text:
Newsweek, May 24, 2009
News magazine
1,578,691 (2010)[1]
Ray Chelstowski
The Newsweek Daily Beast Company
Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second-largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence. Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region.
Since 2008, Newsweek has undergone a series of internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazine's focus and audience while shoring up the title's finances. Instead, losses at the newsweekly accelerated: revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009. The revenue freefall prompted an August 2010 sale by owner The Washington Post Company to 92-year-old audio pioneer Sidney Harman—reportedly for a purchase price of $1.00 and an assumption of the magazine's liabilities.[2][3] Editor Jon Meacham departed from the magazine upon completion of the sale.[3]
In November 2010 Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast after extensive negotiations between the proprietors of the respective publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beast's editor-in-chief was expected to serve as the editor of both publications. Newsweek is jointly owned by Harman and IAC.[4][5]
1 Circulation and branches
2.1 Founding and early years
2.2 Under Post ownership
2.3 Restructuring and new owner
2.4 Merger with The Daily Beast
2.5 2011 redesign
3 Highlights and controversies
3.1 Lewinsky scandal
3.2 Claims of bias
3.3 Guantánamo Bay allegations
3.4 Iraq war planning
3.5 2008 elections
3.6 Editorial of Ramin Setoodth
3.7 Palin & Bachmann covers
4 Contributors and reporters
5 Cultural references
Circulation and branches
In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U.S; by 2010 it was down to 1.5 million (with newsstand sales declining to just over 40 thousand copies per week). Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shuttered in October 2010.[6] The Bulletin (an Australian weekly until 2008) incorporated an international news section from Newsweek.
Based in New York City, the magazine has 22 bureaus: nine in the U.S.: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D.C., Boston and San Francisco, as well as overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires.[citation needed]
Cover of the first issue of News-Week magazine
Founding and early years
Newsweek was launched in 1933 by a group of U.S. stockholders "which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon". Paul Mellon's ownership in Newsweek apparently represented "the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale."[7]
January 16, 1939 cover featuring Felix Frankfurter
To launch Newsweek, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were a public utilities investment banker named Stanley Childs and a Wall Street corporate lawyer and director of various corporations named Wilton Lloyd-Smith.
Originally News-Week, the magazine was founded by Thomas J.C. Martyn on February 17, 1933. That issue featured seven photographs from the week's news on the cover.[8]
In 1937 Newsweek merged with the weekly journal Today, which had been founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman, and Vincent Astor of the prominent Astor family. As a result of the deal, Harriman and Astor provided Newsweek with $600,000 in venture capital funds and Vincent Astor became both Newsweek's chairman of the board and its principal stockholder between 1937 and his death in 1959.[citation needed]
In 1937, Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief. Muir changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time it developed a broad spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews and commentary.[citation needed]
Under Post ownership
The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961.[9]
Richard M. Smith became Chairman in 1998, the year that the magazine inaugurated their "Best High Schools in America" list,[10] a ranking of public secondary schools based on the Challenge Index, which measures the ratio of Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate exams taken by students to the number of graduating students that year, regardless of the scores earned by students or the difficulty in graduating. Schools with average SAT scores above 1300 or average ACT scores above 27 are excluded from the list; these are categorized instead as "Public Elite" High Schools. In 2008, there were 17 Public Elites.[11] He left the post in December 2007.[12]
Restructuring and new owner
During 2008–2009, Newsweek undertook a dramatic restructuring of its business.[13][14] Citing difficulties in competing with online news sources to provide unique news in a weekly publication, the magazine repositioned its content towards opinion and commentary beginning with its May 24, 2009 issue. It shrank its subscriber rate base, from 3.1 million to 2.6 million in early 2008, to 1.9 million in July 2009 and then to 1.5 million in January 2010—a decline of 50% in one year. Meacham described his strategy as "counterintuitive" as it involved discouraging renewals and nearly doubling subscription prices as it sought a more affluent base of subscribers to offer to advertisers.[15] During this period, the magazine also laid off staff. While advertising revenues were down almost 50% compared to the prior year, expenses were also diminished in a planned strategy that the publishers hoped would return Newsweek to profitability.[16]
The financial results for 2009 as reported by The Washington Post Company showed that advertising revenue for Newsweek was down 37% in 2009 and the magazine division reported an operating loss for 2009 of $29.3 million compared to a loss of $16 million in 2008.[17] During the magazine's first quarter of 2010, it lost nearly $11 million.[18]
By May 2010, Newsweek had been losing money for the past two years and was put up for sale.[19] The sale attracted international unidentified bidders. One bidder was Syrian entrepreneur Abdulsalam Haykal, CEO of Syria-based publishing company Haykal Media, who brought together a coalition of Middle Eastern investors with his company. Haykal later claimed his bid was ignored by Newsweek's bankers, Allen & Co.[20]
The magazine was sold to audio pioneer Sidney Harman on August 2, 2010, for $1 in exchange for assuming the magazine's financial liabilities.[3][21] Harman's bid was accepted over three competitors.[22] Meacham left the magazine upon completion of the sale. Sidney Harman was the husband of Jane Harman (D-CA), at that time a member of Congress from California.
Merger with The Daily Beast
At the end of 2010, Newsweek merged with the online publication The Daily Beast, following extensive negotiations between the respective proprietors. Tina Brown, The Daily Beast's editor-in-chief, became editor of both publications. The new entity, The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, was 50% owned by IAC and 50% by Harman.[4][5][23]
The goal of the new Newsweek Daily Beast Company is to have The Daily Beast be a source of instant analysis of the news, while Newsweek would serve to take a look at the bigger picture, provide deeper analysis, and "connect the dots," in the words of Harman, and to ultimately return both publications to profit-making.[citation needed]
During her tenure as editor-in-chief of Newsweek, Brown has taken the news weekly in a different direction than her predecessor. Whereas Jon Meacham looked to make the focus solely on politics and world affairs, Brown has brought the focus back on to all of current events, not just politics, business, and world affairs (although these issues are still the focus of the magazine). This is seen in increased attention fashion and pop culture and many of her covers since taking the job.[citation needed]
2011 redesign
Newsweek was redesigned in March 2011. The new Newsweek moves the "Perspectives" section to the front of the magazine, where it serves essentially as a highlight reel of the past week on The Daily Beast. More room is made available in the front of the magazine for columns by columnists, editors, and special guests. A new "News Gallery" section features two page spreads of photographs from the week with a brief article accompanying each one. The "NewsBeast" section features short articles, a brief interview with a newsmaker, and several graphs and charts for quick reading in the style of The Daily Beast. This is where the Newsweek staple "Conventional Wisdom" is now located. Brown retains Newsweek's focus on in depth, analytical features and original reporting on politics and world affairs, as well as a new focus on longer fashion and pop culture features. A larger, revamped culture section named "Omnivore" features articles and columns written about art, music, books, film, theater, food, travel, and television, including a weekly "Books" and "Want" section. The back page is reserved for a "My Favorite Mistake" column written by a celebrity guest columnist about a mistake they made that defines who they are.[24]
Highlights and controversies
Lewinsky scandal
Main article: Lewinsky scandal
Newsweek reporter Michael Isikoff was the first reporter to investigate allegations of a sexual relationship between U.S. President Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, but the editors spiked the story.[25] The story soon surfaced online in the Drudge Report.
Claims of bias
A 2004 study by Tim Groseclose and Jeff Milyo asserted that Newsweek, along with a number of other mainstream news outlets, exhibited a "liberal bias." While liberal media watchdogs described the study as "riddled with flaws,"[26][27] their opposite numbers had similarly commented on Newsweek's alleged liberal bias.[28][29]
Newsweek's Washington Bureau Chief and later Assistant Managing Editor Evan Thomas variously acknowledged the charge saying, "I think Newsweek is a little liberal," and "there is a liberal bias at Newsweek, the magazine I work for."[30][31][32]
The magazine has been publishing articles by conservative columnist George F. Will since 1976, when he became a contributing editor, writing a biweekly backpage column. As of 2011, Will still writes for Newsweek.
Guantánamo Bay allegations
Main article: Qur'an desecration controversy of 2005
In the May 9, 2005 issue of Newsweek, an article by reporter Michael Isikoff stated that interrogators at Guantanamo Bay "in an attempt to rattle suspects, flushed a Qur'an down a toilet." Detainees had earlier made similar complaints but this was the first time a government source had appeared to confirm the story. The news was reported to be a cause of widespread rioting and massive anti-American protests throughout some parts of the Islamic world (causing at least 15 deaths in Afghanistan[33]). The magazine later revealed that the anonymous source behind the allegation could not confirm that the book-flushing was actually under investigation, and retracted the story under heavy criticism.[citation needed]
Iraq war planning
Fareed Zakaria, a Newsweek columnist and editor of Newsweek International, attended a secret meeting on November 29, 2001, with a dozen policy makers, Middle East experts and members of influential policy research organizations that produced a report for President George W. Bush and his cabinet outlining a strategy for dealing with Afghanistan and the Middle East in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. The meeting was held at the request of Paul D. Wolfowitz, then the deputy secretary of defense. The unusual presence of journalists, who also included Robert D. Kaplan of The Atlantic Monthly, at such a strategy meeting was revealed in Bob Woodward's 2006 book State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III. Woodward reported in his book that, according to Mr. Kaplan, everyone at the meeting signed confidentiality agreements not to discuss what happened. Mr. Zakaria told The New York Times that he attended the meeting for several hours but did not recall being told that a report for the President would be produced.[34] On October 21, 2006, after verification, the Times published a correction that stated:
An article in Business Day on Oct. 9 about journalists who attended a secret meeting in November 2001 called by Paul D. Wolfowitz, then the deputy secretary of defense, referred incorrectly to the participation of Fareed Zakaria, the editor of Newsweek International and a Newsweek columnist. Mr. Zakaria was not told that the meeting would produce a report for the Bush administration, nor did his name appear on the report.[34]
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, the John McCain campaign wrote a lengthy letter to the editor criticizing a cover story in May 2008.[35]
Editorial of Ramin Setoodth
See also: Newsweek gay actors controversy
Palin & Bachmann covers
Controversial Newsweek cover, November 23, 2009, issue
Former Alaska Governor and 2008 Republican Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin was featured on the cover of the November 23, 2009 issue of Newsweek, with the caption "How do you Solve a Problem Like Sarah?" featuring an image of Palin in athletic attire and posing. Palin herself, the Los Angeles Times and other commentators accused Newsweek of sexism for their choice of cover in the November 23, 2009 issue discussing Palin's book, Going Rogue: An American Life. "It's sexist as hell," wrote Lisa Richardson for the Los Angeles Times.[36] Taylor Marsh of The Huffington Post called it "the worst case of pictorial sexism aimed at political character assassination ever done by a traditional media outlet."[37] David Brody of CBN News stated: "This cover should be insulting to women politicians."[38]
The cover includes a photo of Palin used in the August 2009 issue of Runner's World.[39][40][41] The photographer may have breached his contract with Runner's World when he permitted its use in Newsweek, as Runner's World maintained certain rights to the photo until August 2010. It is uncertain, however, whether this particular use of the photo was prohibited.[42]
Minnesota Republican Congresswoman and Presidential Candidate Michele Bachmann was featured on the cover of Newsweek magazine in August 2011, dubbed "the Queen of Rage".[43] The photo of her was perceived as unflattering, as it portrayed her with a wide eyed expression some said made her look "crazy".[44] Sources called the depiction "sexist",[45] and Sarah Palin denounced the publication. Newsweek defended the cover's depiction of her, saying its other photos of Bachmann showed similar intensity.[46]
Contributors and reporters
Notable regular contributors to Newsweek include:
Steven Levy
Jonathan Alter
Stryker McGuire
David Ansen film critic
Robert J. Samuelson
Cultural references
The 2000 film Harrison's Flowers is the story of a Newsweek photojournalist lost in the war-torn former Yugoslavia.
List of magazines by circulation
Newsweek Argentina
Newsweek Pakistan
The Washington Post Company
^ Audit Bureau of Circulations, FAS-FAX report for consumer magazines. In 2011 State of the News Media, Pew Research Center for Excellence in Journalism
^ Grove, Peter; Lloyd Grove (August 3, 2010). "How Newsweek Blew It". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-08-03/newsweek-losses-revealed/. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ a b c Peters, Jeremy W. (August 2, 2010). "Audio Pioneer Buys Newsweek". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/business/media/03newsweek.html. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
^ a b Brown, Tina (November 11, 2010). "Daily Beast, Newsweek to Wed!". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-11-11/the-daily-beast-and-newsweek-to-wed/. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
^ a b "The Daily Beast and Newsweek confirm merger". The Spy Report (Media Spy). November 12, 2010. http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/11/12/us-the-daily-beast-and-newsweek-confirm-merger/. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
^ "Publisher Shuts Russian Weekly". The Wall Street Journal. October 19, 2010.
^ America's 60 Families by Ferdinand Lundberg
^ Instant History: Review of First Newsweek with Cover Photo
^ Salisbury, Harrison E. (March 10, 1961). "Washington Post Buys Newsweek. It Acquires 59% of Stock From Astor Foundation for $8,000,000.". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A1FF93F5D1B728DDDA90994DB405B818AF1D3. Retrieved 2008-04-14. "The Washington Post Company bought control of Newsweek magazine yesterday from the Vincent Astor Foundation. The sale ended several weeks of intensive negotiation involving a number of publishing companies."
^ The Complete List of the 1,200 Top U.S. High Schools
^ Newsweek (2008): List of Public Elites
^ http://www.newsweek.com/authors/richard-m-smith.html Richard M. Smith
^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (January 16, 2009). "The Popular Newsweekly Becomes a Lonely Category". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/17/business/media/17weeklies.html. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
^ Deveny, Kathleen (May 18, 2009). "Reinventing Newsweek". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/195620. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ "A Smaller But Better Newsweek?". Howard Kurtz. The Washington Post, May 18, 2009
^ Richard Pérez-Peña. "Glimmers of Progress at a Leaner Newsweek". The New York Times. November 15, 2009.
^ Washington Post Financial Release February 24, 2010
^ "Newsweek magazine is sold by Washington Post". BBC News. 2 August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-10847466. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ Andrew Vanacore. "Newsweek Sale: Washington Post Looking To Sell Newsweek". The Huffington Post.
^ Joe Pompeo. "Syrian Bidder Who Wanted To Buy Newsweek Was Ignored". Business Insider. August 5, 2010.
^ Jeremy W. Peters. Newsweek Deal to Be Announced Today. The New York Times. August 2, 2010.
^ Ahrens, Frank (August 3, 2010). "Harman Media buys Newsweek from Washington Post Co. for Undisclosed Amount". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/02/AR2010080203970.html. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
^ Farhi, Paul (November 12, 2010). "Struggling Newsweek joins with fledging Web site Daily Beast". The Washington Post: p. C8.
^ "First Look: The Newsweek Redesign". Society of Publication Designers. http://www.spd.org/2011/03/first-look-the-newsweek-relaun.php. March 7, 2011
^ "Scandalous scoop breaks online". BBC. 25 January 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/clinton_scandal/50031.stm. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
^ "Former fellows at conservative think tanks issued flawed UCLA-led study on media's "liberal bias", Media Matters for America, Dec 21, 2005
^ Eric Alterman, "Think Again: Rigging the Numbers", Center for American Progress, January 12, 2006
^ Cliff Kincaid. "Liberal Bias at Newsweek". January 27, 2005.
^ "Media Bias Basics" Media Research Center
^ "Media Bias Basics – Admissions of Liberal Bias" Media Research Center
^ [1] Audio Clip
^ Cal Thomas. "Turner Misreads His Non-audience". Los Angeles Times Syndicate.
^ "Karzai condemns anti-US protests". BBC. 14 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4547413.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
^ a b Julie Bosman. "Secret Iraq Meeting Included Journalists". The New York Times. October 9, 2006.
^ The O-Team: A Response
^ "Newsweek's sexism and Sarah Palin." Los Angeles Times. November 17, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ Marsh, Taylor. "What Was Newsweek Thinking?" The Huffington Post. November 18, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ Brody, David. "Newsweek Photo of Palin Shows Media Bias and Sexism." CBN News. November 16, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ Snead, Elizabeth. "Sarah Palin hates her 'sexist' Newsweek cover. Does she really?" Zap2it. November 17, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ Clift, Eleanor. "Payback Time: Why Right-Wing Men Rush to Palin's Defense." Newsweek. Monday November 16, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ "Palin angered by 'sexist' Newsweek cover." Yahoo! News. November 17, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ Bercovici, Jeff. "Palin photographer breached contract with sale to Newsweek." Daily Finance. November 18, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^ http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/60941.html
^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/08/newsweeks-michele-bachman_n_920860.html
^ The Washington Post. August 9, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/michele-bachmann-newsweek-cover/2011/08/08/gIQAPpUc2I_blog.html.
^ "Bachmann Newsweek Cover Goes for Insult But Gets Criticism in Return". Fox News. August 9, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/08/09/bachmann-newsweek-cover-goes-for-insult-but-gets-criticism-in-return/.
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Newsweek — Beschreibung Nachrichtenmagazin Erstausgabe 17. Februar 1933 Erscheinungsweise … Deutsch Wikipedia
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Newsweek — es una revista de noticias de aparición semanal. Se publica en Nueva York y se distribuye en los Estados Unidos. Es la segunda revista semanal con mayor difusión en los Estados Unidos, habiendo estado en esa posición detras de la revista Time… … Enciclopedia Universal
Newsweek — [ njuːzwiːk], eine der meistgelesenen amerikanischen Wochenzeitschriften, gegründet 1933 in New York als Nachrichtenmagazin, gehört seit 1961 zum Mehrmedienunternehmen »The Washington Post Co.«. Newsweek erreicht in den USA (2000) eine Auflage… … Universal-Lexikon
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Newsweek — Логотип русской версии журнала Newsweek ([Ньюсуик], в переводе «новостная неделя») еженедельный американский журнал, который входит в «большую тройку» еженедельников США. Он немного уступает по тиражу (3160 тыс. экз.) своему главному… … Википедия
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Newsweek — News|week a US weekly magazine which contains articles and photographs about news and ↑current affairs … Dictionary of contemporary English
Newsweek — n. weekly American magazine that covers current events and topics of general interest … English contemporary dictionary


text:
Josef Stierli SJ (* 24. April 1913 in Rapperswil; † 14. Juni 1999 Bad Schönbrunn in der Gemeinde Menzingen) war ein Schweizer Jesuit.

Leben
Josef Stierli war der Sohn von Josef Bernhard Stierli und dessen Ehefrau Karolina, geb. Gauch.

Er besuchte das Gymnasium im Kloster Einsiedeln, das er 1933 mit seiner Matura abschloss und trat im November 1934 in den Jesuitenorden ein; sein zweijähriges Noviziat absolvierte er in Tisis bei Feldkirch.

Von 1936 bis 1938 studierte er Philosophie und Journalistik an der ordenseigenen Hochschule Berchmanskolleg in Pullach im Isartal und veröffentlichte in dieser Zeit im Auftrag des Schweizerischen Katholischen Jungmannschaftsverbandes, denen die Aloisiusverehrung ein Anliegen war, eine Schrift zu Aloisius Gonzaga.

Von 1939 bis 1943 studierte Josef Stierli Theologie an der Philosophisch-Theologischen Hochschule Sankt Georgen in Frankfurt am Main, in dieser Zeit war er auch Schüler von Hugo Rahner an der kriegsbedingt nach Sitten exilierten Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Innsbruck.

1941 erhielt er seine Priesterweihe und war von 1944 bis 1946 Mitarbeiter der Studentenseelsorge in Basel und von 1946 bis 1955 Novizenmeister der Schweizer Jesuiten-Provinz in Rue. Wegen den mit dem Krieg verbundenen Auslandsbeschränkungen sahen sich die Schweizer Jesuiten gezwungen, ein eigenes Noviziat zu führen und so musste Josef Stierli im freiburgischen Rue das Noviziat aufbauen. Während seines dortigen fast zehnjährigen Wirkens konnte er sich eingehend mit den Ordensquellen auseinandersetzen. So befindet sich im Archiv der Schweizer Jesuiten eine Kopie seiner Schrift Biographische Bilder von Schweizer Jesuiten, die 60 Kleinbiographien enthält.

In der Zeit von 1956 bis 1962 war er Provinzial der Schweizerischen Jesuiten-Provinz und kam 1963 nach Bad Schönbrunn, um dort bis 1977 als Direktor des Bildungshauses und dazu als Exerzitienleiter und Schriftsteller tätig zu sein; in dieser Zeit plante er den 1970 eröffneten Neubau des Bildungshauses, dem 1993 der Name Lassalle-Haus gegeben wurde.

Er verfasste unter anderem in mehrere Sprachen übersetzte Werke zur Herz-Jesu-Verehrung, zur Geschichte des Jesuitenordens und galt als Fachmann für ignatianische Spiritualität. Er bearbeitete das von seinem französischen Mitbruder André Ravier (1905–1999) geschriebene Werk Ignatius von Loyola gründet die Gesellschaft Jesu (1982), weil diese Schrift den inspirierenden Geist des Ordensgründers ins rechte Licht rückte. Er war 1994 auch an der Erarbeitung des Werkes Oekumenischen Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz beteiligt und schuf zahlreiche Einträge im Historischen Lexikon der Schweiz.

Nach seinem Tod wurde er auf dem Ordensfriedhof in Schönbrunn beigesetzt.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Aloisius Gonzaga, das Bild eines jungen Menschen. Freiburg, Herder-Verlag 1937.
 Pier Giorgio Frassati: ein Leben aus dem Glauben. Freiburg Kanisiuswerk, 1938.
 Die Jesuiten. 1955. Freiburg/Schweiz, Paulusverlag, 1955.
 Cor Salvatoris. Wege zur Herz-Jesu-Verehrung. Freiburg: Herder, 1956.
 Friedrich Wulf; Hugo Rahner; Josef Stierli; Karl Rahner: Ignatius von Loyola, seine geistliche Gestalt und sein Vermächtnis, 1556–1956: dem Stifter der Gesellschaft Jesu zum vierhundertjährigen Gedenken seines Todes. Würzburg Echter 1956.
 François Dufay; Josef Stierli: Gesetz und Taktik des kommunistischen Kirchenkampfes. China als Modell. Frankfurt am Main, J. Knecht 1956.
 Sie gaben Zeugnis: Lebensbilder christlicher Propheten. Einsiedeln: Benzinger, 1956.
 Die Marienverehrung in der Kongregation. Augsburg Augsburger Druck- und Verlagshaus 1960.
 Finden die Orden den Mut zur Reform? Freiburg: Pastoralkommission der Vereinigung der Höheren Ordensobern der Schweiz, 1975.
 Ignatius v. Loyola, "Gott suchen in allen Dingen". 1981.
 André Ravier; Josef Stierli: Ignatius von Loyola gründet die Gesellschaft Jesu. Würzburg: Echter, 1982.
 George E. Ganss; Josef Stierli; Felix Löwenstein: Die Berufung des Bruders in der Gesellschaft Jesu im Licht päpstlicher und jesuitischer Dokumente. 1983.
 Dokumente zur Gründung der Gesellschaft Jesu; 1539–1541. Frankfurt/M., 1983.
 Hugo Rahner; Josef Stierli: Nicolás Bobadilla, der Freischärler im Ignatiuskreis: Dokumente zu seinem Leben und Wirken. Frankfurt/M. 1986.
 P. Nadal: Der geistliche Weg. Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Christliche Meister. 1991.
 Aus meinem Leben und Arbeiten. 1997.

Literatur
 Josef Stierli in Willi Schnetzer: P. Josef Stierli SJ (1913-1999). Zeitschrift für schweizerische Kirchengeschichte, Band 94. 2000.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Jesuit
Religionsphilosoph
Kirchenhistoriker (Theologe)
Sachbuchautor (Theologie)
Christliche Literatur
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (Schweiz)
Person des Christentums (Schweiz)
Schweizer
Geboren 1913
Gestorben 1999
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Telangana police denied reports on security breach as CCTV footage from Taj Falaknuma Palace Hotel made its way out to local TV channels in Telangana when PM Narendra Modi was hosting GES 2017 delegates for a dinner.
N Mahendar Reddy, DGP Telangana, Hyderabad, said "There was no security breach as being reported in media. Only visuals from video wall were shot by few TV channels from Command and Control Centre. Later, telecast as part of disseminating information to the public as usual practice."
"No live streaming of CCTV Footage from Command and Control Centre took place. A new SOP is being put in place on sharing visuals from Command & Control Centre so as to ensure that only permitted visuals are shared from now onwards," said DGP.
He assured that no action shall be taken against any TV channel as being rumoured in social media, reported ANI.
Local TV channels had telecast live CCTV footage from Falaknuma Palace Hotel showing PM Modi, Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao and Governor ESL Narasimhan on a sofa talking to each other. The visuals were later picked up by national TV channels.


Despite the forex market being the largest financial market in the world, it remains largely unregulated.
There is no international organization or global agency that monitors and oversees the currency trading occurring all over the world in the interbank.
Due to the unregulated nature of the spot FX market, this opens up the opportunity for forex scams and frauds.
While there is no international organization to protect forex traders like there is S.H.I.E.L.D. to protect the world, there are countries who monitor and oversee forex trading activity, including forex brokers, that occur within their borders.
If you are trading forex in the United States, there are two major regulatory agencies that you should be aware of.
This agency was developed in 1974 to protect individuals (average cool dudes like you and the FX-Men) in futures and commodities trading.
Since futures include the currency market, the CFTC "naturally" protects forex traders as well.
Five commissioners appointed by the President, the offices of the Chairman and the agency's operating units make up the Commission. The Commission has 3 offices along with HQ located in Washington, D.C. – Chicago, Kansas City, New York.
The NFA is an industry-wide self-propelling organization created in 1982 that regulates the futures market in the United States.
By self-propelling, we mean that the NFA collects dues in order to sustain itself without having to rely on taxpayers' dollars.
If the CFTC is Big Brother, then we like to call the NFA….Little Big Brother. NFA's activities are overseen by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the government agency responsible for regulating the U.S. futures industry.
Virtually every firm or individual who conducts futures or options on futures business with the public must be registered with the CFTC and a Member of NFA. NFA performs the registration process on behalf of the CFTC.
NFA Member categories include: Commodity Trading Advisors (CTA), Commodity Pool Operators (CPO), Futures Commission Merchants (FCM) and Introducing Brokers (IB).
In order to conduct any business in the futures market, you would have to be a member of the NFA. To be a member of the NFA, an organization would have to pass a screening done by the NFA and comply with NFA standards and regulations.
These rules and regulations provide market integrity and a level playing field for all, and not just for investors.
Over time, they have been making significant progress. In order to resolve futures-related issues, the NFA began an arbitration method in 1983. In 1991, a mediation program was developed as a faster way to resolve disputes.
In late 2001, the NFA started to accept claims online. Members could also start registering online in 2002.
In 2004, the NFA started to submit digital images of fingerprint cards to the FBI enabling quicker background checks and shorter registration times. What an active organization! This goes to show that they keep up with the times. Who knows, they might just make their own iPad app. Ha!
Along with the CFTC, the NFA provides investors and individuals with security and protection from fraud and scams.
The NFA's website can be found at http://www.nfa.futures.org/index.asp.


text:
package org.ofbiz.content.webapp.ftl;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import javolution.util.FastMap;

import org.ofbiz.base.util.Debug;
import org.ofbiz.base.util.GeneralException;
import org.ofbiz.base.util.UtilGenerics;
import org.ofbiz.base.util.UtilProperties;
import org.ofbiz.base.util.UtilValidate;
import org.ofbiz.base.util.template.FreeMarkerWorker;
import org.ofbiz.content.content.ContentWorker;
import org.ofbiz.entity.Delegator;
import org.ofbiz.entity.GenericValue;
import org.ofbiz.entity.model.ModelEntity;
import org.ofbiz.service.LocalDispatcher;
import org.ofbiz.webapp.control.RequestHandler;

import freemarker.core.Environment;
import freemarker.template.TemplateTransformModel;

/**
 * RenderSubContentCacheTransform - Freemarker Transform for Content rendering
 * This transform cannot be called recursively (at this time).
 */
public class RenderSubContentCacheTransform implements TemplateTransformModel {

    public static final String module = RenderSubContentCacheTransform.class.getName();
    public static final String [] upSaveKeyNames = {"globalNodeTrail"};
    public static final String [] saveKeyNames = {"contentId", "subContentId", "subDataResourceTypeId", "mimeTypeId", "whenMap", "locale",  "wrapTemplateId", "encloseWrapText", "nullThruDatesOnly", "globalNodeTrail"};

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Writer getWriter(final Writer out, Map args) {
        // final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
        final Environment env = Environment.getCurrentEnvironment();
        //final Map templateCtx = FreeMarkerWorker.getWrappedObject("context", env);
        //final Map templateCtx = FastMap.newInstance();
        final LocalDispatcher dispatcher = FreeMarkerWorker.getWrappedObject("dispatcher", env);
        final Delegator delegator = FreeMarkerWorker.getWrappedObject("delegator", env);
        final HttpServletRequest request = FreeMarkerWorker.getWrappedObject("request", env);
        final HttpServletResponse response = FreeMarkerWorker.getWrappedObject("response", env);
        final Map<String, Object> templateRoot = FreeMarkerWorker.createEnvironmentMap(env);
        //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in RenderSubContent, contentId(0):" + templateRoot.get("contentId"), module);
        FreeMarkerWorker.getSiteParameters(request, templateRoot);
        final Map<String, Object> savedValuesUp = FastMap.newInstance();
        FreeMarkerWorker.saveContextValues(templateRoot, upSaveKeyNames, savedValuesUp);
        FreeMarkerWorker.overrideWithArgs(templateRoot, args);
        //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in RenderSubContent, contentId(2):" + templateRoot.get("contentId"), module);
        final GenericValue userLogin = FreeMarkerWorker.getWrappedObject("userLogin", env);
        List<Map<String, ? extends Object>> trail = UtilGenerics.checkList(templateRoot.get("globalNodeTrail"));
        //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(0), globalNodeTrail ." + trail , module);
        String contentAssocPredicateId = (String)templateRoot.get("contentAssocPredicateId");
        String strNullThruDatesOnly = (String)templateRoot.get("nullThruDatesOnly");
        Boolean nullThruDatesOnly = (strNullThruDatesOnly != null && strNullThruDatesOnly.equalsIgnoreCase("true")) ? Boolean.TRUE :Boolean.FALSE;
        String thisSubContentId =  (String)templateRoot.get("subContentId");
        //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(0), thisSubContentId ." + thisSubContentId , module);
        final boolean directAssocMode = UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(thisSubContentId) ? true : false;
        //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(0), directAssocMode ." + directAssocMode , module);
        GenericValue val = null;
        try {
            val = ContentWorker.getCurrentContent(delegator, trail, userLogin, templateRoot, nullThruDatesOnly, contentAssocPredicateId);
        } catch (GeneralException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Error getting current content. " + e.toString());
        }
        final GenericValue view = val;

        String dataResourceId = null;
        String subContentIdSub = null;
        if (view != null) {
            try {
                dataResourceId = (String) view.get("drDataResourceId");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                dataResourceId = (String) view.get("dataResourceId");
            }
            subContentIdSub = (String) view.get("contentId");
        }
        // This order is taken so that the dataResourceType can be overridden in the transform arguments.
        String subDataResourceTypeId = (String)templateRoot.get("subDataResourceTypeId");
        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(subDataResourceTypeId)) {
            try {
                subDataResourceTypeId = (String) view.get("drDataResourceTypeId");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                // view may be "Content"
            }
            // TODO: If this value is still empty then it is probably necessary to get a value from
            // the parent context. But it will already have one and it is the same context that is
            // being passed.
        }
        String mimeTypeId = ContentWorker.getMimeTypeId(delegator, view, templateRoot);
        templateRoot.put("drDataResourceId", dataResourceId);
        templateRoot.put("mimeTypeId", mimeTypeId);
        templateRoot.put("dataResourceId", dataResourceId);
        templateRoot.put("subContentId", subContentIdSub);
        templateRoot.put("subDataResourceTypeId", subDataResourceTypeId);

        //final Map savedValues = FastMap.newInstance();
        //FreeMarkerWorker.saveContextValues(templateCtx, saveKeyNames, savedValues);

        return new Writer(out) {

            @Override
            public void write(char cbuf[], int off, int len) {
            }

            @Override
            public void flush() throws IOException {
                out.flush();
            }

            @Override
            public void close() throws IOException {
                // List<Map<String, ? extends Object>> globalNodeTrail = UtilGenerics.checkList(templateRoot.get("globalNodeTrail"));
                // if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("Render close, globalNodeTrail(2a):" + FreeMarkerWorker.nodeTrailToCsv(globalNodeTrail), "");
                try {
                    renderSubContent();
                    FreeMarkerWorker.reloadValues(templateRoot, savedValuesUp, env);
                    //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(2), globalNodeTrail ." + getWrapped(env, "globalNodeTrail") , module);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new IOException(e.getMessage());
                }
            }

            public void renderSubContent() throws IOException {
                // TemplateHashModel dataRoot = env.getDataModel();
                // Timestamp fromDate = UtilDateTime.nowTimestamp();
                List<Map<String, ? extends Object>> passedGlobalNodeTrail = UtilGenerics.checkList(templateRoot.get("globalNodeTrail"));
                String editRequestName = (String)templateRoot.get("editRequestName");
                //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(3), editRequestName ." + editRequestName , module);
                GenericValue thisView = null;
                if (view != null) {
                    thisView = view;
                } else if (passedGlobalNodeTrail.size() > 0) {
                    Map<String, ? extends Object> map = UtilGenerics.checkMap(passedGlobalNodeTrail.get(passedGlobalNodeTrail.size() - 1));
                    if (Debug.infoOn()) {
                        Debug.logInfo("in Render(3), map ." + map , module);
                    }
                    if (map != null) {
                        thisView = (GenericValue)map.get("value");
                    }
                }
                //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in RenderSubContent, subContentId:" + templateRoot.get("subContentId"), module);
                //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in RenderSubContent, contentId:" + templateRoot.get("contentId"), module);

                String mimeTypeId = (String) templateRoot.get("mimeTypeId");
                Locale locale = (Locale) templateRoot.get("locale");
                if (locale == null)
                    locale = Locale.getDefault();

                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(editRequestName)) {
                    String editStyle = getEditStyle();
                    openEditWrap(out, editStyle);
                }

                if (thisView != null) {
                    String contentId = thisView.getString("contentId");
                    if (contentId != null) {
                        try {
                            ContentWorker.renderContentAsText(dispatcher, delegator, contentId, out, templateRoot, locale, mimeTypeId, null, null, true);
                            //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in RenderSubContent, after renderContentAsTextCache:", module);
                        } catch (GeneralException e) {
                            Debug.logError(e, "Error rendering content", module);
                            throw new IOException("Error rendering thisView:" + thisView + " msg:" + e.toString());
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(editRequestName)) {
                    closeEditWrap(out, editRequestName);
                }

                //if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(4), globalNodeTrail ." + getWrapped(env, "globalNodeTrail") , module);
            }

            public void openEditWrap(Writer out, String editStyle) throws IOException {
                String divStr = "
";
                out.write(divStr);
            }

            public void closeEditWrap(Writer out, String editRequestName) throws IOException {
                // if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in RenderSubContent, contentId(1):" + templateRoot.get("contentId"), module);
                // if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(0), templateRoot ." + templateRoot , module);
                // StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                String fullRequest = editRequestName;
                String contentId = null;
                String contentIdTo = null;
                String contentAssocTypeId = null;
                String mapKey = null;
                String fromDate = null;

                if (!directAssocMode) {
                    contentIdTo = (String)templateRoot.get("contentId");
                    contentAssocTypeId = (String)templateRoot.get("contentAssocTypeId");
                    mapKey = (String)templateRoot.get("mapKey");
                    fromDate = (String)templateRoot.get("fromDate");
                    if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(0), view ." + view , module);
                    if (view != null) {
                        ModelEntity modelEntity = view.getModelEntity();
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(contentId) && modelEntity.getField("caContentId") != null)
                            contentId = view.getString("caContentId");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(contentId) && modelEntity.getField("contentId") != null)
                            contentId = view.getString("contentId");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(contentIdTo) && modelEntity.getField("caContentIdTo") != null)
                            contentIdTo = view.getString("caContentIdTo");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(contentIdTo) && modelEntity.getField("contentIdTo") != null)
                            contentIdTo = view.getString("contentIdTo");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(contentAssocTypeId) && modelEntity.getField("caContentAssocTypeId") != null)
                            contentAssocTypeId = view.getString("caContentAssocTypeId");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(contentAssocTypeId) && modelEntity.getField("contentAssocTypeId") != null)
                            contentAssocTypeId = view.getString("contentAssocTypeId");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(mapKey) && modelEntity.getField("caMapKey") != null)
                            mapKey = view.getString("caMapKey");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(mapKey) && modelEntity.getField("mapKey") != null)
                            mapKey = view.getString("mapKey");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(fromDate) && modelEntity.getField("caFromDate") != null)
                            fromDate = view.getString("caFromDate");
                        if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(fromDate) && modelEntity.getField("fromDate") != null)
                            fromDate = view.getString("fromDate");
                    }
                } else {
                    contentId = (String)templateRoot.get("subContentId");
                }
                if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(0), contentIdTo ." + contentIdTo , module);
                String delim = "?";
                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(contentId)) {
                    fullRequest += delim + "contentId=" + contentId;
                    delim = "&";
                }
                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(contentIdTo)) {
                    fullRequest += delim + "contentIdTo=" + contentIdTo;
                    delim = "&";
                }
                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(contentAssocTypeId)) {
                    fullRequest += delim + "contentAssocTypeId=" + contentAssocTypeId;
                    delim = "&";
                }
                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(mapKey)) {
                    fullRequest += delim + "mapKey=" + mapKey;
                    delim = "&";
                }
                if (UtilValidate.isNotEmpty(fromDate)) {
                    fullRequest += delim + "fromDate=" + fromDate;
                    delim = "&";
                }

                if (Debug.infoOn()) Debug.logInfo("in Render(2), contentIdTo ." + contentIdTo , module);
                out.write("Edit");
                out.write("
");
            }

            public String getEditStyle() {
                String editStyle = (String)templateRoot.get("editStyle");
                if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(editStyle)) {
                    editStyle = UtilProperties.getPropertyValue("content", "defaultEditStyle");
                }
                if (UtilValidate.isEmpty(editStyle)) {
                    editStyle = "btn btn-link";
                }
                return editStyle;
            }
        };

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Share this Story: Downtown Kingston BIA hires Belleville BIA executive director
Downtown Kingston BIA hires Belleville BIA executive director
Ian MacAlpine
The Kingston Downtown Business Improvement Area announced on Wednesday, April 21, 2021, that it has hired Marijo Cuerrier as its new executive director. Cuerrier comes from Belleville, where she does the same job. She is scheduled to start in Kingston on May 25, 2021. Supplied Photo
The Downtown Kingston Business Improvement Area only had to look a bit west to find its new executive director.
Marijo Cuerrier, who currently does the same job in Belleville, will start in Kingston on May 25.
Downtown Kingston BIA hires Belleville BIA executive director Back to video
"After many months and a wide search, I am happy to announce, on behalf of the Downtown Kingston! board of directors, the hiring of our new and only second executive director in our history," Downtown Kingston board chair Ed Smith wrote in a news release.
"She has substantial experience in strategic planning, marketing, social media, event planning and product development."
Cuerrier replaces longtime executive director Doug Ritchie, who retired last year.
"The Belleville business community and Downtown Belleville partners speak very highly of Marijo's skills, effectiveness and ability to engage members and partners," Smith wrote.
According to the news release, Cuerrier and her team were responsible for the development and implementation of several successful events in 2020, including Belleville's summer event, Al Fresco, which resulted in increased foot traffic and revenue during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"I am looking forward to the new challenges that await me in Kingston," Cuerrier said in the statement.
"I have enjoyed downtown Kingston as a visitor and a short-term resident and am honoured to be chosen to lead the membership through this next phase in their growth. I am sure there are going to be some unique challenges, given that we are in the midst of a pandemic, but we are almost at the finish line, so let's make sure we are ready and see where it all goes."
The Downtown Kingston BIA is an association comprised of and funded by more than 700 downtown businesses.
Smith also thanked Downtown Kingston's Michele Langlois for taking on the interim executive director's position since Ritchie departed.
"She did an amazing job in the face of much adversity brought on by COVID-19. The same goes for the rest of Downtown Kingston staff — Rob, Jan, Marilyn and Kelsey — who all worked tirelessly day in and day out, nights, too," Smith wrote.
"I can say with great confidence that Marijo has a great team to work with to continue to produce great results and conversely that Downtown Kingston staff will be led by a great new leader who will continue the history of excellence of Downtown Kingston."
imacalpine@postmedia.com
twitter.com/IanMacAlpine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: C++ returning iterators to two or more class containers I'm building an C++ API just for learning purposes and I'll need a class
with two containers. Suppose they're initially of type vector<>.
class MyClass
{
  private:
    std::vector<int> containerA;
    std::vector<double> containerB;

  public:
    std::vector<int> *getContainerA();
    std::vector<double> *getContainerB();
};

But if someday I'll have to change the type of these containers (to list, for instance), I would not want that the users of this API needed to change anything in their code.
So, considering that containerA and containerB types were changed, when using the getters above, which return vector<>, API users would need to change their code to match the new type of API's containers.
I think that return iterators instead of vector<> can help me with that.
class MyClass
{
  private:
    std::vector<int> containerA;
    std::vector<double> containerB;

  public:
    std::vector<int>::iterator beginContainerA() { return containerA.begin(); }
    std::vector<int>::iterator endContainerA() { return containerA.end(); }
    std::vector<double>::iterator beginContainerB() { return containerB.begin(); }
    std::vector<double>::iterator endContainerB() { return containerB.end(); }
};

Is this the way how things are done? Is there a better way? Thank you.

A: Rather use getters like
 const std::vector<int>& getContainerA() const { return containerA; }

and let your clients use
 std::vector<int>::const_iterator

from the reference.

But if someday I'll have to change the type of these containers (to list, for instance), I would not want that the users of this API needed to change anything in their code.

Also you can use a class specific typedef to expose the underlying container type:
 typedef std::vector<int> ContainerAType;

 const ContainerAType& getContainerA() const { return containerA; }

Note that handing out iterators is bad, in the sense that these may become invalid upon changes to the underlying containers.
If a client should be notified about changes, you'll need a separate mechanism like e.g. an Observer .

A: I recommend combining πάντα ῥεῖ's idea and yours: Both define a type alias, and return iterators:
typedef std::vector<int> ContainerAType;
ContainerAType::iterator beginContainerA();

Also, you'll need a const version as well, so that you can use the iterators on const instances:
ContainerAType::const_iterator beginContainerA() const;

Consider whether non-const access is even needed.
Consider returning a range of iterators instead:
boost::iterator_range<ContainerAType::iterator> containerA();

However, to truly protect the client from any changes, you will need to use type erasing iterator. With type erasure, the client does not even need to recompile, if you change from vector to list (but you also have to use pimpl pattern, to achieve that). You could even stop using a container entirely, and return custom iterators, that generate the data.
Boost has you covered: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_54_0/libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/ranges/any_range.html Type erasing iterators do have some overhead, due to using a virtual function call internally.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

defined('_JEXEC') or die();

?>

		<?php echo $bookmarksHTML;?>

		<?php echo JHTML::_('date' , $bulletin->date, JText::_('DATE_FORMAT_LC')); ?>

				<a class="cPageStory-Author cFloat-L" href="<?php echo CUrlHelper::userLink($creator->id); ?>"><img class="cAvatar" src="<?php echo $creator->getThumbAvatar(); ?>" border="0" alt="" />

<?php echo $bulletin->message;?>

					<form class="cForm" name="addnews" method="post" action="<?php echo CRoute::_('index.php?option=com_community&view=groups&task=editnews'); ?>">

								<?php echo JText::_('COM_COMMUNITY_GROUPS_BULETIN_TITLE');?>

									<input type="text" value="<?php echo $bulletin->title;?>" id="title" name="title" class="input text" style="width: 94%;" />

								<?php echo JText::_('COM_COMMUNITY_GROUPS_BULLETIN_DESCRIPTION');?>

									<?php if( $config->get( 'htmleditor' ) == 'none' && $config->getBool('allowhtml') ) { ?>

<?php echo JText::_('COM_COMMUNITY_HTML_TAGS_ALLOWED'); ?>

									<?php } ?>

									<?php

										if( !CStringHelper::isHTML($editorMessage)
											&& $config->get('htmleditor') != 'none'
											&& $config->getBool('allowhtml') )
										{
											$editorMessage = CStringHelper::nl2br($editorMessage);
										}

										if( $config->get( 'htmleditor' ) )
										{
									?>

									<?php echo $editor->displayEditor( 'message',  $editorMessage , '98%', '450', '10', '20' , false ); ?>
									<?php
										}
										else
										{
									?>
										<textarea class="input textarea" style="width: 94%; margin: 10px 0;" name="message"><?php echo $editorMessage;?></textarea>
									<?php
										}
									?>

							<?php if($gparams->get('groupannouncementfilesharing') > 0){ ?>

										<input type="checkbox" class="input checkbox" name="filepermission-member" value="1" <?php echo ($params->get('filepermission-member') > 0) ? 'checked="checked"' : '' ?> />
										<?php echo JText::_('COM_COMMUNITY_FILES_ALLOW_MEMBERS')?>

							<?php }?>

									<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $bulletin->groupid;?>" name="groupid" />
									<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $bulletin->id;?>" name="bulletinid" />
									<?php echo JHTML::_( 'form.token' ); ?>

									<input type="button" class="btn" onclick="joms.groups.editBulletin();return false;" value="<?php echo JText::_('COM_COMMUNITY_CANCEL_BUTTON'); ?>" />
									<input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" value="<?php echo JText::_('COM_COMMUNITY_SAVE_BUTTON'); ?>" class="button" onclick="saveContent();" />

					</form>

			<?php echo $filesharingHTML;?>


text:
Non-Contact ACL Injuries: The Shoe-Surface Interface
September 16, 2016 by Robert Panariello MS, PT, ATC, CSCS Leave a Comment
Robert A. Panariello MS, PT, ATC, CSCS
Professional Physical Therapy
Professional Athletic Performance Center
With the fall sports season upon us, the expectation of ACL injuries is a reality. The reported incidence of ACL ruptures is approximately 200,000 in the United States annually. Most of these (58%-70%) are non-contact injuries occurring in young athletes. Many coaches, parents, and athletes often inquire how such a high ACL injury rate transpires without the incidence of physical contact by an opposing player. One main reason, considered by many, is the athlete's shoe – playing surface interface.
There is epidemiologic evidence that increased traction at the shoe surface interface may lead to enhanced sports performance at the expense of increased risk of ACL injury. There is documentation as far back as the 1980's that state ACL sprains are at higher risk on artificial turf, but at that time was thought by some to occur only in certain game situations as kickoffs and punts. There is also documentation noted in the 1990's demonstrating that during NFL game exposure there was almost a five (5) times greater of ACL injury on grass vs. turf. However, for practice sessions the reverse was true. When reviewing the total exposures (practice and games) an incidence density ratio was calculated that revealed a 90% increase in ACL injuries on artificial turf per 1000 athlete exposures. In a similar but more recent study it was reported that more ACL injuries (per 1000 athletic exposures) ensue on turf vs. grass surfaces in professional football players.
In 2010 my good friend Dr. Mark Drakos published a study on this very topic. Dr. Drakos and his associates compared four (4) experimental groups evaluating the strain that occurred to the ACL during the application of an axially applied load with a standardized rotational moment (simulated cutting movement). These four (4) groups were as follows:
1. AstroTurf – turf shoes
2. Modern playing turf – turf shoes
3. Modern playing turf – cleats
4. Natural grass – cleats
The results of the study exhibited the natural grass and cleat combination (group 4) produced less strain upon the ACL than the modern playing turf – cleat (group 3), modern playing turf – turf shoe (group 2) and AstroTurf –turf shoe (group 1) combinations. It is also important to note that although the depth of the cleats was slightly larger than the depth of the turf shoe studs, the displacement into modern playing turf was similar for a given axial load.
The coefficient of friction and the coefficient of restitution
The resultant complex interaction between the bottom of the shoe and top of the surface is explained via the coefficient of friction and the coefficient of restitution. The coefficient of friction (grip strength) is closely related to torque and studies have demonstrated a higher incidence of ACL injuries with surfaces that have a higher coefficient of friction. The coefficient of restitution is the ability of the surface to absorb shock. It is measured by using the G-Max value where one "G" represents one unit of gravity. The United States Consumer Products Safety Commission determined that fields with a G-Max of greater than 200 are unsafe for athletic play.
The explanations for non-contact ACL injury are not entirely clear. Additional research is needed to assist in the clarity of this subject matter. Artificial turf surfaces allow for higher velocity (a faster game) due to the increased traction provided by the shoe – surface interface. However, with these higher velocity stadium surfaces there appears to be a related increased risk of non-contact ACL injuries. This coupled with many other identified risk factors makes the non-contact ACL injury a significant concern and health care matter in otherwise young healthy athletes.
Robert A. Panariello MS, PT, ATC, CSCS is a founding partner and Chief Clinical Officer at Professional Physical Therapy and the Professional Athletic Performance Center with 99 facilities in the NY, NJ, and CT tristate area. He has more than 35 years of experience in the related professional fields of sports physical therapy and the strength and conditioning of athletes, is well published in scientific and S&C journals, and lectures nationally on these related topics. He is a former Division I Collegiate and Professional Head Strength and Conditioning Coach and has studied the science of strength and conditioning and weightlifting in Bulgaria, the former Soviet Union and former East Germany. Rob was the recipient of the 2016 National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) Sports Medicine/Rehabilitation Specialist of the Year Award, the 2015 American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Sports Physical Therapy Section Lynn Wallace Clinical Educator Award, and was elected to the USA Strength and Conditioning Coaches Hall of Fame in 2003.
Robert Panariello MS, PT, ATC, CSCS
Founding Partner and Chief Clinical Officer at Professional Physical Therapy Athletic Performance Center
Rob continues to rehabilitate, athletic performance train, as well as serve as a consultant to many NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, Collegiate and University teams, coaches, and players. He has also presented his research at the International World Confederation of Physical Therapy in Washington, D.C. He is nationally renowned and lectures throughout the country with regard to the related fields of Sports Physical Therapy and the Performance Training of Athletes.
Latest posts by Robert Panariello MS, PT, ATC, CSCS (see all)
Heavy Weight Room Training In-Season: One of the Last Advantages Available - August 12, 2017
Toughness - June 24, 2017
Winter Illness Ahead: Train with Caution - December 13, 2016
Return to Competition, Sport Science


Physics of Fully Ionized Gases. Lyman Spitzer Jr.
Physics of Fully Ionized Gases Lyman Spitzer Jr.
In it, there is an equation to model energy transfer for ions entering an electron cloud. Plasma, in physics, fully ionized gas of low density, containing approximately equal numbers of positive and negative ions . Spitzer, Physics of Fully Ionized Gases. Home > Journals > Canadian Journal of Physics > List of Issues > Volume 42, Number 4, April 1964 > THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A FULLY IONIZED GAS. An update to the last chapter of Spitzer's "The Physics of Fully Ionized Gases". Physics of Fully Ionized Gases Interscience Tracts on Physics and Astronomy No. Physics of Fully Ionized Gases. Interscience (Wiley), New York, 1962. It is electrically conductive and is affected by magnetic fields. Dynamic properties of plasma gases in the shock compression and jet extraction, we utilize the gas .. Lyman Spitzer wrote "physics of fully ionized gases" the bible on low density plasmas. Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, 2nd edit., Interscience- John Wiley, 1962. Spitzer Jr., Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, 2nd ed. SUBJECT(S): Plasma (Ionized gases). Spitzer, Jr., Physics of Fully Ionized Gases (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1959) p. An introductory course in theoretical physics is the sole prerequisite for this general but simple introduction to the fields of plasma and fusion research. ' Interscience Tracts on Physics and Astronomy Number 7'..


The Super Bowl is an exciting time for many friends to get together.
For one group of friends, it's become a tradition to not only watch the game but go to the game.
In 1967, the New Yorkers decided to fly to Los Angeles to see the AFL-NFL World Championship Game.
Tickets were $10, and the stadium was half full.
Sylvan Schefler, Lew Rappaport, Al Schragis, Larry McDonald and Harvey Rothenberg watched the Green Bay Packers beat the Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10.
It was what would later be known as Super Bowl I.
As the men get ready for Super Bowl 50, they will have attended every one of the major games since the Super Bowl began.
"We're devoted to each other, and we're devoted to the Super Bowl," Rothenberg said.
The men range in age from 70s to 80s. "Nothing is forever. We all understand that," Schefler said. "But we've been blessed to have had the opportunity to say this is 50 years."
The group, who go by the nicknames Prez, Prof, Chicago Lew, Larry Mac and The Fog, have one rule for their annual trip: No wives.
"One or two times, my wife would come (on the trip),'' Rothenberg said. "While we were at the game, she'd come and go into my hotel room and wait for me to come back."
The men have seen each other through difficult times personally and in the games.
Of Whitney Houston's national anthem performance in 1991, McDonald said, "That was the most emotional time I think we've ever had."
"There was not a dry eye in the whole stadium,'' Schefler said.
All the men are military veterans.
Of the 2004 halftime "wardrobe malfunction" with Janet Jackson, Schragis said, "I almost missed it. But I saw it."
The men encouraged Rothenberg to go when his father died a week before the game one year.
When McDonald didn't have enough money to go another year, his friends chipped in and paid for his trip.
"Wait a minute,'' Rothenberg jokingly said to McDonald. "You still owe us money."
The men look forward to where the next 10 years and 10 games will take them.
"I've been thinking about Super Bowl 60,'' Rappaport said.


The wedding of John and Ailyn January 14, 2019 @ 4pm, in the traditional chapel at Mon Bel Ami Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. Congratulations to the happily married couple! May the joy of your love stay in your hearts forever, may you stay blessed in the wedding bliss all of your life!
Do you know John and Ailyn? Extend your own congratulations in the comments below!


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T20 World Cup Semifinal Line Up: New Zealand play Pak on Nov 9: India play England on Nov 10 – UKMALAYALEE
UKMALAYALEE > Category > Trending News > T20 World Cup Semifinal Line Up: New Zealand play Pak on Nov 9: India play England on Nov 10
T20 World Cup Semifinal Line Up: New Zealand play Pak on Nov 9: India play England on Nov 10
Sunday 6 November 2022 12:39 PM UTC
SYDNEY Nov 6: With the culmination of the Super 12 phase on a frantic Sunday that witnessed a dramatic upset, the ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2022 has its two semi-final fixtures on the calendar.
The triple-header on Sunday began with a shock loss for South Africa, who exited the tournament to open the gates for Pakistan or Bangladesh to qualify. At the same venue, Pakistan beat Bangladesh to seal their semi-final spot.
With New Zealand and England having already sealed their qualification after Saturday's round of matches, Group 2 witnessed some drama with the Proteas going down to Netherlands in a stunning loss for the Temba Bavuma-led side, who were once on top of the table before back-to-back losses against Pakistan and Netherlands.
Pakistan's win over Bangladesh ensured that they would be the fourth semi-finalists in the tournament with India joining England and New Zealand earlier in the day following South Africa's exit.
India beat Zimbabwe by 71 runs in the final Super 12 clash and as Group 2 toppers set up a semi-final meeting with England. Meanwhile, Pakistan will face Group 1 toppers New Zealand in the first semi-final.
Semi-final fixtures
1st semi-final: New Zealand v Pakistan – November 9 – SCG, Sydney
2nd semi-final: India v England – November 10 – Adelaide Oval, Adelaide


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Accueil - Usages de l'énergie - The Car of the Future: Competing Energy Technologies
The Car of the Future: Competing Energy Technologies
CHANARON Jean-Jacques
Usages de l'énergie Nouvelles technologies
To shed light on the competition between the automotive technologies of the future, a systemic model must be developed. It compares the benefits of each solution for the user, the automotive industry, and public policy.
This article was originally published in French in the Encyclopedia of Energy on October 16th 2019, under the L'automobile du futur les technologies énergétiques en competition.
The automotive industry is looking for disruptive innovations that could contribute to its survival and, if necessary, provide it with sustainable competitive advantages (Read : L'automobile du futur, quelles sources d'énergie ?). But innovation is a complex process. It has been identified as a critical factor in business development, but it remains very difficult to manage when it emerges or must be integrated into long-established organizations[1]. Understanding the directions it is likely to take requires the use of an analytical model.
1. An analysis model
Many factors or combinations of factors have been put forward by economic and management researchers to explain the variables that can lead to the success or failure of technical and organizational innovations[2]: organizational configuration, including organizational size, cultural context, strategy and leadership, and human resource creativity. Nevertheless, the understanding of best practices for innovation remains very imperfect[3] and innovation is a fragile and vulnerable process[4]. According to Dougherty and Hardy, large organizations seem unable to innovate in a sustainable way over the long term.
But the main weakness of the academic literature remains its inability to provide decision-makers with an operational model for innovation management. In general, the models that have been published favour a vision of supply by research institutions and companies and neglect a vision based on demand, and in particular the expectations of users and/or consumers and their level of acceptance of the technical innovations proposed to them.
A new analysis grid makes it possible to assess the potential for the emergence of new products, services, processes or organizations (Image 1)[5]. It implies that four conditions must be met simultaneously (same time, even same place). Any potential innovation must be:
« Scientifically and technically possible », i.e. meets the technical performance expected from consumers and users;
« Industrially feasible », i.e. produced at costs and quality levels that satisfy all stakeholders;
« Commercially viable », i.e. launched at a selling price and with maintenance costs that are acceptable to the market;
« Politically, socially and culturally acceptable », i.e. has political support and full consumer acceptance.
The grid proposes that the success of a given innovation is only possible when and if the main variables associated with these four conditions are favourable and that failure occurs when key aspects of one or more conditions are not met.
The following is based on a qualitative research methodology. Information, data and opinions were collected through a review of the theoretical literature and specialized scientific and technical literature: information from traditional automotive stakeholders (manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, university laboratories, component manufacturers), as well as potential new players (energy suppliers, battery and fuel cell manufacturers, hydrogen producers and distributors). This literature review made it possible to put together an interview guide which, after having been tested with a limited number of interviewees, was then conducted with managers of car manufacturers and equipment manufacturers in charge of research and development and/or planning and with researchers from the main public laboratories conducting innovative automotive projects in charge of advanced components such as batteries, electronic control units and fuel cells. Managers of energy supply companies (electricity, biofuels, hydrogen) were also interviewed. All interviewees held decision-making positions in their respective functions: R&D, strategy, new product development, production planning. More than seventy interviews were conducted in China, France, Japan, Germany, Italy and the United States on several occasions between 2010 and 2014.
Only technical, economic, social, cultural and political factors that influence the characteristics of technological innovation in the automotive powertrain were considered. Clearly, a more scientifically robust exercise should take into account technological trends for other on-board equipment; changes in consumer behaviour, such as mobility choices; new forms of transport organisation (passenger and freight); and changes in administrative regulations and governance.
2. Competing options
Applied to the various technological options (Read :L'automobile du futur, quelles sources d'énergie ?) the innovation model provides key elements for technology assessment and scenario construction.
There is a consensus among the interviewees on a general scenario in which the different paradigms would appear successively over time, i.e. as soon as each is possible, feasible, acceptable and commercially viable (Image 2).
As the prerequisites for minimum vehicle performance (habitability and speed), safety and reliability have been fully met, the six main key success factors from the literature review and interviews are as follows:
Autonomy ;
Technological simplicity;
Total cost, i.e. purchase and operating cost;
Availability and security of supply, in time and space, of primary energy;
Safety and reliability ;
Time scale for the deployment of innovations.
For the automobile, the storage of primary energy in the vehicle is one of the essential factors in decision-making by customer-users because it determines five fundamental variables: range, replenishment time, safety, vehicle weight and size and total cost (Table 1).
The autonomy or distance covered between two replenishments is obviously a key point. There is no consensus on a minimum acceptable level for a conventional vehicle used in urban areas and for interurban connections. If the vehicle of the future is a small city car, a relatively limited range may be possible. We know that in France, for example, in 2008, 65% of trips were made by car, both as passengers and drivers, for 83% of the distance travelled, with an occupancy rate of 1.4 people per car. 73% of « commuters » use a car or motorcycle[6]. 99% of trips and 60% of distance travelled consist of « local » mobility, i.e. remain within an 80 km radius of the home. There are 3.15 daily trips for a total distance of 25.2 km and 8 km per trip. In Europe, only 13% of trips are more than 60 km long and nearly 40-50% of cars never travel more than 150 km in a single trip. There are obviously significant differences between urbanised areas and large cities and rural areas where cars are almost ubiquitous due to a lack of alternative options.
Table 1 : Compare energy storage
Unit Gasoline Diesel Electricity Natural Gas Liquified Gas Compressed H² Liquid H²
State Liquid Liquid Chemical Gas Liquid Gas Liquid
Temperature Centigrade Ambient Ambient Ambient-300° Ambient Ambient Ambient -253°
Pressure Bars 1 1 1 >200 5-25 350-700 5
Mass energy Wh/kg 11900 11800 30-200 2200 7080 1200 500-1000
Volumetric energy Wh/l 8900 9900 70-300 2500 4300 450 1800
Recharge time Minutes 5 5 30-360 5 5 5 5
Wheel tank efficiency % 30-35 40-42 80-85 20-38 30-35 ~50 ~30-35
Weight for 60 litres Kg 45 50 90-150 70 36 90-100 100-200
Autonomy Km ~900 ~1000 30-120 160 430 200-300 ~180
Sources : Syrota, 2008 and press clippings.
The majority of trips are local in nature, depending on spatial interaction criteria closely linked to the organization of space and the location of places of employment, shops and facilities in relation to places of residence. This means that the electric car with a reduced range, less than 100-150 km per charge, could, in theory, satisfy almost all the daily needs of consumers. Obviously, the need for long-distance interurban travel, which concerns a small percentage of customers, would still have to be resolved. One solution often put forward is multi-motorization: a small urban car and a « large » family car per household. But, for the time being, customer preference is for a « universal » vehicle rather than for several specialized vehicles per household. One of the key characteristics of the automotive market is that any alternative product will inevitably be calibrated to the performance of the current dominant design.
Time scale is another crucial dimension. Customers are never ready to switch from one technology to another in just a few years. There are about 1.2 billion vehicles on the road in 2014, 72% of which are passenger cars. In 2013, new annual registrations, which renew the fleet, are in the order of 81 million vehicles, including 60 million passenger cars, and analysts predict 85 million vehicles in 2015 and 105 million in 2020, including 78 million cars.
According to industry experts, fleet renewal should take at least 15 years[7]. But these estimates are based on a supposition of unchanged technology. A new technology should follow the same path as the cycle for any new product, namely an S-curve with a relatively slow take-off to large volumes, which will probably take several decades.
The total cost will inevitably be a decisive criterion. The cost of energy is the highest. If the price of oil exceeds US$200 per barrel for a long time and then continues to rise, as many experts predict, it creates a strong incentive for research and then for the massive diffusion of an alternative powertrain. But given the current state of technology and the price of gasoline in 2014, which looks like it will remain stable or even decline with the emergence of shale gas, all alternative solutions will prove to be more expensive. Plug-in hybrids or all-electric battery-powered solutions will face a charging cost that could increase with the development of a dedicated infrastructure of charging stations and terminals and the deployment of national electricity grids that will need to be dramatically upgraded to support the rapid and simultaneous charging of millions of vehicles. The cost of replacing batteries at the end of their life could also be high.
In 2008, Williams estimated that rechargeable HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) could be a viable solution if gasoline was priced at more than US$6 per gallon in the United States[8]. At its highest in 2008, it was 4 US dollars and it is just over 3 US dollars in 2014. Many authors have recently examined the different comparative advantages of battery-powered vehicles and conventional vehicles in terms of fuel consumption, pollution, life cycle, and total cost, but it has proven impossible to determine a clear loser or winner, as the underlying assumptions for such studies are too numerous, complex and variable[9].
Technological simplicity is a more difficult factor because it is strongly linked to socio-psychological determinants. According to surveys conducted in Europe and the United States, customers seem to have a preference for a single technology when deciding on a car powertrain. This criterion is obviously associated with that of technical reliability, which determines the durability and cost of maintenance and repair, and the security of both driving and supply. The presence of a robust network of petroleum fuel service stations gives them a strong advantage in these areas. Electrical alternatives must ensure comparable performance.
In behavioural terms, the first feedback from Renault Zoe and Twizy owners would tend to show a satisfaction rate, due to the absence of noise and ease of driving, at much higher levels, 98%, than those recorded in the past for new innovative models. And the vast majority say they would never return to internal combustion technology!
While the environmental performance of a given powertrain is not yet a real decision-making criterion, most industry experts believe that environmental sentiments should become more important in the future. In any case, it is necessary to differentiate the performance of the vehicle not only at the time of use, or instantaneous performance, from that of the well-to-wheel (WTW) impact. And in this respect, partially or fully electric solutions must be evaluated in complete transparency. Indeed, everything depends on the energy mix of electricity production. In some countries, such as China, the United States, and Germany, which still use coal extensively, plug-in hybrids and battery-powered vehicles have higher CO2 emissions than conventional vehicles.
In countries where the share of nuclear energy is high, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles are obviously efficient. But it should be stressed that the shift of a significant proportion of the vehicle fleet to all-electric battery-powered vehicles raises the problem of the capacity of electricity networks, not only in terms of voltage and therefore in terms of the cross-section of low-voltage lines, but also, and one could say above all, in terms of production capacity. For example, it is estimated that a fleet of 3 million electric vehicles requires an additional Evolutionary Pressurized Reactor (EPR) and 6 to 7 EPRs for the electrification of the entire fleet. Difficulties in relation to the increase in use of nuclear energy, such as the cost and time required to build such equipment, constitute a serious obstacle to such a scenario.
3. The automotive industry
What lessons can be learned from a complete scan of the technical documentation and about 100 in-depth interviews with executives in charge of product strategy and R&D at automakers (Toyota, GM, Chrysler, Nissan, Renault, Peugeot-Citroën, Daimler-Benz, BMW, Fiat, Hyundai, Kia), major public and private research laboratories, specialised non-profit professional organisations, transport companies and public administrations on the environment, manufacturers of innovative components (batteries, fuel cells, electronic control units) in China, Japan, Europe and the United States?
The research is qualitative, investigating a common phenomenon in a real-life context in order to preserve the holistic and significant characteristics of real-life events[10]. Considered as part of an analysis of technology and innovation, it is the expression of a set of opinions and is obviously not scientifically adapted to generalization, because it is not based on a recognized technology forecasting method such as Delphi, scenario development or probabilistic forecasts[11].
A first conclusion is the broad consensus among respondents that competition between the all-electric vehicle and the dominant design of the internal combustion engine (ICE) is still far from being played out on the following five factors: energy consumption, range, CO2 emissions, purchase price and operating costs (Image 3).
Technical but also behavioural factors may lead to the electric car moving towards a more acceptable range. Political factors such as subsidies and increased production volumes can help to move the purchase price in the right direction. But other factors can give the conventional engine a new lease on life in terms of running costs: a lower price and guaranteed availability of petroleum products or significant progress in terms of pollution control and energy consumption.
Forty years after a first research study on automotive innovation conducted in 1972-1973, caution and moderate optimism are in order[12]. The resilience of this industry is remarkable. Global demand is growing, driven by fleet renewal but also by new car ownership in emerging countries (Figure 4). A long term analysis demonstrates that there are no signs of significant, long-lasting reversals in this trend. And the motorization needs of developing countries are enormous.
The automotive industry, in its current configuration, is a complex system that involves many activities, all of which are interdependent, although they may sometimes have conflicting interests: assembly, components and equipment, trade and repair, bodywork-trailers and caravans, fuel production and distribution, road construction and maintenance, public administrations, road transport, insurance and financing, sports and the press, among others[13]. In France, about 10% of the working population is directly or indirectly dependent on the system!
It is a mature industry with perfectly mastered technologies that can still be improved in terms of energy consumption and pollution, and with knowledge and know-how that are difficult to acquire without going through the major traditional players. The industry also consists of gigantic and, for the moment, unavoidable fixed industrial investments, managed by emblematic industrial groups, few in number and unwilling to let « entrants » thwart their acquired positions, already battered by their own competition. Finally, these companies are totally « path dependent » on the dominant technology, and in general they do not master alternative technologies that are not derived from the metal-mechanical technical system that has been the source of their fortune[14]. In such a context, it is not surprising to observe that technology takes many years to evolve, not only because of its complexity but also because of the resistance of the relevant actors.
Finally, the automobile industry is a powerful economic policy tool not only in manufacturing countries such as China, the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Brazil and others, through direct and indirect employment, but generally in all countries with increasing motorization through tax revenues related to the acquisition and use of vehicles (Image 5). The lobbies game is edifying in this respect: Germany, the country where ecological sentiment is strongest, but also where the automobile industry is flourishing (Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler-Benz), is one of the few countries to have no tax incentive system for clean cars. The German government is probably waiting for the green light from its national car manufacturers so that French and Japanese competitors do not increase their market share and appear to be more innovative and more environmentally friendly!
Is the low-energy hybrid technology solution that is making the heyday of the 2014 Paris Motor Show with 1.3 to 2 litres per 100 km capable of delaying the emergence of the electric car by a few decades and thus giving time for a hydrogen solution to emerge (Image 6)?
[1] Schumpeter, J.A., (1911), The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1934 edition. Chanaron, J.J., Metcalfe, S.M., (2007), Schumpeter's Innovation Theory, in Carayannis, E., Ziemnowicz C., (2007). Re-Discovering Schumpeter: Creative Destruction Evolving into'Mode 3′, MacMillan-Palgrave, New York, pp. 52-67.
[2] Hundreds of researchers have published literature reviews on economics and innovation management in the last twenty years, including Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt (1997); Chanaron (1998); Burgelman, Christensen and Wheelwright (2004); Carayannis & Ziemnowicz (2007).
[3] Ahmed P. K., (1998), Benchmarking innovation best practice, Benchmarking for Quality Management & Technology, 5, 1; pp. 45-56.
[4] Dougherty D., Hardy C. (1996). Sustained product innovation in large mature organizations: Overcoming innovation-to-organization problems, Academy of Management Journal, 39, 5, pp. 1120-1153.
[5] Chanaron J.J., (2013), Innovation Valuation: Guesswork or Formalized Framework? A Literature Review, in AKHILESH, K.B., (2013), Emerging Dimensions of Technology Management, Springer India, pp. 17-33. Chanaron J.J., (2014), Towards an Operational Framework in Forecasting Breakthrough Innovation: The Case of the Clean Automobile, International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle, Vol. 6, N°2, pp. 1-24.
[6] Last major INSEE transport survey available.
[7] Heywood J., & al., (2008), On the Road in 2035, MIT, July. Syrota J., (2008), Perspectives concernant le véhicule « grand public » d'ici 2030, Centre d'Analyse Stratégique, Le Point, Paris, 28 September.
[8] Williams E., (2008), Plug-in and Regular Hybrids: A National and Regional Comparison of Costs and CO2 Emissions, Climate Change Policy Partnership, Duke University, November.
[9] Aguire B., Eisenhardt L., Lim C., Nelson B., Norring A., Slowik P., Tu N., (2012). Lifecycle Analysis Comparison of a Battery Electric Vehicle and a Conventional Gasoline Vehicle, California Air Resources Board, June. Cai Z., Ou X., Zhang Q., Zhang X., (2012), Full lifetime cost analysis of battery, plug-in hybrid and FCEVs in China in the near future, Frontiers in Energy, 6, 2, pp. 107-111. McCullough R. (2012). Are Electric Vehicles Actually Cost-Effective, Electricity Policy.com, pp. 1-10. Alexander M., Davis M., (2013), Total Cost of Ownership Model for Current Plug-In Electric Vehicles, EPRI Technical Report. Jun M., Di Muro (2013). Holistic Methodology to Analyze EV Business Models, International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 4, 2, pp. 259-264.
[10] Yin (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing.
[11] Jantsch E., (1967), Technological Forecasting in Perspective,. – La prévision technologique, Paris, OECD-OCDE, downloaded from https://www.echosdunet.net/dossier/diact
[12] Chanaron J.J. (1973), L'innovation dans la construction automobile, Thèse de doctorat, IPEPS/IREP, Grenoble, November.
[13] de Banville E., Chanaron J.J., (1985), Le système automobile français : de la sous-traitance au partenariat? Elements for a problem, CPE Etude, n° 56, May.
[14] Chanaron J.J., Bye P., (1995), Technology Trajectories and Strategies, International Journal of Technology Management, 10, 1, pp. 45-66.
The Encyclopedia of Energy is published by the Association des Encyclopédies de l'Environnement et de l'Énergie (www.a3e.fr), contractually linked to the University of Grenoble Alpes and Grenoble INP, and sponsored by the Academy of Sciences.
To cite this article, please mention the author's name, the title of the article and its URL on the Encyclopedia of Energy website.
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Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
automobile industry China electric car electricity Hydrogen Transport
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