text:
This article is about the city. For the 1942 film, see Casablanca (film). For other uses, see Casablanca (disambiguation).
City / State in Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
الدار البيضاء (Arabic)
ⴰⵏⴼⴰ (Berber)
Nickname(s):
Location of Casablanca within Morocco
Show map of Morocco
Casablanca (Africa)
Show map of Africa
Coordinates: 33°32′N 7°35′W / 33.533°N 7.583°W / 33.533; -7.583
Casablanca-Settat
First settled
7th century BC
Abdelaziz El Omari
• City / State
220 km2 (80 sq mi)
0 to 150 m (0 to 492 ft)
• Rank
1st in Morocco
6,861,739[1]
Casablancais
Casawis, bidawi
www.casablancacity.ma
Casablanca at night
Casablanca (Spanish pronunciation: [kasaˈβlaŋka]; Arabic: الدار البيضاء, romanized: Ad-dār al-Bayḍā' [adˈdaːru ɫbajdˤaːʔ] white house, Berber languages: ⴰⵏⴼⴰ, romanized: Anfa [ænfæ] incline) is the largest city of Morocco. Located in the central-western part of Morocco bordering the Atlantic Ocean, it is the largest city in the Maghreb region and the eighth-largest in the Arab world. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa. According to the 2014 population estimate, the city has a population of about 3.35 million in the urban area and over 6.8 million in the Casablanca-Settat region. Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, although the national political capital is Rabat.
The leading Moroccan companies and many international corporations doing business in the country have their headquarters and main industrial facilities in Casablanca. Recent industrial statistics show Casablanca holds its recorded position as the primary industrial zone of the nation. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world,[3] and the second largest port of North Africa, after Tanger-Med 40 km (25 mi) east of Tangier.[4] Casablanca also hosts the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy.
2.2 Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence
2.3 Colonial struggle
2.4 French rule and influence
2.5 World War II
2.5.1 Anfa Conference
2.6 Toward independence
2.7 Since independence
2.7.1 Casablanca Group
2.7.2 Jewish emigration
2.7.3 1965 riots
2.7.5 Mudawana
5 Administrative divisions
5.1 Neighborhoods
6 Demographics
6.1 Judaism in Casablanca
7.1 Colleges and universities
7.2 Primary and secondary schools
8 Places of worship
9.1 Association football
9.2 Tennis
9.3.1 Venues
10.1 Music
10.2 Literature
10.2.1 Theater
10.3 Art
10.4 Photography
10.6 Architecture
11 Transport
11.1 Rapid Transit
11.2 Air
11.3 Coach buses
11.4 Taxis
11.5 Trains
13 Notable people
14 In popular culture
15 International relations
15.1 Twin towns – sister cities
The original name of Casablanca was Anfa (Neo-Tifinagh: ⴰⵏⴼⴰ), in Berber language, by at least the seventh century BC.[citation needed] After the Portuguese took control of the city in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca ([kazɐ'bɾɐ̃kɐ]), meaning 'white house' in Portuguese. The present name, which is the Spanish version (pronounced [ka̠sa̠ˈβ̞la̠ŋka̠]), came when the Portuguese kingdom was integrated in personal union to the Spanish kingdom. During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca (pronounced [kazablɑ̃ka]). In 1755 an earthquake destroyed most of the town. It was rebuilt by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah who changed the name into the local Arabic Ad-dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء), although occasionally "Casablanca" is written in Arabic (كازابلانكا, Kāzāblānkā). The city is still nicknamed Casa by many locals and outsiders to the city. In many other cities with a different dialect, it is called Ad-dār al-Bayḍā, instead.
Main articles: History of Casablanca and Timeline of Casablanca
Early history[edit]
The area which is today Casablanca was founded and settled by Berbers by at least the seventh century BC.[5] It was used as a port by the Phoenicians and later the Romans.[citation needed] In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as "Anfa", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD. He believed Anfa was the most "prosperous city on the Atlantic Coast because of its fertile land."[6] Barghawata rose as an independent state around this time, and continued until it was conquered by the Almoravids in 1068. Following the defeat of the Barghawata in the 12th century, Arab tribes of Hilal and Sulaym descent settled in the region, mixing with the local Berbers, which led to widespread Arabization.[7][8] During the 14th century, under the Merinids, Anfa rose in importance as a port. The last of the Merinids were ousted by a popular revolt in 1465.[9]
Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence[edit]
Casablanca in 1572, still called "Anfa" in this coloured engraving, although the Portuguese had already renamed it "Casa Branca" – "White House" – later Hispanicised to "Casablanca".
In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who bombarded the town which led to its destruction in 1468.[10] The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515. The town that grew up around it was called Casa Branca, meaning "white house" in Portuguese.
Between 1580 and 1640, the Crown of Portugal was integrated to the Crown of Spain, so Casablanca and all other areas occupied by the Portuguese were under Spanish control, though maintaining an autonomous Portuguese administration. As Portugal broke ties with Spain in 1640, Casablanca came under fully Portuguese control once again.[11] The Europeans eventually abandoned the area completely in 1755 following an earthquake which destroyed most of the town.[12]
The town was finally reconstructed by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah (1756–1790), the grandson of Moulay Ismail and an ally of George Washington, with the help of Spaniards from the nearby emporium. The town was called ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء), the Arabic translation of the Portuguese Casa Branca.
Colonial struggle[edit]
In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as it became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing gunpowder tea, used in Morocco's national drink, mint tea).[13] By the 1860s, around 5,000 residents were there, and the population grew to around 10,000 by the late 1880s.[14] Casablanca remained a modestly sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in 1906. By 1921, this rose to 110,000,[15] largely through the development of shanty towns.
French rule and influence[edit]
Main article: French protectorate of Morocco
A postcard showing the French cruiser Gloire recoiling from firing artillery at the city during the bombardment of Casablanca August 1907.
The Qaid of Casablanca, Si Boubker Ben Bouzid Slaoui, captive on the French cruiser Galilée.
Place de France (now United Nations Square) in 1917.[16] With its landmark Clock Tower, this space became a contact point between what the colonists called the ville indigène to the left—comprising the Mellah and the Medina—and the European nouvelle ville to the right.
Henri Prost's plans to extend 4éme Zouaves Street (now Félix Houphouët-Boigny Street) from the port to the Place de France (now United Nations Square), part of his redesigns of Casablanca's urban landscape.
The Treaty of Algeciras of 1906 formalized French preeminence in Morocco and included three measures that directly impacted Casablanca: that French officers would control operations at the customs office and seize revenue as collateral for loans given by France, that the French holding company La Compagnie Marocaine would develop the port of Casablanca, and that a French-and-Spanish-trained police force would be assembled to patrol the port.[17]
To build the port's breakwater, narrow-gauge track was laid in June 1907 for a small Decauville locomotive to connect the port to a quarry in Roches Noires, passing through the sacred Sidi Belyout graveyard. In resistance to this and the measures of the 1906 Treaty of Algeciras, tribesmen of the Chaouia attacked the locomotive, killing 9 Compagnie Marocaine laborers—3 French, 3 Italians, and 3 Spanish.[18]
In response, the French bombarded the city with multiple gunboats and landed troops inside the town, causing severe damage and 15,000 dead and wounded. In the immediate aftermath of the bombardment and the deployment of French troops, the European homes and the Mellah, or Jewish quarter, were sacked, and the latter was also set ablaze.[19]
The bombardment and military invasion of the city effectively began the French military conquest of Morocco, although French control of Casablanca was not formalized until the French Protectorat was established by the Treaty of Fes March 1912.
General Hubert Lyautey assigned the planning of the new colonial port city to Henri Prost. As he did in other Moroccan cities, Prost designed a European ville nouvelle outside the walls of the medina. In Casablanca, he also designed a new "ville indigène" to house Moroccans arriving from other cities.[20]
Europeans formed almost half the population of Casablanca.[21]
World War II[edit]
After Philippe Pétain of France signed the armistice with the Nazis, he ordered French troops in France's colonial empire to defend French territory against any aggressors—Allied or otherwise—applying a policy of "asymmetrical neutrality" in favor of the Germans.[22] French colonists in Morocco generally supported Pétain, while politically conscious Moroccans tended to favor de Gaulle and the Allies.[23]
Operation Torch, which started on 8 November 1942, was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African campaign of World War II. The Western Task Force, composed of American units led by Major General George S. Patton and Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt, carried out the invasions of Mehdia, Fedhala, and Asfi. American forces captured Casablanca from Vichy control when France surrendered November 11, 1942, but the Naval Battle of Casablanca continued until American forces sank German submarine U-173 on November 16.[24]
Casablanca was the site of the Nouasseur Air Base, a large American air base used as the staging area for all American aircraft for the European Theater of Operations during World War II. The air field has since become Mohammed V International Airport.
Anfa Conference[edit]
Casablanca hosted the Anfa Conference (also called the Casablanca Conference) in January 1943. Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt discussed the progress of the war. Also in attendance were the Free France generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud, though they played minor roles and didn't participate in the military planning.
It was at this conference that the Allies adopted the doctrine of "unconditional surrender," meaning that the Axis powers would be fought until their defeat. Roosevelt also met privately with Sultan Muhammad V and expressed his support for Moroccan independence after the war.[25] This became a turning point, as Moroccan nationalists were emboldened to openly seek complete independence.[25]
Toward independence[edit]
During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major centre of anti-French rioting.
April 7, 1947, a massacre of working class Moroccans, carried out by Senegalese Tirailleurs in the service of the French colonial army, was instigated just as Sultan Muhammed V was due to make a speech in Tangier appealing for independence.[26]
Riots in Casablanca took place from December 7–8, 1952, in response to the assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached by La Main Rouge—the clandestine militant wing of French intelligence.[27] Then, on 25 December 1953 (Christmas Day), Muhammad Zarqtuni orchestrated a bombing of Casablanca's Central Market in response to the forced exile of Sultan Muhammad V and the royal family on August 20 (Eid al-Adha) of that year.[28]
Since independence[edit]
Morocco gained independence from France in 1956.[29]
Casablanca Group[edit]
January 4–7, 1961, the city hosted an ensemble of progressive African leaders during the Casablanca Conference of 1961. Among those received by King Muhammad V were Gamal Abd An-Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah, Modibo Keïta, and Ahmed Sékou Touré, Ferhat Abbas.[30][31][32]
Jewish emigration[edit]
Casablanca was a major departure point for Jews leaving Morocco through Operation Yachin, an operation conducted by Mossad to secretly migrate Moroccan Jews to Israel between November 1961 and spring 1964.[33]
1965 riots[edit]
The 1965 student protests organized by the National Union of Popular Forces-affiliated National Union of Moroccan Students, which spread to cities around the country and devolved into riots, started on March 22, 1965 in front of Lycée Mohammed V in Casablanca.[34][35][36] The protests started as a peaceful march to demand the right to public higher education for Morocco, but expanded to include concerns of laborers, the unemployed, and other marginalized segments of society, and devolved into vandalism and rioting.[37] The riots were violently repressed by security forces with tanks and armored vehicles; Moroccan authorities reported a dozen deaths while the UNFP reported more than 1,000.[34]
King Hassan II blamed the events on teachers and parents, and declared in a speech to the nation on March 30, 1965: "There is no greater danger to the State than a so-called intellectual. It would have been better if you were all illiterate."[38][39]
On June 6, 1981, the Casablanca Bread Riots took place.[40] Hassan II appointed the French-trained lawyer Driss Basri, who would later become a symbol of the Years of Lead, with quelling the protests.[41] The government stated that 66 people were killed and 100 were injured, while opposition leaders put the number of dead at 637, saying that many of these were killed by police and army gunfire.[40]
Mudawana[edit]
In March 2000, more than 60 women's groups organized demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country.[42] About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed VI, and he enacted a new mudawana, or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of the demands of women's rights activists.[43]
On 16 May 2003, 33 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to al-Qaeda. Twelve suicide bombers struck five locations in the city.[44]
Another series of suicide bombings struck the city in early 2007.[45][46][47] These events illustrated some of the persistent challenges the city faces in addressing poverty and integrating disadvantaged neighborhoods and populations.[48] One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center.[48]
As calls for reform spread through the Arab world in 2011, Moroccans joined in, but concessions by the ruler led to acceptance. However, in December, thousands of people demonstrated in several parts of the city, especially the city center near la Fontaine, desiring more significant political reforms.
Casablanca is located on the Chaouia Plains which has historically been the breadbasket of Morocco.[49] Apart from the Atlantic coast, the Bouskoura forest is the only natural attraction in the city.[50] The forest was planted in the 20th century and consists mostly of eucalyptus, palm, and pine trees.[51] It is located halfway to the city's international airport.
The only watercourse in Casablanca is oued Bouskoura,[52] a small seasonal creek that until 1912 reached the Atlantic Ocean near the actual port. Most of oued Bouskoura's bed has been covered due to urbanization and only the part south of El Jadida road can now be seen. The closest permanent river to Casablanca is Oum Rabia, 70 km (43.50 mi) to the south-east.
Climate[edit]
Casablanca has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The cool Canary Current off the Atlantic coast moderates temperature variation, which results in a climate remarkably similar to that of coastal Los Angeles, with similar temperature ranges. The city has an annual average of 72 days with significant precipitation, which amounts to 412 mm (16.2 in) per year. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city are 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) and −2.7 °C (27.1 °F), respectively. The highest amount of rainfall recorded in a single day is 178 mm (7.0 in) on 30 November 2010.
Climate data for Casablanca (1981–2010)
Average rainy days
9 9 7 8 6 2 1 1 3 7 9 11 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours
189.6 188.5 240.7 261.5 293.6 285.0 303.4 294.1 258.1 234.3 190.6 183.1 2,922.5
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[53]
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[54]
Casablanca mean sea temperature[55]
17.5 °C (63.5 °F) 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) 22.7 °C (72.9 °F) 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) 18.5 °C (65.3 °F)
Economy[edit]
Boulevard des FAR (Forces Armées Royales)
Main article: Economy of Casablanca
The Grand Casablanca region is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy. It attracts 32% of the country's production units and 56% of industrial labor. The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the industrial production of the kingdom. About 33% of national industrial exports, MAD 27 billion, comes from the Grand Casablanca; 30% of the Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.[56]
One of the most important Casablancan exports is phosphate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmills, furniture production, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes.[57]
The Casablanca and Mohammedia seaports activity represent 50% of the international commercial flows of Morocco.[citation needed] Almost the entire Casablanca waterfront is under development, mainly the construction of huge entertainment centres between the port and Hassan II Mosque, the Anfa Resort project near the business, entertainment and living centre of Megarama, the shopping and entertainment complex of Morocco Mall, as well as a complete renovation of the coastal walkway. The Sindbad park is planned to be totally renewed with rides, games and entertainment services.[58]
Royal Air Maroc has its head office at the Casablanca-Anfa Airport.[59] In 2004, it announced that it was moving its head office from Casablanca to a location in Province of Nouaceur, close to Mohammed V International Airport.[60] The agreement to build the head office in Nouaceur was signed in 2009.[61]
The biggest CBD of Casablanca and Maghreb is in the North of the town in Sidi Maarouf near the mosque of Hassan II and the biggest project of skycrapers of Maghreb and Africa Casablanca Marina.
Administrative divisions[edit]
Casablanca is a commune, part of the region of Casablanca-Settat. The commune is divided into eight districts or prefectures, which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions or arrondissements and one municipality. The districts and their subdivisions are:[62]
Aïn Chock (عين الشق) – Aïn Chock (عين الشق)
Aïn Sebaâ - Hay Mohammadi (عين السبع الحي المحمدي) – Aïn Sebaâ (عين السبع), Hay Mohammadi (الحي المحمدي), Roches Noires (روش نوار).
Anfa (أنفا) – Anfa (أنفا), Maârif (المعاريف), Sidi Belyout (سيدي بليوط).
Ben M'Sick (بن مسيك) – Ben M'Sick (بن مسيك), Sbata (سباته).
Sidi Bernoussi (سيدي برنوصي) – Sidi Bernoussi (سيدي برنوصي), Sidi Moumen (سيدي مومن).
Al Fida - Mers Sultan (الفداء – مرس السلطان) – Al Fida (الفداء); Mechouar (المشور) (municipality), Mers Sultan (مرس السلطان).
Hay Hassani (الحي الحسني) – Hay Hassani (الحي الحسني).
Moulay Rachid (مولاي رشيد) – Moulay Rachid (مولاي رشيد), Sidi Othmane (سيدي عثمان).
Neighborhoods[edit]
The list of neighborhoods is indicative and not complete:
Ain Chock
Ain Diab
Ain Sebaa
Belvédère
Beausejour
Bouchentouf
Centre Ville (downtown)
C.I.L.
Derb Ghalaf
Derb Sultan Al Fida
Derb TaZI
Al Hank
Hay Al Mohammadi
Habous
Hay Dakhla ("Derb Lihoudi")
Hay Farah
Hay El Baraka
Hay El Hana
Hay Moulay Rachid
Laimoun (Hay Hassani)
Lissasfa
Old Madina (Mdina Qdima)
Nassim
Oulfa
Salmia II
Sidi Maarouf
The commune of Casablanca recorded a population of 3,359,818 in the 2014 Moroccan census.[2] About 98% live in urban areas. Around 25% of them are under 15 and 9% are over 60 years old. The population of the city is about 11% of the total population of Morocco. Grand Casablanca is also the largest urban area in the Maghreb. 99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims.[63] During the French protectorate in Morocco, European Christians formed almost half the population of Casablanca.[21] Since independence in 1956, the European population has decreased substantially.
Judaism in Casablanca[edit]
Jews have a long history in Casablanca. A Sephardic Jewish community was in Anfa up to the destruction of the city by the Portuguese in 1468. Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah Synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca. It was destroyed along with much of the town in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.[5]
Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca.[64] Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961–1964.
Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled. The Moroccan Jewish Museum is a museum established in the city in 1997.[65]
Colleges and universities[edit]
Public: University of Hassan II Casablanca
Université Mundiapolis
Université Internationale de Casablanca
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
International schools:
Belgium: École Belge de Casablanca
French:
Collège Anatole France
Groupe Scolaire Louis Massignon
Lycée La Résidence
Lycée Maïmonide (FR)
Lycée Léon l'Africain
École Al Jabr
Italian: Scuola "Enrico Mattei"
Spanish: Instituto Español Juan Ramón Jiménez
American:
American Academy Casablanca
Places of worship[edit]
Most of the city's places of worship are Muslim mosques.[66] Some of the city's synagogues, such as Ettedgui Synagogue, also remain.[67] There are also Christian churches; some remain in use — particularly by the West African migrant community — while many of the churches built during the colonial period have been repurposed, such as Church of the Sacred Heart.[68]
Sports[edit]
Association football[edit]
Players from Raja (left) and Wydad (right) during a Casablanca derby match in 2008.
Casablanca is home to two popular football clubs: Wydad Casablanca[69] and Raja Casablanca[70]—which are rivals.[71] Raja's symbol is an eagle and Wydad's symbol is a goose. These two popular clubs have produced some of Morocco's best players, such as: Salaheddine Bassir, Abdelmajid Dolmy, Baddou Zaki, Aziz Bouderbala, and Noureddine Naybet. Other football teams on top of these two major teams based in the city of Casablanca include Rachad Bernoussi, TAS de Casablanca, Majd Al Madina, and Racing Casablanca.
Tennis[edit]
Casablanca hosts The Grand Prix Hassan II, a professional men's tennis tournament of the ATP tour. It first began in 1986, and is played on clay courts type at Complexe Al Amal.
Notable winners of the Hassan II Grand-Prix are Thomas Muster in 1990, Hicham Arazi in 1997, Younes El Aynaoui in 2002, and Stanislas Wawrinka in 2010.
Hosting[edit]
Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco was scheduled to host the 2015 African Nations Cup, but decided to decline due to Ebola fears. Morocco was expelled and the tournament was held in Equatorial Guinea.[72]
Venues[edit]
Stade Larbi Zaouli
Stade Sidi Bernoussi
Complexe Al Amal de Casablanca
The Grand Stade de Casablanca is the proposed title of the planned football stadium to be built in the city. Once completed in 2014, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and the Morocco national football team. The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa. Once completed, it will replace the Stade Mohamed V. The initial idea of the stadium was for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to South Africa. Nevertheless, the Moroccan government supported the decision to go ahead with the plans. It will be completed in 2025. The idea of the stadium was also for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, for which Morocco lost their bid to Canada, Mexico and United States. It is now hoping for the 2030 FIFA World Cup which Morocco is co-bidding with either African neighbors Tunisia and Algeria or two European nations Spain and Portugal
Culture[edit]
Music[edit]
al-Haja al-Hamdawiya, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca.[73] Nass El Ghiwane, led by Laarbi Batma, came out of Hay Mohammadi in Casablanca.[74] Abdelhadi Belkhayat and Abdelwahab Doukkali are musicians specializing in traditional Moroccan Arabic popular music.[75] Zina Daoudia, Abdelaziz Stati, Abdellah Daoudi, and Said Senhaji are notable Moroccan chaabi musicians.
Hoba Hoba Spirit also formed in Casablanca, and is still based there.[76] Casablanca has a thriving hiphop scene, with artists such as El Grande Toto, Don Big, 7liwa, and Issam Harris.[77]
Casablanca hosts numerous music festivals, such as Jazzablanca and L'Boulevard,[78][79] as well as a museum dedicated to Andalusi music, Dar ul-Aala.[80]
Literature[edit]
The French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupéry is associated with Casablanca.
Driss Chraïbi's novel The Simple Past takes place in Casablanca. Mohamed Zafzaf lived in Maarif.
Lamalif, a radical leftist political and cultural magazine, was based in Casablanca.
Casablanca's International Book Fair is held at the fair grounds opposite Hassan II Mosque annually in February.
Theater[edit]
Tayeb Saddiki, described as the father of Moroccan theater, grew up in Casablanca and made his career there.[81] Hanane el-Fadili and Hassan El Fad are popular comedians from Casablanca. Gad Elmaleh is another comedian from Casablanca, though he has made his career abroad.[82]
Art[edit]
The Academy of Traditional Arts, part of the Hassan II Mosque complex, was founded October 31, 2012.[83]
The Casablanca School was a modernist art movement that developed out of the École des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca in the late 1960s.[84]
L'Uzine is a community-based art and culture space in Casablanca.[85]
Rebel Spirit published The Casablanca Guide (الدليل البيضاوي, Le Guide Casablancais) a comic book about life in Casablanca.[86]
Sbagha Bagha is a street art festival during which murals are created on the sides of apartment buildings.[87]
Photography[edit]
Postcard companies such as Léon & Lévy were active in Casablanca. Gabriel Veyre also worked and eventually died in Casablanca.
Marcelin Flandrin (1889-1957), a French military photographer, settled in Casablanca and recorded much of the early colonial period in Morocco with his photography.[88] With his staged nude postcard photos taken in Casablanca's colonial brothel quarter, Flandrin was also responsible for disseminating the orientalist image of Moroccan women as sexual objects.[89]
Casablanca has a thriving street photography scene.[90] Yoriyas is prominent among photographers capturing the economic capital's street scenes, and has attracted international attention.[91]
In the first half of the 20th century, Casablanca had many movie theaters, such as Cinema Rialto, Cinema Lynx and Cinema Vox—the largest in Africa at the time it was built.[92][93][94]
The 1942 American film Casablanca is supposedly set in Casablanca and has had a lasting impact on the city's image, though it was filmed entirely in California and doesn't feature a single Moroccan character with a speaking role.[95] Salut Casa! was a propaganda film brandishing France's purported colonial triumph in its mission civilizatrice in the city.[96]
Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, is one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude. Nour-Eddine Lakhmari's Casanegra (2008) depicts the harsh realities of Casablanca's working classes.[97][98] The films Ali Zaoua (2000), Horses of God (2012), and Ghazzia (2017) of Nabil Ayouch—a French director of Moroccan heritage—deal with street crime, terrorism, and social issues in Casablanca, respectively.[99] The events in Meryem Benm'Barek-Aloïsi's 2018 film Sofia revolve around an illegitimate pregnancy in Casablanca.[100] Hicham Lasri and Said Naciri also from Casablanca.
Architecture[edit]
Main article: Architecture of Casablanca
Casablanca's architecture and urban development are historically significant. The city is home to many notable buildings in a variety of styles, including traditional Moroccan architecture, various colonial architectural styles, Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Neo-Mauresque, Streamline Moderne, Modernism, Brutalism, and more. Casamémoire and MAMMA. are two organizations dedicated to the preservation and appreciation of the city's architectural heritage.
Transport[edit]
Rapid Transit[edit]
See also: Casablanca RER, Casablanca Metro, and Casablanca Tramway
The Casablanca Tramway is the rapid transit tram system in Casablanca. As of 2019, the network consists of two lines covering 47.5 km (30 mi), with 71 stops; further lines (ط3 and ط4) are under construction.[101][102]
Since the 1970s, Casablanca had planned to build a metro system to offer some relief to the problems of traffic congestion and poor air quality.[103][104] However, the city council voted to abandon the metro project in 2014 due to high costs, and decided to continue expanding the already operating tram system instead.[105]
Air[edit]
Mohammed V International Airport is the hub of the national airline of Morocco, Royal Air Maroc.
Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, Tangier, Al Hoceima, and Laayoune, as well as other cities.
Casablanca is well-served by international flights to Europe, especially French and Spanish airports, and has regular connections to North American, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African destinations. New York City, Montreal, Paris, Washington D.C., London and Dubai are important primary destinations.
The older, smaller Casablanca-Anfa Airport to the west of the city, served certain destinations including Damascus, and Tunis, and was largely closed to international civilian traffic in 2006. It has been closed and destroyed to build the "Casablanca Finance City", the new heart of the city of Casablanca. Casablanca Tit Mellil Airport is located in the nearby community of Tit Mellil.
Coach buses[edit]
Compagnie de Transports au Maroc (CTM) offers private intercity coach buses on various lines run servicing most notable Moroccan towns, as well as a number of European cities. These run from the CTM Bus Station on Leo Africanus Street near the Central Market in downtown Casablanca. Supratours, an affiliate of ONCF, also offers coach bus service at a slightly lower cost, departing from a station on Wilad Zian Street.[106] There is another bus station farther down on the same street called the Wilad Zian Bus Station; this station is the country's largest bus station, serving over 800 buses daily, catering more to Morocco's lower income population.[107][108]
Taxis[edit]
See also: Taxicabs of Morocco
A grand taxi of Casablanca parked on Rue Chaouia.
Registered taxis in Casablanca are coloured red and known as petit taxis (small taxis), or coloured white and known as grands taxis (big taxis). As is standard Moroccan practice, petits taxis, typically small-four door Dacia Logan, Peugeot 207, or similar cars, provide metered cab service in the central metropolitan areas. Grands taxis, generally older Mercedes-Benz sedans, provide shared mini-bus like service within the city on predefined routes, or shared intercity service. Grands taxis may also be hired for private service by the hour or day.
Trains[edit]
Casablanca is served by three main railway stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF.
A tram on Casablanca's T1 line passes in front of Casa-Voyageurs railway station.
Casa-Voyageurs is the main intercity station, from which trains run south to Marrakech or El Jadida and north to Mohammedia and Rabat, and then on either to Tangier or Meknes, Fes, Taza and Oujda/Nador. It also serves as the southern terminus of the Al-Boraq high speed line from Tangier. A dedicated airport shuttle service to Mohammed V International Airport also has its primary in-city stop at this station, for connections on to further destinations.
Projected plan of the Casablanca Tramway network in conjunction with commuter rail and rapid transit buses for the period 2022-2030 (presented February 2017).
Casa-Port serves primarily commuter trains such as the Train Navette Rapide (TNR or Aouita) operating on the Casablanca – Kenitra rail corridor, with some connecting trains running on to Gare de Casa-Voyageurs. The station provides a direct interchange between train and shipping services, and is located near several port-area hotels. It is the nearest station to the old town of Casablanca, and to the modern city centre, around the landmark Casablanca Twin Center. Casa-Port station is being rebuilt in a modern and enlarged configuration. During the construction, the station is still operational. From 2013, it will provide a close connection from the rail network to the city's new tram network.
Casa-Oasis was originally a suburban commuter station which was fully redesigned and rebuilt in the early 21st century, and officially reopened in 2005 as a primary city rail station. Owing to its new status, all southern intercity train services to and from Casa-Voyageurs now call at Casa-Oasis. ONCF stated in 2005 that the refurbishment and upgrading of Casa-Oasis to intercity standards was intended to relieve passenger congestion at Casa-Voyageurs station.
Tourism[edit]
Although Mohammed V International Airport receives most international flights into Morocco,[109] international tourism in Casablanca is not as developed as it is in cities like Marrakesh.[110] Casablanca, however, attracts fewer tourists than those of cities such as Fes and Marrakech.
The Hassan II Mosque, which is the second largest mosque in Africa and the seventh largest in the world, is the city's main tourist attraction.[111][112] Visitors also come to see the city's rich architectural heritage.[113]
Popular sites for national tourism include shopping centers such as Morocco Mall, Anfa Place, the Marina Shopping Center, and the Tachfine Center. Additional sites include the Corniche and the beach of Ain Diab, and parks such as the Arab League Park or the Sindibad theme park.[114][115][116]
Sunset at Ain Diab Beach
Casablanca Beach
Colonial architecture near UN Square
Arab League Park
Notable people[edit]
Merieme Chadid led an international scientific program to install a major astronomical observatory in Antarctica.
See also: Category:People from Casablanca
Amal Ayouch (born 1966) – stage and film actress
Salaheddine Bassir – Moroccan footballer
Laarbi Batma – Moroccan musician and artist, founding member of Nas El Ghiwan
Larbi Benbarek – Moroccan footballer
Miriem Bensalah-Chaqroun – Moroccan businesswoman
Jean-Paul Bertrand-Demanes – French footballer
Frida Boccara – French singer, Winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1969
Merieme Chadid – Moroccan astronomer
Soufiane Choubani – Founder of the Moroccan National Debate Team
Jean-Charles de Castelbajac – French fashion designer
Dizzy DROS – Moroccan rapper
Gad Elmaleh – French/Canadian comedian
La Fouine – Moroccan-French rapper
El Haqed – Moroccan rapper
Serge Haroche – French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics
Shatha Hassoun – Moroccan/Iraqi singer
Lydia Hatuel-Czuckermann – Israeli Olympic fencer
Hicham Mesbahi – Moroccan boxer
French Montana – American rapper
Nawal El Moutawakel – Olympic champion
Noureddine Naybet – Moroccan footballer
Mostafa Nissaboury – Moroccan poet
Hakim Noury – Moroccan film director
Maurice Ohana – French composer
Jean Reno – French Hollywood actor
Daniel Sivan – professor
Alain Souchon – French songwriter
Frank Stephenson – award-winning automobile designer
Hassan Saada – Moroccan boxer arrested for alleged rape before Olympic match[117]
Sidney Taurel – naturalized American CEO of Eli Lilly and Company from 1998 to 2008
Richard Virenque – French cyclist
Muhammad Zarqtuni – Moroccan nationalist and resistance leader
Abdallah Zrika – Moroccan poet
In popular culture[edit]
Casablanca, an American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz
The 1942 film Casablanca (starring Ingrid Bergman and Humphrey Bogart) is supposed to have been set in Casablanca, although it was filmed entirely in Los Angeles and doesn't feature a single Arab or North African character with a speaking role.[118] The film depicts Casablanca as the scene of a power struggle between competing European powers, which had much more to do with the Tangier of the time.[119] The film has achieved worldwide popularity since its release. Nominated for eight Academy Awards, it won three, including Best Picture.
A Night in Casablanca (1946) was the 12th Marx Brothers' movie. The film stars Groucho Marx, Chico Marx, and Harpo Marx. It was directed by Archie Mayo and written by Joseph Fields and Roland Kibbee. The film contains the song "Who's Sorry Now?", with music by Ted Snyder and lyrics by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby. It is sung in French by Lisette Verea playing the part of Beatrice Rheiner, and then later sung in English. Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2" is played twice, once by Chico on piano as an introduction to the "Beer Barrel Polka", and again by Harpo on the harp.
The city is featured in The Mysterious Caravan (1975), volume 54 in the original Hardy Boys series.
Casablanca is the setting for several chapters in Doubleshot, a 2000 James Bond novel by Raymond Benson. In the novel, one of the characters mentions that the 1942 film was shot in Hollywood and not on location.
Casablanca is one of the key locations in the 2006 video game Dreamfall, as it is where the primary protagonist of the game, Zoë Castillo, lives. Although the city is imagined in the year 2219, much of the present-day architecture is used for inspiration.
Casablanca is the setting for the first act of the 2016 World War II romantic thriller film Allied starring Brad Pitt and Marion Cotillard.
International relations[edit]
See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
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Casablanca is twinned with:
Munich, Germany, since 2001
Memmingen, Germany
Bordeaux, France, since 1988[120][121]
Chicago, USA, since 1982[122]
Jakarta, Indonesia[123]
Shanghai, China (1986)[124]
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Busan, South Korea[125]
Makati, Philippines
Artvin, Turkey
Sosnowiec, Poland, since 2010
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[126]
Rabat Zoo
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^ "Vers la concrétisation de l'accord de jumelage entre Shanghai et Casablanca". French.peopledaily.com.cn. 18 November 2003. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
^ "City Government > Sister Cities of Busan > List of Sister Cities". english.busan.go.kr. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
^ "Rio and Casablanca are sister cities". ANBA News Agency. 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casablanca.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Casablanca.
Official web site of Casablanca
Official Casablanca Tourism Website (in French)
Casablanca photo gallery (buildings and other landmarks with a history dating back to the French Protectorate)
Open Air Museum of 20th century architecture
Geographic data related to Casablanca at OpenStreetMap
Prefectures and provinces of Morocco by region
Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Assilah
M'diq-Fnideq
Fahs-Anjra
Oujda-Angad
Jerada
Figuig
Driouch
Boulemane
Moulay Yacoub
El Hajeb
Taounate
Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
Skhirate-Témara
Khémisset
Béni Mellal-Khénifra
Azilal
Fquih Ben Salah
Berrechid
Nouaceur
Médiouna
Marrakesh-Safi
El Kelâa des Sraghna
Drâa-Tafilalet
Zagora
Tinghir
Souss-Massa
Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane
Inezgane-Aït Melloul
Chtouka Aït Baha
Guelmim-Oued Noun
Assa-Zag
Guelmim
Sidi Ifni
Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra
Laâyoune
Tarfaya
Boujdour
Es Semara
Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab
Aousserd
Oued Ed-Dahab
Alexandria 1951
Beirut 1959
Tunis 1967
İzmir 1971
Algiers 1975
Split 1979
Casablanca 1983
Latakia 1987
Languedoc-Roussillon 1993
Pescara 2009
Mersin 2013
Oran 2021
Taranto 2026
MusicBrainz: afabefb2-4d4e-42ee-9edc-0a86ced989f9
NARA: 10044575
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casablanca&oldid=951678160"
Prefecturial capitals in Morocco
Regional capitals in Morocco
Municipalities of Morocco
CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)
Articles with dead external links from August 2019
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
Articles with dead external links from July 2017
CS1 maint: uses authors parameter
Articles with dead external links from December 2019
Articles with text from the Berber languages collective
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄


The Special Procedures Technologist works under the general supervision of the Interventional Radiologist. The Technologist assists with a variety of diagnostic and interventional radiologic procedures, according to departmental protocol, as requested by the physician order. Positions the patient, and sets protocol factors with a high degree of competency on the imaging system.
Graduate from an Accredited Program in one or more medical imaging modalities as described below.
• Interventional Radiology: Must be ARRT RT(R)(VIR) (Or become ARRT VIR Registered within 24 mos. of hire or completing cross-training program). 1 year experience as a Radiologic Technologist. Basic Life Support (BLS). Requires critical thinking skills, decisive judgment and the ability to work with minimal supervision. Must be able to work in a stressful environment and take appropriate action.
Preferred: 1+ years of experience as an Interventional Radiology Technologist.


One Bedroom Unit - City View - HOT DEAL!!!
Two Bedroom Unit - City View - HOT DEAL!!!
Studio Unit - City View - HOT DEAL!!!
The capital city of Manila is about a 30 to 40-minute ride away from the hotel. The city is home to some of the country's historic attractions such as Intramuros, Rizal Park, and Binondo where the oldest Chinatown in the world is found.
From Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal: 30 - 40 Minutes via Expressway.
This place of lodging was indubitably elegant and their first-rate amenities and facilities were in a robust situation.
We love our stay and we love the pool. We ready had a great time here at the Gramercy. It's also very accessible.
"New Year at Siglo Suites"
We enjoyed our stay at the hotel. The pool was so great with a nice view at the 36th floor. The free breakfast at the room was so so. It was a set meal. The room looks smaller due to the divider within the small sala and the bedroom. The refrigerator is bigger than the usual hotel, since it's a condominium. The bathroom is so so but there is no bidet and limited tissue.
All Siglo Suites' units are uniquely designed. Featured phot/s may be different from the assisgned unit.
Notice: 4 adults are included in the basic charge. No extra adults can be accommodated in this room.


On Saturday 12 January, five of Kirkham Grammar School's 'The Wind in the Willows' cast members attended the prestigious NODA District 2 Awards Evening at The Grand Hotel in Blackpool. KGS had received seven nominations in five different categories. Fifth Year pupil, Reuben, won 'Best Actor' for his assured and confident performance in the role of Ratty. First Year pupil, Joshua, won 'Best Supporting Actor' for showing his vulnerability as the innocent and sensitive Mole. Many congratulations on this fantastic achievement.


To visit the otherwise very beautiful town of Kornelimünster on a very cold and windy day isn't a very pleasant thing, but maybe it cannot be different as Aachen (to the district of which Kornelimünster belongs) and its area are notorious for their bad weather and in Aachen, there is even a monument of the weather – named Aachener Wetter or Regenschirmdamen.
The Monastery of the Redeemer on the Inde (River) was founded in AD 814 by Emperor Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne and his successor, and his mentor, the Visigoth Abbot Benedict of Aniane. It was granted among others very important Saviour's relics from the Aachen Reliquary – namely, a loincloth (linteum Domini), a sudarium (sudarium Domini), a shroud (sindon munda), and a sliver from the cross.
(statue of Cyprian at the entrance of the church).
So, in 1028 the Monastery of Inda changed its name to Monasterium St. Cornelii ad Indam and later to Kornelimünster. In the middle of the 9th century, it was declared Imperial Abbey.
The south portal of the abbey church with the statues of St. Salvator/the Savior and Regina Mundi/the Queen of the World.
The church underwent several reconstructions and extensions over the centuries. From the Baroque interior decoration in the 17th century is still the high altar preserved with its painting by a Rubens' pupil.
To the left is the statue of Saint Cornelius from AD 1460.
St. Anne's altar, crafted in 1501 on the occasion of the temporary hosting of the relic of the head of Saint Anne on its way to Düren.
Golgotha – a mural painting from the beginning of the 16th century.
The organ case from 1760.
The Late Gothic vault paintings.
The baptismal font from AD 700.
The Cornelius Chapel from 1706, which stands right behind the high altar.
One of the portals to the abbey buildings.


text:
Desert Crystal Solutions
Quilpie, QLD, Australia, 4480
HTACCESS Header/Footer Wrapper for PHP
HTACCESS is a remarkable tool you can use for password protection, error handling (like custom 404 pages), or HTTP redirects. It can also be used to transform whole folders in seconds: adding headers to all your HTML documents, watermarking all your images, and more.
A wrapper is like a middleman. Using htaccess you can tell your web server to "forward" certain files to PHP scripts of yours. When a visitor tries to load an image in their browser, you could activate a script that adds a watermark to the image. When an HTML page is loaded you could query an IP-to-country database and have your HTML pages translated into the native language of your visitor's country-of-origin.
Every file in a folder, or all files of a certain type in a folder, can be instructed to go through a PHP script.
TORTILLA WRAP
Pretend you host several affiliate sites, or a full-blown hosting service like Geocities. Most sites running on free hosting services have some kind of advertisement the owners use to generate revenue. These aren't applied voluntarily by the users of these services. The ads don't even show up on their source files, just when displayed on the web.
It's possible to replicate this feature using less than 10 lines of PHP and htaccess code. To start off, make a folder on your web host called "header". Create a new text file and enter the following:
AddHandler headered .htm
AddHandler headered .html
Action headered /header/header.php
This designates files with the extension ".htm" and ".html" to a type called "headered". The name "headered" can really be anything, it's just a way of labeling a group of files. The last line there tells the web server that if any of the file types in the group called "headered" are called, we should instead execute the script "/header/header.php". This is the relative path, so if your URL is http://your.host, this will run http://your.host/header/header.php.
That's all you've got to do for the htaccess file. Save that as "htaccess.txt" -- we'll get back to it later.
For the actual wrapper, create a new text file with the standard tags, then assign your header and footer file names to variables called $header and $footer.
$header = "header.html";
$footer = "footer.html";
Redirecting a user to our script doesn't pass its contents to it, just the filename. If you call phpinfo() in your script and scroll to the bottom you can see all the server variables which give us the name. The element "REQUEST_URI" in $_SERVER gives us the relative path (/header/sample.html), but we want the full system path since we're going to be reading the actual file (/home/username/wwwroot/your.host/header/sample.html), which is "PATH_TRANSLATED".
$file = $_SERVER["PATH_TRANSLATED"];
The name of the file that just tried to be shown is now stored in the variable $file. Three simple things are left: output the header, output the actual file, then output the footer.
readfile($header);
readfile($file);
readfile($footer);
That's it. Here's the entire header.php file:
All that, in just nine lines of code. Download it here:
http://www.jumpx.com/tutorials/wrapper/header.zip
That contains the htaccess file and PHP wrapper script, along with a sample header, footer, and a test page. Upload all five files to your web host, chmod htaccess.txt to 0755 then rename it to ".htaccess". It might disappear from your directory listing which is okay, it should still be there.
Load, in your browser, the copy of sample.html residing on your web server. The text "This is my header" should appear at the top while "This is my footer" should show on the bottom. If you open up the actual file called sample.html, you'll see that these actually aren't there. They've been added in by the script all HTML files in the folder "header" must now pass through.
This is how wrappers work. Certain things, like adding custom headers and footers are done "on the fly" without modifying your original file. You'll get the same effect if you create other HTML files and upload them to this folder.
Files without ".html" or ".htm" extensions, such as text files or images, won't show these headers or footers. This is a good thing because text files aren't part of the presentation on a web site and adding extra text to images will corrupt them. It affects all HTML files within your /headers folder, and none of the files outside of it.
If you wanted, you could add or remove any file extensions you want, just by adding or taking away those "AddHandler" lines.
To get everything back to normal, either delete your .htaccess file or upload a blank .htaccess file in that folder, and all will be well again.
The same basic formula can be applied again for other uses -- HTTP compression, for example. This was an idea that used to be impractical because computers ran at slower speeds, and is now obsolete because of broadband technologies (DSL and cable).
It works like this: when an HTML page is loaded, the web server instead gives the visitor a zipped or compressed version of that page. The visitor downloads that file, which of course takes up less space than the real thing and downloads in less time, then unzips it and displays the original page.
In this age of lighting fast DSL lines, there's almost no noticeable difference. However, if you have a site that hosts large files whose audience is mostly dialup users, it might be something to look into.
Make a new folder called "compress". Create your htaccess file again, just as before, but set the extensions to include .htm, .html, and .txt. (The group name, folder name, and script name have nothing to do with one another, you can name any of these whatever you like -- I just like things to match.)
Our wrapper script for this should be called "compress.php". That's what I'm naming mine. This means the htaccess file you have should look as follows:
AddHandler compress .html
AddHandler compress .htm
AddHandler compress .txt
Action compress /compress/compress.php
If our wrapper were simply going to pass through the file (in other words, just read its contents into a variable and display it), our handler script would look like this:
"GIFT WRAPPING" YOUR OUTPUT
To make the HTTP compression work, we use two functions: ob_start() and ob_gzhandler(). Output buffering functions are strange. Any time you try to display something, you can have PHP save up everything you're trying to output. At the very end it's all dumped into a function of your choosing where the text can be changed or transformed before it's output.
There is a built-in PHP function called ob_gzhandler() which takes one parameter (a string of text), compresses the data according to the gzip standard and does all the header trickery that's needed to tell the user's browser that we are transmitting data that needs to be decompressed once it's downloaded. When this line is used:
ob_start("ob_gzhandler");
It tells PHP: everything displayed afterwards has to go through the function ob_gzhandler() first. Put that at the top of our script and here's what we've got:
Save that as compress.php. Upload both files, chmod htaccess.txt to 0755 and rename to .htaccess and you're done. That's all you need for it to work, and you can just as easily apply HTTP compression to any script by just adding that line.
To try this puppy out, I got on a dialup connection and put a copy of "The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Volume 1" on my web host, a 900 page book, about 1.6 megabytes in size. Without HTTP compression it took 5 and a half minutes to download. With the compression, only 2 minutes. Internet Explorer told me the download was going at 20 KB per second, impossible with a dialup connection... but since the file was zipped, I really was downloading 20 KB a second (once the data was decompressed on my end) over a 5 KB per second connection.
Though HTTP compression will work on sounds, video, and images, the space you save is negligible, usually only a few bytes. These sorts of media are already heavily compressed so zipping makes almost no difference. This is why we've told htaccess to only use compression on text and HTML, because it's with human languages like English where a lot of repetition occurs, which means more information can be compressed.
Not all browsers support HTTP compression, but ob_gzhandler() figures out if a browser can support HTTP compression. If the browser doesn't, the original file is displayed, no harm done.
You can get a copy of this sample script at:
http://www.jumpx.com/tutorials/wrapper/compress.zip
Both of these scripts I've created for you will work only on static files, files that actually exist such as images or HTML files. If you tried to apply these wrappers as-is to PHP scripts, Perl scripts or even HTML pages that use SSI. If your whole site is run by a single script it's a better idea to hard-code these things right in, anyway.
THE BEST THING SINCE BUBBLE WRAP
This last demonstration of an htaccess wrapper is something that I think most people with content sites have a use for. On the Internet, people steal stuff. Theft of HTML source code is a nuisance, sure, but the lifting of images is more common. Someone likes a logo on your page, or an e-book cover, or a picture of a physical product you're selling, and it becomes theirs to use.
A practical way to keep this from happening is to add a watermark to all your images, which is your logo or name on a corner somewhere, forcing anyone who takes your graphic to either unwillingly give you credit, or chop off a part of that picture.
Lucky for us, PHP has a set of functions to handle images, and in version 4.3 and above, it's included by default. Wrappers come in handy here because you might have an entire site full of images and would rather not spend three weeks watermarking tons of images by hand. Maybe you just don't want to have to juggle two sets of images, one watermarked and one normal.
Download this script from:
http://www.jumpx.com/tutorials/wrapper/watermark.zip
The only files you need to worry about in that zip are htaccess.txt and wrapper.php. Upload them to a folder called "watermark", chmod htaccess.txt to 0755 and rename to ".htaccess".
The file wrapper.php remain as is. I've put comments in the file regarding most of what it does, so if you're curious go ahead and take a peek.
What the script does is this: It figures out the original image that was supposed to be called. Then it loads the watermark, which I've set in wrapper.php to be "watermark.png" which is just a PNG image containing the text "THIS IS WATER MARKED". The watermark is placed on top of the original, in the lower right corner, and output in the same format (i.e., JPEG) as the original.
You can tell the difference by looking at these two images:
http://www.jumpx.com/tutorials/wrapper/thomas.jpg
http://www.jumpx.com/tutorials/wrapper/thomas-watermarked.jpg
I've included several types of images (GIFs, JPGs, and PNGs) in the zip file for you to test out. Once you've got everything setup, upload those images and see how they look with the watermark.
This script will work with GIFs, JPEGs, and PNGs. Due to a patent issue (which expires worldwide in July 2004) GIFs can only be read, and not output. To make up for this, any of your GIFs will be output as PNGs, which should still work.
If you think about it, a watermark script like this could also be used for a number of things. For example, if you decide to run an image hosting service like AuctionWatch does for eBay users, you could watermark your site's URL to the bottom. Your users get a free service and everyone else sees a possible place to get free image hosting, there's some nice viral promotion right there.
You could also adapt the script to check the HTTP referer (in the variable $_SERVER["HTTP_REFERER"]) to see if the image was called offsite. If it was, the script would put the watermark on there but if you called it from a page on your own site, the image would be shown without one.
Even I have put wrappers to good use. Last year I wrote a product for Teresa King called Codewarden, which uses htaccess wrappers to display all the files of a directory in an encoded JavaScript string in an effort to hide HTML source.
Hosting Basic
Perfect for the individual or business starting out.
500 MB (about 0.5 GB)
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Email-Accounts
1 (com.au,com - more)
$13.75 AUD / Month
+ $0.00 AUD Setup fee
Hosting Professional 1
Professional package for the individual or small-medium business.
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My IP Address: 3.236.156.34
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Welcome to Shawn Mendes Live!, your source for all things Shawn Mendes. You may know him from his top charting hits like "Stitches", "Treat You Better", and more. The site aims to provide you with all the latest news, photos, and more on Shawn! Take a look around the site and visit again!
Shawn's Tour Dates
Posner
Troye
don't we
Shawn on Twitter
Tweets by @ShawnMendes
Domain: Shawn-Mendes.com
Owner: Emily
Opened: October 10, 2015
Host: FansCity
Design: Version 3.0 by Nicole
Shawn Mendes Live! is an unofficial fansite dedicated to Shawn Mendes This site has no affiliation with his management, friends, or family. This is a fansite made by fans for fans. Everything used on this site are copyright to their original owners. No copyright infringement is intended. If you need something removed from this site please do not hesitate to contact me.
All donations, no matter how small, will be greatly appreciated. We will list your name on a donations page (unless you prefer to be anonymous). All donations will go towards monthly hosting renewals, domain renewals, and photos for the site. Thank you!
Shawn Mendes Names His Top 5 Teen Music Stars of All Time
by Emily • 0 Comments/ Articles
BILLBOARD.COM – Shawn Mendes recently received the Allan Slaight Honour at Canada's Walk of Fame ceremonies in his hometown of Toronto, an award recognizing young inspirational Canadian musicians who have achieved international success. And that he has.
The 17-year-old's latest single, "Stitches," from his debut album, Handwritten, has spent 23 weeks on Billboard's Hot 100, peaking at No. 4. The album has been on the Billboard 200 for 29 weeks, peaking at No. 1 and has reached No. 1 in Canada and Norway, No. 2 in Spain and Denmark, No. 4 in Sweden, No. 11 in Ireland, No. 12 in the U.K., and No. 18 in Australia and New Zealand.
On the afternoon of his last tour date opening for Taylor Swift, Mendes gave Billboard his list of his top 5 favorite teen music stars of all time. The first three were easy for him, but being put on the spot he had a bit of trouble coming up with the final two. "How many do I have, three? These questions are difficult," he laughs.
Here they are — subject to change, if he's ever asked this again.
1. Taylor Swift
"I'm going to start off with No. 1, Taylor Swift. She's the best person ever. I'm pretty sure she's probably the epitome of what a music star can be — and also it's really cool being on tour with her."
2. Justin Timberlake.
"He's the MAN. I really look up to him. [sings] Justin Timberlake."
3. Alessia Cara
"Have you heard of Alessia Cara? She's great. Yeah, I'm very proud of her. So her."
4. Elvis
"Elvis must've been 17 actually or was he in his young 20s? I don't know. Put Elvis down."
5. Jonas Brothers
"Jonas Brothers. I love them. Definitely. I love those guys. I'm close with Nick, actually."
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