text:
(Redirected from Breathing gas quality)
Gas used for human respiration
Sailors check breathing devices at sea.
Trimix scuba cylinder label
A breathing gas is a mixture of gaseous chemical elements and compounds used for respiration. Air is the most common, and only natural, breathing gas. But other mixtures of gases, or pure oxygen, are also used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats such as scuba equipment, surface supplied diving equipment, recompression chambers, high-altitude mountaineering, high-flying aircraft, submarines, space suits, spacecraft, medical life support and first aid equipment, and anaesthetic machines.[1][2][3]
Oxygen is the essential component for any breathing gas, at a partial pressure of between roughly 0.16 and 1.60 bar at the ambient pressure. The oxygen is usually the only metabolically active component unless the gas is an anaesthetic mixture. Some of the oxygen in the breathing gas is consumed by the metabolic processes, and the inert components are unchanged, and serve mainly to dilute the oxygen to an appropriate concentration, and are therefore also known as diluent gases. Most breathing gases therefore are a mixture of oxygen and one or more inert gases.[1][3] Other breathing gases have been developed to improve on the performance of ordinary air by reducing the risk of decompression sickness, reducing the duration of decompression stops, reducing nitrogen narcosis or allowing safer deep diving.[1][3]
A safe breathing gas for hyperbaric use has three essential features:
It must contain sufficient oxygen to support life, consciousness and work rate of the breather.[1][2][3]
It must not contain harmful contaminants. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are common poisons which may contaminate breathing gases. There are many other possibilities.[1][2][3]
It must not become toxic when being breathed at high pressure such as when underwater. Oxygen and nitrogen are examples of gases that become toxic under pressure.[1][2][3]
The techniques used to fill diving cylinders with gases other than air are called gas blending.[4][5]
Breathing gases for use at ambient pressures below normal atmospheric pressure are usually air enriched with oxygen to provide sufficient oxygen to maintain life and consciousness, or to allow higher levels of exertion than would be possible using air. It is common to provide the additional oxygen as a pure gas added to the breathing air at inhalation, or though a life-support system.
1 For diving and other hyperbaric use
1.1 Breathing air
1.2 Classification by oxygen fraction
1.3 Individual component gases
1.3.1 Oxygen
1.3.2 Nitrogen
1.3.3 Helium
1.3.4 Neon
1.3.5 Hydrogen
1.4 Unwelcome components of breathing gases for diving
1.4.1 Argon
1.4.2 Carbon dioxide
1.4.3 Carbon monoxide
1.4.4 Hydrocarbons
1.5 Moisture content
1.6 Gas analysis
1.7 Breathing gas standards
1.8 Diving gas blending
2 Hypobaric breathing gases
3 Medical breathing gases
3.1 Oxygen therapy
3.2 Anaesthetic gases
3.2.1 Administration
For diving and other hyperbaric use[edit]
A closed bell used for saturation diving showing emergency gas supply cylinders
These common diving breathing gases are used:
Air is a mixture of 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and approximately 1% other trace gases, primarily argon; to simplify calculations this last 1% is usually treated as if it were nitrogen. Being cheap and simple to use, it is the most common diving gas.[1][2][3] As its nitrogen component causes nitrogen narcosis, it is considered to have a safe depth limit of about 40 metres (130 feet) for most divers, although the maximum operating depth of air taking an allowable oxygen partial pressure of 1,6 bar is 66.2 metres (218 feet).[1][3][6] Breathing air is air meeting specified standards for contaminants.
Pure oxygen is mainly used to speed the shallow decompression stops at the end of a military, commercial, or technical dive. Risk of acute oxygen toxicity increases rapidly at pressures greater than 6 metres sea water.[1][2][3][6] It was much used in frogmen's rebreathers, and is still used by attack swimmers.[2][6][7][8]
Nitrox is a mixture of oxygen and air, and generally refers to mixtures which are more than 21% oxygen. It can be used as a tool to accelerate in-water decompression stops or to decrease the risk of decompression sickness and thus prolong a dive (a common misconception is that the diver can go deeper, this is not true owing to a shallower maximum operating depth than on conventional air).[1][2][3][9]
Trimix is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and helium and is often used at depth in technical diving and commercial diving instead of air to reduce nitrogen narcosis and to avoid the dangers of oxygen toxicity.[1][2][3]
Heliox is a mixture of oxygen and helium and is often used in the deep phase of a commercial deep dive to eliminate nitrogen narcosis.[1][2][3][10]
Heliair is a form of trimix that is easily blended from helium and air without using pure oxygen. It always has a 21:79 ratio of oxygen to nitrogen; the balance of the mix is helium.[3][11]
Hydreliox is a mixture of oxygen, helium, and hydrogen and is used for dives below 130 metres in commercial diving.[1][3][10][12][13]
Hydrox, a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, is used as a breathing gas in very deep diving.[1][3][10][12][14]
Neox (also called neonox) is a mixture of oxygen and neon sometimes employed in deep commercial diving. It is rarely used due to its cost. Also, DCS symptoms produced by neon ("neox bends") have a poor reputation, being widely reported to be more severe than those produced by an exactly equivalent dive-table and mix with helium.[1][3][10][15]
Commonly accepted breathing gas container colour coding in the offshore diving industry.[16]
Typical shoulder colours
Cylinder shoulder
Quad upper frame/
frame valve end
Medical oxygen O2
Oxygen and helium mixtures
(Heliox) O2/He Brown and white
quarters or bands Brown and white
short (8 inches (20 cm))
alternating bands
Oxygen, helium and nitrogen
mixtures (Trimix) O2/He/N2 Black, white and brown
quarters or bands Black, white and brown
Oxygen and nitrogen mixtures
(Nitrox) including air N2/O2 Black and white
quarters or bands Black and white
Breathing air[edit]
Breathing air is atmospheric air with a standard of purity suitable for human breathing in the specified application. For hyperbaric use the partial pressure of contaminants is increased in proportion to the absolute pressure, and must be limited to a safe composition for the depth or pressure range in which it is to be used.
Classification by oxygen fraction[edit]
Breathing gases for diving are classified by oxygen fraction. The boundaries set by authorities may differ slightly, as the effects vary gradually with concentration and between people, and are not accurately predictable.[citation needed]
Normoxic
where the oxygen content does not differ greatly from that of air and allows continuous safe use at atmospheric pressure.[citation needed]
Hyperoxic, or oxygen enriched
where the oxygen content exceeds atmospheric levels, generally to a level where there is some measurable physiological effect over long term use, and sometimes requiring special procedures for handling due to increased fire hazard. The associated risks are oxygen toxicity at depth and fire, particularly in the breathing apparatus.[citation needed]
Hypoxic
where the oxygen content is less than that of air, generally to the extent that there is a significant risk of measurable physiological effect over the short term. The immediate risk is usually hypoxic incapacitation at or near the surface.[citation needed]
Individual component gases[edit]
Breathing gases for diving are mixed from a small number of component gases which provide special characteristics to the mixture which are not available from atmospheric air.
Oxygen[edit]
For the main article on the medical use of oxygen, see oxygen therapy.
Oxygen (O2) must be present in every breathing gas.[1][2][3] This is because it is essential to the human body's metabolic process, which sustains life. The human body cannot store oxygen for later use as it does with food. If the body is deprived of oxygen for more than a few minutes, unconsciousness and death result. The tissues and organs within the body (notably the heart and brain) are damaged if deprived of oxygen for much longer than four minutes.
Filling a diving cylinder with pure oxygen costs around five times more than filling it with compressed air. As oxygen supports combustion and causes rust in diving cylinders, it should be handled with caution when gas blending.[4][5]
Oxygen has historically been obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air, but is increasingly obtained by non-cryogenic technologies such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) technologies.[17]
The fraction of the oxygen component of a breathing gas mixture is sometimes used when naming the mix:
hypoxic mixes, strictly, contain less than 21% oxygen, although often a boundary of 16% is used, and are designed only to be breathed at depth as a "bottom gas" where the higher pressure increases the partial pressure of oxygen to a safe level.[1][2][3] Trimix, Heliox and Heliair are gas blends commonly used for hypoxic mixes and are used in professional and technical diving as deep breathing gases.[1][3]
normoxic mixes have the same proportion of oxygen as air, 21%.[1][3] The maximum operating depth of a normoxic mix could be as shallow as 47 metres (155 feet). Trimix with between 17% and 21% oxygen is often described as normoxic because it contains a high enough proportion of oxygen to be safe to breathe at the surface.
hyperoxic mixes have more than 21% oxygen. Enriched Air Nitrox (EANx) is a typical hyperoxic breathing gas.[1][3][9] Hyperoxic mixtures, when compared to air, cause oxygen toxicity at shallower depths but can be used to shorten decompression stops by drawing dissolved inert gases out of the body more quickly.[6][9]
The fraction of the oxygen determines the greatest depth at which the mixture can safely be used to avoid oxygen toxicity. This depth is called the maximum operating depth.[1][3][6][9]
The concentration of oxygen in a gas mix depends on the fraction and the pressure of the mixture. It is expressed by the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).[1][3][6][9]
The partial pressure of any component gas in a mixture is calculated as:
partial pressure = total absolute pressure × volume fraction of gas component
For the oxygen component,
PO2 = P × FO2
PO2 = partial pressure of oxygen
P = total pressure
FO2 = volume fraction of oxygen content
The minimum safe partial pressure of oxygen in a breathing gas is commonly held to be 16 kPa (0.16 bar). Below this partial pressure the diver may be at risk of unconsciousness and death due to hypoxia, depending on factors including individual physiology and level of exertion. When a hypoxic mix is breathed in shallow water it may not have a high enough PO2 to keep the diver conscious. For this reason normoxic or hyperoxic "travel gases" are used at medium depth between the "bottom" and "decompression" phases of the dive.
The maximum safe PO2 in a breathing gas depends on exposure time, the level of exercise and the security of the breathing equipment being used. It is typically between 100 kPa (1 bar) and 160 kPa (1.6 bar); for dives of less than three hours it is commonly considered to be 140 kPa (1.4 bar), although the U.S. Navy has been known to authorize dives with a PO2 of as much as 180 kPa (1.8 bar).[1][2][3][6][9] At high PO2 or longer exposures, the diver risks oxygen toxicity which may result in a seizure.[1][2] Each breathing gas has a maximum operating depth that is determined by its oxygen content.[1][2][3][6][9] For therapeutic recompression and hyperbaric oxygen therapy partial pressures of 2.8 bar are commonly used in the chamber, but there is no risk of drowning if the occupant loses consciousness.[2]
Oxygen analysers are used to measure the oxygen partial pressure in the gas mix.[4]
Divox is breathing grade oxygen labelled for diving use. In the Netherlands, pure oxygen for breathing purposes is regarded as medicinal as opposed to industrial oxygen, such as that used in welding, and is only available on medical prescription. The diving industry registered Divox as a trademark for breathing grade oxygen to circumvent the strict rules concerning medicinal oxygen thus making it easier for (recreational) scuba divers to obtain oxygen for blending their breathing gas. In most countries, there is no difference in purity in medical oxygen and industrial oxygen, as they are produced by exactly the same methods and manufacturers, but labeled and filled differently. The chief difference between them is that the record-keeping trail is much more extensive for medical oxygen, to more easily identify the exact manufacturing trail of a "lot" or batch of oxygen, in case problems with its purity are discovered. Aviation grade oxygen is similar to medical oxygen, but may have a lower moisture content.[4]
Nitrogen[edit]
Nitrogen (N2) is a diatomic gas and the main component of air, the cheapest and most common breathing gas used for diving. It causes nitrogen narcosis in the diver, so its use is limited to shallower dives. Nitrogen can cause decompression sickness.[1][2][3][18]
Equivalent air depth is used to estimate the decompression requirements of a nitrox (oxygen/nitrogen) mixture. Equivalent narcotic depth is used to estimate the narcotic potency of trimix (oxygen/helium/nitrogen mixture). Many divers find that the level of narcosis caused by a 30 m (100 ft) dive, whilst breathing air, is a comfortable maximum.[1][2][3][19][20]
Nitrogen in a gas mix is almost always obtained by adding air to the mix.
Helium[edit]
2% Heliox storage quad. 2% oxygen by volume is sufficient at pressures exceeding 90 msw.
Helium (He) is an inert gas that is less narcotic than nitrogen at equivalent pressure (in fact there is no evidence for any narcosis from helium at all), so it is more suitable for deeper dives than nitrogen.[1][3] Helium is equally able to cause decompression sickness. At high pressures, helium also causes high-pressure nervous syndrome, which is a central nervous system irritation syndrome which is in some ways opposite to narcosis.[1][2][3][21]
Helium mixture fills are considerably more expensive than air fills due to the cost of helium and the cost of mixing and compressing the mix.[citation needed][clarification needed]
Helium is not suitable for dry suit inflation owing to its poor thermal insulation properties – compared to air, which is regarded as a reasonable insulator, helium has six times the thermal conductivity.[22] Helium's low molecular weight (monatomic MW=4, compared with diatomic nitrogen MW=28) increases the timbre of the breather's voice, which may impede communication.[1][3][23] This is because the speed of sound is faster in a lower molecular weight gas, which increases the resonance frequency of the vocal cords.[1][23] Helium leaks from damaged or faulty valves more readily than other gases because atoms of helium are smaller allowing them to pass through smaller gaps in seals.
Helium is found in significant amounts only in natural gas, from which it is extracted at low temperatures by fractional distillation.
Neon[edit]
"Neox" redirects here. For the Spanish broadcaster, see Neox (TV channel).
Neon (Ne) is an inert gas sometimes used in deep commercial diving but is very expensive.[1][3][10][15] Like helium, it is less narcotic than nitrogen, but unlike helium, it does not distort the diver's voice. Compared to helium, neon has superior thermal insulating properties.[24]
Hydrogen[edit]
Hydrogen (H2) has been used in deep diving gas mixes but is very explosive when mixed with more than about 4 to 5% oxygen (such as the oxygen found in breathing gas).[1][3][10][12] This limits use of hydrogen to deep dives and imposes complicated protocols to ensure that excess oxygen is cleared from the breathing equipment before breathing hydrogen starts. Like helium, it raises the timbre of the diver's voice. The hydrogen-oxygen mix when used as a diving gas is sometimes referred to as Hydrox. Mixtures containing both hydrogen and helium as diluents are termed Hydreliox.
Unwelcome components of breathing gases for diving[edit]
Many gases are not suitable for use in diving breathing gases.[5][25] Here is an incomplete list of gases commonly present in a diving environment:
Argon[edit]
Argon (Ar) is an inert gas that is more narcotic than nitrogen, so is not generally suitable as a diving breathing gas.[26] Argox is used for decompression research.[1][3][27][28] It is sometimes used for dry suit inflation by divers whose primary breathing gas is helium-based, because of argon's good thermal insulation properties. Argon is more expensive than air or oxygen, but considerably less expensive than helium. Argon is a component of natural air, and constitutes 0.934% by volume of the Earth's atmosphere.[29]
Carbon dioxide[edit]
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by the metabolism in the human body and can cause carbon dioxide poisoning.[25][30][31] When breathing gas is recycled in a rebreather or life support system, the carbon dioxide is removed by scrubbers before the gas is re-used.
Carbon monoxide[edit]
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that competes with dioxygen for binding to hemoglobin, thereby preventing the blood from carrying oxygen (see carbon monoxide poisoning). It is typically produced by incomplete combustion.[1][2][5][25]. Four common sources are:
Internal combustion engine exhaust gas containing CO in the air being drawn into a diving air compressor. CO in the intake air cannot be stopped by any filter. The exhausts of all internal combustion engines running on petroleum fuels contain some CO, and this is a particular problem on boats, where the intake of the compressor cannot be arbitrarily moved as far as desired from the engine and compressor exhausts.
Heating of lubricants inside the compressor may vaporize them sufficiently to be available to a compressor intake or intake system line.
In some cases hydrocarbon lubricating oil may be drawn into the compressor's cylinder directly through damaged or worn seals, and the oil may (and usually will) then undergo combustion, being ignited by the immense compression ratio and subsequent temperature rise. Since heavy oils don't burn well – especially when not atomized properly – incomplete combustion will result in carbon monoxide production.
A similar process is thought[by whom?][original research?] to potentially happen to any particulate material, which contains "organic" (carbon-containing) matter, especially in cylinders which are used for hyperoxic gas mixtures. If the compressor air filter(s) fail, ordinary dust will be introduced to the cylinder, which contains organic matter (since it usually contains humus). A more severe danger is that air particulates on boats and industrial areas, where cylinders are filled, often contain carbon-particulate combustion products (these are what makes a dirt rag black), and these represent a more severe CO danger when introduced into a cylinder.[citation needed]
Carbon monoxide is generally avoided as far as is reasonably practicable by positioning of the air intake in uncontaminated air, filtration of particulates from the intake air, use of suitable compressor design and appropriate lubricants, and ensuring that running temperatures are not excessive. Where the residual risk is excessive, a hopcalite catalyst can be used in the high pressure filter to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide, which is far less toxic.
Hydrocarbons[edit]
Hydrocarbons (CxHy) are present in compressor lubricants and fuels. They can enter diving cylinders as a result of contamination, leaks,[clarification needed] or due to incomplete combustion near the air intake.[2][4][5][25][32]
They can act as a fuel in combustion increasing the risk of explosion, especially in high-oxygen gas mixtures.
Inhaling oil mist can damage the lungs and ultimately cause the lungs to degenerate with severe lipid pneumonia[33] or emphysema.
Moisture content[edit]
The process of compressing gas into a diving cylinder removes moisture from the gas.[5][25] This is good for corrosion prevention in the cylinder but means that the diver inhales very dry gas. The dry gas extracts moisture from the diver's lungs while underwater contributing to dehydration, which is also thought to be a predisposing risk factor of decompression sickness. It is also uncomfortable, causing a dry mouth and throat and making the diver thirsty. This problem is reduced in rebreathers because the soda lime reaction, which removes carbon dioxide, also puts moisture back into the breathing gas.[8] In hot climates, open circuit diving can accelerate heat exhaustion because of dehydration. Another concern with regard to moisture content is the tendency of moisture to condense as the gas is decompressed while passing through the regulator; this coupled with the extreme reduction in temperature, also due to the decompression can cause the moisture to solidify as ice. This icing up in a regulator can cause moving parts to seize and the regulator to fail or free flow. This is one of the reasons that scuba regulators are generally constructed from brass, and chrome plated (for protection). Brass, with its good thermal conductive properties, quickly conducts heat from the surrounding water to the cold, newly decompressed air, helping to prevent icing up.
Gas analysis[edit]
Electro-galvanic fuel cell as used in a diving rebreather
Gas mixtures must generally be analysed either in process or after blending for quality control. This is particularly important for breathing gas mixtures where errors can affect the health and safety of the end user. It is difficult to detect most gases that are likely to be present in diving cylinders because they are colourless, odourless and tasteless. Electronic sensors exist for some gases, such as oxygen analysers, helium analyser, carbon monoxide detectors and carbon dioxide detectors.[2][4][5] Oxygen analysers are commonly found underwater in rebreathers.[8] Oxygen and helium analysers are often used on the surface during gas blending to determine the percentage of oxygen or helium in a breathing gas mix.[4] Chemical and other types of gas detection methods are not often used in recreational diving, but are used for periodical quality testing of compressed breathing air from diving air compressors.[4]
Breathing gas standards[edit]
Standards for breathing gas quality are published by national and international organisations, and may be enforced in terms of legislation. In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive indicate that the requirements for breathing gases for divers are based on the BS EN 12021:2014. The specifications are listed for oxygen compatible air, nitrox mixtures produced by adding oxygen, removing nitrogen, or mixing nitrogen and oxygen, mixtures of helium and oxygen (heliox), mixtures of helium, nitrogen and oxygen (trimix), and pure oxygen, for both open circuit and reclaim systems, and for high pressure and low pressure supply (above and below 40 bar supply).[34]
Oxygen content is variable depending on the operating depth, but the tolerance depends on the gas fraction range, being ±0.25% for an oxygen fraction below 10% by volume, ±0.5% for a fraction between 10% and 20%, and ±1% for a fraction over 20%.[34]
Water content is limited by risks of icing of control valves, and corrosion of containment surfaces – higher humidity is not a physiological problem – and is generally a factor of dew point.[34]
Other specified contaminants are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oil, and volatile hydrocarbons, which are limited by toxic effects. Other possible contaminants should be analysed based on risk assessment, and the required frequency of testing for contaminants is also based on risk assessment.[34]
In Australia breathing air quality is specified by Australian Standard 2299.1, Section 3.13 Breathing Gas Quality.[35]
Diving gas blending[edit]
Main article: Gas blending for scuba diving
Air, oxygen and helium partial pressure gas blending system
Nitrox continuous blending compressor installation
Gas blending (or Gas mixing) of breathing gases for diving is the filling of gas cylinders with non-air breathing gases.
Filling cylinders with a mixture of gases has dangers for both the filler and the diver. During filling there is a risk of fire due to use of oxygen and a risk of explosion due to the use of high-pressure gases. The composition of the mix must be safe for the depth and duration of the planned dive. If the concentration of oxygen is too lean the diver may lose consciousness due to hypoxia and if it is too rich the diver may suffer oxygen toxicity. The concentration of inert gases, such as nitrogen and helium, are planned and checked to avoid nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness.
Methods used include batch mixing by partial pressure or by mass fraction, and continuous blending processes. Completed blends are analysed for composition for the safety of the user. Gas blenders may be required by legislation to prove competence if filling for other persons.
Hypobaric breathing gases[edit]
Astronaut in an Orlan space suit, outside the International Space Station
Breathing gases for use at reduced ambient pressure are used for high altitude flight in unpressurised aircraft, in space flight, particularly in space suits, and for high altitude mountaineering. In all these cases, the primary consideration is providing an adequate partial pressure of oxygen. In some cases the breathing gas has oxygen added to make up a sufficient concentration, and in other cases the breathing gas may be pure or nearly pure oxygen.[citation needed] Closed circuit systems may be used to conserve the breathing gas, which may be in limited supply - in the case of mountaineering the user must carry the supplemental oxygen, and in space flight the cost of lifting mass into orbit is very high.
Medical breathing gases[edit]
Medical use of breathing gases other than air include oxygen therapy and anesthesia applications.
Oxygen therapy[edit]
Main article: Oxygen therapy
A person wearing a simple face mask for oxygen therapy
Oxygen is required by people for normal cell metabolism.[36] Air is typically 21% oxygen by volume.[37] This is normally sufficient, but in some circumstances the oxygen supply to tissues is compromised.
Oxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as a medical treatment.[38] This can include for low blood oxygen, carbon monoxide toxicity, cluster headaches, and to maintain enough oxygen while inhaled anesthetics are given.[39] Long term oxygen is often useful in people with chronically low oxygen such as from severe COPD or cystic fibrosis.[40][38] Oxygen can be given in a number of ways including nasal cannula, face mask, and inside a hyperbaric chamber.[41][42]
High concentrations of oxygen can cause oxygen toxicity such as lung damage or result in respiratory failure in those who are predisposed.[39][37] It can also dry out the nose and increase the risk of fires in those who smoke. The target oxygen saturation recommended depends on the condition being treated. In most conditions a saturation of 94-98% is recommended, while in those at risk of carbon dioxide retention saturations of 88-92% are preferred, and in those with carbon monoxide toxicity or cardiac arrest the saturation should be as high as possible.[38]
The use of oxygen in medicine become common around 1917.[43][44] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[45] The cost of home oxygen is about US$150 a month in Brazil and US$400 a month in the United States.[40] Home oxygen can be provided either by oxygen tanks or an oxygen concentrator.[38] Oxygen is believed to be the most common treatment given in hospitals in the developed world.[46][38]
Anaesthetic gases[edit]
A vaporizer holds a liquid anesthetic and converts it to gas for inhalation (in this case sevoflurane)
An anaesthetic machine.
Bottles of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and desflurane, the common fluorinated ether anaesthetics used in clinical practice. These agents are colour-coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which boils at room temperature.
The most common approach to general anaesthesia is through the use of inhaled general anesthetics. Each has its own potency which is correlated to its solubility in oil. This relationship exists because the drugs bind directly to cavities in proteins of the central nervous system,[clarification needed] although several theories of general anaesthetic action have been described. Inhalational anesthetics are thought to exact their effects on different parts of the central nervous system. For instance, the immobilizing effect of inhaled anesthetics results from an effect on the spinal cord whereas sedation, hypnosis and amnesia involve sites in the brain.[47]:515
An inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, and anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide and xenon.
Administration[edit]
Anaesthetic gases are administered by anaesthetists (a term which includes anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants) through an anaesthesia mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anaesthetic vaporiser and an anaesthetic delivery system. The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used to support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patient monitoring devices.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Medicine portal
Mechanical ventilation – Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing
Diving air compressor – Machine used to compress breathing air for use by underwater divers
Diving cylinder – High pressure compressed gas cylinder used to store and supply breathing gas for diving
Booster pump – Machine to increase pressure of a fluid
Industrial gas – Gaseous materials produced for use in industry
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^ Logan, J.A. (1961). "An evaluation of the equivalent air depth theory". United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-RR-01-61. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Berghage, T.E.; McCraken, T.M. (December 1979). "Equivalent air depth: fact or fiction". Undersea Biomed Res. 6 (4): 379–84. PMID 538866. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Hunger Jr, W. L.; Bennett, P. B. (1974). "The causes, mechanisms and prevention of the high pressure nervous syndrome". Undersea Biomed. Res. 1 (1): 1–28. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 4619860. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ "Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
^ a b Ackerman, M.J.; Maitland, G (December 1975). "Calculation of the relative speed of sound in a gas mixture". Undersea Biomed Res. 2 (4): 305–10. PMID 1226588. Archived from the original on 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ U.S. Navy Diving Manual (7 ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government. 1 December 2016. pp. 2–15.
^ a b c d e NAVSEA (2005). "Cleaning and gas analysis for diving applications handbook". NAVSEA Technical Manual. NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND. SS521-AK-HBK-010. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Rahn, H.; Rokitka, M.A. (March 1976). "Narcotic potency of N2, A, and N2O evaluated by the physical performance of mouse colonies at simulated depths". Undersea Biomed Res. 3 (1): 25–34. PMID 1273982. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
^ D'Aoust, B.G.; Stayton, L.; Smith, L.S. (September 1980). "Separation of basic parameters of decompression using fingerling salmon". Undersea Biomed Res. 7 (3): 199–209. PMID 7423658. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Pilmanis, A.A.; Balldin, U.I.; Webb, J.T.; Krause, K.M. (December 2003). "Staged decompression to 3.5 psi using argon-oxygen and 100% oxygen breathing mixtures". Aviat Space Environ Med. 74 (12): 1243–50. PMID 14692466.
^ "Argon (Ar)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^ Lambertsen, C. J. (1971). "Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Toxicity". Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. Philadelphia, PA. IFEM Report No. 2-71. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Glatte, H. A. Jr; Motsay, G. J.; Welch, B. E. (1967). "Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Studies". Brooks AFB, TX School of Aerospace Medicine Technical Report. SAM-TR-67-77. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Rosales, K.R.; Shoffstall, M.S.; Stoltzfus, J.M. (2007). "Guide for Oxygen Compatibility Assessments on Oxygen Components and Systems". NASA, Johnson Space Center Technical Report. NASA/TM-2007-213740. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ =Kizer, K.W.; Golden, JA (November 1987). "Lipoid pneumonitis in a commercial abalone diver". Undersea Biomedical Research. 14 (6): 545–52. PMID 3686744. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
^ a b c d "Diver's breathing gas standard and the frequency of examination and tests: Diving Information Sheet No 9 (rev2)" (PDF). Health and Safety Executive. January 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ Joint Technical Committee SF-017, Occupational Diving (21 December 2015). AS/NZS 2299.1:2015 Australian/New Zealand Standard Occupational diving operations, Part 1: Standard operational practice. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Peate, Ian; Wild, Karen; Nair, Muralitharan (2014). Nursing Practice: Knowledge and Care. John Wiley & Sons. p. 572. ISBN 9781118481363.
^ a b Martin, Lawrence (1997). Scuba Diving Explained: Questions and Answers on Physiology and Medical Aspects of Scuba Diving. Lawrence Martin. p. H-1. ISBN 9780941332569.
^ a b c d e British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 217–218, 302. ISBN 9780857111562.
^ a b World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 20. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
^ a b Jamison, Dean T.; Breman, Joel G.; Measham, Anthony R.; Alleyne, George; Claeson, Mariam; Evans, David B.; Jha, Prabhat; Mills, Anne; Musgrove, Philip (2006). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. World Bank Publications. p. 689. ISBN 9780821361801.
^ Macintosh, Michael; Moore, Tracey (1999). Caring for the Seriously Ill Patient 2E (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780340705827.
^ Dart, Richard C. (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 217–219. ISBN 9780781728454.
^ Agasti, T. K. (2010). Textbook of Anesthesia for Postgraduates. JP Medical Ltd. p. 398. ISBN 9789380704944.
^ Rushman, Geoffrey B.; Davies, N. J. H.; Atkinson, Richard Stuart (1996). A Short History of Anaesthesia: The First 150 Years. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 39. ISBN 9780750630665.
^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ Wyatt, Jonathan P.; Illingworth, Robin N.; Graham, Colin A.; Hogg, Kerstin; Robertson, Colin; Clancy, Michael (2012). Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780191016059.
^ Miller, Ronald D. (2010). Erikson, Lars I.; Fleisher, Lee A.; Wiener-Kronish, Jeanine P.; Young, William L (eds.). Miller's Anesthesia Seventh edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06959-8.
Media related to Breathing gases at Wikimedia Commons
Westfalen (2004). "Fact sheet on Divox" (PDF) (in Dutch). Westfalen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
Taylor, L. "A Brief History Of Mixed Gas Diving". Retrieved 2008-08-29.
OSHA. "Commercial Diving Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Mixed-gas diving. - 1910.426". U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breathing_gas&oldid=1001260191#Breathing_gas_standards"
Breathing gases
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
CS1 maint: uses authors parameter
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from June 2017
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
AC with 0 elements


A: After your DVD is loaded into the program, please highlight the title of your DVD which contains the main episodes of the movie and then run "File-Rip Selected" to get it ripped. If you did not change "Split" option whose "Infinite" is the default option, you should be able to get one single file for the entire DVD. If the main episodes of your DVD are separated into several titles, you need merge them first by the "Merge"; function we offered. In the Q15 below, we will have mentioned it.
Q: Is it possible that I get more than 1 chapter converted and only get 1 output files?
A: Yes, by the "Merge"; function we offered, you can do that. But you need highlight all the chapters in the program list first. You can do this job by pressing the "CTRL"; key or "Shift"; key simultaneously. And then the "Merge"; button will be active. After you click it, a merged item will be shown in the list, which includes all the chapters that you have selected.
Q: If I want to crop certain part of the frame, what should I do?
A: The edit function offered in our program will help you with it. First of all, you must highlight the title that you want to crop. And then please click the "Effects"; button under the program list. In the following dialog-box, you can decide the crop area by entering the definite values or by dragging the controlling points around the preview screen. Besides the crop function, you can modify other things, such as Contrast, Brightness as well as other effects on frame and subtitles; or adding watermarks there.
Q: I do not like certain frames in my DVD. May I get rid of them in the output files by your program?
A: Of course you can. We offered a "Clip" function in our program. You can clip the title of your DVD with it. You also must highlight the title that you want to clip firstly. In the "Clip" dialog-box, during the playback of the title, you can set the Clip Start point and the Clip End Point, as well as the segment you want to clip. If you want to get an integral output with all the clip segments, you can get it by checking on the option "Output Segment as whole file".
Q: I know if I want to get better output quality, I need set higher values for video and audio bit rate respective. And the output size will be larger at the end of the conversion, too. So how can I know the most proper values for video and audio within the output size I expected?
Q: I just want to backup my DVD on my PC. What is the best choice of the output format for me to choose? I just want to play it on my PC and I would like to get the smallest size with better quality.
Q: After I finish the conversion to AVI, I can only get the audio playback in Windows Media Player while it shows that I need download certain codec. No video can be watched. Why?
Q: have finished the conversion to the iPod/iPhone/Apple TV; what do I need to do so that I can transfer the output files into my iPod?
Q: How can get MP3 files transferred to PSP?
A: Please just copy MP3 files into the "MUSIC" folder, one of the sub-folders under "PSP" folder. For example, if the removable drive number for your PSP is "F", please copy them into "F:PSPMUSIC". If you can not find it, please create such a path yourself.
A: The default settings which we offered for 3GP output are what are requested by most of mobile phones. If you want to get better quality, please select "mpeg4" as video codec instead of "h.263", as well as setting a larger number for video bit rate and video size. They will produce a file with better quality but you must be sure that those settings can be supported by your phone.
A: Maybe your phone requires different settings with what we offered, which can work for most of phones. Can you get to know what proper settings for frame rate, as well as some others your phone can support? If you have no clear idea with it, please e-mail to our support team at support@avcware.com and they will help you out.
Q: After I ripped my DVD to WMV and load the file into my PPC, the device will play it a while but stop and close the player then. Why?
A: Maybe your PPC can not support the video size which you used in the conversion job. It might be too large to be afforded by PPC. Please low it down. Actually, we have offered several options for certain models of PPC in the "Profile" list. If you use those options, the output files will be played well.
Q: I want to get better audio quality in the output 3GP files. But the program will show "Fail" no matter what audio settings I modify, such as bit rate, sample rate, etc. Why?
A: The default audio codec for 3GP output is "Amr_nb", which can not support higher value for bit rate and sample rate. So you need select "mpeg4aac" as audio codec first in the list so that you can modify other audio settings.
Q: My iPod is a 5.5G one. So I wonder which profile is the best one for me.
A: The most important feature for 5.5G iPod is that it can support 640x480 resolutions. So you'd better select the profiles, named with "iPod Video2", whole default settings are in 640x480 and which will provide better output quality than other profiles.
Q: I noticed that you offer two kinds of video output forms in the Profile list. Which one is the best if I want to get better quality?
A: As far as the output quality is concerned, H.264/AVC would provide the best. But it is larger in output size and slower in the conversion speed. But if you only want to get the better quality, you need choose H.264/AVC profile.
Q: Which profiles should I choose for my PSP?
A: It depends on the models and the versions of its firmware. Only higher versions can support H.264/AVC output and 480x272 output files. If you are using the early versions and models, you'd better only use "PSP MPEG-4 Video" profile.
Q: I noticed that your program offers 3 kinds of output video formats. As far as the quality is concerned, which one is the best, MP4, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and WMV?
A: If you only want to get the best quality, I recommend H.264/MPEG-4 AVC output for you, which is in H.264/AVC video codec. But the output size would be larger than others. Actually, MP4 format will be more proper between the file size and quality.


text:
View Edit
Metropole Hotel ca. 1915, located on U.S. Route 40 in Oakland.
The Metropole Hotel was located at the NW corner of 13th and Jefferson. It was owned by Robert Smilie, a builder and real estate developer.
According to the San Francisco Call in an article published on May 13, 1913:
The Metropole property has an interesting history, having changed hands but four times...; it was secured by grant from the United States to the famous Peralta family. From the Peralta family it was transferred to the Bigelow estate, from the Bigelow interests to other owners from whom R. H. Smilie purchased it to build upon it the Metropole hotel. The hotel building cost in the neighborhood of $70,000 and was, for a long time, Oakland's principal hotel. 1
It was sold in 1913 for $100,000 from the Smilie estate to Frank W. Bilger of Blake and Bilger (see Bilger Quarry), and John W. Phillips of the Central National Bank of Oakland. (see article for more info) 1
Richard M. Briare
from Men of the Pacific Coast 1902-1903
In 1903, Richard M. Briare was the proprietor. The staff included:
Richard M. Briare - proprietor
Milton Balcom - clerk
Jules Boulanger - chef
Frank Doyle - clerk
Alex Konsta - bookkeeper
Anton Lex - cook
Patrick Maher - waiter
Earle McGarl - employee
Robert W. Miller - bookkeeper
Quite a few people lived at the Metropole, including Daniel E. Easterbrook.
Like many other large wooden structures in Oakland, it was destroyed by fire in August, 1918. See Oakland Fire Department by Capt. Geoffrey Hunter, Arcadia Series. 2
A black plume of smoke rises into the summer sky in this August 1918 photograph, as fire rages through the fifth floor of the Metropole Hotel at Thirteenth and Jefferson Streets. Several ladders have been thrown to the upper floors as Oakland firefighters try vainly to stop the blaze. A Seagrave "white wagon" can be seen parked in front of the doomed hotel as a huge crowd gathers to watch the spectacle. (Courtesy of the Oakland Fire Department.)
Metropole Hotel is Sold by Local Firm San Francisco Call, May 31, 1913
Oakland Fire Department by Captain Geoffrey Hunter, Arcadia Series
Contributed by and 1 others.
Nearby LocalWiki regions: Fortress Bay Area San Francisco Bay Alameda Emeryville East Bay Ride Niches Berkeley
Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors. Map tiles via MapBox.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At the end of the course, the student will acquire the basic knowledge relating to the different type of materials and to their specific production technologies.
The student will be able to make proper choices in material selection for a specific application. The students will be able to make proper choices in materials transformation process.
On passing the exam, the student will develop the ability to critically evaluate the analytical data of the mechanical behavior of material to predict its behavior, as well as the ability to interpret the data of the controls.
On passing the exam, the student should acquire sufficient language property, at least as regards the technical terminology specific of the course.
Students who take the course will be able to deepen their knowledge in the field of materials by consulting on their own specialized texts or dissemination journals, even outside of the topics covered closely in class.
The different class of materials and their main properties.
Structure and properties. Technologies to obtain polymeric materials.
Structure and properties. Technologies to obtain composites materials.
Structure and properties. The raw materials: natural and synthetic powders. The sintering process: thermodynamic and kinetics aspects Advanced ceramic materials: innovative synthesis and processing technologies. Ceramic coating and surface functionalization.
Structure and properties. The glass network formation: technologies to obtain glassy materials.
The final examination involves presenting, both in written and in oral form with transparencies, a personal in-depth study of a subject presented during the course.


text:
Q: Where did my data get stuck in Ember?  I'm trying to learn ember but having a hard time finding out why my data from the backend is not showing up. I'm using Ember Data with mirage fixtures. The data is showing up. Only if I introduce simple relationships the data from those relationships is not showing up in my app. Is there a general way how to debug when you just get  in your ember app?
mirage/fixtures/contacts.js

export default [
{
    id: 1,
    userName: "Barack Obama",
    profilePictureUrl: "/img/profilepics/barack.png",
    conversation: 1
},
];

mirage/fixtures/conversations.js

export default [
{
    id: 1,
    contact: 1,
    lastConversationTime: 'Sun Jun 07 2015 14:05:50 GMT+0200 (CEST)',
},
];

mirage/config.js

export default function() {

  this.get('/api/conversations');
  this.get('/api/conversations/:id');
  this.get('/api/contacts');
  this.get('/api/contacts/:id');

}

App = Ember.Application.create();

App.Router.map(function() {
  // put your routes here
  this.route('contacts');
  this.route('conversations');
});

App.ContactsRoute = Ember.Route.extend({
  model: function() {
    return this.store.find('contact');
  }
});

App.ConversationsRoute = Ember.Route.extend({
  model: function() {
    return this.store.find('conversation');
  }
});

App.ContactModel = DS.Model.extend({
  userName: DS.attr('string'),
  profilePictureUrl: DS.attr('string'),
  conversation: DS.belongsTo('conversation'),
});

App.ConversationModel = DS.Model.extend({
  lastConversationTime: DS.attr('date'),
  contact: DS.belongsTo('contact')
});

$.mockjax({
  url: "/contacts",
  type: "GET",
  status: 200,
  statusText: "OK",
  responseText: {
    contacts: [{
    id: 1,
    userName: "Barack Obama",
    profilePictureUrl:"/img/profilepics/barack.png",
    conversation: 1
    }]
  }

});

$.mockjax({
  url: "/conversations",
  type: "GET",
  status: 200,
  statusText: "OK",
  responseText: {
    conversations: [{
    id: 1,
    contact: 1,
    lastConversationTime: 'Sun Jun 07 2015 14:05:50'
    }]
  }

});
<!DOCTYPE html>

  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>Ember Starter Kit</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/normalize/3.0.1/normalize.css">

Ember: 1.12.1
Ember Data: 1.0.0-beta.19
jQuery: 1.11.3
This is a JSBin that reproduces the issue:
http://emberjs.jsbin.com/deledemaya/1/edit?html,js,output

A: Looking at the JSBin example.
You've got a number of issues in your code.
First of all, in your template you're accessing the conversation model like this:

  {{#each model as |contact|}}

{{contact.userName}}

{{conversation.lastConversationTime}}

  {{/each}}

conversation is not defined anywhere. As conversation is a relationship on contact, you should access it via contact like this:

{{contact.conversation.lastConversationTime}}

Note that you don't need a conversation route defined in order to access conversation via contact in the contact route.
Then, the convention is to name models as App.Foo and not App.FooModel. This info is useful only in JSBins, as modern Ember apps do not use globals (App).
Finally, your main mistake is that you defined your relationship as synchronous. Sync relationships assume that all requested related records are already available in the store. To achieve that, you have to sideload your related data like this:
$.mockjax({
  url: "/contacts",
  type: "GET",
  status: 200,
  statusText: "OK",
  responseText: {
    contacts: [{
      id: 1,
      userName: "Barack Obama",
      profilePictureUrl:"/img/profilepics/barack.png",
      conversation: 1
    }],
    conversations: [{
      id: 1,
      contact: 1,
      lastConversationTime: 'Sun Jun 07 2015 14:05:50'
    }]
  }
});

Demo: http://emberjs.jsbin.com/taboge/1/edit?html,js,output
Alternatively, you can define your relationship as async. This will tell Ember to retrieve records from the backend whenever it stumbles upon a missing relationship.
Example:
App.Contact = DS.Model.extend({
  userName: DS.attr('string'),
  profilePictureUrl: DS.attr('string'),
  conversation: DS.belongsTo('conversation', {async: true}),
});

$.mockjax({
  url: "/contacts",
  type: "GET",
  status: 200,
  statusText: "OK",
  responseText: {
    contacts: [{
    id: 1,
    userName: "Barack Obama",
    profilePictureUrl:"/img/profilepics/barack.png",
    conversation: 1
    }]
  }

});

$.mockjax({
  url: "/conversations/1",
  type: "GET",
  status: 200,
  statusText: "OK",
  responseText: {
    conversation: {
      id: 1,
      contact: 1,
      lastConversationTime: 'Sun Jun 07 2015 14:05:50'
    }
  }
});

Demo: http://emberjs.jsbin.com/qejayi/1/edit?html,js,output
Async relationships force you to work with them via promises.
Also note that you don't have to define both directions of the relationship as async. In fact, you don't need the reverse relationship at all! You only need the reverse relationship if you want to obtain users for a given conversation.
And be warned that currently Ember is very eager on requesting asynchronously related records. If you only ask for an id of a related record, Ember will retrieve the whole record, even though wasn't necessary: the id was already known. I hope to see this problem resolved in one of upcoming Ember Data releases.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Almost no-bake, this White Chocolate Macadamia Pie is super easy and perfect for white chocolate lovers.
Beat the cream cheese with the sugar until smooth. Add in the 1/3 cup cream and beat to combine. Add the white chocolate, orange zest and macadamia nuts and stir in with a spatula just until combined. Gently fold in the whipped cream.
Spread the mixture into the baked pie crust. Freeze until solid, about 4 hours.
About an hour before serving, make the ganache. Place the chocolate chips in a bowl and set aside. Heat the cream over medium heat until simmering. Pour the simmering cream over the chocolate chips and stir until completely melted. Let the ganache cool slightly. Spread the ganache over the top of the frozen pie, smoothing the chocolate to the edges with an offset spatula.
Pipe the sweetened whipped cream onto the pie and then sprinkle with the macadamia nuts. Refrigerate the pie until ready to serve.
Total time does not include chilling/freezing time.
You'll want to make sure you have about an hour for the ganache to set up and for the pie to thaw out before serving, so make sure you add the ganache no less than an hour before serving.


This topic contains 31 replies, has 19 voices, and was last updated by rgarriott 1 month, 3 weeks ago.
So I tried a few games and although I'm not a big fan of DL's sound/music, that layout is def interesting (in a good way). But yeah, you've elevated what I consider to be a "meh" game into a fun, playable game that has a superior art package. I love the RGB inserts, I love the glow balls, I love the playfield art (playing on her mental issues with the multiple variations to her Harley Quinn persona. Well done HF and once more, kudos to those who've helped you with this release.
Superbadasssssss…and better than the original.
Had a go at this table tonight and man what a difference. Improved in all areas. It looks amazing, it plays just fine and it is a lot of fun.
I had to go back to compare with the original. JP did a good job, its is not that. But, one game was enough. Of course loaded up this beauty and contined.
Great release HF ! And, yeah. Hope we get some custom roms.
That playfield and plastics set is so detailed. RGB LEDs are awesome. Thanks for this beauty, HF.
How come we shouldn't be using Exclusive Fullscreen? I'd been led to believe you got better frame rate and improved input lag in Exclusive Fullscreen, is this not the case then?
I believe haunt was saying if it's a problem for you to switch back and forth so you can adjust things with the pop up menus that don't work in exclusive full screen then you shouldn't use exclusive full screen, not that exclusive full screen is a problem.
It is a bloody pain….I'm *this* close to just writing an AutoHotkey script to just be able to press a button and having it flip….Laziness and all that.
I haven't seen anything here that requires a change in the source. I guess just let me know what you need when you are ready.
once I have the final rom mods done for both Harley and Bubba I will send them to you…..
Should I have to edit the script to enable the DMD/Scores ? or am I am I missing something?


A woman has been arrested on suspicion of drink driving after she was found wandering on the M6 in her pyjamas, say police.
Patrols attended the scene following reports of "somebody walking on the motorway" at around 12.40am on Wednesday, January 17 between junctions 33 for Lancaster and 32 for Broughton.
Road Police arrived and located the woman who is reported to have told officers she had crashed her green Mini Coupe into a ditch.
A spokesman for Lancashire Road Police said in a post to Twitter: "Report of a female wandering around junction 33 M6.
"Female located stating they had crashed into a ditch.
"Car located it also had no insurance. Female arrested car recovered and seized."
North West Motorway Police Tweeted: "Report of a female in her pjs walking on the M6.
"Police arrive on scene and the female confirms - I've had an accident - female arrested by @LancsPolice local patrols who assisted us."
Police confirmed that nobody was injured during the incident.


They say that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, so you can imagine that we were pretty darn flattered this morning when we checked our favourite Japanese Tech-News site, Akihabara News, only to find a somewhat familiar-looking perspex case on the front page.
Our pal Daimaou, who religiously browses 150 manufacturer websites on a daily basis in Chinese, Korean and Japanese in search of the latest toys, has dug out the Lubic Jules. Yes, the same guys that make that Meccano-esque construction stuff.
To the untrained eye, the Jules seems like a novel approach to a computer case: the top half is clear to show off the motherboard, CPU and graphics card, while the boring PSU and hard drives are hidden underneath in a blacked-out box.
Long-time bit-tech readers will already spot the link: our very own Dave 'Macroman' Williams built a very similar case nearly 3 years ago. Back in November 2002, we were commissioned by Intel to design and build them a special display PC to celebrate the launch of the Pentium 4 3GHz processor to be used at tradeshows. The product was Project 3G Clear (below right).
Aside from the more advanced, curved perspex design, you have to admit they are remarkably similar. Naturally, our case has more flair, with slot-loading DVD drive and Matrix Orbital VFD to display system status, MP3 titles or even just the Intel logo.
The Lubic Jules costs 41,970 Yen inc tax, which is about £210 (US$373) - we suggest you have a read of the Project 3G Clear Worklog and have a go at making one yourself.
Should modders patent their designs, or is the 'borrowing' of concepts inevitable these days? Have your say.


In the morning, take your breakfast and then drive for a beautiful tour of Bhim Tal and Naukuchia Tal. Return back to Hotel, enjoy your dinner and overnight stay at Hotel.
After breakfast, proceed to Kaunsani. Check into your Hotel. Look at the beauty of Kausani by visiting Baijnath and Bageshwar. Kausani is a land of lush green hill station from the hustle bustle of big cities and wish to spend a quiet holiday in the lap of nature. Dinner and overnight stay at Hotel.
Next day is the day for Ranikhet. Ranikhet literally means the "Queen's Meadow". Reached Ranikhet and Check into your Hotel. After that, you can visit for the local sightseeing like Hairakhan Temple (4kms), Chaubatia (10 kms), Bhaludam (3kms), Jhoola Devi Ram Mandir (7kms), Mankemeshwar Upat and Kalika (5kms), Tarikhet (8kms), Binsar Mahadev (19 kms), Majkhali (13kms) etc. Enjoy your dinner, play some activities and Overnight stay at Hotel.
In the morning, after breakfast, you can now proceed to Corbett which is also one of the adventurous places in Nainital. Return back to your place and check into your Hotel. Evening free at leisure. Stay at Hotel and Overnight at Bed.
An adventure trip to Jungle Safari or Corbett with trained guides for wildlife and bird watching, cycling, nature treks and fishing in the Ram Ganga River on demand (at a very nominal charges). Enjoy your dinner, play some activities and overnight at Hotel.
Departure for Delhi. Arrive Delhi in the evening and then board to Railway station or Airport for your onward Journey.
Depart Delhi Morning drive to Delhi. Arrive Delhi in the evening and then board to Railway station or Airport for your onward Journey.
Dhikuli, Ramnagar Distt. Nainital, Uttarakhand.


text:
Just a Cineast
The new hucksters
Another movie that's back on the FXM Retro schedule after a long absence is Madison Avenue. It's going to be on again early tomorrow morning at 3:00 AM if you haven't seen it before.
Dana Andrews plays Clint Lorimer, who at the beginning of the movie is working for the Jocelyn ad agency, run by JD Jocelyn (Howard St. John). The agency has as its biggest account the Associated Dairy Company, a conglomerate of dairies from across the country. Brock, the head of the company, suggests that Lorimer is a real up-and-comer. But unfortunately, Lorimer is going to be away from the agency for a few months, while he works on a special campaign for the Defense Department, learning about America's missile bases for a public relations campaign that's going to do... something or other.
It turns out that PR campaign is a macguffin. After the opening scene among Lorimer, Jocelyn, and Brock, the action switches to Wsahington DC, which we figure is going to be Lorimer starting that work with the Pentagon. But when he comes to the Filibuster Bar (yeah, what a dumb name for a bar, but it is Washington DC), we can tell from the cinematography that there's somebody else at the bar who's going to be important. That person is a lady reporter named Peggy Shannon (Jeanne Crain). She reminds Clint that he stood her up three months ago, which is our first indication that this action is at the end of Clint's time in Washington, not the beginning. The next clue is that when Lorimer complains that Jocelyn shafted him on his ideas for the PR campaign. In fact, that's precisely what Jocelyn did, since he was worried that Lorimer was going to take the Associated Dairies contract out from under him. He's firing Lorimer, to boot.
So Lorimer does get the idea to try to take the Associated contract, although that's going to be difficult since he hasn't even got a job. But he just happens to see a milk truck from the Cloverleaf Dairy, on which it's printed that Cloverleaf is a subsidiary of Associated. Lorimer finds out who has the ad campaign for Cloverleaf, and discovers it's the Tremaine agency, so he goes there with his ideas. Sadly for him, he learns that the founder of the agency has died, and it's now being run by the founder's daughter Anne (Eleanor Parker), and has been going to the dogs since Dad died. Lorimer sets out to make over the business, and make over Anne.
The Cloverleaf contract involves two people. Stipe is the guy who's really managing the company, mostly because the man who has the title of preisdent, Ames (Eddie Albert) is flaky. Ames dives a milk route himself and flies remot controlled helicopters. Interestingly, he gets one interesting line when he suggests that in the future, milk will be delivered by larger versions of such helicopters. In real life, drone technology has advanced to the point where companies like Amazon are thinking about delivering things by drone. But this nutcase is the man Lorimer has to build up.
Lorimer sets out to work, and eventually things start going right for him, when Ames becomes an unexpected hit giving a speech at the business. This sets Ames on his rise, eventually to take over Brock's job at Associated when Brock is kicked upstairs. This is just what Lorimer wanted, because it means that now he's sure to get the Associated contract. Or maybe not. Along the way, everybody has started stabbing everybody else in the back, once once Ames leaves for the head office, the plot really gets complicated.
Unfortunately, Madison Avenue fizzles out at the end, giving an ending that just doesn't fit. Everybody tries their best, though, and you can't really fault the acting. But Dana Andrews is already looking a bit haggard, and Jeanne Crain is given some horrendous outfits and hairstyles to wear. Combined with the writing, the result is a movie that's sadly less than the sum of its parts. Still, you should probably give it a watch, if only to judge for yourself. And the good thing is that it only runs 90 minutes. If it were made nowadays, it'd probably be bloated to over two hours.
I'm not certain if Madison Avenue is available on DVD, so you're going to have to catch the FXM showings.
Posted by Ted S. (Just a Cineast) at 3:28 PM
Labels: Dana Andrews, Eleanor Parker, Fox, Jeanne Crain
New month, new old movies
Apparently I haven't blogged about "Kind Lady" bef...
The "What's Out-of-Primt on DVD" game, and other b...
Victor Moore, 1876-1962
More on the Oscars and politics
The statuettes are out tonight
Repeats for February 22, 2015
Movita Castaneda, 1916-2015
Before the Oscars
I guess today *is* Ash Wednesday
Shorts report for February 17, 2015
Louis Jourdan, 1921-2015
"Ida" exhibition in Łódź
Gale Sondergaard-1899-1985
Another not-so-good 60s style movie
Another set of movies back after long absences
Is it a TCM premiere
Briefs and a history lesson
The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer
God (or Hollywood screenwriters) save Tyrone Power...
Lizabeth Scott, 1922-2015
King of the Khyber Rifles
Briefs for February 6, 2015
Mary Healy, 1918-2015
I don't care very much
Burned alive
Another round of FXM repeats
Frank Lloyd, 1886-1960
The Wind and the Lion
Oscar-nominated shorts again
Blogs for fellow cineasts
journeysinclassicfilm.com/
1939: Hollywood's Greatest Year
Wandering through the Shelves
Thursday Movie Picks #262: Blockbuster Flops
She Likes Movies
Futurama May Be Right
Another Old Movie Blog
One Small Step - The Moon Landing and the Movies of the Day
Noirsville - the film noir
Noirsville Neo Noir Gif Of The Week
Drew Demorest
A TRIBUTE TO GARY BEACH - ONE YEAR LATER
Out of the Past ~ A Classic Film Blog
Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blache
2019 Blind Spot Series: Gone with the Wind
The 100 Project: The Top 10 Movies of 1989
Mike's Take On the Movies | Rediscovering Cinema Past
Creature With the Atom Brain (1955)
Motion Picture Gems
Agnes Varda short films
Once upon a screen...
Flicker Alley and Universal Pictures Present Paul Leni's THE MAN WHO LAUGHS (1928) The Tortured Smile "Hear how they laugh at me. Nothing but a clown!"
Just The Discs - Episode 115 - NIGHT OF THE CREEPS (with Joe Lynch)
Riding the High Country
Floods of Fear
Classic Movie Ramblings
Princess of the Nile (1954)
Win The Blu-ray Set "The Extraordinary World Of Charley Bowers" And Rediscover A Quirky Forgotten Genius!
Caftan Woman
THE JANET LEIGH BLOGATHON: Columbo, Forgotten Lady (1975)
In The Good Old Days Of Classic Hollywood.
THE FOURTH ANNUAL OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND BLOGATHON IS HERE
Suddenly, a shot rang out ... | Film and TV For No Apparent Reason
Ophelia (2019)
Java's Journey
Deanna Durbin and Her VHS Tapes
KG's Movie Rants
Iron Man 3 Review
Celluloid Club
Le Beau Serge
Big Screen Small Words
5-Star Predictions: Film Version
Films on the Box
Trader Horn (1931)
A Fistful of Films
2017 January Music Report Card
Movie classics
Under Capricorn (Alfred Hitchcock, 1949)
Immortal Ephemera
The Good Fairy (1935) Starring Margaret Sullavan and Herbert Marshall
Lasso The Movies
Rachel and the Stranger (1948)- Norman Foster
Ted S. (Just a Cineast)
Living in the middle of nowhere, kicking back with classic movies. Email me


text:
Retailers are tracking you in hundreds of ways; here are three
Version 4.0 of RetailNext's in-store analytics platform includes gender demographics, employee detection and full-floor heat maps.
By Andrew Nusca for Between the Lines | June 13, 2013 -- 13:44 GMT (06:44 PDT) | Topic: Start-Ups
Fun fact: today's brick-and-mortar retailers are tracking your progress through their stores with heat maps.
Retailers have a lot more than that at their disposal, in truth, thanks to software companies such as RetailNext.
This morning, the company updated its in-store analytics platform, adding gender demographics, employee detection and the aforementioned full-floor heat maps to give retail execs a better sense of how you're shopping.
It's not just a matter of customer intelligence, either — the San Diego, Calif.-based company pitches its platform as a way to increase sales and reduce theft, too.
Some of the tech is startling. "Gender detection" can determine just that, making you wonder what the rules are for such a thing. "Employee detection" does so through the use of Wi-Fi-based identification tags that employees carry around in their pockets.
And those heat maps? They give a far more granular view of which areas of the store are more- and less-frequently trafficked. (Which is better than analyzing the scuffs on the floor.)
The insights can all be viewed on a mobile device, too.
So the next time you're walking through a store, don't just smile — dance. You're on candid camera, hundreds of times over.
E-Commerce Tech Industry Innovation CXO Government Smart Cities
More from Andrew Nusca
Can you crowdsource a sales team? Yes.
For BYOD, gaining control is about letting go
It's been five crazy years. I'm out, scout
These last four years have been wild. Here's to another four
Data Republic facilitates 'diplomatic' data sharing on AWS
Australia's Data Republic has created a place for data insights to be shared without the need to move data.
YL Ventures secures $120 million to fund Israeli cybersecurity startups
The current YLV portfolio includes Karamba Security, Axonius, Medigate, Vulcan Cyber, Hunters.ai, and most recently, Orca Security.
Risk protection startup Digital Shadows scores AU$10m investment led by NAB
The company will use the cash injection to expand into the Asia Pacific region.
Estonia's new e-residency security focus: 'You can't launder money with a digital ID'
Instead of the goal of gaining 10 million e-residents by 2025, Estonia is now focusing on security and usability.
Hyundai and Kia invest $4.2m in new Korean cab-calling app
The app, Macaron Taxi, currently has a fleet of 200 cars with Hyundai and Kia expected to supply it with more vehicles.
Lair of robot sea snake: In the depths, this autonomous guardian lies ready to work
An underwater autonomous vehicle is being tested deep in a Norwegian fjord before moving to offshore oil fields.
Singapore sets up inter-agency digital team with aim to create 10,000 tech jobs
Employees from Economic Development Board, Enterprise Singapore, and Infocomm Media Development Authority form a new office that aims to drive growth opportunities and serve ...
Apple buys self-driving startup Drive.ai: Report
The startup shut down its operations a fortnight ago.
Carbon raises $260 million to grow its digital manufacturing platform
The 3D printing player plans to use the cash injection to fuel research and development of its 3D printing platform and expand internationally.


This week I interviewed Rachel, better known here as supersoftdrink. Over the past year or so, she has posted a series of practical and heartwarming projects on Instructables. I had the chance to ask her a few questions about her projects, her children, and how she balances creativity and responsibility. Here's what she had to say.
How did you discover the site and what inspired you to start posting projects?
My husband Josh showed me. He and I always loved learning how things were made and tried making various things when we had time and resources. I think he found the site after browsing Makezine.com ages ago.
In... either July or August of 2010, I spent enough time on Instructables to find the contest page.
I wanted to enter a contest as a way to say, "Hey, look, I can make stuff too! Deep in my cave, I still exist!" Posting instructables is my way of shouting to the world that part of me is still thoughtful, random, impulsive, passionate, creative and coherent, even though we almost never go out and I'm so busy I can barely shower often enough to not stink myself out. Here, I can belong to something with anonymous friends, discover their cool ideas and projects, and contribute my own stuff for them to see.
Of all the projects that you have posted, which is your favorite?
I have two favorites. The foam nest bed I recently posted was one favorite because it's been so helpful and beneficial for Abigail. The potty training belt was my other favorite because it allowed me to share some of what I've learned about autism. I know some parents and caregivers have a hard time understanding and getting through to children on the autism spectrum, and I think there are still lots of misconceptions, especially from the so-called experts.
As a mother of children with special needs/abilities, how do you balance your time and still manage to be such a prolific author on Instructables?
When Abigail first came home from the hospital at about 7 weeks old, she was very fragile and needed a lot of complicated medical care. Her twin sister and older brother also needed a lot of attention, and I had no help. Josh was under a lot of deadline pressure at work and was barely able to come home long enough to eat a bit, sleep, and shower. I made a schedule to make sure I wasn't late giving her a feeding or one of her medications or skip pumping. Lilith was nursing, but I had to pump for Abigail in order to add stuff to her milk. If I didn't pump every 3 hours, I wouldn't produce enough milk for both girls. I looked at my schedule and realized that, just taking care of necessities with a 19 month old boy and twin newborns, I only had enough time for 3 hours of sleep per night total, in 20 minute increments. Kids grew, Abigail needed less medication, another open heart surgery went by, and she was put on a feeding pump due to a complication. Eventually, all kids grew old enough to sleep through the night. Gradually, I got more time and more sleep.
Back then, people would tell me what a great job I was doing, and it perplexed me. I was simply a robot on autopilot; there wasn't really room to be great or horrible. Once people's immediate needs were taken care of, it was time to rest for a little while before they needed me again.
Life is a lot easier now than it was back then, I think. It's hard to remember thinking or feeling much of anything back then because I was so tired (at least, I suspect I felt tired... it's hard to say for sure). I still don't have a whole lot of free time, but I take what time I can in order to do something interesting or vaguely creative. I always have way too many ideas in my head, and it feels maddening to never get any of them out into reality. Some things I try haphazardly and quickly, caring more about just trying it than making sure it's a rousing success. This keeps me sane. I played a robot during the most intensive part of my children's lives, but I can't do it long term. If I have to wait until the kids go to bed and trade some of my sleep to try a project in order to cling to some semblance of sanity and stay out of an asylum, so be it.
I hate to admit it, but my instructables are generally pretty rushed. I could probably do a more careful job if I didn't have kids, but I wouldn't trade my kids or anything about them for all the universe. Sure, I'm busy, sure, things sometimes get stressful, but I'm happy. They seem happy. Josh is usually happy when he's not stressed about work deadlines.
A fair number of my instructables are food related. That's because it's quick and easy to post a recipe and take pictures, since I'm cooking for my family already. Maybe a chocolate tree wouldn't normally be on the menu, but it's fun to have unusual treats here and there.
Sometimes my projects fill a need in my family, and I figure I might as well snap some pictures with my phone as I'm making them, so I can show others how to do what I did. I'd love to share certain things I've learned and discovered with others, especially parents of special needs children.
What inspires you to create and share your projects?
Thanks to my ADD, ideas in my head spawn at a million miles an hour and can be triggered by almost anything. Sometimes when an instructables contest is posted, I'm awake all night because my brain is so loud with ideas about the contest theme shooting in every direction.
Usually a project I make is either done to get an idea out and keep sanity, or to address some need (like the animal book I recently made for Benjamin... I haven't posted an instructable on that one, though).
I share them because I've gotten so much joy and inspiration from other people's projects. I figure if I can learn how to do something, I should let others benefit from my project the way I've benefited from other people's.
Make more stuff. Self reliance and innovation are the antidotes to our mass slavery to large corporations.
Crops grown by conglomerate farms are becoming less diverse, and might be covered with pathogens. Fashionable clothes made in sweat shops and sold by big box stores might not be to your taste or flatter your body shape. Toys might be loud or tainted with lead or fail to encourage children's creativity. The more you make, the more choice and control you can exert over your own life.
It bears repeating: make more stuff!
As of late Supersoftdrink and her wonderful family have fallen on hard times. More information about the situation and how you can help can be found here.
Or if you would rather make something, here is information on how to send them a Valentine which is sure to raise morale.


Edge connector sockets consist of a plastic "box" open on one side, with pins on one or both side(s) of the longer edges, sprung to push into the middle of the open center. Connectors are often keyed to ensure the correct polarity, and may contain bumps or notches both for polarity and to ensure that the wrong type of device is not inserted. The socket's width is chosen to fit to the thickness of the connecting PCB.
The opposite side of the socket is often an insulation-piercing connector which is clamped onto a ribbon cable. Alternatively, the other side may be soldered to a motherboard or daughtercard.
Edge connectors are commonly used in personal computers for connecting expansion cards and computer memory to the system bus. Example expansion peripheral technologies which use edge connectors include PCI, PCI Express, and AGP. Slot 1 and Slot A also used edge connectors; the processor being mounted on a card with an edge connector, instead of directly to the motherboard as before and since.
IBM PCs used edge connector sockets attached to ribbon cables to connect 5.25" floppy disk drives. 3.5" drives use a pin connector instead.
Video game cartridges typically take the form of a PCB with an edge connector: the socket is located within the console itself. The Nintendo Entertainment System was unusual in that it was designed to use a zero insertion force edge connector: instead of the user forcing the cartridge into the socket directly, the cartridge was first placed in a bay and then mechanically lowered into position.
^ "Nintendo News, Previews, Reviews, Editorials and Interaction". Nintendojo.com. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
This page was last edited on 13 February 2019, at 05:10 (UTC).


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
In compromise with SF Supervisor Peskin, Uber and Lyft agree to new ride tax
Carolyn Said
An Uber car is seen next to a Muni stop on Market Street on Friday, December 17, 2016 in San Francisco, Calif.Amy Osborne/Special To The Chronicle
San Francisco lawmakers want to tax Uber and Lyft rides, and both companies say that's OK with them.
The proposed tax eliminates a ballot initiative that Supervisor Aaron Peskin had planned for November that would have asked voters to tax ride-hailing companies' gross receipts at rates up to 0.975 percent. Peskin withdrew that measure after weeks of negotiations with Uber and Lyft produced an agreement to tax only net fares, excluding additional charges such as tolls, airport fees and tips to drivers.
That change was much more palatable to Uber and Lyft, because they wouldn't have to pay taxes on money they don't receive.
Uber and Lyft were motivated to avoid a bruising ballot campaign in their hometown, according to sources close to the talks. The gross-receipts tax had the backing of San Francisco's supervisors and was expected to easily reach the 50 percent margin it needed to pass.
"This is a win-win for everyone," Peskin said in a statement. "I'm optimistic that this concession on the part of the (ride-hailing companies) signals a shift in their corporate culture and a willingness to work with — not fight with — local governments."
The proposed tax, which applies only to trips that originate in San Francisco, would levy a 3.25 percent tax on net rider fares for single-party trips and 1.5 percent on shared rides. Still up for discussion: the tax rate for para-transit rides, hybrid and electric vehicles, trips originating in low-income areas and trips that start after midnight.
More on Uber and Lyft
How Uber and Lyft are scooting their way to global domination of transport
Here are all the unspoken rules of Uber and Lyft
The money, which Peskin's office said would amount to $30 million annually over the first few years, would be administered by the San Francisco County Transportation Authority and devoted to transit uses. Money from the now-withdrawn gross-receipts tax would have gone to the general fund. Uber and Lyft could pass along some or all of the tax to riders.
The tax would start in January 2020 and would sunset in 2045.
Implementing it would require several steps.
First, state lawmakers must pass a bill affirming San Francisco's authority to levy local taxes on ride-hail and robot-cab trips. Assemblyman Phil Ting, D-San Francisco, is on board to author the state legislation and both Sen. Scott Wiener and Assemblyman David Chiu say they support it. Finally, city voters would have to pass a ballot measure in November 2019 by two-thirds because the tax would go to a specific purpose and not the city's general fund.
Since the city, lawmakers and the companies agree on the tax, and there is no known opposition, those steps are not formidable.
See MoreCollapse
"Uber is pleased to reach an agreement that will bring dedicated transportation funding to San Francisco," Alex Randolph, Uber policy lead in Northern California, said in a statement. "We appreciate the constructive and good faith negotiations with San Francisco lawmakers and we look forward to working with city and state officials to ensure a successful campaign in 2019."
Lyft said in a statement: "Lyft is focused on improving transportation in cities and we recognize the importance of reliable transportation in San Francisco. We are glad to have arrived at a solution that will help keep ride share convenient and affordable and look forward to continuing these conversations with city and state officials."
Carolyn Said is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: csaid@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @csaid
Reach Carolyn on
Carolyn Said, an enterprise reporter for The San Francisco Chronicle, covers transformation: how society, business, culture, education and other institutions are changing. Her stories shed light on the human impact of sweeping trends. As a reporter at The Chronicle since 1997, she has also covered the on-demand industry, the foreclosure crisis, the dot-com rise and fall, the California energy crisis and the fallout from economic downturns.


The beautiful surroundings of the Château d'Enghien and its park, shaped by history and part of a region with a long-standing tradition of cultural and linguistic exchanges, will form the backdrop to the 2019 Enghien International Musical Encounters Summer Session.
The Château d'Enghien was commissioned by the d'Arenberg family and built on an orangerie. In 1907, Baron François Empain purchased the park and started construction work on the Château. The central structure was finished in 1913, and the two wings added in 1926. The manor was designed by the architect Alexandre Marcel, who also participated in building the Egyptian city of Heliopolis for the Empain family, as well as the family's residence in Egypt (Hindu Palace). The exceptional park and the Château itself have been owned by the municipality of Enghien since 1986. "The gardens of Enghien are the most beautiful and extraordinary place in the world, but describing them would take a lifetime." (Memoirs of Mademoiselle de Montpensier).
Exit 23 (Maisières). Head toward Soignies.
At Soignies, head toward Enghien (Edingen).
From downtown Enghien, follow signs for the park ("Parc"), as indicated above.
From exit 21 (Halle), take A8/E429 toward Tournai (Doornik).
From A8/E429, take exit 26 toward Enghien (Edingen).
At the exit, turn rights toward "Enghien-Centre"and follow signs for the park ("Parc").
The Château is located within the park.
20 minutes. Direct connection at Brussels South station every hour.


text:
Reuben T Sacket
Father Samuel Sacket MD (1754-1833)
Mother Sarah Manning (c 1760-c 1813)
Reuben T Sacket, son of Samuel Sacket MD and Sarah Manning, was born in Kent, Litchfield County, ConnecticutG, on 16 January 1778.1,2 He died in Catahoula Parish, LouisianaG, on 24 December 1823.2,3 He married first in LouisianaG in about 1810, Marie Ann Poiret.3 He married second at Rapides Parish, LouisianaG, on 26 July 1821, Martha Ann Nugent.3
Reuben Sacket served in the War of 1812 as a Captain in the Louisiana Militia.4
Child of Reuben T Sacket and Marie Ann Poiret
Ann Lucie Sackett3 b. 6 Nov 1811
Child of Reuben T Sacket and Martha Ann Nugent
Reuben T Sackett Jr+ b. 19 Jul 1822, d. 13 Aug 1864
Sackett Family Association descendants
Carroll M Lawson, Patrick Kelly and Jessie Kelly.
Appears in Sacketts in the Military
Charts Line 3a (American)
Barbour Collection of Connecticut Vital Records, "Sackett, Reuben, s. Samuel & Sarah, b. Jan. 16, 1778. Kent Vital Records, 2:139."
Charles Weygant, The Sacketts of America, "1534. Reuben T. Sacket, b. Jan. 16, 1778, d. in year 1823."
Email from Thurmon King to Sackett List.
Email from Carroll Lawson to Sackett List, "Reuben T Sackett (Sr.), son of Dr. Samuel Sackett, Revolutionary War Surgeon, was a Captain in De Clouet's Regiment of The Louisiana Militia during the War of 1812 and was stationed at English turn in the New Orleans La. area, he served earlier in the Louisiana Militia as a Private in 1806."
Generation.Tree 1534.7O.3a
Sackett line 6th great-grandson of Thomas Sackett the elder