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Keywords: Housing (306 Results)
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The Federal Government in a Segregated Society: Public Employment Exchanges and Housing Programmes
in Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government
10.1093/019829249X.003.0006
Political Science, American Politics
King examines how interventions of the American federal government—namely, the United States Employment Service (USES), federal mortgage assistance, and public housing programmes—mirrored the ... More
King examines how interventions of the American federal government—namely, the United States Employment Service (USES), federal mortgage assistance, and public housing programmes—mirrored the segregationist order in which they were installed, thus consolidating residential separation by race. According to King, not only did USES discriminate in their job placements but also in its field office facilities and staff; he also shows how the anti‐discrimination policies of the USES were failures and explores the reasons. Next, King traces the evolution of federal public housing and mortgage assistance programmes, focusing especially on the policies of the US Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and responses from organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Less
King examines how interventions of the American federal government—namely, the United States Employment Service (USES), federal mortgage assistance, and public housing programmes—mirrored the segregationist order in which they were installed, thus consolidating residential separation by race. According to King, not only did USES discriminate in their job placements but also in its field office facilities and staff; he also shows how the anti‐discrimination policies of the USES were failures and explores the reasons. Next, King traces the evolution of federal public housing and mortgage assistance programmes, focusing especially on the policies of the US Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and responses from organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Keywords: anti‐discrimination policy, federal government, Federal Housing Authority, federal mortgage assistance, job placements, NAACP, public housing, residential segregation, United States Employment Service
Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Hong Kong University Press
10.5790/hongkong/9789888208654.001.0001
Political Science, Public Policy
Hong Kong is one of the world's most densely populated cities. Land supply, property values, and housing provision are inextricably linked with the city's economic growth and questions of economic ... More
Hong Kong is one of the world's most densely populated cities. Land supply, property values, and housing provision are inextricably linked with the city's economic growth and questions of economic equality. In Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People, Yue Chim Richard Wong traces the history of Hong Kong's postwar housing policy. He then discusses current housing problems and their solutions, drawing on examples from around the world. Wong argues that housing policy in Hong Kong, with its multiple, often incompatible objectives, and its focus on supply over demand, can no longer satisfy the needs of a diverse and dynamic population. He recommends three simple low-cost policies to promote homeownership and social mobility: sell public rental housing units to the sitting tenants; make subsidized homes more affordable; and reform the public housing program along lines adopted in Singapore, where government-built housing may be resold or leased in a free market. This is the second of Richard Wong's collections of articles on society and economy in Hong Kong. The first, Diversity and Occasional Anarchy, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2013, examines the growing contradictions in Hong Kong's economy predicament in historical context.Less
Hong Kong is one of the world's most densely populated cities. Land supply, property values, and housing provision are inextricably linked with the city's economic growth and questions of economic equality. In Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People, Yue Chim Richard Wong traces the history of Hong Kong's postwar housing policy. He then discusses current housing problems and their solutions, drawing on examples from around the world. Wong argues that housing policy in Hong Kong, with its multiple, often incompatible objectives, and its focus on supply over demand, can no longer satisfy the needs of a diverse and dynamic population. He recommends three simple low-cost policies to promote homeownership and social mobility: sell public rental housing units to the sitting tenants; make subsidized homes more affordable; and reform the public housing program along lines adopted in Singapore, where government-built housing may be resold or leased in a free market. This is the second of Richard Wong's collections of articles on society and economy in Hong Kong. The first, Diversity and Occasional Anarchy, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2013, examines the growing contradictions in Hong Kong's economy predicament in historical context.
Keywords: Hong Kong, Housing, Housing policy, Public Housing, Politics, Social mobility, Population, Economics, Growth
Economic and Social Consequences of Public Housing Policies
in Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People
The most important issue in designing public housing policy is to have a functioning market that allows households to choose housing tenure, between tenancy and homeownership. This is especially ... More
The most important issue in designing public housing policy is to have a functioning market that allows households to choose housing tenure, between tenancy and homeownership. This is especially important in developing economies with weak institutions that are experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization, because the choice of housing tenure matters on both economic and social grounds.Less
The most important issue in designing public housing policy is to have a functioning market that allows households to choose housing tenure, between tenancy and homeownership. This is especially important in developing economies with weak institutions that are experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization, because the choice of housing tenure matters on both economic and social grounds.
Why Speculation Is Not a Bad Thing
There was no compelling reason to believe the market was failing or that government intervention to curb speculation was warranted. Speculative activities improve economic efficiency. A better ... More
There was no compelling reason to believe the market was failing or that government intervention to curb speculation was warranted. Speculative activities improve economic efficiency. A better appreciation of the mechanism behind the presale arrangements would lead to a more enlightened view about regulating the market for presale housing units. However, this has not happened. In the past 20 years the government has repeatedly intervened in the market to curb speculation whenever there is a public outcry against property price surges.Less
There was no compelling reason to believe the market was failing or that government intervention to curb speculation was warranted. Speculative activities improve economic efficiency. A better appreciation of the mechanism behind the presale arrangements would lead to a more enlightened view about regulating the market for presale housing units. However, this has not happened. In the past 20 years the government has repeatedly intervened in the market to curb speculation whenever there is a public outcry against property price surges.
Diversity and Occasional Anarchy: Land, People, and Growth
Reforming public sector housing will go a long way towards reviving the natural ebb and flow of life of half the city's population. It will make inhabitants freer and less frustrated, encourage ... More
Reforming public sector housing will go a long way towards reviving the natural ebb and flow of life of half the city's population. It will make inhabitants freer and less frustrated, encourage people to move around, and reactivate their natural economic instincts to build and create. It will end the labeling effect of living in the public housing sector. At the very least, the place they now live in will become a community that they will call their home and start investing in rather than treat as a public asset they do not own. A population policy that seeks to attract more talent to Hong Kong can only be beneficial for all if economic growth results from dynamic externalities produced by human capital. To date, there has been more talk than substance. With an aging population knocking on the door, we clearly should be planning for a much larger and better population mix and seek to attract migrants and contracted non-local workers based on their capacity to produce and innovate, rather than merely the assets or spending power they command.Less
Diversity and Occasional Anarchy : Land, People, and Growth
Reforming public sector housing will go a long way towards reviving the natural ebb and flow of life of half the city's population. It will make inhabitants freer and less frustrated, encourage people to move around, and reactivate their natural economic instincts to build and create. It will end the labeling effect of living in the public housing sector. At the very least, the place they now live in will become a community that they will call their home and start investing in rather than treat as a public asset they do not own. A population policy that seeks to attract more talent to Hong Kong can only be beneficial for all if economic growth results from dynamic externalities produced by human capital. To date, there has been more talk than substance. With an aging population knocking on the door, we clearly should be planning for a much larger and better population mix and seek to attract migrants and contracted non-local workers based on their capacity to produce and innovate, rather than merely the assets or spending power they command.
Time to Count the Social Cost of Uniting a People Divided
Chapter 1 highlights the main argument of the book: solutions to control the inflow people will eventually corrode the foundations of our free economy and open society. They will also be futile, ... More
Chapter 1 highlights the main argument of the book: solutions to control the inflow people will eventually corrode the foundations of our free economy and open society. They will also be futile, inhumane, and self-defeating. Hong Kong should be developed as a metropolis with a population that is much larger than is currently contemplated in official forecasts. And public housing units should be privatized to help residents become a propertied class. In doing so, Hong Kong will soon be gladly welcoming all those who have a legitimate and humanitarian claim to be here.Less
Chapter 1 highlights the main argument of the book: solutions to control the inflow people will eventually corrode the foundations of our free economy and open society. They will also be futile, inhumane, and self-defeating. Hong Kong should be developed as a metropolis with a population that is much larger than is currently contemplated in official forecasts. And public housing units should be privatized to help residents become a propertied class. In doing so, Hong Kong will soon be gladly welcoming all those who have a legitimate and humanitarian claim to be here.
IAN LOVELAND
in Housing Homeless Persons: Administrative Law and the Administrative Process
Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to present a 'contextual' study of the implementation of Britain's homelessness legislation, legislation which was initially ... More
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to present a 'contextual' study of the implementation of Britain's homelessness legislation, legislation which was initially enacted as the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977, and is now contained in Part III of the Housing Act 1985. The book's central theme is that law operates not in a context, but in a variety of interdependent contexts. Consequently, the purpose and effect of legal change can only be properly understood if one makes an attempt to discern the interactive effect of as many as possible of the influences bearing upon it. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to present a 'contextual' study of the implementation of Britain's homelessness legislation, legislation which was initially enacted as the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977, and is now contained in Part III of the Housing Act 1985. The book's central theme is that law operates not in a context, but in a variety of interdependent contexts. Consequently, the purpose and effect of legal change can only be properly understood if one makes an attempt to discern the interactive effect of as many as possible of the influences bearing upon it. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Keywords: homelessness legislation, Housing (Homeless Persons) Act, Housing Act, law, context, legal change
Landlord-Tenant Relations
Ida Susser
in Norman Street: Poverty and Politics in an Urban Neighborhood, Updated Edition
Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter identifies three types of landlords in Greenpoint–Williamsburg and relates each to different political and economic consequences for the neighborhood. Absentee landlords tend to be ... More
This chapter identifies three types of landlords in Greenpoint–Williamsburg and relates each to different political and economic consequences for the neighborhood. Absentee landlords tend to be wealthier than resident landlords and have different reasons for their interest in property. The third landlord, the New York City Housing Authority, has yet other interests. Each form of landlord influences the distribution of the neighborhood population and the degree of deterioration of particular areas. The chapter also discusses the causes of the racial discrimination practiced by white working-class homeowners, which can be contrasted with the more open policies of absentee landlords. Such variations have important consequences for the growth of electoral constituencies and political power.Less
This chapter identifies three types of landlords in Greenpoint–Williamsburg and relates each to different political and economic consequences for the neighborhood. Absentee landlords tend to be wealthier than resident landlords and have different reasons for their interest in property. The third landlord, the New York City Housing Authority, has yet other interests. Each form of landlord influences the distribution of the neighborhood population and the degree of deterioration of particular areas. The chapter also discusses the causes of the racial discrimination practiced by white working-class homeowners, which can be contrasted with the more open policies of absentee landlords. Such variations have important consequences for the growth of electoral constituencies and political power.
Keywords: Greenpoint–Williamsburg, absentee landlords, resident landlords, New York City Housing Authority, racial discrimination, white working class homeowners, electoral constituencies, political power
Reconstructing modernity: Space, power and governance in mid-twentieth century British cities
James Greenhalgh
Architecture, Architectural History
Reconstructing modernity assesses the character of approaches to rebuilding British cities during the decades after the Second World War. It explores the strategies of spatial governance that sought ... More
Reconstructing modernity assesses the character of approaches to rebuilding British cities during the decades after the Second World War. It explores the strategies of spatial governance that sought to restructure society and looks at the cast of characters who shaped these processes. It challenges traditional views of urban modernism as moderate and humanist, shedding new light on the importance of the immediate post-war for the trajectory of urban renewal in the twentieth century. The book shows how local corporations and town planners in Manchester and Hull attempted to create order and functionality through the remaking of their decrepit Victorian cities. It looks at the motivations of national and local governments in the post-war rebuilding process and explores why and how they attempted the schemes they did. What emerges is a picture of local corporations, planners and city engineers as radical reshapers of the urban environment, not through the production of grand examples of architectural modernism, but in mundane attempts to zone cities, produce greener housing estates, control advertising or regulate air quality. Their ambition to control and shape the space of their cities was an attempt to produce urban environments that might be both more orderly and functional, but also held the potential to shape society.Less
Reconstructing modernity : Space, power and governance in mid-twentieth century British cities
Reconstructing modernity assesses the character of approaches to rebuilding British cities during the decades after the Second World War. It explores the strategies of spatial governance that sought to restructure society and looks at the cast of characters who shaped these processes. It challenges traditional views of urban modernism as moderate and humanist, shedding new light on the importance of the immediate post-war for the trajectory of urban renewal in the twentieth century. The book shows how local corporations and town planners in Manchester and Hull attempted to create order and functionality through the remaking of their decrepit Victorian cities. It looks at the motivations of national and local governments in the post-war rebuilding process and explores why and how they attempted the schemes they did. What emerges is a picture of local corporations, planners and city engineers as radical reshapers of the urban environment, not through the production of grand examples of architectural modernism, but in mundane attempts to zone cities, produce greener housing estates, control advertising or regulate air quality. Their ambition to control and shape the space of their cities was an attempt to produce urban environments that might be both more orderly and functional, but also held the potential to shape society.
Keywords: Reconstruction, Modernity, Urban Modernism, Planning, Social Housing, Rebuilding
Has This Happened Before?
Matthew P. Drennan
in Income Inequality: Why It Matters and Why Most Economists Didn't Notice
10.12987/yale/9780300209587.003.0007
Has rising income inequality or rising household debt or a housing price bubble played a role in serious economic decline in the past? Did a rising average propensity to consume, and thus a falling ... More
Has rising income inequality or rising household debt or a housing price bubble played a role in serious economic decline in the past? Did a rising average propensity to consume, and thus a falling rate of saving, warn of unsustainable consumption leading to a serious economic decline before the present recession? Those are the questions considered in this chapter, and they all receive the same answer: yes.Less
Has rising income inequality or rising household debt or a housing price bubble played a role in serious economic decline in the past? Did a rising average propensity to consume, and thus a falling rate of saving, warn of unsustainable consumption leading to a serious economic decline before the present recession? Those are the questions considered in this chapter, and they all receive the same answer: yes.
Keywords: Income inequality, Housing price bubble, Average propensity to consume, Real wages, Mortgage debt, Estimated saving
Bronx Beginnings
ALLEN JONES and Mark Naison
in The Rat That Got Away: A Bronx Memoir
History, Social History
This book is Allen Jones's story, and it is also the story of thousands of young men and women who grew up in that particular time and place, many of whom were not lucky enough to be pulled away from ... More
This book is Allen Jones's story, and it is also the story of thousands of young men and women who grew up in that particular time and place, many of whom were not lucky enough to be pulled away from the window, to land on their feet, or even to live into middle age. The book also tells the story of a neighborhood in the Bronx. The Lester Patterson Houses is a public housing complex built for war veterans and their children in the heart of the South Bronx. However, by the time Jones was an adult, what was designed as an ideal community for people of different races and nationalities became a kind of war zone. Built in 1950, this was one of the first public housing projects in the South Bronx, part of a huge urban renewal project extending from 139th Street to 145th Street between 3rd and Morris Avenues.Less
ALLEN JONESMark Naison
This book is Allen Jones's story, and it is also the story of thousands of young men and women who grew up in that particular time and place, many of whom were not lucky enough to be pulled away from the window, to land on their feet, or even to live into middle age. The book also tells the story of a neighborhood in the Bronx. The Lester Patterson Houses is a public housing complex built for war veterans and their children in the heart of the South Bronx. However, by the time Jones was an adult, what was designed as an ideal community for people of different races and nationalities became a kind of war zone. Built in 1950, this was one of the first public housing projects in the South Bronx, part of a huge urban renewal project extending from 139th Street to 145th Street between 3rd and Morris Avenues.
Keywords: Allen Jones, Lester Patterson Houses, public housing complex, war veterans, South Bronx, Housing Projects, urban renewal
Domestic Fortress: Fear and the New Home Front
Rowland Atkinson and Sarah Blandy
Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life ... More
Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life and the economy that we term tessellated neoliberalism. The book considers the nucleus of the domestic home as part of a much larger archipelago frontline of homes and gated communities that appear as a new home front set against diverse sources of social anxiety. These range from questions of invasion (such as burglary or identity theft) to those of security (the home as a financial resource in retirement and as a place of refuge in an unpredictable world). A culture of fear has been responded to through increasingly emphatic retreats by homeowners into fortified dwellings, palatial houses, concealed bunker pads and gated developments. Many feature elaborate security measures; alarms, CCTV systems, motion-sensing lights and impregnable panic rooms. Domestic Fortresslocates the anxieties driving these responses to the corporate and political manufacturing of fear, the triumph of neoliberal models of homeownership and related modes of social individualisation and risk that permeate society today. Domestic Fortress draws on perspectives and research from criminology, urban studies and sociology to offer a sense of the private home as a site of wavering anxiety and security, exclusion and warmth, alongside dreams of retreat and autonomy that mesh closely with the defining principles of neoliberal governance. Even as the home is acknowledged to play a vital role in sheltering us from the elements so it has now come to be a locus around which many anxieties are shut-out. The home allows us to lock out the daily hardships of life, but is also a site from which we witness a wide range of troubling phenomena: the insecurities of the workplace, plans for our future welfare, internationalized terror, geo-political warfare, ecological catastrophes, feelings of loss and uncertainty around identity, to say nothing of the daily risks of flood, fire and other disasters. The home now plays a complex dual role that slips between offering us protection from these worries while also offering the nightmare of its own possible invasion, erosion or destruction. On top of these concerns entire industries have been built that sell a war against strangers, dirt and disaster. This of course includes the insurance industry itself, but also the use of technologies that both protect the home and make it effectively more impregnable to casual social contact as well as the proliferation of products devoted to domestic cleanliness. Domestic Fortress considers the fantasies and realities of dangers to the contemporary home and its inhabitants and details the wide range of actions taken in the pursuit of total safety.Less
Domestic Fortress : Fear and the New Home Front
Rowland AtkinsonSarah Blandy
Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life and the economy that we term tessellated neoliberalism. The book considers the nucleus of the domestic home as part of a much larger archipelago frontline of homes and gated communities that appear as a new home front set against diverse sources of social anxiety. These range from questions of invasion (such as burglary or identity theft) to those of security (the home as a financial resource in retirement and as a place of refuge in an unpredictable world). A culture of fear has been responded to through increasingly emphatic retreats by homeowners into fortified dwellings, palatial houses, concealed bunker pads and gated developments. Many feature elaborate security measures; alarms, CCTV systems, motion-sensing lights and impregnable panic rooms. Domestic Fortresslocates the anxieties driving these responses to the corporate and political manufacturing of fear, the triumph of neoliberal models of homeownership and related modes of social individualisation and risk that permeate society today. Domestic Fortress draws on perspectives and research from criminology, urban studies and sociology to offer a sense of the private home as a site of wavering anxiety and security, exclusion and warmth, alongside dreams of retreat and autonomy that mesh closely with the defining principles of neoliberal governance. Even as the home is acknowledged to play a vital role in sheltering us from the elements so it has now come to be a locus around which many anxieties are shut-out. The home allows us to lock out the daily hardships of life, but is also a site from which we witness a wide range of troubling phenomena: the insecurities of the workplace, plans for our future welfare, internationalized terror, geo-political warfare, ecological catastrophes, feelings of loss and uncertainty around identity, to say nothing of the daily risks of flood, fire and other disasters. The home now plays a complex dual role that slips between offering us protection from these worries while also offering the nightmare of its own possible invasion, erosion or destruction. On top of these concerns entire industries have been built that sell a war against strangers, dirt and disaster. This of course includes the insurance industry itself, but also the use of technologies that both protect the home and make it effectively more impregnable to casual social contact as well as the proliferation of products devoted to domestic cleanliness. Domestic Fortress considers the fantasies and realities of dangers to the contemporary home and its inhabitants and details the wide range of actions taken in the pursuit of total safety.
Keywords: Housing studies, Homeownership, Neoliberalism, Burglary, Socio-legal Studies, Culture of fear, Architecture, Urban studies, Urban geography, Urban criminology
Why Is Housing So Expensive?
in Diversity and Occasional Anarchy: On Deep Economic and Social Contradictions in Hong Kong
Society and Culture, Asian Studies
According to the traditional point of view, demand for residential flats outstrips land supply because of high housing prices. Another viewpoint claims that housing prices soar because of an array of ... More
According to the traditional point of view, demand for residential flats outstrips land supply because of high housing prices. Another viewpoint claims that housing prices soar because of an array of government regulations on zoning, planning, as well as other restrictions on buildings. Professor Edward Glaeser of Harvard University discovered that the housing crisis in the States was chiefly triggered by the high cost imposed by zoning and other land use controls. This chapter glances at two factors that modify the housing supply environment and the consequences posed to society by high property prices.Less
According to the traditional point of view, demand for residential flats outstrips land supply because of high housing prices. Another viewpoint claims that housing prices soar because of an array of government regulations on zoning, planning, as well as other restrictions on buildings. Professor Edward Glaeser of Harvard University discovered that the housing crisis in the States was chiefly triggered by the high cost imposed by zoning and other land use controls. This chapter glances at two factors that modify the housing supply environment and the consequences posed to society by high property prices.
Keywords: Housing crisis, Housing prices, Housing supply, Government regulations, Housing, Policies, Hong Kong, China, Economy
Debt and Recovery: New Deal Housing Policy and the Making of National Mortgage Markets
Louis Hyman
in Debtor Nation: The History of America in Red Ink
History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses the New Deal housing policy and the making of national mortgage markets. Though Franklin Roosevelt was sympathetic to housing the poor, his policies aimed, primarily, to grow ... More
This chapter discusses the New Deal housing policy and the making of national mortgage markets. Though Franklin Roosevelt was sympathetic to housing the poor, his policies aimed, primarily, to grow the economy and reduce unemployment. If this could be accomplished through housing the poor, all the better, but that was a secondary goal to restoring economic growth. Unlike the other housing programs of the New Deal, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) promised and achieved this growth. By 1939, investment in residential housing was nearly back to its 1929 levels. The flood of funds, guaranteed profits, and standardized policies initiated through the FHA changed the way banks operated forever, turning mortgages into nationally traded commodities—and in the process changing the way Americans related to banks and debt.Less
Debt and Recovery : New Deal Housing Policy and the Making of National Mortgage Markets
This chapter discusses the New Deal housing policy and the making of national mortgage markets. Though Franklin Roosevelt was sympathetic to housing the poor, his policies aimed, primarily, to grow the economy and reduce unemployment. If this could be accomplished through housing the poor, all the better, but that was a secondary goal to restoring economic growth. Unlike the other housing programs of the New Deal, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) promised and achieved this growth. By 1939, investment in residential housing was nearly back to its 1929 levels. The flood of funds, guaranteed profits, and standardized policies initiated through the FHA changed the way banks operated forever, turning mortgages into nationally traded commodities—and in the process changing the way Americans related to banks and debt.
Keywords: New Deal housing policy, national mortgage markets, Roosevelt administration, Federal Housing Administration, residential housing, mortgages
Poverty in the Midst of Affluence: How Hong Kong Mismanaged Its Prosperity
Leo F. Goodstadt
Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Hong Kong is among the richest cities in the world. Yet over the past 15 years, living conditions for the average family have deteriorated despite a robust economy, ample budget surpluses and record ... More
Hong Kong is among the richest cities in the world. Yet over the past 15 years, living conditions for the average family have deteriorated despite a robust economy, ample budget surpluses and record labour productivity. Successive governments have been reluctant to invest in services for the elderly, the disabled, the long-term sick, and the poor, while education has become more elitist. The political system has helped to entrench a mistaken consensus that social spending is a threat to financial stability and economic prosperity. This trenchant attack on government mismanagement traces how officials have created a 'new poverty' in Hong Kong and argues that their misguided policies are both a legacy of the colonial era and a deliberate choice by modern governments, and not the result of economic crises. This provocative book will be essential reading for anyone wishing to understand why poverty returned to Hong Kong in this century.Less
Poverty in the Midst of Affluence : How Hong Kong Mismanaged Its Prosperity
Hong Kong is among the richest cities in the world. Yet over the past 15 years, living conditions for the average family have deteriorated despite a robust economy, ample budget surpluses and record labour productivity. Successive governments have been reluctant to invest in services for the elderly, the disabled, the long-term sick, and the poor, while education has become more elitist. The political system has helped to entrench a mistaken consensus that social spending is a threat to financial stability and economic prosperity. This trenchant attack on government mismanagement traces how officials have created a 'new poverty' in Hong Kong and argues that their misguided policies are both a legacy of the colonial era and a deliberate choice by modern governments, and not the result of economic crises. This provocative book will be essential reading for anyone wishing to understand why poverty returned to Hong Kong in this century.
Keywords: Hong Kong, Poverty, Social welfare, Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, Healthcare, Education, Housing, Government policy, Legislation, Social inequality
Well Worth Saving: How the New Deal Safeguarded Home Ownership
Price V. Fishback, Jonathan Rose, and Kenneth Snowden
10.7208/chicago/9780226082585.001.0001
Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book is an economic history of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). The HOLC was government corporation created under the New Deal to refinance home mortgage loans in danger of foreclosure, ... More
This book is an economic history of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). The HOLC was government corporation created under the New Deal to refinance home mortgage loans in danger of foreclosure, passed at the beginning of the Roosevelt administration in 1933 with overwhelming support from Congress and a broad set of interest groups. The challenge for HOLC officials was to design a program that could deliver relief to loan borrowers while still securing the voluntary participation of lenders and not imposing unjustifiably large costs on taxpayers. Ultimately, the HOLC was effective in purchasing a large number of loans because it often paid lenders all or nearly all of the debts they were owed. At the same time, the HOLC delivered relief to borrowers by implementing relatively liberal loan terms and patient servicing practices but typically only small or no debt relief. The relief provided by the HOLC was broadly effective at helping borrowers avoid foreclosure and by doing so the intervention helped prevent declines in house prices and home ownership in some local markets. However, the program did not reverse all of the damage from the foreclosure crisis of the 1930s, and the HOLC ultimately foreclosed on 19 percent of its own loans. Financially, the HOLC's loan refinancing program was responsible for a modest loss to US taxpayers, equal to about 2 percent of the value of its loan portfolio, once all of its explicit and implicit costs are taken into account.Less
Well Worth Saving : How the New Deal Safeguarded Home Ownership
Price V. FishbackJonathan RoseKenneth Snowden
This book is an economic history of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). The HOLC was government corporation created under the New Deal to refinance home mortgage loans in danger of foreclosure, passed at the beginning of the Roosevelt administration in 1933 with overwhelming support from Congress and a broad set of interest groups. The challenge for HOLC officials was to design a program that could deliver relief to loan borrowers while still securing the voluntary participation of lenders and not imposing unjustifiably large costs on taxpayers. Ultimately, the HOLC was effective in purchasing a large number of loans because it often paid lenders all or nearly all of the debts they were owed. At the same time, the HOLC delivered relief to borrowers by implementing relatively liberal loan terms and patient servicing practices but typically only small or no debt relief. The relief provided by the HOLC was broadly effective at helping borrowers avoid foreclosure and by doing so the intervention helped prevent declines in house prices and home ownership in some local markets. However, the program did not reverse all of the damage from the foreclosure crisis of the 1930s, and the HOLC ultimately foreclosed on 19 percent of its own loans. Financially, the HOLC's loan refinancing program was responsible for a modest loss to US taxpayers, equal to about 2 percent of the value of its loan portfolio, once all of its explicit and implicit costs are taken into account.
Keywords: Home Owners Loan Corporation, HOLC, Great Depression, New Deal, Foreclosure, Loan refinance, Loan modification, Housing crisis, Housing policy, Home ownership
Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong
When discussing inequality and poverty in Hong Kong, scholars and politicians often focus on the failures of government policy and push for an increase in social welfare. Richard Wong argues in ... More
When discussing inequality and poverty in Hong Kong, scholars and politicians often focus on the failures of government policy and push for an increase in social welfare. Richard Wong argues in Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong that universal retirement support, minimum wage, and standard hours of work are of limited effect in shrinking the inequality gap. By comparing Hong Kong with Singapore, he points out that Hong Kong needs a new and long-term strategy on human resource policy. He recommends more investment in education, focusing on early education and immigration policy reforms to attract highly educated and skilled people to join the workforce. In analyzing what causes inequality, this book ties disparate issues together into a coherent framework, such as Hong Kong's aging population, lack of investment in human capital, and family breakdowns. Rising divorce rates among low-income households have worsened the housing shortage, driving rents and property prices upwards. Housing problems created a bigger gap between those who own housing and have the ability to invest in their children's human capital and those who cannot, thus adversely impacting intergenerational upward mobility. This is the third of Richard Wong's collections of articles on society and economy in Hong Kong. Diversity and Occasional Anarchy and Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2013 and 2015 respectively, discuss growing economic and social contradictions in Hong Kong and current housing problems and their solutions.Less
When discussing inequality and poverty in Hong Kong, scholars and politicians often focus on the failures of government policy and push for an increase in social welfare. Richard Wong argues in Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong that universal retirement support, minimum wage, and standard hours of work are of limited effect in shrinking the inequality gap. By comparing Hong Kong with Singapore, he points out that Hong Kong needs a new and long-term strategy on human resource policy. He recommends more investment in education, focusing on early education and immigration policy reforms to attract highly educated and skilled people to join the workforce. In analyzing what causes inequality, this book ties disparate issues together into a coherent framework, such as Hong Kong's aging population, lack of investment in human capital, and family breakdowns. Rising divorce rates among low-income households have worsened the housing shortage, driving rents and property prices upwards. Housing problems created a bigger gap between those who own housing and have the ability to invest in their children's human capital and those who cannot, thus adversely impacting intergenerational upward mobility. This is the third of Richard Wong's collections of articles on society and economy in Hong Kong. Diversity and Occasional Anarchy and Hong Kong Land for Hong Kong People, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2013 and 2015 respectively, discuss growing economic and social contradictions in Hong Kong and current housing problems and their solutions.
Keywords: Inequality, Poverty, Divorce, Housing, Human Capital
Financial Innovation: Too Much or Too Little?
Michael Haliassos (ed.)
10.7551/mitpress/9780262018296.001.0001
Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This collective volume is about financial innovation, its history, and its potential to cause or to prevent financial crises. In assigning blame for the recent economic crisis, many have pointed to ... More
This collective volume is about financial innovation, its history, and its potential to cause or to prevent financial crises. In assigning blame for the recent economic crisis, many have pointed to the proliferation of new, complex financial products - mortgage securitization in particular. The prominent economists from academia, policy institutions, and financial practice who contribute to this book, however, argue that it was not too much innovation but too little innovation and the lack of balance between debt-related products and asset-related products that lies behind the crisis. Prevention of future financial crises neither requires nor is assisted by regulation that stifles financial innovation, but by a policy and regulatory framework that helps broaden the informed use of financial innovation and its positive impact on the economy. The book, which includes two contributions from Robert Shiller as well as a discussion of Shiller's "MacroMarkets" tool, considers the key ingredients of financial innovation from both academia and industry; historical and recent examples of financial innovations; the positive potential but also the risks of financial innovation, with special emphasis on housing; rationality- and behavioral-based viewpoints on the causes of the recent crisis; the link between the cycle of financial innovation and financial crisis; and how future innovation-linked crises might be avoided.Less
Financial Innovation : Too Much or Too Little?
This collective volume is about financial innovation, its history, and its potential to cause or to prevent financial crises. In assigning blame for the recent economic crisis, many have pointed to the proliferation of new, complex financial products - mortgage securitization in particular. The prominent economists from academia, policy institutions, and financial practice who contribute to this book, however, argue that it was not too much innovation but too little innovation and the lack of balance between debt-related products and asset-related products that lies behind the crisis. Prevention of future financial crises neither requires nor is assisted by regulation that stifles financial innovation, but by a policy and regulatory framework that helps broaden the informed use of financial innovation and its positive impact on the economy. The book, which includes two contributions from Robert Shiller as well as a discussion of Shiller's "MacroMarkets" tool, considers the key ingredients of financial innovation from both academia and industry; historical and recent examples of financial innovations; the positive potential but also the risks of financial innovation, with special emphasis on housing; rationality- and behavioral-based viewpoints on the causes of the recent crisis; the link between the cycle of financial innovation and financial crisis; and how future innovation-linked crises might be avoided.
Keywords: Financial innovation, Financial crisis, Regulation, Behavioral finance, Housing, Securitization
Finding $3.336 Trillion in Housing Capital
in Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong
If the restriction on selling TPS and HOS units on the open market were removed or the unpaid land premiums substantially lowered, then an active market would appear. They would then become an ... More
If the restriction on selling TPS and HOS units on the open market were removed or the unpaid land premiums substantially lowered, then an active market would appear. They would then become an important source of new housing capital. Such privatization of public rental units and deregulation of sale restrictions on ownership units would substantially enhance the market value of government housing.Less
If the restriction on selling TPS and HOS units on the open market were removed or the unpaid land premiums substantially lowered, then an active market would appear. They would then become an important source of new housing capital. Such privatization of public rental units and deregulation of sale restrictions on ownership units would substantially enhance the market value of government housing.
Keywords: Housing, Tenant Purchase Scheme (TPS) units, HOS units, Public housing, privatization, Private residential housing, Thomas Piketty
Making the FILP Budget
Maurice Wright
in Japan's Fiscal Crisis: The Ministry of Finance and the Politics of Public Spending, 1975-2000
Political Science, Political Economy
The community of organizations whose members contributed to the processes of making and carrying out the Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP) Budget in Japan was extensive. Its membership, drawn ... More
The community of organizations whose members contributed to the processes of making and carrying out the Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP) Budget in Japan was extensive. Its membership, drawn from a wide variety of statutory and non-statutory organizations and groups, was broadly of two kinds, distinguished by the concentration of resources of authority, information, and organizational expertise, and the regularity of interaction. Those (parts of) organizations, and groups within them, that interacted on a regular and routine basis in the processes of making and/or carrying out of FILP policy had 'insider' status. 'Outsiders' had some contact irregularly with other members of the policy community, over some policy issues or problems, but their interactions tended to be formal or ad hoc and non-routinized. This chapter looks at the FILP policy community, the politics of postal savings, how the size of the FILP Budget is determined, the process of allocation of funds to local governments as well as FILP agencies such as the Housing and Urban Development Corporation, in-year budget revisions, and implementation of the FILP Budget.Less
The community of organizations whose members contributed to the processes of making and carrying out the Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP) Budget in Japan was extensive. Its membership, drawn from a wide variety of statutory and non-statutory organizations and groups, was broadly of two kinds, distinguished by the concentration of resources of authority, information, and organizational expertise, and the regularity of interaction. Those (parts of) organizations, and groups within them, that interacted on a regular and routine basis in the processes of making and/or carrying out of FILP policy had 'insider' status. 'Outsiders' had some contact irregularly with other members of the policy community, over some policy issues or problems, but their interactions tended to be formal or ad hoc and non-routinized. This chapter looks at the FILP policy community, the politics of postal savings, how the size of the FILP Budget is determined, the process of allocation of funds to local governments as well as FILP agencies such as the Housing and Urban Development Corporation, in-year budget revisions, and implementation of the FILP Budget.
Keywords: Fiscal Investment Loan Programme, budget, budget-making, policy community, postal savings, local governments, budget revisions, Housing and Urban Development Corporation


The Annual Report 2013-14 of the Ethics Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ECART) released by the Minister of Health.
ECART. 2018. Ethics Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology Annual Report 2013–2014. Wellington: Ethics Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology.


It's that time of the year again, crisp air, sweaters, college football, and the beginning of holiday eat-a-thon gatherings. Well kick off your Thanksgiving with a calorie deficit with the 6th the Wild Turkey 5-miler at Somerset Lake.
A new course this year but still just 5-miles. The course will be well marked, will begin and finish near the clubhouse, and there will be at least one aid station on the course with water and alternative beverage?!
This year the Wild Turkey is collecting non-perishable items for the Kennett Food Cupboard/Kennett Area Community Service (http://www.kacsonline.net/). The challenge is for participants to fill the bed of the pick-up truck that will be there race morning with bags of groceries. Items in highest need are: Cereals, Peanut Butter, Canned Vegetables (particularly beans and tomatoes), and personal care items like toothbrushes, toothpaste, etc.
Great Post-race party: We know how busy this morning is (which is why it's a 7:30 start!) so as soon as the last person finishes (usually around 8:30) we celebrate! All of the awards are given out along with the Grandma's Lost-Potatoes prizes (part of the tradition!) . There will be water, beer and light fare to enjoy.


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Ian Pearson (born 1959) is a British politician.

Ian Pearson may also refer to:

Ian Pearson (badminton) (born 1974), English badminton player
Ian Pearson (footballer) (born 1934), Australian rules footballer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Smashwords – Books Tagged "quiet"
These results show books which have been specifically tagged with this keyword. You can also try doing a general search for the term "quiet" .
"El Poder de los Introvertidos" hace hincapié en cuales son los puntos fuertes y los puntos débiles de extrovertidos e introvertidos. También explican en que situaciones se sienten cómodos ambos tipos de personas y como cada uno puede explotar su personalidad al máximo.
In the 24th century, the Solar System is under martial law. There is no privacy, and personal freedom is but an illusion. Simon Borealis, a 17-year-old from Europa, is on a mission in a world where words, actions, and thoughts are monitored, and often controlled. He's angry, remote, arrogant, and has been recruited for his special gift. Simon is a natural telepath.
Quiet is one of the most elusive, hard to find natural resources left. In this collection of pieces, award-winning travel writer Edward Readicker-Henderson goes in search of quiet, of the sounds the world makes when it's only talking to itself, to find what true quiet is and what it can mean to us.


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Q: The use of the verb "bet" in context Let's say my friend and I want to bet that something will happen, say, he says his favorite team will win, and I say it will lose. If his team wins, then he will have to make dinner for me, and if it lose, it is the other way around. How do I suggest in English that the prise is dinner? Which one of the following sentences sound the most natural?

Let's bet dinner?
Let's bet on dinner?
Let's bet for dinner?
I will bet you dinner that your team will lose.

What would a native English speaker would say that?

A: "Let's bet dinner" and "I will bet you dinner that..." both sound natural to me (Br.Eng)
"Let's bet on dinner" doesn't work, because it suggests dinner is the subject of the bet, rather than the prize.  Like you are betting on whether dinner turns out to be pasta or hamburgers.
"Let's bet for dinner" does not sound natural to me, although I am struggling to explain why.

A: Usage of bet:
1) VERB + BET have, make, place, put I'm going to place a bet on that white horse. | accept, take We are now taking bets on the election result.
2) PREP. ~ on I had a bet on the three o'clock race. | ~ with I made a bet with a friend.
3) PHRASES do sth for a bet, my bet is/it is my bet (that) … My bet is that Liverpool will win.
(Oxford collocation dictionary)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


With Easter right around the corner, store shelves are lined with baskets covered in cellophane and packaged with disposable toys and candy galore. If you are looking for something that is a little more environmentally friendly this year check out these tips!
Before rushing to the store to buy an Easter basket, why not stop at your local thrift shop? There are always tons of Easter baskets waiting on the shelf ready to go to a good home. When you buy a used Easter basket it helps keep them out of landfills and helps reduce the impact on the environment. There are also things around the house you can use to make an Easter basket (for example you can make a bunny out of a recycled milk jug).
The green plastic Easter grass found in a lot of Easter baskets are normally made from petroleum and generates a lot of emission and landfill waste every year. To help reduce your carbon footprint try to reuse the grass you have from last Easter. If you didn't keep last year's Easter grass you can line the basket with paper from your shredder (green is the best). If you don't have a shredder handy, try the office or a friend as well! When you are done with the paper lining you can put it outside in your compost bin or recycle it!
Try to buy local chocolate. If you don't have any local chocolate stores at least try to find the Fair Trade seal of approval on the chocolate goodies. If you are going to buy chocolates, buy in bulk to help reduce the amount of packaging used. Instead of buying all the sweets, make them yourself!
Instead of buying plastic toys that are bound to break and need to be replaced, try and put reusable toys or activities in the Easter basket. Items like puzzles, board games, and playing cards can be reused for years to come. Even better put some gloves, a gardening shovel, and some planting seeds (make sure to check what can be grown in your area this time of year.) We are sure you are going to be planting those seeds early Sunday morning!
Check out our Pinterest page for great Easter ideas!


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The Boston Diaries
The ongoing saga of a programmer who doesn't live in Boston, nor does he even like Boston, but yet named his weblog/journal "The Boston Diaries."
The map that does not end
I like maps (and I have a large collection of road maps I've collected over the years), but I really like maps that are unusual or that have a unique projection, like the Dymaxion map (which can be folded up into an icosahedron) or the Upside Down World Map where north is at the bottom (north at the top appears to be a Western convention; maps of Japan by the Japanese tend to put east at the top, because that's where the sun rises).
But this linear map of Lake Michigan (link via Jason Kottke) is something I've never seen before. It's also continuous in that you can wrap the top edge to the bottom edge. Very neat.
No, it's the Muppets
Bunny and I watched the second epside of "The Muppets" (and not "The Muppet Show" as I related last week) and this time, it actually elicited a few chuckles from the both of us, giving the show another one episode chance. But they really do need to work on the Fozzie subplots. Fozzie as a souvenir taker-cum-kleptomaniac just didn't work—it had a rather painful ending.
But Miss Piggy and Josh Groban dating? That plotline was amusing.
Obligatory Picture
Obligatory Links
Sean Hoade Brings You the World's Greatest Blog In The World
spin the cat
Flutterby!
Impudence
Twenty Sided
KIRK.is
Tedium: The Dull Side of the Internet
Reddit: Lua
Reddit: C
Reddit: asm
Reddit: Operating System Development
Reddit: Programming
Reddit: Coding
Reddit: Programming Languages
Reddit: Computer Science: Theory and Application
Reddit: Compilers
Obligatory Miscellaneous
Comments? sean@conman.org
About the Source Code
You have my permission to link freely to any entry here. Go ahead, I won't bite. I promise.
The dates are the permanent links to that day's entries (or entry, if there is only one entry). The titles are the permanent links to that entry only. The format for the links are simple: Start with the base link for this site: http://boston.conman.org/, then add the date you are interested in, say 2000/08/01, so that would make the final URL:
http://boston.conman.org/2000/08/01
You can also specify the entire month by leaving off the day portion. You can even select an arbitrary portion of time.
You may also note subtle shading of the links and that's intentional: the "closer" the link is (relative to the page) the "brighter" it appears. It's an experiment in using color shading to denote the distance a link is from here. If you don't notice it, don't worry; it's not all that important.
It is assumed that every brand name, slogan, corporate name, symbol, design element, et cetera mentioned in these pages is a protected and/or trademarked entity, the sole property of its owner(s), and acknowledgement of this status is implied.
Copyright © 1999-2019 by Sean Conner. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Belt and Road in 2019: Recalibration or Retrenchment?
Pakistan country, view along the way from Passu village to China border on Karakorum highway.
In the hilly north of Myanmar, a Chinese state-owned investment company was prepared to construct a massive 6,000 megawatt dam that would flood an area the size of Singapore. What seemed like a good idea at the time soon became a political debacle. Facing backlash from citizens, then-President Thein Sein was ultimately forced to halt the project.
This was in 2011. In the years that followed, the Chinese government's requests to continue the project fell on deaf ears. This year, Myanmar formally announced it would suspend the project due to environmental and societal impact.
While the Myitsone dam project predated the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), it showcased how complicated infrastructure and development projects beyond a country's own borders can be, and foreshadowed the types of projects that were to come. As BRI moves through its fifth year, it faces arguably more pressure than ever before.
Map of the Belt and Road Initiative via iStock.
Plot twists like these are all too familiar for Chinese President Xi Jinping's flagship project, and suspended projects are certainly not the only complication.
China's economy is slowing; fourth quarter GDP in 2018 fell to a nearly three-decade low. Foreign companies are projected to have weaker growth due to softening in the China market and Chinese companies, too, may find themselves harder-pressed to pay their debts. On the domestic political front, recent BRI loans have triggered a "wave of grumbling in China" from citizens who feel those funds would be better spent at home in a country that still defines itself as a developing economy. With economic stressors continuing to grow, how will Xi's signature initiative to connect Eurasia hold up in the year ahead? One thing is certain: the Belt and Road is not going away.
Headwinds against the Belt and Road
When BRI was first announced, called One Belt One Road at the time, China's foreign currency reserves stood at some $4 trillion. In an effort to offload pressure on the yuan and provide contracts for Chinese companies, Beijing took an interest in spending some of those reserves overseas. Five years later, reserves have fallen to $3 trillion and hopes that BRI will help internationalize the renminbi now seem far-fetched.
Chinese companies are often heavily saddled with debts that have led a record number into default. As noted in the Financial Times, "big Chinese state-owned enterprises that build, operate, and invest in many BRI projects are—on average—extremely highly leveraged." In addition, if the fanfare around competitive neutrality from high-level Chinese officials is to be believed, and as more resources are spent to prop up private enterprise, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) may see their access to capital curtailed in the long run. If the cash spigot for these government-backed companies begins to dry up, future BRI projects may fall victim to the drought.
Large SOEs are not the only ones facing economic pressure, though. In recent months, factory activity in China has been steadily contracting, with export orders falling at rates not seen since the financial crisis. At the same time, Chinese companies are facing stress from US tariffs, according to the American Chamber of Commerce. These headwinds for the Chinese economy may begin to whittle away at broad domestic support.
Outside of China, 2018 also saw push-back against BRI from its biggest customers, with some recipient countries reconsidering what once seemed like generous offers from Beijing. A government transition in Malaysia jettisoned several projects and even prompted investigations into the major players that facilitated them. In the Maldives, the electoral defeat of a pro-China president in favor of the more skeptical Ibrahim Mohamed Solih lead to an ongoing renegotiation of BRI-related debt. In Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown, the cancellation of a planned Chinese-funded airport marked the first termination of a BRI project in Africa. The list goes on.
Non-participating spectators are also pushing back—in some cases, overtly. In October of last year, the Trump Administration rolled out the replacement for the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), now called the International Development Finance Corporation. The new entity has a $60 billion budget—double that of OPIC's—and more importantly, is now able to invest in equity, which boosters argue will make the organization more competitive. The European Union has also shown off a new plan to offer development assistance overseas, though EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs Federica Mogherini claims the move is not in response to BRI, or any other country's development initiatives, "be it in Beijing, Washington, Moscow, or Timbuktu." Yet, in March, the European Commission unveiled a new report on the EU-China relationship, which describes China on the record as "an economic competitor in the pursuit of technological leadership, and a systemic rival promoting alternative models of governance."
Trim the sails, but the course remains unchanged
Despite these stressors, the most likely course for the Belt and Road this year seems to be one of recalibration. Economic growth in China is not the only engine driving expenditures on the Belt and Road; the program's political support and significance to Xi Jinping and the CCP could be just as important, if not more so than its economic rationale.
Experts maintain that the link between domestic Chinese economic growth and expenditures along BRI is not necessarily strong. Matthew Goodman, a senior scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), does not think the basic constraint is "financial capability as produced by economic growth."
Even if China's economic slowdown, as it is, shrinks the BRI budget, the impact would not be as catastrophic as the steady stream of 'worst yet' numbers might suggest.
Just as any large economy begins to mature, China's astronomical growth rates will become harder and harder to maintain. As Keith Bradsher points out in the New York Times, "while the figures match historic lows, they show only a small drop from previous periods."
Economic growth in China is not the only engine driving expenditures on the Belt and Road; the program's political support and significance to Xi Jinping and the CCP could be just as important, if not more so than its economic rationale.
Although consumer confidence and the manufacturing PMI may look bleak, the initiative still maintains some domestic support. Jonathan Hillman, Director of the Reconnecting Asia Project at CSIS, points out that part of the reason BRI has not flopped is because many of its projects are undertaken domestically, for example, the upgrade to the airport in Urumqi, a major domestic BRI hub in China's far west Xinjiang Province. Belt and Road projects also offer a pressure release valve for economic unrest, as workers from China's Rust Belt are sometimes able to find work on construction projects dotting the landscapes of participant countries.
This wide range of economic phenomena all have an impact on BRI, but they do not capture the whole story.
Dr. Wen Wang, Executive Dean of Chongyang Institute of Financial Studies at Renmin University of China, feels that the relationship between China's economic growth and funding provided to BRI nations is merely one of a kaleidoscope of factors determining the BRI budget. To that point, he says "the relationship between the participating countries and China, the level of the country's economic development, and the actual demand for foreign investment" play larger roles in determining investment levels.
In a state capitalist system like China's, it can be difficult to disentangle the economic from the political. Although the project is often described in economic language, with new projects touted in state media for their great value, BRI's political value is central to its continuation. It has been referred to as the "practical embodiment of [Xi Jinping's] 'China Dream'" and a centerpiece of his foreign policy thinking. CSIS's Christopher Johnson has written at length on the topic of BRI's place within the CCP's evolving foreign policy outlook, calling it "comprehensive, focused, and personal to President Xi."
To that end, President Xi recently experienced a major victory when Italy decided to join, becoming the first G7 nation to sign on. During the same trip to Europe, Xi stopped in Paris to meet with a more skeptical Emmanuel Macron, but still walked away with over a dozen commercial deals worth tens of billions of euros.
Goodman notes that "certainly, [the government has] reined in BRI in the last year or so and that trend of consolidation is likely to continue for the period ahead." But that doesn't mean that anyone should be buying lilies for BRI's grave anytime soon. Now a central element of Xi's legacy, the chances of the campaign being axed any time soon are slim.
Goodman pointed out that China "still [has] a fairly significant pool of capital that they could deploy to this initiative if they wanted to," adding that "at some point, longer term, if they're only creating white elephants and things that are not generating a real return, that is going to pinch. But I don't think that's a constraint on the macro-level in the near term." Xiaosong Wang, a professor of Economics at Renmin University of China agrees that "because the central government's established policy remains unchanged, and the overall economics of supporting the Belt and Road Initiative are positive, then concrete measures will not undergo fundamental changes, and the pace of the Belt and Road Initiative will not stop."
The Chinese government has arguably been making its own case for a continued, if better-targeted Belt and Road. At the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation last September, Xi Jinping told African leaders that Chinese investment dollars "are not to be spent on any vanity projects, but in places where they count the most." An article in the People's Daily touting the overseas employment benefits of the Belt and Road also spoke of the importance of working to "build a responsible brand." Professor Yuen Yuen Ang of the University of Michigan, agrees, but expects that "Chinese policymakers [will] exercise more selectivity and caution going forward both because of economic constraints and backlash against the BRI."
If that is the case, opportunities may arise for foreign companies to fill those gaps. Given the current political environment in the United States, it seems possible that American companies could find support from the Trump Administration for more overseas investment if it was portrayed as eating China's lunch.
Chinese officials have signaled their own interest in more American and foreign participation in BRI, lyrically professing that "China is not singing solo, but in a chorus of countries along the Belt and Road."
In a search for more responsible projects, increased American and foreign cooperation could offer a more sustainable path forward. The additional know-how, technical expertise, and experience in overseas markets could aid in everything from site selection to the provision of technical components that would make projects safer and more reliable. Perhaps such participation could even prevent quagmires like the Myitsone dam project.
Unsourced quotations are drawn from interviews with the author.
Chinese translation provided by Yue Chen.


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Short Film Saturday- Reverso
Posted on August 4, 2012 by bernardovillela
Typically, these shorts come to my attention on Twitter either randomly or directly from feeds I follow. As I was watching many a short one day to make these posts I noticed many of them cam from Short of the Week. They really do have great stuff and post great blurbs. I really adore this short and the blurb that accompanies it by David Masters, so I have quoted it below. Enjoy!
Living in an average British suburb, Barney drives an average car to an average office where he works an average job. He's an average bloke, with one important exception: he lives life upside down.
On a technical level, Reverso gets everything right—quality 3D animation, realistic lighting, and complex yet easy-on-the-eye rendering. Yet in today's democracy of filmmaking, technical ability isn't enough to stand out from the crowd. What makes this film special is its bold visual storytelling.
Reverso is a masterclass in how to tell a story without dialogue. Strong characters and visual cues are used to establish viewer expectations, build the conflict, and draw the story to an inevitable conclusion that despite its sadness, is also uplifting (both literally and figuratively).
The filmmakers devoted careful thought to establishing characters through visuals. Barney, the lovable protagonist who navigates his upside-down world with a cheeky smile, and moves his too-long limps with lolloping grace, is based on a chimpanzee. Barney's Dad, a soft, kind, maternal man has the rounded belly of a greedy gorilla, and spends his whole life wearing pink slippers. The office bully, Humphrey, is petty and mean, with the ugly face and sharp features of a rodent.
In its visual-only storytelling, its choice of office setting, and its thematic focus on difference, Reverso is reminiscent of the Jaime Maestro animation FriendSheep.
Reverso is a playful story with a serious message. Launched as part of the ArtFx school's 2012 promotion, this is the first animation featured on Short of the Week from the Montpelier-based school of special effects and 3D animation. If it's a sign of what's to come from ArtFx, I'm excited to see more.


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What is My GCSE Science?
We provide best-in-class video tutorials and exam-preparation resources – an end-to-end solution for the teaching and learning of GCSE Science. For schools, our sophisticated, yet easy-to-use platform supports teaching, supports learning and improves results. For parents, our learning platform provides specialist teaching, direct to the student – at a small fraction of the cost of a tutor.
Watch the teacher video
Watch the student video
"It's like having a teacher right next to you".
Ligaya Batten
Ligaya Batten has a degree in Human Sciences from the University of Oxford, and a Masters degree in Demography and Health from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. After three years of research, Ligaya trained to teach through the Graduate Teacher Programme. She taught GCSE Science in Berkshire for two years before specialising in GCSE and A-level Chemistry from 2013 while working at Highgate School in north London. Ligaya also has years of experience in providing individual support for GCSE revision through group clinics and private tutorials.
Kevin Quinn graduated from Queen's University Belfast with a degree in Physics and Astrophysics and again with a PhD in Laser-matter interaction physics. On completing his PhD, Kevin retrained as a teacher, obtaining a PGCE in secondary science education from Imperial College London and Canterbury Christ Church University. He then spent five years working at Highgate School in north London, where he developed extensive experience teaching GCSE Science specifications. Currently, Kevin teaches at Regent House Grammar School in his native Northern Ireland.
Katie Ross
Katie Ross has a BSc in Zoology from Southampton University and a PGCE in secondary science education from Brunel University. She taught AQA Science to Key Stages 3-5 for 10 years at Bishop Ramsey School in west London, where she was Head of Key Stage 3 Science, Head of Key Stage 4 Science, coordinator for Cognitive Assessment in Science Education (CASE), the Key Stage 4 ISA coordinator and ultimately Deputy Head of Science. As of September 2018, Katie is Head of Key Stage 3 Science at Tring School in Hertfordshire.
Sarah Harrison has created the multiple-choice questions for Biology and Chemistry. Sarah has a degree in Biochemistry from Sussex University and has worked for over 15 years in the science publishing industry. She has extensive experience in editing, writing and producing a wide range of products from technical articles and materials for scientific conferences to secondary school text books and teaching resources.
Elaine Quinn
Elaine Quinn created most of the scientific illustrations in My GCSE Science videos. Elaine graduated with a degree in Physics with Astrophysics from Queen's University Belfast, before completing an MSc in Medical Physics at the University of Surrey. She then trained as a Clinical Scientist in hospitals across London before taking her current role as a nuclear medicine physicist at The Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast. There, she ensures good-quality images of patients are obtained to assist doctors in diagnosis. A self-taught illustrator, Elaine's work for My GSCE Science has enabled her to combine her passions for both art and science.
Matthew Webster
Matt Webster co-ordinates school subscriptions at My GCSE Science. Matt has over 20 years of experience of managing key client relationships across a wide range of sectors. He graduated from the Open University with a degree in Social Science, holds an MBA from Ashridge Business School and recently completed a research masters at the University of Bath.
Ronan O'Neill
Ronan O'Neill runs Educational Resources Online, the company behind My GCSE Science, and has worked in online publishing since the early days of the internet. Ronan holds a degree in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge and an MBA from Imperial College Business School, where he specialised in the application of learning technologies to secondary-level education.
My GCSE Science Steps to Success
Watch Watch the concise, expert video tutorials covering all of
the 9-1 Science GCSEs
Learn Review the videos, in your own time, at your own pace until you've grasped the concepts
Practice Use our multiple-choice and exam-style questions to embed your learning
Achieve Feel confident going into the exam, fully-prepared to get the best grades you can
@MyGSCEScience. I've only been using your revision tool since September but it's made such a difference! I got a 4-3 in science in July, then after using My GCSE Science I got a 7-6, only a few months later!! Thank you! December 2018
RachelDecember 2018
I just wanted to say thank you. My grand-daughter has just received her mock exam results. She's gone from 5s in sciences to 8 in Physics, 7 in Biology and 7 in Chemistry! December 2018
SylviaDecember 2018
The videos, note sheets and checklists were what really helped me to achieve a grade 8 in both Chemistry and Biology, and a grade 7 in Physics which for me was actually so shocking because I got a grade 3 for my mock exams and was predicted a grade 5. Thank you once again and keep doing what you're doing. It really did help change my life in a way, because I was able to get into the sixth form I wanted to go to, and I'll be able to study the course I wanted to study. August 2018
Priyanka PAugust 2018
Thank you for the superb materials. My son got three grade 3s in the January mocks and his teachers predicted grade 4s. I signed him up to for My GCSE Science. He got 7-8-9 in the real exams and this was largely down to My GCSE Science. Outstanding from yourselves in all ways. August 2018
Mr ThompsonAugust 2018
I achieved a 9 in Biology, an 8 in Chemistry and a 7 in Physics which really surprised all my teachers as I got all 5s in my mocks! And it was all thanks to My GCSE Science which helped me soooooooo much. So, thank you! August 2018
Eve KAugust 2018
@MyGSCEScience. I was hospitalised for surgery and had the four months leading up to exams out of school, so I had to self-teach quite a few of my subjects, including the sciences. I ended up with 8s in Chemistry and Biology, and a 7 in Physics – a subject I truly thought I'd fail! Definitely by far the best revision source for science, I 100% recommend it to everyone and would suggest everyone uses the exam-style practice questions continuously throughout revision! Thank you! 😉 August 2018
AichaAugust 2018
I'd been predicted 6-7 since Year 9 for my sciences and I was really struggling in tests. But I decided at the start of Year 11 I was going to use My GCSE Science to help. I'm proud to say I achieved a 9 in Physics and Biology and an 8 in Chemistry, something that I would not have thought possible at the start of Year 11. I want to thank you for the great revision resources as they have really helped me. August 2018
Nia HAugust 2018
At the start of Year 11, I was on a steady grade 4. Science seemed too much to learn in such a short time. I wasn't organised and had little confidence in the subject. As soon as I'd created an account on My GCSE science and saw the organisation and layout, it motivated me to watch every video and learn what I needed to learn. My teachers predicted a grade 5-5, but I wanted to do better. So I revised on My GCSE science and I reckon 90% of what I learnt was through your site. It gave me confidence going into the exams. I achieved a grade 8-8 for my final result and I couldn't be any happier. Thank you for your amazing website. August 2018
Josh PAugust 2018
My daughter received 2 x 9 (Physics and Biology) and 1 x 8 (Chemistry). She received a 4 in her Physics mock, a 6 in the Biology mock and a 6 in her Chemistry mock. She used your site for all her revision for her final exams which according to her pulled her grades up. Thank you very much. August 2018
Mrs CoxAugust 2018
Many thanks for providing support, motivation and confidence to my son, who has just collected his GCSE results today. He has done fantastically well. From a mock result earlier this year of grade 4 and 5s, he has achieved double 7 grade in Combined Science, something we didn't think possible 6 months ago. Having signed up for your website, he switched his revision from reading books to watching the topic videos, work sheets and the advice on how to answer model questions. All of this undoubtedly helped. Thank you again. August 2018
Mrs PalmerAugust 2018
I found your website really helpful and it truly bumped up my grades! I found all of your resources really useful and I watched every video for Triple Science. My results are: Biology 6, Physics 7, Chemistry 7. Thank you for helping me. I wouldn't have been as confident going into my exams without you 🙂 August 2018
Abigail RAugust 2018
I received a 9-8 for my Combined Science and I could not be happier! I was struggling with revising from text books. They were long and boring and I wasn't taking in the information properly. Your website was recommended to me and revising became so much easier. I was learning all the relevant information and understanding everything a lot better. The videos are so well put together and the information is so well relayed. I could not have got the grade that I got without you. You really were my saviours and I cannot express my gratitude enough to you guys. I will definitely be recommending you to other students! August 2018
Zainab AAugust 2018
At mocks my results for science were Physics 5, Chemistry 6, Biology 7. I subscribed before Easter, watched the videos and answered the exam-style questions. A fews day before each science exam I revised all the videos for a second time. My grades in the actual Combined Science GCSEs were 9-9. Just wanted to say thank you for turning things round! Your platform is amazing. August 2018
Patrick CAugust 2018
My daughter achieved grade 9 in Biology and 8s in Chemistry and Physics. She found the video tutorials really useful and used them extensively. Also the exam-style questions and model answers really helped me to assist her in her revision. I have recommended your website to others. Thank you. August 2018
Mrs CarterAugust 2018
Shout out to @MyGCSEScience for saving my ass and helping me achieve an 8 and a 7!! 🎉
FayeAugust 2018
After struggling in my mocks I was determined to find a website which would help me understand things in detail and how to apply that understanding. I got grade 5-6 in my mocks because of my lack of exam technique. My GCSE science mark schemes helped me learn to break down questions, to understand what the exam board would like for an answer and how to gain maximum marks. I received an 8-8 in my Combined Science GCSEs today. I would like to thank you all personally so much as I would not have been able to achieve this without your website. August 2018
Kerrith PAugust 2018
I used My GSCE Science from the very beginning and I can say that I have got a grade 9 in all of Biology, Chemistry and Physics. I cannot recommend this website enough! Thank you! August 2018
Sadia AAugust 2018
@MyGCSEScience – Your videos were incredible. I achieved a 9-9 in Combined Science and I wouldn't have achieved the grades I did without your help. I used the note sheets while watching and revising the videos, and constantly re-did the exam-style questions to see if I improved my mark. Thank you SO much for creating a wonderful resource! August 2018
Katie BAugust 2018
Hey guys I just wanted to say thank you SO SO SO much for running your amazing website and courses. Thanks to you I was able to teach myself so thoroughly and with such a high quality that I achieved a 9 and two 8s in my results for Triple Science. I expected at most 7s so I was amazed!! Keep doing what you're doing. I can't recommend you enough!! Thanks so much again!!! August 2018
George GAugust 2018
Two 8s and a 7 ! Thank you my-GCSEscience.com, you were a major help for my daughter. I'll be coming back for daughter number two this year! August 2018
Mrs HowcroftAugust 2018


text:
Q: Is it possible to determine if a vector is approximately a linear combination of other vectors? Let's say that I'm taking measurements from a real-world system, and I have acquired a set of vectors:
Vector 1: $[1.1, 2.4, 2.0]$
Vector 2: $[0.3, 1.2, 1.8]$
Vector 3: $[1.5, 3.6, 3.9]$
In this case, Vector 3 is almost a linear combination of Vector 1 and Vector 2 (i.e. if we add Vector 1 and Vector 2, we get $[1.4, 3.6, 3.8]$, which is pretty close to Vector 3).  That being said, if we are given three vectors, is there any way to determine that one vector is approximately the linear combination of any of the others?  Is there a way to generalize this to $N$ vectors?
If we want to define "approximately", we could say that as long as the total difference between the estimate vector (the vector that was generated as a linear combination of the other vectors) and the true vector was less than some error term, then the true vector is approximately a linear combination of the other vectors.  This is one suggestion, but am open to other interpretations of "approximately".

A: You can compute the projection of each vector onto the subspace spanned by the other two vectors, then use this to compute the distance of each vector to the subspace. If the distance is small then you have an approximate linear combination.
In general if you have a ton of vectors and want to study the extent to which they're approximately linearly dependent you can put them all in a big matrix and compute its singular value decomposition. The significance of this is that truncating the singular value decomposition at the first $k$ singular values provides the closest rank-$k$ approximation (in either the operator or Frobenius norm) to your matrix, so if your matrix has a bunch of small singular values that indicates that it is well approximated by this low rank truncation, which indicates many approximate linear dependencies, given by the singular vectors associated to the smallest singular values.
For example, a quick computation in Octave says that the matrix consisting of those vectors (I put them in as row vectors) has singular values approximately $6.8, 0.63, 0.059$, so in fact your matrix is pretty close to being rank $1$. The left singular vector associated to the smallest singular value is
$$u_3 \approx \left[ \begin{array}{cc} -0.57 \\ -0.59 \\ 0.57 \end{array} \right]$$
which reveals, as you say, that the sum of the first two vectors is approximately the third.


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text:
Good Morning San Antonio 6:00am
Your morning local news from South Texas
Under Dan Snyder, Washington sank from NFL elite to also-ran
Few NFL teams have managed to lose as much as Washington has since Daniel Snyder was part of a group that purchased the franchise for a then-record $800 million in 1999.
Commanders' Dan Snyder responds to allegations of spying on NFL owners: 'It's patently false'
Washington Commanders owner Dan Snyder rejected allegations against him in a recent report that said he hired private investigators to gather "dirt" on other NFL owners.
foxnews.com
Dan Snyder, Jerry Jones have 'long relationship' as allies
A wide-ranging ESPN report about Dan Snyder points to a rift between the Washington Commanders owner and longtime confidant Jerry Jones.
Timeline of Washington's recent tumult under Dan Snyder
Dan Snyder's ownership of Washington's NFL franchise has been a matter of considerable debate for years.
Commanders' Robinson says he had surgery after shooting
Washington Commanders rookie running back Brian Robinson Jr. says he underwent surgery a day after being shot in what the team called an attempted robbery or carjacking.
Opinion: Washington Commanders should have picked the Red Hogs name
The Washington Football Team rebranded to the Commanders, but the NFL franchise missed an opportunity to honor its fans and team history.
cnbc.com
Washington's NFL team unveils new name as Commanders
Washington's NFL team is now known as the Commanders.
Washington Football Team officially renamed Washington Commanders, ending a search that took more than one year
he Washington Football team revealed its new name on Wednesday.
Washington to reveal new name on Feb. 2; won't be RedWolves
Washington's NFL team announced Tuesday it will unveil its new name on Feb. 2 and that...
mysanantonio.com
Washington Football Team To Reveal New Name Feb. 2
Team president Jason Wright confirmed that the name will not be Wolves or RedWolves.
newsy.com
The Washington Football Team will have a new name next month
Two fan favorites have been ruled out: Team president Jason Wright says that anything involving "Wolves" or "Red Wolves" isn't possible, because of trademark conflicts.
Washington's NFL team says it will unveil its new name on Feb. 2.
Scientists tracked a mysterious signal in space. Its source was closer to Australia
A mysterious signal that appeared to be emanating from Proxima Centauri put scientists on a hunt to track down its source. What they found was that it had a decidedly earthbound origin.
STEVE DeSHAZO: Has Washington improved? Your guess is as good as anyone's.
LANDOVER, Md.--Answers are hard to come by these days, whether you're interested in health, foreign policy or climate. Less important (but no less elusive) is the truth about the Washington
fredericksburg.com
WFT president says list of names substantially narrowed down
Washington Football President Jason Wright tells The Associated Press the organization has substantially narrowed the list of potential names for the team.
Year since Washington change, Native sports imagery evolving
Washington's NFL team will not be called the Warriors or have any other Native American imagery in the new name when it's revealed next year.
Washington Football Team eliminates fan-favorite 'Warriors' as potential new team name
news.yahoo.com
Leave Aliens Out of It
Everything scientists know about the universe suggests that alien life is out there. But it's not flying through our skies.
Washington replacing cheerleading team with coed dance team
FILE - Washington Football Team cheerleaders perform before an NFL football game against the New York Giants in Landover, Md., in this Sunday, Nov. 8, 2020, file photo. The Washington Football Team will not have cheerleaders for the 2021 season as part of an organizational rebranding. (AP Photo/Daniel Kucin Jr., File)Washington will not have cheerleaders for the first time since the NFL's longest-running cheerleading team was founded in 1962, with a coed dance team taking its place. Wright has said he expects "Washington Football Team" to continue for 2021 with a new, permanent name to be ready in 2022. "My goal is to create this team, reinvent this team and make it more modern."___AdMore AP NFL: https://apnews.com/NFL and https://twitter.com/AP_NFL
Ex-Washington employees ask NFL to release report findings
Owner Dan Snyder hired lawyer Beth Wilkinson to conduct an independent investigation in July after several female former employees made allegations of workplace sexual harassment. The NFL in July took over control of the investigation. "There must be accountability for the actions we believe are detailed in this report," the employees wrote in their letter to Goodell. AdSeventeen former employees signed the letter to Goodell by name and three others anonymously. "For its own credibility, it is crucial that the NFL release the investigative report, while also protecting from disclosure any witnesses who requested confidentiality.
Washington hires Martin Mayhew as general manager
FILE - In this March 11, 2015, file photo, then-Detroit Lions general manager Martin Mayhew speaks during a news conference in Allen Park, Mich. Washington has hired Martin Mayhew to be its new general manager. The hiring of Mayhew makes Washington the only team in the NFL with a Black team president and GM. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya, File)Washington hired Martin Mayhew as general manager Friday, giving coach Ron Rivera a seasoned NFL executive to work with going into his second season. "Martin is a proven general manager who will bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to the organization," Rivera said in a statement. Washington has been linked to former Carolina Panthers GM Marty Hurney, who hired Rivera for his first head-coaching job in 2011.
Washington Football Team gets hitting at 'fresh start' camp
Everywhere else around the Washington Football Team's practice facility has been scrubbed of the Native American logo that was synonymous with the storied franchise and its three Super Bowl titles. There's a new coach in Ron Rivera running the show, and his custom-made staff ensuring practice goes his way. It was football practice during a pandemic, even if it had a different feel than Redskins training camp that was held in Richmond, Virginia, the past seven years. The team would like to see Haskins take another step forward in the wake of rookie growing pains. But this is also a transitional year for the team that should have a new, permanent name in 2021, when the expectations will also rise.
Washington hires Wright as NFL's 1st Black team president
The Washington Football Team has hired Jason Wright as team president. Hes the first Black person to hold this job in NFL history and at 38 becomes the youngest team president in the league. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, File)The Washington Football Team on Monday hired Jason Wright as team president, making him the first Black person to hold that position in NFL history. It will be called the Washington Football Team for at least the 2020 season, with Terry Bateman spearheading the process to determine a new full-time name. Wright is the fourth former player to become a team president and does so after several years in business.


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