Sunny Surf E301 is located on Maui island, ranked #1 Best Luxury Destination in the USA and #2 Best Beaches in the USA by U.S News & World Report published April 19, 2018! Maui island was also voted #2 Best Island in the U.S. by Condé Nast Traveler's Readers' Choice Awards published on October 17, 2017. And for the seventh year in a row in 2018, Maui earned the coveted top spot as the #1 Hawaiian Island from Travel and Leisure's esteemed readers!
Sunny Surf" E301 at Makena Surf, is a sophisticated executive-style 3 bedroom (King, California King, and Two Twins or a 3rd King!), 3 full bath, luxury resort residence that sleeps six guests in a prime top floor corner "penthouse" location. From E301 there is a huge vista of turquoise waters, powder blue skies, scarlet sunsets, and cotton candy white clouds that dance over the open ocean and golden beach below.
This privately owned, uniquely decorated, and professionally managed top floor corner villa has an open great room that was just re-decorated in a comfortable modern style that blends elegant Asian lacquered antiques with light colored decor that reflects the sand and surf outdoors. There is no dated decor here! As of October 2017 the villa has all new exterior patio ceramic tile, new carpet, an all-new kitchen with 4 French door stainless fridge, new cabinets in alabaster color solid wood with self-close mechanisms and pull out drawers, and new black galaxy countertops to top off the new look. A wall was removed which opens up the kitchen to the great room more. New capiz and opal glass lighting provide a glamorous accent to this dreamy home that perfectly reflects the colors of sand and sea indoors. E301 Sunny Surf is quite possibly the most sophisticated and elegant residence within the Makena Surf resort.
Overall, in contrast to other nearby resorts, Makena Surf is a tranquil oasis of tropical seclusion that offers resort living in a low-density, low-rise, and less crowded ambiance. Within Makena Surf are free tennis courts, free self-parking for up to 2 cars, new fitness center, two heated swimming pools one of which is an over-sized lap pool near E301, two hot tubs, roving on-site security staff, and emerald green gardens with pastel blooming tropical flowers.
Back at E301 Sunny Surf, you may enjoy a spectacular panoramic ocean and beachfront vista from two different spacious outdoor verandas. One of the outdoor verandas also looks over the large lap pool. Enjoy sunning on your own terrace while watching your family enjoy the pool. The proximity of Sunny Surf to the pool and hot tub, as well as to the sandy beach, make is one of the most desirable villas in Makena Surf.
A visit to Sunny Surf is an extraordinary vacation experience. Just below Sunny Surf E301 is a broad post-card perfect golden sand beach located directly in front of the E building. Sandy Surf is truly a beach front paradise. Set on the top floor, the outdoor dining and living terrace opens up to expansive blue skies - no roof blocking your panoramic ocean, sunset and moonset views!
At Sunny Surf you have use of the complimentary high speed wireless or wired internet service, exceptionally well-equipped kitchen with all brand new appliances, an in-villa Weber gas BBQ grill, an in-villa washer/dryer, safe, and a full complement of household supplies. There is a work counter that is stocked with office supplies and a multi-function office machine that prints, scans, and faxes. There is indoor and outdoor dining for six to eight guests.
Sunny Surf features exceptional furnishings and appointments commensurate with an upscale resort villa. The amenities and decor of E301 are superior to those of other owner-managed or generic rental-pool villas. We recently upgraded the electronics. Just added to the great room is a brand new 55 inch Samsung LED 1080p HD LCD flat panel television with HD Blu-Ray CD/DVD player, an unlimited Netflix account to download movies and television programs, an HD DVR digital cable box with HD programs, PS3 game console, an iPod dock and 5.1 surround sound speaker system. Save your favorite shows on the HD DVR while at the beach! The two master bedrooms both have flat panel televisions with HD Blu-Ray CD/DVD player, HD digital cable box with HD programs, iPod Alarm Clock Radios, and a personal safe for a worry-free vacation. The third bedroom has a flat panel television, digital cable box, iPod alarm clock radio and portable phone.
The entire villa has just been refreshed with plenty of new inventory. Each bedroom has a brand new pillow top plush mattress along with an array of extra pillows in various styles and materials, a down duvet, cotton and acrylic blankets, plush all-cotton mattress pads, and high thread-count cotton bedding. The bathrooms are loaded with thick soft cotton towels, hair dryer, make-up mirror, cotton bathrobes, and a bath scale. Tropical theme toiletries are offered in 8 ounce size bottles - an eco-friendly gesture. The gourmet kitchen is supremely well equipped with a very generous array of better quality cooking and dining supplies including an espresso machine. Other useful amenities that we provide are beach towels, beach chairs, beach umbrellas and beach coolers.
The Makena area is a historic and fairly rural region on the island of Maui. Remnants of old villages can be found in the rubble of lava covered shores, and hiking trails lead the way to remote and pristine snorkeling sites. The coastline south of Makena Surf is host to many small coves from which more adventurous visitors can launch a kayak or a scuba diving expedition (weather and surf conditions permitting). Venture out amongst schools of brightly colored reef fish, or if you are lucky spot a sea turtle, dolphin, or humpback whale (winter season). We are particularly fond of the walking and jogging courses available in the Wailea and Makena area. From Makena Surf you can head in either direction to exercise along Wailea's oceanfront paved promenade, or follow the ancient Pi'ilani road towards La Perouse Bay for stunning scenery on lightly traveled roads.
Convenient take-out service is offered by many local restaurants, including Longhi's,Tommy Bahama, or Bev Gannon's remodeled "Gannon's" at the Wailea Golf Course Clubhouse.
Just a few blocks from Makena Surf are the three famous golf facilities of Wailea Resort - the "Old Blue", Emerald, and Gold Courses. Wailea and Makena resorts are well known amongst discerning travelers for their legendary climate, unlimited water sports and ocean recreation, golden sand beaches, 3 championship Golf Courses with driving ranges and twin tennis facilities. Wailea Golf Courses offer players some of the most verdant and picturesque golf of any tropical destination. Charming Kihei Town, approximately 10 minutes away by car is a convenient resource for grocery shopping, restaurant dining, night-life, Starbucks, basketball courts, skateboard park, library, natural foods stores, post office, banks, pharmacy - and much more.
Setting The Beachfront Sunny Surf E301 is perched above the beach where it faces directly towards the Pacific Ocean and the setting sun with fabulous views of the beach below. Location Makena Surf is situated on the beach just after the Wailea Resort along Maui's sunny southwestern shoreline. Nearby are the Grand Wailea Resort, Four Seasons Resort, Fairmont Kea Lani Resort, The Shops At Wailea, many exceptional fine dining restaurants, evening entertainment, championship golf courses and all types of ocean recreation. This is the Golden Riviera of Maui - the finest real estate in the world!
Island Maui View Sunny Surf has a panoramic ocean and beach front view from both the great room and the master bedroom. Gaze out towards the open Pacific Ocean towards several picturesque off-shore islets and islands.
Spring 4/28/19 - 5/12/19 $1145 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Spring 5/19/19 - 6/1/19 $1145 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Summer 6/24/19 - 7/1/19 $1495 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Summer 7/8/19 - 7/14/19 $1495 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Summer 7/19/19 - 8/2/19 $1495 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Summer 8/19/19 - 8/25/19 $1495 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Fall 8/25/19 - 9/1/19 $1145 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Fall 9/8/19 - 10/17/19 $1145 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Fall 11/14/19 - 11/22/19 $1145 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Late Fall 12/1/19 - 12/15/19 $1145 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Christmas & New Years 12/15/19 - 1/5/20 $2495 — — 14 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Winter 1/5/20 - 1/15/20 $1495 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Winter 1/29/20 - 2/5/20 $1495 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Peak Winter 2/26/20 - 3/13/20 $1650 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Spring Break 3/13/20 - 4/19/20 $1850 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Spring 4/19/20 - 6/5/20 $1395 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Summer 6/5/20 - 9/7/20 $1695 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Fall 9/7/20 - 11/20/20 $1245 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Thanksgiving 11/20/20 - 11/29/20 $1945 — — 5 $450 Complimentary Light Daily "Hotel-style" Housekeeping Included with Mid-Week or Mid-Stay Bed Linen Change If Rented For Minimum Term At Advertised Price - Not Scheduled on National Holidays. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Late Fall 11/29/20 - 12/11/20 $1245 — — 5 $450 One Complimentary Mid-Stay Housekeeping Service Included with Bed and Bath Linen Change For Each 7 Nights Rented at Advertised Price. Post-Departure Cleaning is Pre-Collected per the Out-cleaning Charge in Rate Quote.
Beach & Ocean Access Makena Surf is situated on the ocean between a sandy cove and a broad and long golden sand swimming beach that faces the setting sun. The beach is easily accessible from Sunny Surf. At the beach you can snorkel, swim, scuba dive, kayak and sometimes boogie board or surf (when the waves are up)! Beach towels, chairs, coolers, and umbrellas are provided complimentary at the villa for you.
Pool There are two heated swimming pools, both gated, and two hot tubs on property, all of which are reserved for the private use of Makena Surf guests. The pools are fenced, however they are not staffed with a lifeguard - use at your own risk. Outdoor Spa There are two open-air star-lit free-form whirlpool hot tubs within the lushly landscaped grounds.
Dining A large indoor dining table defines the Great Room. This seats six to eight guests. There is outdoor covered dining on the spacious ocean view terrace that seats six guests.
This property does not have elevators and E301 is on the top 3rd floor. However, the initial access is actually approx. 1/2 flight up from the ground level, so in total, walking up to the 3rd floor is really no further of a climb than if living in a 2 story residential home.
Complimentary parking is available for up to 2 cars only. Additional cars are not allowed within the gated resort.
Master Bed Type New ultra-deluxe pillow top Eastern king bed with contemporary styled leather glider/rocker side chair, plush new carpet, silk drapery, motorized solar blinds over windows, ultra-high thread count premium linens, down duvet, cotton blankets, down and synthetic pillows, and original oil paintings by Maui artist Dan Young. Master Bed View Fabulous Direct Panoramic Beach and Ocean Front Views!
Personal Safe A personal size hotel-type of safe is provided in the master bedroom for your complimentary guest use DVD Each bedroom has a CD/DVD player. The great room and both master bedrooms have HD Blu-Ray CD/DVD player. The third twin/king bedroom has a PS3.
Gym New Residents-Only Air Conditioned Gym and Fitness Center situated conveniently within Makena Surf. Use is complimentary for guests. The gym features Precor treadmill, elliptical trainer, exercise bike, lat pulldown, free weights, exercise balls, mats and 2 televisions. Billiard Table Nearby at several bars and lounges. Inquire with your Personal Concierge.
Internet Connection Complimentary high speed wireless and wired internet service is provided Office An array of office supplies, answering machine, and a multi-purpose scanner/printer/copier/fax is provided for your convenience. To send or receive a fax use the personal fax machine provided in your own villa.
Other Non-Standard Amenities Provided in this Villa PS3, Central air conditioning, ceiling fans, Weber deluxe BBQ grill, wireless and wired high speed internet service, iPod docks, office supplies, answering machine, Fax/Printer/Scanner/Copier, Washer/Dryer, iron/boards, umbrellas, kitchen with an extensive range of equipment and supplies, extra-large fridge with ice maker, full assortment of bar ware, service ware, various condiments and cooking supplies including sugar packets, oil, herbs & spices. Extensive assortment of soaps, paper products and cleaning supplies stocked.


This paper proposes a residual-based Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for the null of cointegration in panel data. The test is analogous to the locally best unbiased invariant (LBUI) for a moving average (MA) unit root. The asymptotic distribution of the test is derived under the null. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the size and power properties of the proposed test. Overall, the empirical sizes of the LM- FM and LM-DOLS are close to the true size even in small samples. The power is quite good for the panels where T >50, and decent with panels for fewer observations in T. In our fixed sample of N=50 and T=50, the presence of a moving average and correlation between the regressor errors and regressors causes the two tests to perform quite differently, complicating the choice of estimation procedures. In general, the LM- DOLS test seems to be better at correcting these effects, although in some cases the LM-FM test is more powerful. Although much of the non- stationary time series econometrics has been criticized for having more to do with the specific properties of the data set rather than underlying economic models, the recent development of the cointegration literature has allowed for a concrete bridge between economic long run theory and time series methods. Our test now allows for the testing of the null of cointegration in a panel setting and should be of considerable interest to economists in a wide variety of fields.
P. C. B. Phillips & S. N. Durlauf, 1986. "Multiple Time Series Regression with Integrated Processes," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 53(4), pages 473-495.
Peter C.B. Phillips & Steven N. Durlauf, 1985. "Multiple Time Series Regression with Integrated Processes," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 768, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
Peter C. B. Phillips & Mico Loretan, 1991. "Estimating Long-run Economic Equilibria," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 58(3), pages 407-436.
Peter C.B. Phillips & Mico Loretan, 1989. "Estimating Long Run Economic Equilibria," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 928, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
Quintos, Carmela E & Phillips, Peter C B, 1993. "Parameter Constancy in Cointegrating Regressions," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 675-706.
Chihwa Kao & Min-Hsien Chiang, 1997. "On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data," Econometrics 9703001, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Chihwa Kao & Min-Hsien Chiang, 1999. "On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data," Center for Policy Research Working Papers 2, Center for Policy Research, Maxwell School, Syracuse University.
Choi, In, 1994. "Residual-Based Tests for the Null of Stationarity with Applications to U.S. Macroeconomic Time Series," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(3-4), pages 720-746, August.
Shin, Yongcheol, 1994. "A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration Against the Alternative of No Cointegration," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(01), pages 91-115, March.
Tanaka, Katsuto, 1990. "Testing for a Moving Average Unit Root," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 6(04), pages 433-444, December.
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Workers at Terrace Bay Pulp have ratified a collective agreement with Aditya Birla Group, an India-based company in the process of buying the mill.
The contract includes some concessions.
Steelworkers Union spokesperson Herb Daniher said workers will be responsible for 25 per cent of the cost of their benefits. In the previous contract, the employer covered 100 per cent of the cost.
Daniher said the union also agreed to more liberal contracting-out language. Under the terms of the five-year deal, there will be no pay increase in the first three years and small increases in the last two years.
He said more than 75 per cent of the union membership voted in favour. Daniher said some workers will start being recalled as early as next month to prepare the mill for startup. All 300 workers should be back on the job sometime in October.
Daniher confirmed Thursday morning a Toronto judge approved the offer from India-based Aditya Birla Group to buy the mill. The full written decision from the judge will be forthcoming.
The purchase by the Indian textile company had earlier hit a potential roadblock after a Chinese company tried to make its own case to take over the mill.


Enniscorthy's uncertain form at the tail end of the season continued as they slumped to a 3-1 defeat away to North Kildare II on Saturday at The Maws. The league leaders travelled without Cathal Ó Suilleabháin, Glenn Chapman, Jason Rothwell, Chris St. Clair- Johnson, Greg Hawkins and Niall Maguire, and once again the disadvantages of a thin squad were apparent. Fraser Rothwell was able to pick relatively strong midfield and forward units, but experience was somewhat lacking at the back.
From the push- back, the hosts were the stronger, and the pace of the North Kildare forwards was proving difficult for the Slaneysiders to contain. Forays into the opposition half were initiated by defender Clive Rothwell, who connected well with Roy Chapman and Jonathon Rothwell. Edmundas Liukimas returned to the fray but in an unfamiliar midfield role, alternating with Robbie Walshe up front, but both found it to be a frustrating afternoon.
Having conceded a slew of short corners, Enniscorthy knew that their luck was unlikely to hold- though Graham Hill produced a spectacular save to deny the hosts- and the inevitable happened with just a minute to go before the break. A long, high ball into the visitor's 25- yard line eluded the onrushing Casey and Costello, and a ball swiftly moved across the into the semi- circle isolated Hill for an easy tap-in.
On the restart the game returned to a familiar tempo, with the Enniscorthy defence creaking under the pressure, and the host's lead doubled after forty minutes. The Wexford men struggled to clear the ball from inside the semi- circle and in the ensuing scramble North Kildare goaled. The afternoon went from bad to worse when the Slaneysiders conceded a third in similar circumstances. Both attacks had begun on the right as the hosts took advantage of a tiring Andrew Rothwell on the wing. A personnel reshuffle was called for, and Ivan Rothwell came on to make his men's team debut, lining out in the embattled defence. Jonathon Rothwell and Andrew Rothwell swopped positions, and Clive Rothwell pushed forward to bolster midfield alongside Roy Chapman. With these changes Enniscorthy began to force their way into the game and Jonathon Rothwell was making life difficult for the hosts with a series of mazy, jinking runs. Like Liukimas, though, all too often his runs were ended as a cluster of home defenders bottled the Enniscorthy men up. Forward Rory Maguire offered the visitors some hope, bundling the ball into the net to make the score 3-1 with ten minutes to go. That was as good as it got, though, and mid- table North Kildare ended as deserving winners.
Despite this poor overall display, there were some bright points for Enniscorthy: the return of Edmundas Liukimas, the attacking runs of Jonathon Rothwell, and the introduction of his brother Ivan, who put in a strong performance in his debut match. The squad will be hoping that performances for the remainder of the season improve.
Squad: Graham Hill; John Casey; P. J. Pierce; Clive Rothwell; Kieran Costello; Andrew Rothwell; Edmundas Liukimas; Roy Chapman; Jonathon Rothwell; Robbie Walshe; Seamus McAllister; Rory Maguire; Ivan Rothwell.


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MEX200310.E
Mexico: Situation and treatment of Indigenous persons by society and by the authorities; state protection and support services available; situation of Indigenous persons living in cities, particularly in Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey (2017–September 2020)
Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
1. Situation of Indigenous Peoples
The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), a human rights organization "dedicated to promoting, protecting and defending Indigenous Peoples' rights" (IWGIA n.d.), reports that there are 68 Indigenous peoples with 364 dialect variations spoken derived from 11 linguistic families in Mexico (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 439). Based on its compilation of data from a 2015 survey by Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) [1], a 2017 report by Mexico's National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, CDI) [2] indicates that 25.7 million persons, or 21.5 percent of the population, self-identify as Indigenous (Mexico 11 July 2017a). The IWGIA cites the 2017 CDI report as stating that 7.4 million persons, or 6.5 percent of the population, speak an Indigenous language (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 439). Minority Rights Group International (MRG) reports that the most spoken Indigenous languages are Náhuatl, followed by Maya, Tzeltal, Mixteco, Tzotzil, Zapoteco and Otomí (MRG n.d.). Sources state that the Indigenous population is concentrated in the southern and south-central region (MRG n.d.) or southern and southeastern states (Canedo 1 Mar. 2019, 14).
MRG states that official statistics using language as a criterion have been criticized by many as underestimating the "increasingly urbanised" Indigenous population; the 2000 census reports that half of those who self-identify as Indigenous spoke an Indigenous language (MRG n.d.). IWGIA similarly indicates that the Indigenous population is undercounted due to "denial of ethnicity, and, in some cases loss of one's maternal language" (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 440). Based on her visit to Mexico from 8 to 17 November 2017 and on independent research, a UN Special Rapporteur indicates that the use of different criteria to identify the Indigenous population of Mexico in national statistics has "affected the development of relevant policies and programmes and prevented some indigenous persons from gaining access to housing, health care and food, among other things" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 5). The same source provides the example of the Otomi people in Mexico State, who were not identified as Indigenous by state law or the federal list of Indigenous places, and who have been unable to participate in programs for Indigenous persons (UN 28 June 2018, para. 6).
1.1 Socio-Economic Indicators
A March 2018 report by the CDI cites the 2015 Intercensal Survey as reporting that out of a total Indigenous population of 12,025,947 (based on the number of households in which at least one person speaks an Indigenous language), women made up 51.1 percent and men made up 48.9 percent (Mexico 7 Mar. 2018). In a journal article on the risk factors of the Mexican Indigenous population in the context of COVID-19 published in the Science of the Total Environment, a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal focusing on scientific research on the environment (Elsevier n.d., 1, 11), citing the 2015 Intercensal survey, authors Díaz de Léon Martínez, et al. state that 31.8 percent of the Indigenous population was under 15, 60.7 percent was between 15 and 64, and 7.4 percent was over 65 (Díaz de León-Martínez, et al. 12 May 2020, 2).
The UN Special Rapporteur cites official statistics from Mexico as stating that an estimated 71.9 percent of the Indigenous population live in poverty or extreme poverty, compared to 40.6 of the national population (UN 28 June 2018, para. 72). Díaz de León-Martínez et al. cites 2018 statistics from Mexico's National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social, CONEVAL) [3] as stating the following:
11.8 million Indigenous persons live in poverty and extreme poverty;
3.7 million are "lagging" in education;
1.9 million are "lagging" in access to health services;
9.4 million are "lagging" in access to social security;
6.9 million are "lagging" in basic housing services, out of which 12.8 percent lack piped water, 26.9 percent do not have sanitation services, 13.9 percent of homes have dirt floors and 58.8 percent cook with wood or charcoal (Díaz de León-Martínez, et al. 12 May 2020, 2).
Bertelsmann Stiftung's Transformation Index (BTI) 2020, an international collaborative project which assesses "transformation processes towards democracy and inclusive market economy" (Bertelsmann Stiftung n.d.), reports that the Indigenous population has a literacy rate of 67 percent, compared to the national literary rate of 94 percent (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 25). The same source reports that 26 percent of the Indigenous population has no education and 27 percent attended "a few years" of primary school (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 25).
A journal article by Ana Canedo, a doctoral candidate at the University of Texas at Austin who has conducted research on economic and social development in Mexico (The University of Texas at Austin n.d.), based on her calculations of data from the 2016 National Household Expenditure Revenue Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares, ENIGH), indicates that indigenous persons earn an average of 45.5 percent less than their non-Indigenous counterparts (Canedo 1 Mar. 2019, 13). Based on 2012 data from the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SEDLAC) collected by the World Bank and the Center of Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS) at the National University of La Plata (Universidad Nacional de La Plata) in Argentina, a 2015 World Bank report indicates that an indigenous person in urban areas is "likely" to earn 12 percent less than their non-Indigenous counterpart with the same education background and household characteristics and 14 percent less in rural areas (World Bank 2015, 67-68). Canedo cites CONEVAL as indicating that 8 out of 10 Indigenous persons work in the informal sector (Canedo 1 Mar. 2019, 13). The UN Special Rapporteur indicates that Indigenous persons have access to "fewer" formal employment opportunities and "may" be excluded from employment and other benefits (UN 28 June 2018, para. 72).
The UN Special Rapporteur cites information from the Mexican government stating that the life expectancy of an Indigenous person is seven years lower than the general population (UN 28 June 2018, para. 73). Díaz de León-Martínez et al. indicates that Indigenous persons, especially women, have the "worst" heath indicators, including "high general mortality, high infant mortality, high maternal mortality and high prevalence of malnutrition" (Díaz de León-Martínez, et al. 12 May 2020, 4). The UN Special Rapporteur reports that the above-average child and maternal mortality rates in the Indigenous population are primarily due to preventable diseases, such as infectious and parasitic diseases (UN 28 June 2018, para. 73).
Sources indicate that the Mexican population access health services through systems provided for persons with formal employment or through public health insurance (Díaz de León-Martínez, et al. 12 May 2020, 4; Puyana Aug. 2018, 59). The UN Special Rapporteur states that the public health insurance has expanded over the last 13 years to cover over 5 million Indigenous persons (UN 28 June 2018, para. 73). Díaz de León-Martínez et al. cites CONEVAL as reporting that almost 20 million people lack access to health services, "many" of whom are Indigenous (Díaz de León-Martínez, et al. 12 May 2020, 4). The same source further states that there are 377 clinics and 336 beds per 100,000 residents for municipalities without Indigenous presence, compared to 63 clinics and 31 beds in municipalities with "high" Indigenous presence, and 670 doctors per 100,000 residents in municipalities without Indigenous presence, compared to 86 doctors in municipalities with "high" Indigenous presence (Díaz de León-Martínez, et al., 12 May 2020, 4).
An August 2020 article in Milenio, a Mexican newspaper, cites government statistics as indicating that 3,527 persons who identify as Indigenous tested positive for COVID-19 and 650 died; this fatality rate of 18.4 per 100 cases is 7 percent higher than the rate in the rest of the population (Milenio 7 Aug. 2020). UNESCO cites CONEVAL statistics as indicating that 21 percent of Indigenous language speakers in rural areas lack access to water, which makes it difficult for Indigenous populations in such areas to comply with COVID-19 preventative measures, such as staying home and washing hands (UN 4 Aug. 2020).
The World Bank report cites Mexico's 2010 census as indicating that 54 percent of the Indigenous population live in urban areas (World Bank 2015, 31). The same report states that when compared to other urban residents, Indigenous persons have less than half the access to electricity and piped water, one-fifth of the access to sanitation and are three times more likely to live in houses with dirt floors (World Bank 2015, 11). The World Bank cites the 2010 census as reporting that 17.2 percent of the urban Indigenous population completed secondary education, compared to 5.3 percent of the rural Indigenous population and 4.9 percent of the urban Indigenous population completed tertiary education, compared to 0.7 percent of the rural Indigenous population (World Bank 2015, 35).
1.2 Indigenous Women
IWGIA reports that Indigenous women have the "highest illiteracy rates, highest school dropout rate, fewest job opportunities, highest rates of suffering domestic violence, health problems and risks during pregnancy, and high levels of fecundity and mortality, among other factors" (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 440-441). The March 2018 CDI report indicates that 22 percent of Indigenous women out of a total Indigenous population of 12 million (based on the number of households in which at least one person speaks an Indigenous language) are illiterate, which is 5 percent more than Indigenous men (Mexico 7 Mar. 2018). The same report further states that 23.5 percent of Indigenous women and 65.7 percent of Indigenous men participated in the labour market, meaning that they were working or looking for work; 64.7 percent of Indigenous women aged 12 and over carried out unpaid work, such as housework or care work, compared to the national average of 62.8 percent (Mexico 7 Mar. 2018).
2. Treatment of Indigenous Persons
2.1 Treatment by Society
The BTI 2020 states that the Indigenous population is "marginalized and discriminated against" (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 25). Freedom House indicates that Mexican law bans discrimination based on ethnic origin; however, the Indigenous population faces "social and economic discrimination" and southern states with a high Indigenous population face "particularly deficient services" (Freedom House 4 Mar. 2020). Canedo describes that many Indigenous communities in the southern and southeastern states "lack basic infrastructure" including roads, sewage, and electricity (Canedo 1 Mar. 2019, 14). The UN Special Rapporteur states the following:
Indigenous peoples face major obstacles to the realization of their economic, social and cultural rights. Long-standing structural discrimination has resulted in marginalization and multidimensional poverty, as well as a lack of adequate and culturally appropriate basic services. … This discrimination is also illustrated by the lack of access to water and sanitation; the exploitation and contamination of water sources by megaprojects to the detriment of people's health; and the restrictions on community management of water. (UN 28 June 2018, para. 71)
The IWGIA states that domestic Indigenous migrants face discrimination since they relocate from the "most marginalised" regions into more developed areas; Indigenous women are "particularly vulnerable to discrimination" due to their identity as migrants, women and Indigenous persons (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 440). The same source indicates that some urban employment options open to female Indigenous migrants include working as domestic servants or working in the informal economy, such as restaurants, maquila assembly plants [4] or begging (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 441). A journal article by Gabriela León-Pérez, an assistant professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) who conducts research on Mexican internal migration (VCU n.d.), cites three other reports as indicating that Indigenous migrants who move to urban areas tend to work as construction workers, domestic servants or vendors in the informal sector (León-Pérez 12 May 2019, 3).
A research paper on discrimination practices based on ethnic and racial traits, based on 35 interviews and 19 focus groups comprised of individuals across the socioeconomic spectrum conducted in Mexico City, Monterrey, Oaxaca City, Mérida and three towns in Yucatán State, led by Patricio Solís, a sociology professor at El Colegio de México, indicates that mistreatment is triggered by "a mixture of racialized physical traits such as skin tone; ethnic traits such as speaking an indigenous language and wearing traditional clothing; and other elements such as cultural, geographic, and socioeconomic considerations" (Solís, et al. 21 Aug. 2019, 1, 5, 22). The same source reports that discrimination practices are "similar across geographical regions, socioeconomic sectors, and age groups" and that "ethnic/racial discrimination practices are generalized and can be said to affect the entire Mexican society" (Solís, et al. 21 Aug. 2019, 22).
The UN Special Rapporteur reports that there are "still complaints about the lack of appropriate facilities and medical staff in indigenous communities and about cases of discrimination against indigenous persons in health centres" despite measures to increase cultural awareness in the health system (UN 28 June 2018, para. 73). Solís et al. cite interviewees in Oaxaca as indicating that there was "'despotism, humiliation and contempt'" toward Indigenous patients (Solís, et al. 21 Aug. 2019, 21). An interviewee in the same report provides the example of a Mérida-based private hospital which refused to receive patients from rural areas in Yucatán when there are no rooms which are "far away from rooms reserved for important people" (Solís, et al. 21 Aug. 2019, 21).
The UN's Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) reports that medical staff in public health institutions have committed "discrimination and violence" against Indigenous women accessing sexual and reproductive health services and that sterilization procedures have been performed in some cases without "free and informed consent" (UN 19 Sept. 2019, para. 24). Cultural Survival [5] indicates that Mexico's National Human Rights Commission (Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos, CNDH) [6] received 124 complaints of forced sterilization of women and that men have also been targets of forced sterilization, but further notes that there is underreporting (Cultural Survival June 2018, 5-6).
For information on the treatment of the Tzeltal people in Chiapas, see Response to Information Request MEX105980 of September 2017. For information on gender identity expression in Indigenous communities, see Response to Information Request MEX106111 of May 2018.
2.1.1 Treatment of Indigenous Women by Society
The UN Special Rapporteur states that Indigenous women "face serious discrimination on the basis of gender and ethnicity, within and outside their communities" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 75). Canedo indicates that Indigenous women "are more disadvantaged than [Indigenous] men" as they face discrimination based on both ethnicity and sex, leading to a "'double' penalty" in the Mexican labour market (Canedo 1 Mar. 2019, 17).
Cultural Survival cites a report by Todos los Derechos para Todas y Todos (TDT), a civil society network, as stating that Indigenous women are "more at risk for sexual trafficking and exploitation, persecution for abortion, and murder and sexual assault" (Cultural Survival Mar. 2018, 5). The US Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 indicates that victims of domestic violence in rural and Indigenous communities "often did not report abuses due to fear of spousal reprisal, stigma, and societal beliefs that abuse did not merit a complaint" (US 7 Apr. 2017, 21).
2.2 Treatment by the Authorities
Sources state that major development projects are being launched without consultation with Indigenous communities (Cultural Survival Mar. 2018, 5; UN 28 June 2018, para. 30; US 11 Mar. 2020, 26). The UN Special Rapporteur indicates that the Supreme Court has ordered the suspension of some projects implemented without consultation, but orders have "allegedly been ignored by state officials and the private sector" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 35). The Associated Press (AP) reports that that the completion of the Mayan train, a railway in the Yucatán Peninsula, remains a priority for the Mexican president despite legal challenges and the COVID-19 outbreak (AP 3 June 2020). IWGIA states that some Indigenous communities opposed the project and have filed suits in Federal Courts (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 441). Reuters reports that the CNDH directed the government to stop work on the Mayan train due to the risk of exposure of "vulnerable" Indigenous groups to COVID-19 (Reuters 14 May 2020). AP states that a June 2020 statement from over 240 academics and groups indicated that the government "'dismissed and disobeyed judicial orders'" and CNDH's recommendations and decided to continue the project (AP 3 June 2020).
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) of the Organization of American States (OAS) indicates that state police forces or private security agencies hired to protect private development projects have been responsible for "[m]ost" murders of environmental defenders (OAS 24 Feb. 2020, para. 415). A report by the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) [7] and Peace Brigades International (PBI) [8] states that Indigenous journalists and human rights defenders opposing development projects are "frequently targeted by extractive industries and other corporate interests, sometimes with the support or acquiescence of local authorities" (WOLA and PBI Mar. 2019, 19). The same report further indicates that the protection measures offered by Mexico's Mechanism to Protect Human Rights Defenders and Journalists (the Mechanism) are "often unreliable, are not adequately implemented, and do not take into account realities on the ground in different parts of the country" (WOLA and PBI Mar. 2019, 5). IWGIA reports that at least 14 Indigenous environmental activists were murdered in 2019, including some who had reported receiving threats to the authorities (IWGIA Apr. 2020, 443). Sources indicate that Julian Carrillo, an Indigenous human rights defender, was killed by armed men in 2018, while he was receiving protection (Amnesty International 24 Jan. 2019; US 11 Mar. 2020, 27) from the Mechanism (Amnesty International 24 Jan. 2019).
Cultural Survival states that Indigenous demonstrators, journalists, and radio workers have been "arbitrarily detained or extorted" (Cultural Survival Mar. 2018, 2). Sources indicate that an Indigenous journalist in the state of Quintana Roo, who was covering protests of water costs in Mayan communities, was detained by police for nine months (Cultural Survival Mar. 2018, 2; The Guardian 29 Apr. 2017). The Guardian indicates that the CNDH ordered the state government to apologize and pay compensation to the journalist, but the state governor at the time refused; a new state government apologized in 2017 (The Guardian 29 Apr. 2017).
The UN Special Rapporteur indicates that Indigenous persons face "abuse during arbitrary arrests by police and military officers" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 65). The IACHR similarly states that Indigenous persons are "more likely to be victims of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment when arrested" due to factors like discrimination and exclusion (OAS 31 Dec. 2015, para. 258). A report on Indigenous women's access to justice submitted to the UN CERD by five organizations [9] provides an example of an Indigenous woman who was arrested at a checkpoint and forced to sign a "'confession'" at the Public Prosecutor's office, where she was told that "'Indians' 'have a reputation for being involved with drugs'" (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 10).
The UN Special Rapporteur states that there are "numerous allegations of abuses" committed during military operations in Indigenous communities, including sexual violence against Indigenous women and arbitrary killings through the use of excessive force (UN 28 June 2018, para. 61). EQUIS et al. indicate that "the militarization of public security has triggered an increase in homicides, disappearances, human rights violations, and forced displacement" (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 11). The same source cites a Spanish-language report by the Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights (Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos, CMDPDH) [10] as indicating that approximately 12,323 Indigenous persons were displaced by violence in 2017 (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 11).
The UN Special Rapporteur states the following:
Indigenous peoples are widely affected by problems concerning access to justice. According to the Mexican authorities, the vast majority of offences go unpunished. There is also a high level of criminal cases that go unreported owing to the lack of trust in the authorities and their procedures. Various factors prevent indigenous persons from gaining access to the national judicial system in order to defend their rights. They face economic, cultural, linguistic and geographic barriers, as well as racism and discrimination. (UN 28 June 2018, para. 64)
Cultural Survival indicates that security problems "disproportionately impact" Indigenous communities and the police are "sometimes complacent in these crimes or do not report them" (Cultural Survival Mar. 2018, 1). The UN Special Rapporteur further indicates that the murder of Indigenous women is increasing and "frequently go unpunished" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 77). The same source further states that Indigenous women report a "lack of diligence" by authorities involved in femicide cases (UN 28 June 2018, para. 77). An article by CE Noticias Financieras [11] reports that an Indigenous woman in Jalisco was murdered by her husband, who reported her death as a suicide (CE Noticias Financieras 11 June 2020). The same source indicates that the family filed a complaint with the Jalisco Human Rights Commission (Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos Jalisco) after the police, public prosecutors and forensics staff failed to account for various evidence pointing to murder, such as the wife's broken collarbone and damage inside the home, and ruled her death a suicide (CE Noticias Financieras 11 June 2020). The same source states that in a "second round" of investigations, the Prosecutor's office interviewed the only witness, the three-year-old daughter, who stated that she witnessed her father killing her mother and subsequently arrested the father; however, the public officials who reported the death as a suicide were not punished (CE Noticias Financieras 11 June 2020).
The UN Special Rapporteur indicates the following:
Indigenous persons who are arrested and prosecuted face violations of their rights to due process and a proper defence, owing to the shortage of interpreters, lawyers, defenders and justice officials who speak indigenous languages or know about indigenous cultures. There are only 25 bilingual public defenders, for example. (UN 28 June 2018, para. 65)
The IACHR cites complaints from civil society as reporting that over 8,000 Indigenous persons "are deprived of liberty due to the lack of interpreters" (OAS 6 Apr. 2020, para. 236). US Country Reports 2019 states that non-Spanish speaking Indigenous defendants were at times unaware of the status of their cases and were convicted without understanding the documents they were directed to sign (US 11 Mar. 2020, 12).
The Mexican government indicated to the IACHR that the Federal Institute of Public Defense has increased its ability to offer its services in Indigenous languages from 39 languages in 2018 to 97 languages in 2019, which includes services provided by 42 public defenders, 39 administrative officers, 1 department chief, 1 liaison, 1 maintenance officer and 1 analyst (OAS 6 Apr. 2020, para. 233). The same source further indicated to the IACHR that as of September 2019, the National Registry of Interpreters and Translators in Indigenous Languages (PANITLI), an online tool to contact interpreters for State agencies and the private sector, has 1,860 interpreters and translators able to work in in 113 Indigenous languages (OAS 6 Apr. 2020, para. 234).
The UN Special Rapporteur reports that the "excessive use of pretrial detention as an automatic precautionary measure in cases involving indigenous persons and women is … a source of concern" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 65). EQUIS et al. cites the 2016 National Survey of Population Deprived of Liberty (Encuesta Nacional de Población Privada de Libertad) as indicating that in 2016, 42.2 percent of women awaiting sentencing in pretrial detention spoke an Indigenous language (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 9).
3. State Protection
3.1 Legislation
Article 2B of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States 1917, amended in 2020, provides the following:
The Federation, the federative entities and the Municipalities, to promote the equality of opportunities of the indigenous peoples and to eliminate any discriminatory practice, will establish institutions and determine the policies necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of the rights of the indigenous peoples and the full development of their peoples and communities, which must be designed and operated in conjunction with them. (Mexico 1917)
The UN Special Rapporteur cites Indigenous representatives as indicating that most government programs on Indigenous issues are planned without "meaningful participation" from Indigenous persons, are not culturally appropriate and have limited effectiveness since the programs are "welfare-based" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 74). A report by Global Americans, a non-profit organization which conducts research and analysis on Latin America (Global Americans n.d.), quotes Rodrigo Gutiérrez Rivas, Human Rights Coordinator at the Institute of Legal Investigations (Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, IIJ) at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM), as stating that while there is an increasing recognition that the Indigenous population as a whole is deserving of protection, "'[m]any public servants have a brutal resistance to any affirmative action policies or equalizing measures'" (Global Americans 19 Oct. 2017).
3.2 Government Measures
The UN Special Rapporteur indicates that the CDI is the national entity responsible for "coordinating, promoting, monitoring and evaluating programmes, projects, strategies and government action for the comprehensive and sustainable development of indigenous peoples and communities" (UN 28 June 2018, para. 15). Cultural Survival states that the CDI operates in 24 states (Cultural Survival June 2018, 3). In its 2018 annual report, the OAS indicates that the Indigenous Rights Program, provided by the CDI, is responsible for supporting Indigenous persons who had dealings with the criminal justice system or administrative bodies, and provided assistance in 7,339 such cases (OAS 21 Mar. 2019, para. 178-179). Sources indicate that in 2017 the budget of CDI was cut by approximately 50 percent (UN 28 June 2018, para. 74; Cultural Survival June 2018, 3).
A 2019 report by the IWGIA indicates that the CDI was replaced by the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples (Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas, INPI) on 2 October 2018; it is a "decentralized body of the federal public administration" with "administrative and budgetary autonomy" (IWGIA Apr. 2019, 103). The same source indicates that the INPI is responsible for the following:
[S]upporting processes of recognition, protection, defence and conservation of indigenous territories; guaranteeing and implementing processes of consultation and free, prior and informed consent (FPIC); drawing up and promoting Comprehensive Regional Indigenous Peoples' Development Plans; integrating and operating a National Information System on Indigenous Peoples and Communities; and promoting the measures so that indigenous peoples may acquire, operate and administer their own communications media; among other measures. (IWGIA Apr. 2019, 103)
The Mexican government indicated to the IACHR that in the 2019 fiscal year, the INPI provided support 1,461 times to Indigenous persons participating as interpreters or translators in judicial or administrative proceedings (OAS 6 Apr. 2020, para. 236). Sources indicate that the budget of the INPI is expected to be cut by approximately 40 percent in 2020 (openDemocracy 19 Sept. 2019; CE Noticias Financieras 18 Sept. 2019).
4. Support Services
EQUIS et al. cite the 2016 National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships (Encuesta nacional sobre la dinámica de las relaciones en los hogares, ENDIREH) as indicating that 41.7 percent of Indigenous women who experience domestic violence seek help from NGOs (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 7, 20). The same report further states that 60 percent of shelters are operated by NGOs, of which 90 percent receive government funding (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 7). Reuters indicates that INPI-funded [Indigenous Women's Centres (HRW 3 July 2020)] (Casas de la Mujer Indígena, CAMI) are run by female community leaders and provide health care and support services, including for victims of domestic violence (Reuters 9 June 2020). Sources indicate that the government cut the budget of CAMIs (Reuters 9 June 2020; HRW 3 July 2020) in April 2020 (Reuters 9 June 2020). Amnesty International states that Mexico's Ministry of Interior (Secretaría de Gobernación) announced on 14 June 2020 that the budget allotted to entities dealing with women's rights and violence, including CAMIs, would not be impacted by COVID-19 austerity measures (Amnesty International 17 July 2020).
5. Situation of Indigenous Persons in Major Cities
5.1 Mexico City
INEGI reports that the total population of Mexico City in 2017 was 8,811,266 (Mexico n.d.b). MRG indicates that there were an estimated 1.2 million Indigenous residents in Mexico City (MRG n.d.). El Universal, a Mexico-based newspaper, cites a 2015 INEGI survey as indicating that there were 960,059 Indigenous residents in Mexico City or 9 percent of the total population, of which 397,148 are employed, primarily in the trade or construction industry, or as craftsmen or skilled workers (El Universal 26 Nov. 2017). The same source further states that out of the employed Indigenous residents, 3 percent held a management position (El Universal 26 Nov. 2017). A June 2018 article by CityLab, a news website focusing on "urban innovation and the future of cities" (The Atlantic 10 Dec. 2019), indicates that many Indigenous communities develop in the "periphery" of Mexico City, such as the municipality of Valle de Chalco on the edge of Mexico City, which has "cheap land" (CityLab 4 June 2018).
El Universal indicates that Mexico City has "high levels of classism, where it matters how you look, dress, and speak, especially in the working environment, where people who don't fit in are excluded" (El Universal 26 Nov. 2017). Solís et al. cites a lawyer in Mexico City as indicating that a person with an "'adequate' appearance" could receive preferential treatment in a courtroom (Solís, et al. 21 Aug. 2019, 21).
The UN Special Rapporteur indicates that the Constitution adopted by Mexico City in February 2017 recognizes the rights of Indigenous persons to self-identification, self-determination and prior consultation (UN 28 June 2018, para. 16). The same source further states that an indigenous community, affected by the construction of a new airport in Mexico City, took legal action (UN 28 June 2018, para. 7).
Information on support services provided to Indigenous persons in Mexico City could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
5.2 Guadalajara
INEGI reports that the total population of Guadalajara living in private housing in 2015 was 1,460,148 (Mexico n.d.c). An August 2019 CE Noticias Financieras article cites INEGI statistics as indicating that 54,525 residents of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area were Indigenous (CE Noticias Financieras 9 Aug. 2019). An August 2018 CE Noticias Financieras article cites representatives of migrant and Indigenous peoples residing in Guadalajara as indicating that this population does not have access to health and prevention services, housing and education (CE Noticias Financieras 18 Aug. 2018). An April 2020 article by historian and anthropologist Fortino Dominguez Rueda in CE Noticias Financieras states that "[m]uch" of the urban Indigenous population in Guadalajara work as artisans, domestic workers, masons and glass cleaners, or operate a family business such as grocery stores or sell produce on public roads (CE Noticias Financieras 11 Apr. 2020). A February 2019 CE Noticias Financieras article reports that the Jalisco Indigenous State Commission (Comisión Estatal Indigena, CEI) provides legal advice consultants with interpreter support, economic support for Indigenous persons and training and development of ecotechnology projects (CE Noticias Financieras 13 Feb. 2019). Further and corroborating information, including on the effectiveness of support services provided by the CEI, could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
5.3 Monterrey
The 2017 CDI report states that the Indigenous population in Monterrey in 2015 was 18,918 or 1.7 percent out of a total population of 1,109,171 (Mexico 11 July 2017b, 87). An October 2018 CE Noticias Financieras article cites 2015 INEGI statistics as indicating that 411,000 Nuevo León residents self-identify as Indigenous, approximately 60,000 residents speak an Indigenous language, and approximately 3,000 Indigenous persons migrate to Nuevo León annually (CE Noticias Financieras 7 Oct. 2018a). Citing an interview with José Cerda Zepeda, the head of the CDI office in Nuevo León by Milenio, a Mexican newspaper, the same source states that lack of housing and discrimination are the "most serious problems" for Indigenous persons who migrate to Nuevo León and further states that Indigenous persons are "stigmatized" by the residents of Monterrey as uneducated and poor (CE Noticias Financieras 7 Oct. 2018a). The same article quotes Zepeda as indicating that the lack of housing will continue until "people can obtain a job with benefits and can maintain a loan or have the resources to make a home" (CE Noticias Financieras 7 Oct. 2018a). A June 2020 article by CE Noticias Financieras cites the director of the Nuevo León Migrant Indigenous Women Network as describing that Indigenous persons in Monterrey experience "mistreatment" by public officials, "police persecution," "stigmatization" of neighbourhoods such as Alameda [12] and being targeted for bag checks when shopping in affluent areas (CE Noticias Financieras 14 June 2020). An October 2018 CE Noticias Financieras article cites the President of the State Commission for Human Rights (Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos de Nuevo León, CEDH [CEDHNL]) as indicating that Nuevo León and municipalities have "almost no" public policies that benefit Indigenous persons (CE Noticias Financieras 7 Oct. 2018b). A June 2020 CE Noticias Financieras article indicates that Nuevo León passed a Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination in 2017 but it has not been implemented because the council which would resolve complaints of discriminatory acts by state authorities has not been formed (CE Noticias Financieras 15 June 2020). Further and corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
[1] Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) is an "autonomous public body" responsible for collecting and disseminating information about Mexico, including territory, resources, population and economy (Mexico n.d.a).
[2] The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, CDI) was created in 2003 to "'guide, coordinate, promote, support, foster, monitor, and assess programmes, projects, strategies, and public actions to attain integral and sustainable development and full enjoyment of the rights of indigenous peoples and communities'" (Wilson Center n.d.).
[3] Mexico's National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social, CONEVAL) is a "decentralized public agency," which coordinates the evaluation of social development policies and programs (3ie n.d.).
[4] Encyclopaedia Britannica indicates that maquiladora or maquila manufacturing plants use "low-cost labour" to produce "lower-priced goods" for duty free export (Encyclopaedia Britannica 27 Sept. 2013).
[5] Cultural Survival is a US-based non-profit organization which monitors the "protection of Indigenous Peoples' rights" throughout the world (Cultural Survival June 2018, 1).
[6] Mexico's National Human Rights Commission (Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos, CNDH) is a "semiautonomous federal agency" which monitors and acts on human rights violations and abuses (US 11 Mar. 2020, 21).
[7] The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) is a research and advocacy organization advancing human rights in the Americas (WOLA and PBI Mar. 2019, 40).
[8] Peace Brigades International (PBI) is an NGO with a presence in Mexico, aiming to "protect spaces for people and organizations that non-violently promote human rights and who suffer from repression as a result of their work" (WOLA and PBI Mar. 2019, 40).
[9] The five organizations include Equis Justicia para las Mujeres (EQUIS), a Mexico City-based feminist organization working to "transform institutions, laws and public policies to improve access to justice for all women"; the Red Nacional de Abogadas Indígenas (RAI), a national organization of Indigenous lawyers; Intersecta, a feminist research and advocacy organization working to end discrimination and human rights violation in Mexico; the Red Nacional de Refugios (RNR), a network of shelters for at-risk women and children; and the Centro Profesional Indígena de Asesoría, Defensa y Traducción, AC (CEPIADET), an organization raising awareness and defending the rights of Indigenous persons (EQUIS, et al. Aug. 2019, 19).
[10] The Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights (Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos, CMDPDH), is a civil organization working to defend human rights through "strategic litigation," dissemination of information and collaboration with individuals, organizations, state institutions and international organizations dedicated to human rights (IDPC n.d.).
[11] CE Noticias Financieras "provides breaking business, financial and economic news from across the entire Latin American region" (LexisNexis Dec. 2017).
[12] Solís et al. indicate that Alameda is a neighbourhood in Monterrey where Indigenous migrants "frequently" search for employment (Solís, et al. 21 Aug. 2019, 19).
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Cultural Survival. March 2018. Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights in Mexico. [Accessed 27 July 2020]
Díaz de León-Martínez, Lorena, et al. 12 May 2020. "Critical Review of Social, Environmental and Health Risk Factors in the Mexican Indigenous Population and Their Capacity to Respond to the COVID-19." Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 733. [Accessed 4 Aug. 2020]
Elsevier. N.d. "Author Information Pack." [Accessed 4 Aug. 2020]
El Universal. 26 November 2017. "Being Indigenous: Heritage Not an Obstacle." [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
Encyclopaedia Britannica. 27 September 2013. "Maquiladora." [Accessed 10 Aug. 2020]
Equis Justicia para las Mujeres (EQUIS), et al. August 2019. Access to Justice for Indigenous Women: Shadow Report for the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. [Accessed 30 July 2020]
Freedom House. 4 March 2020. "Mexico." Freedom in the World 2020. [Accessed 27 July 2020]
Global Americans. 19 October 2017. "Indigenous Political Representation in Mexico." [Accessed 4 Aug. 2020]
Global Americans. N.d. "About Us." [Accessed 4 Aug. 2020]
The Guardian. 29 April 2017. "Rare Victory for Persecuted Journalist Highlights Mexico's Press Freedom Crisis." [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 3 July 2020. "Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Its Causes and Consequences Regarding COVID-19 and the Increase of Domestic Violence Against Women." [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC). N.d. "Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights (CMPDPH)." [Accessed 30 July 2020]
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie). N.d. "National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL)." [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020]
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). April 2020. José del Val, et al. "Mexico." The Indigenous World 2020. Edited by Dwayne Mamo. [Accessed 27 July 2020]
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). April 2019. José del Val, Juan Mario Pérez Martínez and Carolina Sánchez García. "Mexico." The Indigenous World 2019. Edited by David Nathaniel Berger. [Accessed 27 July 2020]
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). N.d. "About IWGIA." [Accessed 27 July 2020]
León-Pérez, Gabriela. 12 May 2019. "Internal Migration and the Health of Indigenous Mexicans: A Longitudinal Study." SSM – Population Health. Vol. 8. [Accessed 30 July 2020]
LexisNexis. December 2017. "New Releases." [Accessed 31 July 2020]
Mexico. 7 March 2018. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI). Mujeres indígenas, datos estadísticos en el México actual. [Accessed 12 Aug. 2020]
Mexico. 11 July 2017a. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI). "Numeralia Indígena 2015." Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas de México, 2015. [Accessed 27 Aug. 2020]
Mexico. 11 July 2017b. Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI). "5. Cuadro 01. Población total, población indígena y sus características 3 años." Indicadores Socioeconómicos de los Pueblos Indígenas de México, 2015. [Accessed 12 Aug. 2020]
Mexico. 1917 (amended 2020). Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Translated by Adela Staines, J.J. Ruchti and Maria del Carmen Gress. In World Constitutions Illustrated. 2020. Edited by Jefri Jay Ruchti. Getzville, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc. [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
Mexico. N.d.a. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). "About Us." [Accessed 5 Aug. 2020]
Mexico. N.d.b. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). "Ciudad de México (09): Population." [Accessed 12 Aug. 2020]
Mexico. N.d.c. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). "Guadalajara, Jalisco (14039): Population." [Accessed 12 Aug. 2020]
Milenio. 7 August 2020. Cecilia Ríos. "Por coronavirus, muere el 18 por ciento de indígenas en México." [Accessed 2 Sept. 2020]
Minority Rights Group International (MRG). N.d. "Mexico: Indigenous Peoples." [Accessed 27 July 2020]
openDemocracy 19 September 2019. Raúl Fernando Pérez Lira. "Indigenous Communities Vs. AMLO: A Standoff at the Tehuantepec Istmus." [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
Organization of American States (OAS). 6 April 2020. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). "Chapter V: Follow-Up to Recommendations Made by the IACHR in Its Country or Thematic Reports: Fourth Report on Follow-Up of Recommendations Issued by the IACHR in Its Report on the Human Rights Situation in Mexico." 2019 Annual Report. [Accessed 30 July 2020]
Organization of American States (OAS). 24 February 2020. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). Annual Report of the Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights. (OEA/Ser.L/VII. Doc. 5) [Accessed 11 Aug. 2020]
Organization of American States (OAS). 21 March 2019. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). "Chapter V: Follow-Up to Recommendations Made by the IACHR in Its Country or Thematic Reports: Third Report on Follow-Up of Recommendations Issued by the IACHR in Its Report on the Human Rights Situation in Mexico." 2018 Annual Report. [Accessed 30 July 2020]
Organization of American States (OAS). 31 December 2015. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). The Human Rights Situation in Mexico. (OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.44/15) [Accessed 30 July 2020]
Puyana, Alicia. August 2018. "Horizontal Inequality and Ethnic Discrimination in Four Latin American Countries." CEPAL Review. No. 125. [Accessed 31 July 2020]
Reuters. 9 June 2020. Christine Murray and Oscar Lopez. "Cutbacks in Mexico Put Centers for Indigenous, Afro-Mexican Women at Risk." [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
Reuters. 14 May 2020. Oscar Lopez and Christine Murray. "Mexican Rights Commission Calls for Halt to 'Mayan Train' Tourism Project." [Accessed 10 Aug. 2020]
Solís, Patricio, et al. 21 August 2019. "Ethnic/Racial Discrimination in Mexico: A Taxonomy of Discrimination Practices." Discriminación Étnico-Racial en México. Working Paper No. 1. [Accessed 31 July 2020]
United Nations (UN). 4 August 2020. UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). "Indigenous Peoples and COVID-19: The View from Mexico." [Accessed 11 Aug. 2020]
United Nations (UN). 19 September 2019. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Concluding Observations on the Combined Eighteenth to Twenty-First Periodic Reports of Mexico. (CERD/C/MEX/CO/18-21) [Accessed 27 July 2020]
United Nations (UN). 28 June 2018. Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on Her Visit to Mexico. (A/HRC/39/17/Add.2) [Accessed 27 July 2020]
United States (US). 11 March 2020. "Mexico." Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2019. [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
United States (US). 7 April 2017. "Mexico." Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016. [Accessed 6 Aug. 2020]
The University of Texas at Austin. N.d. Population Research Center. "Ana Canedo." [Accessed 2 Sept. 2020]
Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). N.d. "Gabriela León-Pérez, Ph.D." [Accessed 30 July 2020]
Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) and Peace Brigades International (PBI). March 2019. Gina Hinojosa, Virry Schaafsma and Maureen Meyer. Turning the Tide on Impunity: Protection and Access to Justice for Journalists and Human Rights Defenders in Mexico. [Accessed 14 Aug. 2020]
Wilson Center. N.d. "Advancing Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Mexico: A Conversation with Nuvia Mayorga." [Accessed 10 Aug. 2020]
World Bank. 2015. Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century. [Accessed 27 July 2020]
Additional Sources Consulted
Oral sources: assistant professor who conducted research on Indigenous peoples' politics in Latin America; doctor of sociology who conducted research on social inequality in Mexico; Jalisco – Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos Jalisco; Mexico – Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas; Mexico City – Comisión de Derechos Humanos de la Ciudad de México; Nuevo León – Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos Nuevo León; professor who has conducted research on Indigenous people's movements in Mexico; Red Nacional de Abogadas Indígenas; senior research professor who has conducted research on Indigenous rights and laws in Mexico; UN – High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Internet sites, including: Agence France-Presse; Al Jazeera; BBC; ecoi.net; International Crisis Group; International Service for Human Rights; Mexico – Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos; The New York Times; TeleSUR; UN – Committee Against Torture, Refworld.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


YouTube automatic captions aren't quite accurate enough yet. Although bogus captions are great for laughs, they're bad for your business. Here's why.
LOCAL SEO: How to Dominate Search Results For local businesses, to stay on top of the competition (and search engine results!), you need to learn how to optimize your online presence for Local Search. Learn how with this free webinar.
Do bad reviews actually HELP the search engine ranking of bad businesses by providing an inbound link from a fairly reliable source, like Yelp or Google Local?
A list of the ten things you need to know about SEO (search engine optimization). SEO do's and don'ts.
Blogging 2.0: Promoting Your Business with Your Blog:Learn the basics of creating valuable blog content, optimizing that content for search engines (SEO), and using web services and social media to syndicate your content and maximize the traffic and leads generated from your blog.


It was great to see CPDS children playing in the curtain raiser for the Breakers game at the Spark Arena, last night. Congratulations to Yogya M, George N, Cooper T.R, Zareena B, Wilson F, Matthew T, Miqi L, and Ben D. Thank you also to Caroline Davidson for arranging this for us, as well as Paul Campbell. Our team was more successful than the actual Breakers, winning their game against Westmere. What a great experience for you all; well done.


Wait?! Is this guide necessary when this coin is a year old and mining Denarius is not so profitable right now? With tons of coins out there not everyone knows every coin. There are plenty of miners who are discovering coins that are more than a year old and are interested in mining new algorithms. Denarius, being a first coin to introduce Tribus algorithm, it has got more recognition lately as more coins are implementing this PoW algorithm. So current insight on mining Tribus algorithm is very much needed. Here in this guide we'll show you how to mine Denarius using NVIDIA and AMD GPUs. But before that we'll cover a short about Denarius and Tribus proof of work algorithm.
Denarius is a hybrid PoW/PoS cryptocurrency based off original Satoshi core code base. It has brought up this new algorithm called Tribus. It features super fast block times, encrypted messages, stealth address, atomic swapping, ring signatures and much more. The team is active and the community is strong. We've already made a tutorial on Denarius wallet which explains a lot about Denarius. Do check it if you'd like to know more about this coin. Alright! It's time to get into the mining business.
If you ask us then we'd say; There are 2 reasons to mine Denarius and 2 reasons not to mine Denarius.
1. Proof of Stake coming shortly – In a year or two Denarius will be switching over to full Proof of Stake at block 3,000,000; after which mining will become obsolete. If you were following us then you know that once we made Solaris mining guide which is obsolete now since they've moved to Proof of Stake completely.
2. Network is strong and the team is productive – With recent attacks on Verge, Monacoin and Bitcoin Gold; coins that have hybrid consensus are getting some attention as they are safer from 51% attacks. Yes, PoW, PoS and Masternodes altogether makes Denarius network safe and secure.
Aside from this Denarius community is strong, the team is active and working towards bringing in more features. Even if this coin is at down-market currently with active development it could naturally gain value in the future.
Why not to mine Tribus (DNR) – FPGA?
1. Not profitable – If you head to What To Mine or any mining calculator none of the Tribus coins shows up in profitability list. Compared to Denarius there are so many Altcoins that are most profitable to mine right now so do your research on that. Anyways if you consider long term then mining Denarius could be worth it.
2. Difficult to Mine – Tribus FPGA? – You must understand that an algorithm could be resistant to ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) but they can never resist FPGAs. Even at our Ravencoin mining guide we explained this.
What is FPGA? FPGA stands for Field Programmable Gate Array. It is basically just a programmable GPU, CPU, RAM hybrid. A specialized board with a chip that usually has specific software written to hash certain algorithms.
Don't worry; FPGAs are currently not mass produced and they don't compare to ASICs in terms of performance. However they are faster and much better than GPUs. Due to FPGAs, mining Denarius using GPUs has become slightly difficult and it won't yield much results.
What made you think that there could be FPGAs mining Tribus or Denarius?
Using Enemy miner with a single GTX 1080 TI you can hash around 120 MH/s (max) on Tribus algorithm. 10 of these cards are needed to report 1 Gh/s. To report 100+ GH/s at least 1000+ GTX 1080 TIs are needed (rough estimate and not accurate). According to this pool report it looks like either a handful of miners have pointed large mining farm or it could definitely be FPGAs.
FPGAs are very much probable on any algorithms; to get a insight on this check out this post on Bitcoin Talk which is about DIY FPGA Mining rig for any algorithm with fast ROI.
Anyways; if you'd like to try out mining Tribus algorithm using your GPUs then Denarius is the right coin to choose. Let's now see how to mine Denarius using NVIDIA and AMD GPUs.
When GPU pool mining itself has become difficult; Solo mining Denarius is not feasible at all until unless you have a large mining farm. So we are not going to cover about it which if you need a guide then you can take reference from this solo mining guide.
In order to receive mining income you'll first need an address. Head to Denarius wallet guide, download the latest release, setup wallet and get yourself a DNR address to start mining.
Next in order to achieve optimal mining performance ensure that you have latest graphic card drives installed on your system.
We hope your wallet address is ready and your drivers are up to date. Now we need to choose a miner or mining software to mine Tribus algorithm.
NVIDIA: Currently the best mining software available for NVIDIA on Tribus algorithm is Enemy 1.10. However this miner is closed source and if you are not fine using closed source then alternative best option would be ccminer.
AMD – Note: AMD isn't as good as NVIDIA in mining Tribus algorithm. If you own AMD mining rig then we suggest you to mine ethash coins. Anyways if you'd still like to try out mining Denarius using AMD cards then you can download SGminer 5.3.8 / Tribus.
Download the miner, unzip it and while doing this your antivirus may block miner. It is nothing to worry about so just add exclusions to your miner and you are ready to go. Now your wallet address is ready, drivers are up to date and mining software is also ready. Since we already said solo mining is not feasible we need to find out a reliable mining pool for Denarius.
Below are the list of all mining pools available for Denarius. There are mixed of PPLNS and PPS pools available and some are non operational as well so research and choose one wisely. Top mining pools where most of the hashrate are at: Hashbag, Yiimp and BSOD.
Once you've chosen a mining pool, configure the miner, connect to a pool and start mining Denarius.
Setting up your mining software or creating a batch file within your miner is very simple. So without going in depth we'll just share the sample setup for both ccminer and sgminer. All you have to do is copy the config, replace the highlighted wallet address and pool stratum connection details. Once done save the batch file and open it to start mining Denarius.
If you need instructions on configuring ccminer then we suggest you to go through this ccminer beginners guide. It explains everything from what is batch file to, how to create one and configure the miner.
Just double click the .bat file to start running the miner. You'll see command lines on your screen and if it says Yes then your shares are accepted and you are good with the setup.
To check your mining income and hashrate reports head over to the pool where you've pointed your miners to. In wallet page of the pool input your wallet address to check your mining reports such as overall hashrate, earnings and payouts. You should start receiving payments to your wallet address within few hours of mining. The frequency of payments vary depending on the pools payment settings so do check on what intervals the pool is paying.
Optimizing Performance: Tribus algorithm uses GPU core so in order to get the best performance it is recommended that you lower memory clock, TDP and increase core clock. Do this gradually so you don't crash your miner. Also while mining to be on safer side it is recommended that you check the GPU mining temperatures to ensure if they are optimal and not exceeding its limit.
Mining Calculator: Prior to mining if you prefer to know how much Denarius you'd be mining for your hash power or to check what those mined coins are worth there are several mining calculators. What to mine is the popular one and you can also use crypt0.zone calculator which reports close to accurate.
If you don't have a hardware and would still like to mine Denarius then you can do so by renting mining rigs. At affordable cost several Tribus mining rigs are available for rent at Mining Rig Rentals. Do check them out if you are interested.
As we said before mining Denarius is not at all profitable and don't expect ROI mining this coin. But still if you are looking to hold some coins or interested in purchasing masternodes then your only option is buying it directly from exchanges by trading BTC or ETH.
Below are the list of hashrates that you can expect for the following GPUs. The reports are taken from pool's benchmark which may not be accurate.
The profitability of mining any coin depends if you are considering short or long term. If you are considering long term then you can mine and hold Denarius. But still we don't prefer that because there are currently several Altcoins that are profitable to mine. Even if you are interested in accumulating Denarius then the smart decision should be to mine other profitable coins and exchange it to DNR. That way you can earn even more coins.
However if you are the one that cash out your mining income regularly then Denarius is definitely not the coin for you right now. Especially when FPGAs are around the corner and some are even active on the network it is better to utilize your GPU towards mining some other Altcoins.
We wrote this guide for beginners and we hope it helps anyone who is interested in mining Denarius crypto currency. If you like this article do share it and follow us on Twitter to get all the latest updates. Or you can stick around, browse through and read a few more of our articles.


Vastavam web: Pawan star pawan kalyan , who us at London has been sharing his emotions on Twitter. He says that Hakim, a driver of Bangladesh is his fan and ge has been in touch with him for the past few years. Pawan said that Hakim is even suggesting some valuable points regarding his political entry and he us his hero .


Riffing on the McFarlane level of detail and anatomy, they are created to close-of-the-century perfection by Character designer Yasushi Nirasawa and sculptor Kenji Ando. Both artist are steeped pretty deep in beloved anime franchise work (collectively) Ghost in the Shell, Vampire Hunter D, Kamen Rider, Hellraiser, Iron Man, and many more projects with toy giant Bandai.
These girls SLAY Monster High in depth, detail, design and accessory volume. Each girl is equipped with a back story tying them to their respective monster lore, sometimes even written diary-style in the first person (suspiciously close to Monster High packaging stunts…) This Halloween season i'm thrilled to have found this entire collection in an after market , cherishing the bride of frankenstein redux as goth adjacent teen, it gives me complete new adult satisfaction to unbox this mysterious and forgotten line, just in time for the spooky festivities….


When Hamilton Jordan died of peritoneal mesothelioma in 2008, he left in the back of a quite often entire memoir, a e-book on which he were operating for the decade. Jordan's daughter, Kathleen—with assistance from her brothers and mother—took up the duty of modifying and finishing the e-book. A Boy from Georgia—the results of this posthumous father-daughter collaboration—chronicles Hamilton Jordan's adolescence in Albany, Georgia, charting his ethical and highbrow improvement as he steadily discovers the complex legacies of racism, non secular intolerance, and southern politics, and offers his readers an intimate view of the state's wheelers and dealers.
Jordan's middle-class youth was once bucolic in many ways and traumatizing in others. As Georgia politicians battled civil rights leaders, a tender Hamilton straddled the uncomfortable line among the southern institution to which he belonged and the move during which he believed. lucky sufficient to develop up in a kin that had enormous political clout inside of Georgia, Jordan went into politics to place his beliefs to paintings. ultimately he turned a key aide to Jimmy Carter and used to be the architect of Carter's wonderful victory within the presidential crusade of 1976; Jordan later served as Carter's leader of employees. transparent eyed in regards to the triumphs and tragedies of Jordan's loved domestic country and quarter, A Boy from Georgia tells the tale of a amazing lifestyles in a voice that's witty, bright, and honest.
Objectively talking: Ayn Rand Interviewed offers sharp insights on an unlimited diversity of cultural matters which are completely special and unique, but immediately recognizable as Ayn Rand. the gathering is philosophical and highbrow, but obtainable to the overall public.
Whilst Abraham Johannes Muste died in 1967, newspapers during the global said him because the "American Gandhi. " most sensible recognized for his function within the exertions circulate of the Nineteen Thirties and his management of the peace circulation within the postwar period, Muste used to be the most charismatic figures of the yankee left in his time.


Dioxane is highly mobile in soil, resists microbial degradation, and does not easily volatilize from water. Because it dissolves so readily in water, dioxane migrates rapidly in groundwater. These characteristics make dioxane difficult to remove from groundwater by common water treatment practices such as air stripping and carbon adsorption.
Pump-and-treat remediation can control dissolved 1,4-dioxane groundwater plume migration. The extracted groundwater must have the dioxane removed or destroyed before the treated water can be discharged.
ProAct's engineers have found AmbersorbTM to be an effective synthetic resin for adsorbing 1,4-dioxane and other organic compounds from water. At a low 1,4-dioxane concentration, the resin can last for a reasonable period of time, rendering disposal of the resin after one-time use to be cost effective. At a high 1,4-dioxane concentration, regeneration and reuse of the resin may be more cost effective. AmbersorbTMcan be regenerated through steam heating and condensation of the extracted 1,4-dioxane. The condensate then requires disposal. This regeneration may occur in the vessel or after the resin is removed from the media vessel.
Low operating cost, no electricity usage.
Not affected by minor influent stream changes.
Modular – easily sized to application.
Ease of operation and relatively low-maintenance.
Requires disposal or regeneration and waste stream disposal.
Water must have low turbidity entering the treatment unit.
Large footprint or volume of resin may be required, depending on process conditions.
Clean water source required for preconditioning or presoaking of the resin during system start-up and backwashing operations.
In general, two types of advanced oxidation technologies are very effective at destroying 1,4-dioxane. One is ultraviolet light (UV) with hydrogen peroxide and the other is ozone with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These processes are completed when the UV light or ozone catalyzes the dissociation of H2O2into OH* radicals, thereby undergoing chain reactions to destroy 1,4-dioxane.
Ultraviolet (UV) light reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form hydroxyl radicals (OH*), a powerful chemical oxidant. The hydroxyl radicals then attack the 1,4-dioxane molecules in solution. UV light-catalyzed peroxide (UV-Ox) is often selected as the treatment method to destroy organics and related compounds in pump-and-treat containment systems when those compounds cannot be effectively treated either by air stripping or by carbon adsorption. The process requires clear water to prevent scattering of the UV light which, in many systems, requires acidification or other pretreatment of the water. Post treatment neutralization may be needed prior to effluent discharge.
Operates as a destruction process, as opposed to air stripping or carbon adsorption, by which contaminants are extracted and/or concentrated, in a separate phase.
No transfer of gaseous chemicals into water is required.
No air emissions, and no secondary waste stream or sludge.
Small footprint requirements compared with other technologies.
Standard design for compatibility with commercial electrical cabinets and plumbing.
Waste heat can be utilized for other purposes, such as heating a building.
UV monitoring may require frequent maintenance and monitoring.
Destruction efficiency dependent upon alkalinity, bicarbonate, and contact time with UV lamps.
May have high electricity usage, depending on the type of UV lamps used and the organic loading.
Water must be free of color and turbidity to allow sufficient UV penetration. Pretreatment may be required.
May require multiple units in series, depending on discharge requirements.
Ozone is a powerful oxidant that can degrade organics via both direct and indirect mechanisms. The former is the direct reaction of molecular ozone with the organics. The indirect mechanism involves the secondary oxidants, primarily hydroxyl radicals, which are produced when ozone is degraded. The two major effects of mixing ozone with hydrogen peroxide are: (1) the oxidation efficiency is increased by conversion of ozone molecules to hydroxyl radicals; and (2) ozone transfer from the gas phase to liquid is improved due to an increase in ozone reaction rates.
The process leaves no residual taste or odor.
On-site destruction of 1,4-Dioxane without the generation of residues.
Ozone is generated on site.
Suitable for use in residential or commercial settings.
Ozone generation may be an energy-intensive or high-maintenance process.
Requires transfer of gaseous ozone into water using efficient mass-transfer device or diffusers.
Destruction efficiency dependent upon alkalinity, bicarbonate, and contact time with ozone.
Peroxide is a dangerous substance and degrades rapidly, requiring appropriate storage and frequent replenishment.
At ProAct, we do not take a "one size fits all approach." We employ advanced methods to create a precise distribution of oxidants to maximize reaction efficiency. This results in more predictable 1,4-dioxane destruction costs often lower than our competitors. ProAct engineers will evaluate both technologies and will select reliable treatment option best suitable to treat 1,4-dioxane to consistently less than 1.0 μg/L. The selection will be based on the most effective remedy (resin adsorption, UV/peroxide, or ozone/peroxide) with lowest operation and maintenance costs and most feasible to match with the influent water receiving from the other treatment units in operations at the site. At the end, our oxidation system will be designed to meet specific site conditions.


text:
require "rails/engine"

module AhoyEmail
  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
    initializer "ahoy_email" do |app|
      AhoyEmail.secret_token ||= begin
        creds =
          if app.respond_to?(:credentials) && app.credentials.secret_key_base
            app.credentials
          elsif app.respond_to?(:secrets)
            app.secrets
          else
            app.config
          end

        token = creds.respond_to?(:secret_key_base) ? creds.secret_key_base : creds.secret_token
        token ||= app.secret_key_base # should come first, but need to maintain backward compatibility
        token
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub