text:
Thomas Posey: An Illegitimate Son of George Washington?
Thomas Posey
Thomas Posey lived a life of public service. Posey rose through the ranks of the military during the Revolution. After the Revolution, Posey rose to the rank of brigadier general and participated in Indian fighting in the northwest. Posey served as a territorial governor for Indiana and then as an agent for Indian Affairs until his death in 1818.
According to family lore, Thomas Posey was the illegitimate child of George Washington. Friends of the family who knew Posey claimed the physical similarities between the two were striking. For almost two generations historians have argued the connection between Posey and Washington. The case appears flimsy. The Posey family were neighbors of Washington, living six miles away from Mount Vernon, but the two families were engaged more in business than social endeavors.
Thomas Posey was born July 9, 1750. Posey described his parentage as being "respectable." Posey acknowledged his financial status as being "without fortune, but of tolerable English education." He set forth into the frontier to find fame and fortune, which he did in Indiana. So why is it that some people believe that Thomas Posey could have been an illegitimate child of George Washington?
In 1871, the first published story of a possible direct heir to George Washington was printed in Indiana. The article detailed the family's oral tradition. The article indicated Posey's mother was a widow and had an illicit affair with Washington in 1754. Subsequent publications continued to use the same date as the first article, neglecting to cite the fact that Thomas Posey was actually born in 1750, four years before the alleged affair.
Mystery writer Andrew Mills has come up with a new twist on this old story, one that involves murder and mayhem at Mount Vernon.
Mystery Writer: Andrew Mills
The Washington Heir: Paperpack
The Washington Heir: E-Book
Murder in Colonial Virginia
A quick historical look at murder most foul in the Virginia of colonial times and the early Republic. Behind the facade of graceful mansions and quaint cobblestone streets evil lurks.
Labels: George Washington
Northern Virginia Snow in the 18th and 19th Centuries
Weather information goes back a long time in Virginia, thanks to record keeping by observers such as George Washington, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Snow is the most common form of natural disaster in Northern Virginia. George Washington recorded that a gigantic snow storm on January 28, 1772 left thirty six inches of snow on the ground in Northern Virginia. This number is the unofficial record for the area, assuming that Washington's measurements were accurate. Washington also reported a late season cold snap, with spits of snow and a hard wind on May 4, 1774. During the winter of 1783-1784 the Potomac River froze over in November and the ice did not break up until March 15. The previous year an entire regiment of the Virginia infantry marched across the frozen Rappahannock River.
The great winter events of the 19th century were the "Great Arctic Outbreak of '99" and the "Great Eastern Blizzard of '99". On February 11, Quantico recorded a record low of -20°F. The blizzard struck on Valentine's Day, dropping thirty four inches on Northern Virginia. The winter of 1898-1899 was so cold throughout the United States that ice flowed down the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico.
How Martha Washington Lived: 18th Century Customs
Love, Sex, and Marriage in Colonial America 1607-1800
Gifts for Dogs and Dog Lovers
Labels: George Washington, Northern Virginia, weather
A Biblical Dust Storm Comes to Washington
Dust Storm
Few things motivate politicians like impending doom. One of the most peculiar natural phenomena to strike the Washington area was a gigantic dust storm blowing in from the Great Plains. Years of environmental mismanagement on the Great Plains set the stage for a natural calamity.
In 1931, a drought hit the Great Plains. Crops died and because the ground cover keeping the soil in place was gone, the naturally windy area began whipping up dust. Dust storms became problematic and continued to grow in intensity. In 1934 an enormous storm drove 350 tons of silt across the Great Plains as far as the East Coast. Ships three hundred miles off shore in the Atlantic reported collecting dust on their decks.
In April 1935, a dust storm arrived in Northern Virginia from the Great Plains. A dusty gloom spread over the region and blotted out the sun. Meanwhile, in downtown Washington, conservationist Hugh Hammond Bennett was testifying before Congress about the need for soil conservation. Bennett explained, (pointing to the darkened skies over Washington) "This, gentlemen, is what I have been talking about." Congress passed the Soil Conservation Act the same year.
Wars and Invasions (Four alternative history stories)
Labels: environment, Washington
Slavery in Northern Virginia
Interior of Slave Pen in Alexandria, Virginia
The vast majority of male slaves worked as farmhands. Others worked as laborers, waiters, blacksmiths, drivers and servants at inns. Although the free labor of the slave was the most obvious economic benefit to the owner, slaves were also a liquid asset. The selling or hiring out of excess slaves to the labor hungry cotton plantations of the Deep South was a source of revenue for many slaveholders in Virginia. A slave woman was commonly esteemed less for her laboring qualities, and most for those qualities which gave her value as a broodmare. In 1857, a Richmond newspaper price list quoted the price of a "number one man…extra (fine)" at $1,450 - $1,550. "Good" at $1,200 - $1,250. Women sold for twenty percent less.
To appreciate the hold that slavery had on the sense of economic well-being of both the slave owning and the general populations, it is important to recognize the economic pervasiveness of slavery in Virginia. In 1860 Virginia had the largest number of slaves of any state in the Union. One out of every three white families in what is modern day Virginia owned slaves, making it similar to such Deep South states as Alabama, Louisiana and Georgia. A slave worth $1,800 in 1860 would have a current value of some $49,000, the price of a new luxury car. So, even a modest slave owner would have a large economic stake in perpetuating the institution.
Even a cursory examination of the writings of the time suggests that slavery led many slave owners not to empathize with the humanity of slaves. The Alexandria Gazette of January 2, 1850, for example, put reward notices for a runaway slave named Wallace aged twenty one and a missing black horse aged seven years side by side, as though these notices belonged in the same category.
Non-slave owners, without the motive of economic self-interest blinding them, could recognize the inherent problem of slavery in Virginia. The Benevolent Society of Alexandria for Ameliorating and Improving the Condition of the People of Color, for example, published a statement stating,
"These enormous cruelties cannot be practiced among us, without producing a sensible effect upon the morale of the community: for the temptation to participate in so lucrative a traffic, though stained with human blood, is too great to be withstood by all; and even many of those who do not directly participate in it, become so accustomed to its repulsive features, that they cease to discourage it in others."
Women Doctors in the Civil War
A quick look at women doctors and medicine in the Civil War for the general reader. Technologically, the American Civil War was the first "modern" war, but medically it still had its roots in the Middle Ages. In both the North and the South, thousands of women served as nurses to help wounded and suffering soldiers and civilians. A few women served as doctors, a remarkable feat in an era when sex discrimination prevented women from pursuing medical education, and those few who did were often obstructed by their male colleagues at every turn.
Labels: American Civil War, Northern Virginia, slavery
Free Blacks in Prince William County Virginia in 1860
The Robinson Farm
Although only about one tenth the size of the slave population, Virginia had the largest free black population in the Union (some 30,000 plus). Freedom was the greatest gift a master could bestow upon a slave, but the situation of the free black was only a little better than that of the slave.
Free blacks could not vote in Virginia, they were required to register every three years, and to pay for certificates of freedom. It was unlawful for free blacks to organize their own schools. Free blacks were feared and mistrusted. They were accused of being unwilling to work, of spreading discontent among the slaves, and of causing a disproportionate amount of crime. Several Virginia governors advocated that all free blacks be forcibly expelled from the state. The Assembly did not enact this legislation but did pass laws providing for voluntary re-enslavement.
Despite stifling restrictions, many free blacks managed to improve their lot. A freed slave named Jim Robinson, the illegitimate son of Landon Carter of Pittsylvania, operated a drover's tavern along the Alexandria and Warrenton Turnpike, near Manassas Junction. Eventually he was able to purchase his wife and three of his five children as well as buy several hundred acres of land. He was unable to purchase his sons Alfred and James, both of whom were talented stonemasons, who had been sold south and eventually ended up in New Orleans. James' fate is unknown, but Alfred returned to Northern Virginia in 1888.
The Robinson family continued to work their farm after the Civil War. The farm was sold to the Department of the Interior in 1934 to become part of the Manassas National Battlefield. Prior to selling their farm, the Robinson family acted as informal stewards of their part of the battlefield, taking Confederate remains to a small cemetery to join an estimated 500 unknown soldiers. The family philosophy was summed up in the phrase, "Just remember, these remains belonged to someone's son who did not want to die in this manner."
Runaway Slaves in Virginia
White Virginians wanted to believe that their slaves were basically happy, to the point that they would prefer to serve their masters rather than to choose their own freedom.
Slave flight, "running away," the most common form of slave resistance, called into question the notion of benevolent paternalism and struck particularly hard at the idea that slaves were basically happy.
Posted by asgcam at 12:49 PM 0 comments
Labels: African American history, African Americans, free blacks, slavery
President Taft Gets a Bumpy Ride.
On July 21, 1911 President William Howard Taft was scheduled to address a group of Union and Confederate veterans in Manassas, Virginia at the Jubilee of Peace, celebrating national reconciliation on the fiftieth anniversary of the First Battle ofManassas. At the suggestion of his military aide, Major Archibald Butt, the President decided to motor to Manassas rather than take the train. Numerous Congressmen bent on making political points with the visiting veterans accompanied the President. The Presidential party, due in Manassas at four o'clock, set out from the White House in four motor cars at half past twelve. About five miles from the town of Fairfax clouds began to gather, and the caravan made speed to reach the town before the storm broke. The storm was short and sharp, a regular cloud burst.
The President had lunch in Fairfax and then set out again for Manassas before three. According to Major Butt, "[we] were bumped and jolted over the worst road I have ever seen" before coming to a motorcar stranded in a stream filled with frantic people. It was part of the Presidential party, a car filled with Senators. Major Butt waded into the stream and found the lowest point. The rest of the cars proceeded to ford the stream, laughing at the stranded Senators as they passed. The laughter was short lived. The party soon reached Little Rocky Creek, a stream even more treacherous than the first. Another car was put out of commission. The two remaining cars retraced their bumpy route and re-crossed the first stream trying to make a detour that locals said would take the President into Manassas. As the party re-crossed the first stream yet another car stuck fast in the water. From here the trip was uneventful, except for twice frightening horses on the road. Just after passing Centreville the President's car ran into dust, for between there and Manassas not a drop of rain had fallen. At the edge of town the President's car was met by a troop of cavalry and through clouds of dust the President was escorted into town.
According to Major Butt, once at the Peace Jubilee the President gave, "…a flubdub speech about the Blue and Gray which brought tears to the eyes of the veterans of both sides and smiles to the faces of politicians. Every politician has a canned speech up his sleeve for these reunions, and while they all smile while someone else makes them, yet they take themselves most seriously when making them themselves."
While the President gave his speech two members of his staff scurried about trying to see what could be done about getting back to Washington by train. They succeeded in finding a railroad magnate with a private railway car, which he put at the disposal of the President. When the President arrived at the little depot at seven, there were gathered most of the party that had set out from Washington, bedraggled, wet and thirsty. They had arrived in carts, in buggies, and in "any old vehicle which they could hire along the road."
Labels: Manassas, William Howard Taft
The First Civil War Peace Jubilee
President Taft addresses the Peace Jubilee
On July 21, 1911, the town of Manassas, Virginia hosted a Peace Jubilee to mark the 50th anniversary of the Civil War's first great battle. George Carr Round, a Union veteran who settled in Manassas, is credited with organizing this gesture of reconciliation.
According to a contemporary account, "The Peace Jubilee, when a northern President, William Howard Taft, and a southern Governor, William H. Mann, of Virginia, shook hands during the exercises, like the 1,000 veterans of blue and gray present, symbolized the cementing of the two sections." This was the first time in history when survivors of a great battle met fifty years after and exchanged friendly greetings at the place of actual combat.
At noon on July 21, the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Manassas, the veterans moved to the top of Henry Hill. When the signal was given, the veterans marched forward with hands outstretched. For five minutes they shook hands. The day was capped off by an address by President Taft.
According to Major Archibald Butt, President Taft's military aide, once at the Peace Jubilee the President gave, "…a flub dub speech about the Blue and Gray which brought tears to the eyes of the veterans of both sides and smiles to the faces of politicians. Every politician has a canned speech up his sleeve for these reunions, and while they all smile while someone else makes them, yet they take themselves most seriously when making them themselves."
Labels: American Civil War, Manassas, Peace Jubilee, Virginia
The Death of Major General Philip Kearny (The Battle of Chantilly)
Major General Philip Kearny
Union Major General Philp Kearny lost an arm in the Mexican War and commanded French troops in the Italian War. Philip Kearny had the most combat experience of any General of either side at the start of the Civil War. Kearny took command of the First New Jersey Brigade, and trained it to be an efficient fighting force. At the Battle of Williamsburg, Kearny led a charge against Confederate troops with a sword in his one hand, and the reins of his horse in his teeth. He was beloved and respected by common soldiers. In August, 1862, General Philip Kearny led his division at the Second Battle of Manassas, which saw the Union Army routed and nearly destroyed. Kearny retreated toward Washington and fought the pursuing Confederates on September 1, 1862, at the Battle of Chantilly.
Responding to warnings about his safety, he said, "The Rebel bullet that can kill me has not yet been molded." Encountering Confederate troops, Kearny refused a demand to surrender and was shot while trying to retreat. He died instantly. Confederate Maj. General A.P. Hill said, "…he deserved a better fate than to die in the mud." Kearny's body was sent to the Union line by Robert E. Lee under a flag of truce, and his death was mourned by officers on both sides. Kearny's body was embalmed and sent north for burial. Embalming methods advanced rapidly during the war. Dr. Thomas Holmes received a commission from the Army Medical Corps to embalm the corpses of dead Union officers to return to their families. Military authorities also permitted private embalmers to work in military-controlled areas.
Kearny was buried in New York. In 1912, his remains were exhumed and re-interred at Arlington National Cemetery. The re-interment drive was spearheaded by Charles F. Hopkins, who had served under Kearny. There is a statue in Kearny's honor at Arlington National Cemetery, one of only two equestrian statues at Arlington. The statue was dedicated by President Woodrow Wilson in November, 1914. The statue was refurbished in 1996 by the non-profit New Jersey, General Philip Kearny Memorial Committee.
The Great Northern Rebellion of 1860 (alternate history)
In 1860, disgruntled secessionists in the deep North rebel against the central government and plunge America into Civil War. Will the Kingdom survive? The land will run red with blood before peace comes again.
Labels: American Civil War, Battle of Chantilly
The Grand Army of the Republic 1866 -1956
Established in 1866, The Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) was a fraternal organization of Union veterans. This photograph shows Union veterans marching at the 36th National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) in Washington, D.C. on October, 1902. The organization disbanded in 1956 with the death of the last Union veteran.
The last Union veteran, Willard Woolson died in 1956 at the age of 106. Woolson was a drummer boy. The last Union combat soldier, James Hard, died in 1953 at the age of 109.
Claims and counter-claims swirl around the age and status of the last veterans, both Union and Confederate. The last verifiable Confederate veteran is thought to have been Pleasant Riggs Crump (1847-1951), although several men subsequently claimed to be the "oldest" Confederate soldier. Crump was from Alabama and served at the siege of Petersburg.
The last American slave is thought to have been Sylvester Magee who died in 1971 at the purported age of 130. There is no birth certificate to verify his birth date.
Love, Sex, and Marriage in the Civil War
A brief look at love, sex, and marriage in the Civil War. The book covers courtship, marriage, birth control and pregnancy, divorce, slavery and the impact of the war on social customs.
Labels: American Civil War, G.A.R, Grand Army of the Republic
George Washington's Church During the Civil War
While many churches were turned into hospitals and stables during the occupation of Alexandria, Virginia, Christ Church's reputation as George Washington's place of worship preserved it as a church.
Union Army Lt. Charles Haydon found Alexandria, "A quaint, old looking place….There is not a half hour in the day that I do not have his (George Washington's) presence associated with the surrounding scenery." Lt Haydon mused, "It would do us all good to spend an hour at the grave of Washington in tears over the fate of our country." Union army chaplains conducted services in the church, where a Union army congregation grew up. Most of the original parishioners worshipped with other Southern sympathizers elsewhere.
Union soldiers vandalized the grave of Eleanor Wren at Christ Church, changing her age at death from "32" to "132". According to contemporary reports, "The streets were crowded with intoxicated soldiery; murder was of almost hourly occurrence, and disturbances, robbery, and rioting were constant. The sidewalks and docks were covered with drunken men, women, and children, and quiet citizens were afraid to venture (out)".
By the summer of 1863 the Alexandria Gazette reported, old residents of Alexandria had mostly departed. When the war ended, Christ Church was returned to its parishioners with its interior intact.
Alexandria, 1861-1865
Civil War Graves of Northern Virginia
Posted by asgcam at 11:45 AM 0 comments
Labels: Alexandria, American Civil War, American Civil War graves, Northern Virginia
The Remeum: The Remey Mausoleum
Remains of the Remeum
The "Remeum" was a huge family mausoleum erected, on land belonging to Pohick Church in Lorton Virginia, by controversial Baha'i faith leader, Charles Mason Remey. The Remeum was constructed over a twenty year period (1937-1958) until a disagreement between the Pohick Church and Remey resulted in legal action. The mausoleum was designed by Charles Remey as a memorial to his family's contributions to America. According to the Washington Evening Star and Daily News of April 9, 1973, the mausoleum was planned as a "magnificent complex of walled courtyards, underground chambers with soaring vaulted ceilings, marble reliefs and statues, carved pillars, chapels and burial vaults." Remey devoted most of his fortune to building this burial complex. Some two million bricks were used in its construction. Remey planned to build a huge three story structure above the underground mausoleum which would have dwarfed Pohick Church.
The completed sections of the Remeum complex included outer courtyards, an atrium, and the underground mausoleum. Costing millions of dollars, the complex featured bas reliefs and sculptures by the famous American sculptor Felix de Weldon, who created the iconic flag-raising Iwo Jima U.S. Marine Corps memorial located in Rossyln, Virginia. There were also sculptures by other artists decorating the various tombs, alcoves, and hallways of the gargantuan structure. Historic events in which the Remey family participated, from the landing of the Pilgrims to Pearl Harbor, were depicted. Two massive sleeping lions sculpted by Felix de Weldon guarded the entrance to the mausoleum. Inside the memorial chapel were life size statues depicting "Faith", and "Charity." Another series of carved reliefs illustrated the lives of saints. The complex was lit by electric chandeliers, had an extensive ventilation system, and plumbing.
Unguarded in what was then rural Virginia, the Remeum was frequently vandalized. Hundreds of vandals defaced the complex over the years. Fragments of smashed marble reliefs and statues littered the floors. Discarded beer cans and whiskey bottles were mixed with broken funeral urns and the ashes of the dead. Statues too large to steal were chipped or painted. With construction halted, Remey relinquished all rights to the Pohick Church in 1968. Remey was given five years to remove anything of value from the mausoleum. Remey's brother-in-law, a navy Admiral, transferred the remains of fifteen family members to Pompey, New York. Remey's wife Gertrude was reinterred in the Pohick Church Cemetery. The marker over her grave appears to be a marble plaque from the Remeum. The complex was dismantled over a period of ten years, being finally bulldozed over in 1983.
Historic Cemeteries of Northern Virginia
Northern Virginia's cemeteries are time capsules reflecting the region's 350 years of history. They offer a glimpse into the lives and fortunes of the famous, the infamous, and those who are remembered for loving their families, tending to their business, and quietly supporting their communities. There are some 1,000 cemeteries in Northern Virginia, ranging from small family plots to huge national cemeteries covering hundreds of acres. This book presents the history of the region through the medium of cemeteries. Every gravestone has a story to tell. Confederate raiders, freedmen, eccentrics, and nation builders lived and died in Northern Virginia. Sometimes, tombstones are all that remain of their stories. Often, finding their tombstones is the first step in rediscovering the stories of these figures.
Labels: historic cemeteries, Northern Virginia
Thomas Posey: An Illegitimate Son of George Washin...
The Death of Major General Philip Kearny (The Batt...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: determine if a string contains one of a set of words in an array I need a simple word filter that will kill a script if it detects a filtered word in a string.
say my words are as below
$showstopper = array(badword1, badword2, badword3, badword4);

$yourmouth = "im gonna badword3 you up";

if(something($yourmouth, $showstopper)){
//stop the show
}

A: You could implode the array of badwords into a regular expression, and see if it matches against the haystack. Or you could simply cycle through the array, and check each word individually.
From the comments:
$re = "/(" . implode("|", $showstopper) . ")/"; //  '/(badword1|badword2)/'
if (preg_match($re, $yourmouth) > 0) { die("foulmouth"); }

A: in_array() is your friend
    $yourmouth_array = explode(' ',$yourmouth);
    foreach($yourmouth_array as $key=>$w){
       if (in_array($w,$showstopper){
         // stop the show, like, replace that element with '***'
         $yourmouth_array[$key]= '***';
       }
    }
$yourmouth = implode(' ',$yourmouth_array);

A: You might want to benchmark this vs the foreach and preg_match approaches.
$showstopper = array('badword1', 'badword2', 'badword3', 'badword4');
$yourmouth = "im gonna badword3 you up";

$check = str_replace($showstopper, '****', $yourmouth, $count);
if($count > 0) {
     //stop the show
}

A: A fast solution involves checking the key as this does not need to iterate over the array.  It would require a modification of your bad words list, however.
$showstopper = array('badword1' => 1, 'badword2' => 1, 'badword3' => 1, 'badword4' => 1);
$yourmouth = "im gonna badword3 you up";

// split words on space
$words = explode(' ', $yourmouth);
foreach($words as $word) {
    // filter extraneous characters out of the word
    $word = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9]*/', '', $word);
    // check for bad word match
    if (isset($showstopper[$word])) {
        die('game over');
    }
}

The preg_replace ensures users don't abuse your filter by typing something like bad_word3.  It also ensures the array key check doesn't bomb.

A: not sure why you would need to do this but heres a way to check and get the bad words that were used
$showstopper = array(badword1, badword2, badword3, badword4);
$yourmouth = "im gonna badword3 you up badword1";

function badWordCheck( $var ) {

    global $yourmouth;
    if (strpos($yourmouth, $var)) {
        return true;
    }

}

print_r(array_filter($showstopper, 'badWordCheck'));

array_filter() returns an array of bad words, so if the count() of it is 0 nothign bad was said

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The following is a list of awards and honors conferred on Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist Lech Wałęsa.

Honors
Apart from his 1983 Nobel Peace Prize, Wałęsa has received many other international distinctions and awards. He has been named "Man of the Year" by Time Magazine (1981), The Financial Times (1980) and The Observer (1980). He was the first recipient of the Liberty Medal, on 4 July 1989 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and that same year received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is the third foreigner and the first non-head-of-state to have addressed a joint session of the United States Congress (15 November 1989).

On 8 February 2002, Wałęsa represented Europe, carrying the Olympic flag at the opening ceremonies of the XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, in company with Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Africa), John Glenn (the Americas), Kazuyoshi Funaki (Asia), Cathy Freeman (Oceania), Jean-Michel Cousteau (Environment), Jean-Claude Killy (Sport), and Steven Spielberg (Culture). Two years later, on 10 May 2004, Gdańsk International Airport was officially renamed Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport to commemorate a famous Gdańsk citizen, and his signature was incorporated into the airport's logo.

A month later, in June 2004, Wałęsa represented Poland at the state funeral of Ronald Reagan. On 11 October 2006, Wałęsa was  keynote speaker at the launch of "International Human Solidarity Day," proclaimed in 2005 by the United Nations General Assembly. In January 2007 Wałęsa spoke at a Taiwan event, "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies," in support of peace and democracy, along with other prominent world leaders and Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian.

On 25 April 2007, Wałęsa represented the Polish government at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin, former President of the Russian Federation. On 23 October 2009, he spoke at a conference in Gdansk of presidents of all European senates, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the first free parliamentary elections in a former communist country – the 1989 elections to the Polish Senate.

On 6 September 2011, Wałęsa rejected Lithuania's Order of Vytautas the Great as a result of constant discrimination on the part of the Lithuanian government towards its Polish minority.

Decorations

A partial list of Wałęsa's honors and awards.

State decorations

Orders and awards

Man of the Year prizes

Honorary

Honorary doctorates

Wałęsa has been awarded over 100 honorary doctorates  by universities around the world.

Honorary citizenship

Other

Places named after Lech Wałęsa

Buildings

Schools

Streets

See also
 Lech Wałęsa

References

External links

 List of international trips made by Lech Wałęsa

Awards and honors
Walesa, Lech

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Proving that a measure equals the spherical measure on $\Bbb S^{n-1}$: namely, $\mu= |\Bbb S^{n-2}|\sigma_{n-1}$ Let $n\ge 3$ and $\Bbb S^{n-1}$ denote the $n-1$-dimensional unit sphere in $\Bbb R^{n}$ namely, $\Bbb S^{n-1}= \{x \in \Bbb R^{n}: \|x\|=1\}$
For $v\in \Bbb S^{n-1}$ fixed we define
$$\Bbb S_v^{n-2}=\Bbb S^{n-1}\cap (\Bbb R v)^\bot$$ where $(\Bbb R v)^\bot$ is the orthogonal of $v$ in $\Bbb R^{n}$.  For $A\subset \Bbb S^{n-1}$
$$\mu(A)= \int_{\Bbb S^{n-1}}\mathcal{H}^{n-2}(A\cap\Bbb S_v^{n-2})d\sigma_{n-1}(v) $$
where $d\sigma_{n-1}$ represent the Lebesgue surface measure on $\Bbb S^{n-1}$ and $\mathcal{H}^{n-2}$ is the the $n-2$-Hausdorff measure.
Question: How can one prove that
$$\mu= |\Bbb S^{n-2}|\mathcal{H}^{n-1}¬\Bbb S_v^{n-1}:= |\Bbb S^{n-2}|\sigma_{n-1}$$
For further information also see this:How to prove that : $\mathcal{H}^{n-2}(\Bbb S_v^{n-2})=|\Bbb S^{n-2}|$


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The church serves both the Greek Orthodox Community of the Holy Trinity and the Russian Orthodox Parish of the Annunciation. Background, events, needs, donations.
The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain, Ecumenical Patriarchate. History, Archbishop, assistant bishops, administration, clergy, parishes & monasteries, Sacraments & Faith, Saints of the British Isles, library, news & forthcoming events, gallery, links.
St Ephraim the Syrian is an English-language 'New Calendar' parish of the Diocese of Sourozh, Moscow Patriarchate. Services: calendar of services at St Ephraim. Clergy and officers. Getting to services. Paskhalion.
A parish of the Diocese of Sourozh. Background, St Nicholas, services, events, contacts, choir, photos, camp, directions.


The Rochester Mini Maker Faire returns this week for its fourth annual showcase of invention, creativity, and resourcefulness, spotlighting not just the shiny end results, but also the process and the learning along the way. The first Maker Faire was founded in 2006 in the San Francisco Bay Area by the editors of "Make:" magazine, and has grown into a world-wide network of events. Rochester's faire is presented by New York State Association for Computers and Technologies in Education (NYSCATE), and organizers have nicknamed it "the Greatest Show (& Tell) on Earth." Last year's event hosted 130 maker exhibits and drew about 2,200 attendees.
Though "mini" is in its title, there's nothing little about it. This year's Maker Faire features more than 120 established and emerging local makers alike and their wide range of creative endeavors in the fields of science and tech, urban farming and sustainability, alternative energy, hand-made crafts, music, and more. Engineers and artists will show off their rockets and robots, mermaid tails, and Morris dances. The family-friendly event also features educational workshops and installations galore.
Rochester Mini Maker Faire will be held on Saturday, November 18, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at Rochester Riverside Convention Center (123 East Main Street). Advanced tickets are $9 for individuals and $30 for family passes, which admit two adults and up to three children ages 5 to 18 (children ages 4 and younger are admitted free with a paid adult). Day-of prices at the door are $12 per individual or $40 for family passes. 478-6898; rochester.makerfaire.com.


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text:
create table ACT_RU_TASK (
    ID_ varchar(64),
    REV_ integer,
    EXECUTION_ID_ varchar(64),
    PROC_INST_ID_ varchar(64),
    PROC_DEF_ID_ varchar(64),
    TASK_DEF_ID_ varchar(64),
    SCOPE_ID_ varchar(255),
    SUB_SCOPE_ID_ varchar(255),
    SCOPE_TYPE_ varchar(255),
    SCOPE_DEFINITION_ID_ varchar(255),
    NAME_ varchar(255),
    PARENT_TASK_ID_ varchar(64),
    DESCRIPTION_ varchar(4000),
    TASK_DEF_KEY_ varchar(255),
    OWNER_ varchar(255),
    ASSIGNEE_ varchar(255),
    DELEGATION_ varchar(64),
    PRIORITY_ integer,
    CREATE_TIME_ timestamp,
    DUE_DATE_ timestamp,
    CATEGORY_ varchar(255),
    SUSPENSION_STATE_ integer,
    TENANT_ID_ varchar(255) default '',
    FORM_KEY_ varchar(255),
    CLAIM_TIME_ timestamp,
    IS_COUNT_ENABLED_ boolean,
    VAR_COUNT_ integer,
    ID_LINK_COUNT_ integer,
    SUB_TASK_COUNT_ integer,
    primary key (ID_)
);

create index ACT_IDX_TASK_CREATE on ACT_RU_TASK(CREATE_TIME_);
create index ACT_IDX_TASK_SCOPE on ACT_RU_TASK(SCOPE_ID_, SCOPE_TYPE_);
create index ACT_IDX_TASK_SUB_SCOPE on ACT_RU_TASK(SUB_SCOPE_ID_, SCOPE_TYPE_);
create index ACT_IDX_TASK_SCOPE_DEF on ACT_RU_TASK(SCOPE_DEFINITION_ID_, SCOPE_TYPE_);

insert into ACT_GE_PROPERTY values ('task.schema.version', '6.4.1.1', 1);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package dustine.kismet.registry;

import dustine.kismet.Reference;
import dustine.kismet.tile.TileDisplay;
import net.minecraftforge.fml.common.registry.GameRegistry;

public class ModTiles {
    public static void init() {
        GameRegistry.registerTileEntity(TileDisplay.class, Reference.MOD_ID + ':' + Reference.Names.Tiles.TILE_DISPLAY);
    }
}


A very common and locally abundant tussocky grass of wet heaths, bogs, moorland etc., especially but not exclusively in upland areas. It grows up to about 2500 feet.
The flower spikes are narrow and bluish or purplish in colour.


text:
Celeb Corner
Open about his sexuality and buoyant about his art: Sujoy Prosad Chatterjee
June 1, 2018 July 19, 2022 | Jayeeta Ganguly
A multifaceted artist with a zeal for activism
Art and fashion and music
Coming out of the closet
Any relationships on the horizon?
What gives you the strength to carry on?
Kolkata-based interdisciplinary artist Sujoy Prosad Chatterjee has carved a niche for himself during his 15-year journey in the field of art and culture. He is also one of those kindled souls who, despite being aware of the challenges that lay ahead, peeled off his heterosexual mask and decided to 'come out of the closet'.
Sujoy, you certainly wear many hats as an interdisciplinary artist… You are an ideator, conceiving and presenting different cultural programmes; an elocutionist; an actor, showcasing your talent on stage and in films like the highly acclaimed Bengali film Belaseshe. You are also credited to be the first male to read the Vagina Monologues…
I am a playwright. I wrote the semi-autobiographical one-act play Happy Birthday and essayed the role of Rony Das, the protagonist. I've had to face abuse and ostracism because of my alternative sexual orientation. Happy Birthday acted as an outlet for my angst and turmoil. It also enabled me to travel to Toronto, Canada. I have even introduced Kolkata's only solo arts festival – the 'Monologues'.
You are also a teacher imparting knowledge in various disciplines and now you are curating for your own fashion line, Aatosh.
I always knew that my artistic pursuits would not be limited to the stage. Aatosh is in collaboration with Raanga, the fashion brand spearheaded by Chandreyee Ghosh and Aditi Roy. I am currently curating unisexual dhoti-pants and hue-pants for the line.
You have recently launched SPCKraft.
Launched on May 15th, SPCKraft is the very first interdisciplinary arts collective in Kolkata. It is my signature initiative and I am very excited about this venture and its endless possibilities.
Tell us about your recent Egypt trip.
I share a symbiotic relationship with Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore and it was such a phenomenal experience to present Tagore's timeless creations before the cognoscenti in Egypt. Eminent Rabindrasangeet exponent Prabuddha Raha, acclaimed pianist Dr Soumitra Sengupta and I had the good fortune to take our show 'Music Mind' to the Land of the Pharaohs. We were invited by the Indian Embassy of Egypt and supported by ICCR to take part in the Tagore Festival 2018. We performed in Cairo on May 6th and in Alexandria on May 7th.
Which artistic avenue are you planning to explore now?
Oh! There are so many, but I would like to don the mantle of a filmmaker someday soon.
How did you come to terms with your alternative sexual orientation?
It was one of the toughest periods of my life. I have been in relationships with women – sexual and otherwise – and in the beginning it was difficult for me to understand and process the newfound realisation that I had started liking men. I am an only child, but I regard Ms Anuradha Sen who now lives in Toronto, Canada as my sister. She helped me to process it all at a gradual pace.
How did your mother, Sucheta Chatterjee react when you told her about your sexual orientation?
My mother is my biggest inspiration. But, I am yet to have THE conversation with her. Initially, I did not tell her because I did not want to shock her. I thought I would gradually lead her towards it. I couldn't and now I am sure that she knows. She must have read about it in the media and or heard from various people. Recently, while having dinner my mother told me to 'Go and get married to a man, but do settle down. I don't want you to be alone after I am gone." Do you think I still need to tell her?
Related reading: How she came to accept that her son was gay even as her husband stayed aloof
What is your relationship status at the moment?
I am single. I had been in a serious relationship two years ago, but that did not end too well. It is never easy to find true love, but I am no longer interested in mindless sex. I am not in my 20s and 30s anymore; I am not going to indulge in anything that will make me challenge my own self-esteem – not any more.
Have you ever received any proposition from 'straight men'?
Oh! Yes! They either approach me directly or call to inform me that they are now in the 'experimental zone' and would like to 'do it with a man'. While I 'embrace their thoughts' and respect polyandry, I do not 'accept' such proposals. I refuse to be a guinea pig for someone else's experiment.
Is it true that you have recently received a marriage proposal from a girl…?
(Smiles affably.) She wrote to me stating that she is in love with me and despite being aware of my alternative sexual orientation she wants to marry me because of the kind of person I am. I had to, of course, reject her offer.
A large part of the Indian populace still has difficulty in accepting people with alternative sexual orientation…
But I am not looking for their acceptance. All I am asking is: Why is it so difficult to 'embrace my thoughts'? Each one of us is entitled to make different choices. We might not be able to accept those, but why can't we simply respect and embrace those choices?
Where do you get the strength to carry on?
First and foremost from my work and from every art form that I am associated with. My work acts like a balm and heals my scars. Another source is the man or the woman residing within me. It lashes out at me if I ever try to give up and says, 'You will do it' and then I simply do it. I also draw strength from my students, my friends and followers on social media and otherwise who enable me to learn about new perspectives – both in art and in life.
You are very vocal on social media. Is this your way of sensitising the society?
I use social media as my mouthpiece to further my form of activism, which is not the armchair variety. My 'peace march' happens through my art and social comments and if those motivate people in the process, then that is an added bonus.
7 Bollywood Movies That Have Sensitively Portrayed The LGBT Community
I'm a gay man in love with three men – for a seeker there is love everywhere!
Tags: Bollywood, Inspirational Stories, LGBTQ, Sexual relationship, sexuality
7 Shows & Movies About Sex Workers That Leave A Mark
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5 Celebrity Couples Known For Their Philanthropic Work
10 Best Dialogues Of Ayushmann Khurrana That You MUST Know
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These Top Heroines Prove Age Is Just A Number In Bollywood
Running Away Together: Parimala Jaggesh
Facts About The Marriage of Abhijit Banerjee And Esther Duflo
Marathi Actor Subodh Bhave: I Fell in Love with a Girl Back in School and Married Her
11 Best Dialogues on Love by Shraddha Kapoor
6 Bollywood Heroines Who Played Villain Roles Amazingly Well!
New Beginnings: Anu Prabhakar Mukherjee's Interview
Ramesh Aravind: Archana Is the Anchor of My Home
August 17, 2019 June 2, 2022
6 Reasons Why Katrina Kaif Will Always Be Salman Khan's Girl
10 Famous Celebrity Same Sex (Gay) Couples
10 Best Dialogues From Rajkummar Rao's Movies
Why these are the 5 Most Misogynistic Songs of Bollywood
Controversial Author Salman Rushdie and all about the Women He Loved
30 Interesting Facts About Hrithik Roshan That Will Make You Say WOW!!
10 Best Dialogues From Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Movies
Jayeeta Ganguly
Jayeeta Ganguly is a Kolkata-based journalist-turned-independent content developer, creative and features writer, editor; faculty member, and author. Her first book, Just Another Fan, was published by Smriti Publishers in 2010.
Readers Comments On "Open about his sexuality and buoyant about his art: Sujoy Prosad Chatterjee"
I am a big fan. Nice to read this side of him! Thanks…


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text:
Jobless Benefits as Entitlement
Temporary safety net or permanent entitlement program? That's the question some conservative voices are asking as Congress eyes yet another filing extension for federal unemployment benefits. The Washington Post reports:
[C]omplaints that extending unemployment payments discourages job-seeking have begun to bubble into the political debate. [...]
[Arizona GOP Sen. Jon] Kyl told the Senate he questioned why anyone would see unemployment benefits as helpful to the economy, or to the job market. "If anything, continuing to pay people unemployment compensation is a disincentive for them to seek new work," Kyl said. "I am sure most of them would like work and probably have tried to seek it, but you can't argue it is a job enhancer."
Conservative employment experts are now weighing in with a similar message. James Sherk, a labor economist at the Heritage Foundation, for example, told the Post that the extension of emergency benefits — which now run for 99 weeks in high-unemployment states — have turned a safety net program into something more like welfare.
"It is appropriate and natural for Congress to extend the time limit of unemployment insurance with the job market as bad as it is," Sherk said. "But by quadrupling it, it is no longer an unemployment insurance program but a welfare program."
Two thoughts:
The critics aren't wrong to question the very human motivational effects that indefinite federal payments could have on some workers. (No doubt there are folks out there only too happy to be paid for doing nothing — and would continue to do so as long as they could.) Yet there's also a general agreement among economists of all stripes that the current jobs crisis has endured because businesses simply aren't hiring — not because of some pandemic of laziness among workers receiving emergency help. Indeed, the average UI check is just 36 percent of a worker's previous salary, according to the National Employment Law Project — hardly enough for many recipients to pay mortgages, make car payments, keep the kids in Nikes, and generally sustain the type of consumptive lifestyle that the nation's economy hinges on. To say that folks would be satisfied enough with such a pay cut to retire on UI checks is to wholly misunderstand the motivations that make our very system of capitalism click.
As Peter Morici, economist at the University of Maryland, wrote last week: "When dollars leave the United States to purchase imports and do not return to purchase exports, Americans cannot sell all they make — be it manufacturers, software makers, movie producers, or clean shirts from the corner laundry." It's these trade imbalances, Morici argues, that are exacerbating the jobs crisis, which has left 16.8 percent of workers either without a job or underemployed. Not that Congress shouldn't be addressing such deeper structural problems in the economy, of course. But meantime, critics of a UI extension should be called out when they try to shift the blame to the unemployed simply because American companies have found higher profit margins in outsourcing. (Kyl, for one, seems to recognize some of this. Despite his reservations with the UI extension, the Arizona Republican eventually voted last week in favor of a short-term filing extension.)
Kyl's claim that UI benefits aren't a job enhancer flies in the face of economic experts who point out that those payments provide more bang for the buck than nearly all other forms of economic stimulus. Analysts at Moody's Economy.com, for example, estimate that every $1 that Washington spends on UI benefits returns $1.61 to the larger economy — a far cry from the 21 cents per $1 returned by the corporate tax break (popular among conservatives like Kyl) that Congress enacted in the name of stimulus last fall.
"Without this extra help," the Moody's analysts wrote of UI benefits, "laid-off workers and their families would be slashing their own spending, leading to the loss of even more jobs."
c444dfa79b7aa45b6b4dd69d5ee77dcb9d895cf795e9aa079de16eb1d95f539e632bae47fbfbea6ecf82c6de9584be0496f09bdcd3cf94890bdf165847b68f81


text:
Libya's National Oil Corporation (NOC) said storage capacity at Ras Lanuf port had been cut by 400,000 barrels after a second crude oil tank was set on fire amid fighting between rival factions for control of two key export terminals.
À la une | Moyen-Orient / Proche-Orient | Libye
Second fire shrinks storage capacity amid fighting at Libyan oil ports
À la uneLibyeEconomyClashes and Riots
The NOC warned that the blaze that broke out at storage tank No. 2 early on Sunday could spread to three further tanks, which would "stop exports from Ras Lanuf port completely".
Such an outcome would be a major blow for Libya's oil industry, which despite continuing political turmoil had staged a partial recovery over the past two years, raising national production to just over one million barrels per day (bpd).
Fighting over Ras Lanuf and the neighboring oil port of Es Sider began on Thursday, when an armed force opposed to Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA) stormed the terminals.
The attack led the NOC to shut the ports and evacuate its workers, declaring force majeure on exports. Both terminals had been badly damaged in previous fighting, but had resumed operations after the LNAtook control of them in September 2016.
Before the latest clashes there were five functioning crude oil storage tanks at Ras Lanuf, the NOC said in a statement. Tank No. 12 was set alight on Thursday, and tank No. 2 caught fire on Sunday, reducing storage capacity at Ras Lanuf from 950,000 barrels to 550,000 barrels, it said.
The NOC earlier put the immediate production loss from fighting at the ports at 240,000 barrels per day, expected to rise to 400,000 bpd if they remained shut.
LNA sources have said they are preparing a counter-offensive, and there have been daily air strikes in the area since Thursday.
The NOC reiterated a call for Ibrahim Jathran, the armed group leader who announced Thursday's attack, to withdraw immediately from the ports, warning of further damage to key infrastructure.
Jathran had controlled and blockaded the ports before losing them to the LNA two years ago. He has said he wants to overturn the "injustice" exacted by the LNA on residents of the oil crescent since then.
He issued a video statement on Sunday saying he would deliver the ports to the control of the internationally recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) in Tripoli, which Haftar opposes, and to the NOC.
However, the head of the GNA has condemned Thursday's attack and disassociated the GNA from it, while the NOC has castigated Jathran for his previous blockades, which it said lost Libya tens of billions of dollars in export revenues.
Jathran said his forces were holding 20 prisoners whom they would hand over to the Red Crescent, and called for the formation of a committee of tribes from eastern and western Libya to mediate an end to the fighting.
The LNA has accused the Benghazi Defense Brigades (BDB), a group of anti-Haftar combatants that has previously tried to take the oil crescent and advance on Benghazi, of participating in Thursday's attack.
Haftar took full control of Benghazi late last year, after a three year military campaign named "Operation Dignity" against Islamists and other opponents.
Priscilla Wolmer
Directrice de la rédaction


Word had begun circulating on Facebook last night that Valley Fight League (VFL) would be returning to Altoona, Pennsylvania; as of this moment, we can confirm that VFL promoter Lionel Royer has added the event, VFL 42: Broad Avenue Brawlers, to MixedMartialArts.Com for a date of July 19th, 2013.
Announced on the card is Charlie "The Madman" Gathers, Roman Swaner; Paul Riggleman (who had to drop off of June 22nd's World Cagefighting Championship 6) has been named as the opponent for Scott Athey. Rounding out the card is Dignan-Brumbaugh MMA wunderkind Brett "Showtime" Shoenfelt, Curtis Link and Johnstown, PA's Elijah Garshnick.
VFL 42: Broad Avenue Brawlers will be the seventh installment of the Broad Avenue Brawler's fight series. VFL 40: Broad Avenue Brawlers 6 where Brett "Showtime" Shoenfelt submitted Bobby Ferrier and former UFC Lightweight contender Charlie "The Spaniard" Brenneman defeated Eric Irvin by Rear Naked Choke.
Paul Riggleman, Scott Athey, Brett Shoenfelt, Roman Swaner, Curtis Link and Elijah Garshnick are all returning from VFL 40 to compete in VFL 42. It is interesting to note that Scott Athey lost his last fight to Damage, Inc. fighter Brandon Lux after his corner threw in the towel between rounds; Athey scored no offensive points for punching, kicking or mat control.
For more information on Valley Fight League and information on how to purchase tickets for their VFL 42: Broad Avenue Brawlers event, visit www.VFLMMA.com.
Previous Previous post: Josh Barnett Back to the UFC?


text:
Q: Irreducibility in $k((t))[y]$ Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field of char $0$ and suppose $f(y) \in k[y]$ (need not be monic). Let $t$ be an indeterminate and consider the fraction field $k((t))$ of power series ring $k[[t]]$. My question is:

Is $f(y)-t$ irreducible in $k((t))[y]$?

A: You're in a situation where your base ring $k[[t]]=\mathfrak o$ is a complete DVR (complete local ring would be enough), and you have a polynomial $F(y)\in\mathfrak o[y]$. When you pass from $\mathfrak o$ to its residue field $\mathfrak o/\mathfrak m=k[[t]]/tk[[t]]=k$, you get a polynomial over $k$, namely $f(y)$. That is, the ring morphism $\mathfrak o\to k$ by $t\mapsto 0$ gives $F\mapsto f$.
So far, so good. I've tried to set your problem up so that you see that Hensel's Lemma may apply. Now, algebraic closedness of $k$ guarantees that all irreducible factors are linear, and in case $f$ factors over $k$ into distinct linear factors, I mean no two are related by a constant factor, then Hensel applies,and you get a factorization of $F=f(y)-t$ into the same number of linear factors. But if there are repeats, maybe not.
Examples: $f(y)=y^n$. Then $y^n-t$ is irreducible, by Eisenstein. On the other hand, consider $y^2+y-t$, say over (the algebraic closure of) $\Bbb Q$. With a handy computation package, I see that the factorization is $(y-r_1)(y+1+r_1)$, where $r_1=t - t^2 + 2t^3 - 5t^4 + 14t^5 - 42t^6 + 132t^7 - 429t^8 +\cdots$


Sustainable sustenance: Duke of Cambridge – delicious, authentic, certified organic. They are linked to Riverford and have a tracking system per boat for fish that can time stamp exactly where and when they were caught.
Edible, plastic free water bottle: Meet Ooho!
Botanical archaeology: Discerning the historic marks of our forested landscapes – article .
It's an important perspective to inform carbon farming projects such as the Ecosystem Restoration Camps led by John D. Liu.
Designing landscapes to restore biodiversity whilst obtaining yields: This TED talk and the film Inhabit available on Vimeo, especially in regards to Mark Shepard's work with Forest Agriculture Enterprises where he similarly conducts detailed historical botanical surveys and utilises this knowledge to grow suitable native, productive plants and trees. If left to their own devices, he claims his farms can self-sustain for thousands of years due to the symbiotic relationships that exist between the invited species.
Thinking in systems: Bill Sharpes 3 Horizons model – working with hope to understand possibility.
Please do join us for the next open meeting 21st March. 6Heads meets on the 3rd Tuesday of the month at The Royal Festival Hall (unless we find somewhere more exciting and list it on the website).


I'm a hip and knee surgeon working and living in Cornwall, interested in the role that physical activity plays in improving our health and well-being.
As an advisory board member I hope to help strengthen the links between our health services and the amazing network of Cornish clubs and organisations that support us all to get active and keep moving.
Newport born and bred, I trained as a medic in South Wales, Australia, South Africa, Canada and the South West before settling down as Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon at the Royal Cornwall & Duchy Hospital in 2010 (see here for more info).
I cherished my team sport growing up, playing rugby for the legendary Cardiff Meds RFC in college and making some life long friends along the way. I've since dabbled in triathlon and last year, as I very much passed 'over the hill'(!), ran a sub 3hr marathon in Frankfurt.
Co-founder of the web-based My Clinical Outcomes system that enables patients, doctors and hospitals to measure, monitor and improve health over time. Having published over 30 research papers, we used this technology last year to show how physical activity improved pain and function for a group of patients with arthritis.
More recently I've enjoyed running with friends, with Cornwall Athletic Club and have been lucky enough to be part of the team bringing parkrun to Trelissick National Trust gardens.
A bacon sandwich and coffee with friends after a 9am parkrun on a Saturday morning is the perfect start to any weekend!


*Ayodhya* Background: Demolition: Judgment This book is a compilation of essay, articles and graphic tables around the issue of Babri demolition. The background of dispute is given in detail. The mechanics of the dispute coming up during the British rule is outlined. The archeological and historical evidences are marshaled to prove that there is no evidence of Ram Temple being at that spot. The politics which led to Babri demolition and the consequent violence is analyzed. Babri issue was a major identity issue which was propped up by communal forces to consolidate their divisive politics. The articles written at various times to understand the nature of this communal politics is outlined in various articles. The Judgment of Ayodhya dispute was again a sort of shocker, as faith was made the basis of judgment and historical issues and evidence was relegated to the background. The implications of judgment and the demand of communal forces to hand over the whole land to them for a grand Ram temple is taken up for analysis. The book gives an overview of the whole issue in a concise manner. In the end a very comprehensive chronology of events has been incorporated.


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We are proud and happy to have had our customer service, expertise, and team featured so extensively by Clutch and The Manifest and thank you to our clients for their partnership. MI DIGITAL is always eager to expand our experience by broadening our outreach to new companies and industries, and we are more than happy to share details of our approach or strategy if you are thinking about a challenge or collaboration of your own. We make sure we always stay on top of the latest web development and web design trends. Don't hesitate to reach out to us here, and we look forward to new innovations and customizations soon!


text:
Bioengineering Professors Davidson, Federspiel, and Ruder receive Swanson School professorship and fellowship appointments
Lance_Davidson
Bill Federspiel
John A. Swanson Professor of Bioengineering, Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Surgery, Member of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Ruder-lowres
PITTSBURGH (Dec. 5, 2019) … In recognition of outstanding productivity as a faculty member, the University of Pittsburgh Department of Bioengineering appointed two faculty professorships and one faculty fellowship in 2019. Lance Davidson was appointed William Kepler Whiteford Professor of Bioengineering, William Federspiel was appointed John A. Swanson Professor of Bioengineering, and Warren Ruder was appointed William Kepler Whiteford Fellow of Bioengineering.
"In addition to conducting cutting-edge research, each of these individuals is a dedicated teacher and mentor, which is critical for developing the next generation of knowledge creators and professional practitioners," said Sanjeev G. Shroff, Distinguished Professor and Gerald E. McGinnis Chair of Bioengineering. "I am very proud to have Lance, Bill, and Warren as a part of our bioengineering family."
Lance Davidson, William Kepler Whiteford Professor of Bioengineering
Davidson's MechMorpho Lab carries out interdisciplinary research at the interface of physics, engineering, mathematics, and cell biology. They study the mechanics of morphogenesis - the central process of tissue self-assembly that couples physical processes that move cells and tissues with the biological processes that give cells their identity, establish tissue architecture and physiological function.
Using these tools they have uncovered how mechanics lays out and shapes key germ layers in the embryo that give rise to the central nervous system, how mechanical cues guide cells that form the heart and the cardiovascular system, and how mechanical cues can drive regeneration of skin cells. This work is supported by the United States National Institutes of Health including the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Together with their basic research objectives their long-term engineering objective is to turn the principles of morphogenesis into technology to advance cell and tissue engineering.
William Federspiel, John A. Swanson Professor of Bioengineering
Federspiel directs the Medical Devices Lab in the McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine where researchers develop clinically significant devices for the treatment of pulmonary and cardiovascular ailments by utilizing engineering principles of fluid flow and mass transfer. In particular, Federspiel's lab have created next-generation artificial lung devices, including portable, wearable devices for adults and children suffering from lung disease.
His research in artificial lung technology eventually led Federspiel to co-found ALung Technologies, a Pittsburgh-based medical device startup company that develops technology for treating respiratory failure. He serves as head of the scientific advisory board for the company, which is currently gunning clinical trials for their Hemolung® Respiratory Assist System (RAS), a dialysis-like alternative for or supplement to mechanical ventilation which removes carbon dioxide directly from the blood in patients with acute respiratory failure.
Warren C. Ruder, William Kepler Whiteford Fellow and Associate Professor of Bioengineering
Ruder directs the Synthetic Biology and Biomimetics laboratory where his team focuses on applying synthetic biology constructs, methods, and paradigms to solve a range of biomedical problems. His group aims to both understand the fundamental biology of natural systems as well as re-engineer these systems with synthetic gene networks.
They have expertise in multiple fields including gene network engineering, cell physiology and biomechanics, microfluidics, mechanical engineering and biomaterials. They are currently developing new approaches to embed synthetic gene networks within biomimetic systems that mimic cell, tissue, and organism physiology.
Ruder recently received a prestigious $2.2 million NIH Director's New Innovator Award to develop magnetically activated gene networks in human cells.
Contact: Leah Russell


Foot passenger donations on the King Harry Ferry support St Just in the Roseland Church roof appeal.
The King Harry Ferry's charity of the year is £2,000 better off thanks to the generosity of its foot passengers.
The money was collected during 2011 and has been presented to the St Just in Roseland Church for its roof appeal.
The 13th century church, based on the edge of the Fal River, is aiming to raise £350,000 to replace 35,000 roof tiles to protect the church from the Cornish weather.
Tim Light, King Harry Ferry's managing director, said: 'Every year we choose a charity or appeal that is both local and relevant to our service or has had an influence on one of our staff.
'During 2011 we decided to support our near neighbour of St Just in Roseland Church and help to raise funds for the vital work to repair its roof.
'Foot passengers can travel on the King Harry Ferry for free, all we ask is that, if they are able, they make a donation of any size to the chosen charity.
Each slate costs £10 so the donation from the King Harry Ferry's team will help to buy 200 replacement tiles.
Rev. Ken Boullier from St Just in Roseland Church, said: 'We're extremely grateful that the King Harry Ferry's foot passengers have been so generous over the past 12 months.


I am a front-end web developer who specialises in creating attractive, accessible and intuitive websites and mobile websites and interfaces.
This web site is for showing my portfolio, introduce myself.
These are the latest projects I have worked for. All of the list of my work is in portfolio page. Click a project to see the details and screenshots.
Cristian Dior's jewelry collection "My Dior". Riche images and Videos. Available on Cross browser and devices.
Web site for Architect office one of the most famous architect, Renzo Piano, founded. It's showing their projects all over the world.
BNP PARIBAS "Guide des Métiers" is a site of humain resource section of BNP PARIBAS.
Web site and E-shop for an Paris based interior design company, TSÉ & TSÉ ASSOCIÉES.
French jewerly designer Marie-Hélène de Taillac's web site. Introduction of the designer and the products.
Web site, iPad Web application and iPhone web application for a real estate company.
© Copyright 2012 Tomoyoshi Noguchi. All rights reserved.


Roof line products should be checked on a regular basis for cleaning and necessary repairs. Roof line products exist for a very important reason – to deter rainwater from leaking into your property. If Roofline products are not repaired or is insufficient for the size and shape of your property, water can eventually cause damp and mould in your home and expensive bills to get it fixed.
Small problems with your roof line products can often lead to bigger problems down the line if they are not treated or repaired, so it is important to deal with the problem as soon as it is noticed in your property.
Fascias and soffits Royal Tunbridge Wells are straight boards that run alongside and underneath the edge of your home's roofing. This area of your property is very exposed and therefore vulnerable to weather and hazards such as blocked guttering and even birds nesting.
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The guttering in Royal Tunbridge Wells around your home or business plays a very important part in keeping your home protected. If your guttering has not been properly maintained or is blocked, then water can run off at points where it is not supposed to and can end up inside your property. It can also lead to expensive roof repairs if left undetected.
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Home / Cartographers / Sir Robert Dudley
Sir Robert Dudley
Sir Robert Dudley (1574-1649) was an English polymath specializing in navigation, shipbuilding, and cartography. We hold him to be one of the most interesting and important cartographic thinkers in the 17th century, and a bold and daring man to boot. He was seemingly the illegitimate son of Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester; a somewhat dubious character who has become famous for being Queen Elizabeth I's boy-toy. We say 'seemingly illegitimate' because much of Dudley's later life was spent trying to gain the Crown's recognition as his father's formal heir. Despite his standing as a bastard, Dudley enjoyed great access to the English Court, at least during Elizabeth's lifetime, and he would was likely schooled by the greatest teachers of the age.
His father was one of the major financial backers behind Sir Francis Drake's voyage that circumnavigated the earth, allowing Dudley not only access to ship's logs and manuscript charts, but also private conversations and personal insights — all from a very early age. Another great Elizabethan explorer, Sir Walter Raleigh, appears to have been his personal tutor at some stage (possibly during Raleigh's first period of captivity in the Tower of London).
At the age of 17, Dudley was ready to marry, and it was arranged that he would wed the courtier Frances Vasavour. While the Queen approved of the union, she apparently thought it premature due the couple's young age. This lead Vasavour to marry another man in secret and Dudley to find a new prospective consort. She came in the form of Margaret, the daughter of a wealthy merchant with good connections at court. Margaret was the sister of Sir Thomas Cavendish, the first Englishman to emulate Drake's bold attack on the Spanish and his subsequent flight across the Pacific. Cavendish was only the fifth man in history to circumnavigate the globe and a key figure in shaping the young Dudley to become an explorer himself. The opportunity to pursue this dream came sooner than expected, in that Margaret's father gave the couple two fully equipped vessels as a wedding present (or possible dowry). The Leicester and Roebuck allowed Dudley to organize his first maritime expeditions and gain experience as a fleet commander. Having had little prospect of following in his father's footsteps by inheriting his titles and lands, Dudley now set his eye keenly on the role of explorer and privateer.
The Elizabethan Era was a time of expansion — both of the empire and of the mind. Advanced ship's technology, combined with generations of mapping and a considerable degree of grit and courage, had allowed Europeans to break free of their own continent and engage – for better or worse – with the rest of the world. The problem was, of course, that there were several European entities vying for the same prize. Among the strongest contesters in the 16th century were the Spanish, English, Portuguese, and Dutch, but the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) had divided the world between the Spanish and Portuguese, leaving most of the New World in the hands of the Spanish.
Neither the English, nor the Dutch, thought this division was a very good idea, and immediately started challenging the status quo. Wars soon ensued, and for our case, the key conflict was between Spain and England. In many ways, it was this conflict which set the stage for the first English explorers. Both countries understood that an all-out war would be detrimental to their trade and colonization efforts, especially in light of the fact that no party could be assured a final victory. Instead, strained peace accords were repeatedly drawn up and broken, and Spanish suitors lined up to entice the 'Virgin Queen' of England into marriage. As a consequence of the strenuous peace efforts and the obvious consequences of war, formal hostilities on the open seas were brought to an end. In the void, the phenomenon of privateering arose, in which formally independent English captains were given a charter to attack and raid Spanish vessels in open waters.
In 1594, Dudley set sail on his first mission, which he was adamant would entail the taking of both Spanish vessels and treasure. He equipped a fleet of four ships — two galleons and two pinnaces — and prepared to set sail for the New World. However, once again the Queen interfered, considering Dudley too young and inexperienced to engage directly with the Spanish in the Caribbean. He was ordered instead to sail on Guyana to patrol the waters there. Dudley experienced some trouble en route, with one of his pinnaces sinking and the other seemingly disappearing during the Atlantic crossing, but he also managed to capture two Spanish vessels, which he manned under his own banner.
Upon arriving in Guyana, Dudley set up base and conducted several shorter expeditions to survey the coast and assess the Spanish positions on the mainland. He anchored for repairs in Cedros Bay on the island of Trinidad. Here he met an indigenous man who promised he would guide them to the fabled city of Eldorado if the group sailed up the Orinoco River. Dudley sent part of his team, but the man abandoned them halfway and the team struggled to make it back to Trinidad. It was not until the spring of 1595 that Dudley sailed north towards Puerto Rico. En route, the fleet captured their first Spanish merchantman, which did wonders for morale.
After this first real success, Dudley and his crew were ready for more and continued north towards Bermuda. A violent storm blew them off course, supposedly pushing Dudley's flagship, The Beare, as far north as New England. Following this, Dudley returned to Europe, sailing first on the Azores and then on England itself, where he arrived in Cornwall in May of 1595. Once back in European waters, and prior to actually landing back home, Dudley engaged a large Spanish man-of-war in an intense two day battle, which the English supposedly won.
After his return to England, and with the exception of a few more maritime expeditions in the Crown's name, Dudley set his sights on securing his position in society. His first wife, Margaret Cavendish, had died childless and the year after his return from the New World, Dudley married Alice Leigh. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Leigh of Stoneleigh, another very wealthy merchant and the former Lord Mayor of London. Now began a long struggle in which Dudley tried to convince the English Court that his parents had in fact been secretly married and that he therefore was entitled to inherit both his father's (Early of Leicester and Earl of Warwick) and grandfather's (Duke of Northumberland) titles and lands. The legitimacy of Dudley's claim was tried by an English court, but following Elizabeth's death in 1603, some of Dudley's popularity had waned and Dudley's petition was ultimately rejected by the Star Chamber. This rejection was later ratified by the newly appointed King James I.
Since both his father and all of the putative witnesses to his parents' supposed union were dead, and his mother only wrote a vague letter to the court, Dudley's claim was dismissed on the basis of lacking evidence. Deeply frustrated with the English establishment, Dudley decided to leave England in 1605. He left his wife and children behind and instead took along his cousin, Elizabeth Southwell, disguised as his page. Having arrived well on the continent, the couple declared themselves as converts to Catholicism and were married in Lyon the following year. A papal decree was necessary due to the familial bonds between them, but the fact that Dudley was already married and had children did not figure into the calculation, as this was a marriage executed by a the Church of England and therefore not recognized by the Vatican. The move was not only a snuff to his wife, but to all of English society and it enraged King James so much that he revoked Dudley's travel license in 1607.
By then Dudley had moved to the Renaissance city of Florence, where he was hired to oversee the design and construction of warships for Ferdinand I, the Grand Duke of Tuscany and head of the Medici Family. During these very fruitful and productive years in Dudley's life, he continued to cultivate close connections to the English court. In 1611, Dudley sold Kenilworth Castle – his father's great estate – to the Prince of Wales. But by 1618 Dudley's influence had waned to such a degree that King James permanently bestowed the earldoms of his father on new members of the nobility. A final effort to be vindicated was made when Dudley convinced Ferdinand II — the new Grand Duke and Holy Roman Emperor — to acknowledge his claim to his grandfather's title as Duke fo Northumberland. Surprisingly, he seems to have managed this, but rather than swaying opinion in Britain, it only enraged King James further, who responded by halting all attempts at reconciliation.
Dudley remained in the employ of the Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1608 until his death in 1649. During the initial part of this period (1610-1620), he oversaw both the design and construction of a new fleet of ships at the docks in Livorno, while also writing up his many records and diaries into a formal memoir that focussed on navigation and seamanship. Even though the memoirs presumably were secondary to his work in the shipyards, the consolidation of his personal notes, thoughts, and experiences into memoir form nevertheless constituted an ideal foundation for his true masterwork: Dell'Arcano del Mare.
In 1644, shortly before publishing this work, news arrived from England that King Charles I had granted Dudley's second wife, Alice, the title of Duchess for life. This was in effect a recognition of Dudley's legitimacy, but it did not mandate the restoration of his titles or lands. Some years later, in 1649, Robert Dudley died an old man in his villa outside Florence. He was buried at the Church of San Pancrazio in Florence. All of his notes, manuscripts, tools, and scientific instruments were bequeathed to Ferdinand II and the House of Medici, where they remain to this day. Many of his original maps and instruments are on permanent display at the Museo Galileo.
Dell'Arcano del Mare ('Secret of the Sea') was a seminal publication by any measure. It was the first printed nautical atlas in history and the first time an atlas fully applied the new spatial projection model that had been promulgated by Gerard Mercator in the late 16th century. The complete work consisted of six volumes that Dudley published himself over several years (1645-47). The Arcano included 130 charts, all of which Dudley had designed and compiled himself, and which did not build on previously issued maps. This was completely unheard of and could well have been deemed frivolous and arrogant, had it not been for the sheer quality and consistent reliability of his work.
The maps were engraved by the master-hand of Antonio Francesco Lucini, who stated that he spent 12 years and used 5,000 pounds of copper to produce the plates. The charts are indeed of exceptional quality, both in regard to accuracy and innovation, but also in regard to craftsmanship and aesthetics. In addition to the unique maps, the Arcano included abundant information on navigation, astronomy, maneuverability, ships' design, construction methods, and defensive features. It even contained a concrete proposal for a new Tuscan fleet, which was to consist of five different types of new ships, all of which were designed and meticulously described by Dudley in this massive work.
Carta particolare della Baia di Messico con la Costa.
The quintessential explorer's map: the first printed sea chart of the Gulf of Mexico, from one of the most interesting and important characters in the pantheon of pioneer cartographers.
Cartographer(s): Sir Robert Dudley
Place/Date: Florence / 1647
Carta particolare dello istreto e Mare iscoperto da Hen:º Hudson Ingilese nel. 1611…
An essential map for Canada collectors: the first sea chart of Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, leaving open the possibility of a Northwest Passage.
Place/Date: Florence / (1647) 1661
Carta prima generale d'America dell'India Occidentale e Mare del Zur
The earliest published sea chart to focus on the California coast!


Every client and each coaching engagement is unique.
For coaching to work a client must be invested in the process. This investment comes from different places.
While a strong desire to grow and develop and achieve goals is required, there's nothing like money to get one's attention. Because my clients come from many different sectors I am flexible in setting my coaching fee.
If we determine that working together is a good fit, we will agree on a monthly investment that makes sense in terms of your resources and the need to have real skin-in-the-game.
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What is the cost of continuing as you are?
What would achieving your authentic goals be worth to you?
The answer to the first question defies calculation. And most people can't really answer the second question because they are so stuck in the context of where-they're-at.
The cost of continuing as you are is very, very high. The value of achieving your authentic goals is much, much more than I charge for coaching. An investment in coaching is very, very small compared to the dividends it will pay in greater happiness, effectiveness and income.
This answer has three components: demographics, desires and characteristics.
In terms of demographics, I work with corporate professionals and entrepreneurs in their 30s, 40s and 50s.
How Can You Know If Coaching is Right For You?
Coaching is an investment in yourself, your development – and your evolution. Coaching has the potential to yield rewards far in excess of the dollar amount invested. Besides the typical results of promotions, increasing salaries and commissions, higher revenues and profits . . . that many clients experience, the intangible quality-of-life benefits are what most coachees find as most important.
Coaching, however, is not for everyone. Hiring a coach means you are joining with a collaborative partner who is focused on your development and success.
How are You Different from other . . . Coaches?
First and foremost, I am results-focused. Some coaches believe that coaching is all about asking questions so the client can discover their own answers. I take a hybrid approach in that I do ask a lot of questions and often will insist that clients dig deep for what is really true for them, but sometimes it's clear to me – based on my training and experience – what's getting in the way. In those cases, I: 1) say so and 2) help the client create a customized strategy for solving the problem or achieving the goal.
after the first month I will happily refund any un-used coaching time if you want to discontinue coaching.
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I partner with my clients in discovery, examination and evolution. With my assistance and support, clients draw on knowledge, wisdom and intuition to answer questions about vision, purpose, direction and goals and take consistent, intelligent and effective action.
making the necessary adjustments, changes and shifts that will result in positive and lasting improvements and achievements.


Boxwood is our rich, dark grassy green. Depending on the finish used on the piece, it can look bright and bold or subtle – more like a muted olive. Boxwood is named for the preserved boxwood wreaths and topiaries Marian uses in her interiors.
Boxwood mixes well with Grain Sack to create a pale aqua. Layer under Lucketts Green for a two-toned, monochromatic look.
Mix 1 ½ parts warm water to 1 part milk paint powder (or 1 ¼ to 1 ratio with lighter colors.) Paint may be mixed in a blender (used strictly for paint) or in a container with a stir stick. If using a blender, pour water in first and then add the powder. For hand mixing, measure the powder first and then add water. Mix for 3-5 minutes until water is absorbed into the powder and the mixture is relatively smooth. Water to powder ratio may be adjusted to achieve desired consistency. Only mix the amount needed for the project. Excess can be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator for 5-7 days. Stir before use. If the full quart is needed, mix 2 ½ cups of water with entire bag of milk paint powder.