text:
// sgmm/estimate-am-sgmm.h

// Copyright 2009-2011  Microsoft Corporation;  Lukas Burget;
//                      Saarland University (Author: Arnab Ghoshal);
//                      Ondrej Glembek;  Yanmin Qian;
// Copyright 2012-2013  Johns Hopkins University (Author: Daniel Povey)
//                      Liang Lu;  Arnab Ghoshal

// See ../../COPYING for clarification regarding multiple authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
// MERCHANTABLITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
// See the Apache 2 License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#ifndef KALDI_SGMM_ESTIMATE_AM_SGMM_H_
#define KALDI_SGMM_ESTIMATE_AM_SGMM_H_ 1

#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "sgmm/am-sgmm.h"
#include "gmm/model-common.h"
#include "itf/options-itf.h"
#include "sgmm/sgmm-clusterable.h"
#include "thread/kaldi-thread.h"  // for MultiThreadable

namespace kaldi {

/** \struct MleAmSgmmOptions
 *  Configuration variables needed in the SGMM estimation process.
 */
struct MleAmSgmmOptions {
  /// Configuration Parameters.  See initialization code for more comments.
  BaseFloat tau_vec;  ///< Amount of smoothing for v_{jm} update
  BaseFloat tau_c;    ///< Tau value for smoothing substate weights (c)
  /// Floor covariance matrices Sigma_i to this times average cov.
  BaseFloat cov_floor;
  /// ratio to dim below which we use diagonal. default 2, set to inf for diag.
  BaseFloat cov_diag_ratio;
  /// Max on condition of matrices in update beyond which we do not update.
  /// Should probably be related to numerical properties of machine
  /// or BaseFloat type.
  BaseFloat max_cond;
  /// Limits condition of smoothing matrices H_sm (e.g. 100).
  /// Only really important on 1st iter if using priors.
  BaseFloat max_cond_H_sm;
  /// Fix for the smoothing approach, necessary if max_cond_H_sm != inf
  /// note: only has an effect if tau_vec != 0.
  bool fixup_H_sm;
  /// Set check_v to true if you want to use the "checking" version of the update
  /// for the v's, in which it checks the "real" objective function value and
  /// backtracks if necessary;
  bool check_v;

  bool renormalize_V;  // Renormalize the phonetic space.
  bool renormalize_N;  // Renormalize the speaker space.

  /// Number of iters when re-estimating weight projections "w".
  int weight_projections_iters;
  /// The "sequential" weight update that checks each i in turn.
  /// (if false, uses the "parallel" one).
  bool use_sequential_weight_update;

  BaseFloat epsilon;  ///< very small value used to prevent SVD crashing.

  BaseFloat tau_map_M;  ///< For MAP update of the phonetic subspace M
  int map_M_prior_iters;  ///< num of iterations to update the prior of M
  bool full_row_cov;  ///< Estimate row covariance instead of using I
  bool full_col_cov;  ///< Estimate col covariance instead of using I

  MleAmSgmmOptions() {
    // tau value used in smoothing vector re-estimation (if no prior used).
    tau_vec = 0.0;
    tau_c  = 5.0;
    cov_floor = 0.025;
    cov_diag_ratio = 2.0;  // set to very large to get diagonal-cov models.
    max_cond = 1.0e+05;
    epsilon = 1.0e-40;
    max_cond_H_sm = 1.0e+05;  // only for diagnostics in normal situations.
    fixup_H_sm = true;
    check_v = false;  // for back-compat.
    renormalize_V = true;
    renormalize_N = false;  // default to false since will invalidate spk vectors
                            // on disk.
    weight_projections_iters = 3;
    use_sequential_weight_update = false;

    map_M_prior_iters = 5;
    tau_map_M = 0.0;  // No MAP update by default (~500-1000 depending on prior)
    full_row_cov = false;
    full_col_cov = false;
  }

  void Register(OptionsItf *po) {
    std::string module = "MleAmSgmmOptions: ";
    po->Register("tau-vec", &tau_vec, module+
                 "Smoothing for phone vector estimation.");
    po->Register("tau-c", &tau_c, module+
                 "Smoothing for substate weights estimation.");
    po->Register("cov-floor", &cov_floor, module+
                 "Covariance floor (fraction of average covariance).");
    po->Register("cov-diag-ratio", &cov_diag_ratio, module+
                 "Minimum occ/dim ratio below which use diagonal covariances.");
    po->Register("max-cond", &max_cond, module+"Maximum condition number beyond"
                 " which matrices are not updated.");
    po->Register("weight-projections-iters", &weight_projections_iters, module+
                 "Number for iterations for weight projection estimation.");
    po->Register("renormalize-v", &renormalize_V, module+"If true, renormalize "
                 "the phonetic-subspace vectors to have meaningful sizes.");
    po->Register("check-v", &check_v, module+"If true, check real auxf "
                 "improvement in update of v and backtrack if needed "
                 "(not compatible with smoothing v)");
    po->Register("renormalize-n", &renormalize_N, module+"If true, renormalize "
                 "the speaker subspace to have meaningful sizes.");

    po->Register("tau-map-M", &tau_map_M, module+"Smoothing for MAP estimate "
                 "of M (0 means ML update).");
    po->Register("map-M-prior-iters", &map_M_prior_iters, module+
                 "Number of iterations to estimate prior covariances for M.");
    po->Register("full-row-cov", &full_row_cov, module+
                 "Estimate row covariance instead of using I.");
    po->Register("full-col-cov", &full_col_cov, module+
                 "Estimate column covariance instead of using I.");
  }
};

/** \class MleAmSgmmAccs
 *  Class for the accumulators associated with the SGMM parameters except
 *  speaker vectors.
 */
class MleAmSgmmAccs {
 public:
  explicit MleAmSgmmAccs(BaseFloat rand_prune = 1.0e-05)
      : total_frames_(0.0), total_like_(0.0), feature_dim_(0),
        phn_space_dim_(0), spk_space_dim_(0), num_gaussians_(0),
        num_states_(0), rand_prune_(rand_prune) {}

  MleAmSgmmAccs(const AmSgmm &model, SgmmUpdateFlagsType flags,
                BaseFloat rand_prune = 1.0e-05)
      : total_frames_(0.0), total_like_(0.0), rand_prune_(rand_prune) {
    ResizeAccumulators(model, flags);
  }

  ~MleAmSgmmAccs();

  void Read(std::istream &in_stream, bool binary, bool add);
  void Write(std::ostream &out_stream, bool binary) const;

  /// Checks the various accumulators for correct sizes given a model. With
  /// wrong sizes, assertion failure occurs. When the show_properties argument
  /// is set to true, dimensions and presence/absence of the various
  /// accumulators are printed. For use when accumulators are read from file.
  void Check(const AmSgmm &model, bool show_properties = true) const;

  /// Resizes the accumulators to the correct sizes given the model. The flags
  /// argument control which accumulators to resize.
  void ResizeAccumulators(const AmSgmm &model, SgmmUpdateFlagsType flags);

  /// Returns likelihood.
  BaseFloat Accumulate(const AmSgmm &model,
                       const SgmmPerFrameDerivedVars &frame_vars,
                       const VectorBase<BaseFloat> &v_s,  // spk-vec, may be empty
                       int32 state_index, BaseFloat weight,
                       SgmmUpdateFlagsType flags);

  /// Returns count accumulated (may differ from posteriors.Sum()
  /// due to weight pruning).
  BaseFloat AccumulateFromPosteriors(const AmSgmm &model,
                                     const SgmmPerFrameDerivedVars &frame_vars,
                                     const Matrix<BaseFloat> &posteriors,
                                     const VectorBase<BaseFloat> &v_s,  // may be empty
                                     int32 state_index,
                                     SgmmUpdateFlagsType flags);

  /// Accumulates global stats for the current speaker (if applicable).
  /// If flags contains kSgmmSpeakerProjections (N), must call
  /// this after finishing the speaker's data.
  void CommitStatsForSpk(const AmSgmm &model,
                         const VectorBase<BaseFloat> &v_s);

  /// Accessors
  void GetStateOccupancies(Vector<BaseFloat> *occs) const;
  const std::vector< Matrix<double> >& GetOccs() const {
    return gamma_;
  }
  int32 FeatureDim() const { return feature_dim_; }
  int32 PhoneSpaceDim() const { return phn_space_dim_; }
  int32 NumStates() const { return num_states_; }
  int32 NumGauss() const { return num_gaussians_; }
  double TotalFrames() const { return total_frames_; }
  double TotalLike() const { return total_like_; }

 private:
  /// The stats which are not tied to any state.
  /// Stats Y_{i} for phonetic-subspace projections M; Dim is [I][D][S].
  std::vector< Matrix<double> > Y_;
  /// Stats Z_{i} for speaker-subspace projections N. Dim is [I][D][T].
  std::vector< Matrix<double> > Z_;
  /// R_{i}, quadratic term for speaker subspace estimation. Dim is [I][T][T]
  std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > R_;
  /// S_{i}^{-}, scatter of adapted feature vectors x_{i}(t). Dim is [I][D][D].
  std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > S_;

  /// The SGMM state specific stats.
  /// Statistics y_{jm} for state vectors v_{jm}. dimension is [J][M_{j}[S].
  std::vector< Matrix<double> > y_;
  /// Gaussian occupancies gamma_{jmi} for each substate. Dim is [J][M_{j}][I].
  std::vector< Matrix<double> > gamma_;

  /// gamma_{i}^{(s)}.  Per-speaker counts for each Gaussian. Dimension is [I]
  /// Needed for stats R_.
  Vector<double> gamma_s_;

  double total_frames_, total_like_;

  /// Dimensionality of various subspaces
  int32 feature_dim_, phn_space_dim_, spk_space_dim_;
  int32 num_gaussians_, num_states_;  ///< Other model specifications

  BaseFloat rand_prune_;

  KALDI_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MleAmSgmmAccs);
  friend class MleAmSgmmUpdater;
  friend class EbwAmSgmmUpdater;
  friend class MleAmSgmmGlobalAccs;
};

/** \class MleAmSgmmUpdater
 *  Contains the functions needed to update the SGMM parameters.
 */
class MleAmSgmmUpdater {
 public:
  explicit MleAmSgmmUpdater(const MleAmSgmmOptions &options)
      : update_options_(options) {}
  void Reconfigure(const MleAmSgmmOptions &options) {
    update_options_ = options;
  }

  /// Main update function: Computes some overall stats, does parameter updates
  /// and returns the total improvement of the different auxiliary functions.
  BaseFloat Update(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                   AmSgmm *model,
                   SgmmUpdateFlagsType flags);

  /// This function is like UpdatePhoneVectorsChecked, which supports
  /// objective-function checking and backtracking but no smoothing term, but it
  /// takes as input the stats used in SGMM-based tree clustering-- this is used
  /// in initializing an SGMM from the tree stats.  It's not part of the
  /// normal recipe.
  double UpdatePhoneVectorsCheckedFromClusterable(
      const std::vector<SgmmClusterable*> &stats,
      const std::vector<SpMatrix<double> > &H,
      AmSgmm *model);

 protected:
  friend class UpdateWParallelClass;
  friend class UpdatePhoneVectorsClass;
  friend class UpdatePhoneVectorsCheckedFromClusterableClass;
  friend class EbwEstimateAmSgmm;

  ///  Compute the Q_i quantities (Eq. 64).
  static void ComputeQ(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                       const AmSgmm &model,
                       std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > *Q);

  /// Compute the S_means quantities, minus sum: (Y_i M_i^T + M_i Y_I^T).
  static void ComputeSMeans(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                            const AmSgmm &model,
                            std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > *S_means);
  friend class EbwAmSgmmUpdater;
 private:
  MleAmSgmmOptions update_options_;
  /// Q_{i}, quadratic term for phonetic subspace estimation. Dim is [I][S][S]
  std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > Q_;

  /// Eq (74): S_{i}^{(means)}, scatter of substate mean vectors for estimating
  /// the shared covariance matrices. [Actually this variable contains also the
  /// term -(Y_i M_i^T + M_i Y_I^T).]  Dimension is [I][D][D].
  std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > S_means_;

  Vector<double> gamma_j_;  ///< State occupancies

  void ComputeSmoothingTerms(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                             const AmSgmm &model,
                             const std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > &H,
                             SpMatrix<double> *H_sm,
                             Vector<double> *y_sm) const;

  // UpdatePhoneVectors function that allows smoothing terms (but
  // no checking of proper auxiliary function RE weights)
  double UpdatePhoneVectors(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                            AmSgmm *model,
                            const std::vector<SpMatrix<double> > &H,
                            const SpMatrix<double> &H_sm,
                            const Vector<double> &y_sm);

  // Called from UpdatePhoneVectors; updates a subset of states
  // (relates to multi-threading).
  void UpdatePhoneVectorsInternal(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                                  AmSgmm *model,
                                  const std::vector<SpMatrix<double> > &H,
                                  const SpMatrix<double> &H_sm,
                                  const Vector<double> &y_sm,
                                  double *auxf_impr,
                                  double *like_impr,
                                  int32 num_threads,
                                  int32 thread_id) const;

  // UpdatePhoneVectors function that does not support smoothing
  // terms, but allows checking of objective-function improvement,
  // and backtracking.
  double UpdatePhoneVectorsChecked(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                                   AmSgmm *model,
                                   const std::vector<SpMatrix<double> > &H);

  // Called (indirectly) from UpdatePhoneVectorsCheckedFromClusterable()
  void UpdatePhoneVectorsCheckedFromClusterableInternal(
      const std::vector<SgmmClusterable*> &stats,
      const std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > &H,
      AmSgmm *model,
      double *count_ptr,
      double *like_impr_ptr,
      int32 num_threads,
      int32 thread_id);

  double UpdateM(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model);

  void RenormalizeV(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model,
                    const SpMatrix<double> &H_sm);
  double UpdateN(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model);
  void RenormalizeN(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model);
  double UpdateVars(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model);
  double UpdateWParallel(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model);

  /// Called, multithreaded, inside UpdateWParallel
  static
  void UpdateWParallelGetStats(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                               const AmSgmm &model,
                               const Matrix<double> &w,
                               Matrix<double> *F_i,
                               Matrix<double> *g_i,
                               double *tot_like,
                               int32 num_threads,
                               int32 thread_id);

  double UpdateWSequential(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                           AmSgmm *model);
  double UpdateSubstateWeights(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                               AmSgmm *model);

  void ComputeMPrior(AmSgmm *model);  // TODO(arnab): Maybe make this static?
  double MapUpdateM(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs, AmSgmm *model);

  KALDI_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MleAmSgmmUpdater);
  MleAmSgmmUpdater() {}  // Prevent unconfigured updater.
};

/** \class MleSgmmSpeakerAccs
 *  Class for the accumulators required to update the speaker
 *  vectors v_s.
 *  Note: if you have multiple speakers you will want to initialize
 *  this just once and call Clear() after you're done with each speaker,
 *  rather than creating a new object for each speaker, since the
 *  initialization function does nontrivial work.
 */

class MleSgmmSpeakerAccs {
 public:
  /// Initialize the object.  Error if speaker subspace not set up.
  MleSgmmSpeakerAccs(const AmSgmm &model, BaseFloat rand_prune_ = 1.0e-05);

  /// Clear the statistics.
  void Clear();

  /// Accumulate statistics.  Returns per-frame log-likelihood.
  BaseFloat Accumulate(const AmSgmm &model,
                       const SgmmPerFrameDerivedVars &frame_vars,
                       int32 state_index, BaseFloat weight);

  /// Accumulate statistics, given posteriors.  Returns total
  /// count accumulated, which may differ from posteriors.Sum()
  /// due to randomized pruning.
  BaseFloat AccumulateFromPosteriors(const AmSgmm &model,
                                     const SgmmPerFrameDerivedVars &frame_vars,
                                     const Matrix<BaseFloat> &posteriors,
                                     int32 state_index);

  /// Update speaker vector.  If v_s was empty, will assume it started as zero
  /// and will resize it to the speaker-subspace size.
  void Update(BaseFloat min_count,  // e.g. 100
              Vector<BaseFloat> *v_s,
              BaseFloat *objf_impr_out,
              BaseFloat *count_out);

 private:
  /// Statistics for speaker adaptation (vectors), stored per-speaker.
  /// Per-speaker stats for vectors, y^{(s)}. Dimension [T].
  Vector<double> y_s_;
  /// gamma_{i}^{(s)}.  Per-speaker counts for each Gaussian. Dimension is [I]
  Vector<double> gamma_s_;

  /// The following variable does not change per speaker.
  /// Eq. (82): H_{i}^{spk} = N_{i}^T \Sigma_{i}^{-1} N_{i}
  std::vector< SpMatrix<double> > H_spk_;

  /// N_i^T \Sigma_{i}^{-1}. Needed for y^{(s)}
  std::vector< Matrix<double> > NtransSigmaInv_;

  /// small constant to randomly prune tiny posteriors
  BaseFloat rand_prune_;
};

// This class, used in multi-core implementation of the updates of the "w_i"
// quantities, was previously in estimate-am-sgmm.cc, but is being moved to the
// header so it can be used in estimate-am-sgmm-ebw.cc.  It is responsible for
// computing, in parallel, the F_i and g_i quantities used in the updates of
// w_i.
class UpdateWParallelClass: public MultiThreadable {
 public:
  UpdateWParallelClass(const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs,
                       const AmSgmm &model,
                       const Matrix<double> &w,
                       Matrix<double> *F_i,
                       Matrix<double> *g_i,
                       double *tot_like):
      accs_(accs), model_(model), w_(w),
      F_i_ptr_(F_i), g_i_ptr_(g_i), tot_like_ptr_(tot_like) {
    tot_like_ = 0.0;
    F_i_.Resize(F_i->NumRows(), F_i->NumCols());
    g_i_.Resize(g_i->NumRows(), g_i->NumCols());
  }

  ~UpdateWParallelClass() {
    F_i_ptr_->AddMat(1.0, F_i_, kNoTrans);
    g_i_ptr_->AddMat(1.0, g_i_, kNoTrans);
    *tot_like_ptr_ += tot_like_;
  }

  inline void operator() () {
    // Note: give them local copy of the sums we're computing,
    // which will be propagated to the total sums in the destructor.
    MleAmSgmmUpdater::UpdateWParallelGetStats(accs_, model_, w_,
                                              &F_i_, &g_i_, &tot_like_,
                                              num_threads_, thread_id_);
  }
 private:
  // MleAmSgmmUpdater *updater_;
  const MleAmSgmmAccs &accs_;
  const AmSgmm &model_;
  const Matrix<double> &w_;
  Matrix<double> *F_i_ptr_;
  Matrix<double> *g_i_ptr_;
  Matrix<double> F_i_;
  Matrix<double> g_i_;
  double *tot_like_ptr_;
  double tot_like_;
};

}  // namespace kaldi

#endif  // KALDI_SGMM_ESTIMATE_AM_SGMM_H_


text:
Herpesvirus simiae
PATHOGEN SAFETY DATA SHEET - INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES
NAME: Cercopithecinae herpes virus 1 (CHV-1).
SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Herpes simiae virus, herpesvirus simiae, B virus, herpes B virus, herpes B, monkey B virus, W virus, monkey herpes infection, simian herpesvirus B infection, and B virus infection (1-12).
CHARACTERISTICS: CHV-1 belongs to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Simplexvirus, and is closely related to herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (3, 10). CHV-1 is the only non-human primate herpesvirus that has been shown to infect humans (2, 3, 7, 10).
CHV-1 is an enveloped icosapentahedral virion, measuring approximately 160 to 180 nm in diameter, and has a double-stranded DNA genome (2, 3).
SECTION II - HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: After a brief incubation period, a localised vesicular eruption near the site of inoculation is accompanied by fever, myalgia, headache, and/or nausea (6, 7). The vesicular eruption is clinically and pathologically similar to that caused by herpes simplex virus (6, 7). Neurological symptoms follow 3 to 7 days later, including meningismus, nausea, vomiting, persistent headache, confusion, diplopia, dysphagia, dizziness, dysarthria, cranial nerve palsies, and ataxia (6).
Virus spread to the central nervous system is an ominous sign, since, even with antiviral therapy and supportive care, most patients die. Deaths are often attributed to respiratory failure associated with ascending paralysis (3).
The mortality rate is over 70% in untreated individuals, and neurological sequelae are common in those who survive (3, 4, 7, 10).
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Human infection with CHV-1 is rare, and around 40 to 50 cases have been described worldwide (3, 5, 6, 10). The first human case of CHV-1 was reported in a laboratory researcher in 1932, who was bitten on the finger by an apparently healthy rhesus macaque and died of progressive encephalomyelitis 15 days later (3, 9, 11).
HOST RANGE: Humans, monkeys of the genus Macaca, including the stumptail macaque (M. artoides), pig-tailed macaque (M. nemestrina), Japanese macaque (M. fuscata), bonnet macaque (M. radiate), and Taiwan macaque (M. cyclopis) (1-3, 7-12).
Experimental hosts include rabbits, dogs, mice and guinea pigs (2).
INFECTIOUS DOSE: Unknown.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION: Humans are infected in most cases by monkey bites, but transmission has also occurred following direct inoculation of the eye or respiratory tract with the bodily fluids of CHV-1 infected monkeys (1, 2, 5-7, 10). Direct contamination of a pre-existing wound with CHV-1 infected monkey saliva is a less common mode of transmission (2). Indirect contact, such as injury from a contaminated fomite (e.g. needlestick injury, cuts from broken tissue culture bottles containing infected monkey cells, or cage scratch), has also resulted in human infection (2, 3).
INCUBATION PERIOD: Reported range is 2 days to 5 weeks, although most cases fall into a range of 5 to 21 days (3, 6, 7).
COMMUNICABILITY: Person-to-person transmission from intimate contact with vesicular lesions has been documented in a single case (1-3, 5, 7, 10).
RESERVOIR: The rhesus macaque (M. mulatta) and the long-tailed macaque (M. fascicularis) are the main natural reservoirs (1, 3, 5).
ZOONOSIS: Yes, through direct or indirect contact with the bodily fluids of CHV-1 infected monkeys (1, 3, 5, 7, 10).
VECTORS: None.
SECTION IV – STABILITY AND VIABILITY
DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY: CHV-1 is susceptible to the antiviral drugs acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir (6).
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: CHV-1 is susceptible to fresh 0.25% hypochlorite solution, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine (4, 6).
PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: Like all other enveloped viruses, it is likely that exposure to ultraviolet light and heat (56°C for at least 30 minutes) will inactivate CHV-1 (2).
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Storage of CHV-1 in tissue culture medium (pH 7.2, 4°C) was shown to result in a slight loss in viability after 8 weeks (12). A single episode of freezing at either -20°C or -72°C resulted in an initial loss of 2 logs of infectivity of tissue culture medium stored specimens (12). All infectivity of CHV-1 is lost after storage in tissue culture media at 40°C for 2 weeks (12).
SECTION V – FIRST AID / MEDICAL
SURVEILLANCE: Methods of detection of CHV-1 in suspected cases include viral culture of the agent from swab specimens, cerebrospinal fluid, and punch-biopsied material from possible sites of infection (bites and scratch wounds), PCR, ELISA, Western blot and PCR-microplate hybridisation assay (1, 2, 6, 8). Due to significant cross-reactivity with herpes simplex virus -1 and -2, serological testing is of human sera is of limited diagnostic merit (13). MRI, CT and EEG of the brain can also be used to detect the neurological signs of CHV-1 infection (6).
Note: All diagnostic methods are not necessarily available in all countries.
FIRST AID/TREATMENT: All bites and scratches should be immediately cleaned with soap or detergent for at least 20 minutes, and eyes and mucous membranes should be vigorously rinsed with sterile saline (1, 3, 4, 7). In addition to soap or detergent, povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine are recommended (4, 6). The time spent scrubbing or soaking the wound (15 to 20 minutes) is much more important for limiting/preventing transmission, than the type of solution used (4). Antiviral therapy is administered if the individual is thought to be at risk (3, 4, 6).
IMMUNIZATION: None.
PROPHYLAXIS: Yes, individuals thought to be at high risk for infection following a bite, laceration, or puncture wound when working with infected neural tissue are administered antivirals (4, 6). Prophylaxis is started as soon as possible after exposure (within hours), but only after wound cleaning has been completed (6). Three orally administered agents are currently available for postexposure prophylaxis of CHV-1 infection: acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir. The drug of choice is valacyclovir (6).
LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: Virtually all known CHV-1 infections were laboratory acquired and of approximately 40 to 50 cases reported worldwide only 26 have been well documented (6). Of those 26, the majority were contracted from the bite of a CHV-1 infected monkey (6).
SOURCES/SPECIMENS: Blood, saliva, conjunctival fluid, or urogenital secretions of infected macaques (4-6). Central nervous system tissues and cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys are also potentially infectious (6).
PRIMARY HAZARDS: Bite or scratches from CHV-1 infected monkeys, exposure of broken skin or mucous membranes to infected secretions of monkeys, needlestick or sharps injuries when handling infected samples (2, 5-7, 10).
SPECIAL HAZARDS: Cell culture and autopsy materials derived from infected monkeys can present a potential hazard (2). Exposure to virus from the natural aerosols that surround monkeys is a possibility but is considered to be of unknown or low risk (4).
SECTION VII – EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
RISK GROUP CLASSIFICATION: Risk Group 4.
CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS: Containment Level 4 facilities, equipment, and operational practices for work involving infectious or potentially infectious materials, animals, and cultures.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Personnel entering the laboratory must remove street clothing, including undergarments, and jewellery, and change into dedicated laboratory clothing and shoes, or don full coverage protective clothing (i.e., completely covering all street clothing). Additional protection may be worn over laboratory clothing when infectious materials are directly handled, such as solid-front gowns with tight fitting wrists, gloves, and respiratory protection. Eye protection must be used where there is a known or potential risk of exposure to splashes (14).
OTHER PRECAUTIONS: All activities with infectious material should be conducted in a biological safety cabinet (BSC) in combination with a positive pressure suit, or within a class III BSC line. Centrifugation of infected materials must be carried out in closed containers placed in sealed safety cups, or in rotors that are unloaded in a biological safety cabinet. The integrity of positive pressure suits must be routinely checked for leaks. The use of needles, syringes, and other sharp objects should be strictly limited. Open wounds, cuts, scratches, and grazes should be covered with waterproof dressings (14). Additional precautions should be considered with work involving animal activities.
SECTION VIII - HANDLING AND STORAGE
SPILLS: Allow aerosols to settle and, wearing protective clothing, gently cover spill with paper towels and apply suitable disinfectants, starting at the perimeter and working towards the centre. Allow sufficient contact time before clean up (14).
DISPOSAL: Decontaminate all materials for disposal from the containment laboratory by steam sterilisation, chemical disinfection, incineration or by gaseous methods. Contaminated materials include both liquid and solid wastes (14).
STORAGE: In sealed, leak-proof containers that are appropriately labelled and locked in a Containment Level 4 laboratory (14).
SECTION IX – REGULATORY AND OTHER INFORMATION
REGULATORY INFORMATION: The import, transport, and use of pathogens in Canada is regulated under many regulatory bodies, including the Public Health Agency of Canada, Health Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Environment Canada, and Transport Canada. Users are responsible for ensuring they are compliant with all relevant acts, regulations, guidelines, and standards.
UPDATED: August 2010.
PREPARED BY: Pathogen Regulation Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada.
Although the information, opinions and recommendations contained in this Pathogen Safety Data Sheet are compiled from sources believed to be reliable, we accept no responsibility for the accuracy, sufficiency, or reliability or for any loss or injury resulting from the use of the information. Newly discovered hazards are frequent and this information may not be completely up to date.
Copyright © Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010 Canada
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Victims of crime handbook
As a victim of a crime, you may be experiencing feelings of confusion, frustration, fear and anger. Justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime. It a real crime that was around well before oj and will still exist well beyond brown and sheen. This handbook was prepared by the national sheriffs association under grant number 97vfgx0002, awarded by the office for victims of crime, office of justice programs, u. Crime survivors handbook north carolina bar association. If you are a victim of crime and need help, we will make every effort to assist you in the compensa. This handbook was prepared by a group of experts from more than 40 countries at a series of meetings supported by the office for victims of crime in the united states.
In 2000, sb 153 expanded benefits for some crime victims, and streamlined the application. Previously published 1994 by victim services program. They exist to help you and support you, and you should not hesitate to call them. The pmt administers federal and state funds and provides technical assistance to. The office of victim services may be able to help with medical bills and counseling expenses. In addition to describing what happens after a crime occurs, what happens after conviction, and how a juvenile delinquency proceeding differs from adult criminal court, the handbook has an extensive directory of victim services available in alaska communities at the time of publication. This makes their role critical and puts them in a unique position to assist victims immedi. Murphy milanos exceptional victims handbook is here.
In an effort to maintain the health and safety of our staff, crime victim services is remotely monitoring all communications. It includes information about victims rights, places to go for help, and the criminal justice. This handbook is designedto help you understand the federal criminal justice system. A guide to healing and recovery chinese traditional september 2001 ovc, 10 pages, ncj 201126. Because of language and cultural barriers, immigrant and.
Victims may be primary or secondary victims of crime. We are dedicated to serving individuals, families, and communities harmed. The dvs program management team pmt is an essential part of achieving the mission of the division of victim services. Including brand new chapters on intersectionality, child victims, sexuality, hate crime and crimes of the powerful, this handbook is essential reading for students and academics studying. Claimants responsible for crime victims expenses, such as parents or guardians. These include a medical, mental health or dental provider, funeral. Victims of crime in the eu european union agency for. Victims of family violence have to remember that it is not just themselves, but also their children who are affected by violence. This law helps innocent victims of violent crime recover their economic losses suffered as a result of the crime. Many crime victims find it difficult to understand court procedures and their role in them.
This handbook is a reminder that every victim deserves to be treated with courtesy, respect, and fairness. Others are overwhelmed by the emotions that often accompany victimization. This second edition of the handbook of victims and victimology presents a comprehensively revised and updated set of essays, bringing together internationally recognised scholars and practitioners to offer. The national center for victims of crime the national. The decision to bring charges is not just based on whether the prosecutor believes the crime occurred, but whether the case can be proven to a jury. Our trained and experienced court companions provide support to victims, witnesses and their families in every criminal court in south australia. This handbook is for victims of crime and the people who support them. The purpose of this handbook is to help law enforcement officers better understand and meet the needs of victims of crime, particularly during the first response period.
Resources for victims and offenders hobart community. The mississippi crime victim compensation program provides financial assistance to victims of criminal acts who have suffered bodily injury or death. The purpose of the office is to help victims of crime obtain the legal rights they have under article 1, section 24 of alaskas constitution and. Below is a summary of the different types of claims and to whom they apply. Specifically, this handbook addresses issues that arise during the initial contact between officers and victims. If you are a victim or witness, this handbook describes the process that you may go through as part of the criminal justice system. For assistance, please contact us through the web form available here, or you can write to us at crime victim services division, office of the attorney general, po box 12198, austin, texas 787112198. We are dedicated to serving individuals, families, and communities harmed by crime.
Aug 21, 2012 analyses criminal justice policy and service delivery in relation to victims of crime, looking at developments within the uk and international perspectives. Coordinatorfor the appropriate section or field office, is listed at the end of this handbook. We offer a variety of services, including crime victim compensation. Victimwitness assistance program alaska department of law.
Handbook on justice for victims united nations office on drugs. Our surviving violent crime handbook includes information about the criminal justice process and may help victims survivors cope with a range of emotions resulting from the crime s perpetrated against them. We offer a variety of services, including crime victim compensation, outreach and training. When victims and law enforcement personnel work together and help each other, the effectiveness of. In may 1996, the united nations commission on crime prevention and criminal justice, at its fifth session, adopted a resolution to develop a manual or manuals. Criminal law and victims rights in a criminal case, a prosecuting attorney working for the city, state, or federal government decides if charges should be brought against the perpetrator. Robersons handbook on victims issues in criminal justice is an indispensable resource for any criminal justice professional who deals with crime victims. If you are a victim or witness, this handbook describes the process that you may go through as part of the. Ohio crime victim compensation program statutory changes. This handbook provides basic information for victims seeking an alternative to living in an abusive relationship.
Other helpful links alaska office of victims rights. Crime victims handbook california department of justice ca. The minnesota crime victims reparations board is a state program that was established by the legislature in 1974 to help victims with their financial losses and aid in their recovery from a violent crime. Kent brings his experience as a former sex crimes unit prosecutor into the civil arena and fights for justice on behalf of crime victims in pennsylvania and new jersey. For many victims of crime, going to court can feel overwhelming but you dont have to go through the court process alone. The agency also funds a network of victim service providers across new york state. The handbook was revised by a group of international experts representing all the main legal systems and regions, which met in vienna on 24 and 25 may 2007. There must have been an act of violence that caused injury and was reported to police within a reasonable time. Chapters 1 and 2 present the rationale for focusing on teen victims and explore the common ground between victim services and youth development. Office for victims of crime foreign language publications. Chapters 3 and 4 cover the principles of ado lescent development and the unique impact. It means providing better training for frontline police officers, ensuring. Pennsylvanias crime victims rights and corresponding.
The mission of the national center for victims of crime is to forge a national commitment to help victims of crime rebuild their lives. For cvc purposes, organizations or individuals providing billed services to victims or claimants are considered victim service providers. Luckily, programs in mississippi serve crime victims and their families in many ways. This handbook was prepared by a group of experts from more than 40 countries at a series of meetings supported by the office for victims of crime in the united states department of justice and the ministry of justice in the netherlands. Justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime was prepared for the united nations offi ce on drugs and crime unodc by cyril laucci, independent consultant. The crime victim bill of rights applies to cases involving a specified list of criminal offenses but can be applied in cases involving cr imes not specifically listed with consent of the presiding judge. Introduction to victims compensation hobart community.
Crime victim services section the crime victim services section of the ohio attorney general s office assists victims of crime statewide. Victims of crime assistance tribunal vocat works through magistrates courts and hears applications for financial assistance from victims of violent crime. Victims rights handbook alaska victimwitness assistance. This handbook is meant to help immigrants and refugees who are the victims of crime, as well as those who seek to assist them. The first authority is the pennsylvania crime victims act, title 18 p. Compensation is awarded for medical care, rehabilitation, counseling services for the victim and the victims family members, funeral expenses, loss of wages for the victim or claimant, and loss of support for dependents of deceased victims.
Office of justice programs crime victims reparations board. Eligible employees who are crime victims or family members of crime victims may take time off from work to participate, upon the prosecutors request, in. The crime victims handbook was written especially for. This makes their role critical and puts them in a unique position to assist victims immediately after the crime and encourage and facilitate victim participation in the criminal justice system. The impacts of family violence on children are huge, and can result in children.
Crime victims handbook launched trinidad and tobago. It also advises you of your rights and of the state and local services that may be available to assist you. Victims of crime assistance tribunal the law handbook. If you are a victim of or a witness to a crime, the victimwitness assistance program is designed to provide you with services while you are involved in the criminal justice system. A guide to healing and recovery september 2001 ovc, ovc others, 12 pages, ncj 190249. Law enforcement officers have more contact with crime victims than any other criminal justice professional. Routledge handbook on victims issues in criminal justice. This handbook is designed to provide general information about your rights as a victim of crime. The victims of crime act voca subaward management handbook discusses general program requirements and restrictions relating to the administration of all federal voca assistance subawards. Who can claim compensation depends on the type of compensation being sought. Justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime was prepared for the united nations office on drugs and crime unodc by cyril laucci, independent consultant.
Handbook of victims and victimology 2nd edition sandra. Pennsylvanias crime victims rights and corresponding rules. This handbook was prepared by a group of experts from more than 40. Because of language and cultural barriers, immigrant and refugee victims may not be aware of programs and may face additional challenges when involved in the criminal justice system. The more you know about the criminal justice system, the more comfortable you will feel as various. Because of language and cultural barriers, immigrant and refugee victims. If you are a victim or witness, this handbook describes the. This handbook will give you the knowledge you need to understand the judicial system. The handbook of victims and victimology is a collection of essays that offer comprehensive, comparative and critical analyses of complex dimensions of victim experiences as structured by. Dvs administers the wyoming crime victim compensation program wcvcp that provides financial assistance to hundreds of victims each year. Organization of this handbook reaching and serving teen victims covers the fol lowing areas. The handbook outlines the criminal justice system, provides many resources for crime victims, and explains your rights as a crime victim.
Handbook for victims of crime mississippi department of corrections. Benefits are awarded for out of pocket expenses, medical expenses, lost wages, and counseling costs related to emotional and physical injury suffered by the victim and the victims family as a direct result of a crime. On the use and application of the united nations declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power. Help for crime victims minnesota crime victims reparations. This handbook has been written specifically for crime victims. Information for victims of crime this leaflet sets out what you can expect from the criminal justice system if you are a victim of crime. It is not by choice that victims of juvenile offenders are involved in the juvenile. Our surviving violent crime handbook includes information about the criminal justice process and may help victimssurvivors cope with a range of emotions resulting from the crimes perpetrated against.
Our victim witness assistance programs mission is to alleviate the trauma and devastating effects of crime on the lives of victims and their families. Kentucky crime victim bill of rights, which recognized the integral role that crime victims play in the criminal justice process and specified rights for victims of crime and responsibilities for prosecutors. You are either a victim of a crime or are being asked to serve as a witnessfor the united states in a particularcase. The victims of crime act voca subaward management handbook discusses general program requirements and restrictions relating to the administration of all federal voca assistance subawards funded through the oregon department of justice doj, crime victim and survivor services division cvssd. It means providing better training for frontline police officers, ensuring suitable public access points for all victims to report crime, equal respect. A handbook for law enforcement officers on how to approach and help. These victims may or may not be witnesses in the court. Chapters 1 and 2 present the rationale for focusing on teen victims and explore the common ground between. If you or someone you know has been a victim of a crime, help may be available. This handbook covers the kinds of victims who are primarily served by victim service programs. Elderly victims victims of sexual assault child victims victims of domestic violence survivors. This document is intended to provide a brief overview of the rights of crime victims under alaskas constitution and state statutes.
The crime and violence prevention center staff and others who. Kentucky crime victim bill of rights, which recognized the integral role that crime victims play in the criminal justice process and specified rights for victims of crime and responsibilities for prosecutors, law enforcement agencies and the attorney general in regard to ensuring those rights. The district attorneys office is committed to helping victims of crime and vigorously protecting their rights. First response to victims of crime message from the director.
The crime victims handbook was written especially for californias crime victims and witnesses. This handbook will be fundamental reading for students and academics studying victims and victimology and an essential reference tool for those working within the victim support environment. Pa crime victims legal book, by a pa crime victims rights. This handbook provides victims of terrorism with information based on the expertise of mental health, crisis counseling, and victim assistance professionals. These victims may or may not be witnesses in the court case. Perhaps you feel that the prosecutor and the police have not given your case the attention it deserves this may be because these officials are trying to help others who, like you, are the victims of crime. The handbook may also be useful for those who are providing services to victims of other kinds of trauma, but these victims are not the. Justice in matters involving child victims and witnesses. The major topics are thoroughly covered, as well as cuttingedge topics, including restorative justice and lgbt victims. The scheme for criminal injuries compensation is regulated by the victims of crime assistance act 1976 tas voca act. The crime and violence prevention center staff and others who contributed to this publication hope it will be of bene.
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The first few months of a new job can be tricky. There are new skills to learn, co-workers to meet and training seminars to attend. Your brain is busy, frantically trying to remember whether the office manager's name is Audrey, Aubrey, or Doug (it's definitely one of the three).
So when Todd from accounting tells you he's going to "run something up the flagpole," you don't have the time or the mental capacity to figure out exactly what he's saying. Fear not: The Corporate Jargon Decoder is here to demystify the meaning behind the mumble-jumble.
I'm putting this on my to-do list and I will not get to it for another two weeks.
There are faster and more efficient ways to complete this task, but at this company, we do it like this.
I'm only 73% sure what this is, but I'm going to speak about it assertively and in public to make it sound like I know what I'm talking about.
I don't have any other work to assign you, so it'd be great if you could stretch this project out all afternoon.
We're not like other companies. We're here to mess some sh*t up and make headlines while we do it!
I'm giving you an annoying assignment, but I'd like you to feel like I'm doing you a favor. You're welcome.
Life is a meaningless slog towards eternal numbness, but at least there's only two more days till the weekend.
Let's get coffee and complain.
I have three private channels for when I want to complain, but don't have time for coffee.
I also have Instagram, Gchat, and Facebook Messenger, and I use them all for work-related complaints, too.
I'll copy you on 48 separate emails unrelated to your workload.
Please don't force me to make another important decision today, it's after 3 PM.
Please hover behind me at my desk and watch me do my job for six hours.
There are no bad ideas, except for Todd's.
Bad news. Todd was the only one who brought in ideas.
I've had to use the bathroom for the last three hours and I don't want to talk to you about user experience, OK Todd?
A blood-thirsty generation intent on systematically destroying every institution and tradition this country was founded on. Really enjoys brunch and drinking at home.
Computers are out. Let's try phones. Maybe that'll turn this ship around?
This task is meaningless and monotonous. Might as well plug in your headphones and play a murder podcast.
I posted about this on Facebook and it got 12 likes.
I Facebook stalked our competition and they're getting more likes than us.
Please don't friend me on Facebook.
I know the Gregorian calendar says that it's Tuesday, but I'm leaving for vacation this afternoon, so adjust your expectations accordingly.
While these are (mostly) jokes, it is important to communicate clearly. If you find that you've used these words yourself, remember what it felt like when you were trying to decipher the words of Todd from accounting and, well, stop.
Photo of person staring at computer screen courtesy of Compassionate Eye Foundation/Hiep Vu/Getty Images.


Three back pockets with elastic tops; One moisture-resistant zip pocket on back left. Full zip with low stand-up collar. Folded shell-fabric cuffs with 3-Stripes print. Droptail hem with gripper elastic helps jersey stay in place. Front graphics; GHOST logo on chest. Reflective details. Machine wash cold delicate cycle, do not bleach, do not tumble dry, do not iron & do not dry clean. RacePlus fit (compression fit). Collar, front, sides: 86% polyester / 14% elastane tricot; Top back shoulder: 64% polyester / 36% elastane jacquard; Lower back and pockets: 100% polyester interlock.


What Is The Distinction Between A Lawyer And A Barrister?
Dave is our Chief Clerk and has been a key a part of the clerking workforce at Pump Courtroom Chambers for over 30 years. Whatever your client, server, hardware challenge, Barrister Global Services Network delivers the services you must guarantee your hardware methods can be found to conduct business, perform transactions and collaborate with customers and partners.
In Pakistan a graduated can qualify as a Barrister after completion of a Grasp of Laws degree, six months pupillage below a senior Barrister in his chambers and afterwards to go for Bar admission test, the Bar Council of the related province look at him that he's fit or to not change into as an Barrister and is not convicted.
Solicitors have good working relationships with barristers and are possible to have the ability to establish probably the most suitable barrister to cope with your case. Members of the public may go directly to a barrister to ask for advice and illustration in courtroom. A solicitor can provide a vital support position to a barrister when in court, reminiscent of managing giant volumes of paperwork within the case and even negotiating a settlement outdoors the courtroom while the trial continues inside. In France, avocats, or attorneys, have been, till the 20th century, the equal of barristers. They don't share income, and aren't in partnership with other barristers in chambers or with solicitors or different authorized professionals.
In some types of civil case, barristers will solely charge for their companies in the event that they win the case. To practise underneath the Bar Council of Ireland's guidelines, a newly qualified barrister is apprenticed to an experienced barrister of at the least seven years' experience. In more complex issues and in circumstances going to court, clients will typically have a 'conference' or consultation with the barrister. As and when the proceedings reach a certain stage, barristers will probably be instructed to advise on evidence and to review the merits of the events' circumstances. Pupillage – a 12 months of practical training with an authorised pupillage training organisation, spent under the supervision of an skilled barrister.
As in common legislation international locations in which there's a split between the roles of barrister and solicitor, the barrister in civil regulation jurisdictions is responsible for appearing in trials or pleading instances earlier than the courts. Which means solicitors are restricted from doing so. In these two courts, barristers costume within the traditional English method, as do the judges and different lawyers. Self-employed barristers are individual practitioners who may match as a sole practitioner or, extra commonly, in groups of places of work generally known as Bar Listing is the principle itemizing source for barristers in England and Wales. The emergence of barristers as a career first befell in England in the early thirteenth century.


text:
=pod
    Copyright (c) 2012, Salesforce.com, Inc.
    All rights reserved.

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
    are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

    Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list
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    reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
    disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
    distribution.

    Neither the name of salesforce.com, inc. nor the names of its contributors may be
    used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
    prior written permission.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
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=cut

package Perl::Koans::;
use warnings;

use lib './lib';
use Perl::Koans;

################
# your code goes below this line

# your code goes above this line
################

unless (caller(0)) {
    run(@ARGV) or print_illumination();
    exit();
}

sub run {
    # run() -- runs all functions in this module
    my $results = 0;

    return ($results) ? bail($results) : $results;
}

1;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Personalized with your sweetheart's name, Disney Baby's I Love You This Much is the perfect gift for Valentine's Day or just because. Add a heartfelt dedication message from you, your child will want to read this book over and over!
Mickey, Minnie, Pluto, Donald, Daisy, and Goofy share their love for your child in this charming personalizable picture book! With adorable artwork featuring your favorite Disney friends, this is a sweet way to introduce your little one to the magic of Mickey Mouse!


How do you polish your car....!
Re: How do you polish your car....!
9. Admire - and then really want to go for a drive but can't because you'll get her dirty!!!
Your cars gonna look great when you do that, post some pics!!
AG Vinyl and rubber will give a nice matt finish on the dash. You might to investigate 'Jetseal 109' - I think www.Cleanandshiny.co.uk have the exclusive on that one. It might even be better than collinite for durability.
Thanks for the link, I really like the look of that sk4tec, looking for something to extend my shine so I can do a good wash wax every month and only wash in-between.
Also heard good things of Poorboys Spray and Gloss quick detailer to use after washing to bring back shine without having to wax or polish, have you tried this or can recommend something similar?
Going to ask for some of that Jetseal for Christmas - will get some pics up when I've put a few layers on. Would I still use the Nattys wax, and if so before or after the Jetseal?
No problem Dave. I tend to hang around on www.detailingworld.co.uk to pick up advice. Clean and shiny post up on there when they have new stock of 109 and the guys on the forum can't get enough!!
If you can't get any 109 then some Collinite 476s should do the trick as a durable wax (but it acts more like sealant). Its almost like applying vaseline on your paint and has a similar effect like rain-x! I presume you forgot to mention claying you car?
As an intermediate wax\clean up to bring back the shine I use NXT spray wax. It says its a booster wax but it also contains a sealant (which is fine by me ).
I'm afraid I can't explain for sure about Nattys wax before or after. I'm not so good with layering so I keep it simple, I use Megs NXT as its a All-In-one .
I would have guessed Natty's a LSP (Last stage product) and would go on after the jetseal for some extra shine. Cleanyourcar has some guides on it.
Hmmm what do you think worth the money or just a con???
Its quite a lot of money. All it appears to do is sheet water off. The Collinite I use does that and lasts from 6 - 12 months, it only costs 12 Quid. But for 19 quid you could get Jetseal 109.
The tests they do with lasers and putting lighter fuel (and lighting it) on the body have been proven to be 'tricks'.
I presume you forgot to mention claying you car?
Thanks for all that info - was a great help As I mentioned I think Santa may be bringing me some jetseal, will let you know how it goes. I havn't actually clayed my car yet - didn't know anything about detailing when I bought it (September), and now figured I'll wait till after the winter. My routine tends to involve slapping some carnuba on whenever I can to get a deep shine and protect the paint as much as possible.
PS: Sorry I've been a while replying, havn't been on the forum for a bit.
Claying your car is going to have your mouth on the floor!!
You no longer need to worry about tree sap, road tar and other bonded contaminants. If your paint is clean (sounds like yours is) it's still worth it as it increases the optical clarity of the paint underneath so it pops more!
Jetseal will be much better, but remember you need two coats and 20 mins in between. I guess u'd use it after your autoglym resin polish, but I don't know if you can wax over it with your natty's.


Attention New Students ... Its Your Time to Sign!
upon the program they have been accepted into for next school year. See photo for the schedule.
Congratulations to the 2018 Penta Outstanding Alumni Award Recipients!


text:
Alexander the Great Essay
Alexander the Great Alexander the Great or Alexandros III Philippou Makedonan was born in July 356BC in Pella, Macedonia (Popovic intro). He conquered what was in his time, most of the civilized world. "Alexander accomplished greater deeds than any, not only of the kings before him but also of those later to come later down to our time (popovic intro)." He was one of the greatest military geniuses in the history of the world. Both of Alexander's parents always dreamed of him someday being a great leader. Alexander's mother was named Olympias, she was princess of Epirus, a small provincial kingdom. She was the high priestess of a religious cult. She believed that she was descended from…show more content…
Growing up, Alexander was trained in the art of war. He learned sword fighting, javelin throwing, horseback riding, and archery (Townson 3). He was well known for his ablility to tame horses. Alexander had the best education possible in his time. The great philosopher Aristotle taught him. Aristotle taught him about literature, and introduced him to science, philosophy, and medicine which he became interested in. His favorite work of literature was The Iliad, by Homer. Every night he slept with it and a dagger under his pillow (Townson 3). Soon he would be able to put all of his drive, ambition, and education to work. Phillip was assassinated in July 336BC on the way to the theater with his brother-in-law, Alexander of Epirus, by a Macedonian soldier, (Popovic death of Phillip). After this event , at the age of twenty Alexander quickly and firmly took charge of his father's army, faster than anyone had ever thought possible (Popovic death of Phillip). Alexander quickly executed all of his enemies and people that had any chance of claiming the thrown; among these were Attulus, a general who claimed that his nephew was the rightful heir and Phillip's other wife and child. There are stories that Olympia, Alexander's mother tortured them to death (Wepman 37). After Phillip's death Sparta and Thessaly claimed independence from Greece. Alexander quickly marched 30,000 men
Alexander The Great : Alexander The Great
Thoughtful, kind, and smart are all words to describe Alexander The Great. Alexander The Great was great for many reasons such as showing his men he is equal to all of them, spreading greek culture, and because he was a very great conqueror with a great mind. Now these are only some reasons why he was great ,but their are still more. To begin with, Alexander is great because he spread greek culture and was a great influence , and conquer to everyone. In the text "Alexander's Legacy" it states
Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest minds who as the King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world has ever seen. Alexander the third of Macedon, known as Alexander the Great was born on July 21, 356 BCE in Pella and was the son of King Philip the second of Macedon and Olympias, Philips 4th wife. (Verify information) It is belief that Alexander inherited a lot of his parent's traits including the natural disposition of
Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was one of the courageous leader and compelling idealistic of all time, he managed to conquer large Greece Empire with small reasonable resources. Alexander was a great soldier with different military strategies which helped him and his soldiers to defeat enemies. He was able to invade the Persian army that was massively twice stronger and bigger than his empire. He took control all over Greece and conquered Persia, Egypt and all the way to India. Alexander
Alexander the Great was born from King Philip II of Macedonia and Olympias, princess of Epirus in 365 BCE. At a young age Alexander was taught by Aristotle. He taught Alexander politics, sports, warfare, as well as academic subjects. When King Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE, Alexander inherited his father's army and empire. Using his outstanding knowledge, and his father's great army, Alexander was able to conquer a great amount of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Alexander was substantially great considering
The greatest conquering king in the world; King of Macedonia and conqueror of Persia, Alexander the Great is considered to be one of the greatest military geniuses ever. With his amazing diplomatic skills and military genius, Alexander led Macedonia "to conquer most of the known world". Though he only lived to a relatively young age of thirty-three, Alexander made use of his time from his first task as a leader stifling a rebellion to his last conquering the Persians and Indians. Alexander's conquests
Alexander the Great In history Alexander the Great is always one of the topics to learn, and one of the most asked question is what did Alexander do to be so great. Alexander might have been born great to achieve greatness or have greatness thrust upon him and this one of the reasons we still talk about him today. Alexander the Great took the crown at the age of 20. When he was only 13 Alexander tamed a horse that no one else could ride that was named Bucephalus which impressed his father. At the
Alexander the Great, regarded as one of the greatest leaders of the ancient world. Alexander was an extraordinary military leader, he had the knowledge and skills to become a great leader due to the teachings of Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers known to man. Alexander had everything in the ancient world, he was young, he was a king, and had one of the biggest empires known to man. Alexander influenced the ancient world in many ways, Hellenization being the most important one. Alexander
Alexander the Great is the most famous conqueror in the history of the world. His legacy and conquest has shaped the world we know today. Many leaders after him have looked to him as an example of what a good leader should be. "Alexander the Great's tomb was one of the biggest tourist attractions of the ancient world. Roman emperors, including Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Caligula traveled to Alexandria to pay their respects." It all started at the age of 18 when Alexander took charge of the Companion
Alexander the Great was famous for his success in battle; for conquering city upon city, and thus for creating such a huge empire which was larger than any empire the world had ever seen at the time. He was an incredibly talented man, who had the strength, strategy, and audacity to lead an army, yet he had the wisdom, personality and know-how to govern an empire. However, amidst all the glory and praise to which Alexander is often given, there is a good deal to criticise as well. Alexander is believed
conquerors. One of many great conquerors in roman history, is Alexander the Great. Alexander was one of the youngest conquerors in history at the age of thirty and he conquered most of the known world. Though many question Alexander and wonder if he really was great, I say that Alexander was one of the most successful conquerors in roman history and he was really a great. One reason that Alexander the Great was such a Great, was because he was a really good military leader. Alexander knew how to give
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Defined as the maximum dose at which fewer than one-third of patients experience dose limiting toxicity graded by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0.
Response rates will be calculated as the percent of patients whose best response is a complete response or partial response and confidence intervals will be constructed according to the method of Chang. Will be reported descriptively.
Disease response will be reported descriptively.
A descriptive summary of all toxicities will be reported.
Defined as either complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease, according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Disease response will be reported descriptively.
Response rates will be calculated for the combined cohort as the percent of patients whose best response is a complete response or partial response and confidence intervals will be constructed according to the method of Chang.
The pharmacokinetic parameters will be summarized with simple summary statistics, including means, medians, ranges, and standard deviations (if numbers and distribution permit).
Evaluated pre- and post-therapy using flow cytometry. Human anti-human antibody analyses will be measured by Bristol-Myers-Squibb.
Analyzed in an exploratory fashion, both using a binary scale and using a continuous scale to evaluate whether there are correlations between PD-L1 expression and antitumor effects.
Will be evaluated for association with outcome, overall and by tumor type. All of these analyses will be descriptive and exploratory and hypotheses generating in nature.
External beam radiation therapy (XRT)/external beam irradiation including protons: >= 14 days after local XRT; >= 150 days after total body irradiation (TBI), craniospinal XRT or if radiation to >= 50% of the pelvis; >= 42 days if other substantial bone marrow (BM) radiation.


Note-taking apps, while good at capturing information, can be maddeningly difficult to integrate into collaborative workflows. So, to this day, it still not uncommon for workers to reach for a pen, peel off a sticky note and scribble away.
Intellinote, a Reston, Va.-based business software startup, aims to help small businesses cut down on paper-based work processes and unlock the productivity-enhancing potential of electronic data. Today, the company launched a new cloud-based service that helps turn digital information into a springboard for actions that drive business.
The company's eponymous offering, Intellinote, was "born out of the frustration we all had about capturing information," said Intellinote CEO, Tony Lopresti. "The ways people take notes are completely disconnected from the applications they use," he told Small Business Computing.
Intellinote blends note taking, project management, team communications and collaboration software into a cloud-based platform that's accessible via the Web or mobile app. During a product demonstration, Lopresti showed how you can turn a simple note into an assignable task (complete with a due date), incorporate it into a project, share it among colleagues and include it in a knowledge base with drag-and-drop simplicity—while never leaving the Intellinote Web application.
According to Lopresti, more than 200 early access customers already use Intellinote for a variety of purposes. Underscoring the platform's flexibility, it's currently in use for task management, recruitment, product management, research and more.
And since the last thing business people need is another standalone app or siloed data source, Intellinote integrates with other apps. Use Intellinote's API or advanced email integration to include information from existing applications. Currently, it features Google Apps support and more popular cloud services and storage integrations are in the works, including Office 365, Dropbox and Salesforce. The Intellinote platform, for instance, makes it possible for customers to "embed a Salesforce opportunity and work that opportunity in Intellinote," noted Lopresti.
In company remarks, Lopresti claimed that "Intellinote organizes your digital work life to make it easier to get everything done. It's the only application that allows people to instantly capture notes, files and other information, collaborate with colleagues, leverage information within existing business applications and seamlessly complete projects, all from within a Web browser or mobile device."
Further, as its name suggests, Intellinote helps pertinent information bubble to the surface, adding a dash of intelligence to collaborative workflows. Leveraging the company's founders' experience in data mining and enterprise software development, Intellinote's knowledge delivery engine suggests information that may prove beneficial in moving a project forward.
Intellinote is also a knowledge repository where the unknown doesn't stay a mystery for long. Convert a note into a question and the platform "will automatically route it to experts who have answers," according to the company.
"Everything is oriented toward getting work done," said Lopresti. "It starts with note taking and ends with accomplishing goals."
Intellinote and its iOS app are available now (an Android version is expected soon), and it's free for a limited time. Lopresti said that a paid version will launch next year.


If your looking for a unique hat, guaranteed to be original, this has got to be it! Featuring fun ear flips, this owl hat is made with super soft wool, acrylic and cotton yarn. Sizes range from 5T-8T, and custom orders are always welcome. Just be sure to message the seller before purchasing!
Baby Genius is jumping into the footwear industry! Partnering with United Legwear Company LLC, the company will be manufacturing and distributing a line of infant and toddler soft-soled shoes featuring the award-winning Baby Genius(R) brand.
The division president of United, Ed Ash, says the shoes will debut at retail stores in the U.S. and Canada beginning Spring 2011. The shoes will be inspired by Baby Genius' mission of using music to promote kids' growth and development.
Berets with and without sequins, biker boots, gem flats, tulle skirts and of course the beloved Trench are guaranteed to make your little girl look sleek and polished this back-to-school season.
Striped crewnecks, cargo jackets, graphic tees and hoodies, khakis, driver and trapper hats and caps add style into the boy without taking away the "guy".
American in Paris is available in Gap stores across America now. You can also purchase the collections online.
Photo credit: All images courtesy of GAP.
Wishing Wear and Simple Princess are up to 65% off on Zulily.
Haven Girl and Clover NYC are having their last-chance sale on Gilt.
The original and unique Hiho Batik line is up to 50% off on Gilt.
Haute Look is offering 50% off Splendid Kids.
Me Too Infant Wear is discounted on Totsy this week.