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CEBP Focus Archive
Progress and Priorities
Disparities Collection
Informing Public Health Policy
Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Middle-Aged Men
Lora A. Plaskon, David F. Penson, Thomas L. Vaughan and Janet L. Stanford
Lora A. Plaskon
David F. Penson
Thomas L. Vaughan
Janet L. Stanford
DOI: Published July 2003
Cigarette smoking may increase the risk of prostate cancer by affecting circulating hormone levels or through exposure to carcinogens. Although there are plausible mechanisms that could explain an association between smoking and prostate cancer, previous studies are inconsistent. The goal of this population-based case-control study was to assess this association in middle-aged men. Cases (n = 753) were men ages 40–64 years diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1993 to 1996 identified using the Seattle-Puget Sound Cancer Registry. Age-matched controls without prostate cancer from the same region (n = 703) were identified using random digit dialing. Participants completed detailed in-person interviews. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the prostate cancer-cigarette smoking relationship. Current smokers had an increased risk (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–2.0) relative to nonsmokers. A dose-response relationship was noted between number of pack-years smoked and prostate cancer risk (trend P = 0.03). The OR = 1.6 (95% CI 1.1–2.2) for men with >40 pack-years of smoking, with a stronger association observed in men with more aggressive disease (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1). Smoking cessation resulted in a decline in risk (trend P = 0.02). Smoking is associated with a moderately increased relative risk of prostate cancer. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship exists between number of pack-years smoked and cancer risk. Given that smoking cessation seems to reduce these risks, results from this study have public health ramifications and suggest that prostate cancer should be added to the list of tumors for which cigarette smoking is a risk factor.
Prostate cancer is the most frequent solid tumor diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer death among American men (1) . Certain risk factors for prostate cancer, such as advanced age, African-American race, and first-degree family history of the disease, have been identified, yet few causative environmental exposures for prostate cancer are known (2) . It is likely that environmental influences play a role in the development of prostate cancer because migration studies of Japanese immigrants to the United States have found that the risk of prostate cancer increased 5-fold with the change of environment (3) . It would be valuable to identify modifiable environmental risk factors for prostate cancer that can serve as targets for public health interventions that might lower the incidence of this common malignancy.
One such potential modifiable risk factor is cigarette smoking. There are several hypothetical mechanisms through which cigarette smoking may enhance prostate cancer risk. For example, cigarette smoking may alter circulating levels of steroid hormones. In particular, cigarette smoking has been associated with higher levels of bioavailable testosterone and lower levels of bioavailable estradiol in men (4) . Studies found significant (Ps < 0.01) positive correlations between cigarettes smoked/day and serum total androstenedione as well as total and free testosterone in men (5) . This is significant because testosterone and its more potent metabolite DHT3 are necessary not only for normal prostate development and growth but also appear to enhance cell proliferation in the prostate, which potentially could be associated with malignant transformation. Conversely, estrogens act on the hypothalamus and pituitary to suppress secretion of gonadotropins, which may reduce testicular androgen production (6) . Effectively, cigarette smoking may establish a hormonal milieu that is favorable for the development or progression of prostate cancer. In addition, cigarettes contain significant levels of cadmium, which has been linked to prostate carcinogenesis (7, 8, 9) . Either or both of these mechanisms could support an association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer.
Despite reasonable theoretical underpinnings for a relationship between smoking and prostate cancer, conclusive epidemiological evidence of this association is lacking. Hickey et al. (10) recently completed a structured review of the existing literature on cigarette smoking and prostate cancer. They found 23 prospective cohort studies, 5 nested case-control studies, 1 retrospective cohort study, and 36 case-control studies addressing this issue. Although most of the prospective cohort studies and all of the nested case-control studies found no relationship, 33% of the 15 population-based case-control studies showed a significant association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk. Hickey et al. (10) concluded that these conflicting findings may be because many of the previous studies suffered from methodological shortcomings such as differential measurement error in outcomes, attribution bias, surveillance bias, and inadequate adjustment for confounders. They suggest that future studies avoid these pitfalls by collecting a more comprehensive smoking history, with particular information on cessation, and by obtaining information on potential confounding factors such as dietary fat intake and history of prostate cancer screening.
The goal of the current study was to assess the association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer while avoiding some of the methodological problems of prior research. Using a population-based case-control design, a detailed smoking history was obtained with particular attention to duration, amount of smoking, and smoking cessation. In addition, information was collected on stage and grade of cancer at diagnosis, which allowed examination of smoking associations according to clinical characteristics of the disease. Finally, we focused on men < age 65 years who are at relatively low baseline risk for prostate cancer in an effort to discover modest associations that might otherwise be undetectable in an older population at greater absolute risk for this complex disease.
Study Subjects.
We conducted a population-based case-control study of risk factors for prostate cancer in middle-aged men, including lifetime history of cigarette smoking. Case patients included Caucasian and African-American male residents of King County in northwestern Washington, 40–64 years old, who were diagnosed with biopsy-proven prostate cancer between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 1996. Eligible cases were identified from the Seattle-Puget Sound SEER cancer registry and included 100% ages < 60 years and a random 75% sample of those who were ages 60–64 years at diagnosis.
A comparison group (n = 703) without a history of prostate cancer was identified through random digit dialing using a clustering factor of five residences/sampling unit (11) . These individuals were male residents of King County, Washington, 40–64 years of age. Controls were frequency matched to case patient by age (same 5-year group) and recruited evenly throughout the ascertainment period of cases.
All study participants signed informed consent for participation. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center's Institutional Review Board approved study forms and procedures. Study subjects completed a structured in-person interview administered by a trained male interviewer. The questionnaire addressed the following areas: social and demographic factors; physical development, height, weight, and physical activity; reproductive history; detailed medical history, including history of BPH and prostate cancer screening; family structure and cancer history; dietary habits, including total dietary fat intake and servings of cruciferous vegetables consumed/week; lifetime smoking and alcohol consumption; lifetime sexual history; and occupational history. Clinical patient data were available from the cancer registry, including tumor grade and stage of disease at diagnosis. A detailed smoking history before reference date (date of diagnosis for cases and a similar assigned date for controls) was collected, including ages at onset and cessation, duration, and dose of cigarette smoking.
Statistical Methods.
ORs were calculated to estimate the association between prostate cancer and the following smoking variables (continuous and categorized): smoking status (nonsmoker, current, former); duration of smoking (1–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, ≥40 years); number of cigarettes smoked/day (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, ≥41); total pack-years of smoking (>0–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, >40); years since cessation in former smokers (>0–9, 10–19, 20–29, ≥30 years); and age first smoked (≤15, 16–17, 18–19, ≥20 years). Multivariate logistic regression (12) analysis was used to compute ORs and estimate 95% CIs adjusted for potential confounders such as age, race, family history of prostate cancer, body mass index, history of prostate cancer screening such as PSA testing (ever had a PSA, had a PSA > 1 year before reference date, number of PSA tests within the 5-years before reference date) or digital rectal examination > 1 year before reference date, dietary habits, physical activity, socioeconomic factors, and medical history. Any covariate that produced a change of >5% in the age-adjusted OR for the smoking status-prostate cancer association was included in the final model, i.e., race, family history of prostate cancer in a first-degree relative, history of PSA testing >1 year before reference date, and a history of BPH. To examine if a dose-response relationship existed between smoking and prostate cancer, trend tests were performed using only cases and controls that were exposed to smoking (13) .
To explore the hypothesis that smoking was associated with the development of more aggressive prostate cancer, additional analyses were completed using a polychotomous multivariate regression model (14) . These models compared controls to cases with less aggressive (localized stage and Gleason score ≤ 7) and more aggressive (regional or distant stage disease or Gleason score 8–10) prostate cancer.
During the ascertainment period, 1055 eligible prostate cancer patients were identified, and 138 were excluded because of the sampling protocol. Of the remaining 917 eligible patients, 753 (82%) with prostate cancer were interviewed. During the first step of random digit telephone dialing to identify controls, complete household census information was obtained for 94% of the 21,116 residential telephone numbers contacted. A total of 941 eligible men was identified and agreed to receive information on the study. Of these, 703 (75%) were interviewed, 228 (24%) refused, 6 were lost to follow-up, and 4 were too ill to participate (15) .
Table 1⇓ lists selected characteristics of cases and controls. The groups were similar according to age, but a higher proportion of cases than controls were black. More men with prostate cancer (19%) than without (10%) reported having a first-degree family member (i.e., brother or father) with prostate cancer. Similarly, more cases (34%) had a history of BPH diagnosed ≥2 years before reference date than controls (17%), and more cases (71%) had undergone PSA testing > 1 year before the reference date than controls (34%).
Selected characteristics of prostate cancer cases and controls
Table 2⇓ provides results of analyses of smoking variables and prostate cancer, adjusted for confounders. Current smoking was associated with a 40% increase in prostate cancer risk relative to nonsmokers (95% CI 1.0–2.0). Men who smoked for ≥40 years had a modest elevation in risk (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.2), as did those who smoked an average of >40 cigarettes/day (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 0.8–2.8). There was a significant positive trend in risk with pack-years of smoking (trend P = 0.03). Men who had a history of >40 pack-years of smoking had an OR of 1.6 (95% CI 1.1–2.2). When analyzed as a continuous variable, the ORs were 1.07 (95% CI 1.03–1.11) for 10 pack-years, 1.14 (95% CI 1.06–1.23) for 20 pack-years, and 1.22 (95% CI 1.08–1.37) for 30 pack-years of smoking. The elevations in risk estimates associated with >40 pack-years of smoking were observed in both former (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.7) and current (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.3) smokers.
ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking
Former smokers were not at increased risk for prostate cancer when compared with nonsmokers (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8–1.3). To additionally understand the relationship between smoking cessation and prostate cancer risk, we examined years since smoking cessation and prostate cancer. As shown in Table 2⇓ , men who stopped smoking <10 years before reference date had an OR of 1.2 (95% CI 0.8–1.7), whereas those who stopped ≥30 years prior were not at increased risk (OR = 0.8) for prostate cancer. Although none of the point estimates of risk reached statistical significance, the trend of declining ORs with increasing years since smoking cessation was significant (trend P = 0.02). Additional adjustment for total pack-years smoked slightly reduced the risk estimate in current smokers to 1.2 but did not change the OR of 0.8 in men who quit smoking ≥30 years ago; however, the trend test became nonsignificant. Recency and pack-years of smoking were highly correlated among cases and controls (Ps < 0.0001), with current smokers having a higher proportion of men with >40 pack-years of exposure.
To evaluate whether smoking was associated with the development of aggressive prostate cancer, cases were stratified into those with more or less aggressive disease (Table 3)⇓ . Although the OR in current smokers was similar for men with more aggressive disease (OR = 1.5) and those with less aggressive disease (OR = 1.4), stronger associations with smoking history, measured as either smoking duration, number of cigarettes smoked/day, or total number of pack-years smoked, were observed in men with more aggressive prostate cancer. For example, men who had a >40 pack-year history of smoking had a 40% increase in risk (95% CI 1.0–2.0) of less aggressive disease, but a 100% increase in risk (95% CI 1.3–3.1) of developing more aggressive prostate cancer relative to nonsmokers. Earlier ages at which men first started smoking also appeared to be a stronger risk factor for more aggressive disease. Men who smoked before age 15 years had an OR = 1.1 (95% CI 0.8–1.5) for having aggressive cancer and an OR = 1.8 (95% CI 1.2–2.7) for more aggressive disease.
ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking, stratified by disease aggressiveness
Data from this population-based case-control study suggest that smoking is a risk factor for prostate cancer. In particular, current smokers appear to be at moderately increased risk (OR = 1.4) for this disease relative to nonsmokers. There also is a dose-response relationship, with a significant increase in risk estimates observed as the number of pack-years smoked increases. This is most pronounced in men with >40 pack-years of cumulative exposure who are 1.6 times more likely to have prostate cancer and are at a 2-fold increased relative risk of developing more aggressive forms of the disease. Importantly, if one stops smoking, there is a significant decline in risk, with men who stopped smoking ≥20 years previously at no greater risk than those who never smoked.
There are several potential mechanisms whereby cigarette smoking may increase risk of prostate cancer. One is the ability of cigarette smoking to increase bioavailable testosterone and decrease bioavailable estradiol, which may alter the hormonal milieu favoring higher androgenic exposure to the prostate (4 , 16) . Several lines of evidence suggest that hormones are involved in the etiology of benign and malignant prostate disease (17, 18, 19, 20, 21) . In vitro animal models have been used to demonstrate that prolonged testosterone administration can induce and promote prostate tumors (22) . Prior epidemiological studies have also demonstrated a relationship between alterations in serum androgen levels and risk of prostate cancer. Nomura et al. (23) showed that lower DHT levels and higher testosterone to DHT ratios were found in Asian men who subsequently developed prostate cancer during a 14-year follow-up. Gann et al. (17) reported that higher levels of circulating testosterone and lower levels of SHBG were associated with significantly increased relative risks of prostate cancer. To explore the possibility that changes in bioavailable testosterone were responsible, at least, in part, for the association of current smoking and prostate cancer noted in our study, we compared serum total testosterone and SHBG levels in current smokers to nonsmokers from 400 randomly selected controls. Current smokers had significantly higher levels of total testosterone (17.0 versus 14.9 nmol/liter, P = 0.004) and SHBG (29.7 versus 23.3 nmol/liter, P = 0.002), lending support for the notion that smoking-induced changes in steroid hormone levels is a possible mechanism for the association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk. Our observation of a decline in the relative risk within a decade of smoking cessation is also consistent with the theory that cigarette smoking induced hormonal changes may have a promotional effect on prostate tumor growth that diminishes fairly soon after exposure ceases.
Another possible mechanism for an association between smoking and prostate cancer is exposure to carcinogenic substances found in cigarettes. For example, cadmium is an inorganic toxicant that is widely used in industry and is also found in cigarettes (7, 8, 9) . In 1993, the International Agency for Research on Cancer designated cadmium as a human carcinogen. Although not directly mutagenic in the prostate, cadmium has been shown to indirectly induce prostate carcinogenesis through interaction with the androgen receptor (24 , 25) . Ye et al. (24) have reported that cadmium has the property of activating the androgen receptor response in human prostate cancer cell lines in the absence of androgen but in the presence of the androgen receptor. Furthermore, when applied in combination with androgen, cadmium enhances androgen-mediated transcriptional activity in the prostate (24) . Chronic cadmium exposure in rats has been shown to induce prostate tumors in the presence of normal testicular function (25) . Therefore, chronic smoking in men with otherwise normal testicular function and androgen levels may effectively increase their androgen exposure through the interaction of cadmium with the androgen receptor and over the long term increase their risk of developing prostate cancer.
Other researchers have explored the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer using a variety of research designs. As the structured literature review by Hickey et al. (10) demonstrates, different studies have revealed conflicting results, depending upon the research design used and how well the study controlled for possible confounding factors. Hickey et al. (10) reviewed 65 prior studies of smoking and prostate cancer and found that most of the prospective studies and all of the nested case-control studies showed no association between current smoking and prostate cancer. In many of these studies, however, the lack of association may have been the result of inadequate ascertainment of smoking parameters or inadequate follow-up in these cohorts, yielding limited sample sizes. In the 31 studies that used a case-control design, 33% observed a positive association (10) . Furthermore, the majority of prospective studies that used prostate cancer death as an outcome noted a positive association between current smoking and prostate cancer, supporting our findings of stronger effects in men with more aggressive disease (26, 27, 28, 29, 30) . For example, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (28) found that men who smoked ≥15 pack-years were 1.8 times more likely to develop metastatic prostate cancer and 2.1 times more likely to die of prostate cancer than nonsmokers. This study and others (31, 32, 33) support our current findings.
Nevertheless, the exact relationship between smoking and prostate cancer remains unclear because there are numerous studies that have not been able to demonstrate any relationship. Giles et al. (34) used population-based tumor registries from Melbourne, Sydney, and Perth, Australia, to study 1498 men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 1994 to 1998. Controls were age matched at a ratio of one control/case. No relationship was noted between current smoking or number of pack-years smoked and prostate cancer risk. Furthermore, no relationship was seen between smoking and high-grade disease. However, the authors only controlled for age, location, and family history of prostate cancer.
The current study is also population-based and adheres to Hickey's et al. (10) recommendation that potential confounding factors such as dietary fat intake and history of screening be controlled in the analysis. This is particularly important for screening, where one might hypothesize that nonsmokers who live healthier lifestyles would be more likely to be screened, biasing results toward the null. In our control group, 36% of nonsmokers and 37% of former smokers had received one or more PSA test(s) a year or more before reference date. In contrast, only 21% of the current smokers and 27% of heavy smokers (>40 pack-years) reported having a PSA test. The age-adjusted OR for prostate cancer in current smokers increased from 1.03 to 1.43 after adding PSA screening to the regression model. Thus, PSA screening was a strong negative confounder of the smoking-prostate cancer relationship. The fact that the current population-based study adjusts for numerous potential confounders, including dietary fat and cruciferous vegetable intake and prostate cancer screening, is one strength of the study. These results highlight the importance of accounting for prostate cancer screening history in analyses of lifestyle risk factors for this disease.
Finally, the restriction of the study population to men under the age of 65 years who have a lower baseline incidence of prostate cancer than their older (>65 years) counterparts may have strengthened our ability to detect modest associations that might otherwise be missed (35) . As suggested by Rothman and Poole (35) , the strength of an exposure-disease association depends on the relative prevalence of other component causes for the same disease. By focusing on a subpopulation at lower absolute risk, it is possible to find stronger relations for those exposures that operate in the causal pathway to disease (35) . This concept may be particularly applicable in studies of prostate cancer, which is a common and complex disease. Although the study was limited to men under age 65 years, there is no a priori reason to believe that smoking would not also be associated with prostate cancer risk in older men. However, given that the effect may be somewhat smaller in older men with more component causes, large studies of older men will be required to evaluate this association.
Some limitations of this study must also be considered when interpreting the results. Although the current study used rigorous methodology to collect detailed information on personal smoking history and duration of exposure, we were unable to account for exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. Furthermore, we did not collect biological samples to validate smoking status. It is also possible that men who refused to participate in the study may have had different smoking patterns. Lastly, it is possible that unmeasured and yet unrecognized lifestyle factors that differ between smokers and nonsmokers could have confounded our results. We controlled for numerous lifestyle factors in the analysis (i.e., education, income, marital status, physical activity, alcohol use, intake of cruciferous vegetables, and total fat as well as percentage of calories from fat), and none of these was found to substantially change the smoking-prostate cancer association.
In summary, the current population-based study demonstrates a modest positive association between smoking and risk of prostate cancer. In particular, current smokers, smokers of >40 years duration, and those with >40 pack-years of exposure have a 40–60% elevation in risk of prostate cancer relative to nonsmokers. Moreover, these positive associations are stronger in men with clinically more aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Men who quit smoking appear to reduce their risk of prostate cancer ∼10 or more years after cessation. These results have important public health implications and should be useful for educating physicians and patients about the adverse health effects of smoking and to promote primary prostate cancer prevention and smoking cessation strategies.
We thank the men who participated in this study for their cooperation and time. We also thank the study interviewers for their help with data collection and Elizabeth Noonan for her assistance with the statistical analyses. We thank Drs. William Bremner and George McDonald for providing laboratory support for the hormone assays.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
↵1 This work was supported by Grant CA56678 and Contract N01-CN-05230 from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services. L. A. P. was supported, in part, by Training Grant T32 DK007721 from the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services.
↵2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, MW-814, Seattle, WA 98109-1024. Phone: (206) 667-2715; Fax: (206) 667-2717; E-mail: jstanfor{at}fhcrc.org
↵3 The abbreviations used are: DHT, dihydrotestosterone: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin.
Received August 1, 2002.
Revision received March 21, 2003.
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Winter this year has been a dreary affair, having not found much time to play or explore. Working a regular job for a while has led me to appreciate the times when you are free to go wherever you want.
There have been one or two adventures, and certainly the best of them was when my lovely companion Hope and me went out to a place called Birling Gap.
We started the day by visiting a favourite spot in Brighton for coffee and a nibble to eat. Following a nose around in a couple of shops, we departed. Winding our way along the grassy Sussex coastline we came to Birling Gap, where we climbed down and spent time on the beach. There were white cliffs towering over us, as a warm midwinter sun set on the horizon, tinting everything orange.
It was the best day out, as we laughed and played music. Made all the better by the company.
Here are some photos from Hope and myself that day.
As our respective terms at university reach completion, a close group of friends and I celebrated by having a picnic in the fields.
All of us lived together in our first year in hall's, and this place in a field was our secret gathering spot then, so it seemed fitting to come here once more. We were blessed with such a sunny, clear afternoon. Laughing with Nat, Phyl, Axl and Madi (who you may remember from a previous blog post) was such a pleasure. We had a blast telling stories, filling in the gaps since we were last together.
We brought Axl's head dressed Penguin along too, which is… a long story. You should really ask Axl about that!


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USA Heatwave reality check: Global temps below 30-year avg & '75% of the states recorded their hottest temperature prior to 1955' – Worst U.S. heat waves happened in 1930s
By: Marc Morano - Climate DepotJuly 8, 2021 7:40 AM
Climate Depot Special Report
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Climate Depot's Marc Morano & author of Green Fraud:
"Here we go again. Any heatwave, hurricane, tornado outbreak, etc. are always used by the media and other climate activists as some kind of 'proof" of a climate emergency. At least these claims are more plausible than claims that building collapses or illegal immigration are caused by "climate change."
But currently, the global satellite temperature for June 2021 is below the 30-year average. And despite the U.S. heatwave, there are plenty of record cold outbreaks happening around the globe, (See: Unusually strong cold weather outbreak spreads from Antarctica into central South America, bringing early winter temperature records and first snowfall after decades)
The media gaslights anyone who mocks 'global warming' on a record cold or snowy day but has no problem doing the exact same thing whenever it's hot. As University of Alabama climate scientist John Christy's research has found: "About 75% of the states recorded their hottest temperature prior to 1955, and over 50 percent of the states experienced their record cold temperatures after 1940."
In addition, the EPA's own data has shown that the 1930s U.S. heatwaves were far more severe than current temperatures. (2021 Update: EPA puts inconvenient data on 1930s drought and heat wave down the memory hole)
In short, it is unscientific and nothing short of political lobbying to jump on a heatwave to claim 'proof' of man-made global warming. Climate activists' new motto should be: Never let an opportunity go to waste to blame a heatwave or a flood or hurricane or building collapse or immigration — on 'climate change.'
https://www.drroyspencer.com/latest-global-temperatures/
Dr. Roy Spencer Dr. John Christy manage temperature satellites for NASA. Here are the facts reported at Climate Depot:
Global satellite temperature for June 2021 is below the 30-year average
There are plenty of record cold outbreaks happening around the globe
Unusually strong cold weather outbreaks spread from Antarctica into central South America,
South America experiencing early winter temperature records and first snowfall in decades
About 75% of the U.S. states recorded their hottest temperature prior to 1955
Over 50 percent of the states experienced their record cold temperatures after 1940
EPA data shows that in the 1930s U.S. heatwaves were far more severe than current temperatures
Excerpts from Green Fraud:
"It's Like a Heat Wave!"
Multiple studies find that long-term data show extreme heat waves in the United States have decreased since the 1930s.79 A study published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology found that extreme heatwaves in the United States decreased from 1930 to 2010. According to the authors, "Several daily maximum [extreme heat events] near the 1930s led to 1930-2010 trends of daily maximum [extreme heat events] decreasing." The overall trend of U.S. heat waves saw a decline from the 1930s until the 1970s global cooling and the coming–ice age scare, followed by a warming with temperatures still not up to levels seen in the 1930s in the U.S.80
University of Alabama climate scientist John Christy's research has found that "about 75% of the states recorded their hottest temperature prior to 1955, and over 50 percent of the states experienced their record cold temperatures after 1940."81
Data from the Environmental Protection Agency agree. The EPA website features a 2016 chart labeled "the U.S. Heat Wave Index from 1895 to 2015," and it reveals that the worst U.S. heat waves by far happened in the 1930s.
(2021 Update: EPA puts inconvenient data on 1930s drought and heat wave down the memory hole)
Page 54 GREEN FRAUD:
Climatologist John Christy has explained why the extreme weather claims are unscientific: "The non-falsifiable hypotheses can be stated this way, 'whatever happens is consistent with my hypothesis.' In other words, there is no event that would 'falsify' the hypothesis. As such, these assertions cannot be considered science or in any way informative since the hypothesis' fundamental prediction is 'anything may happen.' In the example above if winters become milder or they become snowier, the non-falsifiable hypothesis stands. This is not science."
Morano on heatwaves: 'Every single weather event is now more of a reason to push the Green New Deal…using weather to lobby' for policies
KRTH Radio Houston – July 8, 2021
"It's absurd, everywhere there's a record hot temperature they claim this evidence of global warming" said Marc Morano, author of a great new book titled "Green Fraud: Why The Green New Deal Is Even Worse Than You Think". … The real motive? Green, from the 'green new deal'. "This is what happens when you have people with a vested interest in pushing an agenda" Morano told KTRH, "Every single weather event is now more of a reason to push the new green deal. They're using the weather for their own personal lobbying interests, and we've seen this now for decades."
But it's not funny. Why? Because the next move? "We are facing the morphing of Covid lockdowns to Climate lockdowns" Morano said. "They're going to be limiting our freedoms in order to save the climate."
Heatwave reporting illustrates how science has been corrupted with climate groupthink
Expert Analysis: 'Climate Change' Had No Significant Role in Pacific Northwest Heatwave
Was Global Warming The Cause of the Great Northwest Heatwave? Science Says No.
Heatwave Trends In Oregon
No, The West Coast Heat Wave Has Nothing To Do With Climate Change
Filed under: astrology, avg, gf, heatwave

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The free scrap car collection service in Drimpton (TA18), Dorset. Scrap cars can be a real problem and can cause you untold misery, if you have a scrap vehicle and it is on the road it will still need to be taxed. Don't give a company money to tow away your car. We offer a free scrap car collection service in Drimpton!
As well as offering a completely free collection, we are also currently able to offer cash for scrap cars in Drimpton depending upon the weight of the vehicle!
We have been trading in the Dorset area for over a decade and have many happy customers. We know the local area so when you need us we will be there in no time at all. We set a time slot and we will not be late we have a reputation that is great for service and customer satisfaction. We offer a range of collection times to suit you and your life.
We guarantee that your old car is disposed of in the right way. Some scrap car collection companies might sell on your car for profit a lot of the time the DVLA will not be notified that you are no longer the registered keeper of the vehicle. This will leave you very vulnerable legally, you will be expected to pay any fines that may occur over the following months. When we collect a scrap car in Drimpton we always ensure that the DVLA have been notified that the car is going to be scrapped, so that should keep your mind at rest. Here at Scrap Car Drimpton we make sure that we recycle everything, so as you can tell we always do our bit for the environment.
Ensure that you dispose of your car the right way, we would like to keep the streets of Dorset tidy. Having old broken down cars littering the streets makes the area look very run down and untidy, so scrapping your car will make your neighbours happy. MOT failure, we can dispose of your car for free, call an expert today!
The car scrappage scheme may seem like a splendid idea at first. There are a few flaws in the governments plans, as there will only be certain cars that qualify. You can't just go and buy any vehicle you want People seem to get very frustrated as this deal is not available on all cars, only certain cars are available in the car scrappage deals.
Its so easy to scrap your old car in Drimpton. Just by picking up the phone you will learn a lot about our service. Otherwise, please feel free to take a look at our guide to help you scrap your car before you call or book.


Shop a wide variety of women's snow sports gear and clothing to keep you warm and comfortable on the mountain or in the backcountry! Browse a selection of winter clothes for women including merino wool fleece, pants & leggings, socks and a selection of hats & neckwear. Our women's ski and snowboarding clothes are made from warm and breathable merino wool blends for ultimate comfort and functionality on the slopes. Several women's jackets and vests from Icebreaker are made with patented MerinoLOFT™ fabric that shed precipitation while keeping you warm on chilly days. Also browse women's ski glove liners that keep your hands warm out on the slopes. Layer up or down with our women's base layers to keep comfortable and dry in any type of mountain weather. Our merino wool is also naturally odor-resistant, making it the perfect snow sport clothing for multi-day tours and hut trips!


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Home Anime Bleach Hindi Subbed
Bleach (Japanese: ブリーチ Hepburn: Burīchi) is a Japanese anime television series based on Tite Kubo's manga of the same name. The series ran for a total of 366 episodes. Bleach was produced by Studio Pierrot and directed by Noriyuki Abe. Bleach's Japanese and English voice actors include some of the most credited and well known voice actors, including Masakazu Morita and Johnny Yong Bosch. The music was composed by Shirō Sagisu, who also composed the music for Neon Genesis Evangelion. A total of fifteen opening themes and thirty ending themes were used throughout the series, featuring a diverse group of Japanese artists.
(Burīchi)
Adventure, supernatural[1]
Anime television series
Noriyuki Abe
Masashi Sogo (#1–167, 190–229, 266–366)
Kento Shimoyama (#168–189)
Tsuyoshi Kida (#230–265)
Original network
English network
GMA Channel 7
Animax Asia, Cartoon Network Asia, Nickelodeon Asia
AnimeCentral, Sony Movie Channel
Adult Swim (Toonami)
Animax South Africa, SABC 2
Original run
October 5, 2004 – March 27, 2012
366 (List of episodes)
Anime film series
Masashi Sogo
Masahiro Ōkubo
Natsuko Takahashi
Ookubo Masahiro
December 16, 2006 – December 4, 2010
380 minutes (total)
4 (List of films)
Bleach follows the adventures of Ichigo Kurosaki after he obtains the powers of a Soul Reaper (死神 Shinigami, literally, "Death God") — a death personification similar to the Grim Reaper — from another Soul Reaper, Rukia Kuchiki. His newfound powers force him to take on the duties of defending humans from evil spirits and guiding departed souls to the afterlife. The anime adaptation includes original storylines not found in the manga with repeated appearances and stories containing these original characters. Studio Pierrot produced the series from 2004 to 2012, consisting of 366 episodes. Viz Media obtained foreign television and home video distribution rights to the Bleach anime on March 15, 2004. Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block began airing Bleach in the United States on September 9, 2006. The series' international release extends through dozens of countries in several languages, such as Spanish, French, German, Brazilian Portuguese and Tagalog.
Bleach Plot
The anime adaptation of 'Bleach' adapts Kubo's manga, but also introduces several original, self-contained story arcs. In Karakura Town, a 15-year-old high school student Ichigo Kurosaki becomes a substitute Soul Reaper when Rukia Kuchiki, a Soul Reaper, cannot fulfill her duties after engaging in battle with a particularly powerful Hollow. Although initially reluctant to accept the heavy responsibility, he begins eliminating Hollows in Rukia's place and during this time discovers that several of his friends and classmates are spiritually aware and have powers of their own: Uryū Ishida is a Quincy who can use spirit particles, Orihime Inoue possesses a group of protective spirits known as the Shun Shun Rikka and Yasutora Sado ("Chad") has strength equal to the Hollows encased in his tough right arm.
When Rukia is sentenced to death for her transgressions in the human world and taken back to the spirit world of Soul Society, Ichigo heads there to seek out the assistance of Kisuke Urahara and Yoruichi Shihōin, unbeknownst to him as being two exiled Soul Reapers, to allow himself and his friends to save Rukia. After Ichigo and his friends battle many Soul Reapers, it is revealed that high-ranking Soul Reaper Sōsuke Aizen framed Rukia for the crime and has been illegally experimenting on Soul Reapers and Hollows. Aizen plans on taking over Soul Society via use of the Hōgyoku, a legendary substance that can turn Hollows into half Soul Reapers and vice versa, increasing their powers greatly. He escapes into Hueco Mundo, the realm of the Hollows, and later abducts Orihime as she is instrumental in creating the Oken, a power that will allow him to kill the Soul King, the ruler of Soul Society.
After being trained by the Vizards, other exiled Soul Reapers who were unwillingly subjects of Aizen's experiments and developed Hollow powers, Ichigo and his friends travel into Hueco Mundo to save Orihime, facing Aizen's army of Arrancars, Hollows given Soul Reaper abilities, who are led by an elite group of ten known as the Èspadas that are composed of ten Arrancars with exemplary strength. Along with Aizen, Gin Ichimaru and Kaname Tōsen, the Èspada as a group possess comparable strength to Soul Society's Gotei 13 Soul Reaper captains. After finally reaching Orihime, Aizen reveals her kidnapping was a distraction to allow him to take Karakura Town, as its spiritual energy is what is needed for the Oken. After training from his father Isshin, another exiled Soul Reaper, Ichigo and the Soul Reapers face off against Aizen, Soul Reapers who aligned with his cause, and his most powerful Èspadas, resulting in Aizen's surrender and the loss of Ichigo's Soul Reaper powers as he uses a sacred technique to seal Aizen away for good.
Nearly two years later, Chad reveals to Ichigo that he has found people like him, known as Fullbringers, in a group known as Xcution. The Fullbringers can give up their powers to restore a Soul Reaper's powers and they plan on doing so for Ichigo, who begins to use Fullbring as well. However, it is all a ruse by their leader Kugo Ginjo, a Fullbringer and former Substitute Soul Reaper, to steal Ichigo's powers to empower the rest of them. Ichigo ultimately has his Soul Reaper powers restored when he finally earns proper trust from the Soul Society. The captains and lieutenants then share their powers with Ichigo who defeats Ginjo and the other members of Xcution, and returns to his duty of protecting Karakura Town proudly as a Substitute Soul Reaper.
Several original story arcs are presented. The Bount arc in season 4 focuses on spiritually aware humans who are immortal so long as they absorb souls. Their leader Jin Kariya seeks to destroy Soul Society for the constant hunting of the Bount, and he and Ichigo battle for the fate of Soul Society. Another storyline is the introduction of captain Shūsuke Amagai, the replacement for Gin Ichimaru after he joined Aizen in his betrayal. Amagai seeks revenge against Commander Yamamoto for the death of his father, and uses the Kasumiōji family's Bakkōtō weapons in his plans. Ichigo battles Amagai, who acknowledges the shame of his actions and commits suicide. The third original arc features the evil Zanpakutō Muramasa, which has the ability to turn itself and other Zanpakutō into spiritual beings to take revenge on Soul Society for imprisoning its master Kōga Kuchiki. After he is successful, he is double-crossed and transforms into a monstrous creature that Ichigo defeats, but not before Muramasa reveals the intention was to have Soul Reapers and Zanpakutō communicate on equal terms. The fourth and final original arc features an event in which Kagerōza Inaba creates modified soul copies of many members of the Gotei 13, placing them in Reigai bodies. Inaba sought to capture Nozomi Kujō in order to fuse with her and once again become their original being Ōko Yushima. Upon fusion, Yushima sought to destroy the Soul Society.
Bleach Hindi Subbed Download Links
HINDI SUB EP 1 (DIRECT TEMPORARY LINK)
HINDI SUB EP 1 (MEGA LINK)
HINDI SUB EP 4 (DIRECT TEPORARY LINK)
HINDI SUB EP 5 (DIRECT TEMPORAY LINK)
HINDI SUB EP 6 (ONLINE WATCH & DOWNLOAD)
HINDI SUB EP 7
HINDI SUB EP 10
Next EP coming soon !
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Rosita Vilchez
Type : GP
Definition : Split - Small (27,54,58)
Incarnation Cross : LAX Incarnation 1
Birthday: .
Birthplace: Lima, Peru
Type: GP
Inc.Cross: LAX Incarnation 1
Definition: Split - Small (27,54,58)
BLL-MLR
2644 Surrender
0952 Concentration
Peruvian real estate entrepreneur. On 6 September 2012 she was charged with bank fraud in Federal Court.
She was extradited to the United States in June 2015, pled guilty to leading a wide-ranging mortgage fraud conspiracy that targeted hundreds of victims in the northern Virginia Hispanic community. The mortgage fraud scheme, which operated between August 2005 and August 2007, generated nearly $7.4 million in fraudulent proceeds and caused losses of more than $15 million to lenders, most of which were federally insured.
Vilchez pled guilty to conspiracy to commit bank fraud and wire fraud affecting a financial institution. According to court documents, Vilchez operated a real estate firm (Vilchez & Associates), a title insurance company (Pino Title), and the branch of a loan brokerage business (Mount Vernon Capital Corporation) in Manassas, Virginia, all of which she used to carry out the fraud scheme. Vilchez and her co-conspirators submitted fraudulent loan documents that falsified their real estate clients' income, employment, and assets so that they could obtain loans to buy property through Vilchez & Associates, which received commissions of as much as six percent of the selling price of every home.
The Vilchez conspiracy targeted Hispanic clients who were not proficient in spoken or written English, and the borrowers often were unable to read their loan documents and were unaware of the false statements submitted to the lenders on their behalf. According to court filings, the fraudulent loan applications made it possible for the borrowers to qualify for loans they could not afford to repay. Most of these borrowers later lost their homes to foreclosure.
Vilchez faces a maximum penalty of 30 years in prison when she is sentenced on December 4, 2015.


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Ellison Bay Days are here
Ellison Bay Days are here The latest news and events in Ellison Bay/Gills Rock. Check out this story on greenbaypressgazette.com: http://gbpg.net/2t5Mm5r
The Ellison Bay Days festival is well underway, so be sure to get to the Community Park on Highway 42 in downtown Ellison Bay, where you can enjoy great food and beverages, live music and take your chances at the raffle booth. Also visit the arts and craft fair while you're at it.
The Wickman House property on Mink River Road will once again be site for the fourth annual Uncorked Summer gourmet food and wine fest. The festival runs from 10 a.m.-7 p.m. today and 8 a.m.-3 p.m. Sunday.
The annual parade will come down Ellison Bay Hill at 11 a.m. with grand marshals Mad Dog and Merrill, who will also be performing from 3-4 p.m. today at the park.
Face-painting and children's crafts booths will be available for all children attending the festival both today and Sunday.
Remember that the festival is extended until 7 p.m. today with Copper Box providing live music from 4-7 p.m. Street dancing to live music will follow at the Mink River Basin.
On Sunday, the Sister Bay/Liberty Grove Fire Department will be serving its pancake breakfast at Community Park from 8-11 a.m. to kick off the second day of Ellison Bay Days. The Cowboy Church service in the gazebo will begin at 10:30 with their blue-grass band performing.
At 11:30 a.m., Ellison Bay will go to the dogs at the fourth annual "Bestminster Dog Show." Volunteer coordinator Faith Murray reports there is still a need for "dog rustlers" who will help organize the entrants into the various categories of competition. Call 920-421-1477 if you can help.
There will be live music provided by Julian Hagen from 1-3 p.m. in the Gazebo. Raffle drawings will be at 3 p.m. when the Ellison Bay Days Festival comes to an end.
Military honor circle dedication
Don't forget on July 8, the Liberty Grove Historical Society will hold its dedication of its Military Honor Circle, the first and only Door County memorial to all military veterans and active duty members, according to Wisconsin Veterans Museum. The LGHS will also be honoring donors in the Heritage Walkway that leads to the Honor Circle. The Log Cabin Museum on the Century Farm site at 11871 Highway 42 will be open before and after the dedication ceremony featuring its new military exhibit.
Read or Share this story: http://gbpg.net/2t5Mm5r
Police: De Pere woman killed her husband, then self
Boys & Girls Club responds after former employee accused of child sex crimes
Jake Patterson moved out of state for Closs kidnapping, murders
How to keep yourself, others safe in this week's extreme heat
Notorious drug lord 'El Chapo' sentenced to life in prison
City Council OKs overnight parking program to curb drunken driving


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Q: Get files that have certain extension and contain certain words in their folder? I want to make a code that finds files in the subfolders given a main folder  that has certain extension and contain some words in their subfolder's name. How can i do that?
For example get files where their folder has the words 'dis' in their name and get the files that have shp extension in them.
Here is what I tried:
Only the part with the name is not covered.
rootfolder= directory

shapelist = []
   for path, subdirs, files in os.walk(rootfolder):
       for name in files:
           if name.endswith('.shp'):
               shapelist.append(os.path.join(path, name))

The tree is like:
rootfolder\
    subfolders(including two that have the words diss)\
        files inside these

Hope it is clear.

A: Using your method and os.path.split
shapelist = []
for path, subdirs, files in os.walk(rootfolder):
       # check if 'dis' is in the name of the subfolder
       if 'dis' in os.path.split(path)[-1]:
           for name in files:
               if name.endswith('.shp'):
                   shapelist.append(os.path.join(path, name))

but this is a better way using glob
from glob import glob
shapelist = glob(rootfolder + '/**/*dis*/*.shp', recursive=True)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On Saturday afternoon I got to take in the nice weather and shoot some photos for the Kropp family; I love shooting in the fall! It was weird seeing rafts floating down the river while we were shooting, but I guess summer is better late than never. Here's a few of the shots, what a good lookin family!
Shaela - I love the pic with Jordan & his ball glove! Also the pic with Taylor laying in the leaves. Great shots!!
LInda - Great pictures Jason with great subjects. I like the picture of Sherry and Jim and all of the pictures of the kids. The fall colors sure make a nice background. Will you post them all so that we can see them?
Amanda - wow they all look great, agree with Shaela, I love the one with Jordan and his glove, and the one that's the 4 of them it's amazing!!
admin - Once I finish going through them I'll be posting all of the proofs to a private online gallery. I can send you the link and password.


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POLICE BLOTTERS
Nutley: Police blotter, Dec. 27
NorthJersey
Criminal mischief, assault, drug arrests, a dog bite, and shoplifting were among the incidents reported by the Nutley Police Department between Dec. 17 and Dec. 23.
A motor vehicle stop on Crestwood Avenue Dec. 17 resulted in the arrest of a 20-year-old Irvington man found to be in possession of a brick of heroin, police said. Officers also found a "large quantity of cash" located in his front left pocket, according to police. The suspect was arrested and transported to police headquarters where he was charged with drug possession, possession with the intent to distribute heroin, and possession with the intent to distribute a controlled dangerous substance within 1,000 feet of a school. He was released pending a court date.
A 19-year-old Nutley man was arrested in connection with drug possession Dec. 21 following a motor vehicle stop on Hancox Avenue, according to police. He faces charges for marijuana possession, drug use or possession with intent to use drugs and issued motor vehicle summonses for drug possession by a motor vehicle operator and maintenance of lamps. He was released pending a court date, police stated.
Officers entered a victim's information into the identity theft database on Dec. 19 after the victim reported the loss of $700 to fraud. The victim told officers that despite not having an account with Comcast, an unknown party registered one using their name, address and social security number. Officers advised the victim to file a police report and send it to the credit management company and Comcast, according to police.
A man told officers he was punched in the face following a verbal confrontation with three men who then fled on Dec. 20. He described the suspects as a Hispanic man and black man wearing grey "puffer" jackets, and a Hispanic man wearing a blue hooded sweatshirt, according to police.
The suspects fled, running through the courtyard of the complex and left in an unknown direction, police stated. The suspects did not try to take the man's belongings, police said. Officers checked the area but did not find men fitting the description, according to police.
On Dec. 19, officers responded to a report from a resident's home that the resident was bitten by a dog on the right forearm while waiting in the room of a veterinarian's office, police said. Officers observed a small red mark on the victim's forearm. The victim declined medical attention, and the dog-owner was cited for an ordinance violation for having an unlicensed dog, according to police.
The manager of an apartment complex reported that damage had been done to the light fixtures, Christmas lights, and entrance sign on Dec. 19, police said.
A motor vehicle stop on Washington Avenue Dec. 20 led to the arrest of a 43-year-old Nutley man found to have an active warrant out of Millburn. He was arrested and transported to Police Headquarters. The man was issued summonses for driving with unclear/fictitious license plates. He posted bail and was advised to follow up with the municipal court in Millburn.
"Police news" is compiled by the Nutley Sun from information provided by the Nutley Police Department. The information is released to the press at the discretion of the police department and may not represent the total scope of police activity. All persons are presumed innocent unless proven guilty.


Do you sometimes find it difficult to stay focused and motivated to practice or play music? Most musicians I know (including myself) have had at least one significant period in their lives when they have experienced musical burn out – a general feeling of being uninspired, unmotivated, bored, or just plain lazy! I'm not necessarily talking about people who have lost interest in music, I'm referring to those who love it, but have struggled to maintain focus at some point during their lives. Let me illustrate 2 examples, an intermediate level player and a professional musician.
"…..I picked up the guitar when I was 14 after seeing a friend of mine play, I was very impressed in that moment, I felt in love with the guitar.
My first goal was to get better than my friend, so I worked very hard like 6 or more hours per day, I couldn't get away from the guitar, every morning I woke and picked up the guitar and played a little bit before school. I saw BIG improvements! I soon got better than my friend, and I knew it came from 'correct practicing and hard work'.
I began to realize how big improvements had come in so little time, and I began to set big goals. I was so happy and excited because I knew how big I could be if I continued working like I had been doing before. I began playing gigs around the country, small and big gigs, everything was going fine for me.
As you read the excerpts from each player, what did you hear (or what didn't you hear) in their words that might be the root of their problem? I could save you a few minutes and just tell you what I think the answer is, but I think we both (you and me) are far more interested in what YOU think their primary problem was…. So I invite you to take a few minutes (or as long as you need) and think about it on your own before reading the rest of this article…. So please…stop reading now, think about it and then continue onto the next paragraph…..
…..Both of these players had significant goals and challenges which they were focused on and have achieved. In both cases the commitment to achieving these goals was a good motivating force which had served them well – up to a point. Once the goals were basically realized, the motivation quickly evaporated. Both of these players are extraordinary people because they actually had enough perseverance and a strong enough work ethic to manifest their goals into a physical reality. Many people with similar goals may not have had the same drive to get the job done and would have probably burned out even before reaching their own goals. So, what is the answer? Why have these people struggled to move forward even though they know they have the abilities and the desire to do more? In short, what caused the burn out after a certain point?
When I replied to both of the guys, I basically told them I believed their problem was they didn't have powerful enough REASONS to move forward beyond the burn out point. It's much harder to force ourselves to do something every day if we don't have powerful enough reasons to do so. Challenges in life are so much easier to conquer when the purposes and reasons are: important enough, vivid enough, and urgent enough within ourselves.
In the first example above that player had a strong enough reason to reach a certain point, but after that, what happened? He burned out because he paid attention only to reach a goal which would not fulfill him after it was achieved. There wasn't a stronger and bigger reason in his mind to really drive him to go beyond that.... To play better than someone else was simply not a powerful enough reason for the long term.
The player in the second example did have bigger and more powerful goals than the first guy. Because I know quite a lot about this person, I also understand his personal reasons behind those goals and they were/are strong enough – this is why he succeeded. But again, beyond the goals of having a successful professional career in the music business and becoming an excellent musician, he has other goals, but they were not backed by powerful enough, vivid enough, or urgent enough reasons – this is why he simply burned out. As his friend, we talked a lot about this and am glad to report to you that he has focused a lot more on his reasons and has continued on to do even bigger and better things in music (both artistically and professionally).
One of my favorite quotes on achievement comes from Tony Robbins, "If you have big enough reasons, you can achieve virtually anything". This statement has impacted my life greatly from the moment I first heard it in April of 2005.
The reasons you have behind why you want what you want are probably different from the guys in the examples, myself, your friends or anyone else. Your reasons are personal and specific to you. But whatever they are, focus on them every day and if you still are not motivated enough to take the actions you need to take, it doesn't mean that you are lazy – it only means you need to find a powerful enough goal backed by bigger, more powerful and more vivid REASONS.
Why Aren't You a Better Guitarist?


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Xignite to Integrate XPansion Analytics and Reporting Tools into Market Data Management Cloud Platform
Accelerators Launched for Rapid Execution and Faster Time to Market
Connatix Announces Launch of Elements, Online Video Platform with Built-in Revenue for Publishers
Mercantile Investment & Wealth Management Selects Percussion's Rhythmyx 5
Percussion Software has announced that Baltimore-based Mercantile-Safe Deposit and Trust Company has selected the Rhythmyx 5 Enterprise Content Management (ECM) solution for its investment & wealth management operation. Rhythmyx 5 will support Mercantile's push into the national investment services market, as well as deliver content in an enterprise-wide Web infrastructure upgrade for Mercantile's parent, Mercantile Bankshares Corporation. The project includes integration with the BEA WebLogic Portal and consolidation of content from 25 existing regional Web sites into the Rhythmyx system.
The Rhythmyx 5 Enterprise Content Management system offers: line-of-business users with a simple, flexible way to get content onto the Web, while taking IT-based Web developers out of the content production cycle; Active Assembly for Pages, a graphical tool that enables business users to reuse content; and the Rhythmyx De-Coupled Delivery Architecture enables organizations to consolidate content for numerous regional Web sites, while adopting different publishing processes for different Web sites.
(http://www.percussion.com)


We advise and support public and private sector clients with the delivery of complex infrastructure projects, building relationships based on understanding and integrity, working collaboratively, and exploiting technology wherever we can.
Our solutions range from upfront strategic advice to large, outcome-focused programme management including policy, strategic choices, feasibility, concept and detailed design, through to project management, implementation and operation.
So, whether it's providing the social and economic infrastructure to enable our cities to flourish against the backdrop of rapid urbanisation and ever increasing pressures on resources, or the accelerated connectivity of people and places fuelled by technology and big data, where others see challenges, we see opportunities to transform things for the better.
SNC-Lavalin acquired WS Atkins plc on July 3, 2017.


The usual sort of thing. This set has Animals, Anime, Comic Strip, Surf's Up, Princess Tutu and the randomness you've come to expect from me.
1., just because, 11. may get to use it, 12. hope I never use it, so sad, but just in case.
1, 3, and 4 are nice.
Will 14 be in your massive web listing so I can find it later when I want to get around to adding icons?
Fabulous, all of them! Snagged #s 1 and 14. Thank you!


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US Court of Appeals Cases
Original Ballet Russe v. Ballet Theatre , 133 F.2d 187 ( 1943 )
133 F.2d 187 (1943)
ORIGINAL BALLET RUSSE, Limited,
BALLET THEATRE, Inc., et al.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
*188 A. Walter Socolow, of New York City (Alexander D. Diamond, of New York City, of counsel), for appellant.
Cohen, Cole, Weiss & Wharton, of New York City, for appellee Ballet Theatre, Inc.
Garfield, Wrubel & Lazarus, of New York City, for appellee German Sevastianov.
Elias Lieberman, of New York City, for appellees Hurok Attractions, Inc., and Solomon Hurok.
Harry J. Leffert, Robert H. Wrubel, and Vinson C. Aronson, all of New York City, of counsel, for appellees.
Before SWAN, AUGUSTUS N. HAND, and CHASE, Circuit Judges.
SWAN, Circuit Judge.
Original Ballet Russe, Ltd., incorporated under the laws of England and engaged in the business of producing ballet performances throughout the world, brought this action in the court below against Ballet Theatre, Inc., alleged to be a competitor of plaintiff, and three other defendants. Federal jurisdiction rests on diverse citizenship. The complaint alleged that the defendants maliciously formed "the deliberate design and purpose by unlawful means to destroy plaintiff's business * * * and to drive it from the theatrical world"; in furtherance of such design and purpose they induced certain dancers to break their employment contracts with plaintiff and maliciously circulated false statements to injure plaintiff's reputation; and by reason of their acts plaintiff was damaged to the extent of at least $100,000. Before answer the defendants moved for an order requiring the plaintiff to amend its complaint so as to state and number separately the various causes of action set forth therein. Being of the opinion that the complaint alleged at least two separate and distinct torts (defamation of plaintiff and inducing its employees to break their contracts) the district judge granted the motion. An amended complaint was then filed which the court found subject to the same infirmities as the original, and a second order was entered directing compliance with the former order under pain of having the amended complaint dismissed. The plaintiff declining to amend further, a judgment of dismissal was entered, from which the plaintiff has appealed.
Rule 10(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. following section 723c, provides that all averments of claim or defense shall be made in numbered paragraphs and "each claim founded upon a separate transaction or occurrence * * * shall be stated in a separate count * * * whenever a separation facilitates the clear presentation of the matters set forth." Under Rule 41(b) a defendant may move for dismissal of an action for failure of the plaintiff to comply with the rules or any order of court. If the district judge was correct in his application of Rule 10(b) to the original and amended complaints, dismissal of the action under Rule 41(b) was within his discretion. Blake v. De Vilbiss Co., 6 Cir., 118 F.2d 346.
*189 For the traditional and hydra-headed phrase "cause of action"[*] the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have substituted the word "claim." It is used to denote the aggregate of operative facts which give rise to a right enforceable in the courts. See 1 Moore, Federal Practice, pp. 3, 145-150, 605; Clark, Code Pleading, §§ 19, 70. Under Rule 10(b) a separation of claims into separate counts is mandatory only when necessary to facilitate clear presentation. See Moore, supra, p. 607. Strictly, therefore, the issues presented are (1) whether the complaint and amended complaint allege but a single claim or cause of action and (2), if more than one claim is alleged, whether a separation of the claims is required to facilitate clear presentation of the matters set forth.
The original complaint alleged in substance that the defendants conspired to ruin the plaintiff's business of producing ballets, and in furtherance of the conspiracy committed tortious acts by circulating defamatory statements and inducing employees of plaintiff to break their contracts and enter the employ of its competitor, Ballet Theatre, Inc. The amended complaint is framed along identical lines but amplifies the details of the acts done by the defendants in carrying out the conspiracy and shows that tortious conduct by one of them, Hurok Attractions, Inc., was also a breach of its contract to manage performances of the plaintiff's ballet company on certain tours. The ad damnum was largely increased. It is the defendants' contention that where a complaint alleges a conspiracy pursuant to which actionable torts are committed, then the cause or causes of action are the independent torts and not the conspiracy. This view was adopted by the district court.
We agree that where conduct is tortious in itself allegations that it was committed pursuant to a conspiracy add nothing to the complaint, although conduct otherwise innocent may sometimes become actionable if done in concert. Green v. Davies, 182 N.Y. 499, 505, 75 N.E. 536, 3 Ann.Cas. 310; Lewis Invisible Stitch Mach. Co. v. Columbia Mfg. Co., 2 Cir., 80 F.2d 862, 864; A. L. I. Torts, §§ 765, 775. But we cannot agree that the claim for relief set out in plaintiff's original and amended complaints was one "for conspiracy." The cause of action alleged is the intentional destruction of plaintiff's business without justifiable excuse. All the acts of defendants are alleged to have been directed to this end. The charge could have been laid against Ballet Theatre, Inc., alone. Except in so far as non-tortious conduct may be rendered actionable by concert, allegations of conspiracy neither add to nor detract from the wrong of intentional and unjustifiable destruction of a person's business. They are important only to show that the wrong was committed jointly by the defendants so that the acts of one may be imputed to the others because of their common purpose and intent. Brackett v. Griswold, 112 N.Y. 454, 466, 20 N.E. 376; Bob v. Hecksher, 235 A.D. 82, 83, 256 N. Y.S. 126. Recognition of the cause of action under discussion goes back at least to the early case of Keeble v. Hickeringill, 11 East 574n. The philosophy underlying it has been brilliantly expounded in Oliver Wendell Holmes' famous essay, "Privilege, Malice and Intent," 8 Harv.L.Rev. 1. It has been adopted in the American Law Institute's Restatement of the Law of Torts, Division Nine, "Interference with Business Relations." We do not doubt that the law of New York also recognizes the tort of wrongful interference with one's business. See Opera on Tour, Inc. v. Weber, 285 N.Y. 348, 34 N.E.2d 349, 136 A.L.R. 267; American Guild of Musical Artists v. Petrillo, 286 N.Y. 226, 231, 36 N.E.2d 123. In the latter case the court referred to the former as an application of "the broad doctrine that harm intentionally done is actionable if not justified."
The fact that in pleading his claim the plaintiff has charged the defendants with accomplishing the harm by acts which viewed independently might themselves be deemed torts does not necessarily mean that he has alleged several causes of action which must be stated in separate counts. In Oliver v. Perkins, 92 Mich. 304, 52 N.W. 609, the plaintiff's declaration alleged a series of acts which the defendants classified as constituting respectively a breach of contract, a trespass, and a slander, but the court held that a series of wrongful acts, all aimed at a single result and contributing to the injury complained of, to wit, the destruction of one's business, credit and reputation, may be counted upon, not severally but collectively, as producing *190 that result, in an action on the case. See also Rourke v. Elk Drug Co., 75 A.D. 145, 77 N.Y.S. 373; Canellos v. Zotalis, 145 Minn. 292, 177 N.W. 133. In Travelers Ins. Co. v. Chiarello Stevedoring Co., 236 A.D. 468, 260 N.Y.S. 18, an action was brought to recover additional sums due as premiums on policies of insurance issued by the plaintiff to one of the defendants. The theory of the action was that the defendants had conspired to defraud the plaintiff by concealing the true amount of the insured's monthly payrolls, upon which the premiums were based. A motion was granted to require the plaintiff to state and number separately its alleged causes of action. The resulting order was reversed, the court stating at page 469 of 236 App.Div., at page 19 of 260 N.Y.S.: "The torts complained of were similar, except that each was committed at a different time, and the misrepresentations related to different amounts of money. * * * The complaint states but one cause of action for damages for defrauding the plaintiff out of premiums due. * * * When a series of acts committed by conspirators acting in pursuance of a common scheme result in damages, the facts may be set up as one cause of action."
The appellees argue that the decision last cited must be limited to cases where facts which might constitute separate causes of action for fraud have been pleaded as a single cause of action for the ultimate fraud. They rely upon Green v. Davies, 182 N.Y. 499, 75 N.E. 536, 3 Ann.Cas. 310 as establishing a contrary rule for the case at bar. There the complaint alleged that the defendants conspired to traduce the plaintiff and lead his intimate acquaintances and business customers to believe him insane, and also conspired to cause him to be imprisoned on a false charge; and that in pursuance of the conspiracy several of the defendants uttered slanders against him, and another defendant maliciously and fraudulently instituted an action against him in which he was arrested and held to bail. The court held that the complaint did not state a single cause of action for conspiracy but two distinct and separate causes of action which were improperly united, because section 484 of the Code of Civil Procedure then in force forbad the joining in the same complaint of an action for slander and an action for malicious abuse of legal process. We cannot regard this decision as decisive of the issue now presented. It holds merely that a charge of conspiracy adds nothing to the separate torts alleged. It is not a decision that a plaintiff may not state as a single cause of action a series of wrongful acts which are alleged as steps in carrying out the tort of intentional destruction of the plaintiff's business without justifiable excuse. In the case at bar the plaintiff has not alleged the acts as independent wrongs nor has it apportioned between them the total damage caused. It is the aggregate effect of all the acts that resulted in destruction of plaintiff's business. That is the wrong for which damages are sought. Allegations of conspiracy, and proof of them, are immaterial except for the purpose of securing a joint recovery against all defendants. We think that the principle applied in Oliver v. Perkins and Travelers Ins. Co. v. Chiarello Stevedoring Co., supra, is applicable to the complaints at bar. See also Ripperger v. A. C. Allyn & Co., D.C.S.D.N.Y., 37 F. Supp. 369. In our opinion they state but one claim for damages — the damages resulting from wrongful destruction of plaintiff's business.
Even if the complaint were viewed as alleging several causes of action which under New York procedure would have to be stated in separate counts, that would not determine how they must be pleaded in a federal court. The complaints at bar do not treat the defendants' acts as separate transactions or occurrences, nor ask for separate judgment against the defendant charged with doing a particular act. All the acts are alleged to be connected by the common purpose and directed to the common end of driving the plaintiff from the theatrical world. We do not think that a separation into counts is necessary to facilitate "the clear presentation of the matters set forth."
The order of dismissal is reversed and the cause remanded.
[*] See United States v. Memphis Cotton Oil Co., 288 U.S. 62, 67, 68, 53 S. Ct. 278, 77 L. Ed. 619.
DocketNumber: 106
Citation Numbers: 133 F.2d 187
Judges: Swan, Augustus N. Hand, and Chase, Circuit Judges
United States v. Memphis Cotton Oil Co. , 288 U.S. 62 ( 1933 )
Lewis Invisible S. MacH. Co. v. Columbia B. MacH. Mfg. Corp. , 80 F.2d 862 ( 1936 )
American Guild of Musical Artists v. Petrillo , 286 N.Y. 226 ( 1941 )
Opera on Tour, Inc. v. Weber , 285 N.Y. 348 ( 1941 )
Green v. . Davies , 182 N.Y. 499 ( 1905 )
Brackett v. . Griswold , 112 N.Y. 454 ( 1889 )
Mine Workers v. Gibbs , 383 U.S. 715 ( 1966 )
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Finance Minister Asad Umar on Saturday claimed that Pakistan's economy is already on the road to recovery and that the next IMF programme that the government is pursuing will be its last.
Umar made those remarks during a question and answer session following his meeting with a delegation of stockbrokers at the Pakistan Stock Exchange in Karachi.
Mr. Ghazanfar Bilour, President FPCCI and Syed Mazhar Ali Nasir, Senior Vice President FPCCI Presenting Crest to Mr. Asad Umer, Federal Minister for Finance, Revenue & Economic Affairs, Mr. Iftikhar Ali Malik, Vice President SAARC CCI, Mr.Tariq Haleem, Ms. Saeeda Bano, Ms. Shabnam Zafar, Vice Presidents FPCCI and other also seen in the Picture.
the finance minister had a similar sitting with the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FPCCI), whose queries regarding the economy and economic measures he answered.
Umar said that a quick fix to jump-start the economy is to enhance the credit creation capacity of the banking sector — something he said will cover the financing needs of both the government and the public.
Following a tumultuous couple of weeks for the bourse, the finance minister had met the traders today to allay their concerns about the market and the economy.
"There is tremendous growth in the stock market," Umar told the market representatives, but agreed that "measures need to be taken in order to improve the market's [recent performance]".
"We will work for the betterment of the capital market and improve the overall atmosphere for investment," the minister promised, but stressed that the stock market's fortunes are directly linked with the economy's health.
Umar explained that had he not taken swift measures to curb imports, the rupee "would have been devalued by 100 or even 200 per cent instead of just 27 per cent".