IS MOVING BRUCE LEE OVAL A FREO OPTION?
The City of Fremantle will undertake a feasibility study to assess options for the future use of Bruce Lee Oval and the Lefroy Road Quarry as part of a plan to guide the revitalisation of the Heart of Beaconsfield.
The Heart of Beaconsfield project is a co-operation between the City, the Department of Communities and other partners to coordinate the redevelopment of the area around the Davis Park precinct, Bruce Lee Oval, Lefroy Road Quarry and the former South Metropolitan TAFE site.
Fremantle Mayor Brad Pettitt said a key question to be settled in planning the Heart of Beaconsfield is the best use for Bruce Lee Oval and the Lefroy Road Quarry.
"The quarry site has the potential to provide 1.5 times more green space than the oval, so there's an opportunity to develop new and better sporting facilities on the quarry and allow for some new diversified housing on the oval," Mayor Pettitt said.
The study will show if it's technically and financially feasible to relocate the oval, so before the City finalises the draft masterplan they are conducting the feasibility study to find out.
If the study shows the relocation of the oval is not feasible the oval will be retained in the draft masterplan. If it is feasible this option may be put forward to Council for further consultation. Regardless of the outcome of the study, the community will have the chance to have their say and the masterplan can still be amended before it's officially adopted.
The oval feasibility study will take up to six months. The full Heart of Beaconsfield draft masterplan is expected to be released for public comment mid next year.
For more information visit the Heart of Beaconsfield page on the City's My Say Freo website.
WHY ANOTHER BORING BUILDING FOR FREMANTLE?
The new clubhouse at Fremantle Park is an opportunity lost if the City of Fremantle approves the design of the building.
What is suggested is boring 1970s design that has no street appeal, and the proposed new building might well be in the wrong location for it to get maximum benefit out of it for all three clubs that will call it home.
I had envisaged a modern clubhouse surrounded by the playing fields, in the location of the present bowling club building, with a balcony all around, so that players and visitors could watch the tennis and lawn bowls from upstairs and enjoy views to the Fremantle Arts Centre and the port from there.
Why is the design so boring and does the building look cheap when the total budget for the project is $4.1 million? $1.85 million is coming from the City of Fremantle, $1.85 million from the Fremantle Workers Social and Leisure Club and $400,000 from the state government's Community Sport and Recreation Facility Fund.
When the community regularly complains about the mediocre architecture of new buildings the City of Fremantle has to show that great architecture is achievable in our city. This proposal is very disappointing.
The plans for a new clubhouse at Fremantle Park on Parry Street can finally go ahead after Fremantle Council approved it on Wednesday.
The clubhouse will become the new home for the Fremantle Workers Club, Fremantle Tennis Club and Fremantle Bowling Club which will share the two-storey premises.
The City of Fremantle also plans to build a public carpark next to it to accommodate inner city parking.
The $ 4,4 million project will be paid for by the Workers Club, the CoF and the Department of Sport and Recreation.
The Fremantle Workers Club will pay $ 1.85 million, as will the City. The State Department will pay $ 400,000, and Fremantle City will pay another $ 300,000 for the public carpark, if the use is approved by the state.


text:
T. Murugan
1Head, Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattankulathur – 603 203, Kancheepuram Dt, Tamilnadu, India
Growth and Bio-Pigment Production of Three Microalgal Species in Organic and Inorganic Media and Determination of Generation Time – A Comparative Study
Microalgae has been used as food for centuries by different populations and only rediscovered in recent years. Phycocyanin is a water soluble blue pigment that gives Spirulina its bluish tint. It is widely found in Blue green algae like Spirulina. Phycocyanin is a powerful water soluble antioxidant, scientists in Spain showed that an extract of Spirulina containing phycocyanin is a potent free radical scavenger and inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation. This present study was aimed to evaluate the growth of three micro algal species (blue green algae- Spirulina platensis, Spirulina platensis var lonar and the green alga- Chlorella sp.) on organic media. The organic media were formulated from Spent Wash (SW) and Swine Dung (SD). The inorganic media (Zarrouk's medium for Spirulina and Sarokin & Krauss medium for Chlorella) were used as control (C). The biomass yields of all the three algae were recorded. In addition, the C-phycocyanin yield of the two species of Spirulina also compared to the control medium. The cultivation was carried out for a period of 15 days, at 27C and at constant light intensity of 1.7 klux. The physico-chemical characteristics of both organic media were analyzed. Sizeable reduction in hardness, calcium and chloride content were observed in the media, after cultivation of the microalgae. The generation time of three micro algae in organic and inorganic media were also calculated. Overall, Spent wash (SW) showed better prospects than the control in terms of both biomass and C-phycocyanin production.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We will discuss about the interdependence of plants and animals.
We are aware of the fact that human-beings depend upon plants and animals for food and other requisites of life.
Do plants and animals also depend upon each other?
Plants and animals also depend on each other. They do so in many ways.
(i) Some animals eat grass and green leaves of plants. They are called herbivorous.
Many animals also eat grains and other products of plants.
Dung of animals, droppings of birds etc. are used to make manure. This manure helps to increase fertility of the soil and fertile soil helps the plant to grow better.
Thus, plants and animals help each other.
(ii) Flesh eating animals eat flesh of other animals, some of which depend on plants for food. Growth of the plants depends upon the manure coming from the animals droppings.
So animals depend upon plants and plants depend upon animals.
(iii) Human beings depend on both plants and animals for food. Human beings breathe in air containing oxygen. This oxygen is needful for our life. We breathe out carbon dioxide which mixes in the atmospheric air. Thus we take in oxygen from the air and give out carbon dioxide to it.
Like human beings all the animals (living things) adopt this process of taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide.
So, green plants take carbon dioxide from the air. This carbon dioxide is used in preparing food for the plants by the process of photosynthesis. During the process of photosynthesis oxygen is given out to the air.
Thus green plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and give out oxygen to it.
The oxygen thus released in air by the plants is taken in by animals who in return give out carbon dioxide to the air to be taken by the plants.
Thus a natural balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained by plants and animals.


text:
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VERDICT: It's a Keeper
Comics Startup 101: Key Legal and Business Issues for Comic Book Creators
By Dirk Vanover (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017). 68 pgs. $6.00 (paperback), $5.00 (e-book). Order, www.amazon.com.
Reviewed by Jennifer L. Amundsen
Holy self-help guide, Batman! Comics Startup 101: Key Legal and Business Issues for Comic Book Creators, by Wisconsin lawyer Dirk Vanover, aims to provide a helpful guide to the legal issues involved in creating a new comic book or other business venture the reader might start. Thus, it is organized topically – and logically – in the order in which the author envisions the issues will arise. The book touches on the basics of choosing an entity and incorporating but primarily devotes itself to helping the comic creator avoid pitfalls associated with a lack of attention to intellectual property and contracts.
The author explains the legal concepts in plain English to the extent possible, helping to keep the discussion accessible to the target audience of nonlawyers. He obviously enjoys providing examples drawn from within the comic book industry, which help to liven up the material by bringing in familiar characters and industry celebrities. That being said, the generous list of endnotes would be more useful if it were heavier on references to things such as governmental websites related to the subject matter and lighter on legal citations, which the lay reader will almost certainly ignore. A selected bibliography collecting useful resources could help to alleviate that concern and would enhance the book's value as a reference.
Want to Review a Book?
Please request a book and writing guidelines from Wisconsin Lawyer managing editor Karlé Lester, at org klester wisbar wisbar klester org or (608) 250-6127. Reviewers may keep the book reviewed. Reviews of about 500 words are due within 45 days of receiving the book. Reviews are published, space permitting, in the order received and may be edited for length and clarity.
The appendix contains a sample work-made-for-hire agreement, in which the comic creator engages an artist to create pages for his or her new comic, and the book's final substantive chapter is dedicated to analyzing that document. The analysis primarily covers the sections that are likely to be controversial or require negotiation and offers some good insights for the artist or business person who is likely to be a novice at preparing and negotiating a contract.
Puzzlingly, though, the author critiques the sample document. First, he states that certain language ought to be modified before use as it is currently mooted by other language in the agreement, and second, he notes that the sample document omits language regarding confidentiality, which should usually be included in such an agreement. I agree on both counts, but the sample would be more useful to the reader if the author had modified it before publication rather than simply commenting on its shortcomings.
This book provides a useful roadmap for the comic creator or a person starting a business in another creative industry but could have benefitted from some thoughtful editing along the lines mentioned above. Further, the included anecdotes could make this an enjoyable read for any lawyer who is also a comic fan, even if not in the process of creating a new comic book.
Jennifer L. Amundsen, U.W. 2003, is principal of Amundsen Law Firm LLC, Madison. She works in the areas of intellectual property (with a focus on trademark and copyright law) and business law, primarily assisting businesses and entrepreneurs in the information technology and creative industries.
Wisconsin and the Shaping of American Law
By Joseph A. Ranney (Madison, WI: U.W. Press 2017). 320 pgs. $40.95. Order, https://uwpress.wisc.edu.
Reviewed by Frank R. Briscoe
The history lesson provided by Joseph A. Ranney in his recently published Wisconsin and the Shaping of American Law reminded me of the phrase, "same old same old." I am not referring to his message. If you have any love of history, the law, or both, you will enjoy the book.
I am referring to how well our public policy makers, judges, and lawmakers get along. From arguing long ago over the proposed Wisconsin Constitution language addressing married women's property rights, to recent "expressive individualism" in our courts, much has changed, but not our ability to argue over almost everything. Ranney concludes that "consensus began eroding in many states during the late twentieth century..." and briefly mentions the Wisconsin Supreme Court's current situation as an example. I don't disagree with his conclusion and believe there hasn't been much consensus throughout our country's history.
My favorite chapter, and it was hard to choose, was chapter 6, "Absolute Common Ground." Chapter 6 covers topics ranging from Lavinia Goodell's determination to "…practice law in an age when women lawyers were nearly nonexistent" (approximate year, 1870) to the "new nativism" during World War I and Wisconsin's 1918 legislative effort to suppress active war resistance. Unlike many states, Wisconsin's new law had a sunset clause, meaning the law automatically terminated after the war ended.
This is a history book and not a tool to disseminate Ranney's political beliefs. This made the book much easier to read and digest. All the issues addressed, including the development of our laws related to the timber industry, water rights, and land control, inform the reader in such a way that both lawyers and those lucky enough not to be lawyers will understand. (That was a joke. I am proud to be a Wisconsin attorney!) Thanks to Ranney, I now think of Wisconsin's own Increase Lapham, and his impact on U.S. forest conservation efforts, in a different light as I bike up Lapham Peak located in Waukesha County.
I wanted Ranney to compare the past and current legal and public policy discourse, and he did so. In one chapter addressing the "Progressive Era," he provides insight into how changes to the Wisconsin Constitution from the early 1900s affected recent events involving Wisconsin's and Ohio's new collective-bargaining laws. If you are interested in Ranney's insight, check out chapter 8, "Breaking the Procrustean Bed."
Wisconsin stood up to the federal government in 1854, "… when supreme court justice Abram Smith declared … the federal Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional…." If the reasoning and influence of that position interests you, read Wisconsin and the Shaping of American Law. You will not regret it.
Frank Briscoe, William Mitchell 1985, works for a national property-casualty insurer in its complex commercial automobile casualty group.
VERDICT: Touchdown!
Big Hunger: The Unholy Alliance Between Corporate America and Anti-Hunger Groups
By Andrew Fisher (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2017). 360 pgs. $29.95. Order, edu mitpress-orders mit mit mitpress-orders edu.
Reviewed by Emily L.R. Wilson
In America, "hunger" as a societal issue is at the forefront of social consciousness. As author Andrew Fisherpoints out, many of us know people struggling to feed their families, and many of us have a sense of fairness or spiritual beliefs that lead us to reject a social Darwinist approach to the issue of food security. Almost all Americans acknowledge access to food as something akin to a basic human right, "… not just a legal entitlement as much as it is a political and moral claim."
That hunger is a known and pervasive issue, even in this nation of plenty, makes it even more incredible that the problem has been "largely static" since the early 1980s, when a perfect storm of job loss, economic recession, and cuts in federal spending led to a national food crisis and the creation of food charities, thereby placing solutions to hunger firmly within the private sector.
While most people agree that no one should go hungry, we do not agree on a solution to the problem. Fisher contends that we throw away copious resources on stopgap solutions, feeding people for a day or a week, but never really addressing the underlying causes: gender and wage gaps, entrenched racism, lack of access to healthcare and education, and, more generally, systemic poverty.
Meanwhile, the organizations created in the name of eradicating hunger have become more numerous, more powerful, and more greedy. Many of these food banks, Fisher states, have highly paid staff, corporate boards, and CEOs. Wholly dependent on the money they receive from corporate benefactors and with a sometimes explicit understanding that the organizations will not act contrary to the interests of their donors, food charities "feed the need" instead of focusing on responsible social- and economic-justice policy advocacy, public education, and community building.
Most of these organizations, Fisher contends, measure their success by how much food they distribute, rather than by any crucial changes in environment and behavior that would signal a positive effect on hunger's underlying causes.
Big Hunger presents a lot of what would otherwise be fairly dry subject matter in an easily accessible and engaging way. It reads partly as an exposé, partly as a history, and largely as a sociopolitical commentary. It also offers numerous and thoughtful recommendations as potential solutions to complex problems with food access. This forward-looking approach differentiates it from more reductive works that glaringly spotlight the negative, without the courage to propose meaningful alternatives.
Fisher's bottom line is that charity is not a substitute for justice. He pleads with national hunger groups to choose a new path. Closing the hunger gap will require effort, innovation, education, leadership, and cooperation – the creation of a movement, for the benefit of our national future. Whether we will collectively undertake this noble challenge is unknown, but Big Hunger leaves the reader hopeful that we will choose wisely, in pursuit of a better world.
Emily L.R. Wilson, CUNY School of Law 2011, practices family law at Kowalski Family Law LLC, Madison.
The New Whistleblower's Handbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Doing What's Right and Protecting Yourself
By Stephen M. Kohn (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2017). 550 pgs. $22.95. Order, www.whistleblowers.org.
Reviewed by Lori Kornblum
What a surprise and pleasure to open The New Whistleblower's Handbook and find a well-written, interesting narrative that also is suffused with extremely practical information. This book is an updated version of the original book, The Whistleblower's Handbook, written by the same author, Stephen Martin Kohn, and published in 2011. An expert in whistleblower's law, Kohn also wrote a litigation guide for whistleblowers' lawyers that was published in 1991 and updated in 1994.
The book's two key themes are first, do not become a whistleblower without first intending to do so; and second, as Kohn writes in the Introduction, "No one should read this handbook and conclude, 'Voila – I can win my case!' If only life were so simple…."
This book is intended to guide the potential whistleblower and encourage anyone contemplating blowing the whistle to do some research. Kohn has a lot of information focused on the do's and don'ts for potential whistleblowers.
This book also is intended to guide plaintiffs' lawyers (although one might be tempted to just refer all cases to Kohn). For lawyers representing employers, the book is a great insider's guide to how the plaintiff's bar is thinking.
The book digs deep into whistleblower law. The author details all the federal and state statutes pertaining to whistleblowers and annotates them with the key cases interpreting those laws. He describes in his narrative chapters how the laws work in practice. Kohn provides scores of painful examples of what goes right and wrong in whistleblower litigation.
Kohn provides more than 100 pages of practical guidance in the form of eight different checklists that a lay person or lawyer can use to hone in on best practices. One could get the book and just use the checklists as a reference. However, I would advise reading the narrative chapters, called "Rules," numbered 1-31, plus an international toolkit. The reader can focus on the chapters that appear most appropriate. Kohn appears to assume that readers will not read the book cover to cover so he discusses many of the main whistleblower laws in several chapters.
Kohn focuses on the Federal False Claims Act in several chapters, highlighting its effectiveness based on individual awards as a percentage of recovery and the ability of litigants to sue in the name of the government (qui tam). He stresses that the Act and similar reward-based laws do much more to protect whistleblowers and recover funds than the older model of laws, based on employment law remedies for whistleblowers who lose their jobs.
In short, I highly recommend this book for anyone who does whistleblower law, is thinking about doing it, knows someone who may become a whistleblower, or just wants a good read on an interesting subject.
Lori S. Kornblum, UC-Berkeley 1982, is a tenured faculty member at Milwaukee Area Technical College, Department of Paralegal Studies; an adjunct faculty member, Marquette University Law School; and in private practice focusing on child abuse and neglect, private termination of parental rights, and adult guardianship and disability issues.
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School of Public Policy and Administration /
Policy and Society /
L. Pal (Leslie A.) and Spence, J. (Jennifer)
Event-focused network analysis: a case study of anti-corruption networks
Policy and Society
Research on diffusion and transfer increasingly relies on the concept of policy networks, but often in inductive, descriptive, and anecdotal ways. This article proposes a more robust method for the comparative analysis of policy networks, a method we term 'event-focused network analysis' (EFNA). The method assumes that networks are most clearly revealed in 'events'–conferences, meetings, workshops, etc. Databases of participants at these events provide the foundation for social network analysis of the networks of which they are part. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has hundreds of such events annually that are connected to a myriad of policy issues, thus allowing cross-sectoral network comparisons. The article begins with a review and critique of current approaches to network analysis, explains the EFNA approach, and then applies it to anti-corruption networks centred in the OECD. The case study shows the promise of the method, particularly in being able to trace a wider range of actors than is typical, taking us beyond the 'usual suspects' in conventional transfer studies.
Keywords anti-corruption, OECD, Policy networks, policy transfer, social network analysis
Persistent URL dx.doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1716559
Journal Policy and Society
Organisation School of Public Policy and Administration
Pal, L, & Spence, J. (Jennifer). (2020). Event-focused network analysis: a case study of anti-corruption networks. Policy and Society. doi:10.1080/14494035.2020.1716559
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Super versatile & flattering...our favorite pants of the season! Our new slim plus size pants are chic, comfy and a fashion find. These pants have a slim fit and an elastic waist and hem slits. Washable cotton/spandex, imported.
2x: Waist = 44/46", Hips = 52/54"
3x: Waist = 48/50", Hips = 56/58"
4x: Waist = 52/54", Hips = 60/62"
5x: Waist = 56/58", Hips = 64/66"


Automotive, Motor Trade Job: Automotive General Manager Required in North London.
Our client, a leading Commercial Vehicle Dealer Group, is looking for a Depot Manager for their site in North London. This is a fantastic opportunity with a market leading package.
As General Manager you will be responsible for the strategic business development and operations of the Dealer. With full P&L responsibility, the role also encompasses H&S, customer relationship management, control of operational efficiency's, driving high-quality processes and staff management and development.
You will be the driving force in building on the existing partnership that our customers currently enjoy with the manufacturer Trucks, Products and Services.
Strong customer orientation, proven people management and leadership skills, financial and commercial acumen, the ability to manage and sustain a profitable business, maintain energy levels and apply professional discipline.
If this role interests you and you would like to know more about it or other Automotive General Manager Jobs in North London, please contact Matt Cross at Perfect Placement.
To apply please send your CV to Matt Cross quoting J80396, General Manager, North London.


2. Quality control, before shipment, free sample for test. We will check the container, the packages. 3.Every step, taking pictures and make records.
Denko F shape plug airplane headphone for business class Product View: We can offer you Free Sample for all our product!!! If you want other payment terms,please kindly let us know. 2. 30% T/T as depoist, 70% balance before the shipment.
Jinan Xieqi Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd.
3) Engineers available to service machinery overseas and also remote assistance. 6) Engineers available to service machinery overseas. 7) Training how to instal the machine, training how to use the machine in our factory.
The 4th axis of a milling machine is the rotary axis (called the A-axis) provided by an optional rotary table. The 5 th axis of a milling machine is the tilting rotary table provide by an optional tilting rotary table. You are the most welcome to visit our factory and check the machines in person.
Plain Weave Fine Stainless Steel Wire Mesh Cloth has outstanding forming and welding characteristics. Twill weave Each weft wire passes alternately above and below every successive pair of warp wires and vice versa. This weave permits a heavier wire diameter to be used than would be possible in a plain weave with similar mesh count.
Shantou Xinghongguang Daily Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Xiamen Xinqixiang Industry And Trading Co., Ltd.
Jinhu County Minglv Industry & Trade Co., Ltd.
2 Function: It is popular to children, especially for boys, funny toy for kids, with exciting playing sense. Suitable for 3 years old or up, nice looking and best gift for Christmas. established in 2004. We are both factory and trading company, doing all kinds of plastic toys, specialize in beach toys and easter eggs.
Alibaba.com offers 5,412 airline industry products. About 1% of these are plastic auxiliary agents, 1% are textile auxiliary agents, and 1% are other chemicals.
A wide variety of airline industry options are available to you, such as stainless steel, metal, and wooden. You can also choose from free samples, paid samples.
There are 5,332 airline industry suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying countries are China (Mainland), Pakistan, and India, which supply 98%, 1%, and 1% of airline industry respectively.
Airline industry products are most popular in North America, Western Europe, and Domestic Market.
You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 2,948 with Other, 1,834 with ISO9001, and 683 with ISO14001 certification.


Home / All Products / Pride Soft Performance Tee - 3-1/4"
Pride Soft Performance Tee - 3-1/4"
Set it up and bomb-it off the tee with the Pride Soft Performance Golf Tees. The brush design allows you to set up your golf ball as if it was floating and increases ball speed by reducing tee resistance. These tees are color coded by size so they can be easily identified in your golf bag.


text:
Travis Scott to release his own alcoholic beverage, Cacti
Set to roll out next year
By Anna Rose
Trvais Scott launches his new seltzer, Cacti CREDITS: Burak Cingi/Redferns/Cacti
Travis Scott has announced his latest entrepreneurial endeavour — a brand of seltzer, Cacti.
Scott took to Instagram on Friday (December 18) to tease the first official shots of the product. The accompanying caption said, "[I] remember me and the gang use [sic] to sneak my pops drinks out the back of the crib. I Remember my first night pure rage with the squad!!"
A post shared by flame (@travisscott)
The same post goes on to explain that the 'Antidote' rapper has been working on the range for some time, with the first lot of flavours set to roll out in early 2021.
Though Scott's social media isn't rife with details, the Cacti website has more information, explaining the drink is an agave-spiked seltzer made with "natural flavours" and "100% premium blue agave from Mexico". The interactive, desert-inspired visuals for which Scott is known are also a feature of the site.
According to Billboard, Scott has partnered with brewing company Anheuser-Busch to launch Cacti.
This isn't the first endeavour Scott has embarked on outside of music this year.
In October, Scott announced he had teamed up with Sony through his Cactus Jack brand – through whom the forthcoming beverage is being put out – for a "strategic creative partnership" toward the launch of the company's latest console, PlayStation 5.
That creative partnership, according to Forbes, could involve "a cobranded console and perhaps even a game designed by Scott".
A month after his initial partnership announcement, Scott unveiled a line of PlayStation-branded shoes with Nike, with whom he also has a partnership.
The neutral-toned shoe features the PlayStation logo emblazoned on the heel and sole.


text:
require File.expand_path('../../test_helper', __FILE__)

class TranslatedAttributesQueryTest < MiniTest::Spec
  describe '.where' do
    it 'finds records with matching attribute value in translations table' do
      post = Post.create(:title => 'title 1')
      Post.create(:title => 'title 2')
      assert_equal [post], Post.where(:title => 'title 1').load
    end

    it 'handles string-valued attributes' do
      post = Post.create(:title => 'title 1')
      Post.create(:title => 'title 2')
      assert_equal [post], Post.where('title' => 'title 1').load
    end

    it 'returns translations in this locale by default' do
      Globalize.with_locale(:ja) { Post.create(:title => 'タイトル') }
      assert Post.where(:title => 'タイトル').empty?
    end

    it 'returns chainable relation' do
      user = User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'foo')
      User.create(:email => 'bar@example.com', :name => 'foo')
      User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'baz')
      assert_equal [user], User.where(:name => 'foo').where(:email => 'foo@example.com').load
    end

    it 'parses translated attributes in chained relations' do
      user = User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'foo')
      User.create(:email => 'bar@example.com', :name => 'foo')
      User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'baz')
      assert_equal [user], User.all.where(:email => 'foo@example.com').where(:name => 'foo').load
    end

    it 'does not join translations table if query contains no translated attributes' do
      assert_equal User.where(:name => 'foo').joins_values, [:translations]
      assert_equal [], User.where(:email => 'foo@example.com').joins_values
    end

    it 'does not join translation table if already joined with with_translations' do
      user = Globalize.with_locale(:ja) { User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'foo') }
      assert_equal [user], User.with_translations('ja').where(:name => 'foo').to_a
    end

    it 'can be called with no argument' do
      user = User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'foo')
      assert_equal [], User.where.not(:email => 'foo@example.com').load
      assert_equal [user], User.where.not(:email => 'bar@example.com').load
    end

    it 'can be called with multiple arguments' do
      user = User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'foo')
      assert_equal user, User.where("email = :email", { :email => 'foo@example.com' }).first
    end

    it 'duplicates arguments before modifying them' do
      User.where(args = { :name => 'foo' })
      assert_equal args, { :name => 'foo' }
    end
  end

  describe '.find_by' do
    it 'finds first record with matching attribute value in translations table' do
      Post.create(:title => 'title 1')
      post = Post.create(:title => 'title 2')
      assert_equal post, Post.find_by(:title => 'title 2')
    end

    it 'duplicates arguments before modifying them' do
      User.find_by(args = { :name => 'foo' })
      assert_equal args, { :name => 'foo' }
    end
  end

  describe '.find_or_create_by' do
    it 'returns first record with matching attribute value if one exists in translations table' do
      Post.create(:title => 'title 1')
      post = Post.create(:title => 'title 2')
      assert_equal post, Post.find_or_create_by(:title => 'title 2')
    end

    it 'creates record with translated attribute if no matching record exists' do
      post = Post.find_or_create_by(:title => 'title 1')
      post.reload
      assert_equal Post.first, post
      assert_equal post.title, 'title 1'
    end
  end

  describe '.not' do
    it 'finds records with attribute not matching condition in translations table' do
      Post.create(:title => 'title 1')
      post = Post.create(:title => 'title 2')
      assert_equal post, Post.where.not(:title => 'title 1').first
    end

    it 'does not join translations table if query contains no translated attributes' do
      assert_equal [:translations], User.where.not(:name => 'foo').joins_values
      assert_equal [], User.where.not(:email => 'foo@example.com').joins_values
    end

    it 'does not join translation table if already joined with with_translations' do
      user = Globalize.with_locale(:ja) { User.create(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'bar') }
      assert_equal [user], User.with_translations('ja').where.not(:name => 'foo').to_a
    end

    it 'duplicates arguments before modifying them' do
      User.where.not(args = { :name => 'foo' })
      assert_equal args, { :name => 'foo' }
    end
  end

  describe '.exists?' do
    it 'returns true if record has attribute with matching value in translations table' do
      Post.create(:title => 'title 1')
      assert Post.exists?(:title => 'title 1')
      assert !Post.exists?(:title => 'title 2')
    end

    it 'duplicates arguments before modifying them' do
      User.exists?(args = { :name => 'foo' })
      assert_equal args, { :name => 'foo' }
    end
  end

  describe 'finder methods' do
    before do
      @posts = [
        Post.create(:title => 'title'),
        Post.create(:title => 'title'),
        Post.create(:title => 'title') ]
      Globalize.with_locale(:ja) do
        @posts[0].update_attributes(:title => 'タイトル1')
        @posts[1].update_attributes(:title => 'タイトル2')
        @posts[2].update_attributes(:title => 'タイトル3')
      end
    end

    it 'handles nil case' do
      assert_equal nil, Post.where(:title => 'foo').first
      assert_equal nil, Post.where(:title => 'foo').last
      assert_equal nil, Post.where(:title => 'foo').take
    end

    describe '.first' do
      it 'returns record with all translations' do
        @first = Post.where(:title => 'title').first
        assert_equal @posts[0].translations, @first.translations
      end

      it 'accepts limit argument' do
        @first = Post.where(:title => 'title').first(2)
        assert_equal [@posts[0], @posts[1]], @first
      end
    end

    describe '.last' do
      it 'returns record with all translations' do
        @last = Post.where(:title => 'title').last
        assert_equal @posts[2].translations, @last.translations
      end

      it 'accepts limit argument' do
        @last = Post.where(:title => 'title').last(2)
        assert_equal [@posts[1], @posts[2]], @last
      end
    end

    describe '.take' do
      it 'returns record with all translations' do
        Globalize.with_locale(:ja) { @take = Post.where(:title => 'タイトル2').take }
        assert_equal @take.translations, @posts[1].translations
      end

      it 'accepts limit argument' do
        @take = Post.where(:title => 'title').take(2)
        assert_equal 2, @take.size
      end
    end

    describe '.order' do
      describe 'returns record in order' do
        describe 'for translated columns' do
          it 'returns record in order, column as symbol' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order(:title)
            assert_equal ['post_translations.title'], @order.order_values
          end

          it 'returns record in order, column and direction as hash' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order(title: :desc)
            assert_match(/ORDER BY "post_translations"."title" DESC/, @order.to_sql)
          end

          it 'returns record in order, leaving string untouched' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order('title ASC')
            assert_equal ['title ASC'], @order.order_values
          end
        end

        describe 'for non-translated columns' do
          it 'returns record in order, column as symbol' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order(:id)
            assert_match(/ORDER BY "posts"."id" ASC/, @order.to_sql)
          end

          it 'returns record in order, column and direction as hash' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order(id: :desc)
            assert_match(/ORDER BY "posts"."id" DESC/, @order.to_sql)
          end

          it 'returns record in order, leaving string untouched' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order('id ASC')
            assert_equal ['id ASC'], @order.order_values
          end
        end

        describe 'for mixed columns' do
          it 'returns record in order, column and direction as hash' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order(title: :desc, id: :asc)
            assert_match(/ORDER BY "post_translations"."title" DESC/, @order.to_sql)
            assert_match(/"id" ASC/, @order.to_sql)
          end

          it 'returns record in order, leaving string untouched' do
            @order = Post.where(:title => 'title').order('title ASC, id DESC')
            assert_equal ['title ASC, id DESC'], @order.order_values
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end

  describe '.where_values_hash' do
    it 'includes translated attributes' do
      # when translated attribute query passed in as attribute on association
      wheres = User.with_translations(:en).where(:email => 'foo@example.com', :user_translations => {'name' => 'test_name'}).where_values_hash
      assert_equal({ 'email' => 'foo@example.com', 'locale' => 'en', 'name' => 'test_name' }, wheres)

      # when translated attribute query passed in as attribute on parent model
      wheres = User.with_translations(:en).where(:email => 'foo@example.com', :name => 'test_name').where_values_hash
      assert_equal({ 'email' => 'foo@example.com', 'locale' => 'en', 'name' => 'test_name' }, wheres)
    end
  end

  describe 'fallbacks' do
    before(:each) do
      @previous_backend = I18n.backend
      I18n.pretend_fallbacks
      I18n.backend = BackendWithFallbacks.new

      I18n.locale = :en
      I18n.fallbacks = ::I18n::Locale::Fallbacks.new
      I18n.fallbacks.map('en' => [ 'ja' ])
    end

    after(:each) do
      I18n.fallbacks.clear
      I18n.hide_fallbacks
      I18n.backend = @previous_backend
    end

    it 'returns translations in fallback locales' do
      post = Post.create(:title => 'a title')
      Globalize.with_locale(:ja) { post.update_attributes :title => 'タイトル' }
      Globalize.with_locale(:fr) { post.update_attributes :title => 'titre' }

      # where
      assert_equal post, Post.where(:title => 'タイトル').first
      assert Post.where(:title => 'titre').empty?

      # find_by
      assert_equal post, Post.find_by(:title  => 'タイトル')
      assert_equal nil, Post.find_by(:title => 'titre')

      # exists
      assert Post.exists?(:title => 'タイトル')
      assert !Post.exists?(:title => 'titre')
    end
  end

  describe 'associations' do
    it 'finds records with matching attribute value in translations table' do
      blog = Blog.create
      post = blog.posts.create(:title => 'a title')
      blog.posts.create(:title => 'another title')
      assert_equal [post], blog.posts.where(:title => 'a title').load

      comment = post.translated_comments.create(content: "something")
      post.translated_comments.create(content: "something else")
      assert_equal [comment], post.translated_comments.where(content: "something").load
      assert_equal [comment], blog.translated_comments.where(content: "something").load
    end

    it 'parses translated attributes in chained relations' do
      blog = Blog.create
      post = blog.posts.create(:title => 'a title', :content => 'foo')
      blog.posts.create(:title => 'a title', :content => 'bar')
      result = blog.posts.where(:content => 'foo').where(:title => 'a title').load
      assert_equal [post], result
    end

    it 'finds records that are not translated' do
      blog = Blog.create
      post = blog.posts.create(:title => 'a title')
      attachment = post.attachments.create(file_type: "image")
      assert_equal attachment, post.attachments.where(file_type: "image").first
      assert_equal attachment, blog.attachments.where(file_type: "image").first
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
1Afolabi, Ayo Samuel 1Akawa, Mpingana Ndilimeke 1Antonels, Nathan Charles 1Anyik, John Leo 1Booysen, C.J 1Cele, Leskey Mduduzi 1Dlamini, Langelihle Nsikayezwe 1Dlamini, Njabuliso Lucia 1Enebe, George Chukwuebuka 1Fakude, Colani Thembinkosi 1Gwebu, Sandile Surprise 1Hobson, Deborah Dawn 1Idris, Azeez Olayiwola 1Jimana, Amandla 1Kadanyo, Sania 1Kganyago, Peter 1Kortidis, Ioannis 1Kumar, Neeraj 1Kumari, Renu 1Langwenya, Siphiwe P.
9Carbon 8Nanotubes 6Carbon nanotubes 6Nanoparticles 5Electrochemical analysis 5Nanomedicine 5Organic water pollutants 5Photocatalysis 4Dendrimers 3Biosensors 3Cadmium 3Carbon composites 3Catalysis 3Electrocatalysis 3Electrochemical sensors 3Gold 3Nanofibers 3Polymeric composites 3Water - Purification - Organic compounds removal
70Adobe Acrobat PDF 21XML Document 1Microsoft Word Document
38Masters (Thesis) 19Thesis 11Doctoral (Thesis) 3Article
A two-dimensional simulation of atomic layer deposition process on substrate trenches
- Olotu, Olufunsho Oladipo
Authors: Olotu, Olufunsho Oladipo
Subjects: Atomic layer deposition , Thin films , Nanostructured materials
Type: Masters (Thesis)
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/413228 , uj:34805
Description: Abstract: In the cause of the increasing need for miniaturisation of devices, a more sophisticated nano-manufacturing technique of component was rummage around for, which has led to the adoption of atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique due to its competency of accomplishing superb uniformity, conformality, pinhole-free and ultra-thinness. In this dissertation, the ALD process within the cavity and surface of substrate trench was studied numerically with the intent to optimise the deposition process while formulating suitable ALD recipe. In the cause of optimising the process of an atomic layer deposition (ALD) for trenched substrate, a numerical model was presented, and two-dimensional simulations of the ALD process of substrate trenches in an arbitrary reactor were performed. Here, the deposition of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was illustrated with trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ozone (O3) precursors as Aluminum (Al) and oxygen (O2) sources respectively while inert argon was used as purging gas in an arbitrary reactor. The flow is similar to a typical top-to-bottom type ALD reactor. The gases are assumed to enter at an inlet temperature of 150°C while the substrate, reactor walls and outlet temperature of 250°C is used. The TMA and O3 precursors are both pulsed separately, according to the sequence, into the reactor at 0.085 m/s for 0.2 and 1 second, respectively. While inert-purge gas (Ar) is used to purge the reactor domain at 0.17 m/s for 5 seconds between the pulse and exposure times. For this work the ALD sequence follows in a pulse-exposure-purge-exposure-pulse-exposure-purge manner to form a complete ALD cycle. After the reactive and inert-gases have flown and penetrated into the trenched substrate the excess and by-products are then exhausted past the edges of the trenched substrate towards the outlet of the reactor. The reactor flow domain is meshed into 67023 nodes. The ALD process within the arbitrary reactor is investigated by numerical simulating the reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) within commercial software packages ANSYS FLUENT and CHEMKINPRO. This transient process is implemented by the coupled algorithm approach... , M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering)
Application of monometallic and bimetallic dendrimer encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) and their catalytic evaluation on reduction of 4-nitrophenol
- Patala, Rapelang
Authors: Patala, Rapelang
Subjects: Dendrimers , Dendrimers - Synthesis , Catalysis , Inorganic compounds - Analysis , Nanostructured materials
Description: M.Sc. (Chemistry) , Abstract: The compound 4-nitrophenol found in wastewater streams is mainly the result of industrial and agricultural production. Having adverse health effects associated with it, 4-nitrophenol should be removed from the environment or converted to less hazardous forms as efficiently as possible. Feasible techniques to get rid of this chemical compound are of great research interest. The synthesized nanoparticles encapsulated inside dendrimers (DENs) will be evaluated for catalytic activity against the reaction of 4-nitrophenol reduction. Transition metal nanoparticles find their application in catalysis; this makes them to be of great technological importance. They can be synthesized by evaporation, condensation and chemical or electrochemical reduction of metal salts in the presence of stabilizers. Dendrimers were used as templates for the synthesis of both monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles which were evaluated as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. We also focused on comprehensive kinetic analysis of 4-nitrophenol reduction using dendrimer encapsulated metal nanoparticles (DENs). The adsorption rates and reaction rates were found and evaluated, and it could be concluded that bimetallic catalysts were more catalytically active than monometallic ones. Different ratios of bimetallic (AuPd) nanoparticles were also supported on different mesoporous metal oxides (MMOs) and their catalytic activity evaluated on reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The results were interpreted in the light of Langmuir Hinshelwood model. The AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles supported on MMOs showed synergistic effect. With the use of power rate law it was shown that 4-nitrophenol reduction follows first order kinetics.
Application of "noble metals" for the electrocatalytic detection of monoamine group containing neurotransmitters
- Meenakshi, K.M.
Authors: Meenakshi, K.M.
Subjects: Nanostructured materials , Electrochemical sensors , Nanoscience , Electrocatalysis , Electrochemical analysis
Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
Description: Abstract: Electrochemical biosensors have provided a new route to biomedical diagnosis and testing. Research to constantly improve biosensor performance and develop new protocols in biosensor design is ongoing. This work contributes to the field of biosensor development by exploring the applicabilities of conductive polymer (CP) and metal nanoparticles (MNPs) based nanocomposites as tools in electrochemical biosensor fabrication. In general, voltammetric and pulsed technique were employed to model the electrochemical reactivities of the CPs- MNPs on working glassy carbon electrodes; while the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning elelctron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) instrumental techniques were used for further characterisation.This thesis focuses on both the integration of functional nanomaterials to improve electrical interfacing between biological system and electronics. Metal nanoparticles based nanocomposite was prepared by using in situ polymerization and composite formation (IPCF) technique and used in the development of an electrochemical sensor for neurotransmitters (NTs) detection with simultaneous reduction of dyes. The MNPs-CPs composite was deposited on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by using the drop and dry method. The integration of various nanomaterials is described, in order to understand the effect of different surface modifications and morphologies of various materials for electrochemical sensing of biological analytes. IPCF approach are promising technique to provide key building blocks of nanocomposites for future practical systems, as well as model systems for fundamental research. A composite architecture of amino acid and gold nanoparticles has been synthesized using a generic route of IPCF. The formation mechanism of the composite has been supported by a model hydrogen atom (H∙≡H+ + e-) transfer (HAT) type of reaction which belongs to the... , Ph.D. (Chemistry)
Aqueous synthesis and characterization of CdSe/ZnO and Ag/ZnO core/shell nanomaterials
- Rakgalakane, Ben Pesana
Authors: Rakgalakane, Ben Pesana
Subjects: Nanoparticles , Nanostructured materials , Water-soluble organometallic compounds
Description: M.Sc. , This dissertation describes the synthesis and characterization of CdSe/ZnO and Ag/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles using water as a solvent. The effects of the concentration of the shell precursor, pH, and stabilizing agents on the properties of the nanoparticles were investigated. In general, the type of capping agents had an influence on the crystallite size of the core nanocrystals. The particle size distributions which were calculated from TEM images show that thioglycolic acid as a capping agent produced larger particle sizes compared to thioglycerol. For example, thioglycolic acid produced on average 5.0 nm CdSe nanoparticles while 4.0 nm average CdSe particle size was obtained when using thioglycerol as stabilizer. This observation was confirmed by UV/Vis absorption results which showed that thioglycerol capped CdSe NCs exhibited excitonic peaks positioned at lower wavelength than thioglycolic capped CdSe NCs. XRD results showed that the capping agents used in the current work had no influence upon crystal structure of the CdSe nanocrystals as the cubic structure was obtained with both stabilizers. The effect of shell precursor concentration at pH 12 showed heterogeneous formation of ZnO nanoparticles at high shell precursor concentrations. Various ZnO morphologies including nanoflowers and nanotriangles were observed on TEM images when 50 mL and 25 mL of zinc nitrate solution were used as shell precursors. UV/Vis absorption results also confirmed the presence of ZnO absorption peaks for samples prepared with 50 mL and 25 mL of zinc nitrate solution as shell precursors. PL results showed an increase in peak intensity as a function of precursor volumes. XRD results showed diffraction patterns due to the wurtzite structure of ZnO. CdSe diffraction patterns in these samples were not detected by the XRD instrument. At low volume of the shell precursor, which was 5 mL of 0.05 M zinc nitrate, TEM results showed that spherical CdSe/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles were obtained at pH 12 with 5 mL of 0.05 M zinc nitrate solution and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide used as shell precursor solutions, and thioglycerol as a stabilizer. XRD analysis of the v sample exhibited ZnO diffraction patterns and the CdSe patterns were not detected owing to their low peak intensities compared to those of the ZnO. Similar results were obtained when thioglycolic acid was used a stabilizing agent. However, TEM images showed the hexagonal shape of the CdSe/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles. The pH level was found to influence the photoluminescence properties of the CdSe/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles. The enhanced PL intensity was obtained with CdSe/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles with pH 9 in comparison with CdSe/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles prepared at pH 12. TEM images showed the presence of a thin ZnO shell on the surface of CdSe cores for CdSe/ZnO prepared at pH 9 which could be attributed to the PL enhancement. Although EDS results confirmed the presence of elements such as Cd, Se, Zn and O for both the CdSe core and ZnO shell, the XRD results confirmed the presence of only CdSe diffraction patterns, which suggested the ZnO shell had low peak intensity or was amorphous. A similar effect of these capping agents was observed for Ag nanoparticles as thioglycerol produced average particle size of 16.0 nm whereas 31.0 nm as the average particle size was obtained with thioglycolic acid as stabilizing agent. The crystal phase of Ag NPs was independent of the type of stabilizer. The Ag NPs precipitated in face centred cubic phase. Core/shell Ag/ZnO nanoparticles were produced with 5 ml of zinc nitrate as shell precursor. Higher volumes (50 ml and 25 ml) of zinc nitrate shell precursor induced heterogeneous precipitation of ZnO nanoparticles. XRD patterns confirmed peaks due to ZnO and Ag for Ag/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles.
Bimetallic nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and nanofibers copolymerized with ß-cyclodextrin for water treatment
- Dlamini, Langelihle Nsikayezwe
Authors: Dlamini, Langelihle Nsikayezwe
Subjects: Carbon - Nanotubes , Nanofibers , Nanoparticles , Nanostructured materials , Polymerization
Identifier: uj:12390 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12173
Description: M.Tech. (Chemistry) , Please refer to full text to view abstract
Biosynthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver and gold nanoparticles from the leaf and bark extracts of Zanthoxylum Capense
- Nephawe, Mbavhalelo Jade
Authors: Nephawe, Mbavhalelo Jade
Subjects: Nanotechnology , Nanoparticles , Nanostructured materials , Gold , Silver
Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/372050 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/84769 , uj:19260
Description: Abstract: The biosynthesis of nanoparticles has many advantages over tedious, expensive and toxic physical and chemical methods of synthesis. Plants are stocked with valuable metabolites that are capable of reducing metal salts to form nanoparticles. In this study, aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Zanthoxylum capense were reacted with AgNO3 and HAuCl4 to determine the plants reducing abilities and hence synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles capabilities. The goal was to develop a reliable, eco-friendly and easy process for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using extracts of medicinal plant Zanthoxylum capense. Characterization of the nanoparticles formed by the aqueous extracts was performed using Ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanoparticles were characterised by measuring their relevant physicochemical properties. Among the determined properties are size, shape, zeta potential and surface charge. UV-vis spectrophotometry was used as a confirmatory as well as a characterizing tool. Phytochemical tests revealed that the leaf and bark extracts of the plant contained "alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, phlabotannins and reducing sugars" which were linked as potential reducing agents... , M.Sc.
Cadmium removal from water using nanoparticles embedded on a membrane and detection using anodic stripping voltammetry
- Sam, Simanye
Authors: Sam, Simanye
Subjects: Cadmium , Carbon , Nanostructured materials , Water - Purification
Description: Abstract : Water pollution by heavy metals is a serious problem in South Africa due to mining activities, electroplating industries, weathering of minerals and soils and coal combustion. Most river systems have been exposed to heavy metals contamination due to effluent disposal and this directly affects communities that use these sources for domestic purposes. For example, Umtata River which is exposed to Cd(II) is used for various purposes by a large population of the Transkei, most of which is rural - domestic (cooking, drinking and washing), agricultural (that is, livestock watering and irrigation), and recreational purposes (swimming). Water pollution by heavy metals such as, Cd(II) in particular is unavoidable and it causes undesirable health effects, such as hypertension and kidney failure. Thus, it is very important to find new ways to efficiently remove these metals from water. Nanostructured membranes are amongst other water treatment methods that have shown the ability to efficiently remove heavy metals from water. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a facile and effective method to remove heavy metals such as cadmium(II) from synthetic solutions and industrial water effluents. This was achieved by embedding carbon nanodots (CNDs) on a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane as support via phase inversion. The synthesized CNDs and fabricated membranes were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), contact angle and pure water flux assessment. TEM analysis confirmed that the synthesized CNDs were well dispersed with uniform shape and size (6.7±2.8 nm). Raman analysis illustrated that the CNDs were embedded on the PES and that after blending the PES with CNDs the ID/IG ratio slightly increased after modification of the membranes with CNDs showing that the membranes maintained good structural integrity. The CNDs/PES membranes showed improved hydrophilicity compared to the pristine PES. vi At constant pressure of 300 kPa the flux of pristine PES, 0.01% CNDs/PES, 0.05% CNDs/PES and CNDs/PES was 60.00 L.m-2.h-1, 96.93 L.m-2.h-1, 142.16 L.m-2.h-1 and 196.62 L.m-2.h-1 respectively. The performance of the membrane was optimised using batch adsorption experiments. The analysis revealed that 95.71, 96.32, 97.69 and 99.78% Cd2+ was removed by PES, 0.01% CNDs/PES, 0.05% CNDs/PES and 0.5% CNDs/PES, respectively at optimum conditions: 30 minutes contact time, at pH 5 and 0.5 ppm Cd(II) solution. The membrane, which contained 0.5% CNDs/PES, showed the highest percentage removal. This was due to the –OH and enhanced -COO- on the membrane composite, which could be attributed to the increase in the presence of CNDs within the membrane. , M.Sc. (Chemistry)
Carbon footprint analysis in the preparation of the platinum nanophase electro catalyst composite electrode
- Mabiza, Junior, Mbohwa, Charles
Authors: Mabiza, Junior , Mbohwa, Charles
Subjects: Carbon footprint analysis , Platinum group , Nanostructured materials , Life Cycle Inventory Assessment , Electrodes
Identifier: uj:6161 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13765
Description: A new approach in the use of PGMs for the highly catalytic activity in the production of hydrogen by water electrolysis, is to reduce PGMs into nanometer size (nanophase), then integrate them into electrodes. Water electrolysis is an environmental friendly process of producing hydrogen. This study was for the cognition of likely impacts to environment with regard to the manufacturing process of the composite electrode. The Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method and the carbon footprint calculation in the preparation of the composite electrode were essentially assisted by the Umberto for carbon footprint software, which helped to build an inventory analysis and provided a useful database of materials with respective carbon footprints. Direct emissions were likely involved when heating, calcinating, drying materials. Palliative recommendations were suggested in accordance with the types of emissions identified.
Carbon nanotubes and nanospheres: synthesis by nebulised spray pyrolysis and use in catalysis
- Cele, Leskey Mduduzi
Authors: Cele, Leskey Mduduzi
Date: 2009-05-13T08:47:51Z
Subjects: Carbon , Nanotubes , Nanostructured materials , Pyrolysis , Organic compounds synthesis , Palladium catalysts , Hydrogenation , Ethylene
Description: Ph.D. , This work presents a detailed study of the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanospheres by nebulised spray pyrolysis. This method has been used by other workers mainly for preparation of sub-micron particles and the deposition of thin films on various substrates. The effect of various synthesis parameters including the temperature, choice of the carbon source and the metal precursor as well as the carrier gas flow rate on the selectivity of the reaction and the properties of the carbon nanotubes produced was investigated. A major part of this work was devoted to a study of the effects of the addition of small quantities of oxygencontaining compounds (alcohols, esters and aldehydes) to the reaction mixture. The products were analysed using various methods including TEM, SEM, Laser- Raman spectroscopy and HRTEM. Furthermore, the possible use of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanospheres as supports for palladium in the hydrogenation of ethylene was investigated. Nebulised spray pyrolysis proved to be a suitable technique for the synthesis of well graphitized carbon nanotubes and carbon nanospheres with uniform diameters and it was demonstrated that good control of the carbon nanotube properties could be achieved by controlling the synthesis parameters. Better graphitization of the carbon nanotubes was observed at higher temperatures. Ferrocene, iron pentacarbonyl, nickelocene and cobaltocene were successfully used in carbon nanotube synthesis with the last two producing carbon nanotubes with diameters close to those on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Toluene (with and without acetylene as a supplementary carbon source), benzene, mesitylene, xylene and nhexane were successfully used to produce carbon nanotubes with a high degree of alignment while no success was achieved with ethanol. The poor yields obtained with ethanol appear to be a consequence of chemical changes in the ethanol induced by exposure to ultrasound irradiation. On the other hand, low concentrations of methyl acetate and ethyl acetate appear to enhance the production of carbon nanotubes. It was demonstrated that carbon nanotubes and nanospheres are suitable for use as supports for palladium in the hydrogenation of ethylene. Pd particles of uniform size were obtained and the conversion rates were slightly higher when the carbon nanotubes were pre-treated with a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid.
Characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity studies and photoactive effect of gold nanorods on colorectal cancer cells
- Kadanyo, Sania
Authors: Kadanyo, Sania
Subjects: Nanostructured materials , Rectum - Cancer - Treatment , Cancer - Treatment , Nanomedicine
Description: Abstract: Cancer is a disease formed from abnormal growth of cells affecting any part of the body. It is reported that cancer is the third leading cause of death after stroke and heart disease in developed countries. Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates vary markedly around the world; according to the World Health Organization (WHO) colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer as well as being the third leading cause of cancer death after lung and gastric cancer worldwide in both sexes. Thus each year over 1 million new patients develop colorectal cancer and over 600,000 patients die from it. The main problem in using most conventional cancer therapies such as anticancer drugs (chemotherapy); as well as radiation is their low selectivity for cancer cells coupled with their often high toxicity to non-targeted cells in the body and they often cause side effects that may be more unbearable than the disease at that particular point in time. In contrast with conventional cancer therapy's photodynamic therapy (PDT) was developed to try and address the disadvantages caused by conventional therapy's. Photodynamic therapy is a non-invasive method which yields satisfactory clinical results with fewer adverse side effects accompanied by higher selectivity. Although photodynamic therapy has significantly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of patients with cancer, further advances in therapeutic efficacy are required to overcome numerous side effects for example hydrophobicity and poor selectivity between deceased cells and healthy cells related to conventional PDT. Much attention has been directed to improving photosensitizers. Due to the highly desirable and tunable optical properties of light sensitive nanoparticles they are deemed resourceful in developing phototherapeutic agents for cancer therapy. Gold nanorods (GNRs) showing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at the near infra-red (NIR) region are of great interest for the development of nanomedicine in particular phototherapy of cancer and drug delivery. The main concerns usually encountered when using metal nanoparticles for general bio-applications are their potential toxicity and biological interactions of the nanoparticles with the cells... , M.Sc. (Nanoscience)
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M Hcl using synthesized eco-friendly polymer composites
- 'Mofu, Ts'oeunyane George
Authors: 'Mofu, Ts'oeunyane George
Subjects: Corrosion resistant materials , Nanostructured materials , Stainless steel - Corrosion , Corrosion and anti-corrosives
Description: M.Tech. (Metallurgy) , Abstract: In this work, two polymer composites namely PBSLP and PBSLH were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, XRD, SEM, CHNS and TGA. The results revealed that the formed polymer composite were graft polymer composites. The two synthesized polymer composites were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for MS in 1 M HCl. The corrosion inhibition characteristics including, corrosion rate, corrosion inhibition efficiency, and inhibitor adsorption to the metal surface were studied with gravimetric and electrochemical studies. The gravimetric studies revealed that adsorption of the polymer composites to the MS surface were both physisorption and chemisorption although physisorption appeared to be the more dominant process. Moreover, both polymer composites obeyed Langmuir isotherm. Electrochemical studies were also used to characterize that inhibitory mechanism of the said polymer composites. PDP, specifically Tafel plot and VASP with used to determine the corrosion parameters while EIS was employed to determine the charge transfer characteristics during corrosion. The results indicated that PBSLP and PBSLH are both mixed type corrosion inhibitors with cathodic reaction being the most affected reaction. In addition, the charge transfer resistance during corrosion increased with the increase in concentration of inhibitors. SEM was also used to examine the morphology of MS coupons before and after exposure to corrosive, the results revealed that PBSLP and PBSLH reduce corrosion of MS by forming a film on MS surface.
Determination of Cd(II) in water using aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors
- Fakude, Colani Thembinkosi
Authors: Fakude, Colani Thembinkosi
Subjects: Water - Analysis , Cadmium , Electrochemical analysis , Nanostructured materials
Description: Abstract: The World Health Organisation has recommended strict permissible limits for cadmium(II) in drinking water owing to the harmful threats it poses to humans and the environment. As a result, strict monitoring of cadmium(II) is a necessity. This dissertation reports on the design of monitoring tools referred to as electrochemical aptamer biosensors (aptasensors) based on nano-platforms for selective detection of Cd(II) in water. Nanomaterials such as carbon black, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanofibres were the smart materials of choice used in the fabrication of electrode supports for enhancement of detection signals. A screen-printed electrode was modified using carbon black following the dropcoating technique and then gold nanoparticles were electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 50 mVs-1 in a potential window of -400 mV to 1100 mV. A thiolated single stranded DNA aptamer was immobilised on the nano-platform via a Au-S covalent linkage. The aptasensor was characterised using CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ((EIS). The designed electrochemical aptasensor selectively detected Cd(II) using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.14 ppb in the presence of interferents like chromium, copper and other ions. The second electrochemical aptasensor was based on the fabrication of a screen-printed electrode using acid treated carbon nanofibres. The characterisation procedure was similar with the first aptasensor and upon application, the aptasensor was found to be selective towards Cd(II) detection. A detection limit of 0.11 ppb was obtained using SWV and the aptasensor. Both the aptasensor findings were validated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) which showed an LOD of 1.4 ppb. Both electrochemical aptasensor provide a cost effective approach for the mitigation of interferences during electrochemical detection of Cd(II) and they can be applied in the monitoring of Cd(II) in environmental samples. , M.Sc. (Chemistry)
Development of an electrochemical cholesterol biosensor based on poly (propylene imine) dendrimer- quantum dots nanocomposite
- Mokwebo, Kefilwe Vanessa
Authors: Mokwebo, Kefilwe Vanessa
Subjects: Electrochemical sensors , Biosensors , Quantum dots , Nanostructured materials , Dendrimers in medicine , Cholesterol - Physiological effect
Description: M.Sc. (Nanoscience) , Abstract: One of the parameters that cause cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is high level of cholesterol in the blood. Therefore, monitoring of cholesterol level is of great importance, especially to elderly people and people with high risk of such diseases. This work explores the applicability of poly (propylene imine) dendrimer (PPI) and CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) in developing a suitable platform for the development of an enzyme-based electrochemical cholesterol biosensor with enhanced analytical performance. The as-synthesized mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe QDs was synthesized in an aqueous phase and characterized using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The absorption and emission maxima red-shifted as the reaction time and shell growth increased. The increase in PL intensities shows proper passivation of the QDs surface with PL quantum yield (PLQY) of 33.8 %, 69.2 % and 57 %, for CdTe, CdTe/CdSe and CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe QDs respectively. The XRD patterns of all the as-synthesized QDs consist of three diffraction peaks corresponding to (111), (220) and (311) cubic zinc blended structures. The estimated particle size of CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe QDs from XRD and TEM are 4.32 and 4.08 nm, respectively while the EDX confirmed the presence of corresponding elements. For biosensor design, PPI dendrimer was electrochemically deposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in both phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and ferricyanide solution ([Fe(CN)6]-3/-4) This was followed by drop-drying the QDs on the electrode to form GCE/PPI/QDs. Finally, cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was drop-dried on the GCE/PPI/QDs electrode to produce GCE/PPI/QDs/ChOx-based electrochemical cholesterol biosensor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as it was modified with different materials and was able to capture the nano-globular morphology of PPI dendrimer. The GCE/PPI/QDs/ChOx based cholesterol biosensor was able to detect cholesterol in the range 0.1-10 mM with a...
Electrocatalytic properties of platinum and platinum-based carbon nanodots nanocomposites as electrocatalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells
- Gwebu, Sandile Surprise
Authors: Gwebu, Sandile Surprise
Subjects: Electrocatalysis , Fuel cells , Solid oxide fuel cells , Nanostructured materials , Platinum
Description: M.Tech. (Chemistry) , Abstract: Direct alcohol fuel cells are potential future energy sources for mobile and stationary appliances. They are fascinating more than the hydrogen fuel cells because they utilise a liquid fuel that is easy to store and transport. However, several drawbacks such as the high cost of pure platinum and the instability of carbon electrodes in the fuel cell environment are hindering the commercialisation of the DAFC technology. The platinum electrocatalyst is easily poisoned by the intermediates that are produced during alcohol electro-oxidation reactions, this result in low energy output. This study was devoted in synthesising a carbon support material with high surface area and to prepare platinum-based electrocatalysts with anti-poisoning and anti-corrosion properties. Carbon nanodots (CNDs) with sizes below 10 nm were synthesised by pyrolysing oats grains. The BET surface area of the CNDs was found to be 312.5 m2 g-1. XPS and FTIR results jointly revealed that the CNDs contain oxygen-containing functional groups which facilitate the attachment of metal nanoparticles. The Pt/CNDs electrocatalyst was synthesised using water as a solvent without adding any reducing agent. The Pt/CNDs electrocatalyst was tested against the commercial Pt/C standard to evaluate the performance of the CNDs (support material). Cyclic voltammetry results showed that the Pt/CNDs electrocatalyst prepared by this method exhibit superior performance for methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation at room temperature. The Pt-Sn/CNDs electrocatalyst was synthesised by the alcohol reduction method with the aim to reduce platinum loading and improve electroactivity. XPS results showed that the nanoparticles were present in the form of Pt-Sn metallic alloy with a significant amount of SnO- species. The lattice parameter of Pt in Pt-Sn/CNDs electrocatalyst was calculated to be 0.3926 nm; this value is higher than 0.3921 nm, the lattice parameter of Pt in Pt/CNDs electrocatalyst. XRD results proved that...
Electrochemical co-detection of arsenic, lead and mercury on exfoliated graphite nanocomposite electrodes
- Mafa, Potlako John
Authors: Mafa, Potlako John
Subjects: Electrochemical analysis , Nanostructured materials , Graphite , Electrodes , Trace elements - Analysis
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/84607 , uj:19241
Description: Abstract: Please refer to full text to view abstract , M.Sc. (Chemistry)
Electrochemical detection of arsenic and selenium on modified carbon based nanocomposite electrodes
- Idris, Azeez Olayiwola
Authors: Idris, Azeez Olayiwola
Subjects: Nanostructured materials , Electrodes, Carbon , Electrochemical analysis , Organic water pollutants , Carbon composites
Description: Abstract: This study explores the applications of nanomaterial modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the electroanalysis of arsenic and selenium ions in water. GCE was modified with gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide. Gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) modified GCE (GCE-AuNPs) was prepared by electrochemical deposition of gold from 5 mM of HAuCl4 solutions by cycling the potential from -400 mV to 1100 mV for 10 cycles at a scan rate of 50 mVs-1. GCEAuNPs was electrochemically investigated using redox probes which are [Fe (CN) 6]3-/4- and Ru (NH3)62+/3+. The current and the reversibility of the redox probes were enhanced in the presence of modifiers. The electrochemical determination of selenium by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) using GCE-AuNPs was carried out under the optimised conditions: pH 1, deposition potential of -100 mV, deposition time of 60 s and 0.1 M H2SO4 as supporting electrolyte. A detection limit of 0.64 μg L-1 was obtained. Cu and Cd were the only significant interferences observed for the electrochemical detection of selenium. Attempt was also made to sense selenium in tap water, concentration of 8.86 (± 0.34) ppb Se, was calculated for the tap water. The electrochemical method was validated with ICP-OES. Furthermore, arsenic was detected on GCE-AuNPs by SWASV. The sensing of arsenic was also optimised at different analytical conditions and a detection limit of 0.75 μgL-1 was obtained. Cu, Cd and Hg were the major interferences in arsenic sensing. Ammonia, EDTA and G3 PPI were used as ligands to mask the interference effect of copper on arsenic sensing in the bid to remove interference. Graphene oxide was synthesised by using Hummer`s methods and was further reduced to reduced graphene oxide using ascorbic acid. The reduced graphene oxide was used to modify GCE, the modification of GCE with rGO-GCE resulted in an increase in the electroactive surface area of the electrode which led to enhance the redox peak of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- in comparison to the bare GCE. SWASV was used to detect Se (IV) in water at the following optimum conditions: 0.1 M HNO3 as supporting electrolyte, deposition potential of -100 mV and pre-concentration time of 240 s. The rGO-GCE sensor was able to detect Se (IV) to the limit of 2.2 ppb and was not susceptible to many interfering cations except Cu (II) and Cd (II). , M.Sc. (Chemistry)
Electrochemical/photoelectrochemical studies of nickel(II) dimethylglyoxime and gold nanoparticles and their applications in the detection of phenolic water pollutants
- Olorundare, Foluke O. Grace
Authors: Olorundare, Foluke O. Grace
Subjects: Organic water pollutants , Nanostructured materials , Phenols , Mass spectrometry , Phenols - Identification
Description: M.Sc. (Chemistry) , Abstract: The electrochemical behaviour and detection of phenols such as o-nitrophenol (o-NP) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and also 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and 3-chlorophenol (3-CP), has been studied on a gold nanoparticle - nickel dimethylglyoxime complex (N(II)DMG) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrode was prepared by drop coating nickel dimethylglyoxime complex on a GCE followed by the electrodeposition of gold nanoparticle. Each step in the electrode modification was characterised by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). There two redox probes hexacyanoferrate (III) - hexacyanoferrate(II) ion ([Fe(CN)6]3−/4− ) and hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride – hexaammineruthenium (II) chloride [Ru(NH3)6 ]2+/3+ were applied to verify the suitability of the modified electrode (i.e. GCE/NiDMG-AuNP) with satisfactory results. The results showed that nickel dimethylglyoxime complex/gold nanoparticles electrode had improved conductivity, reversibility and electron transfer rate in selected redox probe than the unmodified GCE. The GCE/NiDMG-AuNP electrode was used in the determination of o-NP and p-NP in water. Under the optimal conditions, detection limits of 0.58 μM and 0.103 μM were calculated for o-NP and p-NP respectively. The GCE/NiDMG-AuNP electrode was applied to real water sample and the effects of interferences were studied. Photoelectrochemical analysis was done with p-NP with substantial results. The GCE/NiDMG-AuNP electrode was also used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of 2-CP and 3-CP by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results demonstrated that the GCE/NiDMG-AuNP exhibited remarkable enhancement effects towards 2-CP and 3-CP. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak currents displayed a good linear relationship to concentration in the ranges from 0.5 to 30 μM for 2-CP and 0.5 to 35 μM for 3-CP, with detection limits of 0.097 and 0.093 μM, respectively. This sensor was successfully used in the detection 2-CP and 3-CP of real water samples with good results.
Electrospun antibacterial cyclodextrin and chitosan based nanocomposite filtration materials for use in drinking water purification
- Nthunya, Lebea Nathnael
Authors: Nthunya, Lebea Nathnael
Subjects: Water - Purification - Organic compounds removal , Nanostructured materials , Nanofibers , Electrospinning , Cyclodextrins
Description: Abstract: The quality of drinking water sources in a rural settlement within the Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality in Mpumalanga, South Africa was studied over a period of 8 months (from June 2014 – February 2015). Specifically the community that was used as a case study in this project is Lochiel, which has approximately 5000 residents. The community has no supply of purified water. It relies on open wells and boreholes as direct sources of drinking water and water for domestic purposes. At the inception of the study, no existing information could be found on the quality of these drinking water sources. The quality of these water sources was studied by determining the levels of toxic metals, organics, and bacteria using a range of analytical methods. The results obtained showed that the quality of the drinking water was generally acceptable and differed for each source and with change in seasons of the year. However, the study revealed that the concentrations of Co, Pb, Mn, Fe, chlorophenols, nitrophenols, E. coli and total coliforms were higher than the acceptable limits in some of the sources. In an attempt to develop materials to remove the detected pollutants in the water sources, antibacterial nanofibres based on chitosan (CS) and β-cyclodextrins (β- CDs) were synthesized for use in a point-of-use (POU) system. The CS and -CDs polymer powders were chosen due to their remarkable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, gratifying design flexibility and cost effectiveness. The polymer powders were fabricated in the form of nanofibres using an electrospinning technique. Their ability to be electrospun was enhanced by the addition of other polymers prior to the preparation of the electrospinning solutions. Polyacrylamide (PAA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyisoprene (PIP) were blended with CS to prevent its stream break-up, reduce its surface tension, improve its entanglement during electrospinning (polymers with high molecular weight assist in formation and entanglement of the jet, thereby resulting in fibre formation) and to reduce the swelling capacity of the synthesized nanofibres. Uniform non-beaded CS based nanofibres were obtained by electrospinning a CS polymer solution containing CS:PAA = 3.5:1, 5% PEG and 80% PIP relative to the CS. The optimum electrospinning conditions for the CS based nanofibres were: injection flow rate of 0.7 mL·h-1, a distance of 22 cm between the tip of the needle and the collector and a... , M.Sc. (Chemistry)
Enhancing the antifungal effect of antimicrobials against opportunistic and mycotoxigenic fungi using copper nanoparticles
- Mofilikoane, Lerato Beatrice
Authors: Mofilikoane, Lerato Beatrice
Subjects: Antifungal agents , Nanostructured materials , Nanoparticles , Mycotoxins
Description: Abstract: Various methods have been employed in controlling contamination of food and feed commodities by fungi and their toxins as well as in the management of associated diseases in various plant and animal species. However, one of the challenges in addressing these problems over the years has been the development of drug resistance by some fungal species. In addition, the lack of effectiveness of some of the drugs or antibiotics when utilized in isolation is another problem being faced. Therefore, incorporation of nanoparticles with antibiotics can be a breakthrough as the positive interactive activity between the two may enhance the effectiveness of the already existing antibiotics against opportunistic fungal species and associated diseases. The tenacity of this study was to enhance the antimicrobial effect of various antimicrobial agents against some mycotoxigenic and pathogenic fungi using CuNPs. In the present study, the synthesis of CuNPs was achieved by chemical reduction method using a reducing agent, ascorbic acid in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG-1000). Furthermore, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light absorption spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were utilized in characterizing the synthesized CuNPs. Individual antifungal activities of commercial antimicrobials, CuNPs and their conjugates were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. Initially, UV-vis spectroscopy was used to monitor the synthesis of CuNPs, which revealed a CuNP peak at 575 nm. FTIR further confirmed the coordination of PEG and CuNPs as expected and SEM micrographs confirmed the surface morphology of CuNPs even though agglomeration was observed. Antimicrobial study revealed the inhibition of fungal growth by some of the tested antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the positive interactive effect of those active antibiotics and CuNPs resulted in an increase in 1.2 to 1.6 fold-area in antifungal activity, revealing that their conjugation enhanced their antimicrobial efficacy against the test pathogenic fungi. , M.Sc. (Nanoscience)
Extraction and modification of cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) electrospun nanofibers for water purification
- Onditi, Mariah
Authors: Onditi, Mariah
Subjects: Water - Purification - Organic compounds removal , Nanostructured materials , Electrospinning , Nanofibers , Opuntia ficus-indica
Description: Ph.D. (Chemistry) , Abstract: In this thesis, the use of cactus extracts in water purification as the domain of interest, where the scope includes extraction of vital polysaccharides, nanofiber fabrication and application is presented. The cactus pads (Opuntia ficus indica) used in the study were collected from a neighbouring field to the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Water pollution is increasing and lack of cheap and adaptable point-of-use technologies, have recently exacerbated water shortage problem. Globally, the existing water resources may not sustain the demand for domestic and industrial use, if the available amounts cannot be harvested, treated and recycled properly. Based on this concern, the quest for efficient wastewater treatment technologies, is of a particular interest to reserchers. Critical examination of the isolated polysaccharides revealed that cactus extracts were generally composed of unique lyxose sugars (both in furanose and pyranose forms) along with other hemicellulose sugar residues. Basically, the polysaccharides obtained from cactus were classified as hemicellulose and pectin sugars. Based on these constituents, a hybrid approach was used to study the applicability of cactus extracts in water treatment and filtration. First, direct use of the polysaccharide extracts was assessed. The adsorption of selected metal cations onto the hemicellulose polysaccharide extract was studied as a function of physico-chemical variables including initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and pH of the solution. Results obtained in this study, can be divided into four parts /aspects, as highlighted below. Part I-Adsorption Isotherms: the models indicated that the adsorption percentage of Pb2+ and Cd2+ increased with contact time, attaining equilibrium at 150 min for Cd2+ and 120 min for Pb2+. At these optimal times, the adsorption capacity of both ions increased with an increase in...


Curious about the trip to India? Want to learn more and ask questions? Join Kimberly and Gabrielle for one or both of these informal gatherings to discuss the trip to India. We'll chat about what to expect, show you some of the lovely things we've brought back and talk about any concerns or questions you might have.
Journey to the Sacred cities of Varanasi, Khajarou, Jaipur and Rishikesh with Kimberly Vest, Gabrielle Kidd and your friends at Uttara Yoga Studio. Visit Temples, immerse in the culture of India and travel to amazing places! This is Uttara's third trip to India, and you will be fully supported throughout the journey with daily yoga, meditation and our amazing guide, Uschi Gibson and her team.
The trip cost is early registration $2700/$3100 late registration; this includes the primary registration payment of $600. We ask you to pay the primary deposit now for us to hold your space. This is a retainer in case you need to cancel the journey, which will cover cancellation fees of your domestic Indian travel. There are no additional cancellation fees. Please pay this deposit directly to Uttara Yoga Studio.
Early registration deposit deadline October 1, 2018. Deposit of $600 received by Uttara before October 1 full journey cost $2700. Deposit received by Uttara after October 1 – full journey cost $3100.
Your remaining trip payments will be made to Uschi, the LuckyLalita company. The first big trip expense will be your flight, in order to insure you travel with the rest of the group, so trip payments can begin after that expense, however it works for you. Trip payments can be made via check, credit card, pay pal, or bank transfer. Just contact Uschi for the details.
Our pilgrimage provides an intimate experience of India as we come together to share in spiritual and cultural discourses, experience yoga in its birthplace, soak up the amazing energy of some of the most sacred places on Earth.
This adventure is organized by Uschi Gibson of luckylalita.com. Uschi will guide you through the entire process, from booking the flight to obtaining your India Visa, as well as information regarding immunizations, packing and preparing your heart for this journey of a lifetime. She has led many pilgrimages and travel adventures for groups to India, and is the perfect guide to this deeply spiritual (and often challenging) country.
Thurs Jan 10th Depart for India!
Arrive Delhi in Delhi before or after midnight. Overnight bookings depend on flight arrival times.
Depart Delhi for Varanasi. Arrive Varanasi, taxis pick you up at Varanasi airport and transition to hotel. Greeting Ganga, Joy!
Morning Yoga. Breakfast. Engaging with the women Uschi works with in Sarai Mohana village and experiencing some of the local culture at a deep level. Boat ride back along the Ganga. Lunch on arrival at Shree Cafe. REST. Evening shopping and dinner at Saffron Restaurant.
Morning Yoga. Breakfast at Shree Cafe. Boat ride along the ghats to see the beauty and rituals of the festival Makar Sakranti, when Jupiter moves into Aquarius in the Vedic calender. The most auspicious bathing day of the year when all karmas are cleansed & we move forward under the bright light of the sun. Slow drift back, harmonium playing and chanting, landing at the burning ghat, then old city walking tour. Incredible Lassi at Blue. Walk back to Rakesh's shop for some divine shopping. Snacks. Dinner, maybe Ganga Arati, goodnight!
Chai in hotel. Come to our house for a brief discourse on the significance of the temples & to leave purses behind. Walk to the 2 temples, darshan/blessings. Walk back to our house for breakfast. Hanging out here, shopping LuckyUschi goodies at wholesale prices. Return to the hotel, check out of rooms. We meet everyone for a walk and purchasing some snacks for the train. Late lunch/early dinner before trip to the train station. Transfer to station via Tuk Tuk, 2nd AC 2 tier berths to Mahoba overnight.
Arrive Mahoba in the morning. Cars pick us up and we drive to Khajuraho, about 2 1⁄2 hrs from the station, beautiful scenery through colourful villages and clean, spacious countryside. Check into our lovely hotel, breakfast buffet. Guided tour of the temple ground in the main temple by a local teacher who will share the history of the temples related to Tantra Yoga in the Chandela dynasty (He is so great, and a feminist!). Some fair trade shopping at a little place in the temple complex where they have hand made textiles & sculptures. Lunch at hotel. Optional tour of the smaller temples or resting/yoga in the afternoon. Dinner on the roof of the hotel, Goodnight.
Morning Yoga in beautiful studio. Breakfast buffet, relaxing. Depart before lunchtime for a trip to the family farm, and a special farm to table meal. The best food EVER in India! Return to the hotel, optional ayurvedic massages at spa nearby. Dinner, goodnight.
7:30 breakfast in hotel. Depart for the train station about 8:30am. Daytime 2nd AC train to Agra. Arrive Agra about 5:30pm. Cars from hotel pick us up and we transition to Hotel Atulyaa Taj. Check in, dinner on arrival and relaxing, goodnight!
Breakfast buffet in hotel. Morning guided tour of the Taj Mahal seeing all of the fabulous photo spots and getting the history of the monument (wear your best outfit!!). Return to the hotel for lunch, hotel check out. Transition to Jaipur by Delux Jeep (3-31/2 hour drive). Check into our wonderful Hotel Arya Niwas. Thali dinner, goodnight!
Yoga/meditation in the garden. Breakfast buffet in Hotel. Depart by tuk tuk for Amber city to visit the magnificent Amber Fort. Some little shopping there and on the way back, photos with camels (and maybe elephants!) at the Lake Palace. Snacks/chai in the hotel, rest and quiet time in the lovely garden etc. Thali dinner at hotel, goodnight.
Yoga/meditation in the garden. Breakfast in Hotel. Fun tour of the Hawa Mahal in Pink City area. Shopping for fun souvenirs. Return to the hotel, some rest, check out. Fun Bollywood movie at the fabulous Raj Mahal Cinema Hall (the biggest in INDIA!). Return to the hotel, Dinner. Depart for the train station about 9pm. 10pm overnight train to Haridwar in 2nd AC cabins.
Arrive Haridwar 10am following morning. Cars from the hotel pick us up at the train station, drive up the mountain to gorgeous Rishikesh! Meal on arrival in Rishikesh and some time to settle into rooms. Meet for the Rishikesh Ganga Arati at 5pm. Optional massage bookings at a nearby clinic (you'll get picked up via scooter!). Dinner, goodnight.
Morning Yoga. Breakfast buffet in hotel. Walk through the yogi forest to the Ganga beach where Sadhus meditate. Quiet time along the Ganga, bring your discreet bathing wear if you think you may make a full dip! Walk back to the hotel, some shopping along the way for beautiful leather bags, textiles, ayurvedic cosmetics, yoga books, and more. We can even get a cappucino on the way! Lunch in the hotel. Optional massage bookings at the Ayurvedic clinic nearby, free time. Dinner in the hotel, goodnight!
Morning Yoga. Breakfast. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ashram walk. Lots of photos. Blessing malas. Walk to the Ram Jhoula or Laxman Jhoula and do shopping. Local chai at Prem's chai stall Come back to our side for lunch. Optional massages nearby, maybe Ganga Arati? Dinner, goodnight.
Contact Uschi Gibson at luckyuschi@gmail.com.