 in Paris for about this money, the 70s/80s Bimotas are all about here, but I'm pretty sure that won't last long
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Joel Simon's Evolving Floor Plans project optimises building layouts
Amy Frearson | 3 January 2019 Leave a comment
A generative design algorithm devised by researcher Joel Simon could be used to make floor plans more efficient.
Simon – who until recently was a lab member at Rockefeller University in New York, studying biophysics – developed the methodology for an experimental research project he calls Evolving Floor Plans.
His algorithm transforms a standard floor plan, to minimise the length of corridors and reduce walking time. This results in free-form layouts, with not a square or rectangular space in sight.
Simon describes the plans as "biological in appearance, intriguing in character and wildly irrational in practice".
The optimised floor plans minimise corridors, while allowing you to experiment with factors such as window size
He claims the tool could be used to "breed" buildings, with the use of digital technologies like 3D printing.
"I came across some of the research in 3D printed buildings back in 2016," he told Dezeen. "While nascent, it got me thinking about what new types of design tools would be required to take full advantage of the medium."
"Most current tools and thinking are stuck in a very two-dimensional world of planar materials," he continued. "Designing arbitrary 3D forms optimised for multiple objectives – material usage, energy efficiency, acoustics – is simply past human cognitive ability."
"But what if generative tools could allow us to breed optimised forms the way we breed dogs?"
Simon used the plan of an elementary school in Maine to demonstrate his concept
The algorithm draws on Simon's experience in biology and computer science.
It imagines the rooms of the building as node genes, each imbued with information such as area. These are joined by connection nodes, which show the rooms need to be positioned adjacent to one another.
A mapping process is then used to create an optimal layout. Once the centre coordinates of each room are in place, a polygonal mesh is created to form walls, before corridors are added into the spaces between.
Simon has also added an option that allows you to specify which rooms need the biggest windows.
The algorithm draws on Simon's experience in biology and computer science, by imagining the rooms of the building as node genes
At present, the method doesn't take any external constraints into consideration, such as building costs or the shape of a site. Simon intended it as a simple design exercise.
However he has since received interest from building planners who are interested in making use of the technology. He is also developing other models for exploring the potential of generative design in buildings.
Frank Gehry's early drawings and sketches acquired by LA's Getty Research Institute
"I imagined more the design than the construction, although it also got a lot of interest from city and residential planners who saw the potential for incorporating optimisation into their work," he explained.
"It's obviously more of an experiment or provocation than anything practical on its own," he added. "I have been looking into more practical implementations of generative design tools and there are a lot of other talented people looking into that too."
A polygonal mesh is created to form walls, before corridors are added into the spaces between
Simon has published his methodology in full on his website.
He is among a number of designers and academics exploring the opportunities presented by generative design. According to software experts, generative design tools – which produce optimum forms for products and buildings without human intervention – are set to transform the role of the designer.
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Got your kids' Halloween costumes yet?
Got your kids' Halloween costumes yet? Don't have the time to make one and hate the idea of spending money for a one-time use? A Halloween costume swap could solve your problem.
You can stage a swap, where you get together with other parents and kids to trade prior years' costumes — at your kids' school, your house of worship, or just among a group of friends.
Not only do you save money by swapping, you help save the planet because you're not using resources to make new costumes that get worn once, then live in a box in the closet until they're tossed in the landfill when your kids leave for college.
Match the location to the size of the group. If it's a few friends, use your living room or garage. For the whole neighborhood, meet at the end of a cul-de-sac.
If you're going big — sports club or house of worship — register your swap to boost attendance.
Figure out where kids can try on the costumes. If you're hosting at home, set up a girls' dressing room and a boys' dressing room. If your costume swap is in a public place, ask parents to dress kids in swimsuits or leotards to make try-on easy.
Will you collect a fee to benefit your group or a charity? How about asking everyone to donate $5 to UNICEF?
Have a starter set of costumes so the first people who show up have something to get in trade for the costumes they bring. Check local thrift stores or ask friends to donate hand-me-downs before the event.
Set up racks or tables to hold the costumes and mirrors so the kids can see how they look.
Choose how your costume swap will run. Popular options include "leave one costume and you get one costume," and "leave what you can and take what you need." You can ask folks to bring costumes before the swap, then give them a chit for each costume they can exchange for another on swap day, or you can get the costumes at the door as people arrive for the swap.


The new 82,000 SF Jaguar Suites Residence Hall at University of Houston's Victoria campus is the first ground up residence hall built for this component institution of 4,000 students. It has the capacity to house all sophomore students. Jaguar Hall, an existing converted hotel, is directly to the east of campus and currently houses freshman and a dining hall.
This three level structure includes 216 beds in 54 4-bedroom, 2-bath suites for residential student housing, as well as a new secured surface parking lot for over 250 cars. In addition, a 5,000 SF community learning and support facility is located along the main north entry and includes a fitness room, a multipurpose room, two large classrooms, a student lounge, study areas, and a computer lab.
The layout of the new housing facility is built to enhance and protect the pedestrian experience. Walkways connecting Jaguar Hall, Jaguar Suites, and the parking lot are designed to separate students walking around the campus from vehicles. A large courtyard in the center of Jaguar Suites will serve as outdoor recreational space with a pool and volleyball courts. The exterior of the facility was carefully designed to blend into the small town of Victoria aesthetic.


and discussed at great length by time period and movement.
These videos instead will look at art by theme.
transforming everyday objects, and art and society.
These themes in an attempt to bridge the gap between modern art and you.
allows you to work with what you already know.
me as it does about the artist himself.
there's theft, there's this guy, there's this thing, there's a chainsaw.
rich because there's such diversity in it.
If you find a foothold and get started, you're never going to finish.
>> It's going to be another way to look at modern art.
between the works of art but to things that we already know.


Now that you have made the personal commitment to yourself, we are asking you to make a commitment to us. By filling out the Sign Up form you are telling us that you are ready to take on a life changing journey - please select from the Original 52 Hike Challenge, the Adventure Series (same 52 Hike Challenge with some objectives to complete) or the Explorer Series. Be sure to UPGRADE and receive your Finisher Medal, coupons, along with other perks! Once you are signed up, look out for our Newsletter to keep you updated on upcoming hikes, news, and tips to make your journey more enjoyable. We will never sell you information and you can unsubscribe at any time.
Share your commitment with your friends and family. This is a critical action as it will make you accountable to finish the challenge – and hopefully encourage some of them to join you in the journey! We encourage you to share our logo on your favorite social media channel with a note on why you are taking the challenge :) If you are feeling extra motivated and want to create a hiking group, please visit our Local Groups page and read our policies and procedures (with example) on how to do that.
We wanted to make it really easy for you to complete this journey, so we have gathered a plethora of information under "Resources" on our website. Please take a minute to get familiar with everything we have provided so you can have your best chance at successfully finishing the 52 Hike Challenge. In addition, be sure to check out our Frequently Asked Questions before getting started.
Get out and HIKE! This may be easier said than done, but with the resources we have provided, we believe you will be making new hiking buddies soon. Be sure to download our Hiking Tracker Log for the Original 52 Hike Challenge, Adventure Series or Explorer Series to help you stay motivated! While you are going through the challenge, be sure to reflect on your journey to help you stay motivated. Having gratitude is the key to happiness, we included some tips on reflecting here.
At this point you will be fully immersed in the hiking lifestyle and you know the greatest thing is sharing your stories and reading inspiring stories from others too. It is through posting on our Facebook page and hash tagging #52HikeChallenge & #52HikeChallenge2018 on Instagram or Twitter that you become part of our community, so give some love....you'll get love back too, and most likely will make a new hiking friend! Each month, submit your posts for a chance to win a $52 gift card from 52 Hike Challenge. Head over to the "Tracking your Hikes" page to get more info.
By taking the challenge, we are all connected and rooting for each other! You can also use hashtag #hike1, #hike2… and so in Instagram to help you keep track of your hikes along with connecting with other challengers too!
Note: Looking up #52HikeChallenge on Facebook does not show everyone's photos because of privacy settings.
YOU ARE (ALMOST) DONE! Taking on 52 Hikes in a year is quite an accomplishment and you undoubtedly will have friends and family to thank, so we highly encourage you to plan a fun (easy) group celebration hike for #hike52 and invite all of the people who helped you along your journey. We have seen so many happy finishers because of this, so please take this time to thank them, you won't regret it! :) When you are officially done, please fill out the "Finisher Form" At this point you should have completed the 52 Hike Challenge and you are ready to brag! You are welcome to indicate "52 Hike Challenge Finisher" in your social media profile. You're friends and family think you are a pro, you hopefully have become enlightened, and you undoubtedly have already shared the gift of hiking with others as a leader...and we think you're awesome for that!


I LOVE, LOVE, LOVE these sweet little trinket boxes. My little girl started calling them Bitty Tiny Boxes and the name just stuck. We're filling them with jelly beans for Easter. They will even fit inside of a large plastic egg if you want to use them for your big Easter Egg Hunt. Pick any design and order them filled with candy or empty so you can fill them yourself. This isn't the greatest pic ( I should add photography lessons to my things to do list) but you get the idea. CUTE!
Tumblers and Pencil Cups are back in stock and Sports Bottles will be in this week!
Every good party needs party favors!!!
A quick thanks to all of you that have sent such sweet emails to let me know you are a fan of the blog. I'm amazed that anyone out there is reading it but I am so glad that you are enjoying my new pics and products. To those of you who wanted to know - I don't take pictures of EVERYTHING I make each day - just the new stuff or the cute little creations that haven't had their pictures taken before.
Sports Bottles, Tumblers & Pencil Cups are SOLD OUT again (WOW!) but they have been ordered and should be here SOON so send in your orders and I will reserve them for you.
NEW Personalized Checkbook Covers and more Sports Bottle Designs!!!
Checkbook Covers came today and I was so excited to trade my plain ones in for pretty ones! PaperDoll Checkbook Covers are made of heavy duty vinyl and will accomodate side tear or top tear checks. Pick any design - $10 each.
Easter Designs and a great new gift idea!!!
I got a small shipment of tumblers in today and they are going fast! If you'd like one let me know. I am completely sold out of Sports Bottles but have some coming in (hopefully) later this week. Some of those are already spoken for so place your orders now!
I've been busy making Bookmarks lately! They turn out so so cute!
Loved it...it made me happy! Tomorrow I'm making matching note pads!
I know these aren't the greatest photos but I loved the way this Zebra stuff turned out and I wanted to share it with you!
Sports Bottles - they are so fabulous!!! I am so happy every time I get an order for a design I haven't tried yet. They all are turning out so cute!
Don't forget, tumblers and more sports bottles should be in next week!
Thanks for reading The Blog! I'm off to make a million Bubble Gum Bags!!
Lots of you have asked and I will be getting a SMALL shipment of travel tumblers on February 11th. If you would like one please let me know and I will save one for you. I'm not sure when the next shipment will come.
I love it at the end of the night when these cute sports bottles are all lined up on my shelf!! I keep saying "Aren't they cute?" to my husband but he just doesn't get it!
I SOLD OUT OF WATER BOTTLES IN TWO DAYS!! Don't worry, I'll be getting more in soon so go ahead and place your orders! I'm so glad you like them. They are too too cute!!
Just a quick note to answer the many questions I have received.
Of all the new items I have added or will be adding in 2008, I am most excited about these personalized plates. I absolutely LOVE them! They truly are adorable. This has been in the works for quite some time and I am thrilled to finally be able to show them to you! As with all of the PaperDoll products, simply pick a design from the website and add a name or saying to personalize your plate. These would be so cute with a baby's name and birthdate or order one with "Birthday Boy" or "Birthday Girl" that can be used by more than one member of the family.
Each 10" plate is a sturdy melamine that is dishwasher safe! They are not microwaveable but with the proper care they are made to last a lifetime.
***The only downfall to these adorable little creations is the turnaround time. Please allow plenty of time if you are ordering for a special occasion.
I'm so excited about these super cute sports bottles! They are 15 oz. bottles made of virtually unbreakable material. They have an everlasting pop up straw and a storage compartment that unscrews on the bottom - perfect for keys, money or a snack! Mommies on the go need them and so do all the kids!!! They make a great gift for anyone that plays tennis or sports. I love mine because it's cute and it will hold one full can of Diet Dr. Pepper!
Choose any design from the website and I can make a super cute sports bottle for you!


On October 10, the 3rd Beidaihe Economic Forum opened at Sheraton Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hotel in order to conscientiously study and publicize as well as implement the spirit of the 19th Party Congress, study in-depth on how to accelerate the transformation and upgrading in the new era and promote the development of the real economy.
The Beidaihe Economic Forum is an unofficial organization that studies and discusses problems in the economic field and promotes economic cooperation and exchanges, aiming to provide government, social organization, enterprise, media, experts and scholars with a high-level dialogue platform on common economic construction, social development, ecological civilization and other related issues. The 3rd Beidaihe Economic Forum was sponsored by Alliance PKU Management Consultants, and organized by China Association of Productivity Promotion Center, Chinese Private Technology Entrepreneur Association, Yanshan University, and Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics. The theme of this year focuses on "high-end manufacturing and artificial intelligence." Wu Jisong, foreign academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering, and Chen Dongsheng, secretary general of the China Strategic New Industrial Alliance of the National Development and Reform Commission, delivered speech respectively, namely Connecting Xiong'an and Qinhuangdao, Creating Ecological Manufacturing Industry; and Intelligent Manufacturing is An Important Application Field of China's Strategic Emerging Industries.
In his speech, Sun Guosheng pointed out that the annual Beidaihe Economic Forum provides a rare opportunity for government departments and local enterprises to communicate with experts, scholars and enterprise elites across the country, and stimulate Qinhuangdao's transformation and upgrading as well as the high-quality development. Relying on the technological base of manufacturing and the talents of scientific research institutes, Qinhuangdao is aiming at high-tech industries like artificial intelligence to promote Qinhuangdao's industrial structure to be of higher quality, more modern and more sustainable. The theme of this forum is "high-end manufacturing and artificial intelligence", which closely matches the development orientation of Qinhuangdao, and will promote the high-end manufacturing industries in Qinhuangdao to bloom. And I hope that the guests would come to invest after focusing on and knowing more about Qinhuangdao so as to carry out all-round, wide-area and deep-level docking and cooperation with us.


Located directly across from Ascend Ampitheatre in Nashville's SoBro neighborhood, Liberty Common will have you wondering if you're still in Tennessee. A French brasserie serving breakfast, brunch, lunch and dinner, this concept from Amaranth Hospitality brings European vibes to the heart of Nashville. Executive Chef Jeffrey Chambless Rhodes curated the French-Southern fusion menu with staples in both cuisines. At Liberty Common, you can enjoy the waffle madame, a Southern spin on the traditional French croque madame, fresh Southern biscuits and a variety of French pastries, oysters on the half shell, country pâté and so much more. The extraordinary hand-crafted cocktails, wine and beer selections will keep you company while soaking in the vibrant atmosphere. The patio, complete with outdoor bar seating, provides great views of Riverfront Park and is the perfect spot to enjoy a delightful meal or thirst-quenching cocktail on a sunny day. Liberty Common is sure to become a go-to spot for both locals and visitors seeking a unique atmosphere, Southern hospitality and a tremendous French meal.
"This is a great place. Best by far in the SoBro area, which is saying a lot. Atmosphere is a very European chic, open design. Food matches the incredible ambiance. A must try and a can't miss on a date night." – Jean R.
"Beautiful space with friendly staff! Amazing location across from Ascend Amphitheater." – Virginia T.
"Absolutely amazing in every way. I can't say enough good things about the atmosphere, service and food. Our new favorite Nashville restaurant by far!" – Cydney M.
Parking downtown can be a hassle, but don't let that stop you! There are plenty of options for parking near Liberty Common. Self-parking is available in the "222 Parking" garage a few feet from the front door of Liberty Common and is just $5 for 2.5 hours. Nissan Stadium also has free parking and from there you can bike, bird (scoot?) or walk across the pedestrian bridge to get to Liberty Common!
Mon-Fri: 7:30 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.
Mon-Fri: 11 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Sun-Thurs: 4 p.m. – 10 p.m.
Fri & Sat: 4 p.m. – 11 p.m.
Sat & Sun: 10 a.m. – 3 p.m.


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Henry Ford: Case Study of an Innovator
Past Forward
Activating The Henry Ford Archive of Innovation
Archive Insight
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July 21, 2021 Archive Insight
Henry Ford's first official Ford Motor Company portrait, 1904. / THF97952
Henry Ford did not invent the automobile. But more than any other single individual, he was responsible for transforming the automobile from an invention of unknown utility into an innovation that profoundly shaped the 20th century and continues to affect the 21st.
Innovators change things. They take new ideas—sometimes their own, sometimes other people's—and develop and promote those ideas until they become an accepted part of daily life. Innovation requires self-confidence, a taste for taking risks, leadership ability, and a vision of what the future should be. Henry Ford had all these characteristics, but it took him many years to develop all of them fully.
Portrait of the Innovator as a Young Man
Ford's beginnings were perfectly ordinary. He was born on his father's farm in what is now Dearborn, Michigan, on July 30, 1863. At this time, most Americans were born on farms, and most looked forward to being farmers themselves. Early on, Ford demonstrated some of the characteristics that would make him successful. In his family, he became infamous for taking apart his siblings' toys as well as his own. He organized other boys to build rudimentary waterwheels and steam engines. He learned about full-size steam engines by becoming acquainted with the engines' operators and pestering them with questions. He taught himself to fix watches and used the watches themselves as textbooks to learn the basics of machine design. Thus, at an early age, Ford demonstrated curiosity, self-confidence, mechanical ability, the capacity for leadership, and a preference for learning by trial and error. These characteristics would become the foundation of his whole career.
Artist Irving Bacon depicted Henry Ford in his first workshop, along with friends, in this 1938 painting. / THF152920
Ford could simply have followed in his father's footsteps and become a farmer. But young Henry was fascinated by machines and was willing to take risks to pursue that fascination. In 1879, he left the farm to become an apprentice at a machine shop in Detroit. Over the next few years, he held jobs at several places, sometimes moving when he thought he could learn more somewhere else. He returned home in 1882 but did little farming. Instead, he operated and serviced portable steam engines used by farmers, occasionally worked in factories in Detroit, and cut and sold timber from 40 acres of his father's land.
By now, Ford was demonstrating another characteristic—a preference for working on his own rather than for somebody else. In 1888, Ford married Clara Bryant, and in 1891 they moved to Detroit. Ford had taken a job as night engineer for the Edison Electric Illuminating Company—another risk on his part, because he did not know a great deal about electricity at this point. He took the job in part as an opportunity to learn.
Henry Ford (third from left, in white coat) with other employees at Edison Illuminating Company Plant, November 1895. / THF244633
Early Automotive Experiments: Failure and Then Success
Henry was a skilled student, and by 1896 had risen to chief engineer of the Illuminating Company. But he had other interests. He became one of the scores of other people working in barns and small shops trying to make horseless carriages. Ford read about these other efforts in magazines, copying some of the ideas and adding some of his own, and convinced a small group of friends and colleagues to help him. This resulted in his first primitive automobile, the Quadricycle, completed in 1896. A second, more sophisticated car followed in 1898.
Henry Ford's 1896 Quadricycle Runabout, the first car he built. / THF90760
Ford now demonstrated one of his most important characteristics—the ability to articulate a vision and convince other people to sign on and help him achieve that vision. He convinced a group of businessmen to back him in the biggest risk of his life—starting a company to make horseless carriages. But Ford knew nothing about running a business, and learning by doing often involves failure. The new company failed, as did a second.
To revive his fortunes, Ford took bigger risks, building and even driving a pair of racing cars. The success of these cars attracted additional financial backers, and on June 16, 1903, just before his 40th birthday, Henry incorporated his third automobile venture, the Ford Motor Company.
The early history of Ford Motor Company illustrates another of Henry Ford's most valuable traits—his ability to identify and attract outstanding talent. He hired a core of young, highly competent people who would stay with him for years and make Ford Motor Company into one of the world's great industrial enterprises.
Print of Norman Rockwell's painting, "Henry Ford in First Model A on Detroit Street." / THF288551
The new company's first car was called the Model A, and a variety of improved models followed. In 1906, Ford's 4-cylinder, $600 Model N became the best-selling car in the country. But by this time, Ford had a vision of an even better, cheaper "motorcar for the great multitude." Working with a small group of employees, he came up with the Model T, introduced on October 1, 1908.
The Automobile: A Solution in Search of a Problem
As hard as it is for us to believe, in 1908 there was still much debate about exactly what automobiles were good for. We may see them as a necessary part of daily life, but the situation in 1908 was very different. Americans had arranged their world to accommodate the limits of the transportation devices available to them. People in cities got where they wanted to go by using electric street cars, horse-drawn cabs, bicycles, and shoe leather because all the places they wanted to go were located within reach of those transportation modes.
This Boston street scene, circa 1908, shows pedestrians and horse-drawn carriages on the road—but no cars. / THF203438
Most of the commercial traffic in cities still moved in horse-drawn vehicles. Rural Americans simply accepted the limited travel radius of horse- or mule-drawn vehicles. For long distances, Americans used our extensive, well-developed railroad network. People did not need automobiles to conduct their daily activities. Rather, the people who bought cars used them as a new means of recreation. They drove them on joyrides into the countryside. The recreational aspect of these early cars was so important that people of the time divided motor vehicles into two large categories: commercial vehicles, like trucks and taxicabs, and pleasure vehicles, like private automobiles. The term "passenger cars" was still years away. The automobile was an amazing invention, but it was essentially an expensive toy, a plaything for the rich. It was not yet a true innovation.
Henry Ford had a wider vision for the automobile. He summed it up in a statement that appeared in 1913 in the company magazine, Ford Times:
"I will build a motor car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one—and enjoy with his family the blessings of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces."
This 1924 Ford ad, part of a series, echoes the vision expressed 11 years earlier by Henry Ford: "Back of all of the activities of the Ford Motor Company is this Universal idea—a wholehearted belief that riding on the people's highway should be in easy reach of all the people." / THF95501
It was this vision that moved Henry Ford from inventor and businessman to innovator. To achieve his vision, Ford drew on all the qualities he had been developing since childhood: curiosity, self-confidence, mechanical ability, leadership, a preference for learning by trial and error, a willingness to take risks, and an ability to identify and attract talented people.
One Innovation Leads to Another
Ford himself guided a design team that created a car that pushed technical boundaries. The Model T's one-piece engine block and removable cylinder head were unusual in 1908 but would eventually become standard on all cars. The Ford's flexible suspension system was specifically designed to handle the dreadful roads that were then typical in the United States. The designers utilized vanadium alloy steel that was stronger for its weight than standard carbon steel. The Model T was lighter than its competitors, allowing its 20-horsepower engine to give it performance equal to that of more expensive cars.
1908 advertisement for the 1909 Ford Model T. In advertisements, Ford Motor Company emphasized key technological features and the low prices of their Model Ts. Ford's usage of vanadium steel enabled the company to make a lighter, sturdier, and more reliable vehicle than other early competitors. / THF122987
The new Ford car proved to be so popular that Henry could easily sell all he could make, but he wanted to be able to make all he could sell. So Ford and his engineers began a relentless drive both to raise the rate at which Model Ts could be produced and to lower the cost of production.
In 1910, the company moved into a huge new factory in Highland Park, a city just north of Detroit. Borrowing ideas from watchmakers, clockmakers, gunmakers, sewing machine makers, and meat processors, Ford Motor Company had, by 1913, developed a moving assembly line for automobiles. But Ford did not limit himself to technical improvements.
When his workforce objected to the relentless, repetitive work that the line entailed, Ford responded with perhaps his boldest idea ever—he doubled wages to $5 per day. With that one move, he stabilized his workforce and gave it the ability to buy the very cars it made. He hired a brilliant accountant named Norval Hawkins as his sales manager. Hawkins created a sales organization and advertising campaign that fueled potential customers' appetites for Fords. Model T sales rose steadily while the selling price dropped. By 1921, half the cars in America were Model Ts, and a new one could be had for as little as $415.
Norval Hawkins headed the sales department at Ford Motor Company for 12 years, introducing innovative advertising techniques and increasing Ford's annual sales from 14,877 vehicles in 1907 to 946,155 in 1919. / THF145969
Through these efforts, Ford turned the automobile from an invention bought by the rich into a true innovation available to a wide audience. By the 1920s, largely as a result of the Model T's success, the term "pleasure car" was fading away, replaced by "passenger car."
The assembly line techniques pioneered at Highland Park spread throughout the auto industry and into other manufacturing industries as well. The high-wage, low-skill jobs pioneered at Highland Park also spread throughout the manufacturing sector. Advertising themes pioneered by Ford Motor Company are still being used today. Ford's curiosity, leadership, mechanical ability, willingness to take risks, ability to attract talented people, and vision produced innovations in transportation, manufacturing, labor relations, and advertising.
What We Have Here Is a Failure to Innovate
Henry Ford was slow to admit that customers no longer wanted the Model T. However, in 1927, he finally acknowledged that shift, and Henry Ford and his son, Edsel Ford, drove this last Model T—number 15,000,000—off the assembly line at Highland Park. / THF135450
Henry Ford's great success did not necessarily bring with it great wisdom. In fact, his very success may have blinded him as he looked to the future. The Model T was so successful that he saw no need to significantly change or improve it. He did authorize many detail changes that resulted in lower cost or improved reliability, but there was never any fundamental change to the design he had laid down in 1907.
He was slow to adopt innovations that came from other carmakers, like electric starters, hydraulic brakes, windshield wipers, and more luxurious interiors. He seemed not to realize that the consumer appetites he had encouraged and fulfilled would continue to grow. He seemed not to want to acknowledge that once he started his company down the road of innovation, it would have to keep innovating or else fall behind companies that did innovate. He ignored the growing popularity of slightly more expensive but more stylish and comfortable cars, like the Chevrolet, and would not listen to Ford executives who believed it was time for a new model.
But Model T sales were beginning to slip by 1923, and by the late 1920s, even Henry Ford could no longer ignore the declining sales figures. In 1927, he reluctantly shut down the Model T assembly lines and began the design of an all-new car. It appeared in December 1927 and was such a departure from the old Ford that the company went back to the beginning of the alphabet for a name—it was called the Model A.
Edsel and Henry Ford introduce the new Model A at the Ford Industrial Exposition in New York in January 1928. Edsel had worked to convince his father to replace the outmoded Model T with something new. / THF91597
One area where Ford did keep innovating was in actual car production. In 1917, he began construction of a vast new plant on the banks of the Rouge River southwest of Detroit. This plant would give Ford Motor Company complete control over nearly all aspects of the production process. Raw materials from Ford mines would arrive on Ford boats, and would be converted into iron and steel, which were transformed into engines, transmissions, frames, and bodies. Glass and tires would be made onsite as well, and all of this would be assembled into completed cars. Assembly of the new Model A was transferred to the Rouge. Eventually the plant would employ 100,000 people and generate many innovations in auto manufacturing.
But improvements in manufacturing were not enough to make up for the fact that Henry Ford was no longer a leader in automotive design. The Model A was competitive for only four years before needing to be replaced by a newer model. In 1932, at age 69, Ford introduced his last great automotive innovation, the lightweight, inexpensive V-8 engine. It represented a real technological and marketing breakthrough, but in other areas Fords continued to lag behind their competitors.
The V-8 engine was Henry Ford's last great automotive innovation. This is the first V-8 engine produced, which is on exhibit in Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation. / THF101039
By 1936, the company that once sold half of the cars made in America had fallen to third place behind both General Motors and the upstart Chrysler Corporation. By the time Henry Ford died in 1947, his great company was in serious trouble, and a new generation of innovators, led by his grandson Henry Ford II, would work long and hard to restore it to its former glory. Henry's story is a textbook example of the power of innovation—and the power of its absence.
Bob Casey is former Curator of Transportation at The Henry Ford. This post is adapted from an educational document from The Henry Ford titled "Henry Ford and Innovation: From the Curators."
by Bob Casey, engines, advertising, Ford Rouge Factory Complex, Model Ts, entrepreneurship, engineering, manufacturing, cars, quadricycle, Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford
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People Who Knock on the Door (1983) is a novel by Patricia Highsmith. It was the nineteenth of her 22 novels.

Composition
Highsmith drew inspiration from the revival of fundamentalist Christianity that achieved notoriety in the late 1970s in the US with the prominence of Jerry Falwell and other televangelists and the organization of its political arm, the Moral Majority. She watched US television programs in search of details for depicting preachers and advocates of religious fundamentalism. She traveled from Europe for several weeks in 1981 to visit New York City, Indianapolis, and Bloomington and she returned to Bloomington the next year as well. She appears to have modeled the novel's Chalmerstown on Bloomington, a rather small town that is home to a large university.

She was unhappy that her final draft contained much more dialogue than is typical of her writing. Heinemann, her usual British publisher, brought the book out in 1983 to strong reviews. Her US editor, on the other hand, did not recommend it to Harper & Row, where he had recently moved from Lippincott. Highsmith commented: "I really don't care much if my books are published in the USA or not. I've never lost or changed a publisher because of my demanding a big advance, it's that the USA publishers do not take chances, there's no loyalty–and maybe not much loyalty among readers in the USA."
Penzler Books, a small publishing house that specialized in crime and mysteries, published the novel in the US in 1985.

The title refers to the missionaries' standard method of evangelization, ringing doorbells to engage neighbors in conversation. In the course of the novel, a representative of the local church knocks unannounced on several occasions at the door of the Alderman or Brewster family.

The British edition carried the dedication:

She would have known that the Christian fundamentalist community in the US was committed to unquestioned support for Israel. Anticipating negative publicity, Penzler dropped the dedication from the US edition without Highsmith's consent, though her Swiss publisher agreed. She later complained of this and said Penzler did so because he was a Jew, though he was not. Penzler produced a special edition of the novel and several of her short stories and brought Highsmith from Switzerland to New York to publicize them. After multiple instances of very rude behavior on Highsmith's part during the publicity tour, Penzler termed her "the most unloving and unlovable person I've ever known ... a really terrible human being."

Plot
Arthur Alderman is in his senior year of high school in Chalmerstown, a small city in the Midwest. He expects to attend Columbia University in New York City. His hectoring and distant father, Richard, sells insurance and retirement finance packages. Lois, his mother, keeps house and volunteers regularly at the local orphanage. Robbie, his younger brother and only sibling, recovers from a medical emergency, and this inspires a new religiosity in Richard, who insists on church attendance by the entire family. Religious literature soon fills their home. Arthur has his first sexual experience with Maggie Brewster and learns a few weeks later that she is pregnant. With the support of her family, she has an abortion, as Richard tries and fails to persuade Arthur to intervene to stop it. A visitor from the church, Eddie Howell, makes the first of several intrusive visits to pressure Arthur as well. Arthur resists, defending Maggie's right to decide for herself; he draws on his passion for science to reinforce his feelings of how inferior he feels the 'religious' people are. The confrontation further transforms his relationship with his father: "Eddie Howell was a sick prig, Arthur thought, and so was his father to be sitting there with a solemn face, concentrating on this twit–fifteen or twenty years younger than his father–as if he were God himself or some kind of divine messenger."

Arthur is now persona non grata in his own family, weakly supported by his mother and visiting grandmother. For support he leans on an elderly woman neighbor, his friend Gus, and his employer for the summer at a local shoe store. He bonds with Maggie's mother. Without his father's financial support, he arranges to attend the much less expensive local university instead of Columbia. Robbie seems to adopt his father's moral principles, though he is otherwise socially odd, spending his free time fishing or hunting with a group of older men in a strange community of misfits. He becomes an increasingly dark and sullen presence; Richard appears not to notice, Lois voices some concerns which go nowhere. Arthur's relationship with Maggie's survives several months of separation while she is away at Radcliffe. When she and Arthur bolt the doors to ensure themselves some privacy in the Aldermen house, for a few hours during Christmas vacation, Robbie raises alarms and Richard orders Arthur to move out of the family home.

Richard has become increasingly involved in church activities and participates in outreach programs and counseling. He devotes exceptional amounts of time to Irene, a former prostitute who earns a meager income waitressing at a local truck stop. Irene becomes an ever more intrusive presence. Her pregnancy leads to a dramatic resolution of the Alderman family's conflicts.

Reception

The New York Times reviewer noted that the subject was "something of a departure from her usual analysis of aberrant personalities" and "surprisingly dull" and "a bit of a yawn". She complained that Highsmith focused on a "sympathetic yet unexceptional youth" ill-suited to "her brilliant insights into criminal psychology" that might better have targeted his brother and father. The reviewer for The Tablet, a London-based Roman Catholic journal, wrote: "One of the annoying things about this cold story is that it forces one to take the wrong side, for Arthur and his mother are so nice in spite of their behaviour, while Richard and Robbie are so odious in their righteousness -- maybe because of it, the author seems to suggest." She praised "the atmosphere of small-town summer" but faulted the denouement: "It is some kind of solution, but not a comfortable one; Miss Highsmith can do much better than this callous if skilful story."

References

1983 American novels
Novels by Patricia Highsmith
Heinemann (publisher) books
Novels about religion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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It was kind of a surprise to me that I'd get involved in fountain pen mania, but thinking about it from a more distant perspective, it seems pretty obvious. It's not just that I'm into historical fashion - I wear clothes I've made from repro 1950s patterns, sew on a machine with a treadle, use a safety razor, heat food up on the stove/in my toaster oven rather than a microwave, walk everywhere, make yoghurt, and cook everything from scratch.
I'm an eccentric. It's not that I reject "modern life" or anything like that - I just enjoy using/wearing things that are solid and well-made (well, that's debatable when it comes to my dresses), I like how these things look and function, and, possibly due to my straitened social life, I don't really care if I come off as weird. Fortunately, people seem to find it charming rather than off-putting, anyway.
Fountain pens first came into my scope in a discussion online about little luxuries you do for yourself. Someone said that they kept a journal on nice paper, written with a fountain pen. That sounded great to me - I've been keeping handwritten journals since high school, off and on - and so I started looking into it.
It's not that I'd been consciously annoyed with ballpoint pens, but once I started writing with fountain pens, the physical act of writing went from being something I did as part of my day to something I actively enjoyed - which is at the heart of a lot of my old-fashionedness. I don't want to like my clothes when I pick them out and put them on later because they're there, I want to feel pleasure every time I put a dress on or look at myself in it. I want sewing to be fun not just because I'm creating something but because working the machine itself is interesting.
There are a few things that make writing with a fountain pen so satisfying. One is just the "wow, I'm writing with a fountain pen!" effect. Another is the size of the section (the grip) - I've always had problems with my fingers cramping up on narrow pencils and pens, but most fountain pens have more heft. They also write more smoothly than ballpoints, without needing as much downward pressure. They're nice to look at, in your hand or on the desk. And you have thousands of choices of ink to use: inks in every color imaginable, with varying levels of saturation and lubrication, and with all kinds of qualities like waterproofing and shimmer and added scents.
My collection, arranged in chronological order from left to right. The ones in the middle don't get used very much, but the two on the right (respectively, a TWSBI Vac Mini and a TWSBI Diamond AL Mini) are my everyday writers. Let's look at the vintage pens!
My oldest pen, with matching mechanical pencil, is from the 1920s. Wahl and Eversharp teamed up to make these sets. I'd like to put these on separate chains to wear like Joan Holloway, but the pencil needs some repair (the leads slide right out) and the pen's nib is very broad and wet, so it's not practical. Still, I could do it for a 1920s outfit sometime!
The striped pen on the left is actually my first vintage one - it's an Arnold, from the 1930s. Arnolds were fairly cheap (less than a dollar) and not high quality, so a lot of the ones that survive aren't in great shape, but this one is pretty good! It does have a tendency to suddenly blot, though, so I also don't use it regularly.
The pen on the right is a Parker Vacumatic made in late 1945 and used to be my grandfather's. You can see a bit of striping on the barrel - that's because it's actually partly clear! Where most vintage pens used rubber sacs to hold the ink, in a Vacumatic the entire barrel acts as the reservoir; by using a semi-transparent celluloid, the manufacturer allowed users to see how much ink was left and whether they needed to fill up before leaving home or the office. It's very difficult to clean out because of the vacuum-filling mechanism, so I only use Diamine Sepia ink in it, which looks nice and old-fashioned. I can do basic restoration, but I sent this one away to be professionally cleaned, and it was worth it!
The Esterbrook pen on the left is another cheap type - this particular one is an Esterbrook S(mall) J, but they also came in the slightly longer L(adies) J and the longer and thicker J styles. Unlike Arnold pens, which few people are specifically into, Esterbrook's range of colors and standardization of size leads a lot of collectors to try to make a full set. What's really great about them is that the nibs were made to be easily removable, and Esterbrook sold a whole range of them separately from the pens themselves. (More specifics here. The nib in this pen right now is a 9314-F, fine and with a slight tilt to the tip.) You can get pretty much any one of the nibs that you want on eBay, used or as New Old Stock.
The pen on the right is a "school pen" (ie, it's cheap, so it's good for students) made by Sheaffer, which was also my grandfather's. I don't tend to write with it because it's been so well-used that the nib is actually worn into the wrong shape! But I like to have it.
Fountain pens can become an expensive obsession (certain vintage models, limited edition modern pens, and hand-crafted masterpieces are worth a lot of money), but as long as you focus on having instruments you like writing with rather than going for prestige, there's no reason to spend very much.
Your vintage pens are beautiful! I used fountain pens with disposable plastic cartridges for a while, and they were lovely to write with. Later I saved some vintage pens from getting tossed by a negligent relative who assumed they were ballpoints and "tried" them using some force, to see which ones worked - sadly, they never worked very well for me, I think she'd damaged the points. Later I got some 50s/60s Parkers that haven't been manhandled, so maybe I should locate my bottle of ink and try them sometime. I see there's a lot of helpful information online nowadays!
Thank you! You might consider sending off your damaged pens to have the nibs tuned - if the bending isn't too bad, the cost could be very reasonable.
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