The sportswriters at the Boston Globe played a particularly vital part in the expansion of my fandom. The sportswriters at the Boston Globe played a particularly vital part in the expansion of my fandom. His dandy memoir is full of fond memories, ful of fun, full of basketball--and, or course, full of Boston. Yes, better than Oscar Robertson, better than Jerry West, better than Elgin Baylor, better than Dr. Стоимость международной доставки уплачена компании Pitney Bowes Inc. Bob Ryan agrees all of the time.
The Globe Sportswriters were the best and Bob led the team. That was a bit of a challenge for me, but overall I enjoyed the book. This book shows how a reporter can get too close to the team he covers. His dandy memoir is full of fond memories, ful of fun, full of basketball--and, or course, full of Boston. It is sure to be one of the most talked about sports books of 2014, by one of the sports world's most admired journalists. That shines through in his writing. His brilliant new book Scribe allows you the same privilege.
It would take at least a trilogy to touch on all of it. There are no political scribes, science scribes, city-side scribes - only sports scribes. But he talks about not being very hockey literate, and really is conflicted about the game of football. Ever since, his insight as a reporter and skills as a writer have been matched by an ability to connect with people--players, management, the reading public--probably because, at heart, he has always been as much a fan as a reporter. His father worked in sports in various capacities from the athletic department at Villanova to the business offices of teams such as the Trenton Giants, where Willie Mays made his minor league debut in 1950, with a four-year-old Bob in the stands. I am a baseball fan and this book focuses, in large part, on basketball, but it was still enjoyable. Description Ever since he joined the sports department of the Boston Globe in 1968, sports enthusiasts have been blessed with the writing and reporting of Bob Ryan.
But for now, this is a damn good start. This thoroughly engaging book is recommended to all sports enthusiasts, especially readers interested in Boston-area teams. Thank you for signing up! I wish Ryan would have stuck his neck out instead of teasing us with a chapter about LeBron vs Michael. And Bob Ryan is the quintessential scribe. In addition, he has travelled to the Olympics and covered international basketball.
Книга, которая была в употреблении, но находится в хорошем состоянии. I found myself being jealous of Bob, his spending a life so in love with his chosen profession, we should all be so lucky. He has written 11 books in the past, but this one begins at his beginning. There are no political scribes, science scribes, city-side scribes--only sports scribes. There is really very little in the book that covers the last twenty years of his career.
Ever since, his insight as a reporter and skills as a writer have been matched by an ability to connect with people-players, management, the reading public-probably because, at heart, he has always been as much a fan as a reporter. Oh, he also helped Havlicek write his autobiography. This is your front row ticket to the greatest show on earth--all courtesy of the finest story-teller and tour-guide of our lifetime. Far too many dispense with journalism rules, reaching for shock value and who cares what people get hurt in the process? And Bob Ryan is the quintessential scribe. Lots of memorable stories, includin Growing up in Massachusetts in the late 60's and 70's, I thoroughly enjoyed reading the Boston Globe sports section, especially Bob Ryan and his coverage of the Boston Celtics, my all-time favorite team. I would have liked a more tightly organized, formal book, but as it is it is not without interest, especially for Boston sports fans.
Bob Ryan has and always will be above that. If you've read any of Ryan's columns or any of his previous 11 books. As a young man, he became sports editor of his high school paper-and at age twenty-three, a year into his Boston Globe experience, he was handed the Boston Celtics beat as the Bill Russell era ended and the Dave Cowens one began. Some came as a surprise. I have to admit that I am not the biggest basketball fan in the world, but that certainly didn't discourage me from reading his book. I really like Bob Ryan. And I tend to agree with him on almost everything, which is not the case with everyone ahem.
His all-star career was launched. I somehow failed to notice it when it came out. Bob Ryan explains that he just wanted to show his readers that he is not solely interested in sports. Having lived in California for over 30 years, it was refreshing to relive some of those great Celtic memories along with Red Sox, Patriots, etc. I welcome all email no spam please , especially if you'd like to exchange links or have any trivia feedback, at: jbq1462 hotmail.


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Nobel laureates 1905: Philipp Lenard, Adolf von Baeyer, Robert Koch, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Bertha von Suttner
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or "laureate", receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation
Here is a list of 1905 Nobel laureates
Physics: Philipp Lenard, Slovak-German physicist and academic
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (7 June 1862– 20 May 1947) was a Hungarian-born German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his work on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. One of his most important contributions was the experimental realization of the photoelectric effect. He discovered that the energy (speed) of the electrons ejected from a cathode depends only on the wavelength, and not the intensity, of the incident light.
Lenard was a nationalist and anti-Semite; as an active proponent of the Nazi ideology, he supported Adolf Hitler in the 1920s and was an important role model for the "Deutsche Physik" movement during the Nazi period. Notably, he labeled Albert Einstein's contributions to science as "Jewish physics".
As a physicist, Lenard's major contributions were in the study of cathode rays, which he began in 1888. Prior to his work, cathode rays were produced in primitive, partially evacuated glass tubes that had metallic electrodes in them, across which a high voltage could be placed. Cathode rays were difficult to study using this arrangement, because they were inside sealed glass tubes, difficult to access, and because the rays were in the presence of air molecules. Lenard overcame these problems by devising a method of making small metallic windows in the glass that were thick enough to be able to withstand the pressure differences, but thin enough to allow passage of the rays. Having made a window for the rays, he could pass them out into the laboratory, or, alternatively, into another chamber that was completely evacuated. These windows have come to be known as Lenard windows. He was able to conveniently detect the rays and measure their intensity by means of paper sheets coated with phosphorescent materials.
Lenard observed that the absorption of cathode rays was, to first order, proportional to the density of the material they were made to pass through. This appeared to contradict the idea that they were some sort of electromagnetic radiation. He also showed that the rays could pass through some inches of air of a normal density, and appeared to be scattered by it, implying that they must be particles that were even smaller than the molecules in air. He confirmed some of J. J. Thomson's work, which eventually arrived at the understanding that cathode rays were streams of negatively charged energetic particles. He called them quanta of electricity or for short quanta, after Helmholtz, while Thomson proposed the name corpuscles, but eventually electrons became the everyday term. In conjunction with his and other earlier experiments on the absorption of the rays in metals, the general realization that electrons were constituent parts of the atom enabled Lenard to claim correctly that for the most part atoms consist of empty space. He proposed that every atom consists of empty space and electrically neutral corpuscules called "dynamids", each consisting of an electron and an equal positive charge.
As a result of his Crookes tube investigations, he showed that the rays produced by irradiating metals in a vacuum with ultraviolet light were similar in many respects to cathode rays. His most important observations were that the energy of the rays was independent of the light intensity, but was greater for shorter wavelengths of light.
These latter observations were explained by Albert Einstein as a quantum effect. This theory predicted that the plot of the cathode ray energy versus the frequency would be a straight line with a slope equal to Planck's constant, h. This was shown to be the case some years later. The photo-electric quantum theory was the work cited when Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Suspicious of the general adulation of Einstein, Lenard became a prominent skeptic of relativity and of Einstein's theories generally; he did not, however, dispute Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect. Lenard grew extremely resentful of the credit accorded to Wilhelm Röntgen, who received the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901, for the discovery of the X-ray, despite the fact that Röntgen was German and a non-Jew. Lenard wrote that he, not Roentgen, was the "mother of the X-rays," since he had invented the apparatus used to produce them. Lenard likened Röntgen's role to that of a "midwife" who merely assists with the birth.
Lenard received the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physics in recognition of this work.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Philipp Lenard
Chemistry: Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist and academic
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (31 October 1835 – 20 August 1917) was a German chemist who synthesized indigo and developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds (that was subsequently extended and adopted as part of the IUPAC organic nomenclature). He was ennobled in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1885 and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Baeyer charted his own path into science early on, performing experiments on plant nutrition at his paternal grandfather's Müggelsheim farm as a boy; back in the confines of Berlin, he took to the test tubes with chemical experimentation starting at the age of nine. Three years later, he synthesized a previously unknown chemical compound -double carbonate of copper and sodium. On his 13th birthday, he initiated his lifework, buying a chunk of indigo worth two Thalers for his first dye experiments.
When still a schoolboy, his chemistry teacher at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium appointed him as his assistant. After graduating from secondary school in 1853, he entered the Berlin University to study physics and mathematics. A stint in the Prussian army interrupted his study until 1856, when he returned to academia at the University of Heidelberg, intending to study chemistry under Robert Bunsen. After an argument with the renowned chemist, however, he changed his mentor to August Kekulé. He continued to collaborate with Kekule even after he returned to Berlin in 1858 for the completion of his doctorate on arsenic methyl chloride, or cacodylic chloride.
After completing his doctorate, he followed Kekulé to the University of Ghent, when Kekulé became professor there. He became a lecturer at the Berlin Gewerbeinstitut (Royal Trade Academy [de]) in 1860 and a Professor at the University of Strasbourg in 1871. In 1875, he succeeded Justus von Liebig as Chemistry Professor at the University of Munich.
Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the phthalein dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, nitroso compounds (1869) and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) (including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864), the parent compound of the barbiturates). He was the first to propose the correct formula for indole in 1869, after publishing the first synthesis three years earlier. His contributions to theoretical chemistry include the 'strain' (Spannung) theory of triple bonds and strain theory in small carbon rings.
In 1871 he discovered the synthesis of phenolphthalein by condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions (hence the name). That same year he was the first to obtain synthetic fluorescein, a fluorophore pigment which is similar to naturally occurring pyoverdin that is synthesized by microorganisms (e.g., by some fluorescent strains of Pseudomonas). Baeyer named his finding "resorcinphthalein" as he had synthesized it from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol. The term fluorescein would not start to be used until 1878.
In 1872 he experimented with phenol and formaldehyde; the resinous product was a precursor for Leo Baekeland's later commercialization of Bakelite.
In 1881 the Royal Society of London awarded Baeyer the Davy Medal for his work with indigo. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884. In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds", and he continued in full active work as one of the best-known teachers in the world of organic chemistry up to within a year of his death.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Adolf von Baeyer
Physiology or Medicine: Robert Koch, German physician and microbiologist
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist. As one of the main founders of modern bacteriology, he identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease, which included experiments on humans and other animals. Koch created and improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of microbiology, and made key discoveries in public health. His research led to the creation of Koch's postulates, a series of four generalized principles linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases that remain today the "gold standard" in medical microbiology.
During his time as the government advisor with the Imperial Department of Health in Berlin in the 1880s, Robert Koch became interested in tuberculosis research. At the time, it was widely believed that tuberculosis was an inherited disease. However, Koch was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious, and tested his four postulates using guinea pigs. Through these experiments, he found that his experiments with tuberculosis satisfied all four of his postulates. In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
For his research on tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. The Robert Koch Institute is named in his honor.
Literature: Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish journalist and author
Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (5 May 1846 – 15 November 1916), also known by the pseudonym Litwos, was a Polish journalist, novelist and Nobel Prize laureate. He is best remembered for his historical novels, especially for his internationally known best-seller Quo Vadis (1896).
Born into an impoverished Polish noble family in Russian-ruled Congress Poland, in the late 1860s he began publishing journalistic and literary pieces. In the late 1870s he traveled to the United States, sending back travel essays that won him popularity with Polish readers. In the 1880s he began serializing novels that further increased his popularity. He soon became one of the most popular Polish writers of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and numerous translations gained him international renown, culminating in his receipt of the 1905 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."
Many of his novels remain in print. In Poland he is best known for his "Trilogy" of historical novels – With Fire and Sword, The Deluge, and Sir Michael – set in the 17th-century Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; internationally he is best known for Quo Vadis, set in Nero's Rome. The Trilogy and Quo Vadis have been filmed, the latter several times, with Hollywood's 1951 version receiving the most international recognition.
Polish stamps depicting Henryk Sienkiewicz
Peace: Bertha von Suttner, Austrian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843)
Bertha Felicitas Sophie Freifrau von Suttner (9 June 1843 – 21 June 1914) was an Austrian-Bohemian pacifist and novelist. In 1905, she became the second female Nobel laureate (after Marie Curie in 1903), the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and the first Austrian laureate.
In 1889 Suttner became a leading figure in the peace movement with the publication of her pacifist novel, Die Waffen nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms!), which made her one of the leading figures of the Austrian peace movement. The book was published in 37 editions and translated into 12 languages. She witnessed the foundation of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and called for the establishment of the Austrian Gesellschaft der Friedensfreunde pacifist organisation in an 1891 Neue Freie Presse editorial. Suttner became chairwoman and also founded the German Peace Society the next year. She became known internationally as the editor of the international pacifist journal Die Waffen nieder!, named after her book, from 1892 to 1899. In 1897 she presented Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria with a list of signatures urging the establishment of an International Court of Justice and took part in the First Hague Convention in 1899 with the help of Theodor Herzl, who paid for her trip as a correspondent of the Zionist newspaper, Die Welt.
Upon her husband's death in 1902, Suttner had to sell Harmannsdorf Castle and moved back to Vienna. In 1904 she addressed the International Congress of Women in Berlin and for seven months travelled around the United States, attending a universal peace congress in Boston and meeting President Theodore Roosevelt.
Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence on his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will, which she was awarded in the fifth term on 10 December 1905. The presentation took place on 18 April 1906 in Kristiania.
German and Austrian stamps depicting Bertha von Suttner
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Labels: austria, Belgium, Berlin, Germany, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Nobel, Poland, russia
Nobel laureates 1904: Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, Ivan Pavlov, Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray, Institut de Droit International
Physics: Lord Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, English physicist and academic
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh(12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919), was a British scientist who made extensive contributions to both theoretical and experimental physics. He spent all of his academic career at the University of Cambridge. Among many honors, he received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies." He served as President of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908 and as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1908 to 1919.
Rayleigh provided the first theoretical treatment of the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the light's wavelength, a phenomenon now known as "Rayleigh scattering", which notably explains why the sky is blue. He studied and described transverse surface waves in solids, now known as "Rayleigh waves". He contributed extensively to fluid dynamics, with concepts such as the Rayleigh number (a dimensionless number associated with natural convection), Rayleigh flow, the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and Rayleigh's criterion for the stability of Taylor–Couette flow. He also formulated the circulation theory of aerodynamic lift. In optics, Rayleigh proposed a well known criterion for angular resolution. His derivation of the Rayleigh–Jeans law for classical black-body radiation later played an important role in the birth of quantum mechanics (see Ultraviolet catastrophe). Rayleigh's textbook The Theory of Sound (1877) is still used today by acousticians and engineers.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Lord Rayleigh
Chemistry: William Ramsay, Scottish-English chemist and academic
Sir William Ramsay (2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery of argon. After the two men identified argon, Ramsay investigated other atmospheric gases. His work in isolating argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon led to the development of a new section of the periodic table.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting William Ramsay
Physiology or Medicine: Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist and physician
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; 26 September 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.
From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which Dmitry Pisarev, a Russian literary critic of the 1860s, and Ivan Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of Saint Petersburg to study natural science.
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A survey in the Review of General Psychology, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of behavior therapies and in experimental and clinical settings, such as educational classrooms and even reducing phobias with systematic desensitization.
Stamps from Hungary, Romania, Argentina and Russia depicting Ivan Pavlov
Literature: Frédéric Mistral, French lexicographer and poet
Frederic Mistral (Occitan: Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. Mistral received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist". He was a founding member of the Félibrige and a member of l'Académie de Marseille.
His name in his native language was Frederi Mistral (Mistrau) according to the Mistralian orthography or Frederic Mistral (or Mistrau) according to the classical orthography.
Mistral's fame was owing in part to Alphonse de Lamartine who sang his praises in the 40th edition of his periodical Cours familier de littérature, following the publication of Mistral's long poem Mirèio. Alphonse Daudet, with whom he maintained a long friendship, eulogized him in "Poet Mistral", one of the stories in his collection Letters from My Windmill (Lettres de mon moulin).
Stamps from France and Monaco depicting Frédéric Mistral
Literature: José Echegaray, Spanish engineer, mathematician, and playwright
José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (19 April 1832 – 14 September 1916) was a Spanish civil engineer, mathematician, statesman, and one of the leading Spanish dramatists of the last quarter of the 19th century. He was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama".
Theater had always been the love of José Echegaray's life. Although he had written earlier plays (La Hija natural and La Última Noche, both in 1867), he truly became a dramatist in 1874. His plays reflected his sense of duty, which had made him famous during his time in the governmental offices. Dilemmas centered on duty and morality are the motif of his plays. He replicated the achievements of his predecessors of the Spanish Golden Age, remaining a prolific playwright.
His most famous play is El gran Galeoto, a drama written in the grand nineteenth century manner of melodrama. It is about the poisonous effect that unfounded gossip has on a middle-aged man's happiness. Echegaray filled it with elaborate stage instructions that illuminate what we would now consider a hammy style of acting popular in the 19th century. Paramount Pictures filmed it as a silent with the title changed to The World and His Wife, and it was the basis for a later film The Great Galeoto. His most remarkable plays are O locura o santidad (Saint or Madman?, 1877); Mariana (1892); El estigma (1895); La duda, 1898; and El loco Dios (God, the fool, 1900).
Among his other famous plays are La esposa del vengador (1874) (The Avenger's Wife); En el puño de la espada (1875) (In the Sword's Handle); En el pilar y en la cruz (1878) (On the Stake and on the Cross); and Conflicto entre dos deberes (1882) (Conflict of Two Duties).
Along with the Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1904, after having been nominated that year by a member of the Royal Spanish Academy, making him the first Spaniard to win the prize.
José Echegaray maintained constant activity until his death on 14 September 1916 in Madrid. His extensive work did not stop growing in his old age: in the final stage of his life he wrote 25 or 30 mathematical physics volumes. At the age of 83 he commented:
I cannot die, because if I am going to write my mathematical physics encyclopedia, I need at least 25 more years.
Swedish stamp depicting Echegaray
Peace: Institut de Droit International
The Institute of International Law (French: Institut de Droit International) is an organization devoted to the study and development of international law, whose membership comprises the world's leading public international lawyers. The organization is generally considered the most authoritative world academy of international law[by whom?]. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904.
Labels: Argentina, France, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Monaco, Nobel, russia, Sweden
Nobel laureates 1903: Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Svante Arrhenius, Niels Ryberg Finsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Randal Cremer
Physics: Henri Becquerel, French physicist and chemist
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, scientist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Marie Curie) and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1889, Becquerel became a member of the Académie des Sciences. In 1900, Becquerel won the Rumford Medal for his discovery of the radioactivity of uranium and he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities awarded him the Helmholtz Medal in 1901. In 1903, Henri shared a Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre Curie and Marie Curie for the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity. In 1905, he was awarded the Barnard Medal by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1906, Henri was elected Vice Chairman of the academy, and in 1908, the year of his death, Becquerel was elected Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Sciences. During his lifetime, Becquerel was honored with membership into the Accademia dei Lincei and the Royal Academy of Berlin. Becquerel was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1908. Becquerel has been honored with being the namesake of many different scientific discoveries. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. There is a crater named Becquerel on the Moon and also a crater named Becquerel on Mars. The uranium-based mineral becquerelite was named after Henri.
French stamp depicting Henri Becquerel
Physics: Marie Curie, Polish chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
Marie Skłodowska Curie(born Maria Salomea Skłodowska; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, is the only woman to win the Nobel prize twice, and is the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two different scientific fields. She was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.
She was born in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity (a term she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals.
While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element she discovered polonium, after her native country.
Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I
Stamps from Monaco, France and Poland depicting Marie Curie
Physics: Pierre Curie, French physicist and academic
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".
French stamp depicting Pierre and Marie Curie
Bulgarian stamp depicting Pierre Curie
Chemistry: Svante Arrhenius, Swedish physicist and chemist
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate. In 1905, he became director of the Nobel Institute, where he remained until his death.
Arrhenius was the first to use principles of physical chemistry to estimate the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are responsible for the Earth's increasing surface temperature. In the 1960s, Charles David Keeling demonstrated that the quantity of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions into the air is enough to cause global warming.
The Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base, lunar crater Arrhenius, Martian crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet, and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University were so named to commemorate his contributions to science.
Swedish stamps depicting Svante Arrhenius
Physiology or Medicine: Niels Ryberg Finsen, Faroese-Danish physician and educator
Niels Ryberg Finsen (15 December 1860 – 24 September 1904) was a Danish-Faroese physician and scientist. In 1903, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science."
In 1882, Finsen moved to Copenhagen to study medicine at the University of Copenhagen, from which he graduated in 1890. Because he had studied in Iceland before moving to Copenhagen to study, he enjoyed privileged admission to Regensen, which is the most prestigious college dormitory in Denmark. Priotisation of Icelandic and Faroese individuals in the admission process was official Danish government policy that had been put in place in order to integrate the educated elites of its colonies with the university population in Copenhagen. Following graduation, he became a prosector of anatomy at the university. After three years, he quit the post to devote himself fully to his scientific studies. In 1898 Finsen was given a professorship and in 1899 he became a Knight of the Order of Dannebrog.
The Finsen Institute was founded in 1896, with Finsen serving as its first director. It was later merged into Copenhagen University Hospital and currently serves as a cancer research laboratory that specializes in proteolysis.
Finsen suffered from Niemann–Pick disease, which inspired him to sunbathe and investigate the effects of light on living things. As a result, Finsen is best known for his theory of phototherapy, in which certain wavelengths of light can have beneficial medical effects. His most notable writings were Finsen Om Lysets Indvirkninger paa Huden ("On the effects of light on the skin"), published in 1893 and Om Anvendelse i Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler ("The use of concentrated chemical light rays in medicine"), published in 1896. The papers were rapidly translated and published in both German and French. In his late work he researched the effects of sodium chloride, observing the results of a low sodium diet, which he published in 1904 as En Ophobning af Salt i Organismen ("An accumulation of salt in the organism").
Finsen won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1903 for his work on phototherapy. He was the first Scandinavian to win the prize and is the only Faroese Nobel Laureate to date. In 1904, Finsen was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.
Stamps from Denmark and the Faroe Island depicting Niels Ryberg Finsen
Literature: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norwegian-French author and playwright
Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (8 December 1832 – 26 April 1910) was a Norwegian writer who received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit", becoming the first Norwegian Nobel laureate.
He was a prolific polemicist and extremely influential in Norwegian public life and Scandinavian cultural debate. Bjørnson is considered to be one of The Four Greats (De Fire Store) among Norwegian writers, the others being Henrik Ibsen, Jonas Lie, and Alexander Kielland. Bjørnson is also celebrated for his lyrics to the Norwegian National Anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet". Composer Fredrikke Waaler based a composition for voice and piano (Spinnersken) on text by Bjørnson.
Norwegian stamps depicting Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Peace: Randal Cremer, English activist and politician
Sir William Randal Cremer (18 March 1828 – 22 July 1908) usually known by his middle name "Randal", was an English Liberal Member of Parliament, a pacifist, and a leading advocate for international arbitration. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903 for his work with the international arbitration movement.
From as early as his first unsuccessful run for Parliament in 1868, Cremer had advocated the expansion of international arbitration as peaceful alternative to war for the resolution of disputes.
He was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Haggerston in the Shoreditch district of Hackney from 1885 to 1895, and then from 1900 until his death from pneumonia in 1908.
Using his platform as an MP, Cremer cultivated allies on both continental Europe and across the Atlantic, including Frédéric Passy, William Jennings Bryan and Andrew Carnegie. Using his network of contacts and his talent for organisation, Cremer did much to create and expand institutions for international arbitration, which during his lifetime were successful in peacefully resolving numerous international disputes. This work includes co-founding the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the International Arbitration League; gaining acceptance for the 1897 Olney–Pauncefote Treaty between the United States and Britain that would have required arbitration of major disputes as the Essequibo territory (the treaty was rejected by the US Senate and never went into effect); and preparing the ground for the Hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907.
In recognition of his work in the arbitration movement, Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize, the first to do so solo, in 1903. Of the £8,000 award he donated £7,000 as an endowment for the International Arbitration League.
He also was named a Chevalier of the French Légion d'honneur, won the Norwegian Knighthood of Saint Olaf and was knighted in 1907.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Randal Cremer
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Labels: Bulgaria, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, France, Guinea-Bissau, Monaco, Nobel, Norway, Poland, Sweden
Nobel laureates 1902: Lorentz, Zeeman, Fischer, Ross, Mommsen, Ducommun, Gobat
Physics: Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and academic
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations underpinning Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity.
According to the biography published by the Nobel Foundation, "It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all theoretical physicists as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based on the quantum theory." He received many other honors and distinctions, including a term as chairman of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, the forerunner of UNESCO, between 1925 and 1928.
Dutch stamp depicting Hendrik Lorentz
Physics: Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist and academic
Pieter Zeeman (25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect
After Zeeman passed the qualification exams in 1885, he studied physics at the University of Leiden under Kamerlingh Onnes and Hendrik Lorentz. In 1890, even before finishing his thesis, he became Lorentz's assistant. This allowed him to participate in a research programme on the Kerr effect. In 1893 he submitted his doctoral thesis on the Kerr effect, the reflection of polarized light on a magnetized surface. After obtaining his doctorate he went for half a year to Friedrich Kohlrausch's institute in Strasbourg. In 1895, after returning from Strasbourg, Zeeman became Privatdozent in mathematics and physics in Leiden. The same year he married Johanna Elisabeth Lebret (1873–1962); they had three daughters and one son.
In 1896, shortly before moving from Leiden to Amsterdam, he measured the splitting of spectral lines by a strong magnetic field, a discovery now known as the Zeeman effect, for which he won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. This research involved an investigation of the effect of magnetic fields on a light source. He discovered that a spectral line is split into several components in the presence of a magnetic field. Lorentz first heard about Zeeman's observations on Saturday 31 October 1896 at the meeting of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, where these results were communicated by Kamerlingh Onnes. The next Monday, Lorentz called Zeeman into his office and presented him with an explanation of his observations, based on Lorentz's theory of electromagnetic radiation.
The importance of Zeeman's discovery soon became apparent. It confirmed Lorentz's prediction about the polarization of light emitted in the presence of a magnetic field. Thanks to Zeeman's work it became clear that the oscillating particles that according to Lorentz were the source of light emission were negatively charged, and were a thousandfold lighter than the hydrogen atom. This conclusion was reached well before J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron. The Zeeman effect thus became an important tool for elucidating the structure of the atom.
In 1898 Zeeman was elected to membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, and he served as its secretary from 1912 to 1920. He won the Henry Draper Medal in 1921, and several other awards and Honorary degrees. Zeeman was elected a Foreign member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921. He retired as a professor in 1935.
Zeeman died on 9 October 1943 in Amsterdam, and was buried in Haarlem.
Dutch stamps depicting Zeeman
Chemistry: Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist and academic
Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He discovered the Fischer esterification. He also developed the Fischer projection, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms. He also hypothesized lock and key mechanism of enzyme action. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life simply as Emil Fischer.
In 1875, the year following his engagement with von Baeyer, he published his discovery of the organic derivatives of a new compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, hydrazine. He investigated their derivatives, establishing their relation to the diazo compounds, and he noted the readiness with which they entered into combination with other substances, giving origin to a wealth of hitherto unknown compounds. Of such condensation products undoubtedly the most important are the hydrazones, which result from the interaction with aldehydes and ketones. His observations, published in 1886, that such hydrazones, by treatment with hydrochloric acid or zinc chloride, yielded derivatives of indole, the parent substance of indigo, were a confirmation of the views advanced by von Baeyer on the subject of indigo and the many substances related to it.
He next turned to the fuchsine (then called "rosaniline") magenta dyes, and in collaboration with his cousin Otto Fischer, he published papers in 1878 and 1879 which established that these dyes were derivatives of triphenylmethane. Emil Fischer's next research was concerned with compounds related to uric acid. Here the ground had been broken by von Baeyer, but Fischer greatly advanced the field of knowledge of the purines. In 1881 and 1882 he published papers which established the formulae of uric acid, xanthine, caffeine (achieving the first synthesis), theobromine and some other compounds of this group. After purine itself was isolated, a variety of derivatives were prepared, some of which were patented in view of possible therapeutical applications.
Fischer is particularly noted for his work on sugars. Among his early discoveries related to hydrazine was that phenylhydrazine reacted with sugars to form substances which he named osazones, and which, being highly crystalline and readily formed, served to identify such carbohydrates more definitely than had been previously possible. Later, among other work, he is noted for the organic synthesis of D-(+)-glucose. He showed how to deduce the formulae of the 16 stereoisomeric glucoses, and prepared several stereoisomerides, helping to confirm the Le Bel–Van 't Hoff rule of the asymmetric carbon atom.
In the field of enzymology, Fischer is known for his proposal of "the lock and key" model as a mechanism of substrate binding.
Fischer was also instrumental in the discovery of barbiturates, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. Along with the physician Josef von Mering, he helped to launch the first barbiturate sedative, barbital, in 1904. He next carried out pioneering work on proteins. By the introduction of new methods, he succeeded in breaking down the complex albumins into amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds, the constitutions of most of which were known, and by bringing about the recombination of these units, he prepared synthetic peptides which approximated to the natural products. His researches made from 1899 to 1906 were published in 1907 with the title Untersuchungen über Aminosauren, Polypeptides und Proteine.
In 1897 he put forward the idea to create the International Atomic Weights Commission. Fischer was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899. He was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses."
Many names of chemical reactions and concepts are named after him:
Fischer indole synthesis
Fischer projection
Fischer oxazole synthesis
Fischer peptide synthesis
Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction
Fischer–Speier esterification
Fischer glycosidation
Kiliani–Fischer synthesis
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Emil Fischer
Physiology or Medicine: Ronald Ross, Indian-English physician and mathematician
Sir Ronald Ross (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was a British medical doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on the transmission of malaria, becoming the first British Nobel laureate, and the first born outside Europe. His discovery of the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a mosquito in 1897 proved that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes, and laid the foundation for the method of combating the disease.
He was a polymath, writing a number of poems, published several novels, and composed songs. He was also an amateur artist and natural mathematician. He worked in the Indian Medical Service for 25 years. It was during his service that he made the groundbreaking medical discovery.
After resigning from his service in India, he joined the faculty of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and continued as Professor and Chairman of Tropical Medicine of the institute for 10 years. In 1926 he became Director-in-Chief of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, which was established in honour of his works. He remained there until his death.
Indian stamp and FDC depicting Ronald Ross
Literature: Theodor Mommsen, German archaeologist, journalist, and politician
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902 for being "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome", after having been nominated by 18 members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He was also a prominent German politician, as a member of the Prussian and German parliaments. His works on Roman law and on the law of obligations had a significant impact on the German civil code.
German, Berlin and East German stamps depicting Theodor Mommsen
Peace: Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and educator
Élie Ducommun (19 February 1833, Geneva – 7 December 1906, Bern) was a Swiss peace activist. He was a Nobel laureate, awarded the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize, which he shared with Charles Albert Gobat.
Born in Geneva, he worked as a tutor, language teacher, journalist and a translator for the Swiss federal Chancellery (1869–1873).
In 1867 he helped to found the Ligue de la paix et de la liberté (League of Peace and Freedom), though he continued working at other positions, including secretary for the Jura-Simplon Steel Company from 1873 to 1891. That year, he was appointed director of the newly formed Bureau international de la paix (International Peace Office), the first non-governmental international peace organization, based in Bern. He refused to accept a salary for the position, stating that he wished to serve in this capacity solely for reasons of idealism.
His keen organizational skills ensured the group's success. He was awarded in the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902, and served as director of the organization until his death in 1906.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Élie Ducommun
Peace: Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss lawyer and politician
Charles Albert Gobat (21 May 1843 – 16 March 1914) was a Swiss lawyer, educational administrator, and politician who jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize with Élie Ducommun in 1902 for their leadership of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
After completing his Ph.D, Gobat began his practicing law in Bern and also lectured on French civil law at Bern University. He then opened an office in Delémont in the canton of Bern, which soon became the leading legal firm of the district.
After practicing law for fifteen years, he became involved in politics and education. In 1882, he was appointed superintendent of public instruction for the canton of Bern, a position he held for thirty years. He was a progressive in educational philosophy and he made many important reforms in the education system. He reformed the system of primary training, obtained increased budgetary support to improve the teacher-pupil ratio, supported the study of living languages, and provided pupils with an alternative to the traditionally narrow classical education by establishing curricula in vocational & professional training.
He won acclaim for his erudite République de Berne et la France pendant les guerres de religion, which was published in 1891 and also widespread recognition for A People's History of Switzerland, which was published in 1900.
He also pursued a career in politics. He was elected to many important positions. He was elected to the Grand Council of Bern in 1882. From 1884 to 1890, he was a member of the Council of States of Switzerland and from 1890 until his death in 1914, he was a member of the National Council, the other chamber of the central Swiss legislative body. In both politics and education, he was a liberal reformer. In 1902, he sponsored several legislation which applied the principle of arbitration to commercial treaties. Gobat worked with the Inter-Parliamentary Union, which was founded by William Randal Cremer, the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903, in 1889. In 1892 he became the president of the union's fourth conference, which was held in Bern and which founded the Bureau Interparlementaire. He served as general secretary of the bureau, an information office dealing with peace movements, international conciliation, and communication among national parliamentary bodies. The third conference of the union, held in Rome in 1891, established the International Peace Bureau, of which Gobat was director when it was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1910.
Stamp issued by Guinea Bissau depicting Albert Gobat
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Labels: Berlin, DDR, Germany, Guinea-Bissau, India, netherlands, Nobel
Nobel laureates 1901: Wilhelm Röntgen, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Emil Adolf von Behring, Sully Prudhomme, Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy
Physics: Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist and academic
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him.
Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometers east of Düsseldorf, the town in which Röntgen was born in 1845 is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.
In Würzburg, where he discovered the X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Memorial Site.
World Radiology Day: The International Day of Radiology is an annual event promoting the role of medical imaging in modern healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coincides with the anniversary of the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It was first introduced in 2012, as a joint initiative, by the European Society of Radiology (ESR), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), and the American College of Radiology (ACR).
Röntgen Peak in Antarctica is named after Wilhelm Röntgen
Stamps from India, Germany and Spain depicting Wilhelm Röntgen
Chemistry: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist and academic
Jacobus Henricus "Henry" van 't Hoff Jr. (30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, Van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet Van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry. In 1875, he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their axial chirality. He is also widely considered one of the founders of physical chemistry as the discipline is known today.
Van 't Hoff earned his earliest reputation in the field of organic chemistry. In 1874, he accounted for the phenomenon of optical activity by assuming that the chemical bonds between carbon atoms and their neighbors were directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron. This three-dimensional structure accounted for the isomers found in nature. He shares credit for this with the French chemist Joseph Le Bel, who independently came up with the same idea.
Three months before his doctoral degree was awarded, Van 't Hoff published this theory, which today is regarded as the foundation of stereochemistry, first in a Dutch pamphlet in the fall of 1874, and then in the following May in a small French book entitled La chimie dans l'espace. A German translation appeared in 1877, at a time when the only job Van 't Hoff could find was at the Veterinary School in Utrecht. In these early years his theory was largely ignored by the scientific community, and was sharply criticized by one prominent chemist.
In 1884, Van 't Hoff published his research on chemical kinetics, titled Études de Dynamique chimique ("Studies in Chemical Dynamics"), in which he described a new method for determining the order of a reaction using graphics and applied the laws of thermodynamics to chemical equilibria. He also introduced the modern concept of chemical affinity. In 1886, he showed a similarity between the behaviour of dilute solutions and gases. In 1887, he and German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald founded an influential scientific magazine named Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie ("Journal of Physical Chemistry"). He worked on Svante Arrhenius's theory of the dissociation of electrolytes and in 1889 provided physical justification for the Arrhenius equation. In 1896, he became a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. His studies of the salt deposits at Stassfurt were an important contribution to Prussia's chemical industry.
Van 't Hoff became a lecturer in chemistry and physics at the Veterinary College in Utrecht. He then worked as a professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at the University of Amsterdam for almost 18 years before eventually becoming the chairman of the chemistry department. In 1896, Van 't Hoff moved to Germany, where he finished his career at the University of Berlin in 1911. In 1901, he received the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with solutions. His work showed that very dilute solutions follow mathematical laws that closely resemble the laws describing the behavior of gases.
Stamps from Grenada and the Netherlands depicting Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Physiology or Medicine: Emil von Behring, German physiologist and immunologist
Emil von Behring (Emil Adolf von Behring), born Emil Adolf Behring (15 March 1854 – 31 March 1917), was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded in that field, for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin. He was widely known as a "saviour of children," as diphtheria used to be a major cause of child death. He was honored with Prussian nobility in 1901, henceforth being known by the surname "von Behring."
In 1895 he became Professor of Hygienics within the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Marburg, a position he would hold for the rest of his life. He and the pharmacologist Hans Horst Meyer had their laboratories in the same building, and Behring stimulated Meyer's interest in the mode of action of tetanus toxin.
Behring won the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for the development of serum therapies against diphtheria. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1902.
In 1904 he founded the Behringwerke in Marburg, a company to produce antitoxins and vaccines.
At the International Tuberculosis Congress in 1905 he announced that he had discovered "a substance proceeding from the virus of tuberculosis." This substance, which he designated "T C," plays the important part in the immunizing action of his "bovivaccine", which prevents bovine tuberculosis. He tried unsuccessfully to obtain a protective and therapeutic agents for humans.
Behring died at Marburg, Hessen-Nassau, on 31 March 1917. His name survived in the Dade Behring organisation (now part of the Siemens Healthineers), in CSL Behring, a manufacturer of plasma-derived biotherapies, in Novartis Behring and in the Emil von Behring Prize of the University of Marburg, the highest endowed medicine award in Germany.
His Nobel Prize medal is now kept on display at the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva.
German stamps depicting Emil von Behring
German stamps depicting Paul Ehrlich and Emil von Behring
Literature: Sully Prudhomme, French poet and critic
René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (16 March 1839 – 6 September 1907) was a French poet and essayist. He was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901.
Born in Paris, Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer, but turned to philosophy and later to poetry; he declared it as his intention to create scientific poetry for modern times. In character sincere and melancholic, he was linked to the Parnassus school, although, at the same time, his work displays characteristics of its own.
His first collection, Stances et Poèmes ("Stanzas and Poems", 1865), was praised by Sainte-Beuve. It included his most famous poem, Le vase brisé. He published more poetry before the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. This war, which he discussed in Impressions de la guerre (1872) and La France (1874), permanently damaged his health.
During his career, Prudhomme gradually shifted from the sentimental style of his first books towards a more personal style which unified the formality of the Parnassus school with his interest in philosophical and scientific subjects. One of his inspirations was clearly Lucretius's De rerum natura, whose first book he translated into verse. His philosophy was expressed in La Justice (1878) and Le Bonheur (1888). The extreme economy of means employed in these poems has, however, usually been judged as compromising their poetical quality without advancing their claims as works of philosophy. He was elected to the Académie française in 1881. Another distinction, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, was to follow in 1895.
After, Le Bonheur, Prudhomme turned from poetry to write essays on aesthetics and philosophy. He published two important essays: L'Expression dans les beaux-arts (1884) and Réflexions sur l'art des vers (1892), a series of articles on Blaise Pascal in La Revue des Deux Mondes (1890), and an article on free will (La Psychologie du Libre-Arbitre, 1906) in the Revue de métaphysique et de morale.
At the end of his life, his poor health (which had troubled him ever since 1870) forced him to live almost as a recluse at Châtenay-Malabry, suffering attacks of paralysis while continuing to work on essays. He died suddenly on 6 September 1907, and was buried at Père-Lachaise in Paris.
French stamp and First Day Cover depicting Sully Prudhomme
Peace: Henry Dunant, Swiss businessman and activist, co-founded the Red Cross
Henry Dunant (born Jean-Henri Dunant; 8 May 1828 – 30 October 1910), also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss humanitarian, businessman and social activist. He was the visionary, promoter and co-founder of the Red Cross.
During a business trip in 1859, Dunant was witness to the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino in modern-day Italy. He recorded his memories and experiences in the book A Memory of Solferino which inspired the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's idea for an independent organisation to care for wounded soldiers.
Dunant was the founder of the Swiss branch of the Young Men's Christian Association YMCA.
In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy, making Dunant the first Swiss Nobel laureate.
Stamps from various countries issued to commemorate Dunant and the Red Cross
Peace: Frédéric Passy, French economist and academic
Frédéric Passy (20 May 1822 – 12 June 1912) was a French economist and pacifist who was a founding member of several peace societies and the Inter-Parliamentary Union. He was also an author and politician, sitting in the Chamber of Deputies from 1881 until 1889. He was a joint winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 for his work in the European peace movement.
Born in Paris to a prominent Catholic and Orléanist family, Passy was surrounded by military veterans and politicians. After training in law, he worked as an accountant and served in the National Guard. He soon left this position and began travelling around France giving lectures on economics. Following years of violent conflicts across Europe, Passy joined the peace movement in the 1850s, working with several notable activists and writers to develop journals, articles, and educational curricula.
While sitting in the Chamber of Deputies, Passy developed the Inter-parliamentary Conference (later the Inter-Parliamentary Union) with British MP William Randal Cremer. Alongside this, he founded several peace societies: the Ligue Internationale et Permanente de la Paix, the Société Française des Amis de la Paix, and the Société Française pour l'Arbitrage entre Nations. Passy's work in the peace movement continued into his later years, and in 1901, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize alongside Red Cross founder, Henry Dunant.
Passy died in 1912 after a long period of illness and incapacitation. Despite his economic works gaining little traction, his efforts in the peace movement resulted in him being recognised as the "dean of European peace activists".:34 His son, Paul Passy, published a memoir of his life in 1927, and his works are still being republished and translated into English in the 21st Century.
Stamps from Norway depicting Frederic Passy and Henri Dunant
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Labels: France, Germany, Grenada, India, netherlands, Nobel, Saar, Spain

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Beijing time on August 15 news, China Touch screen network news, group wisdom consulting: BOE 3 years to replace LGD into the global panel leader. In 2010, the mainland panel plant more than 6-generation LCD panel production capacity will exceed the South Korean LG display (LGD), the world's largest production capacity of the panel factory.
Qunzhi Consulting said that BOE Technology Group recently announced that the investment in Wuhan, Article 2 10.5 on behalf of the line, will greatly enhance the competitiveness of large-size LCD panel.
The overall size of the global TV panel grew steadily, with the overall panel shipments growing continuously. The average size of the global TV panel increased significantly by 2.1 inches in 2016, but the price rose sharply in 2017, according to the Group's advice. Of the suppression, the average size growth slowed down, is expected to average annual size of 44.1 inches, an increase of 1.4 inches.
However, Qunzhi Consulting is expected in 2022, the global TV panel average size will be more than 50 inches, the global TV panel toward the large size steadily, for the 10.5 generation panel production opportunities.
In the next five years, at least six 10.5 generations of ultra-high generation line production, is expected to 2022, 10 generation production capacity of the production line accounted for nearly 30% of the production capacity of high-generation production line, becoming the main TV panel production.
Group Zhi believes that the current 65-inch and 75-inch panel mainly in the 6 to 8.5 generation line production, cutting efficiency is low, but in the 10.5 generation line can be cut 8 and 6, cutting efficiency will be greatly improved. With 65-inch, 75-inch and other large-size panel gradually become the next mainstream products, due to 10.5 lines with large-size economic cutting benefits, will guide the global production of TV panels to a higher generation of production line transfer.


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SYFY WIRE
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Syfy Insider Exclusive
July 7, 2022, 1:52 PM ET
Before 'Resident Alien' returns, watch this handy recap of the story so far
Resident Alien's wild story continues this August.
By Matthew Jackson
Photo: SYFY
Over the past year-and-a-half, Resident Alien has become a fan-favorite sci-fi comedy on the strength of the chemistry of its cast and the unpredictability of its ever-shifting narrative. It's a show full of twists and unexpected complications, so many, in fact, that even if you're a fan of the show you might have trouble keeping up. So, with just weeks to go until the back half of Season 2 premieres, SYFY has decided to lend a helping hand.
We all know the basic setup of Resident Alien, right? Dr. Harry Vanderspeigle (Alan Tudyk) isn't really who he says he is, but actually an alien who crash-landed on Earth, killed the real Harry, and assumed his identity as a country doctor in a small Colorado town. That fish-out-of-water premise has since grown to include Harry's plot to scout out Earth for conquest, his eventual decision to spare humanity thanks to his friendship with his assistant Asta (Sara Tomko), and the hijinks that ensue when Asta and a few other select friends find out his secret.
But of course, as this recap of the story so far reveals, it's all quite a bit more complicated than that at this point. Season 2 has given us everything from the reveal of another alien race with its sights set on conquering Earth to an alien baby with a big appetite to, of course, much more pizza to feed Harry's need for delicious, cheesy human food.
Check out the recap video below:
Resident Alien Season 1 & 2A Recap in 2 Minutes
Season 2 has already introduced plenty of new chaos to Harry's story, and left things off with a dramatic cliffhanger during the midseason finale back in March, which put Harry's life and the life of that new alien baby in serious jeopardy. Harry will likely endure, because it's his show after all, but there are still plenty of other unanswered questions lurking in the back half of the season, including what happens when more people learn his secret.
"That is a very good story turn, but it's a very big story turn," showrunner Chris Sheridan said during the Resident Alien After-Show earlier this year. "Adding someone to this group of who knows in a good way can spin the story into a new world. You don't want to do it too quickly, you want to mine as much as you can from the group that you have that know. And only when you feel like you need new energy, in my opinion, would you add something else to knowing that. I promise you that will happen in this series, but I won't tell you when."
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text:
Decades 2 Years 5 Months 6
Collection: The Boerne Star Day: 3rd Clear All Filters
The Boerne Star (Boerne, Tex.), Vol. 41, No. 43, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 3, 1946
Description: Weekly newspaper from Boerne, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Creator: Davis, Jack R.
Partner: Patrick Heath Public Library
The Boerne Star (Boerne, Tex.), Vol. 59, No. 52, Ed. 1 Thursday, December 3, 1964
The Boerne Star (Boerne, Tex.), Vol. 38, No. 25, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 3, 1943
The Boerne Star (Boerne, Tex.), Vol. 40, No. 21, Ed. 1 Thursday, May 3, 1945
The Boerne Star (Boerne, Tex.), Vol. 59, No. 39, Ed. 1 Thursday, September 3, 1964
The Boerne Star (Boerne, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 47, Ed. 1 Thursday, November 3, 1949
1943 1 1 1945 1 1 1946 1 1 1949 1 1 1964 2 2
May 1 1 June 1 1 September 1 1 October 1 1 November 1 1 December 1 1


text:
Museum of Water
The 58 km Aqueduct of Aguas Livres (free waters), built between 1729 and 1748 to supply drinking water to Lisbon is one of the greatest achievements of European engineers in the eighteenth century. It consists in all of 109 stone arches, the most spectacular of which are 29 m in span and cross the Alcantara valley at a height of 65 m. Most of the system was replaced by other sources of water in 1967.
The history of the aqueduct and of Lisbon's water supply generally is illustrated in the Museum of Water which originated in a collection of artefacts and documents begun by the company in 1919, and opened to the public from 1987. The headquarters of the museum is at the Barbadinhos steam pumping station of 1880 where there are four steam engines, and displays in the former boiler room. A vaulted reservoir, the Praca das Amoreiras, completed in 1746 and designed by the Hungarian Carlos Mardel, the point from which water delivered along the aqueduct was distributed, forms part of the museum and now hosts cultural events.
The third site is the Reservatorio da Patriacal a French-designed reservoir below the Principe Real gardens, built in 1856-64, and restored when Lisbon was cultural capital of Europe in 1994-95. The building is used for art exhibitions. The museum organises guided tours of the aqueduct.
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Museu da Água
Rua do Alviela 12
+351 (0) 218 - 13522
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This month a group of Legacy Trust employees and myself enjoyed burgers at Logan's Alley, with a portion of the proceeds going to the Children's Assessment Center. If you are not aware, the CAC is an excellent organization in our area that provides a vital service to the children in our community. The main purpose of the CAC is to provide safety, support, and counseling to children who have been a victim of sexual abuse. While many of us cannot believe that this happens to children in our society, the truth is that it does happen and it happens more often than we think. Fortunately, groups like the Children's Assessment Center are readily available to help out and create a safe environment for the child.
As far as the burgers go….
Logan's Alley proved to be an excellent burger joint and definitely jumped to the top portion of my ever-growing burger list. For those of you who do not know, Logan's Alley is located on Michigan just east of College. It is a unique, tavern-like building that cannot be missed. Since there was a group of about 10 of us, we were able to collectively try all of the burgers on the menu, ranging from a build your own style to the Logan Burger. My burger of choice was the Gridiron, which came as two patties loaded with haystack onions, Gouda cheese, and BBQ sauce. The burger was delicious and left little to be desired. I would strongly recommend Logan's Alley to anyone in the neighborhood who is looking for a good spot to eat or drink (as they have over 200 bottled beers on hand).


text:
Composition and spatial distribution of mesozooplankton along confinement and anthropogenic-impact gradients in the gulf of vlorë (Albania)
The composition of mesozooplankton and their space-time distribution in the Gulf of Vlore¨ (southern Albania, Mediterranean Sea) are described for the first time. Sampling was carried out during two oceanographic cruises (May 2007, January 2008) with two replicates at each of 17 stations at each time, making a total of 68 samples. The study aimed to describe the influence of confinement (defined as distance from the open sea) and anthropogenic impact (defined as vicinity to the east coast of the gulf) on zooplankton composition. A total of 198 taxa were recognised in the whole zooplankton assemblage, with only 136 taxa common to both periods and only two species present in all samples. Statistical analysis of data distinguished the Mezokanal area (the boundary between the gulf and the open sea) from three other areas inside the gulf. Differences were also found among the areas inside the gulf at increasing degree of confinement. Mesozooplankton varied more sharply with confinement than with anthropogenic impact and yielded moredetailed space partitioning of the gulf than microzooplankton, which had been used in a previous study
Titolo: Composition and spatial distribution of mesozooplankton along confinement and anthropogenic-impact gradients in the gulf of vlorë (Albania)
BELMONTE, Genuario [Supervision]
MOSCATELLO, Salvatore [Formal Analysis]
Hajdëri, Edmond [Membro del Collaboration Group]
VAGLIO, IRENE [Formal Analysis]
DENITTO, Francesco [Formal Analysis]
JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH
Abstract: The composition of mesozooplankton and their space-time distribution in the Gulf of Vlore¨ (southern Albania, Mediterranean Sea) are described for the first time. Sampling was carried out during two oceanographic cruises (May 2007, January 2008) with two replicates at each of 17 stations at each time, making a total of 68 samples. The study aimed to describe the influence of confinement (defined as distance from the open sea) and anthropogenic impact (defined as vicinity to the east coast of the gulf) on zooplankton composition. A total of 198 taxa were recognised in the whole zooplankton assemblage, with only 136 taxa common to both periods and only two species present in all samples. Statistical analysis of data distinguished the Mezokanal area (the boundary between the gulf and the open sea) from three other areas inside the gulf. Differences were also found among the areas inside the gulf at increasing degree of confinement. Mesozooplankton varied more sharply with confinement than with anthropogenic impact and yielded moredetailed space partitioning of the gulf than microzooplankton, which had been used in a previous study


text:
Q: live change handlers in jQuery 1.4 don't work for select elements in IE I recently decided to try jQuery 1.4, excited that I would finally have support for live event handlers that work for change events in IE. However, it seems like they don't always work. If I try to assign a live change handler on a select element, it doesn't work when I change it in IE.
I tried this in IE 6, 7, and 8. In every other browser I tried (Firefox, Chrome, Safari), it works fine. I tried putting the command to assign the handler within the ready function, and that didn't fix it.
Does anyone have any idea what is causing this or what I can do to fix it? Am I doing something wrong, or is this a bug in jQuery? Here is an example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html><head>
<meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=UTF-8'>
<title>jQuery live change handler test</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
<select id="test">
    <option value="a">a
    <option value="b">b
</select>
<script type="text/javascript">
$("#test").live("change", function() {
    alert('hi');
});
</script>
</body></html>

A: Looks like it has been fixed. Not sure when it goes live.
Ticket - http://dev.jquery.com/ticket/5851
GitHub commit - http://github.com/jquery/jquery/commit/435772e29b4ac4ccfdefbc4045d43f714e153381

A: from here
Possible event values: click, dblclick,  mousedown, mouseup, mousemove, mouseover, mouseout, keydown, keypress, keyup
Currently not supported: blur, focus, mouseenter, mouseleave, change, submit
change, my friend, is not yet supported by live

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Categories Historical Fiction
IN THE WOLF'S MOUTH
ADAM FOULDS Book Number: 81978
Published price: £16.99
Product format: Hardback
In the last days of WW2, the novel follows the Allies' liberation of Sicily and North Africa as the region moves from total war to uneasy peace. Will, a callow British officer, plays at being a st...
AT THE EDGE OF THE ORCHARD
TRACY CHEVALIER Book Number: 82346
Published price: $27
By the author of 'Girl With A Pearl Earring', here is a riveting drama of a pioneer family on the American frontier. 1838. James and Sadie Goodenough have settled where their wagon got stuck in th...
BROTHER OF FIRE: The Mozart Series
CHRISTIAN JACQ Book Number: 82473
Published price: £6.99
Product format: Paperback
The author of the Ramses series weaves a fascinating tale revealing the long-hidden truth about the great composer Mozart. Vienna 1785. Thamos, Count of Thebes, one of the last members of a spiri...
HAREM MIDWIFE
ROBERTA RICH Book Number: 82491
In the opulent royal palace of Murat III on the shores of Constantinople, midwife Hannah Levi is charged with ensuring the Sultan's harem provides him with a male heir. Safiye had more to worry ab...
DESTINY'S PATH
ANNA JACOBS Book Number: 82632
Three Blake sisters remain in the Swan River Colony in 1866, and two of them are happy to build new lives there. The third, Xanthe, yearns to travel, but even if she could afford it, would her belo...
EARTHLY JOYS
PHILIPPA GREGORY Book Number: 82901
By the author of 'The Other Boleyn Girl', here is top league historical fiction. John Tradescant is uniquely skilled at collecting, raising and nurturing plants and his practical good sense makes ...
LAST SEEN IN MASSILIA
STEVEN SAYLOR Book Number: 82924
A Civil War between Caesar and Pompey engulfs the Roman world and Gordianus receives an anonymous message informing him of the death of his son Meto who has been working as a double agent for Caesa...
VIRGIN EARTH
John Tradescant the Younger has inherited his father's unique collection of plants along with his unerring ability to nurture them. But as gardener to Charles I he confronts an unbearable dilemma ...
IN THE NAME OF THE FAMILY
SARAH DUNANT Book Number: 82696
Sub-titled 'A Novel of Machiavelli and the Borgias', Amanda Foreman says. 'Dunant writes like a painter and thinks like a philosopher.' Machiavelli said 'It is better to be feared than loved.' Th...
NEIL OLIVER Book Number: 82712
Written by the long-haired TV presenter of 'A History of Scotland', here is a big 'delicious gulp of action and mystery.' 1453. John Grant travels from his humble home in Scotland to the glitteri...
PROUD OF YOU
MARY WOOD Book Number: 82820
Alice, an upper-class Londoner, is recruited into the Special Operations Executive and sent to Paris where she meets Gertrude, an ex-prostitute working for the Resistance Movement. Together they d...
JULIAN FELLOWES Book Number: 82700
'Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes is bringing back the serialised novel... Set in the grand houses of 1840s London, this historical drama is full of secrets revealed as the fortunes of aristoc...
ANNABEL LYON Book Number: 83460
Aristotle has never been able to resist another keen mind, even in his own daughter, a young girl who should be content with the kitchen and childbearing. But his little Pytho is able to best his ...
TAI-PAN
JAMES CLAVELL Book Number: 83456
A companion to Shogun code 83455, this international bestseller is set in the turbulent days of the founding of Hong Kong in the 1840s. It is the story of Dirk Struan, the ruler, the tai-pan of th...
FLOATING BOOK
MICHELLE LOVRIC Book Number: 83649
Venice, 1468. Sosia Simeon, a free-spirited sensualist, is the lover of many men in the fabled city although she is married to one she despises. On the edge of the Grand Canal, Wendelin von Speyer...
THISTLE AND THE ROSE
JEAN PLAIDY Book Number: 83683
When King Henry VII negotiates peace with Scotland, his daughter's hand in marriage to James IV is the ultimate prize. A true princess, Margaret Tudor leaves her beloved England and accepts her fa...
Historical Fiction - Bibliophile Books