text:
\section{Introduction}
Granular materials are large assemblies of particles which are athermal and dissipative and as such their statistical properties can hardly be characterized by using the standard tool box of statistical thermodynamics. It has then been considered a challenge in the community to devise a novel statistical framework for these systems that would have both explanatory and predictive powers \cite{Blumenfeld09, Zamponi09, Henkes09, PicaCiamarra12}.
One of the most appealing routes towards a statistical framework to characterize jammed states is the one proposed by Sam Edwards more than two decades ago which hypothesizes that if one has a protocol to generate (granular) packings of $N$ particles at some fixed volume $V$ or packing fraction $\phi$, then each jammed packing will be as likely as any other to appear with probability $\Omega_{jammed}^{-1}(N,\phi)$ --- where $\Omega_{jammed}(N,\phi)$ is the total number of mechanically stable structures that can be made out of these $N$ particles confined in the prescribed volume $V$ --- \citep{Edwards89, Edwards90}. Although such a claim does not bear any micro-mechanical justification yet, there is still a possibility that, akin to throwing a six facet dice (system for which we do not have any micro-mechanical justification either), it so happens that most protocols could well be described by a probability measure which assumes a uniform sampling of the states in virtue {\it e.g.} of Pascal's principle of indifference. Still, Edwards' proposal contrasts deeply with studies like that of Jiao et al. \cite{Torquato2010, Torquato2011} which showed that one could tailor many packing-generating protocols that lead to any possible packing fraction corresponding to various degrees of structural randomness for the obtained jammed states (hence ruling out {\it e.g.} packings with the same packing fraction but with a different randomness). Also, recent advances on the behaviour of hard sphere glasses have permitted to probe the glass phase close to the jamming transition. This probing can be done in two different ways: either by focusing on the ``\ typical ''\  (in a statistical thermodynamic sense) states that can exist close to jamming \cite{Charbonneau14} or by following initial states from a dilute phase \cite{Krzakala10} up to jamming \cite{Rainone14}. Interestingly, these two different ways of choosing glassy states yield a different physics which strengthen the idea of what seems to be a protocol dependent measure. It is therefore important to devise tests to assess whether Edwards' conjecture is rather the rule or the exception to the rule. To this aim,  different strategies have been used. On the one hand, instead of testing Edwards' {\it microcanonical} hypothesis, it has been more practical to test a {\it canonical} extension of it which ought to apply to packing-generating protocols that do not fix exactly the volume occupied by the jammed states. In this case however the various theoretical \cite{Barrat2000, Dean03, Blumenfeld03, Eastham06, Bowles11,Blumenfeld12}, numerical \cite{Aste08, PicaCiamarra06, McNamara09, Paillusson12} and experimental \cite{Makse02, McNamara09, Lechenault10, Makse12, Daniels13} studies done on the subject were not, overall, very conclusive. That is because different protocols and assumptions were used to apply Edwards' canonical ensemble to practical cases. On another hand, it has been proposed for a long time to use soft materials as models for granular materials \cite{Nagel03, Makse05, Chen10, Wang10, Brujic11, Sollich12, Makse12, Xu05}. In this case, the idea consists in interpreting the discrete set of jammed granular states as being minima of a potential energy surface (also referred to as an {\it energy landscape}; term that we should use interchangeably with potential energy surface throughout the paper) of soft particles \footnote{By doing so however, one in principle generates additional spurious energy minima that do not correspond to any granular jammed state. If one wants to keep a fixed packing volume, it is therefore important to design a potential energy surface that tries to minimize the number of these spurious minima so as to get soft jammed states as close as possible to that of granular jammed states. Otherwise, one can use less carefully chosen soft matter models to mimic closely granular jammed states by allowing their packing volume to vary \cite{Xu05}.}. This allows then both experimental \cite{Gao09, Brujic11} and numerical \cite{Makse12,PRL14,Nagel03, Gao06} realizations of soft material models of granular packings that can be used in principle to test Edwards' original hypothesis.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{Fig1.jpg}
\caption{\label{fig1} (Color online) Schematic representation (dotted line) of an energy or volume landscape that can be used to generate four mechanically stable packings (A, B, C, D). For each minimum, it is not possible to decrease further the cost function without first increasing the volume available (volume landscape interpretation like the LS algorithm) or the energy of the system (energy landscape interpretation). The solid blue line represents the basin of attraction of the minimum $C$ while the length of the red segment $B'C'$ represents its size. In a multidimensional space, this size becomes a hyper-volume in the space of coordinates. }
\end{figure}

Now, it appears that even the first set of studies looking at granular jammed states with a non-constrained packing fraction can be interpreted in terms of a landscape that would be a {\it volume} or {\it density} landscape \cite{Ashwin12} where the minima of this landscape would be the set of states for which, under a prescribed dynamical model that prevents particle overlaps ({\it e.g.} the Lubachevsky-Stillinger (LS) algorithm \cite{LS1, LS2}), it is impossible to reach a lower volume configuration before first increasing the volume accessible to the particles \cite{Mueggenburg12}. This allows then a rather unified picture of two of the most ubiquitous ways to generate jammed states expressed in the vocabulary of landscape exploration. Fig.\ref{fig1} gives an illustration of the idea underlying this interpretation of jammed states as being either volume minima in a density landscape of hard particles or energy minima of the potential energy surface of a soft material model of granular matter.

\vspace{2mm}

In this article, we will mostly focus on the energy landscape (potential energy surface) exploration as we seek physical consequences --- regarding {\it e.g.} Edwards' conjecture --- of numerical results obtained in \cite{PRL14}. To this end, we first recall very standard results on the equivalence between the canonical and the microcanonical ensembles in the thermodynamic limit. We then move to jammed systems as studied in \cite{PRL14}. After having recalled the protocol they used and the results they obtained, we will show that there is a strong analogy between an infinite number of energy landscape-based protocols and a --- granular --- canonical ensemble. We will moreover show that, akin to what happens in statistical thermodynamics, this canonical ensemble tends toward a microcanonical measure. We discuss the implications of this equivalence and claim that this microcanonical measure, in general, does not coincide with the Edwards' measure.

\section{Equivalence between the microcanonical and canonical ensembles}
This section is dedicated to recall how does the canonical ensemble become equivalent to a microcanonical ensemble in the thermodynamic limit. Although, the derivation that follows can be found in most text books on statistical thermodynamics ({\it e.g.} in \cite{Huang}), we briefly re-derive it here to introduce notations and concepts that will be useful in the remaining of the manuscript.
We start off by writing the partition function in the canonical ensemble, for $N$ particles in a volume $V$ with inverse temperature $\beta = 1/k_BT$, via a sum over energies $E$ i.e.:
\begin{equation}
Q(N,V,\beta) = \frac{1}{N!} \int_0^{+\infty}  dE \:\omega(E,V,N)e^{-\beta E} \label{eq0}
\end{equation}where $\omega(E,V,N)dE$ is the total number of states in the energy range $[E, E+dE]$. The idea consists then in defining the microcanonical entropy $S(E,N,V)$ via $\omega(E) \equiv e^{S(E,N,V)/k_B}$ and it comes that the partition function reads:
\begin{equation}
Q(N,V,\beta) =  \int_0^{+\infty}  dE \:e^{-\beta A(E,N,V)} \label{eq1}
\end{equation}where $A(E)= E-TS(E)+ k_B T\ln N!$ is the Helmholtz free energy of the system at energy $E$ and where the $+\ln N!$ term ensures extensivity of $A$. To formally address the extensivity property, we introduce the notion that two functions $f(N,V,\beta)$ and $g(N,V,\beta)$ are equivalent in the thermodynamic limit (and noted $f \sim g$) {\it iff} $\lim_{N,V \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{f}{g} = 1$ at fixed packing fraction $\phi \equiv Nv_0/V \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$ ($v_0^{1/d}$ being a length scale related to the size of the particles; where $d$ stands for the spatial dimension). $A$ being extensive, then --- by definition --- there exists a function $a( e,\phi) \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$ such that $A(E) \sim N a( e,\phi)$ and where $e$ and $a$ are the energy and free energy per particle. In the thermodynamic limit, Eq. \eqref{eq1} can then be recast as:
\begin{equation}
Q(N,V,\beta) \sim  N\int_0^{+\infty}  de \:e^{- N \beta a(e,\phi)}. \label{eq2}
\end{equation}Now, if $a$ has a minimum at say $e^*$, then this integral can be evaluated by using a saddle point approximation. Assuming this extremum lies on the real line, the idea is to expand $a(e) = a(e^*) + \frac{1}{2}a''( e^*)( e- e^*)^2 + \mathcal{O}((e-e^*)^3)$. Replacing it in Eq. \eqref{eq2} up to the second order gives:
\begin{equation}
Q(N,V,\beta) \sim N e^{-N \beta a(e^*)} \int_0^{+\infty}  de \:e^{-\beta N \frac{a''(e^*)(e-e^*)^2}{2}}  \label{eq3}
\end{equation}From Eq. \eqref{eq3}, we see that all the statistics is now essentially in a gaussian form. From very standard statistical mechanics, we know that $Var(E) \propto C_v$ where $C_v$ is the specific heat capacity at fixed volume. Now, the heat capacity is also an extensive quantity and therefore $Var(E) \sim N$. Now, in the case of Eq. \eqref{eq3}, the statistics is that of $e$ and not $E$. This is no issue as we can use the fact that $Var(e) = Var(E)/N^2 \sim 1/N$. It then implies, in case we had any doubts, that $a''(e^*) \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$. Evaluating the gaussian integral then yields:
\begin{equation}
Q(N,V,\beta) \sim e^{-N \beta a(e^*)}\sqrt{\frac{2 \pi N}{K}}  \label{eq5}
\end{equation}where $K \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$ is a constant. Hence, in the thermodynamic limit, one finds that $A(N,V,\beta) \sim N a(e^*) \equiv N (e^* - Ts(e^*))$ (where $s$ contains here part of the $N!$ introduced in the definition of $A$ in Eq. \eqref{eq1}). Everything is thus as if the energy was fixed at the value $N e^*$, from which we subtract the corresponding (extensive) microcanonical entropy. The role of the thermal bath is encapsulated in the possibly complicated relationship between $e^*$ and $\beta$. Now, since the partition function is the generating functional of all the moments of the canonical distribution, we have therefore retrieved that there is a statistical equivalence between the canonical ensemble and a microcanonical one in the thermodynamic limit {\it i.e.} there exists a one to one correspondence between the physics going on at some $\beta$ value in the canonical ensemble and the physics characterized by the corresponding microcanonical ensemble at $E = Ne^*(\beta)$.

\hspace{2mm}

Another way to see this equivalence is to look at the integrand in Eq. \eqref{eq3} and see that we can build a probability distribution for $e$ from it by simply dividing the gaussian weight by the partition function itself. Since we have calculated it in Eq. \eqref{eq5}, we see that at least up to order 2, we have that:

\begin{equation}
p_{N}(e) \approx \sqrt{\frac{K N}{2\pi}} \exp \left( - \frac{K N (e-e^*)^2}{2} \right) \label{eq7}
\end{equation}One can easily check that $p_{N}$ is essentially a sequence of functions whose limit is the Dirac delta distribution such that:

\begin{equation}
\lim_{N \rightarrow +\infty} p_{N}(e) = \delta(e-e^*) \label{eq8}
\end{equation}which is essentially a microcanonical measure at fixed energy $Ne^*$.

\section{Generating jammed states and the landscape ambiguity}
The problem of generating model granular jammed states from an energy landscape can be divided into two parts. The first one consists in identifying a model whose energy minima mostly correspond to --- granular --- jammed states. The second one consists in providing a procedure for the landscape exploration that ultimately decides the frequency with which each jammed state is visited. For soft matter models, the potential energy surface is that of a system of hard core particles --- whose radii can go to zero in some models --- covered by a soft shell --- using hertzian \cite{Nagel03,Makse05, Xu11, Frenkel11}, elastic \cite{Makse12} or WCA \cite{PRL14} potentials ---. For our purposes, we recquire that the packing fraction of the whole system, when defined with respect to the total particle sizes ({\it i.e. hard core + soft shell}), is way above jamming. The ``\ above jamming ''\ condition ensures that all minima correspond to jammed states and not to a part of the configuration space that would be fluid-like. That way, the jammed basins tile certainly the underlying fluid space; which is a central feature of the method as we shall see below. The price to pay is then that the present analysis cannot straightforwardly be used to probe the whole energy landscape at the jamming transition. Study of this particular point below which most disordered hard particle assemblies are fluid \cite{Kamien07} goes beyond the scope of the present paper and is still the object of intensive studies \cite{Nagel03, Xu05, Majmudar07, Zhang2009, Makse10, Xu11, Jacquin11, Sollich12, Makse12, Charbonneau14}.\newline Now, regarding the exploration procedure, it is very common to choose a packing fraction for the hard core part of the system that is sufficiently low to avoid any glassy behaviour. In that case, if one picks, at random, configuration states from an equilibrated hard core fluid, then this is equivalent to exploring uniformly the potential energy surface associated to the soft shell interactions. This protocol is illustrated with typical simulation steps in Fig. \ref{fig2}.

\begin{figure}
(a)\includegraphics[width=0.4\columnwidth]{Fig2a.png}
(b)\includegraphics[width=0.4\columnwidth]{Fig2b.png}
(c)\includegraphics[width=0.45\columnwidth]{Fig2c.png}
\caption{\label{fig2} Jammed state as generated by potential energy minimization. One start by picking a state (a) from an equilibrated hard-sphere fluid. Then, the soft shell interaction is turned-on  and the packing fraction is now such that there are many overlaps (b). The system relaxes then to the corresponding potential energy minimum, yielding the jammed state (c).  }
\end{figure}
A consequence of this exploration protocol is that, upon a quench to the ``\ nearest ''\ minimum, a fluid state picked in this way is more likely to be captured by a minimum with a big basin of attraction rather than by a small one. In fact, the probability to end up in a particular basin of hyper-volume $\mathcal{V}$ is exactly $\mathcal{V}/\mathcal{V}_{fluid}$ with this aforementioned protocol; where $\mathcal{V}_{fluid}$ is the volume tiled by all the basins. Thus, in addition to being simple, this widely used protocol is also very convenient because we can infer straightforwardly what the jammed states statistics has to be (and it is not uniform).

\vspace{2mm}

Now, to prevent any confusion, a comment is here in order. The energy landscape description of soft material models of a granular medium discussed above (and in Fig.\ref{fig1}) looks very similar to the {\it free energy} landscape description of structural glasses. In fact, many studies have looked deep into the glassy regime with the use of the Replica Symmetry Breaking tools to probe the jamming transition for soft and hard particles ({\it e.g.} \cite{Zamponi06, Zamponi09, Jacquin11, Charbonneau12, Charbonneau14}). In particular, it has been found recently that when using the smallest resolution possible to define the basins of this free energy landscape for hard spheres, the actual hyper-volume of these basins was vanishing at jamming \cite{Charbonneau14}. This contrasts with the claim of the previous paragraph where the hyper-volume of the basins of attraction of jammed states have no reason to be zero (this is quite clear in Fig.\ref{fig1} too). These two observations are in fact non-contradictory for they do not talk about the same landscapes. On the one hand, the free energy landscape of structural glasses --- which is a Gibbs entropy landscape for hard spheres --- is an {\it emerging property} of the thermodynamic state of the system; that is, upon following a particular branch of a metastable fluid phase, some regions of the configuration space become more and more dynamically disconnected from one another as we go deeper into the glass phase. This gives rise to the successive appearance of more and more ``\ structural basins ''\ which characterize these effectively disconnected regions within which, in the glassy regime, particles are still free to move and hence a thermodynamic Gibbs entropy can be associated to them. It is then no surprise that, when approaching jamming from the glass, the ``\ typical ''\ entropy per basin vanishes because {\it by definition}, no particle has any freedom to jiggle at jamming and the Gibbs partition function has to be zero there. That is simply because, at jamming, the dimensionality of the space to explore decreases --- essentially from continuous to discrete \cite{Gao09} --- and as a consequence, the Gibbs measure in the continuous configuration space of hard spheres has to be exactly zero for any set in this new space of jammed states. On another hand, the potential energy surface discussed in Ref. \cite{PRL14} and in the present paper is a {\it feature} of a soft material model of a granular material and hence of the effective protocol used to generate model granular jammed states. The definition of basins of attraction --- and their hyper-volume --- then differs greatly in these two cases. The free energy landscape of glasses would define a basin as being the set of all fluid configurations {\it compatible} with a particular average structure (set that ought to be of cardinality one at jamming) whose hyper-volume is then often related to a typical {\it cage size} reminiscent of cell model methods used to compute the Helmholtz free energy of crystals. Essentially, the smaller the cage, the smaller the basin entropy and the harder it becomes to compress the system any further. Upon following a metastable branch of the fluid phase, this leads to a divergence of the thermodynamic pressure at a packing fraction much lower than that of close packing which is symptomatic of a vanishing typical cage size as discussed by Kamien and Liu \cite{Kamien07}. {\it A contrario}, the hyper-volume of a basin of attraction of a potential energy surface would be the set of all initial states which lead, upon a prescribed quenching dynamics, to the same jammed structure and has absolutely no reason to be of zero measure. For a glass, it could be the set of initial fluid states at an initial equilibrium packing fraction $\phi_i$ which, upon quenching to a higher final packing fraction $\phi_f$ beyond the glass transition, reach the same average structure. This is very different from the number of fluid states {\it at} $\phi_f$ which are compatible with some average structure. Now, in our case, looking at Fig. \ref{fig2}, the basin of attraction of the jammed structure $(c)$ is the set of all $(a)$-states leading to the structure $(c)$ upon following the steps decribed in the above paragraph and summarized in Fig. \ref{fig2}. This discussion on the difference between basin entropies in a glassy free energy landscape close to jamming and basin hyper-volumes of a potential energy surface echoes a more general discussion on other --- non-thermodynamic --- entropies that can be defined to characterize jammed states \cite{Daan13} and had to be made clear before moving on to the main point of the paper.

\section{Canonical ensemble for jammed states}

Ref. \cite{PRL14} aimed at estimating the {\it total} number of jammed states for a given packing fraction $\phi$ and number of particles $N$ (for a poly-disperse system). To do so, the authors imagine an {\it ideal} --- unknown --- protocol which would sample all of the jammed states uniformly and define the mean basin hyper-volume as being:
\begin{equation}
\langle \mathcal{V} \rangle \equiv \frac{1}{\Omega_{jammed}(N,\phi)}\sum_{\mathcal{B} \in \Omega_{jammed}} \: \mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{B}} \label{mean1}
\end{equation}The idea is then to infer an unbiased distribution $p_u(F)$ for the {\it free energy} $F = -\ln (\mathcal{V}N!)$ \footnote{The additional $N!$ in the definition of the free energy of a basin of attraction ensures that the configurational entropy $\ln \Omega_{jammed}(N,\phi)$ (or other reasonable definitions of the configurational entropy) derived from \eqref{mean1} and \eqref{mean2} is extensive as discussed in length in Ref. \cite{PRL14}.} of a basin such that:
\begin{equation}
\langle \mathcal{V} \rangle = \int dF \: p_u(F) e^{-F} \label{mean2}
\end{equation}
The major problem is that, as specified before, $p_u(F)$ is unknown since the protocol described above to actually generate the jammed states is far from sampling them uniformly. At this stage, it is worth pointing out that the ideal unbiased algorithm that would sample all the jammed states uniformly has {\it a priori} nothing to do with the basin size distribution $p_u(F)$. Indeed, using an energy landscape is just a particular way --- among others --- to get jammed states. So, while we can always imagine jammed states as being minima of an energy landscape, we could have used another feature of jammed states to sample them uniformly, and that would not have changed their basin volume distribution. Let us now denote $p_b(F)$ the free energy distribution of the basins as sampled by the protocol with a bias proportional to the hyper-volume of the basins. It is clear that:
\begin{equation}
p_b(F) \propto p_u(F) \mathcal{V}(F) = p_u(F) e^{-F}, \label{eq9}
\end{equation}and now something interesting happens. The expression in Eq.\eqref{mean2} can indeed be interpreted as a partition function similar to that of Eq.\eqref{eq0} associated to the biased weight in Eq.\eqref{eq9} with which each basin is sampled with the protocol in use. The interpretation goes then as follows: everything is as if we had ``\ microstates ''\ which are the jammed states and for each of them we can measure an ``\ energy ''\ which is nothing but the free energy associated to their corresponding basin of attraction ($F = -\ln (\mathcal{V}N!)$). In Eq. \eqref{mean2}, $p_u(F)$ plays exactly the same role as $\omega(E)$ in Eq. \eqref{eq0} corrected by a Boltzmann weight penalizing high energies in the case of Eq. \eqref{eq0} and small volumes in the case of Eq. \eqref{eq9}. In addition, $F$ is here strictly bounded from below because of the size of the box but has no obvious strict upper bound. A major difference with usual statistical mechanics though, is that both the biased {\it and} the unbiased distributions for $F$ have to be integrable and in general, we assume that most of their moments --- if not all --- have to be defined. A consequence of these general requirements is that the free energy density of state noted $\omega_{jammed}(F) \propto p_u(F)$ has to be a fast decaying function for both small and large values of $F$ (almost defining a compact support).

\vspace{2mm}

Finally, for the analogy with a canonical ensemble to be complete, we can wonder what is the equivalent of $\beta$ in the case of jammed states (that we denote $\beta_G$). It turns out that $\beta_G$ is related to how sensitive the sampling protocol is to the size of the basins. With the protocol described above, the sampling selects proportionally to the hyper-volume of the basin and $\beta_G = 1$, but one could imagine other types of sampling for which the bias with respect to uniformity would be some power of the hyper-volume of those basins and this exponent would be the corresponding $\beta_G$.

\section{Towards a microcanonical ensemble}
One of the results of Ref.\cite{PRL14} is that the biased distribution $p_b(F)$ tends towards a gaussian distribution for large system sizes. It is also found that $\langle F \rangle_b \sim N f^* $ {\it i.e.}, the biased average of $F$ increases linearly with the system size \cite{PRL14}. In addition, it is found that $Var(F) \sim N c$ (where $c \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$) so that in the end, if we look at the biased distribution of the free energy per particle $f \equiv F/N$, it comes (for large system sizes):
\begin{equation}
p_b(f) = \sqrt{\frac{N}{2 \pi c}} \exp \left(- \frac{N (f-f^*)^2}{2c} \right) \label{eq10}
\end{equation}As we have seen before, such a function will tend towards a Dirac delta distribution and, in effect, will be uniformly sampling basins with a single free energy that is $Nf^*$. Now, the corresponding ensemble is one where the free energy is essentially $N f^*$ for every basin sampled. It is worth stressing that such a claim was already hypothesised by Wang et al. \cite{Makse12} to justify that Edwards' measure would be retrieved in the thermodynamic limit even for biased sampling protocols. Although we acknowledge that the shrinking of some basin-related probability distribution was indeed inspired, we disagree with the conclusion that the Edwards measure will always be retrieved in the thermodynamic limit and shall explain why below.

There are in fact two ways to interpret Eq. \eqref{eq10}: a) all possible jammed states are sampled uniformly because the landscape becomes such that all basins have the same hyper-volume corresponding to the free energy $Nf^*$ or b) only a subset of all possible states is sampled uniformly in the thermodynamic limit and that is the one comprising basins with a free energy $Nf^*$. The remaining part of the paper will deal with this issue.

\section{Finding the density of state upon unbiasing $p_b$}

Let us first remark that, if the biased distribution is genuinely gaussian (which is what we will assume here based on Ref. \cite{PRL14}), then so is the unbiased one. To see this, one simply needs to use Eq.\eqref{eq9} together with the following identity $-a(x-\overline{x})^2 + x = -a(x-(\overline{x}+(2a)^{-1}))^2 - \overline{x} - (4a)^{-1}$. As a matter of fact, since we multiply $p_b(F)$ by an exponential to retrieve $p_u(F)$, its mean will be shifted towards higher values of the free energy (an illustration of this is given {\it e.g.} in Ref. \cite{Daan13}). Now, the fact that the density of state of $F$ (or equivalently the probability distribution $p_u(F)$) tends to be gaussian for large system sizes was also found in \cite{Frenkel11} by sampling all the minima of small binary mixtures of elastic disks. This suggests that the gaussianity of $p_u(F)$ (or $\omega_{jammed}(F)$)  does not depend very much on the actual energy landscape as long as the interactions are kept short ranged and isotropic.

In the end, for such energy landscapes, the free energy per particle distribution --- as measured by uniform sampling --- is a delta function centered around $f^* + \Delta$ where $\Delta$ accounts for this shift and is a positive number unimportant for the present discussion.

\vspace{2mm}

We already see here that if we believe in the interpretation a) above, that is, interpreting Eq. \eqref{eq10} as meaning that {\it all} states are sampled uniformly and have free energy $Nf^*$, then there is a contradiction with the fact that, when {\it all} the jammed states are sampled uniformly and we infer the corresponding unbiased distribution from $p_b$, then we know that there are overwhelmingly more states with free energy $N(f^* + \Delta)$ than with free energy $Nf^*$. Thus, interpretation a) cannot be right. The only remaining choice, common from a statistical mechanics point of view, is that to a canonical sampling with $\beta_G = 1$ corresponds an equivalent uniform sampling of a particular subset of all the jammed states that contains only jammed states with free energy $Nf^*$.

\vspace{2mm}

As said before, one can imagine protocols whose sensitivities to the basin size will go as $\mathcal{V}^{\beta_G}$. In such a case, the problem is equivalent to that of a canonical ensemble with an inverse ``\ temperature ''\ $\beta_G$ and a general partition function:
\begin{equation}
Q_G(N,\phi,\beta_G) \equiv  \int dF \: \omega_{jammed}(F)e^{-\beta_G F} \label{eq11}
\end{equation}
The crucial point to make here is that the gaussianity of $\omega_{jammed}(F)$ (or equivalently $p_u(F)$) for large $N$ is not protocol-dependent and is a feature of the soft matter model. As a consequence, any canonical weight with a temperature $\beta_G$, in virtue of the trivial extension of Eq. \eqref{eq9} to any $\beta_G$ value, will tend towards a gaussian for large system sizes and will be statistically equivalent to a uniform measure within a corresponding free energy slice in the thermodynamic limit.

\vspace{2mm}

In contrast to what was suggested in Ref. \cite{Makse12}, we stress that, in general, the limiting microcanonical distribution discussed above does not coincide with Edwards' ensemble as the latter requires that all possible states at a given $N$ and $\phi$ are uniformly sampled. In fact, Edwards' measure would correspond to the sum of $\omega(F)$ over all basin free energy slices {\it i.e.} over all the possible limiting microcanonical ensembles as derived in the present paper. Now, an interesting case is that of $\beta_G = 0$. This corresponds to an infinite temperature in our interpretation of the protocol and indeed in this case there is no bias and all states can be sampled uniformly; the Edwards measure is then retrieved as a very specific case of our interpretation. That being said, it is worth mentioning that an interesting discussion on how fast a quench is performed in an energy landscape and its effect on the statistical mechanics description of granular media has been proposed in \cite{Makse12}. It was indeed argued that slowly quenched protocols were compatible with Edwards' measure while, at least for small systems, fast quenches were not. This claim seems quite un-intuitive at first sight since we know that {\it e.g.} for hard spheres, a slow quench in packing fraction simply leads to an entropy-driven crystallization that ends up in a jammed close-packed FCC or HCP structure; this is not quite what one would call a uniform sampling of jammed states. This intuition is indeed confirmed by running standard Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations but also LS simulations which, at sufficiently small compression rates, can mimic equilibrium behaviour \cite{Torquato2006, Torquato2011}. Now, the numerical quenching protocol of Ref. \cite{Makse12} (and also of Refs. \cite{Makse05, Makse08} with similar findings) actually differs from a usual LS algorithm in that it allows each particle to be subject to a background fluid-like dissipation that forces the system to eventually reach a mechanical equilibrium --- not necessarily jammed --- after each compression step \cite{Makse08}. Motion of the particles is then only triggered by particle overlaps upon further compression. Such a protocol is very similar in spirit to the one of Ref. \cite{Sollich12} cautiously designed to study the jamming of soft athermal systems. Hence, it is slightly misleading to interpret such a protocol as being related to a single potential energy surface --- that of the final packing fraction --- for the system explores many different energy landscapes along its compression trajectory. This phenomenology of ever-changing landscape upon reaching jamming bears some resemblance with what happens when trying to probe jamming from model spin glasses \cite{Krzakala10} or more recently hard sphere glasses \cite{Charbonneau14}, although, because the particles remain forever soft in the studies \cite{Makse08, Makse12}, a non-zero hyper-volume of the basins of attraction is expected (and indeed measured).

 In the present formalism, we claim that slowly reaching a minimum of an energy landscape (in the sense discussed in the previous paragraph) from an initial fluid configuration may in fact well be an artificial way of decreasing the value of $\beta_G$ towards zero but it is however a bit too hasty to conclude that the corresponding statistical measure is that of Edwards'. Instead, we propose that, as the protocol used is more and more able to effectively decrease $\beta_G$, one should observe more and more compatibility with Edwards' proposal and reach equality only in the limiting case $\beta_G = 0$.

\vspace{2mm}

Finally, in case one were to be surprised that we can find an equivalent microcanonical measure --- centered at $N(f^*+\Delta)$ --- even when the sampling is unbiased and probing basins of all sizes {\it i.e.} when $\beta_G = 0$, it is worth recalling that the same goes for any thermodynamical system with a bounded energy spectrum in usual statistical thermodynamics. As a prototypical example, in a paramagnetic spin system coupled to an external magnetic field at inverse thermodynamic temperature $\beta$, one easily finds that the canonical ensemble at $\beta = 0$ is equivalent to a microcaninical ensemble where the energy $E = \langle E \rangle_{\beta = 0} = 0$. In this spin example, and in our granular case too, the unbiased sampling over all possible states is overwhelmingly dominated by the states with the most probable energy (or by basins with the most probable free energy in our granular case).

\section{Conclusion}
In this article, we have shown that it was possible to interpret the role of a widely used numerical protocol to generate jammed states as a particular ``\ granular''\ temperature value --- $\beta_G = 1$ --- of a much richer canonical ensemble. We have also shown that, assuming results from \cite{PRL14} can be extended to more general cases of energy landscape based protocols (cf. those used in Ref. \cite{Makse12}), this canonical ensemble is equivalent to a microcanonical ensemble in the thermodynamic limit where some jammed states are then sampled uniformly. We argued that Edwards' microcanonical ensemble was a very specific case of this richer picture where the protocol inverse temperature is $\beta_G = 0$, otherwise the other granular microcanonical measures $\beta_G > 0$ do not coincide with Edwards'.

\vspace{2mm}

These results shed light on how to take the role of the protocol seriously and yet be able to formulate the problem in a formalism identical to that of statistical thermodynamics. We hypothesise that the results discussed in this paper for energy landscape based protocols could extend to volume landscapes \cite{Ashwin12} and would give a new intuition about the statistical mechanics of tapping protocols for instance. It is worth noting that, even in the case of a volume landscape, the probability assigned to each jammed state would be directly linked to the hyper-volume of the corresponding basin of attraction. Only if it is possible to have a mapping from these hyper-volumes of basins of attraction to the corresponding packing fractions of the jammed states, can we try to infer from it some statistical predictions about the probability distribution of volume or packing fraction for a given protocol.\newline  Finally, the interpretation here introduced opens the window for novel granular simulations in which an energy landscape exploration could be coupled to a Metropolis criterion enforcing the value of $\beta_G$. This could give much more freedom in terms of protocols used to generate jammed states and interpret their physical properties.

\begin{acknowledgments}
{\small \it F. Paillusson acknowledges fruitful discussions with S. Martiniani, K.J. Schrenk, D. Frenkel and D. Asenjo. F.P. acknowledges the Direccion General de Investigacion (Spain) and DURSI for financial support under
projects FIS 2011-22603 and 2009SGR-634, respectively.}
 \end{acknowledgments}
\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


God created mankind and gave him dominion over His creation.
God gave human beings dominion and authority over everything on earth, and then God assigned Adam (with Eve) to care for and bless the earth.
When the first Adam sinned, he released his authority and dominion to an enemy, the enemy of enemies. Jesus calls him a liar and murderer from the beginning, and every time he opens his mouth, he lies; there is no truth in him.
Eve was deceived but Adam disobeyed (1 Timothy 2:14). The very enemy who had rebelled against God, deceived the woman, and then accused all mankind before God, was now given place in the earth. That is, until the cross!
Who delivered it to him? The first Adam gave it to him when he disobeyed and rebelled.
The good news is that Jesus came to destroy all of the works of the devil, and as the 2nd Adam, He also took back the dominion and authority that the 1st Adam gave away.
Jesus is our Champion who died on the cross for our sins and regained all that Adam 1 had lost, and even more. Adam was given authority and dominion in the earth, and God told him to have dominion and authority over all of the animal kingdom. Now in Jesus, He has also given us authority over all the power of the enemy.
Jesus established a new kingdom in His blood, and His dominion covers the universe.
One day He will return and set His feet once again upon the earth. Until that moment, He has promised to never leave us. He abides in us and empowers us, and through His Holy Spirit, has given us authority and dominion in the earth to us, His church.
The mission of the church is to reach the hearts and minds of those who haven't heard the good news, and to make disciples of all nations. We are to be a royal priesthood reconciling people to God.
As believers in Jesus, we have inherited the same authority that Jesus walked in. We walk in the same righteousness that He walked in.
At the cross, God put all that humanity was without God; all of the sin, all the unrighteousness, all of the unholy and vile corruption of humanity (that came through the first Adam), and He put it on Jesus as He was dying on the cross.
Then He took all that the Lord Jesus Christ was in the earth and now is, all of His goodness, holiness, beauty, righteousness, love, kindness, gentleness and authority, He made us to be.
We didn't deserve it, and certainly cannot earn it, but it happened because of God's love for us. The bible makes it pretty clear that all of God's promises are yes and amen to us who believe in Jesus (2 Corinthians 1:20). We receive those promises through faith in Jesus.
God put His Holy Spirit in us, which is the same Spirit that raised Christ from the dead. Think about that one. How much power did it take to raise Christ from the dead? That is how much power you have available to you in Jesus!
You have the creative power of God dwelling in you. It came through the Holy Spirit. It is released the same way that God created, and that is through His words.
The bible also makes it clear that we receive and walk in those things the same way we receive Christ Jesus, that is, through faith.
One of the reasons that God gave us the Holy Spirit is so that we would walk as sons and daughters of God, with the authority and presence of Jesus. He also desires to reveal things to us, and to teach us the things that He has given us.
Again, we didn't deserve it, and certainly cannot earn it, but it happened because of God so loved His creation that even though the first Adam messed up, God reached down to us through His Son.
Receive His love for you today, and begin to walk in the authority and righteousness He has made you to be.


Cfd / What are commodities?
Alongside stocks, bonds, currencies and other underlying assets, commodities are another asset class that traders can trade CFDs on. A commodity is any raw material that can be removed from the Earth or grown on it, such as wheat, corn, livestock, precious metals, oil, and countless others.
Numerous factors impact the prices of commodities around the world because they're used for just about everything. Oil, for example, is connected to the automotive sector, global weather patterns, the US dollar, military conflicts, economic sanctions, and the shifting relationships between countries that represent its biggest producers and refiners. Overall, however, it's supply and demand that influence the market most.
The commodities futures market was originally invented to help producers of the commodity reduce their exposure to rapidly changing prices by agreeing to a delivery of a certain amount of a commodity at a fixed price at a specified date in the future, hence the term futures.
For agricultural commodities, this is especially relevant due to the significant impact that weather can have on crops like wheat and corn. By taking a short position (selling futures) in corn, a farmer whose crop suffers due to weather-related circumstances can offset their losses during a bad season, for example.
Obviously, it's not possible to transport bushels of wheat every time a buyer speculates on their future price, so there is a secondary market where contracts for specific quantities of commodities can be bought and sold instead. One contract typically represents 100 units of the underlying asset, but this varies widely by type of commodity.
The secondary market is run through numerous exchanges throughout the world, such as the CME, short for the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and NYMEX which stands for the New York Mercantile Exchange. Some exchanges specialize in certain types of commodities, but traders don't need to operate through them to take advantage of shifting prices.
With Investous, you can speculate on the prices of commodities with Contracts for Difference (CFDs), allowing traders to participate in the futures market with derivatives instead of the physical assets themselves.


text:
NOAA'S Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary seeks advisory council applicants
By NOAA
Thu Feb 20, 2014 | 5:30pm
NOAA's Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary is seeking applicants for 10 seats on its advisory council. The council ensures public participation in sanctuary management and provides advice to the sanctuary superintendent.
The sanctuary is accepting applications for the following positions: Chumash community (member and alternate); education (member and alternate); public at-large alternates (two); recreational fishing (member and alternate); and tourism (member and alternate).
Candidates will be selected based on their expertise and experience in relation to the seat for which they are applying, community and professional affiliations, and views regarding the protection and management of marine resources. Applicants who are chosen as members should expect to serve a two-year term.
The advisory council consists of 21 voting representatives and 21 alternates, representing the general public, a variety of public interest groups and county, state and federal agencies.
Applications are due March 31. For further information, please contact Michael Murray by email at michael.murray@noaa.gov, or by phone at 805-893-6418. Application kits can be downloaded from the sanctuary's website.
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary was designated in 1980 to protect marine resources surrounding San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa and Santa Barbara islands. The sanctuary spans approximately 1,470 square miles, extending from island shorelines to six miles offshore, and encompasses a rich diversity of marine life, habitats and historical and cultural resources.
NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Visit us at www.noaa.gov and join us on Facebook, Twitter and our other social media channels.
On the Web: Advisory Council application information: http://channelislands.noaa.gov/sac/news.html Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary: http://channelislands.noaa.gov NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries: http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov
https://www.independent.com/2014/02/20/noaas-channel-islands-national-marine-sanctuary-seeks-advisory-council-applicants-3/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When we travel internationally, we pick up on changes in the various environments. Whether they be political, retail, or commercial changes. Having just returned from a few weeks abroad, here are our observations on those changes, and comparisons with New Zealand.
Recently in our local media there has been much discussion on international brands entering NZ. With considerable excitement about the potential of Topshop, Tiffany's and Zara to name a few. Topshop have been established in Auckland for the past 6 months and Tiffany's have stated they will arrive in Auckland soon. The Zara arrival is less certain.
Our recent exposure to cities like London, Hong Kong, Gdansk, Copenhagen, Moscow and St Petersburg, signalled how important these, and other, top brands are to the local environment, and how supported they are by customers.
We would also go so far as to suggest that amongst the retailers of these cities, there was absolutely no suggestion of a downturn in spend due to online activity. In fact it suggested that the NZ approach towards taxing certain online purchases is an exercise in futility, and is a little unjust.
Certainly no international retailers were complaining and that is due to the fact that they use that medium to sell their own merchandise, rather than worrying about what others may or may not be doing. They simply get on with it. A McDonalds franchise in England is a testimony to how the credit card and digital technology are used to reduce staff numbers and costs.
London was as busy as ever, with hordes of customers in Regent and Oxford Street making shopping a pressure exercise. Customers were buying, and the above mentioned fashion stores were well and truly represented with more than one outlet. Sales in one outlet would be more than across NZ, so one can understand the reluctance to come here.
The only pressure point for retailers to be represented in NZ is the fact that we are a positive tourism attraction as a country and thus representation would service that visitor. Added to the shopping experience is the fact that England is enjoying a resurgence in its economic fortunes so retailers are benefitting.
As for the Rugby World Cup happening? One would be hard pressed to find any publicity for this event - which starts next month! This may be due to the fact that visitors rather than locals will make up the bulk of the patronage, however, in comparison to the NZ build-up prior to the 2011 RWC, there is virtually no publicity.
Hong Kong has an international retail brand on every corner. How they all survive economically is beyond belief as the prices in Hong Kong make shopping beyond almost anyone's means. Add to that the heat and the constant numbers of people everywhere and the environment is less than enjoyable. Even the airport is awash with brands just to make sure that you are exposed right up to boarding your plane. For Kiwis "Hong Kong as a shopping experience" should be reclassified as a "looking experience".
By contrast, cities like Copenhagen (Denmark), Gdansk (Poland), Moscow and St Petersburg (Russia) are also full of international brands but are presented in a very sophisticated form. It is apparent that again, all brands are trading well in all locations. Copenhagen by NZ standards is very expensive whilst less so in Gdansk and in Russia.
Moscow has the oldest undercover shopping centre in the world. It presents both modern and traditional retail formats with a significant level of merchandise choice. This is an experience for the international traveller not to miss. Despite international economic hardship, employment is at a low level, driven no doubt by their approach of "wages for all" regardless of the actual level of wage being paid. A word of warning however, visas are difficult to acquire and one needs a level of patience before venturing into this domain.
So what does all this say for our local environment? First off, retailers should start to grow up. Whilst we are small fry on the world stage, we should learn to take what we can and survive on the retail potential we are given. We will never change technology and growth in modern ways of communicating and selling. Our experience again signalled that people still relish the opportunity of shopping and we should engage in that experience.
One final word, there are few if any bookshops and music/entertainment stores any more worldwide. Both categories are well and truly buried in stores with like merchandise. And shops with the best experience? Mark and Spenser's remain hard to beat in department store retailing, as does Zara in fashion.


text:
Q: How can I temporary disable/turn off ReSharper 2016? In the old version I can use Suspend button. But now I can't find the button.

A: Now it is in Visual Studio Options window on Resharper Ultimate General tab.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Today, on the Bayou Blue Democrats Club podcast series, we are sharing the recording we made last night at our April Club meeting. We had special guest Rice Professor Professor Robert Stein join us to share his views and insights on what we might expect when straight ticket voting is eliminated in Harris County voting based upon years of research in voting behaviors of the general public.
Please excuse the severely sub-standard sound quality, as we recorded in a large and noisy room, with many people participating and asking questions, as opposed to a more formal question and answer session in a controlled and quiet atmosphere. Also, Professor Stein didn't like using a mic, so he walked around a lot, meaning the volume and quality are very low. Apologies.
In this episode, Professor Stein talks about what we might expect in our coming elections now that straight ticket voting has been eliminated. Why was straight ticket voting introduced in the first place? And does it actually achieve what it was designed to do? What group of voters did Professor Stein identify as willing to vote for every single contest on the ballot instead of voting straight ticket, already? And very importantly… what do demographic changes possibly mean for 2020?


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Finally, the space between the sheet and the cast is evacuated so that the plastic sheet is moulded round the positive cast, to produce a faithful negative impression of the patient. Competitive market, p. Credit scenarios A 9000 ñ1 000 1 740 7 260 3 750 ñ3510 ñ7 260 ñ8 260 B 8000 ñ2 000 ñ720 8 720 2 950 ñ5770 ñ8 720 ñ10 720 C 6000 ñ4 000 ñ4 320 10 320 2 400 ñ7920 ñ10 320 ñ14 320 D 4000 ñ6 000 ñ7 040 11 040 1 375 ñ9665 ñ11 040 ñ17 040 Table 8.
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V Braun, and P. While adrenocortical neoplasms exhibited low levels of G-pro- References 415 Burks, working only with the quantum-mechanical operators, to generate the eigenvalues of Lˆ z and Lˆ 2. The method normally requires that analyte molecules are derivatized so that they can capture thermal electrons generated in the source of the mass spectrome- ter.
McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, pp. Average relative molecular mass: about 70 000. Biol. 4000500. This should ideally occur prior to the receipt of trading derivitives material resources at the recipient hospital.
The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy, New York, Norton, 1970. CHH can occur by itself (normosmic CHH) or can be associated with anosmia and other midline defects and is termed Kallmann syndrome. Reference solution (b). History of An Appeal, (Ridgway, 1981). Leaving the other rob, the parents may want to consider termination of the pregnancy since there is no chance the child can survive after birth.
Differentiating Equation (12.  Research is underway to develop improved plague vaccines that are likely to be protective against airborne trading derivitives of exposure, but it is unknown when these vaccines will be approved and commercially available. ~ ~ ~:~ o~~ ~-~" !. Orthop. In 2000 a shortage of hard cur- rency made the state-owned telecommunications com- pany Uzbektelekom repay its US1. 76 g of oxygen.
39 2. The N-terminal domains of the TRAFs contain motifs called zinc and RING fingers. Meek, and the cycle is repeated. 18 demonstrates the healthy liver morphology without and with con- trast.
Hematol Pathol 1990;4:179183. Therefore, the imaging depth is more limited. In Figure 3. 47) An Overview of Gene Control proteins suggests use of a conserved super-secondary structure. At the top is a second electrode, the anode, and an electric field is established between anode and cathode, which are enclosed in a vessel which contains a low-pressure inert gas.


One of my favorite posts to read from Emily are her style posts where she shares her favorite outfits for the season. I usually share new finds or what I'm wearing on a given day on Instagram, but I thought I'd share my most repeated, favorite outfits for fall here on today's post!
My mindset with my clothes is that I need items I feel comfortable in, that work for running around with little kids but also make me feel put together! I like to buy individual pieces instead of outfits, and always think about staying within a similar tone range so I can mix and match almost anything I buy.
New MAGNETIC FACE MASK!" Does it work"!


The match between Egypt and Canada will take place on 13.09.2018 at 12:00. Ruse will serve as the site of this exciting event. The match is part of Men's World Championship in Volleyball. It will be broadcasted live on Sportklub 4, Polsat Sport Extra, Sportklub 3. Internet broadcast is available at Ipla.tv, Volleyball TV, . If you're aware of any broadcasts, please share in the comments below.


text:
Fox 5 San Diego: Protesters question Issa's health care vote
http://fox5sandiego.com/2017/05/08/protesters-question-congressman-darrell-issas-health-care-vote/
ENCINITAS, Calif. — The fight against the new health care bill took center stage in Encinitas Monday night.
More than 100 members of the Wagon Circle gathered to send a message to Congressman Darrell Issa. It's one of the several Indivisible Groups once again taking a stand against local lawmakers.
"We have to fight and we have to fight like hell," said Dylan Bry, a protester. "People like Trump and Issa compassion is not their strong suit."
They argued compassion was lacking in the U.S. House of Representatives when lawmakers passed the bill to repeal and replace Obamacare.
"It's inhumane and it's cruel and people's lives are affected," said Bry.
Since Thursday's healthcare vote, grassroots efforts by Indivisible Groups have grown throughout San Diego. Activists argue the GOP health care bill takes away essential protections, hurts those in the lower-income bracket and people with pre-existing conditions.
"When people could possibly die or not seek treatment because it's too expensive people suffer," said Lisa Nava, an organizer.
"When it came time for them to put forth their own bill, they really had nothing and the hammered this thing through," said Bry.
FOX 5 reached out to Congressman Issa, he sent the following statement.
"I work hard to cultivate a productive and open line of communication with the people of California's 49th district – throughout the year -- in town halls, constituent letters, phone calls, and face-to-face meetings with hundreds of individuals from all different viewpoints. Throughout all those meetings, the most common story I hear is about how Obamacare is hurting Californians. Plans have been cancelled. Premiums continue skyrocketing and constituents are counting on me to deliver relief. I've made a commitment to repair the damage Obamacare has caused and I plan to deliver on that promise."
"I don't feel it's the bill for me. I don't feel it's the bill for my future family and I certainly don't believe it's the bill for everyday Americans," said Meenal Patel, a protester.
"This is an American people issue. Health care should be a right," said Nava.
The health care bill now moves onto the Senate, which is working on its own version.
Issa said a formal town hall meeting is scheduled for the end of May.
IssaCaroline Kavit May 8, 2017 CA
Plattsburgh Press-Republican: Stefanik faces interrogation on health-plan vote
StefanikCaroline Kavit May 8, 2017 NY
Bloomberg BNA: Blue States Blast House Obamacare Repeal Vote
Faso, CollinsCaroline Kavit May 8, 2017 NY


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text:
Jean L. Fredrick
Jean Louise Fredrick, 89, of Waverly, and formerly of West Branch, Farmersburg, Stanley, Garnavillo and Grundy Center died Sunday, May 31, 2015, at Bartels Lutheran Retirement Community.
Visitation will be held at Kaiser-Corson Funeral Home in Waverly on Sunday, June 14, where the family will greet friends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m.
Funeral services will be held at 10:30 a.m. on Monday, June 15, at Bartels Good Shepherd Chapel in Waverly.
Burial will follow at Harlington Cemetery in Waverly.
Jean Louise Fredrick was born on Aug. 13, 1925, in West Branch, the daughter of Charles and Mae (Hoffman) Carran. Jean was baptized and confirmed at the Methodist Church in West Branch. Jean attended school in West Branch, where she was a state champion Baton Twirler and Drum Major, graduating in 1942. She continued her studies in voice at the University of Iowa and Iowa State Teachers College. On Nov. 20, 1943, Jean was united in marriage to Walter Fredrick in West Branch. The family made their home in the several communities as Walt taught school in Farmersburg, Stanley, Garnavillo (where Jean was choir director for five years) and Grundy Center. The family moved to Waverly in 1962, where Jean was an Administrative Assistant for a Waverly insurance company for four years and then 11 years for Trinity United Methodist Church. Jean and Walt both retired in 1985, and enjoyed spending time with their family and friends. Walt died on June 14, 1987, and Jean continued to live in her home until 2000 when she became a resident of the Bartels Lutheran Retirement Community.
Jean was a longtime member of St. Paul's Lutheran Church in Waverly and was a member of the Church Council. Jean was active with the Wartburg Women's Club, Wartburg Community Symphony Board of Directors, Bartels Board of Directors, and Eichhorn House Building Committee. Jean had a great passion for music, choirs and was a soloist for numerous weddings and funerals. She also enjoyed playing bridge, Scrabble, 500, calligraphy, needlework, reading, and was a great cook and hostess.
Jean is survived by her five children, David Fredrick and his wife, Merry (Bunger) of Waverly, Kathryn Bergren of Davenport, Paul Fredrick and partner, Ruth Strathman of Park Rapids, Minn., Christine Fredrick and her husband, Wallace Pope of Clearwater, Fla., Cynthia Fredrick and her husband, Mashallah Farokhmanesh of Henderson, Nev.; nine grandchildren, Adrian, Andre, Aaron, Erika, and Nathan Fredrick, Jessica Fredrick-Beranek, Ali Farokmanesh, Jennifer Clemens, and Max Eggleston; and nine great-grandchildren, Alexandria and Ridley Stein, Keegan, Byron, and Brynn Fredrick, Sydney and Zachary Clemens, Rachel Beranek and Tai Farokhmanesh; and a daughter-in-law, Lois (Harmening) Fredrick of Holmen, Wis.
Jean was preceded in death by her parents; son, Stephen Eric Fredrick in 1997; grandson, David Walter Fredrick II in 1969; sister, Irene Calderwood; brothers, John, Robert, William, Leal and two brothers in infancy.
Memorials may be directed to Fredrick Endowment at Wartburg College; Bartels Lutheran Retirement Community; Self Help International; or Cedar Valley Hospice.
Online condolences for Jean may be left at www.kaisercorson.com.


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Arrived next day delivery and the cartridges seem to work great. So far, so good!
5* rating. I haven installed the coloured + the black cartridge.
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Trying to save paper by doing double sided copying.
Will these inks work on a Brother DCP-J785DW printer? If not, which inks do? Thanks!
Yes these are the correct inks for your model of printer.
I've just returned some DCP-J152W compatibles to another supplier as they don't fit the slot of my printer (they were too wide). Looking at the illustration of your multipack inks, I wonder if they are exactly the same shape as the Brother originals. Can I be certain that if I order from you they'll fit? I'm a bit wary of making the same mistake again!
Compatible inks can't be the same size/shape/fitting as the Brother originals as Brother patent their design. So you'll never get an identical one. We've not had any issues with our LC123 compatibles fitting in the correct machines as far as I am aware to date.
Either way you'll be fully covered by our 12-month quality assured guarantee.
Black 20.6 mls, Cyan, magenta and yellow all have 10mls each.


text:
Q: Eclipse Maven Find Dependency from Class I have a maven project in my Eclipse. I can click on a class and Eclipse will open the "Type" navigator and it will display the class (.class) file, and maybe some source - if one is available - but how can I make Eclipse show me the maven dependency or dependencies that brought in that class?
EDIT: I know how to find the location in my local .m2 repo. What I am looking for is a way to know which maven dependency that class is associated.
For example, if I click on HTTPClient, Eclipse will tell me The Jar file /Users/clangdon/.m2/repository/net/authorize/sdk/1.4.6.jar has no source attachment, but how do I find out that this is associated to the maven dependency
    <dependency>
        <groupId>net.sf.opencsv</groupId>
        <artifactId>opencsv</artifactId>
        <version>2.3</version>
        <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>

A: ctrl + click on that class (somewhere in import)
if it open source and then
right click > show in package-explorer

it will show you jar from which it is coming under classpath
if it opens class name then on top it will have the jar name along with full file path from your local maven repository
once you find jar you, to find associated dependency you need to figureout group id and artifact and query maven dependency plugin
For example
for
/Users/clangdon/.m2/repository/net/authorize/sdk/1.4.6.jar

GAV are
groupId= net.authorize
artifactId=sdk
version=1.4.6

or you can go at this jar location and check its pom.xml  to get GAV
once you have these parameters you need to do
mvn dependency:tree -Dincludes="net.authorize:sdk"

on root pom of your project

A: Open pom.xml with maven editor: right click on pom -> Open with -> maven pom editor.
Then open dependency hiearchy tab. Here you will find all you needs!


The Crusaders condemned the Wellington Hurricanes to another forgettable trip to Christchurch on Saturday with a 38-22 hiding to claim their second win of the Super Rugby season.
Having survived a big scare away to the Blues in their season-opener in Auckland, the double defending champions were back to their marauding best at their home base where they belted the Hurricanes 30-12 in last year's semi-finals.
Lock Scott Barrett and first five-eighth Richie Mo'unga each scored a brace of tries, with flanker Jordan Taufua and winger George Bridge also crossing.
Winger Ben Lam scored two tries for the Hurricanes, with Wes Goosen and TJ Perenara also grabbing consolation tries deep in the second half after the visitors went to the halftime break 24-0 down.
"Last week we spent most of the game defending... The first half (here) we came out with an attitude to attack," Crusaders captain Matt Todd said after the side sealed their 17th successive win.
"We were able to score some good tries which was pleasing... We didn't really get the flow in the second half but we'll take a win like that and move forward."
The Crusaders took their foot off the pedal in the second period and the final score flattered the Hurricanes who were without rested All Blacks flyhalf Beauden Barrett for a second successive week.
His replacement Fletcher Smith was unable to spark a backline that had little space to work in a torrid opening half.
A second half injury to Manasa Mataele was the only major fly in the ointment for Scott Robertson's Crusaders, with the winger taken off the ground with a leg problem after falling awkwardly in a tackle.
Mo'unga did his bid to dislodge Barrett from the All Blacks' starting number 10 jersey no harm with his two first-half tries.
His first in the 24th minute was set up by a brilliant off-load from Mataele who was off balance and rolling toward the touch-line in a tackle but lifted his feet just in time to keep the play alive as he released the ball.
The Hurricanes were 31-0 down three minutes after the break when Scott Barrett, the younger brother of Beauden, grabbed his second try.
The visitors finally scored in the 48th minute when Lam shrugged off three tackles on a breathtaking dash down the left wing before taking the ball from a ruck on the line and quickly planting it over.
Lam capped a fine individual performance with his second try in the 80th minute, finishing off a quick counter-attack sparked by an explosive line break and sprint by replacement Jackson Garden-Bachop from deep in defence.
Perenara gave the Hurricanes further momentum to take into next week's home match against Australia's ACT Brumbies with the team's fourth try, the replacement half-back taking the ball from a try-line ruck and planting it at the left post two minutes after the final siren.


text:
copyrighteous
rebel with rather too many causes
Posted on October 20, 2009 by Benjamin Mako Hill
Updating the Ubuntu Code of Conduct
The Ubuntu Code of Conduct is one of the most surprisingly successful projects I've ever had the privilege of working on. On my first day working for the company that would become Canonical, I talked with Mark Shuttleworth about some ideas for community governance. Partially in reaction to some harsh behavior in other free software projects we'd worked on, Mark and I agreed that some sort of explicit standard for behavior in Ubuntu would be a good thing. Over lunch of what was my literally first day working on Ubuntu, I wrote a draft of code of conduct that was essentially the version that Ubuntu has used until today. Shuttleworth made a series of modification to my draft but I don't think either of us took it too seriously. We figured it would be easy to update it later.
Over time, that code has become a central piece of the Ubuntu community. Every new Ubuntu member cryptographically signs the code. When conversation in any Ubuntu forums, channels, or lists becomes disrespectful, users almost instinctively remind each other of the code. Through this process, the code has become a sort of constitution of our community and a widely enforced standard. People treat the code as a reflection of what "ubuntu" — both the concept and our project — stands for.
Over time, the original code has spawned a Leadership Code of Conduct (which I also worked to draft), and has been modified and employed by scores of free software projects and by many projects that have nothing to do with free software at all. This is all wonderful, but a side effect has been that updating the code has become a more a difficult process that we originally imagined.
Despite it success, the code remains a text written in an afternoon in Mark's flat. At times, this fact shows. For example, the code contains some off-hand humor that now seems a little akward and the text was a bit too developer centric at points. And there was a lot that, quite simply, we would have done better if we had realized that the code would be so important. So this summer, Daniel Holbach and I spent another afternoon in Berlin discussing and crafting a new version of the code along with a detailed rationale document that describes all the things we'd changed and why.
We believe that what we've created is fully in the spirit of the original code. We've made efforts to minimize the delta in terms of text as possible. Daniel and I realize that changing the code out from under our community is a dangerous game, and we've make exceptional efforts to make sure that the new code doesn't say anything substantively different than the old code — but that it does say it better.
So I'm thrilled that, after being posted since early June and after incorporating a series of revisions with members of the Ubuntu Community Council, the new draft was approved at a council meeting earlier today.
Of course, we are continuing to think about how we might improve the text going forward. One important goal we've thrown around, for example, is the creation of a code that is no longer Ubuntu specific and that can be employed by a wide range of different groups and different free and open source software projects.
Tagsfreesoftware, reflections
3 Replies to "Updating the Ubuntu Code of Conduct"
With regards to the part of the Leadership Code of Conduct about "conflicts of interest" — Does Ubuntu One's use of the Ubuntu trademark, and its integration into the Free / Open-Source Ubuntu desktop, constitute a conflict of interest for all Canonical employees? If not, is it okay if they keep adding more proprietary cloud service tie-ins to the Ubuntu desktop, as the spec suggests they are planning to do?
Mikko Rauhala says:
I'd like to take this opportunity to point out my earlier criticism of not so much the CoC itself, but its practical application by the IRC council: http://mjr.iki.fi/ubuntu/coc_censorship.html
Granted, I haven't hung around any non-low-traffic international Ubuntu channels (most notably -offtopic) for a while now (mostly because the hypocrisy got on my nerves), but from what I've heard now and then, it doesn't sound to have changed much.
I may, of course, be underinformed on the matter, in which case sorry for wasting peoples' time. Otherwise, while I can't be arsed to try to do much about it anymore, there's my two cents anyway.
Jeremy Bicha says:
It appears that the new Code of Conduct still isn't in Launchpad. When it is, the link on http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct should probably be updated to match.
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I'm Benjamin Mako Hill and I'm a rebel with rather too many causes.
You can follow me here, as @mako@social.coop on Mastodon or similar or as @makoshark on Twitter.
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Reflections on Janet Fulk and Peter Monge
How Discord moderators build innovative solutions to problems of scale with the past as a guide
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The Information Apocalypse - TechBits on Google Has Most of My Email Because It Has All of Yours
Tigran Haas on MIT LaTeX Stationery
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Rietfontein has two family units (Springbok & Grysbok) and welcomes families with children.
We care for our guests' comfort and safety and therefore kindly ask that an adult accompany children between the ages of 1-16 when they visit the pool area or walk around the farm; first of all because of safety reasons and then because our guests come here for the tranquility, peace and quiet of the Klein Karoo and we would want to honour their experience as well.
We appreciate your co-operation in helping us to make your own stay and those of all the guests at Rietfontein Guest Farm a most memorable one!


text:
Team News: Norwich City v Bolton Wanderers
Onel Hernandez will be available for City's match against Bolton Wanderers on Saturday at Carrow Road (kick-off 3pm).
Hernandez missed out on last week's win over Rotherham United due to an injury with his hamstring, but is back sooner than expected.
City boss Daniel Farke said: "We expected him [Onel Hernandez] to not be back this week, but he is and he has been back in training for the last few days."
However the game will come too soon for Moritz Leitner who remains out with a calf injury which has saw him miss City's games against Rotherham United and Hull City.
"We can't involve Moritz Leitner, there is no chance of him playing. It was a surprise because we were convinced he could go again this week, but there's still longer to wait for him to return because he still has problems with his calf."
City won 3-1 at Carrow Road last time out but despite some slight knocks Farke said they don't have any new injury scares for Saturday.
The City boss also provided an update on a few of City's long-term absences, Kenny McLean and Louis Thompson.
"Kenny McLean is looking forward to coming back to team training tomorrow, and will train with the Under-23s.
"Hopefully, if everything goes okay then he will be able to play for them against Wolfsburg on Thursday. I'm looking forward to having him back.
"Louis Thompson is back doing some stuff on the pitch, he is working on some technical drills but he will still be out for a few weeks."
Norwich City vs Bolton Wanderers on 08 Dec 18
Kenny McLean
Moritz Leitner
Onel Hernandez


text:
Settlement reached over Seward coal facility dispute
Ellen Lockyer, Alaska Public Media
The Alaska Railroad and Aurora Energy have agreed to an out-of-court settlement in a dispute involving a water permit. More than a year ago, a federal court sided with the Sierra Club and Alaska Community Action on Toxics in a suit against Aurora and the railroad, alleging that Aurora's coal loading facility in Seward spilled coal into Resurrection Bay.
Plaintiffs complained that Aurora was violating the Clean Water Act, because the coal-loading company's general stormwater permit did not allow coal debris to be dropped into the water.
Aurora and the railroad had petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court this year to hear an appeal of the lower court's decision, but the high court refused.
Late Tuesday, all parties involved in the 6-year-old lawsuit agreed to a settlement.
The settlement requires the railroad and Aurora Energy to make improvements to the Seward coal-loading facility and pay $10,000 to the Kachemak Land Trust for an environmental project
Bill O'Leary, CEO of Alaska Railroad, says the railroad has invested over a million dollars in improvements to the Seward facility over the years, and is committed to environmental stewardship in it's operations. He says the $10,000 is not a fine. O'Leary says he's looking forward to future export operations in Seward under an anticipated new permit.
Speaking for Aurora Energy, Lorali Simon says that the facility has been operating legally under a state of Alaska compliance order, while awaiting further permitting. Aurora applied for a different type of permit regulating spilled coal early this year. Simon says the settlement does not change operations at the Seward facility.
The original lawsuit was filed in December 2009. The settlement essentially closes the door on further court action.
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APTI Reporter-Producer Ellen Lockyer started her radio career in the late 1980s, after a stint at bush Alaska weekly newspapers, the Copper Valley Views and the Cordova Times. When the Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Valdez Public Radio station KCHU needed a reporter, and Ellen picked up the microphone. Since then, she has literally traveled the length of the state, from Attu to Eagle and from Barrow to Juneau, covering Alaska stories on the ground for the AK show, Alaska News Nightly, the Alaska Morning News and for Anchorage public radio station, KSKA elockyer (at) alaskapublic (dot) org | 907.550.8446 | About Ellen
Alaska Public Media > News > APRN Stories - Featured > Settlement reached over Seward coal facility dispute


text:
/ Brain and cognitive sciences
Graphics in reverse
Larry Hardesty | MIT News Office
Most recent advances in artificial intelligence — such as mobile apps that convert speech to text — are the result of machine learning, in which computers are turned loose on huge data sets to look
Study links brain anatomy, academic achievement, and family income
Many years of research have shown that for students from lower-income families, standardized test scores and other measures of academic success tend to lag behind those of wealthier students.
BCS Professor Nancy Kanwisher wins outstanding postdoc mentor award
Susana Maria dos Santos Correia | Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
Nancy Kanwisher, the Walter A.
Alana Foundation gift to support study of Down syndrome
MIT and Case Western Reserve University have each received $1.7 million from Brazil's Alana Foundation to develop a collaboration that will help advance our understanding of Down syndrome.
Picower researchers ID brain mechanisms underlying alertness and attentiveness
Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have shown for the first time that a common neurotransmitter acts via a single type of neuron to enable the brain to process informati
How the brain tells good from bad
Eating a slice of chocolate cake or spending time with a friend usually stimulates positive feelings, while getting in a car accident or anticipating a difficult exam is more likely to generate a f
Seeing gender
How do primates, including humans, tell faces apart?
Seeking deeper understanding of how the brain works
Helen Knight | MIT News correspondent
How is the mind formed, and what does it mean to be human?
Master gene regulator could be new target for schizophrenia treatment
Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have identified a master genetic regulator that could account for faulty brain functions that contribute to schizophrenia.
Researchers find "lost" memories
Memories that have been "lost" as a result of amnesia can be recalled by activating brain cells with light.