text:
On The Economic Measures For Crisis States
Original Language Title: o hospodářských opatřeních pro krizové stavy
of 29 April 2004. June 2000
on the economic measures for crisis States and amending certain
Change: 320/2002 Coll.
Change: 237/2004 Sb.
Change: 413/2005 Coll., 444/2005 Sb.
Modified: 296/2007 Sb.
Change: 76/2012 Sb.
THE LAW ON ECONOMIC MEASURES FOR CRISIS STATES
TITLE I OF THE
BASIC PROVISIONS
The subject of the edit
(1) the Act regulates the status of the economic measures for the preparation
danger, ^ 1) emergency, ^ 2) ^ 3 State of emergency State) and the State of war ^ 4)
(hereinafter referred to as "crisis conditions") and the adoption of economic measures after
the announcement of the emergency conditions.
(2) the law provides for the power to
and Government)
(b)) of the central administrative offices, Czech National Bank, regional offices,
municipalities municipalities with extended competence (hereinafter referred to as "administrative authority") and
c) organs of territorial self-governing units
in the preparation and adoption of economic measures for crisis conditions.
It also lays down the rights and obligations of natural and legal persons in
the preparation and the adoption of economic measures for crisis conditions.
(1) for the purposes of this Act, means the
and economic measures for crisis) conditions organizational, material
or the financial arrangements adopted by administrative authority in crisis situations
to ensure the necessary supply of products, works and services, without which you cannot
to ensure the overcoming of crisis conditions (hereinafter referred to as "necessary"),
(b) the supplier of the necessary supplies) natural person resident or
legal person established on the territory of the Czech Republic and the organizational component
legal persons established abroad doing business on the territory of the United
Republic, which has as the subject of its activities or business registered
activities allowing the necessary supplies or deliver the subject that is able to
deliver the subject of necessary supplies,
c) plan necessary supplies a separate part of the contingency plan worked
administrative authority in the emergency system of the holding,
(d) economic mobilization organization) system, material, personnel
and other measures to the Central Administrative Office provides mobilization
supply for the needs of the armed forces and armed security forces
under a State of emergency and a State of war,
(e) economic mobilization plan) a separate part of the contingency plan
processed by the central administrative authority in the system of economic mobilization,
(f) the measures of economic mobilization plan) a separate part of the contingency plan
preparedness ^ 5) processed by the supplier in the supply system of mobilization
economic mobilization,
(g) mobilization of the necessary delivery delivery) for support of the armed forces and
armed security forces carried out following the publication of the State of
the threat to the State and the State of war,
(h)) doing business is a natural person, that natural person is an entrepreneur
by a special Act, ^ 7)
and retention capabilities of retention, production) in which production and
technological equipment and documentation in the possession of the supplier
mobilization of delivery or the vendor necessary supplies intended for
the start or expansion of production of the subject of mobilization or necessary
for other production supplies and unused,
j) infrastructure for the preparation and the adoption of economic measures for
crisis conditions (hereinafter referred to as "infrastructure")
1. the building intended for the purpose of economic measures for crisis conditions in the
the ownership of the Czech Republic, which has jurisdiction over farm administrative
the Office,
2. buildings for the purposes of economic measures for crisis situations,
to which the Czech Republic has established an easement and that are in the
the ownership of legal or natural persons-entrepreneurs
3. technical security structures referred to in section 1 of the internal distribution of
Engineering and telecommunications networks, starting with the connection to the public
divorce these networks,
4. technological equipment of buildings referred to in point 1,
5. roads, railways, ports and airports to traffic
operation of the structures referred to in section 1.
(2) a supplier who is involved in the fulfilment of the necessary supplies, is
considered the vendor necessary supplies within the meaning of this Act.
(1) the economic measures for crisis States are taken after the announcement of the
challenges and are intended
and) to satisfy the basic needs of individuals on the territory of the United
States that allow survival challenges without serious detriment to health
(hereinafter referred to as the "basic need"),
(b)) to support the activities of the armed forces, armed security
Corps, rescue, emergency services and emergency medical
(c)) to support the exercise of State administration.
(2) the preparation of the economic measures for crisis States organize
administrative offices.
System of economic measures for crisis States includes
and the emergency system, economy)
(b)) system of economic mobilization,
(c)) use of State material reserves, ^ 8)
d) infrastructure, construction and maintenance
e) regulatory measures.
THE SCOPE OF THE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC MEASURES FOR CRISIS STATES
The Government of the
The Government in the system of economic measures for crisis States shall decide on the
and free use) of State material reserves,
(b)) the use of regulatory measures,
(c) the use of economic measures) mobilization.
The Central Administrative Office
(1) the central administrative office in the system of economic measures for crisis
the States within its jurisdiction ^ 9)
and develops the concept of economic measures) for crisis conditions such as
the components of the concept of development held the sector,
b) handles the plan necessary supplies,
c) submits requests to create in Administration of State material reserves
State material reserves,
d) checks the preparation of economic measures for crisis conditions
legal and natural persons involved in the operating system
emergency holding or of economic mobilization and
provides the necessary information about the economic measures for crisis
conditions of such persons,
e) is responsible for the preparation of activities to enable the implementation of the regulatory
measures,
(f)) is involved in the system of continuing vocational training of workers
administrative offices and suppliers of mobilization of supplies in the area
economic measures for crisis Management, which provides statuses
State material reserves.
(2) the central administrative office within their jurisdiction, ensures the necessary
the delivery,
and the regional authority) which cannot ensure, within its own administrative district
(b)) whose importance goes beyond the administrative district or County
(c)) if it is to support the activities of the armed forces, the armed
security forces, rescue, emergency services, or
emergency medical services established within its scope.
The authorities of the region
(1) the Governor of the region (hereinafter referred to as "Governor") ensures the readiness of the region in
the system of economic measures for crisis States; the other institutions of the region
This involved in preparedness. To this end, the Governor
and) directs and controls the preparation and implementation of economic measures for
crisis States
(b)) provides for inventory allocation of humanitarian aid,
c) directs the regulatory action under section 21.
(2) the regional office in the system of economic measures for crisis States
and plan necessary supplies) handles the region using the plans necessary
supplies of municipalities with extended powers, which coordinates the processing,
(b)) provides the necessary supply to meet basic living
needs of the population of the region,
(c)) provides regulatory measures enabling the adoption of activities.
(3) on the territory of the city of Prague shall perform the tasks of the regional authority in the system
economic measures for crisis conditions of the capital Municipality
Prague.
The authorities of municipalities with extended powers
(1) the Mayor of the municipality with extended competence ensures the readiness of the
the administrative area with extended powers in the economic system
measures for crisis States; other authorities of the municipalities with extended competence
This involved in preparedness.
(2) the local authority of density in the system of economic
measures for crisis States
and) handles the plan necessary supplies municipalities with extended competence,
b) carries out the tasks imposed on the regional authority,
(3) on the territory of the city of Prague municipal office carries out the tasks of the
expanded authority in the system of economic measures for crisis
conditions laid down by the Statute of the Office of the municipal district of the city of Prague.
(4) the Mayor of established the Statute of the city of Prague has in
the system of economic measures for crisis conditions the same powers as
the Mayor of the municipality with extended competence.
SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC MEASURES FOR CRISIS STATES
The emergency economy system
(1) the system of the emergency economy ensures that the necessary supplies for the
and the satisfaction of basic needs),
(b)) support the work of rescue, emergency services, medical
emergency services and the police of the Czech Republic,
(c)) support the State administration
are usual for the period excluding the crisis conditions.
(2) the necessary delivery shall be borne by the institution for crisis management, which held about it.
(3) if the regional office in your area, does not find a supplier
necessary supplies, the request for a reliability at the Central
the administrative authority to which special legislation ^ 10) confides in a given
circle of competence, (hereinafter referred to as "factually competent central administrative office").
(4) If, in substance, the central competent administrative authority demonstrably cannot
to ensure the necessary supply within its competence, shall request Management
State material reserves to create emergency stocks or
the payment of the cost of maintaining the production capabilities.
(1) emergency supplies creates the administration of State material reserves in
the system of State material reserves ^ 24).
(2) on the application of the contingency stocks shall be decided by the head of the Central
Administrative Office, on the basis of the request were emergency supplies
created. In accordance with this decision, the administration of the State material
reserves will provide emergency supplies to the recipient, which may be administrative
the Office or authority of the territorial self-government or ward or service under section 10, paragraph 1.
1 (b). (b)). The recipient is authorized to provide emergency supplies of physical
or a legal person or other organization the State.
(3) provided emergency supplies, excluding stocks
consumed, the recipient is obliged to return them within 60 days after the dissolution of the crisis
State. After this period, the recipient is entitled to use the provided
contingency stocks only on the basis of a contract entered into with the management
State material reserves. The draft treaty processes to manage the State
material reserves on the basis of an application submitted by the beneficiary within 60 days after
the cancellation of a State of crisis. If the recipient of the request within that period
is not provided, is the use of the contingency stocks of unauthorised use
the property, which has jurisdiction over the administration of State material reserves
manage ^ 11). In the case of emergency stocks supplied by the leak
proceed according to the legislation governing the management of
the property of the State.
Supplies for humanitarian aid
(1) inventory for humanitarian assistance are part of the emergency
holding in accordance with § 10. Are created by the administration of the State material
provisions on the system of State material reserves.
(2) on the issue of humanitarian aid supplies shall be decided by the Chairman of the Management
State material reserves at the request of the Governor or the Mayor
of the municipality with extended competence. Inventory allocation for humanitarian aid
natural persons seriously affected by the crisis situation provides the Governor
or mayor of municipality with extended powers, which were supplies for
humanitarian aid is provided. Issued stocks are free, or
do not return.
(3) the management of stocks of humanitarian aid is governed by the same
principles such as the handling of other components of State material reserves,
unless the law provides otherwise.
Economic mobilization system
Mobilizing the delivery
(1) on the basis of the requirements of the armed forces and armed security
Corps processes Central Administrative Office to which specific legal
prescription ^ 12) entrusts the authority to control them, (hereinafter called "the customer
supply plan of mobilization ") of economic mobilization.
(2) the purchaser of its delivery ensuring mobilization concludes with
the supplier supplies a written contract to move things forward. In order to ensure
mobilization of delivery does not apply contract on the conclusion of future contracts.
(3) the supplier is entitled to make the mobilisation of your performance
the requirement to ensure a demonstrably essential material
resources, or financial reimbursement of the training mobilization, supply
including the remuneration for the preservation of production capabilities. These expenses are
charged to the budget of the administration of State material reserves.
(4) Each conclusion, amendment or cancellation of the contract on delivery of the mobilization
the Contracting Parties shall notify the central competent administrative authority and
The administration of State material reserves.
Procedure after publication of a State of crisis
(1) the supplier shall be obliged to supply on a priority basis the mobilisation to fulfil
mobilizing the delivery and immediately notify the principal mobilisation
delivery of all circumstances that could have preferred the performance of
compromise or prevent delivery to move things forward.
(2) the purchaser is obliged to compensate the mobilisation to the supplier
mobilizing the supply damage caused as a result of delay in complying with the
the shipment, which is subject to performance pursuant to other agreements, if the supplier
mobilizing the delivery proves that the damage resulted from him in direct connection with the
priority the fulfilment of the mobilization of the supply and this was the only
the cause of his delay in complying with any other contract. Similarly,
the customer shall be obliged to supply to replace suppliers mobilization mobilization
supply and interest for late payment, late fee and contractual or other
a fine.
Plan of measures of economic mobilization
The supplier is required to handle the mobilization plan measures
economic mobilization. Selected data on this plan passes within 30 days after
processing of customer deliveries, competent mobilization
the central administrative authority, the administration of State material reserves and territorial
the competent regional authority. The data transmitted is obliged to update
and) at a time when none of the declared emergency conditions, no later than 30
days from the date of the occurrence of the change,
(b)) at the time of its publication challenges without delay.
The body of economic mobilization
(1) the supplier shall supply the mobilisation may be appointed by the body
economic mobilization. In justified cases, the draft substantive
of the central competent administrative authority may be subjected to economic
the mobilization of the appointed vendor necessary supplies that it ensures
for the State of emergency and a State of war. In the appointment body
economic mobilization examines whether his economic situation and
technical requirements to comply with mobilization or the necessary supply in
requested time and quality and that meets the requirements for the
protection of classified information under special legislation. ^ 13)
(2) the economic mobilization is appointed and dismissed by decision of the
President of the administration of State material reserves. The procedure for the appointment of a body
economic mobilization is possible to stop also in the case that a participant
the proceedings even after repeated the invitation did not submit the necessary evidence or, in the
during the proceedings, was cancelled by a special legal regulation.
(3) the Body of economic mobilization issues the Administration of State material
provisions of the certificate of appointment, providing proof to third parties when
exercise your rights. A certificate is a public document. The certificate is its
the holder shall be obliged to return the administration of State material reserves by 30
days after the decision of the President of the administration of State material reserves of
the appeal body of economic mobilization has power. When
the abolition of a legal person or, after death of entrepreneurial natural persons is
the liquidator, the legal successor or heir shall return the certificate in
the same time limit.
(4) the reason for the appeal of the subject of economic mobilization are those
and) the contract pursuant to § 13 para. 2 expires,
(b)) is a decision of the insolvency court, bankruptcy of the vendor
mobilization of supplies, or the insolvency court rejects the insolvency petition
Therefore, the supplier will not be sufficient to supply the mobilisation
cover the costs of the insolvency proceedings,
(c)) a legal person has been cancelled by a special legal regulation, or
entrepreneurial natural person died.
(5) the administration of State material reserves, economic operators shall issue
the mobilization of the certificate of appointment referred to in paragraph 3, by 1.
(6) the substantive jurisdiction of the Central Administrative Office, which suggested the appointment of a
the body of economic mobilization in accordance with paragraph 1, second sentence, after the
the time that it takes the appointment of economic mobilization, subject to the rights and
the obligation of the customer to move things forward deliveries.
The position of the body of economic mobilization
Economic mobilization of the body is released from the obligation to provide
material resources provided for special legislation ^ 15) and is
authorized in accordance with the plan of measures of economic mobilization to demand
for its staff to ensure the delivery of an exceptional mobilization of the exemptions
services. ^ 16) Body of economic mobilization in the time before the
the announcement of the territorial State of crisis of the competent regional authority
the requirement to provide manpower and material resources required
for compliance with the mobilization of the shipment.
State material reserves
The acquisition of State material reserves and management are governed by the
special legislation. ^ 17)
(1) the requirements for the construction of the infrastructure resulting from the emergency plans.
(2) the requirements for the construction of new infrastructure objects to ensure the
economic measures for crisis States, whose construction is to be
paid from the budget of the administration of State material reserves, the
the central administrative authority for the administration of State material reserves.
(3) the maintenance of the infrastructure objects provides an administrative office, which to them
has the jurisdiction of the farm.
Regulatory measures
(1) regulatory measures to reduce the consumption of scarce
raw materials and products and the provision of services, or to direct the consumption and supply
in accordance with the emergency plans in cases where the emergency situation shall become
such an extent that economic instruments are not common in the provision of
the necessary supply of sufficiently effective.
(2) regulatory measures may be ordered only in the case that the effect with
the associated cannot be achieved otherwise. May be ordered only on the
as long as necessary. To their cancellation must occur no later than when the
cancellation of emergency conditions.
(3) If the declared state of crisis immediately follows the announcement of the
another State of crisis, the authority empowered to declare a crisis
the State may decide to leave some of the previously mandated by the regulatory
the measures in force.
(1) during a State of danger may Governor or mayor of the municipality with extended
competence in the territory for which it was declared a State of emergency, save
a legal entity or a natural person-entrepreneur, having their residence,
place of business or registered office of the company in the relevant organizational units
territorial jurisdiction, the duty to
and) supply products, works or services which are the subject of their
activity or business, in reasonable quantities,
(b)) to be stored on its premises for overcoming the State of material
the danger and the removal of its consequences, or to tolerate this storage,
(c) move the transport and mechanization) resources, as well as manufacturing or
operations resources movable nature and stocks to the specified location.
(2) the Governor may order the danger status
and control of the goods sold in) commercial network and to lay down
1. How will be regulated by the quantity of the item sold to the consumer,
2. the maximum quantity of goods that can be sold to the consumer,
3. circle of consumers of the goods delivered will be the selected item
b) regulatory measures, which changes the way of management and organization
(3) the obligations imposed in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 are the crisis measures
According to § 3 (2). 2 emergency law.
(4) the costs associated with the use of a regulatory measures referred to in
paragraph 2, including the additional costs that the person referred to in paragraph
1 otherwise incurred shall be borne by the Administrative Office of regulatory measures
declared, by the central competent administrative authority about how
their payment agrees otherwise. About the method of payment may also decide
the Government.
(5) in an emergency, a State of emergency and a State of war
can the Governor or the Mayor of the municipality with extended powers in the territory, for
that was declared a State of crisis, order the measures referred to in paragraphs
1 and 2, if you already have such measures did not instruct Government.
(1) in an emergency, the Government may by regulation
and legal and business) to save individuals the obligation in
the deadline to notify the Government of the designated administrative authorities current
the volume of stocks at specific kinds of material or material resources,
current figures on production or operational capacity and available resources
the labour force,
(b)) to take measures which may restrict or prohibit trading
quoted securities
(c)) to take measures which may restrict or prohibit the operation in the field of
road transport, railway transport, air activities carried out in the Czech
Republic of civil aircraft, the operation of the important waterway and
use of road infrastructure and to lay down specific conditions for the
the implementation of the protection, maintenance and restoration of road safety and the
national track
d) extend, restrict or prohibit the distribution of medical devices and
Pharmaceuticals,
e) extend or limit the distribution of drinking water and food and to provide the
the conditions under which you can change the Organization and management of this distribution.
(2) in an emergency, the Government may by regulation adopt measures
referred to in section 21 para. 1 and 2.
Article 23 of the
(1) during a State of emergency and a State of war, the Government may by regulation
and) order, prohibit or restrict the import and export of selected kinds of goods,
b) Edit on construction sites, to determine the progress of the works, including
they interrupt, restrict to selected buildings of their initiation,
c) at the request of the Czech National Bank Governor to restrict or prohibit the disposal of
with the funds in the accounts of the persons authorised to provide payment
the service.
(2) a State of emergency and a State of war, the Government may by regulation
receive also the measures referred to in section 21 para. 1 and 2, and in section 22 para. 1.
(3) in a State of emergency and war-time Governor of the Czech
National Bank decision published in the form of a communication in the collection of laws
and to decide on fundamental monetary) policy measures ^ 18),
(b) to establish the rate of the Czech Crown) against foreign currencies,
c) restrict or prohibit the cashless and cash transfers between
financial services providers,
(d) suspend the administrative procedure), led by the Czech National Bank,
e) restrict or prohibit the activities allowed the Czech National Bank,
f) restrict or prohibit the purchase and export of foreign-exchange values ^ 25) and pumping
funds from the Foreign Exchange accounts, implement the obligation to offer foreign exchange
values and establish its scope,
g) restrict or prohibit the persons authorised to provide payment services
the granting of loans and the sale of credit products,
h) restrict or prohibit the export of the Czech Crown.
TITLE IV
(1) the administrative authority checks in its scope of the preparation of the economic
measures for crisis States, and after the publication of crisis conditions their performance
and efficiency.
(2) the administration of State material reserves, controls the administrative authorities, bodies
economic mobilization and vendor of mobilization and necessary supplies
throughout the preparation of the planned economic measures for crisis
States, and examines their implementation and effectiveness. Also the use of checks
of the funds allocated from the budget chapter legal
and natural persons involved in the system of economic
measures for crisis conditions.
TITLE V OF THE
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENCES
(1) a natural person has committed the offence by
and fails to meet any of the requirements) in accordance with § 23 para. 1, § 23 para. 3 (b).
(f)) or § 23 para. 3 (b). (h)), or
(b) fails to comply with any of the requirements) pursuant to § 21 para. 2 (a). (b)) or section 22
paragraph. 1 (b). (c)).
(2) for the offence may be imposed a fine
and the 100 000 CZK), if it is a misdemeanor pursuant to paragraph 1. and)
(b)) to $ 2,000, in the case of a misdemeanor referred to in paragraph 1 (b). (b)).
(3) A State of emergency or State of war, the upper limit of
the fines referred to in paragraph 2 (a). (b)) increases to double.
Administrative offences of legal entities and natural persons-entrepreneurs
(1) a legal entity or individual entrepreneur is committed by the administrative
tort by
and fails to meet any of the requirements) in accordance with § 23 para. 1 or § 23 para. 3,
(b) fails to comply with any of the requirements) pursuant to § 21 para. 1 or 2 or § 22
paragraph. 1,
(c)) as the subject of economic mobilization will use the certificate of appointment in the
contrary to section 17,
d) contrary to section 16 para. 3 does not return a certificate of appointment body
economic mobilization or such certificate applies at a time when
the decision to an appeal body of economic mobilization has
power, or
(e)) will not pass or does not update the selected data under section 15.
(2) an administrative offense shall be fined
and the $ 10 000 000), in the case of an administrative offence referred to in paragraph 1 (b). and)
(b)) to $ 5 000 000 in the case of an administrative offence referred to in paragraph 1 (b). (b)),
(c)) to $ 1 000 000 in the case of an administrative offence referred to in paragraph 1 (b). (c))
or (d)),
(d)) to 100 000 CZK in the case of an administrative offence referred to in paragraph 1 (b). (e)).
the fines referred to in paragraph 2 (a). b) to (d)) increases to double.
Provisions common to administrative offences
(1) a legal person for an administrative offence is not liable if he proves that
made every effort, that it was possible to require that the infringement of the
a legal obligation is prevented.
(2) in determining the amount of fines for administrative offence shall take account of
the severity of the administrative offense, in particular, to the manner of its perpetration, and his
consequences and the circumstances under which it was committed.
(3) the liability of a legal person for an administrative offense shall cease, if the
an administrative office about him has not initiated proceedings within one year, which
learned, but not later than five years from the date on which it was committed. After a period of
a State of emergency or State of war, the time limits shall be discontinued.
(4) The liability for the acts, which took place in the business
person or in direct connection with him, subject to the provisions of the law on
liability and sanctions legal persons.
(5) administrative offences pursuant to § 25 para. 1 and section 25a paragraph 1. 1 (b). a) and b)
the first instance hearing
and) Municipal Office municipality with extended powers in its administrative district in
cases, regulatory measures, ordered by the Mayor of the municipality with extended
b) Regional Office in your area, in cases of regulatory
measures ordered by the Governor,
(c)), the Czech National Bank in cases of regulatory measures announced
the Governor of the Czech National Bank,
(d)) of the central administrative office under its jurisdiction, in cases of regulation
(6) administrative offences pursuant to section 25a paragraph 1. 1 (b). c) to (e)) dealt with in
the first stage of the administration of State material reserves.
(7) the imposition of a fine under section 25 and 25a shall not relieve the compulsory duty
delete within the time limit laid down by the competent administrative authority is unlawful
TITLE VI OF THE
PROVISIONS COMMON, TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL
(1) each, to whom they are communicated to the information under this Act, shall be obliged to
to ensure their protection against abuse. ^ 22)
(2) the obligation to provide information is exempt information protected
For the Governor, the regional authority, the Mayor of the village with
extended powers municipality or municipalities with extended competence
under this law, the exercise of delegated powers.
section 27b
Administrative offices for the preparation and adoption of the measures provided for in this Act,
use of information systems to support the economic measures for
a crisis looms. Information systems to support the economic measures
for crisis conditions must comply with the rules, mutatis mutandis, the information
crisis management systems in accordance with the law of crisis.
section 27 c
At the time the State of crisis in the decision-making process and saving obligations under
This Act does not apply the administrative code, with the exception of the fundamental principles of
the activities of administrative bodies; This does not apply in the case of decision making and saving
obligations pursuant to § 16, 25, 25a, or 26 of this Act.
For subjects of economic mobilization set in accordance with the existing
the legislation, which within 1 year of the effectiveness of this law will not be
designated by the procedure laid down in this law, the status of the entity
economic mobilization shall cease to exist.
Administration of State material reserves shall issue a decree
and the subject of selection criteria) the mobilization and the procedure for its
appointment and removal,
(b) enumeration of selected data) that the purchaser and the vendor mobilization
supplies provided to the relevant administrative authorities,
(c)) the content and method of treatment plan for the necessary supplies,
(d)) the content and method of treatment of the plan measures of economic mobilization and
How to move things forward in the application delivery vendor request
material, organizational or financial security,
(e)) the contents and progress of economic mobilization plan and procedure
customer deliveries in the application request the mobilisation of
This plan for the administration of State material reserves.
Amendment of the Act on the scope of the administration of State material reserves
Act No. 97/1993 Coll., on the scope of the Administration of State material reserves, in
amended by Act No. 272/1996 Coll. and Act No. 188/1999 is amended as follows:
1. in article 1, paragraph 1 reads:
"(1) the administration of State material reserves (" Administration ") is a central
State authority in the areas of economic measures for crisis
States and State material reserves. ".
2. section 3, including footnote # 1):
Management secures financing economic measures for crisis States
and financing, replacement, substitution, loan, release, rent, sale,
storage, protection and control of the State material reserves and under
requirements of contingency plans and take them. The administration carries out other tasks
laid down specific legislation. ^ 1) these activities in
synergy with other Central Government authorities.
1) Act No. 191/1999 Coll., on emergency oil stocks, about health solutions
oil shortage and amending some related laws (Act on emergency
oil stocks). ".
3. section 4, including the footnote # 2), 2a, 2b)) and 2 c) is added:
(1) in terms of the purpose of the State material reserves broken down into material reserve
mobilisation reserves, emergency supplies and supplies for humanitarian
assistance.
(2) the reserves make up the selected basic raw materials, materials,
preparations and products. They are intended to ensure the immunity and
national defence, for the removal of the consequences of crisis situations, and to protect the
the vital economic interests of the State.
(3) the Mobilization of the reserve consists of selected basic raw materials, materials,
semi-finished products, products, machinery and other property value specified for the
ensuring the supply of mobilization. ^ 2)
(4) emergency stocks make up the selected basic materials and products
designed to ensure the necessary supplies ^ 2a) for the support of the population,
the activities of the emergency services and fire rescue after its publication in the
crisis States, ^ 2b) in the secondary economy, ^ 2 c) which cannot be
ensure that in the usual way.
(5) inventory for humanitarian aid to make up the selected basic materials and
products after the publication of crisis conditions to free provision of
natural person materially affected seriously.
(6) creation of State material reserves is included in the emergency plans.
2) § 2 (2). 1 (b). g) Act No. 242/2000 Coll., on economic
measures for crisis States and amending certain related laws.
2A) § 2 (2). 1 (b). and) of the Act No 241/2000 Coll.
2B) § 1 (1). 1 of Act No. 241/2000 Coll.
2 c) sections 10 to 12, of Act No. 241/2000 Coll. ".
4. In article 7 (2). 1 the words "State material reserves and warehouses designated by the
for their entry "shall be replaced by" Asset Management has
the right of economic management ".
Act No. 586/1992 Coll., on income taxes, as amended by Act No. 35/1993
Coll., Act No. 96/1993 Coll., Act No. 156/1993 Coll., Act No. 196/1993
Coll., Act No. 323/1993 Coll., Act No. 42/1994 Coll., Act No. 85/1994
Coll., Act No. 114/1994 Coll., Act No. 266/1994 Coll., Act No. 32/1995
Coll., Act No. 222/1999 Coll., Act No. 3/2000 Coll., Act No. 17/2000
Coll., Act No. 27/2000 Coll., Act No. 72/2000 Coll., Act No. 100/2000
Coll., Act No. 101/2000 Coll., Act No. 121/2000 Coll. and Act No.
132/2000 is amended as follows:
1. in section 24 para. at the end of point (a) 2 Rev) dot is replaced by a comma and
the following point exp), which read as follows:
"zk) civil protection expenditure incurred with the consent or at the direction
crisis management authority. ".
2. under section 39 shall be added to § 39a, which including the footnotes.
36B) reads as follows:
After the Declaration of a State of emergency or State of war, the Government may Czech
States for the duration of a State of emergency or State of war with their
Regulation to the extent necessary to ensure the emergency or war
the State budget ^ 36b)
and make adjustments to the tax rates),
b) exempt income from service members
the armed forces and the armed security forces, and the earnings of employees
fire rescue and emergency services for the activities in these
folders,
c) exempt from corporate tax, armed forces
armed security corps and the emergency services.
36B) § 31 and 32 of Act No. 218/2000 Coll. on budgetary rules and the
changes to some related acts (budgetary rules). ".
Amendment of the Act on administrative fees
In section 12 of Act No. 368/1992 Coll., on administrative fees, as amended by law
No 273/1994 Coll., the present text shall become paragraph 1 and the following
paragraph 2, which, including footnote No 6) reads as follows:
"(2) after the Declaration of a State of emergency or State of war, the Government may
The United States for the duration of a State of emergency or State of war with their
the State budget ^ 6)
and make an adjustment and item) fees set out in the tariff,
(b) waive the fees) the armed forces, armed security corps,
fire rescue and emergency service.
6) § 31 and 32 of Act No. 218/2000 Coll. on budgetary rules and the
Amendment of the law on court fees
In section 16 of Act No. 553/1991 Coll. on court fees, as amended by law
No 36/1995 Coll., the following paragraph 3, including the footnotes
No. 6) reads as follows:
"(3) following the Declaration of a State of emergency or State of war, the Government may
The road tax (Amendment) Act
In section 17 of Act No. 4/1993 Coll., on the road tax, as amended by Act No.
302/1993 Coll., the following paragraph 3, including the footnotes
No. 7a) is inserted:
the State budget ^ 7a)
and) adjust tax rates,
(b)) fully or partially exempt from tax vehicles used to ensure
actions within the declared state of emergency or State of war.
7A) of section 31 and 32 of Act No. 218/2000 Coll. on budgetary rules and the
This Act shall take effect on 1 January 2000. January 1, 2001.
Havel, v. r.
Zeman in r.
1) section 3 of the Act No. 240/2000 Coll., on crisis management and amending certain
law (law of crisis).
2) Article. 5 and 6 of the Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll., on the safety of United
of the Republic.
3) Article. 7 the Constitutional Act No. 110/1998 Coll.
4) Article. 43 of the constitutional law No. 1/1993 Coll., Constitution of the Czech Republic.
5) section 29 of Act No. 240/2000 Coll.
6) § 21 para. 2 (a). b) of Act No. 240/2000 Coll.
7) § 2 (2). 2 of the commercial code.
8) § 4 and 5 of the Act No. 97/1993 Coll., on the scope of the administration of the State material
reserves, as amended.
9) Act No. 2/1969 Coll., on establishment of ministries and other Central
Government of the Czech Republic, as amended.
10) for example, Act No. 2/1969 Coll., as amended, the law
No. 89/1995 Coll., on State statistical service, as amended by Act No.
356/1999 Coll., Act No. 357/1992 Coll., on the survey and land registry
bodies, as subsequently amended, Act No. 61/1988 Coll., on
mining activities, explosives and the State Mining Administration, as amended by
amended, Act No. 97/1993 Coll., as amended
regulations, and Act No. 18/1997 Coll. on peaceful uses of nuclear energy and
ionizing radiation (the Atomic Act), and amending and supplementing certain
laws, as amended.
11) § 7 para. 1 of Act No. 97/1993.
12) for example, § 11 (1) 3, § 16 para. 1 (b). b) of Act No. 2/1969 Coll.,
as amended, section 3 of the Act No. 283/1991 Coll., on the police
The Czech Republic, as amended.
13) Act No. 412/2005 Coll., on the protection of classified information and on the
Security eligibility.
15) section 19 of Act No. 222/1999 Coll., on ensuring the defence of the Czech Republic.
16) section 49 of Act No. 222/1999 Coll., on the scope of military conscription and the
military administrative offices (military law).
17) sections 4 to 6 of Act No. 97/1993.
18) § 5 para. 1 of law No 6/1993 Coll., on the Czech National Bank.
19) Act No. 21/1992 Coll., on banks, as amended.
22) for example, Act No. 101/2000 Coll., on the protection of personal data and on amendments
Some laws.
23) Act No. 148/1998 Coll., as amended.
24) Act No. 97/1993.
25) § 1 (b). d) of Act No. 219/1995 Coll., the Foreign Exchange Act, as amended by
amended.
2012 Amendment Of The Act On Economic Measures For Crisis States
2012 To Change The Code. On The Implementation Of Economic Measures For Crisis States
1993 The Scope Of The Administration Of State Material Reserves
2002 Decree The Change. The Implementation Of Economic Measures For Crisis Situations
2013 The Law On The Management Of Safety Material
2000 Of The Regions (Regional Establishment)
2000 Emergency Law
2010 The Change Law Of Crisis
1999 And The Defense Of The Czech Republic
2005 The Provisions On Mobilization Plans


text:
Darmstadt – miasto w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Indiana, w hrabstwie Vanderburgh.

Przypisy

Miasta w stanie Indiana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


These logs are very imperfect, but will give you a rough idea what's up with this.
These are the month's log from squid1 concatenated with the log from squid2 (which is why the timestamp appears to restart half way through). Note: These links automatically download the file.
The aim of the script is to get only requests starting http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/ and not any other hits. The script probably needs more than a few tweaks.
If anyone feels up to setting up the code from Wikimedia Toolforge - Pageviews for RW purposes, we have pagehits logs back to late 2012 on hand.
This page was last modified on 9 January 2019, at 15:54.


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text:
Boys should read 'girls' books to help end toxic male culture
By Linda Morris
November 2, 2018 — 7.30pm
The chief judge of a leading literary prize and a notable children's author have called out gender bias in Australian books in the aftermath of the #MeToo Movement.
Among a record number of books entered for the $55,000 Barbara Jefferis Award, a surprising number featured domestic violence, death or the subjugation of women, according to judge Sandra Yates, running contrary to the prize's explicit criteria.
The first three books Yates read from the longlist saw one woman burnt at the stake, one woman pushed off a cliff and the other a victim of domestic violence.
"We were surprised, I have to say, that so many even in the longlist seemed to have such dark, negative portrayals of women in them," she said. "We [women] don't need any more books about our capacity to endure, I think we have established that."
Yates's comments come as children's author Jacqueline Harvey will raise the issue of gender bias in children's books in the Colin Simpson Memorial Lecture at the State Library on Saturday.
Harvey, a former teacher and the author of the Alice-Miranda and Kensy and Max series for primary-aged children, says some adults are guilty of reinforcing stereotypes that boys prefer comic-style material and don't read complex text or books with female protagonists.
Libby Angel, winner of the Barbara Jefferis Award. Credit:Lisa Guzzard.
The overall effect of this rising tide of gender bias was to limit the reading choices of boys and suggest that stories about boys are important and enjoyable for everyone while stories about girls are unimportant, and for girls' eyes only.
"Perhaps if boys were encouraged to read more books with girls as main characters, if it was done often and across all contexts – school and home, then surely that would go part of the way to changing this toxic masculine culture that boys must navigate."
Harvey said there was room for the book-buying public to "create a revolution of sorts", challenging conservative elements of the publishing industry to take greater risks while staying out of kid's reading choices.
First-time novelist Libby Angel was named winner of the Barbara Jefferis award Friday night for The Trapeze Act, a multi-generational story of a dysfunctional family whose matriarch, Leda, is an eccentric trapeze artist.
Australian books are awash with too many dark and negative portraits of women, says judge Sandra Yates. Credit:Edwina Pickles
"[Leda] is the best example of a woman in charge of her life," says Yates, a former chair of
Sydney Writers' Festival and publisher of Time magazine. ''She's quite awful, in fact, a terrible mother, but she is just so full of energy and so brave and she forces her daughter to be brave.''
Administered by the Australian Society of Authors (ASA), the prize is awarded biennially for "the best novel written by an Australian author that depicts women and girls in a positive way or otherwise empowers the status of women and girls in society".
Named for the highly-regarded feminist and founding member and executive director of the ASA, the award is the result of a bequest from Jefferis's husband, the film critic John Hinde, who died in 2006.
This year's finalists - Madelaine Dickie (Troppo), Jane Rawson (From the Wreck), Catherine McKinnon (Storyland) and Holly Throsby (Goodwood) - were among a handful of books that had stood out for their positive representations of women living complicated lives.
Cover of The Trapeze Act. Credit:Text
Yates did not accept that it was the market or buyers themselves, overwhelmingly women, who were dictating the direction of publishing lists.
"In corporate life, there is much more emphasis being placed on what they call unconscious bias. And I wonder if there is the same kind of unconscious bias going on here in the sense that publishers might be choosing books that are formulas that have worked in the past. They are mistaking familiarity, I think, with what women really want.
"I'd be asking them to look at their forward lists and ask themselves if this is an accurate reflection of where women's lives are at now or is there a sufficient mix to represent the lives of a greater number of women?
"There is a broad cross-section of readers here who are potentially not catered for in the numbers I would argue they should be"
Linda Morris
Linda Morris is an arts and books writer at The Sydney Morning Herald
Most Viewed in Culture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As a content management system (CMS), it is important to realise that when you create a post or page in WordPress that actual HTML pages are not created and saved into a folder on your website hosting server.
In fact the content that you type into the post or page editor is written to the database, and when a person comes to your website, that content is retrieved from the database and used, in conjunction with your theme files and plugins, to render the post or page in the visitors browser.
So, if the content of your database is lost or corrupted, the posts or pages will not be shown to your visitor, and most likely they will see an error in their browser window. That's how important the database is to your CMS!
If any of the files within the core system, your theme, the media library or the plugins that your website use, become corrupted or are lost, it is a relatively easy process to restore them as the files can be found somewhere on the Internet.
However, if the same happens to your database and you don't have a recent backup file to restore it from, basically, you'll lose all your content, plain and simple! That's why it is very important to take regular backups of your WordPress database and download the backup file to a safe place on your computer or on a cloud storage server.
The easiest way to backup your database is to install a plugin on your website. My favorite (at the moment) is called UpdraftPlus because you can use it to backup your theme files and uploaded media files as well as your database. With UpdraftPlus you can also set it to schedule automatic backups. In this mode, backup files are saved to your websites hosting server. It can also be set to save the backup files to a different service such as Dropbox, Google drive or Amazon S3.
Whether you save the files to your server or one of the external servers mentioned above, it is always a good idea to download the files to your computer at least once a week. UpdraftPlus allows you to do this with a couple of clicks of your mouse.
Below is an infographic that I created to make it easier to understand why the WordPress database is so important. Please feel free to share it.
– Copy this code to your website. If you are using WordPress, you may need to paste the code into the editor as text mode, not visual.


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text:
Sammamish Montessori congratulates alumni named National Merit Scholarship Semifinalists
by WFIS | Sep 20, 2018 | WFIS News
Parents and students were invited to give special congratulations to seven Sammamish Montessori School alumni, now high school seniors, who have been named as semifinalists in the 64th annual National Merit Scholarship Program. These students are all former Sammamish Montessori School students.
Alexia N. Friedman (Nikola Tesla STEM High School)
Sahas Goli (Redmond High School)
Meera M. Hoar (Redmond High School)
Shreya Kedia (Redmond High School)
Haeli N. Knox (Redmond High School)
Melissa Lin (Redmond High School)
Hamsa Shankar (Nikola Tesla STEM High School)
Janet Villella, Director of Sammamish Montessori conveyed "To all of us here it does not seem that long ago that these students were running around on our playground and engaged in work in their Montessori classrooms! We are so proud of our alumni students and excited to see their future academic achievements and success in life."
Students enter the competition by taking the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test, a special version of the PSAT, as juniors. Registration for the test is by the high school rather than individual student. Interested students should see their counselor at the beginning of the school year to make arrangements to take the PSAT/NMSQT at their school in the fall.
To qualify, each student must submit an application that includes academic transcripts, an essay and a letter of recommendation. Finalists for 2020 awards will be named in February 2019. Merit Scholarship awards total about $31 million.
Read the full list of National Merit Semifinalists in this Seattle Times article


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text:
Heinrich Horstmann ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Heinrich Horstmann (Kaufmann) (1874–1945), deutscher Weltumradler, Kaufmann und Autor
 Heinrich Nicolaus Horstmann (1817–1884), deutscher Arzt und Hochschullehrer


text:
Forty Hard Miles to Freedom
Tags: Commemorating the Chemin de la Liberte and those who used it
The Pyrenees presented a severe challenge to those trying to escape Nazi occupied France during World War II. Photo my Paul Williams/Pyrenees Mountain Adventure
Anyone wanting to reach Spain from France faces a wall of mountains that reaches up more than 11,000 feet. Its passes are few and high. To traverse its steep, rocky 40-mile base on foot challenges even strong young men. Today's hikers are advised it is a four-day trek that should be tried onlyby fit walkers in good weather, with a knowledgeable guide, and of course, in daylight.
Allied airmen and others trying to escape Nazi-occupied France in the early 1940s had no such luxurious choices. Be they escaped prisoners of war, shot-down airmen, Jewish and other persecuted minorities destined for death camps, or Frenchmen ordered to forced labor camps in Germany, they could take the trail only in secrecy at night, in every kind of weather, with whatever clothing and food they could scrape together. And to find the necessary guide, they had to risk asking locals for help. Knowing they risked their lives – perhaps their family's lives – by helping, some locals turned the fugitives over to the Germans. Only a few were courageous enough to risk everything and start those escaping on their way.
On the other side of the Pyrenees lay neutral Spain, the domain of Fascist— and friend to Hitler— General Francisco Franco, and the probability of spending some months in one of his odious prisons before being released for ransom. Yet, this uncertain outcome was a better risk than the known evils of life under Hitler.
Nazi checkpoints were frequent; their patrols could appear any time or place. To add to the risk, escapees had a recurring need for a new guide. Locals were under the German eye; they dared not disappear for four days at a time. Escapees had to trust another guide could get free to take them on up the next day's trail. And, after November of 1942, when the Allies launched their invasion of German-held North Africa, the Germans tightened their control of the border. Arrests multiplied; trails were discovered; many of the shepherds, forestry workers, hunters and smugglers who had acted as guides were caught and executed or sent to concentration camps.
The Allies responded by establishing better, more secret, routes. Britain, Belgium, Holland, and the French resistance all worked to pass not only men but military information over the mountains. Although half of the 2,000 known guides perished during their service, 3,000 men, women and children successfully escaped the Nazi noose by crossing the Pyrenees. Of those, some 800 were Allied airmen. Their successful trek on the Trail to Freedom is commemorated every year, often by descendants of the original trekkers seeking to understand what their ancestors endured and honor the strength and courage that earned them their freedom. Freedom they quickly used to get back into the fight against the Axis powers.
The Freedom Trail Association was formed after the president of France officially recognized the trail's significance in 1994. The association holds an annual commemorative hike the second week of July on one trail in the center of the Pyrenees. It is the longest and most difficult route, but was the most used because its difficulty made it hardest for the Germans to patrol. The association also has a museum in Saint-Girons, France. Both hike and museum are open to the public. For more information see http://chemindelaliberte.fr/page-accueil/the-freedom-trail? Please see www.pyreneesmountainadventure.com to see more photos and information on traveling to the area.
Succinct and awe-inspiring. In literature the four classic conflicts are man vs. nature, man vs. man, man vs society, and man vs. self. This story involves all four equally. And it's not fiction.
- Ann Klaiman
Mar 19, 2016 8:38 AM EDT
Good account of escape and evasion lines across the Pyrenees. The figure of 3000 actually refers to the number of Allied airmen (mostly British and American) that crossed the Pyrenees. The total number who crossed (men, women and children) is about 40,000 (forty thousand). Anyone interested in the sources for these numbers can contact me at pyreneesmountainadventure@hotmail.com
I run a trekking company specialising in treks across the Pyrenees followong WW2 escape and evasion lines. Want to walk in the footsteps of giants? Get in touch!
- Paul Williams
Mar 28, 2016 12:56 PM EDT
I did see the number 40,000, but could not confirm it, so went with the smaller number. I should have said the 3,00 counted only airmen. Thank you for correcting my error.


A comprehensive study of Dada's images of the body in various media and geographical centres. Mask or machine-part, grotesque or iconoclastic, the bodily image is confronted as both a reflection of and on the disjunctive, dehumanised society of wartime and post-war Europe, and a blueprint of the New Man. -- .


Following Belgium's 3-0 win over Panama in their opening World Cup group game, Maryam Naz looks at why Eden Hazard could be key for his country, if they are to prove their critics wrong.
Hazard has dazzled in spells for Chelsea this season, proving to be at his best on the counter. His ability to dribble through the opposition's midfield has seen him score 12 goals in 34 games, with four assists to his name. His favoured left foot has been a feature of these goals, allowing him to cut in and curl a shot away from the 'keeper's reach.
Mission Impossible for the opposition?
Hazard was at his most prolific in Chelsea's Boxing Day win against Brighton. Despite not getting a goal or an assist, the Brighton defence found it impossible to contain Hazard, who was simply unplayable. His skill on the ball and low centre of gravity made him a slippery customer to mark, and the Seagulls found out first hand just how difficult it is to stop the Belgian at his best.
His performance for his national team has been just as entertaining to watch. He was voted the Belgium's Player of the Year, in front of Romelu Lukaku and Kevin De Bruyne, after a series of scintillating performances against Japan and the Czech Republic. He showcased his ability to drive through the opposition's defence, with his skill and strength on the ball.
Hazard fits well into Belgium's tried and tested 4-2-3-1 formation. It allows attacking playmakers, like himself, to pull the strings in the centre of the pitch and create chances for others. However, on the counter, Hazard comes alive. The midfield players sit back with the two centre-backs to ensure defensive stability, whilst he targets the heart of the opposition's defence.
Who will assist him by rising up to the challenge?
However, crucial to Hazard playing at peak efficiency, are the inclusion of two other players: De Bruyne and Vincent Kompany.
While De Bruyne guaranteed his involvement in the side, Kompany's is not so certain after the Manchester City captain limped off in a recent friendly against Portugal.
His involvement in the starting line-up is crucial because it allows Hazard to operate without any defensive shackles. His footballing know-how in Belgium's back four includes an understanding of spatial awareness, allowing him to maintain concentration throughout games.
Kompany's City teammate Kevin De Bruyne will be just as vital for Belgium's hopes. You can find out more about Belgium's chances by looking at their tracked World Cup odds here. Having been crowned last season's assist king, De Bruyne's role in the centre of the pitch will be to pick out players further up the pitch, such as Hazard, with inch-perfect through balls. In addition to this, his ability to be a dominant figure in midfield will balance out the attacking prowess on show.
He did not disappoint in Belgium's 3-0 World Cup opener win against Panama, and he was once again a pivotal figure on the counter-attack. Hazard's driving runs through the centre of the pitch caused Panama problems with his flair and creativity. He also played his part in the build-up to their second goal, when his attacking dribbling ensured that the ball found its way to Kevin De Bruyne who set up Lukaku with a wonderful cross.
Will they silence their critics?
Having been known to consistently underperform at international tournaments despite an all-star line-up, this year Belgium will be itching to finally make a name for themselves on the big stage.
Hazard, De Bruyne and Lukaku will need to be clinical, prolific and on the same wavelength as they were in Monday's victory, if they are to progress to the latter stages of the tournament. Yet, if they bring their A-game, there is no reason why they cannot reach the semi-finals.


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1. DomeHouse 3.88, 88 m2. For a family of 3-4 members.
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In the basis there are 4 domes with diameters of 4m + 7m + 9m + 4m.


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BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production, Biorefinery/Fuel Production Infrastructure, Business News/Analysis, Feedstocks, Finland, Infrastructure, Marine/Boat Biofuel/MGO/MDO, Marketing/Markets and Sales, Process, R & D Focus, Sustainability, water
(Hydrogen Digest) From Finland we have news that VTT has combined devices that produce hydrogen from water and electricity from hydrogen into a single movable system that produces hydrogen with an efficiency as high as 80–90%.
Weak efficiency has hindered the production of emission-free hydrogen and thus also the proliferation of hydrogen technology. Commercial electrolyser technologies are based either on alkali or PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) technology, which is also used in fuel cell vehicles. It has achieved an efficiency of about 60% and bi-directional operation is not possible. VTT's team used solid oxide cell (SOC) technology.
The breakthrough
Unlike a PEM fuel cell, VTT's reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) can also directly utilise other fuels besides hydrogen, including natural gas or biogas, i.e. methane. Fuel flexibility can prove to be a very important factor in the gradual transition to an emission-free energy system over the next 20 years.
At the moment, the production of hydrogen by solid oxide cell technology is primarily hindered by price. For example, unlike in PEM cells, no expensive platinum catalysts are used in the manufacture of solid oxide cells, but the production of ceramic electrolytes and cells assembled from them is technically demanding.
The fuel cell backstory
Hydrogen technology is playing an increasingly important role in mitigating climate change. Hydrogen, which is widely used in industrial processes, is also suitable for fuel and energy storage and can be produced from water without emissions.
Hydrogen has traditionally been produced from fossil raw materials such as natural gas, but it can also be produced in an electrolyser by breaking down water into hydrogen and oxygen using an electric current. This makes hydrogen an emission-free fuel if the electricity has been produced without emissions,
When hydrogen reacts oxygen in a fuel cell, electricity is generated with only water vapour as emissions.
"We developed a fuel cell electrolyser system, i.e. a reversible fuel cell system, that produces hydrogen and, when operated in reverse, electricity. The device can be installed e.g. in connection with a wind farm, making it possible to store environmentally friendly wind power as hydrogen and convert it back into electricity during peaks in consumption. The device fits in a 10ft shipping container and can easily be transported to a vehicle refuelling station or connected to a chemical industry process that uses hydrogen as a raw material. The device can be implemented on a usable scale", says Research Scientist Ville Saarinen from VTT's fuel cell team.
"Solid oxide cell technology and its required operating temperature of 700 degrees allow extremely high efficiency in hydrogen production. We can reach 80–90% with it", Saarinen says. READ MORE
The Digest's 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to VTT Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (Biofuels Digest)
BiogasBioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Productionefficiencyenergy storageFinlandfuel cellshydrogen fuel cellshydrogen pumpsHydrogen/Renewable HydrogenMarine/Maritime Biofuelmarkets/salesmethane/biomethanenatural gasRenewable Natural Gas (RNG)solid oxide fuel cellSustainabilitywater


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Asthma is a lifelong chronic condition that makes it difficult for an individual to breathe. In the United States, more than 25 million adults and children have a current asthma diagnosis. Of these adults and children, 41.2% had 1 or more asthma attacks in the last 12 months.
People with asthma have repeated episodes of wheezing, difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest tightness. A person with asthma can experience an asthma attack after coming into contact with things in the environment such as air pollution, outdoor/indoor allergens, cold air, and more. These triggers and the severity of asthma attacks can vary from person to person.
While there is no cure for asthma, it can be managed with proper medication and avoiding triggers.
Learn about asthma
Why important
Asthma disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations, including but not limited to: children, communities of color, and people who live on low incomes. Therefore, tracking asthma is important to understand disparities in environmental health and help us move toward health equity and environmental justice for everyone.
The costs associated with asthma highlight the importance of tracking data.
In addition to the physical effects of asthma, people who live with asthma or who have loved ones with asthma are also burdened with the cost of medication, treatment, and complications. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma costs the U.S. economy more than $80 billion annually in medical expenses, days missed from work and school, and deaths. In 2018, asthma hospitalizations alone cost Utahns more than $12 million.
What is known
According to the American Lung Association, asthma rates among American adults increased between 2001 and 2010. Since 2010, asthma rates have remained constant. In contrast, current asthma rates for adults in Utah jumped from 7.0% to 9.1% between 2001 and 2010 and the latest data puts the current asthma rate for Utah adults at 9.9%.
Between 2001 and 2019, the asthma mortality rate in the U.S. decreased from 15 deaths per million people to 10.7 deaths per million people. Despite this, there are still nearly 10 deaths from asthma each day. In 2019, there were 3,524 deaths nationally and 25 deaths in Utah related to asthma.
Notable health disparities
Individuals who identify as Black experience higher asthma-related mortality than individuals of other races or ethnicities. In 2019, the asthma mortality rate of Americans who identify as non-Hispanic Black was 23.9 deaths per million people. The disparity is clear when comparing this value to the asthma mortality rate of Americans who identify as non-Hispanic White (9.9 deaths per million people).
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children. Asthma is also the most common reason for school absenteeism among school-aged children and adolescents. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of 3 out of 30 children in a classroom are likely to have asthma.
Respiratory health conditions, such as asthma, are impacted by current and future air quality. To learn more about the connection between asthma and air quality, visit the Utah Department of Health and Human Services Asthma Program's website.
Who is at risk
These are some other risk factors for asthma:
(Remember, a risk factor does not equate to a causative factor)
Family history: If you have a parent with asthma, then you are 3 to 6 times more likely to develop asthma compared to someone who does not have a parent with asthma.
Air pollution: Exposure to ozone, the main component of smog, can increase the risk for developing asthma. If you grew up or live in an urban area, then that increases the risk of developing asthma.
Race and ethnicity: Children who identify as Black are twice as likely to have asthma than children who identify as White. Adults who identify as Black are more likely to have asthma than adults who identify as White or Hispanic.
Sex: In childhood, males are more likely to have asthma than females. In adulthood, females are more likely to have asthma than males.
Age: Young adults ages 18 to 24 years are more likely to have asthma compared with older adults.
Occupational exposure: Certain dusts, chemical fumes and vapors, and molds in the workplace can cause asthma to develop in adults. Certain elements in the workplace can also trigger asthma symptoms in adults with asthma.
Income: People with incomes less than $75,000 per year are more likely to have asthma than those who have higher incomes. This may be due to an inability to afford treatment, lack of access to quality health care, exposure to environmental triggers, etc.
Behavior: Smoking can increase the risk for developing asthma, especially for children born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy. Smoking also triggers asthma attacks. Obesity is associated with the development of asthma, worsening asthma symptoms, and poor asthma control.
How to reduce risk
Although there is no cure, it is possible to reduce the risk of severe complications, hospitalizations, and death caused by asthma by taking medication as prescribed and knowing possible triggers. Asthma triggers can come from a variety of sources, such as outdoor allergens, chemicals used in certain occupations, vigorous exercise, or even some medical conditions. Some common triggers include:
Air pollution and smoke
It is important to remember that asthma triggers vary from person to person.
Once you are diagnosed with asthma, your healthcare provider will advise you on proper management. Asthma can usually be managed in an outpatient setting, reducing the need for emergency department visits. Effective management includes control of exposures to factors that trigger exacerbations, using medicine as prescribed, monitoring the disease, and patient education in asthma care.
Program websites
Utah Asthma Program- Home Page
Utah Asthma Task Force- Home Page
Select reports
Utah Asthma Program- Asthma in Utah Burden Report, 2018
Utah Asthma Program- Utah Asthma Disparities Story Map, 2016
Utah Asthma Program- Asthma in Homes: Exposure to Triggers and Use of Modifications, 2018
Utah Asthma Program- Asthma in Schools: Data from the Utah Prevention Needs Assessment, 2016
Environmental health perspectives- Winter temperature inversions and emergency department visits for asthma 2012
Utah Department of Environmental Quality (UDEQ)- Division of Air Quality
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)- Asthma
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute- Asthma
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Partners- Airnow Air Quality Data
Explore asthma data
Data tables, charts, and more detailed information
Environmental burden of asthma in children
Indicator reports (includes contextual information)
Percentage of childhood asthma due to environmental exposures (environmental attributable fraction), Utah, 2011
Asthma hospitalizations
Number of asthma hospitalizations
Statewide number of hospitalizations, by year
Crude rates of asthma hospitalizations
Statewide crude rates of hospitalizations, by year
Crude rates of hospitalizations, by year, by county (choose age group)
Age 15 - 34
Age-adjusted rates of asthma hospitalizations
Statewide age-adjusted rates of hospitalizations, by year
Age-adjusted rates of hospitalizations, by year, by county
Financial cost of asthma hospitalizations
Total charges for asthma hospitalizations, by local health department
Average charge per visit for asthma hospitalizations, by local health department
Asthma emergency department (ED) visits
Number of asthma emergency department visits
Statewide number of ED visits, by year
Number of ED visits, by year, by county
Crude rates of asthma emergency department visits
Statewide crude rates of ED visits, by year
Crude rates of ED visits, by year, by county (choose age group)
Age-adjusted rates of asthma emergency department visits
Statewide age-adjusted rates of ED visits, by year
Age-adjusted rates of ED visits, by year, by county
Financial cost of asthma emergency department visits
Total charges for asthma emergency department visits, by local health department
Average charge per visit for asthma emergency department visits, by local health department
Asthma prevalence
Childhood asthma prevalence
Child asthma prevalence by age and sex
Adult asthma prevalence
Prevalence by income level
Prevalence by local health department
Prevalence by ethnicity
Prevalence by race
Prevalence among adults aged 18 and over, Utah and U.S.
Prevalence among adults ages 25 and over by educational level
Asthma prevalence by geographic area
Prevalence by local health department, all ages
Current doctor-diagnosed asthma by Utah small area
Custom data queries
Inpatient hospital discharges and emergency department visits (based on discharge date)
Inpatient hospital discharge (based on discharge date) - includes discharges, length of stay, charges, and deaths
Emergency department encounter (based on discharge date) - includes treat and release, treat and admit (inpatient), and all encounters
Inpatient hospital discharges (based on admission date)
Asthma count of hospital visits
Asthma crude rates
Asthma age-adjusted rates
Emergency department encounters (based on admission date)
Asthma count of emergency department encounters
Asthma crude rate of emergency department encounters
Asthma age-adjusted of emergency department encounters
Mortality query module
Click here to view all available public queries and metadata for all secure portal queries.
Utah Tracking receives data on asthma hospitalizations and emergency department visits from the Utah Department of Health and Human Services Office of Health Care Statistics.
Asthma prevalence data comes from the Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. The BRFSS survey is conducted by the survey center in the Utah Department of Health and Human Services Office of Public Health Assessment.
Note: The asthma data on this website only reflects severe cases that require hospitalization or an emergency department visit and do not account for less severe asthma cases. Asthma data measures presented here are generated using data from local hospitals and do not include asthma cases managed in the outpatient setting.
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Page Content Updated: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 10:32:22 MDT
Content updated: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 10:32:22 MDT


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The southern slider (Lerista dorsalis)  is a species of skink found in South Australia and Western Australia.

References

Lerista
Reptiles described in 1985
Taxa named by Glen Milton Storr


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The Reasonableness and Certainty of the Christian Religion, Volume 2
By Robert Jenkin
Opinions concerning the time when Homer lived; the first of which, places him in the time of the destru&ich of Troy; the last, Five hundred Years after it. Was there never therefore any such Poet, but were the Books under his Name made by chance, not only without Truth, but without Design, by the lucky meeting together of Letters and Words? It is uncertain
when the City of Rome was first built ; for * Salust, and others, contrary to the common Opinion, that it was founded by Romulus, have ascribed the Foundation of it to the Trojans. And those who make Romulus the Founder, yet are at a strange disagreement concerning the Parents of Romulus, and the time of his Birth. Some h have called his Mothers Name Ilia, fome Rhea, fome Silvia ; others, as Livy, Rhea Silvia ; yet still there is a farther diffe-. . rence about the time of the Foundation of the City, which has occasioned great Disputes among Chronologers. What then must follow from hence? Why, if the uncertainty of the time when any Fact was done, imply the uncertainty of the Fact it self, we must fairly conclude, that it is uncertain whether Rome was ever built at all, or at least, we must, with rarius believe, that there never was any such Man as Romulus. The Copies of Diogenes Laertius place the time of Epicurus's Death nine years before he was born, as " Menagius has observed ; but the Enemies of Religion have too great a value for Epicurus, to give him up for that reason, and to conclude that there never was such a Man. But it is yet more strange, that the time of fo late and so remarkable a thing as the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, should be placed by some á Year fooner than by others. This was an Action known and discoursed of throughout all
Saluft. Bell. Caralin. Dionyf, Halicar. l. 1.
Plutarch. in Romulo. b Dionyf. Halicar. ib.
Temporar. Chron. Demonft. lib. iij.
Menag. obferv. in Diog Laert,
Europe, and is a pregnant instance, how little Reason there is to dispute the Certainty, of a thing from any Uncertainty of Time, if other Circumstances concur to assure us of the Truth of it. The Chronologers are not a little ashamed, says Mr. Gregory, that they should not be able to satisfy us , concerning fo late and famous a Calamity, as the Siege of Constantinople by Mahumed the Second'.
II. The differences in Chronology do not imply, that there was any Chronological Mistake made by the Pen-men of the Holy Scriptures, but they arise from the Mistakes of Transcribers or Expositors. To be convinced of this, we need only reflect a little upon some of those things, which are apt to cause Mistakes in the Computations of Chronology; and it will soon appear, how unreasonable it is to imagine, that no Book can be of Divine Inspiration, which is not fitted to secure Men from the Errors, which it is natural for them to commit in things of that Intricacy.
1. Many difficulties in Chronology are occasion d . by not observing, that that which had been said before in the general, is afterwards resum'd and deliver'd in the Particulars contain'd under it. For the total Sum of any Term of Years being set down first, before the Particulars have been infifted upon and explain'd, has led some into Mistakes, by supposing, that the Particulars afterwards mention'd were not to be comprehended in it, but to be reckon'd apart, as if they had happen'd afterwards in order of Time, because they are laft related in the course of the History, Thus Gen. xi. 26. it is said that Terab lived seventy years and begåt Abram; and verf. 32. that the days of Terah were two bundred and five years : and Terab died in Haran. But Gen. xii. 4. it is written that Abram was seventy and five years old when he departed out of Haran : which is inconsistent, if we suppose that Abram
! Jo, Greg. de Æris & Epochis, c.iii,
liv'd in Haran till the Death of his Father Terah : but if we consider that the whole number of years which Terah liv'd, is set down Gen. xi. 32. and that the Departure of Abram out of Haran, which is related Gen. xii. yet happen'd before his Father's Death, there will be no Inconsistency; but it will be evident, if Terab. was but seventy years old when Abram was begotten, and Abram was but seventy five years old when he went out of Haran, that Abram left his Father Terah in Haran, where he liv'd after Abram's departure from him to the Age of two hundred and five years. Though during his Father's Life, he did upon occasion return to Haran. For the final Removal of Abram was not till the Death of his father, as we learn from Axts vii. 4. And if this way of relating that in General first, which is afterwards set forth in the Particulars, be attended to in the Interpretation of the Scriptures, it will afford a Solution of many Difficulties, as m St. Austin has observ'd, which otherwise are inexplicable. Others suppose Abram was the youngest of Terab's Sons, though mention'd first, and then there is no Difficulty in the Chronology; only by this and other Instances we may observe that the eldest Brother is not always placed first in Scripture, but sometimes the youngest, out of respect to him, for his Favour with God, and his greater Dignity and Worth: and therefore whatever Difficulties in Chronology arise upon this Supposition , that the Son first named must therefore necessarily be first born, proceed from a Mistake.
2. Sometimes the principal number is set down, and the odd or lesser number is omitted, which being added to the great or principal number in some other place, causes a difference not to be reconciled, but by considering that it is customary in the best Authors not always to mention the lesser numbers, where the
Aug. Qu. Sup. Genef. c.25.
matter doth not require it. And we have evident Proof of this in the Scriptures. . The time of the fojourning of the Children of Israel in the
Land of Canaan , and of their dwelling in Egypt is said to be the space of four hundred years, Gen. xv. 13. Afts vii. 6. which yet was in all four hundred and thirty years, Exod. xii. 40. Gal. iii. 17. The Ifraelites, who came out of Egypt, are computed to be fix hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty, Num.i.46. ii. 32. but Moses speaking of them, Num. xi. 21. leaves out the three thousand and five hundred and fifty. Ferubbual or Gideon is said to have had threescore and ten Sons by his Wives, besides Abimelech, whom he had by a Concubine, Judg. viii. 30, 31. and Abimelech is often said to have slain
these threescore and ten Brethren, though Jotham the youngest of them is at the same time said to have escaped, Judg. ix. 5, 18, 24, 55. The Benjamites that were slain, Judg. xx. 35. are said to be twenty and five thousand and an hundred men, whereas verf. 46. they are reckond only twenty and five thousand Men. I Cor. xv. g. we read that our Saviour was seen of Cephas', then of the twelve, though St. Matthias was not chosen into the number of the Apostles till after the Ascension of Christ, and S. Mark says precisely that he appeared unto the eleven, as they samat meat, Mark xvi. 14. Thus in Heathen Author's the Trojan "Fleet is said to consist of a thoufand Ships, whereas Homer makes them two hundred more, as • Thucydides reckons them, or one hundred fixty lix, by his Scholiast's counting, but the Historian did not care to be so punctual. An Phundred Acres of Land
* $i, inquam, numerus non eft ad amuffim ; ut non est, cum dicimus mille naves iiffe ad Trojam, centumvirale effe judicium Romæ. Varro de Re Rust. I. ii. c. I.
Thucyd. 1. i. c. 10. P Cencuriam nunc dicimus (ut idem Varro ait) ducentorum juge. rum modum : olim autem ab ceņtum jugeribus vocabatur Centuria ;
was by the Romans calld Centuria ; but in process of time the same Name was given to double that Number of Acres. The Tribes had that Denomination, because they at first were but Three; but still kept that Name, though they were 9 Thirty five. The Judges styled Centumviri, were at first five more than an hundred, and afterwards * almost twice that number, yet ftill they retain'd the same Name; as the LXXII İnterpreters are commonly styled the Septuagint. Since therefore it is manifest, that the lesser Numbers are sometimes omitted both in the Old and New Testament, as well as in other Authors, and the principal and greater numbers, whether more or less than the precise Calculation, are only set down, and at other times the lesser Numbers are specified, it is reasonable to make Abatements for this in adjusting the accounts of Chronology.
3. Sometimes an Epocha may be mistaken by Chronologers : as Gen. vi. 3. And the Lord said, my Spirit shall not always strive with man : for that he also is flesh, yer bis days shall be an hundred and twenty years. But from Gen. V. 32. compared with Gen. viii. 13. the Flood must happen but an hundred years after these Words seem to have been spoken : though if we compute not from the time, when this was threatned but from the beginning of Man's Apostasy, which we may suppose then to have been already Twenty years, there will be no Difficulty in it. Or else the Threatning , though placed after it , might be denounced Twenty years before the Five hundredth year of Noab's Age, which falls under the Observation abovemention'd of St. Austin. * St. Jerom indeed says, that the time allow'd Mankind for Repentance was fed mox duplicata nomen recinuit : ficuti Tribus dictæ primum à par. tibus populi tripartito divisi, quæ tamen nunc multiplicatæ priftinum nomen poflidenr. Columell. lib. v. C. I. 9 Cic. in Rullum,
Plin, I. vi. Epift. 33.
Hieron. Qu. in Genes.
shortned


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December 31, 2018 by Nukewatch Leave a Comment
Russia Pledges No-First-Use of Nuclear Weapons, Joining China, North Korea, and India
Winter Quarterly 2018-19
President Vladimir Putin said Oct. 18, 2018 that Russia would only use nuclear weapons in response to an incoming missile attack, the equivalent of a "no first use" pledge, the AP reported. Putin reportedly said Moscow would resort to launching nuclear weapons only in retaliation "if early warning systems spotted missiles heading toward Russia."
"Only when we become convinced that there is an incoming attack on the territory of Russia, and that happens within seconds, only after that, we would launch a retaliatory strike," Putin said during an international policy forum in Sochi, the Black Sea resort.
Neither the United States nor its NATO allies have ever made a "no-first-use" pledge, a promise not to use nuclear weapons in war or to launch a pre-emptive "first strike" with them."NATO has always opposed a US 'no-first-use" declaration and has never ruled out US first-use under its 'flexible response' posture since 1967," wrote Ankit Panda in the July 2018 issue of Council on Foreign Relations online.
In 1964, China made the unequivocal pledge "not to be the first to use nuclear weapons at any time or under any circumstances," and has reiterated the promise many times. China has also called on nuclear weapon states to establish an international no-first-use treaty.
India made a no-first-use promise in 2003, and North Korea declared the same on May 7, 2016.
—Associated Press; KIRO-7 News, Seattle, Wash.; "Putin: Russia would only use its nuclear arms in retaliation," Oct. 18, 2018; The Independent, "North Korea will not use its nuclear weapons first, Kim Jong-un tells Congress," May 8, 2016.
Filed Under: Newsletter Archives, North Korea, Nuclear Weapons, On The Bright Side, Quarterly Newsletter