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41. Joseph in Charge of Egypt
And it came to pass at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed: and, behold, he stood by the river. 2And, behold, there came up out of the river seven well favoured kine and fatfleshed; and they fed in a meadow. 3And, behold, seven other kine came up after them out of the river, ill favoured and leanfleshed; and stood by the other kine upon the brink of the river. 4And the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat up the seven well favoured and fat kine. So Pharaoh awoke. 5And he slept and dreamed the second time: and, behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and good. 6And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind sprung up after them. 7And the seven thin ears devoured the seven rank and full ears. And Pharaoh awoke, and, behold, it was a dream. 8And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit was troubled; and he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dream; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh.
9Then spake the chief butler unto Pharaoh, saying, I do remember my faults this day: 10Pharaoh was wroth with his servants, and put me in ward in the captain of the guard's house, both me and the chief baker: 11And we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he; we dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream. 12And there was there with us a young man, an Hebrew, servant to the captain of the guard; and we told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams; to each man according to his dream he did interpret. 13And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it was; me he restored unto mine office, and him he hanged.
14Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon: and he shaved himself, and changed his raiment, and came in unto Pharaoh. 15And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I have dreamed a dream, and there is none that can interpret it: and I have heard say of thee, that thou canst understand a dream to interpret it. 16And Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, It is not in me: God shall give Pharaoh an answer of peace. 17And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, In my dream, behold, I stood upon the bank of the river: 18And, behold, there came up out of the river seven kine, fatfleshed and well favoured; and they fed in a meadow: 19And, behold, seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such as I never saw in all the land of Egypt for badness: 20And the lean and the ill favoured kine did eat up the first seven fat kine: 21And when they had eaten them up, it could not be known that they had eaten them; but they were still ill favoured, as at the beginning. So I awoke. 22And I saw in my dream, and, behold, seven ears came up in one stalk, full and good: 23And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin, and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them: 24And the thin ears devoured the seven good ears: and I told this unto the magicians; but there was none that could declare it to me.
25And Joseph said unto Pharaoh, The dream of Pharaoh is one: God hath shewed Pharaoh what he is about to do. 26The seven good kine are seven years; and the seven good ears are seven years: the dream is one. 27And the seven thin and ill favoured kine that came up after them are seven years; and the seven empty ears blasted with the east wind shall be seven years of famine. 28This is the thing which I have spoken unto Pharaoh: What God is about to do he sheweth unto Pharaoh. 29Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt: 30And there shall arise after them seven years of famine; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the land of Egypt; and the famine shall consume the land; 31And the plenty shall not be known in the land by reason of that famine following; for it shall be very grievous. 32And for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice; it is because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pass. 33Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and set him over the land of Egypt. 34Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint officers over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt in the seven plenteous years. 35And let them gather all the food of those good years that come, and lay up corn under the hand of Pharaoh, and let them keep food in the cities. 36And that food shall be for store to the land against the seven years of famine, which shall be in the land of Egypt; that the land perish not through the famine.
37And the thing was good in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his servants. 38And Pharaoh said unto his servants, Can we find such a one as this is, a man in whom the Spirit of God is? 39And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Forasmuch as God hath shewed thee all this, there is none so discreet and wise as thou art: 40Thou shalt be over my house, and according unto thy word shall all my people be ruled: only in the throne will I be greater than thou. 41And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt. 42And Pharaoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck; 43And he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had; and they cried before him, Bow the knee: and he made him ruler over all the land of Egypt. 44And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am Pharaoh, and without thee shall no man lift up his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt. 45And Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphnathpaaneah; and he gave him to wife Asenath the daughter of Poti- pherah priest of On. And Joseph went out over all the land of Egypt.
46And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. 47And in the seven plenteous years the earth brought forth by handfuls. 48And he gathered up all the food of the seven years, which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was round about every city, laid he up in the same. 49And Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea, very much, until he left numbering; for it was without number. 50And unto Joseph were born two sons before the years of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of Poti- pherah priest of On bare unto him. 51And Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh: For God, said he, hath made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house. 52And the name of the second called he Ephraim: For God hath caused me to be fruitful in the land of my affliction.
53And the seven years of plenteousness, that was in the land of Egypt, were ended. 54And the seven years of dearth began to come, according as Joseph had said: and the dearth was in all lands; but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. 55And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians, Go unto Joseph; what he saith to you, do. 56And the famine was over all the face of the earth: And Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyptians; and the famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt. 57And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn; because that the famine was so sore in all lands.
1. At the end of two full years154154 In fine duorum annorum dierum "In the account of Pharaoh's dream, we are first struck with the use of the word אחו, (Achu,) Nile grass, an Egyptian word for an Egyptian thing." A note on this passage adds, "Our translators have inaccurately rendered it meadow, (ver. 2,) the aquatic plants of the Nile, particularly those of the litus kind, were so valuable in Egypt, that they were reaped in as regular a harvest as the flax and corn." The writer proceeds, "In the next place, the seven poor and the seven fat kine attract our attention. The symbol of the cow is very peculiar and exclusively Egyptian. It is scarcely conceivable that a foreign inventor should have confined himself so closely to the peculiar Egyptian symbols. The circumstance that the kine come up out of the Nile, the fat and also the lean, has reference to the fact that Egypt owes all its fertility to this stream, and that famine succeeds as soon as it fails." — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 28. — Ed What anxiety oppressed the mind of the holy man during this time, each of us may conjecture from his own feeling; for we are so tender and effeminate, that we can scarcely bear to be put off for a short time. The Lord exercised his servant not only by a delay of long continuance, but also by another kind of temptation, because he took all human grounds of hope away from him: therefore Moses puts "years of days" for complete and full years. That we may better understand the invincible nature of his fortitude, we must also notice that winding course of divine providence, of which I have spoken, and by which Joseph was led about, till he rose into notice with the king. In the king's dream, this is worthy to be observed in the first place, that God sometimes deigns to present his oracles even to unbelieving and profane men. It was certainly a singular honor to be instructed concerning an event yet fourteen years future: for truly the will of God was manifested to Pharaoh, just as if he had been taught by the word, except that the interpretation of it was to be sought elsewhere. And although God designs his word especially for the Church, yet it ought not to be deemed absurd that he sometimes admits even aliens into his school, though for an inferior end. The doctrine which leads to the hope of eternal life belongs to the Church; while the children of this world are only taught, incidentally, concerning the state of the present life. If we observe this distinction, we shall not wonder that some oracles are common to profane and heathen men, though the Church possesses the spiritual doctrine of life, as the treasure of its own inheritance. That another dream succeeded to the former, arose from two causes; for God both designed to rouse the mind of Pharaoh to more diligent inquiry, and to add more light to a vision which was obscure. In short, he follows the same course in this dream which he does in his daily method of procedure; for he repeats a second time what he has before delivered, and sometimes inculcates still more frequently, not only that the doctrine may penetrate more deeply into men's hearts, and thus affect them the more; but also that he may render it more familiar to their minds. That by the second dream God designed to illustrate more fully what was obscure in the first, appears from this, that the figure used was more appropriate to the subject revealed. At first, Pharaoh saw fat cows devoured by lean ones. This did not so clearly prefigure the seven years' abundance, and as many years of want in corn and other seeds, as the vision of the ears of corn did: for the similitude, in the latter case, better agrees with the thing represented.
8. In the morning his spirit was troubled. A sting was left in Pharaoh's heart, that he might know that he had to deal with God; for this anxiety was as an inward seal of the Spirit of God, to give authenticity to the dream; although Pharaoh deserved to be deprived of the advantage of this revelation, when he resorted to magicians and soothsayers, who were wont to turn the truth of God into a lie.155155 "Pharaoh calls 'all the magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof,' that they might interpret the dream by which he is troubled. Now, we find in Egyptian antiquity an order of persons, to whom this is entirely appropriate, which is here ascribed to the magicians. The priests had a double office, the practical worship of the gods, and the pursuit of that which in Egypt was accounted as wisdom. The first belonged to the so — called prophets, the second to the holy scribes. These last were the learned men of the nation; as in the Pentateuch they are called wise men, so the classical writers named them sages. The interpretation of dreams and also divination belonged to the order of the holy scribes," — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 29. — Ed. He was convinced by a secret impulse that the dream sent by God portended something important; but he seeks out imposters, who would darken, by their fallacies, the light which was divinely kindled; and it is the folly of the human mind to gather to itself leaders and teachers of error. No doubt he believed them to be true prophets; but because he voluntarily closes his eyes, and hastens into the snare, his false opinion forms no sufficient excuse for him; otherwise men, by merely shutting their eyes, might have some plausible pretext for mocking God with impunity: and we see that many seek protection for themselves in that gross ignorance in which they knowingly and purposely involve themselves. Pharaoh, therefore, as far as he was able, deprived himself of the benefit of the prophecy, by seeking for magicians as the interpreters of it. So we see it daily happens that many lose hold of the truth, because they either bring a cloud over themselves by their own indolence, or too eagerly catch at false and spurious inventions. But because the Lord would, at that time, succor the kingdom of Egypt, he drew Pharaoh back, as by main force, from his error.
There was none that could interpret. By this remedy God provided that the dream should not fail. We know what an inflated and impudent race of men these soothsayers were, and how extravagantly they boasted. How did it then happen that they gave the king no answer, seeing they might have trifled in any way whatever with a credulous man, who willingly suffered himself to be deluded? Therefore, that he might desist from inquiry, he is not allowed to find what he had expected in his magicians: and the Lord so strikes dumb the wicked workers of deceit, that they cannot even find a specious explanation of the dreams. Moreover, by this method, the anxiety of the king is sharpened; because he considers that what has escaped the sagacity of the magicians must be something very serious and secret. By which example we are taught, that the Lord provides the best for us, when he removes the incitements of error from those of us who with to be deceived; and we must regard it as a singular favor, when either false prophets are silenced, or their fatuity is, in any manner, discovered to us. As for the rest, the king might hence easily gather how frivolous and nugatory was the profession of wisdom, in which the Egyptians gloried above all others; for they boasted that they were possessed of the science of divination which ascended above the very heavens. But now, as far as they are concerned, the king is without counsel, and, being disappointed of his hope, is filled with anguish; nevertheless he does not so awake as to shake off his superstition. Thus we see that men, though admonished, remain still in their torpor. Whence we plainly perceive how inexcusable is the obstinacy of the world, which does not desist from following those delusions which are openly condemned as foolishness, from heaven.
9. Then spake the chief butler. Although the Lord took pity on Egypt, yet he did it not for the sake of the king, or of the country, but that Joseph might, at length, be brought out of prison; and further, that, in the time of famine, food might be supplied to the Church: for although the produce was stored with no design beyond that of providing for the kingdom of Egypt; yet God chiefly cared for his Church, which he esteemed more highly than ten worlds. Therefore the butler, who had resolved to be silent respecting Joseph, is constrained to speak for the liberation of the holy man. In saying, I do remember my faults this day, he is understood by some as confessing the fault of ingratitude, because he had not kept the promise he had given. But the meaning is different; for he could not speak concerning his imprisonment, without interposing a preface of this kind, through fear, lest suspicion should enter into the mind of the king, that his servant thought himself injured; or, should take offense, as if the butler had not been sensible of the benefit conferred upon him. We know how sensitive are the minds of kings; and the courtier had found this out by long experience: therefore he begins by acknowledging that he had been justly cast into prison. Whence it follows that he was indebted to the clemency of the king for restoration to his former state.
14. Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph. We see in the person of a proud king, as in a glass, what necessity can effect. They whose circumstances are happy and prosperous will scarcely condescend to hear those whom they esteem true prophets, still less will they listen to strangers. Wherefore it was necessary that the obstinacy of Pharaoh should be first subdued, in order that he might send for Joseph, and accept him as his master and instructor. The same kind of preparation is also necessary even for the elect; because they never become docile until the pride of the flesh is laid low. Whenever, therefore, we are cast into grievous troubles, which keep us in perplexity and anxiety, let us know that God, in this manner, is accomplishing his design of rendering us obedient to himself. When Moses relates that Joseph, before he came into the presence of the king, changed his garments, we may hence conjecture that his clothing was mean. To the same point, what is added respecting his "shaving himself," ought, in my opinion, to be referred: for since Egypt was a nations of effeminate delicacy, it is probable that they, being studious of neatness and elegance, rather nourished their hair than otherwise.156156 This conjecture of Calvin's is erroneous. "Herodotus mentions it among the distinguishing pecularities of the Egyptians, that they commonly were shaved, but in mourning they allowed the beard to grow. The sculptures also agree with this representation. 'So particular,' says Wilkinson, 'were they on this point, that to have neglected it was a subject of reproach and ridicule; and whenever they intended to convey the idea of a man of low condition, or a slovenly person, the artists represented him with a beard.'" — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 30. — Ed. But as Joseph put off his squalid raiment, so, that he might have no remaining cause of shame, he is shaved. Let us know, then, that the servant of God lay in filth even to the day of his deliverance.
15. And Pharaoh said unto Joseph. We see that Pharaoh offers himself as a disciple to Joseph, being persuaded, by the statement of the butler, that he is a prophet of God. This is, indeed, a constrained humility; but it is expressly recorded, in order that, when the opportunity of learning157157 In the Amsterdam edition, it is "facultas decendi," but in Hengstenberg's it is "facultas discendi;" and as the French version has it "le moyen d'apprendre," there can be no doubt that the later Latin edition is right. — Ed. is afforded us, we may not refuse reverently to honor the gifts of the Spirit. Now, though Joseph, in referring Pharaoh to God, seems to deny that he himself is about to interpret the dream, yet his answer bears on a different point: for, because he knew that he was conversing with a heathen addicted to superstitions, he wishes, above all things, to ascribe to God the glory due to him; as if he had said, I am able to do nothing in this matter, nor will I offer anything as from myself; but God alone shall be the interpreter of his own secret.158158 The force of Joseph's language is remarkable: "Without me, God will answer to the peace of Pharaoh." He thus entirely renounces, in a single word, all the personal honor which the heathen monarch was disposed to pay him, that God alone may have the glory due unto his name. — Ed. Should any one object, that whenever God uses the agency of men, their office ought to be referred to in connection with his command: that indeed I acknowledge, but yet so that the whole glory may remain with God; according to the saying of St. Paul,
"Neither is he that planteth anything, neither he that watereth."
(1 Corinthians 3:7.)
Moreover, Joseph not only desires to imbue the mind of Pharaoh with some relish for piety, but, by ascribing the gift of interpreting dreams to God alone, confesses that he is destitute of it, until he obtains it from God. Wherefore, let us also learn, from the example of holy Joseph, to honor the grace of God even among unbelievers; and if they shut the door against the entire and full doctrine of piety; we must, at least, endeavor to instill some drops of it into their minds. Let us also reflect on this, that nothing is less tolerable than for men to arrogate to themselves anything as their own; for this is the first step of wisdom, to ascribe nothing to ourselves; but modestly to confess, that whatever in us is worthy of praise, flows only from the fountain of God's grace. It is especially worthy of notice, that as the Spirit of understanding is given to any one from heaven, he will become a proper and faithful interpreter of God.
16. God shall give Pharaoh an answer of peace. Joseph added this from the kindly feeling of his heart; for he did not yet comprehend what the nature of the oracle would be. Therefore he could not, in his character as a prophet, promise a successful and desirable issue; but, as it was his duty sincerely to deliver what he received from the Lord, however sad and severe it might prove; so, on the other hand, this liberty presented no obstacle to his wishing a joyful issue to the king. Therefore, what is here said to the king concerning peace, is a prayer rather than a prophecy.
17. In my dream. This whole narration does not need to be explained, for Pharaoh only repeats what we have before considered, with the addition, that the lean cows, having devoured the fat ones, were rendered nothing better. Whereby God designed to testify, that the dearth would be so great, that the people, instead of being nourished by the abundance of food gathered together, would be famished, and drag on a miserable existence. Joseph, in answering that the two dreams were one, simply means, that one and the same thing was showed unto Pharaoh by two figures. But before he introduces his interpretation, he maintains that this is not a merely vanishing dream, but a divine oracle: for unless the vision had proceeded from God, it would have been foolish to inquire anxiously what it portended. Pharaoh, therefore, does not here labor in vain in inquiring into the counsel of God. The form of speaking, however, requires to be noticed; because Joseph does not barely say that God will declare beforehand what may happen from some other quarter, but what he himself is about to do. We hence infer, that God does not indolently contemplate the fortuitous issue of things, as most philosophers vainly talk; but that he determines, at his own will, what shall happen. Wherefore, in predicting events, he does not give a response from the tables of fate, as the poets feign concerning their Apollo, whom they regard as a prophet of events which are not in his own power, but declares that whatever shall happen will be his own work. So Isaiah, that he may ascribe to God alone the glory due to him, attributes to him, both the revealing of things future, and the government of ail his events, by his own authority. (Isaiah 45:7.) For he cries aloud that God is neither deceived, nor deceives, like the idols; and he declares that God alone is the author of good and evil; understanding by evil, adversity. Wherefore, unless we would cast God down from his throne, we must leave to him his power of action, as well as his foreknowledge. And this passage is the more worthy of observation; because, in all ages, many foolish persons have endeavored to rob God of half his glory, and now (as I have said) the same figment pleases many philosophers; because they think it absurd to ascribe to God whatever is done in the world: as if truly the Scripture had in vain declared, that his "judgments are a great deep." (Psalm 36:7.) But while they would subject the works of God to the judgment of their own brain, having rejected his word, they prefer giving credit to Plato respecting celestial mysteries. "That God," they say, "has foreknowledge of all things, does not involve the necessity of their occurrence:" as if, indeed, we asserted, that bare prescience was the cause of things, instead of maintaining the connection established by Moses, that God foreknows things that are future, because he had determined to do them; but they ignorantly and perversely separate the providence of God from his eternal counsel, and his continual operation. Above all things, it is right to be fully persuaded that, whenever the earth is barren, whether frost, or drought, or hail, or any other thing, may be the cause of it, the whole result is directed by the counsel of God.
32. And for that the dream was doubled. Joseph does not mean to say, that what God may have declared but once, is mutable: but he would prevent Pharaoh's confidence respecting the event revealed, from being shaken. For since God pronounces nothing but from his own fixed and steadfast purpose, it is enough that he should have spoken once. But our dullness and inconstancy cause him to repeat the same thing the more frequently, in order that what he has certainly decreed, may be fixed in our hearts; otherwise, as our disposition is variable, so, what we have once heard from his mouth, is tossed up and down by us, until it entirely escapes our memory. Moreover, Joseph not only commemorates the stability of the heavenly decree, but also declares that what God has determined to do, is near at hand, lest Pharaoh himself should slumber in the confident expectation of longer delay. For though we confess that the judgments of God are always hanging over our heads, yet unless we are stimulated by the thought of their speedy approach, we are but slightly affected with anxiety and fear respecting them.
33. Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man. Joseph does more than he had been asked to do; for he is not merely the interpreter of the dream; but, as fulfilling the office of a prophet, he adds instruction and counsel. For we know that the true and lawful prophets of God do not barely predict what will happen in future; but propose remedies for impending evils. Therefore Joseph, after he had uttered a prophecy of the changes which would take place in fourteen years, now teaches what ought to be done; and exhorts Pharaoh to be vigilant in the discharge of this duty. And one of the marks by which God always distinguished his own prophets from false prognosticators, was to endue them with the power of teaching and exhorting, that they might not uselessly predict future events. Let us grant that the predictions of Apollo, and of all the magicians were true, and were not entangled with ambiguous expressions; yet whither did they tend, but either to drive men headlong in perverse confidence, or to plunge them into despair? A very different method of prophesying was divinely prescribed, which would form men to piety, would lead them to repentance, and would excite them to prayer when oppressed with fear. Moreover, because the prophecy of which mention is here made, was published only for the temporal advantage of this fleeting life, Joseph proceeds no further than to show the king for what purpose the dream had been sent to him; as if he had said, "Be not sorry on account of this revelation; accept this advantage from it, that thou mayest succor the poverty of thy kingdom." However, there is no doubt that God guided his tongue, in order that Pharaoh might entrust him with this office. For he does not craftily insinuate himself into the king's favor; nor abuse the gift of revelation to his private gain: but, what had been divinely ordained was brought to its proper issue without his knowledge; namely, that the famishing house of Jacob should find unexpected sustenance.
35. Under the hand of Pharaoh. Whereas prosperity so intoxicates men, that the greater part make no provision for themselves against the future, but absorb the present abundance by intemperance; Joseph advises the king to take care that the country may have its produce laid up in store. Besides, the common people would also form themselves to habits of frugality, when they understood that this great quantity of corn was not collected in vain by the king, but that a remedy was hereby sought for some unwonted calamity. In short, because luxury generally prevails in prosperity, and wastes the blessings of God, the bridle of authority was necessary. This is the reason why Joseph directed that garners should be established under the power of the king, and that corn should be gathered into them. He concludes at length, that the dream was useful, although at first sight, it would seem sad and inauspicious: because, immediately after the wound had been shown, the means of cure were suggested.
38. Can we find such a one as this? We see that necessity is an excellent teacher. If prefects or judges are to be created, some one is advanced to the honor because he is a favorite, without consideration of his desert; whence it happens that they who are most unworthy frequently creep into office. And although we see political order disturbed and mankind involved in many inconveniences, because they who are least suitable, rashly push themselves, by wicked contrivances, into affairs for which they are not able to manage; nevertheless, ambition triumphs, and subverts equity. But necessity extorts a sober judgment. Pharaoh says nothing but what is naturally engraven on the hearts of all men, that honors ought to be conferred on none but competent persons, and such as God has furnished with the necessary qualifications. Experience, however, abundantly teaches, that this law of nature slips from the memory, whenever men are free to offend against it with impunity. Therefore the pride of Pharaoh was wisely so subdued, that he, setting aside ambition, preferred a foreigner just brought out of prison, to all his courtiers, because he excelled them in virtue. The same necessity restrained the nobles of the kingdom, so that they did not each contend, according to their custom, to obtain the priority of rank for themselves. And although it was but a compulsory modesty, inasmuch as they were ashamed to resist the public good; yet there is no doubt, that God inspired them with fear, so that, by the common consent of all, Joseph was made president of the whole kingdom. It is also to be observed that Pharaoh, though he had been infatuated by his soothsayers, nevertheless honors the gifts of the spirit in Joseph: because God, indeed, never suffers man to become so brutalized, as not to feel his power, even in their darkness. And therefore whatever impious defection may hurry them away, there still abides with them a remaining sense of Deity. Meanwhile, that knowledge is of little worth, which does not correct a man's former madness; for he despises the God whom with his mouth he proclaims: and has no conception of any other than I know not what confused divinity. This kind of knowledge often enlightens profane men, yet not so as to cause them to repent. Whereby we are admonished to regard any particular principle as of small value, till solid piety springs from it and flourishes.
40. Thou shalt be over my house. Not only is Joseph made governor of Egypt, but is adorned also with the insignia of royalty, that all may reverence him, and may obey his command. The royal signet is put upon his finger for the confirmation of decrees. He is clothed in robes of fine linen, which were then a luxury, and were not to be had at any common price. He is placed in the most honorable chariot.159159 Of the marks of distinction conferred by Pharaoh upon Joseph, mentioned in verses 42 and 43 of this chapter; the first is the signet-ring which was common to the nations of the East as well as to Egypt. The next is the "vesture of fine linen," or byssus, which was a peculiarly Egyptian token of honor. The third is the gold chain, or the necklace of gold, "of which the Egyptian monuments afford abundant explanation." Modern objectors to the Mosaic account pretend that all the ornaments here mentioned belong to a later date. But such remarks, as Hengstenberg observes, "have interest only as they show how far the investigations of the rationalists, in reference to the Pentateuch, fall short of the present advanced state of knowledge repsecting Egyptian antiquity." — Ed. It may, however, be asked, whether it was lawful for the holy man to appear with so great pomp? I answer, although such splendor can scarcely ever be free from blame, and therefore frugality in external ornaments is best; yet all kind of splendor in kings and other princes of the world is not to be condemned, provided they neither too earnestly desire it, nor make an ostentatious display of it. Moderation is, indeed, always to be cultivated; but since it was not in Joseph's power to prescribe the mode of investiture, and the royal authority would not have been granted to him without the accustomed pomp of state, he was at liberty to accept more than seemed in itself desirable. If the option be given to the servants of God, nothing is safer for them, than to cut off whatever they can of outward splendor. And where it is necessary for them to accommodate themselves to public custom, they must beware of all ostentation and vanity. With respect to the explanation of the words; whereas we render them, "At thy mouth all the people shall kiss,"160160 Osculabitur totus populus ad os tuum. The English version is, "According unto thy word shall all my people be ruled:" which is a free translation, bearing, according to Calvin's explanation, the true sense of the original. The margin of our Bible gives "be armed," or, "kiss," instead of the words "be ruled." — Ed. others prefer to read, "shall be armed;" others, "shall be fed at thy will or commandment;" but as the proper signification of the verb נשק (nashak) is to kiss, I do not see why interpreters should twist it to another sense. Yet I do not think that here any special token of reverence is intended; but the phrase rather seems to be metaphorical, to the effect that the people should cordially receive and obediently embrace whatever might proceed from the mouth of Joseph: as if Pharaoh had said, "Whatever he may command, it is my will that the people shall receive with one consent, as if all should kiss him." The second chariot, is read by the Hebrews in construction, for the chariot of the viceroy, who holds the second place from the king. The sense, however, is clear, that Joseph has the precedence of all the nobles of Egypt.
There are various opinions about the meaning of the word אברך(abraik). They who explain it by "tender father," because Joseph, being yet in tender years, was endowed with the prudence and gravity of old age, seem to me to bring something from afar to correspond with their own fancy. They who render it "the father of the king," as if the word were compounded of the Hebrew noun אב (ab,) and the Arabic רך (rak,) have little more color for their interpretation. If, indeed, the word be Hebrew, the meaning preferred by others, "Bow the knee," seems to me more probable. But because I rather suppose that Egyptian terms are referred to by Moses, both in this place and shortly afterwards, I advise the readers not to distort them in vain. And truly those interpreters are ridiculously subtle, who suppose that a Hebrew name was given him by an Egyptian king, which they render either the "Redeemer of the world," or the "Expounder of mysteries." 161161 This is the rendering given of the name Zaphnath — paneah by Jerome, and by the Chaldee Paraphrast respectively. The reader may consult Rivetus in his Exercitation elviii., Gesenius's Lexicon, and the Commentaries of Bush and Dr. A. Clarke. — Ed. I prefer following the Greek interpreters, who, by leaving both words untouched, sufficiently prove that they thought them to be of a foreign language. That the father-in-law of Joseph was, as is commonly believed, a priest, is what I cannot refute, though I can scarcely be induced to believe it. Therefore, since כוהן (cohen) signifies a prince as well as a priest, it seems to me probable that he was one of the nobles of the court, who might also be the satrap or prefect of the city of On.162162 That the word כוהן (cohen) generally signifies priest, is not to be disputed. Gesenius earnestly contends that this is its invariable meaning; but to establish his point, he is obliged to regard some as priests who were not of the tribe of Levi. This seems conclusive against him; for there is no room for doubt that none were, or could be, priests who sprang from any other tribe. Yet so much, perhaps, ought to be conceded to the primary meaning of the work, that is should be translated priest, wherever the sense of the passage does not require another interpretation. Such a rule would determine its meaning in this passage. The following remarks of Hengstenberg deserve attention. "According to Genesis 41:45, Pharaoh gives to Joseph, Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, the priest of On, in marriage. This name (which means he who belongs to the sun) is very common on the Egyptian monuments, and is especially appropriate for the Priest of On, or Heliopolis (the city of the sun). Since Pharaoh evidently intended, by this act, to establish the power bestowed on Joseph upon a firm basis, it is implied in this account; first, that Egyptian High Priests occupied a very important position; and, secondly, that among them the High Priest of On was the most distinguished. Both these points are confirmed by history." — See Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 32. — Ed
46. And Joseph was thirty years old. For two reasons Moses records the age at which Joseph was advanced to the government of the kingdom. First, because it is seldom that old men give themselves up to be governed by the young: whence it may be inferred that it was by the singular providence of God that Joseph governed without being envied, and that reverence and majesty were given him beyond his years. For if there was danger lest Timothy's youth should render him contemptible, Joseph would have been equally exposed to contempt, unless authority had been divinely procured for him. And although he could not have obtained this authority by his own industry, yet it is probable that the extraordinary virtues with which God had endowed him, availed not a little to increase and confirm it. A second reason for noting his age is, that the reader may reflect on the long duration of the sufferings with which he had been, in various ways, afflicted. And however humane his treatment might have been; still, thirteen years of exile, which had prevented his return to his father's house, not merely by the bond of servitude, but also by imprisonment, would prove a most grievous trial. Therefore, it was only after he had been proved by long endurance, that he was advanced to a better state. Moses then subjoins, that he discharged his duties with diligence and with most punctual fidelity; for the circuit taken by him, which is here mentioned, was a proof of no common industry. He might, indeed, have appointed messengers, on whose shoulders he could have laid the greater part of the labor and trouble; but because he knew himself to be divinely called to the work, as one who had to render an account to the divine tribunal, he refused no part of the burden. And Moses, in a few words, praises his incredible prudence, in having quickly found out the best method of preserving the corn. For it was an arduous task to erect storehouses in every city, which should contain the entire produce of one year, and a fifth part more.163163 "The labors of Joseph in building storehouses are placed vividly before us in the paintings upon the monuments, which show how common the storehouse was in ancient Egypt. In a tomb at Elethya, a man is represented whose business it evidently was to take account of the number of bushels which another man, acting under him, measures... Then follows the transportation of the grain. From the measurer, others take it and carry it into the storehouses." — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 36. — Ed This arrangement was also not less a proof of sagacity, in providing that the inhabitants of any given region should not have to seek food at a distance. Immediately afterwards his integrity is mentioned, which was equally deserving of praise; because in the immense accumulation which was made, he abstained from all self-indulgence, just as if some humble office only, had been assigned to him. But it is to the praise of both these virtues that, after he has collected immense heaps, he remits nothing of his wonted diligence, until he has accomplished all the duties of the office which he had undertaken. The ancient proverb says, "Satiety produces disgust," and in the same manner abundance is commonly the mother of idleness. Whence, therefore, is it, that the diligence of Joseph holds on its even course, and does not become remiss at the sight of present abundance, except because he prudently considers, that, however great the plenty might be, seven years of famine would swallow it all up? He manifested also his fidelity, and his extraordinary care for the public safety, in this, that he did not become weary by the assiduous labor of seven years, nor did he ever rest till he had made provision for the seven years which still remained.
50. And unto Joseph were born two sons. Although the names which Joseph gave his sons in consequence of the issue of his affairs, breathe somewhat of piety, because in them he celebrates the kindness of God: yet the oblivion of his father's house, which, he says, had been brought upon him, can scarcely be altogether excused. It was a pious and holy motive to gratitude, that God had caused him to "forget" all his former miseries; but no honor ought to have been so highly valued, as to displace from his mind the desire and the remembrance of his father's house. Granted that he is Viceroy of Egypt, yet his condition is unhappy, as long as he is an exile from the Church. Some, in order to exculpate the holy man, explain the passage as meaning that he so rejoiced in the present favor of God, as to make him afterwards forgetful of the injuries inflicted upon him by his brethren; but this (in my judgment) is far too forced. And truly, we must not anxiously labor to excuse the sin of Joseph; but rather, I think, we are admonished how greatly we ought to be on our guard against the attractions of the world, lest our minds should be unduly gratified by them. Behold Joseph, although he purely worships God, is yet so captivated by the sweetness of honor, and has his mind so clouded, that he becomes indifferent to his father's house, and pleases himself in Egypt. But this was almost to wander from the fold of God. It was, indeed, a becoming modesty, that from a desire of proclaiming the Divine goodness towards him, he was not ashamed to perpetuate a memorial of his depressed condition in the names of his sons. They who are raised on high, from an obscure and ignoble position, desire to extinguish the knowledge of their origin, because they deem it disgraceful to themselves. Joseph, however, regarded the commendation of Divine grace more highly than an ostentatious future nobility.
53. And the seven years... were ended. Already the former unwonted fertility, which showed Joseph to have been a true prophet, had procured for him a name and reputation; and in this way the Egyptians had been restrained from raising any tumult against him. Nevertheless, it is wonderful that a people so proud should have borne, in the time of prosperity, the rule of a foreigner. But the famine which followed proved a more sharp and severe curb for the subjugation of their lofty and ferocious spirits, in order that they might be brought into subjection to authority. When, however, Moses says that there was corn in all the land of Egypt, while the neighboring regions were suffering from hunger, he seems to intimate that wheat had also been laid up by private persons. And, indeed, (as we have said elsewhere,) it was impossible but the rumor of the approaching famine would be spread abroad, and would everywhere infuse fears and solicitude, so that each person would make some provision for himself. Nevertheless, however provident each might be, what they had preserved would, in a short time, be consumed. Whence it appeared with what skill and prudence Joseph had perceived from the beginning, that Egypt would not be safe, unless provisions were publicly gathered together under the hand of the king.
55. Go unto Joseph. It is by no means unusual for kings, while their subjects are oppressed by extreme sufferings, to give themselves up to pleasures. But Moses here means something else; for Pharaoh does not exonerate himself from the trouble of distributing corn, because he wishes to enjoy a repose free from all inconvenience; but because he hassuch confidence in holy Joseph, that he willingly leaves all things to him, and does not allow him to be disturbed in the discharge of the office which he had undertaken.
154 In fine duorum annorum dierum "In the account of Pharaoh's dream, we are first struck with the use of the word אחו, (Achu,) Nile grass, an Egyptian word for an Egyptian thing." A note on this passage adds, "Our translators have inaccurately rendered it meadow, (ver. 2,) the aquatic plants of the Nile, particularly those of the litus kind, were so valuable in Egypt, that they were reaped in as regular a harvest as the flax and corn." The writer proceeds, "In the next place, the seven poor and the seven fat kine attract our attention. The symbol of the cow is very peculiar and exclusively Egyptian. It is scarcely conceivable that a foreign inventor should have confined himself so closely to the peculiar Egyptian symbols. The circumstance that the kine come up out of the Nile, the fat and also the lean, has reference to the fact that Egypt owes all its fertility to this stream, and that famine succeeds as soon as it fails." — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 28. — Ed
155 "Pharaoh calls 'all the magicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof,' that they might interpret the dream by which he is troubled. Now, we find in Egyptian antiquity an order of persons, to whom this is entirely appropriate, which is here ascribed to the magicians. The priests had a double office, the practical worship of the gods, and the pursuit of that which in Egypt was accounted as wisdom. The first belonged to the so — called prophets, the second to the holy scribes. These last were the learned men of the nation; as in the Pentateuch they are called wise men, so the classical writers named them sages. The interpretation of dreams and also divination belonged to the order of the holy scribes," — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 29. — Ed.
156 This conjecture of Calvin's is erroneous. "Herodotus mentions it among the distinguishing pecularities of the Egyptians, that they commonly were shaved, but in mourning they allowed the beard to grow. The sculptures also agree with this representation. 'So particular,' says Wilkinson, 'were they on this point, that to have neglected it was a subject of reproach and ridicule; and whenever they intended to convey the idea of a man of low condition, or a slovenly person, the artists represented him with a beard.'" — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 30. — Ed.
157 In the Amsterdam edition, it is "facultas decendi," but in Hengstenberg's it is "facultas discendi;" and as the French version has it "le moyen d'apprendre," there can be no doubt that the later Latin edition is right. — Ed.
158 The force of Joseph's language is remarkable: "Without me, God will answer to the peace of Pharaoh." He thus entirely renounces, in a single word, all the personal honor which the heathen monarch was disposed to pay him, that God alone may have the glory due unto his name. — Ed.
159 Of the marks of distinction conferred by Pharaoh upon Joseph, mentioned in verses 42 and 43 of this chapter; the first is the signet-ring which was common to the nations of the East as well as to Egypt. The next is the "vesture of fine linen," or byssus, which was a peculiarly Egyptian token of honor. The third is the gold chain, or the necklace of gold, "of which the Egyptian monuments afford abundant explanation." Modern objectors to the Mosaic account pretend that all the ornaments here mentioned belong to a later date. But such remarks, as Hengstenberg observes, "have interest only as they show how far the investigations of the rationalists, in reference to the Pentateuch, fall short of the present advanced state of knowledge repsecting Egyptian antiquity." — Ed.
160 Osculabitur totus populus ad os tuum. The English version is, "According unto thy word shall all my people be ruled:" which is a free translation, bearing, according to Calvin's explanation, the true sense of the original. The margin of our Bible gives "be armed," or, "kiss," instead of the words "be ruled." — Ed.
161 This is the rendering given of the name Zaphnath — paneah by Jerome, and by the Chaldee Paraphrast respectively. The reader may consult Rivetus in his Exercitation elviii., Gesenius's Lexicon, and the Commentaries of Bush and Dr. A. Clarke. — Ed.
162 That the word כוהן (cohen) generally signifies priest, is not to be disputed. Gesenius earnestly contends that this is its invariable meaning; but to establish his point, he is obliged to regard some as priests who were not of the tribe of Levi. This seems conclusive against him; for there is no room for doubt that none were, or could be, priests who sprang from any other tribe. Yet so much, perhaps, ought to be conceded to the primary meaning of the work, that is should be translated priest, wherever the sense of the passage does not require another interpretation. Such a rule would determine its meaning in this passage. The following remarks of Hengstenberg deserve attention. "According to Genesis 41:45, Pharaoh gives to Joseph, Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, the priest of On, in marriage. This name (which means he who belongs to the sun) is very common on the Egyptian monuments, and is especially appropriate for the Priest of On, or Heliopolis (the city of the sun). Since Pharaoh evidently intended, by this act, to establish the power bestowed on Joseph upon a firm basis, it is implied in this account; first, that Egyptian High Priests occupied a very important position; and, secondly, that among them the High Priest of On was the most distinguished. Both these points are confirmed by history." — See Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 32. — Ed
163 "The labors of Joseph in building storehouses are placed vividly before us in the paintings upon the monuments, which show how common the storehouse was in ancient Egypt. In a tomb at Elethya, a man is represented whose business it evidently was to take account of the number of bushels which another man, acting under him, measures... Then follows the transportation of the grain. From the measurer, others take it and carry it into the storehouses." — Egypt and the Books of Moses, p. 36. — Ed
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Douglas Argüello
Douglas J. Argüello
Born November 21, 1984 in Managua Nicaragua
BR minors page
Douglas Argüello is in his 8th minor league season in 2009.
Argüello was first signed in December 2001 by the Houston Astros. He went 0-4 with a 5.60 ERA for the 2002 VSL Astros, saving two games. In 2003, he went 4-0 with 2 saves and a 5.26 ERA for the Martinsville Astros. He was 1-0 with a 2.92 ERA for the '04 Greeneville Astros. In 2005, the 20-year-old southpaw moved into the starting rotation with the Tri-City ValleyCats, posting a 2-6, 5.62 record.
In 2006, Douglas pitched for Tri-City (6-6, 4.14) and the Lexington Legends (0-3, 6.42). he led Tri-City with 65 strikeouts while walking 19 in 71 2/3 IP. In '07, Arguello was 6-10 with a 5.24 ERA with Lexington. It was his 8th professional season and he had still not advanced into high-level A ball.
Argüello made major strides with the 2008 Salem Avalanche, going 10-6 with a 3.30 ERA. He tied Polin Trinidad for the most wins by an Astros minor leaguer and placed third in the Carolina League in ERA. His 69 walks did lead the Carolina League, the one negative.
He pitched for Nicaragua in the 2008 Americas Baseball Cup but was ineffective. Against Panama, he got the start and promptly walked Avelino Asprilla, Audes de Leon and Earl Agnoly. He was quickly yanked in favor of Jairo Pineda, who allowed all 3 runners to score. Arguello wound up with the loss. He was better in relief against Aruba and Puerto Rico but finished 0-1 with a 7.20 ERA, highest on the Nicaraguan staff. He only allowed one hit in five innings but walked six.
Argüello began 2009 with the Corpus Christi Hooks and was 2-3 with a 3.29 ERA after 9 starts but then was injured.
Sources[edit]
Defunct IBAF site
2009 Astros Media Guide
This biographical article is missing the person's: full name
Retrieved from "https://www.baseball-reference.com/bpv/index.php?title=Douglas_Argüello&oldid=745969"
Minor League Players
Nicaraguan National Team Players
Missing Full Name

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Same as Z rack but this one comes apart for storage/transportation. It is slightly taller (1"-2") be..
Nests to conserve space. Powdercoated Bottoms: Yellow, Black or Blue. Chrome uprights and top. ..
Nests to conserve space. Powdercoated Bottoms: Yellow, Black, Blue. Galvanized uprights, middle bar ..


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Comments for Height and Width challenged
Excerpt: Could someone tell me why height and width attributes are needed for images? It's silly to require people to add metadata to HTML when it's something easily calculated. Read the whole article…
August 5, 2003 9:23 AM
I know diddly about this, but I'll bet it has something to do with making the browser do less work so that it displays the page faster. As broadband becomes a ubiquitous commodity, I'll bet this becomes more and more of a legacy "feature" that never gets removed or replaced.
Dave S.
They used to be required in table-based layouts. The table would dynamically resize as elements were loaded in, causing multiple jarring expansions and shifts of content. If you gave the td's a width and specified the height and width of your image, however, space would be created for the elements before they started rendering and the shifts wouldn't happen. That's why we added them. It would be nice if they were calculated, but that means either downloading every image first and then rendering the table (thus drastically increasing load times) or pulling a few bytes from the header of every image that specify dimensions and rendering based off that, which would require modifications to existing file formats and a years-long cycle waiting for browsers to catch up.
Try surfing the web when connected from a mobile phone or via modem. I frequently do. Trust me, it makes a difference in page-rendering still, as on graphics-intensive sites, the page will still render while the 50+ image-download connections are being done, one by one in the background...
Let me clarify and say that I know all about the attributes and the implications of using or not using them. Height and width also let you stretch a single-pixel transparent image to any dimensions you want, effectively giving you a transparent block of any size using only a single image. So the question is somewhat rhetorical. The point is that these attributes shouldn't be needed at all. It's trivial to calculate the dimensions of any GIF or Jpeg file using only a few bytes of the image. I'd imagine that the same is true of PNG as well.
Dwight Shih
August 5, 2003 10:28 AM
Even in these days of broadband, you don't always want to download images. For example, I like to set the option to only download images from the same site as the page I'm viewing. This insulates me from web bugs when I'm accessing my email via the web. Going back to the dark ages, Netscape Navigator 3(?) had the option to not load images (you then hit a button/menu item to load the images). That alone was enough to make it my browser of choice for many years.
Bill Zeller
I think the problem is that while only a few bytes are needed to calculate the width and height, a separate connection must be opened for each image in order to get those few bytes. So on a page with 20 images, 20 connections would need to be created before the page could be laid out with the proper dimensions. From the HTML 4 spec - "The height and width attributes give user agents an idea of the size of an image or object so that they may reserve space for it and continue rendering the document while waiting for the image data." http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/objects.html#adef-width-IMG (I believe the height and width of a PNG file is stored in bytes 17-24, but don't hold me to that)
BillSaysThis
I'm a little confused by your entry, Adam, since these attributes are not required but optional. I only use them when I want a smaller version of a photo (thumbnail-like) to appear. In that case, how could the browser know without guidance? Are you thinking of something different?
Bill: The attributes aren't required but are strongly recommended. They are required if you don't want the text to reflow constantly as the images load. Sizing the images that way isn't always the best idea. The whole image still needs to download. It might be better to create separate thumbnail images.
Sometimes it's important to question the way something is done. By challenging conventions, you either validate them or find a better way. There are a lot of good arguments here. Keep them coming. There's got to be a better way to handle this than requiring redundant metadata to be added to the HTML.
clint ecker
It might've been mentioned but I think the biggest advantage is the rendering engine being able to layout the page more completely in its initial passes before the images are actually available/downloaded. The page layout can also be preserves if the images ever disappear or aren't available (offline).
Andrew Clover
August 5, 2003 12:01 PM
Yeah, there are good reasons for pre-specifying image sizes. 20 connections can take a while to do, especially as most browsers won't open that many at once anyway. Table layouts are worst affected by undetermined image sizes, some browsers can end up displaying nothing until the last image is fetched. That doesn't mean you have to stick with height and width *attributes* though. If you've got a lot of images the same size (which is very often the case), make a CSS rule to select them and apply width and height properties in the stylesheet. Cleaner markup, fewer bytes, easier to maintain. Yay!
A. Clover: "If you've got a lot of images the same size (which is very often the case), make a CSS rule to select them and apply width and height properties in the stylesheet." ------- I was about to comment on the same point. I frequently make use of same-size images across an entire web site, and use the same trick above. Don't forget border:0; in the img style rule - that's even more presentational HTML that can be left off. :-)
Chris Hoare
I write web applications like crm and the like; the image size attributes are most usefull for making a large image (normally someones photo) fit into a small space on the page. Which saves storing more than one image in the database ...
But that image then needs to be downloaded in it's entirity -- Diskspace is cheeper than bandwidth, even without concidering the reduced wait for the reader
Lummox JR
One of my longest-running annoyances on the Web has been when people don't put width and height in their images. Nowadays you can use CSS to do that too. Back when I was using older versions of Netscape, it would have to wait for the images to be partially downloaded before it knew their sizes unless you used the attributes, and it wouldn't render that part of the page or anything below until it knew the sizes. So trying to view a badly coded site via a modem connection was a nightmare. Even nowadays, pages appear faster and overall bugginess in the browser is kept to a minimum when you supply basic information like width and height. People with dial-up connections are punished most severely by lazy HTML/CSS, and even with a high-speed link it's a royal pain to have to watch the page readjust itself a hundred times before it can display anything properly. With images it's wise to *always* specify their size one way or another: either use the attributes, or use CSS. Better still is keeping the images (or some of a certain style) to a specific size so you can use a single CSS rule to cover the lot.
So far all the arguments have been based around how current technology works. But if my basic premise is that current technology is flawed, how does that change your arguments? If the way that browsers and Web server interact to display images is the wrong way to do it, what would be better?
Phillip Harrington
Even on fast connections, my browser (IE) usually gives an image a default size of like a 30x30 square, or a big rectangle that outlines the "alt" text. Short answer, yes, it makes rendering faster, and it's still noticable on fast connections.
Agg! People using height and width to resize the big image down to a thumbnail? Bad bad bad! Bad programmers. Bad desingers! You all get a demerit and an F for today! This is much much much worse than not using height and width. Make a thumbnail on the server side (or in your app or something). (Sorry for posting the first time before reading all other posts, with my cookie set it's just too simple!)
Lyle, Lyle - Croc O' Lyle
Adam, you said: "They are required if you don't want the text to reflow constantly as the images load" I see some current constraints: 1. images are separate from HTML markup (and text) 2. A separate connection is required to fetch each file in order to work in parallel. 3. Existing image file compression technology 4. Different devices may handle images and page layout differently (e.g. screen readers, braille output devices, PDAs, web phones, etc.) Here's the logical side of how it works today: A. You have to download the whole image file to determine its layout size and dimensions (because of constraint #3) B. Images can be embedded anywhere in a page/text, so you need to know the layout requirements of the images before you can achieve the final layout of the page. C. You can display text without knowing the layout requirements of embedded images if you don't mind a shifting display as image layout info is acquired. I see a few options: - invent new image compression techniques that allow you to get image dimensions first before downloading the whole file. This has some partial benefits, but doesn't scale to help when there are more images than connections available. - Store image layout info in a separate file (much like folks mentioned doing with CSS), maybe this could be automated, but would likely require some pre-processing by the server which would ideally know something about the display device. - Combine text and images all in one file; basically this is what PDF does. - or just deal with it: either add the dimensions or get used to pages reflowing which isn't that big of a deal. Use a tool to test for improperly sized images in HTML.
You don't need to download an entire image to calculate its dimensions. The dimensions of a GIF are stored in bits 6-9 and the dimensions of a JPG are in bits 163-166.
I don't think current tech is 'flawed' as such... it's a basic design problem that if one is to use the integral size of an image, you're going to have to connect to the server for each image to find out the size. I don't see any way around that really. You could theoretically have a web server include the size of an image in an HTTP response header, so that the browser could read the image size using a HEAD request, do the layout and then get the images with GET requests. I don't know if this would really be worth it for the extra connection setup costs though.
Andrew Bowden
It's obvious isn't it? We need height and width so that everyone who has a 600x480 image can scale it down to be viewed at 180x135 without having to open up Photoshop/The Gimp/whatever ;-) Stuff the extra download time! But seriously, is it worth doing all those extra connections to get the image size prior to rendering? on a small site with few images, it's probably not a major issue, but on a big site with a large number of images, then I'd be a lot more cautious.
James N Pope
Maybe the ideal solution would be to have the browser do things in this order: 1) Get page content (XHTML, etc...) 2) Download only enough data from each image to get the dimensions of the image (first X bytes, then close the connection) 3) Render the page using page content layout including the layout information from the images (dimensions) 4) Then, once the page is displayed with the correct layout, and assuming the user wants to display the images at all, the browser should proceed to download the images and display each as it loads Using the above method, the browser should not download the dimensions for images where the "width" and "height" have been specified in the HTML. This lets (CSS-reluctant) web designers still use tricks like a 1px by 1px transparent GIF for spacing techniques...
Andrew: I could be wrong, but I don't think an HTTP HEAD request will return the *dimensions* of an image, though it will return the *file size* ("Content-Length").
Mark Paschal
Sounds like Andrew means a new header that does include the image size. Doing the same thing with a "Range" GET to get only those bits 6-9 and 163-166 would have the advantage of (usually) working purely on the browser end.
scottbp
ok, so first off, as someone mentioned different rendering engines display images differently before they are fuly downloaded, and this allows a site to be formatted correctly before the images are downloaded. A bonus of this of course is that page formatting may still be retained even if the links to the images are broken, which can and does happen. Really there isn't all that much NEED for height and width in your img tags. But it can still make pages render quicker and better
There's no other way to do it. You wither have to look at each image file to see it's dimensions (yes, most image formats provide dimensions towards the beginning of the file, uncompressed) or you have to use meta data whether it be in one single file, at the server, in the html, etc. There's simply no other way to do it no matter how creative you want to get. Providing dimensions in the HTML is generally a good idea because it is easy and the rendering speed normally makes up for the insignificantly larger file size.
Jo Cit
The HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes are (a) optional, and (b) VERY useful. If you don't like them, don't use them. You miss out on a feature that improves usability for your readers. In fact, you are sacrificing their usability for yours. How very kind of you. But hey, it's your choice. The HTML standard never demands that you give that information. But these pieces of information are very useful. Suppose you have a page with a table in it, and in the first column of that table is an image. The width of the table, and the positions of all elements in the other columns (in ALL rows, not just the one with the image), is determined by the width of the image - which means the browser has to get (at least some of) the image before laying out that table. (By the way, you can use these to cause an image to be stretched, too. It's not only to duplicate what's in the image file already.) Perhaps what we need is a feature at the authoring stage: Zip through every HTML file, find every IMG tag, if it doesn't have dimensions add them, if it has different dimensions mention it (maybe the image has changed). This means that the information is there for the browser, but you as the author don't have to worry about it. Tell you what: If you're interested, I will WRITE you a program to do the job. The effort involved will be well spent, justifying a perfectly good feature. :)
Did anyone found the program to add dimentions to height and width as mentioned in this comments? I would be very interested in getting such script, thanks
I like AK's idea of "how can we make the technology better". It's surprisingly hard to think laterally or differently! Now about Andrew Clover's suggestion of a new header tag with information about the dimensions of images in the page -- the header could (by the order of image data, or a tag or something that describes the image purpose: bug, background, header) give hints on which images to download first for an even smoother user experience. And you would not need an extra HEAD request to get it, because a normal request retrieves the html header first, and the information would then be available for rendering Nice!
JAVTiamat
There is Carrick Image Tagger, but it is very old software.
If anybody finds a good piece of recent software, post it for all, please.


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Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1' carbon.

ADP can be interconverted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). ATP contains one more phosphate group than does ADP. AMP contains one fewer phosphate group. Energy transfer used by all living things is a result of dephosphorylation of ATP by enzymes known as ATPases. The cleavage of a phosphate group from ATP results in the coupling of energy to metabolic reactions and a by-product of ADP. ATP is continually reformed from lower-energy species ADP and AMP. The biosynthesis of ATP is achieved throughout processes such as substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation, all of which facilitate the addition of a phosphate group to ADP.

Bioenergetics
ADP cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, the thermodynamic process of transferring energy from one source to another. There are two types of energy: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy can be thought of as stored energy, or usable energy that is available to do work. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object as a result of its motion. The significance of ATP is in its ability to store potential energy within the phosphate bonds. The energy stored between these bonds can then be transferred to do work. For example, the transfer of energy from ATP to the protein myosin causes a conformational change when connecting to actin during muscle contraction.

It takes multiple reactions between myosin and actin to effectively produce one muscle contraction, and, therefore, the availability of large amounts of ATP is required to produce each muscle contraction. For this reason, biological processes have evolved to produce efficient ways to replenish the potential energy of ATP from ADP.

Breaking one of ATP's phosphorus bonds generates approximately 30.5 kilojoules per mole of ATP (7.3 kcal). ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans, this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store energy from sunlight, also conversion of ADP to ATP. Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.

Cellular respiration

Catabolism
The ten-step catabolic pathway of glycolysis is the initial phase of free-energy release in the breakdown of  glucose and can be split into two phases, the preparatory phase and payoff phase. ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation mechanism.  During the payoff phase of glycolysis, the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase facilitate the addition of a phosphate group to ADP by way of substrate-level phosphorylation.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is performed by all living organisms and consists of 10 steps.  The net reaction for the overall process of glycolysis is:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O
Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate), whereas steps 7 and 10 require the input of ADP, each yielding ATP.  The enzymes necessary to break down glucose are found in the cytoplasm, the viscous fluid that fills living cells, where the glycolytic reactions take place.

Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes the pyruvate generated by glycolysis and generates 4 NADH, FADH2, and GTP, which is further converted to ATP. It is only in step 5, where GTP is generated, by succinyl-CoA synthetase, and then converted to ATP, that ADP is used (GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP).

Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers. The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative phosphorylation.

Mitochondrial ATP synthase complex

During the initial phases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cofactors such as NAD+ donate and accept electrons that aid in the electron transport chain's ability to produce a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The ATP synthase complex exists within the mitochondrial membrane (FO portion) and protrudes into the matrix (F1 portion).  The energy derived as a result of the chemical gradient is then used to synthesize ATP by coupling the reaction of inorganic phosphate to ADP in the active site of the ATP synthase enzyme; the equation for this can be written as ADP + Pi → ATP.

Blood platelet activation
Under normal conditions, small disk-shape platelets circulate in the blood freely and without interaction with one another. ADP is stored in dense bodies inside blood platelets and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1), which leads to platelet activation.
 P2Y1 receptors initiate platelet aggregation and shape change as a result of interactions with ADP.
 P2Y12 receptors further amplify the response to ADP and draw forth the completion of aggregation.
ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptors.

See also
 Nucleoside
 Nucleotide
 DNA
 RNA
 Oligonucleotide
 Apyrase
 Phosphate
 Adenosine diphosphate ribose

References

Adenosine receptor agonists
Neurotransmitters
Nucleotides
Cellular respiration
Phosphate esters
Purines
Purinergic signalling
Pyrophosphates

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Just a reminder to all that the scientific programme of the conference begins on Tuesday, June 3 and finishes Friday afternoon, June 6.
We have also scheduled a special banquet for Thursday evening.
If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to write to us.


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Q & A With Sam Hartley From Chicago On Stage In Fresno
Mar 2, 2020 | 2020 Articles, Lorie Lewis Ham, Theatre
Chicago is coming to Fresno this week and will be performing at the Saroyan Theatre in Fresno on March 3 and 4. KRL had a chance to chat with one of the actors recently about the show, here is our interview with Sam Hartley who plays Billy Flynn.
KRL: Where are you from?
Sam: Lincoln, NE.
KRL: What was the first role that you ever played?
Sam: The Big Bad Wolf in The Three Little Pigs.
KRL: What are some of the roles you have played professionally?
Cast of "Chicago"
Sam: National Tours of Beauty and the Beast (Beast) and Elf (Buddy).
KRL: Can you share a little bit about the character for those not familiar with the show?
Sam: Billy Flynn is the best criminal defense attorney.
KRL: Were you a fan of the show before this?
Sam: I have loved this music for so long. I saw the movie 3 times in one day.
KRL: What do you like best about playing this role?
Sam: This show has such an incredible legacy in this industry. It's an honor to be joining the ranks.
KRL: What has been the biggest challenge in playing this role?
Sam: I enter the show about 30 minutes after we start, so staying warmed up and jumping into the momentum of the show can be a little intimidating. But I do get to watch our incredible company perform the Overture/All That Jazz.
KRL: What have you done to prepare for this role?
Sam: We rehearsed in NYC for three weeks, before a week of tech.
KRL: What do you like best about this show?
Sam: The rhythm. It has such a specific tempo from first down beat to final cut off. It's electrifying.
KRL: What is a typical day like for you while in this touring show?
Sam: We travel in the morning to each new city, and unpack into a new hotel. Generally, there are a few hours to unwind and explore before we meet at the theater as a company.
KRL: Anything else you would like to share?
Sam: I'm excited to return to Fresno after playing in Elf.
Chicago performs in Fresno March 3 and 4 at the Saroyan Theatre. Tickets can be purchased on Ticketmaster and you can get more info on the Broadway Fresno website.
You can find more theatre articles, and other entertainment articles, in our Arts & Entertainment section.
If you love local theatre, be sure to check out our new Mysteryrat's Maze Podcast, which features mysteries read by local actors. You can check the podcast out on Apple Podcasts and Google Play, and also on podbean.


Tulsa, Okla.-A press release from the Department of Justice and Acting U.S. Attorney Thomas Scott Woodward announced that the last defendant apprehended in a major narcotics smuggling ring was sentenced in federal court in Tulsa earlier this week.
Holly Jill Rodrigues-Munoz, 30, of Wann, Oklahoma was the 13th defendant to be sentenced in one of the biggest drug trafficking busts in northeastern Oklahoma.
The organization was responsible for the importation of large amounts of marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamine from sources in Mexico, across the U.S. border and into the local area.
Drug traffickers Jose Saenz and Moises Gaeta, of Juarez, Mexico, provided the drugs to brothers Manuel and Mario Bonilla, who used family members and acquaintances in the Tulsa area to transport, store, and distribute the drugs and launder the money.
The thirteen individuals, sentenced over the past two months, received penalties ranging up to 27 years in the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Six of the defendants were each ordered to pay a $1.5 million money judgement.
The Indictment, unsealed on March 31, 2008, alleged that from about March 2001 until March 2008, the Bonilla family drug trafficking organization, headed by Manuel Bonilla and his brother, Mario Bonilla, of Juarez, Mexico, contacted and arranged for sources of supply in Mexico, mainly through Juarez-based drug trafficker, Jose Saenz,for marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamine.
They allegedly orchestrated the transportation of the drugs across the border into the United States, primarily through the El Paso, Texas, area, from where they were ultimately brought into the Tulsa area and Kansas City, where the organization maintained locations for storing, manufacturing, distributing and selling the drugs.
The total amount of drugs involved is believed to be in excess of 10,000 kilos of marijuana, 50 kilos of cocaine, and 50 kilos of methamphetamine.
The defendants used various communication methods including cellular phones to conduct and carry out their operations and firearms to protect their drug shipments and cash profits.
Acting U.S. Attorney Woodward praised the work of law enforcement in this matter.
The following agencies utilized multiple investigative techniques, including court authorized wiretaps, in uncovering this major drug trafficking organization.
U.S. Attorney's Office based Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) Assistant U.S. Attorney Allen J. Litchfield led the prosecution efforts. Assistant U.S. Attorney Catherine Depew of the Asset Forfeiture Unit handled the seizures and forfeiture.
This entry was posted in State on August 6, 2009 by admin.


TOKYO - The U.S. Navy has not ruled out sending an aircraft carrier through the Taiwan Strait, despite military technology advances by China that pose a greater threat to U.S. warships than ever before, the chief of U.S. naval operations said on Friday.
"We don't really see any kind of limitation on whatever type of ship could pass through those waters," Admiral John Richardson told reporters in the Japanese capital, when asked if more advanced Chinese weapons posed too big a risk.
"We see the Taiwan Strait as another (stretch of) international waters, so that's why we do the transits."
Aircraft carriers, typically equipped with about 80 aircraft and crews of about 5,000, are key to the U.S. military's ability to project power globally.
On Tuesday, a U.S. official told Reuters the United States was closely watching Chinese intentions toward Taiwan as advances in military technology give Beijing's forces greater capability to occupy an island it considers a breakaway province.
In a report, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency called Taiwan the "primary driver" for China's military modernization.
"We have made this very clear that this was an excursion, a departure from the normal adherence to those rules and we would hope that behavior in the future would be much more consistent," Richardson said.
"We should not see each other as a threatening presence in these waters."
On Jan 7, a U.S. guided-missile destroyer sailed within 12 miles of a Chinese-occupied island, prompting Beijing's rebuke that it had "gravely infringed upon China's sovereignty".


More new music, just in time for the Fall semester! Here are four new pieces - three works for band and a new song cycle for Soprano and Wind Octet. Take a look at the scores, listen to the recordings, and let me know if any of these will work for your group. I'd love to hear from you!
Based on an original choral tune and inspired by Grainger's Irish Tune from County Derry (one of my favorite pieces), this work is a simple, yet powerful piece with a soaring melody and rich harmonies. See the score here.
"For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands."
Journeys was commissioned by the Tennessee Music Education Association and Eastman Chemical Company for the 2014 TMEA 11-12 All-State Band. Listen to a recording here.
Alcott Songs was commissioned in 2014 by a group of musicians and institutions. See the full list here.


WAKEFIELD, Mass., October 15th, 2014 – PICMG, a leading standards development consortium for embedded computing just completed another interoperability workshop for MicroTCA and MicroTCA.4 products, hosted at VadaTech's corporate office near Las Vegas, Nevada.
Several key suppliers and companies participated in the event, held between Oct 6-8th, 2014. As the science and High Energy Physics communities ramp up the usage of MicroTCA.4 systems, verifying the multi-vendor interoperability of Rear Transition Module (RTM)-based systems and modules was a significant focus of the event. Companies also brought their new MicroTCA.0 products to be tested. MicroTCA has seen significant growth in recent years as Communications, Physics, Instrumentation, Military/Aerospace, Transportation, Energy, and many other industries utilize the high-performance modular open architecture.
Participants included Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), N.A.T., Sanritz Automation, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Schroff, Teledyne Lecroy, UBER, and VadaTech.
"VadaTech was honored to host the 26th MicroTCA Interoperability Workshop at our new state-of-the-art facility," said Justin Moll, Director of Marketing at VadaTech and Chair of the 40GbE over MicroTCA committee. "These events show the commitment of the MicroTCA community to ensure their products are interoperable and provide confidence and peace-of-mind for its users worldwide".


It's fun to celebrate holidays! This recipe is easy, low-carb, and frankly… delicious! We hope you enjoy this little St. Patty's recipe special, even though it really can be made anytime your heart is craving corned beef or want an simple and easy recipe.
Boil the carrot and potato until they easily break apart with a fork.
Drain the water from the pot, add the butter, and mash the carrot and potato. Mix in salt and pepper to taste.
Peel leaves from the head of cabbage and steam them for about 2 minutes until they are tender and easy to roll.
Fill each leaf with a horizontal line of corned beef and the carrot and potato mash. Fold in the right and left sides, tightly fold up the bottom flap and roll the rest up.
Filet Mignon is quite a fancy dish, but did you know it could be so easy to cook? This recipe doesn't even have to be limited to an entree, you can cut the filet in to smaller pieces and make little appetizer caprese medallions. We hope you enjoy this delicious recipe no matter the occasion!
Heat grill to high. Place steaks on grill, reduce heat to medium. Cover and cook for 5 minutes. Flip and cook for an additional 5 minutes.
Reduce to low, top with one tomato slice, one basil leaf, one slice mozzarella, another basil leaf, and another slice of tomato. Close the cover and grill for another 3-5 minutes or to desired doneness.
Remove to a platter, let rest for at least 5 minutes, drizzle with olive oil and reduced balsamic vinegar before serving. Enjoy!


This layout is the fruition of 10 years of work by the Railroad Display Committee, an independent group of about 25 members within the Greene County Historical Society. Members of the committee meet every Thursday night to work on the layout. These carefully organized work sessions have resulted in a delightful cross-section of rail activity in the Xenia area between the 1920's and the 1950's. This broad period was chosen to enable them to depict both the street car system and the steam and first-generation diesels of the transition years.
The HO layout is designed in an "L" shape measuring 21 ft. by 20 ft., with over 400 ft. of track. It has 7 separate operating systems done in a simple wiring system. The electrical system, consisting of over 3 1/4 miles of wire and a control panel with nearly 900 wires going in and out of the panel, has provisions to be converted to DCC with virtually no changes.
This album has 8 photos in total.


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About Pride of Britain
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Nominated by the public, the winners are from all walks of life, of all ages, and from all over the country. Their achievements are awe-inspiring and a lesson to us all. They say they are ordinary people, but their acts are truly extraordinary.
Since the first Pride of Britain in 1999, royalty, prime ministers, and hundreds of leading figures from showbusiness, sport, politics and the arts have all taken part. Hosted by Carol Vorderman, the Awards attract an audience of around five million viewers every year in a primetime slot on ITV - making it the highest rated awards show of its kind on British television.
Our winners come from tens of thousands of public nominations and stories of remarkable individuals discovered by our team of researchers.
They are whittled down to a shortlist from which our judging panel, made up of celebrated figures in national life, chooses the winners.
They will be honoured at the glittering Pride of Britain Awards ceremony at the Grosvenor House in London.
The 2019 Pride of Britain Awards were screened on ITV on Tuesday 5th November at 8pm - watch now on the ITV Hub.
The Mirror's Pride of Britain Awards in partnership with TSB celebrate the achievements of truly remarkable people who make our world a better place.
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Back in 1902, when we still thought the moon was made of gorgonzola, Georges Méliès made a Jules Verne novel into the first Sci-Fi Blockbuster, A Trip To The Moon. Someone in Chelsea liked the movie enough to make an homage on their front gate to the famous scene of the moon getting Apollo 11 in the eye.
I looked at the National Air and Space Museum when we were there last (for Obama's inauguration) and didn't see any cheese on display, so I guess that settles it. No cheese on the moon.


A low-profile Leila de Lima?
The popular secretary of justice cannot picture herself as a cloistered public official, that is why she is not interested in becoming the 24th Chief Justice of the Philippines.
De Lima, speaking with reporters on Wednesday, said she had not yet decided whether to accept her nomination as successor to Renato Corona, whom the House of Representatives impeached last December and the Senate fired on May 22 for culpable violation of the Constitution.
If appointed Chief Justice, De Lima would be the chair of the Supreme Court. But justices in the highest court generally stay away from the limelight, and that, De Lima said, would make it hard for her to make up her mind.
"And my personality? I don't know if I could fit in that system," she said. "A Chief Justice is passive—seldom seen, seldom heard, only read. Can you imagine a Leila de Lima seldom seen and seldom heard?" she said, drawing laughter from reporters.
She stressed that she was not interested in becoming Chief Justice. She explained that her decision to join the government had been based on her abilities and qualifications and where she thought she could best serve the national interest and the public good.
Someone who is, and has said she has the "advantage over all the other" nominees has drawn a rejection from a former official who has interviewed with the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC), the body that vets nominees for positions in the judiciary.
A former diplomat, Roy Señeres, on Wednesday said the claim of Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) Commissioner Kim Henares that she had an edge because she "personally experienced all in the system" did not seem to be a compelling reason for her to be appointed Chief Justice.
De Lima said she might meet with President Benigno Aquino within the week and she would ask him to help her decide whether to accept her nomination.
The JBC has set on June 18 the deadline for acceptance or rejection of nominations.
Asked if she was more interested in running for a seat in the Senate, De Lima replied: "I really don't know." Here, she said she also wanted to consult the President, who, she added, knew where she would be most effective.
On Monday, the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption (VACC) and the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) chapter in Zambales province nominated De Lima as Chief Justice to the JBC.
De Lima's "elevation to the Supreme Court would likely contribute significantly to reshaping Philippine jurisprudence in a direction that would protect and strengthen the fundamental rights of the people," the lawyers' group said.
Señeres warned applicants that remnants of the Arroyo administration remained in the JBC and might influence the selection process.
Señeres said that when he applied to serve on the Court of Appeals, the JBC rejected his application because he faced sedition and rebellion charges for calling on the military in 2005 to discharge its mandate of protecting the people by overthrowing the Arroyo administration.
The Arroyo appointees in the JBC regarded her as their "patron and idol," Señeres said.


Sorry but the booking system is overloaded at present. Please try again later , or call the restaurant to make your booking (07 315 8889) .
NZ Pizza has a diverse range of pizzas on their menu from Paneer pizza to the classic Hawaiian. They also have a range of side dishes and desserts.


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