Last year's CWPA Conference featured rich discussions about the challenges we face as WPAs in an age of austerity. As "wily, can-do WPAs," we responded to those conditions with concern, thoughtfulness, and ways that we might respond to the conditions that we face. Our members also responded with unique new approaches to how we could make our annual conference interactive, productive, and conversational. For that, we are deeply grateful.
This year, we invite conversations that will continue those responses so that we might learn from one another about successful new approaches to our work. As we gather in the city of Sacramento, California—former home of pioneers and the current home of an innovation culture—we encourage blue-sky thinking about the ways that writing programs might adapt and change to meet the needs of our students and institutions, and ways that we can connect with important trends in both higher education and our discipline. Simply stated, we seek to catalyze new and innovative approaches to the work of writing program administration.
The conference theme, "What if We Tried This?" is meant to invite broader thinking, to consider true innovation rather than incremental change, and to provide us all with food for thought about our shared work. One way to consider this is in the form of problem statements: We face X, which interferes with a core element of teaching writing in current times. So what if we tried Y instead? No idea is too far-fetched. We can use our time together to talk about new ideas that you have tried, detailing the successes and challenges you faced; or we can hear ideas about what you might try, what you'd like to try, and invite your WPA colleagues to help you think those ideas through for possible implementation.
We also invite you all to keep pushing the envelope on how we present our work. While we welcome traditional presentations of scholarly work—and will continue to do so—we would like to challenge you to consider formats for presentation that continue to be as interactive and discussion-based as possible. We're especially interested in some poster sessions, which allow others to visit you at designated times and help you to think through your ideas, as well as brief "Ignite" or "Pecha Kucha" sessions that feature a brief iteration of your ideas, followed by discussion-based activities. We'll do similar things at our shared meals.
Invitation 1: Please join us at CWPA 2018 to add your voice to this conversation about innovation and exploration.
CWPA welcomes those who participate in "writing program administration" writ large. This includes work at 2- and 4 year institutions as well as at other locations that support literacy education. It also includes work at multiple sites within those institutions: writing centers; first-year writing programs; professional and technical writing programs; community writing programs and collaborations with secondary schools; ESL writing programs; WAC and WID programs; institutional assessment programs; multi-modal programs; and any other place where writing instruction happens.
Invitation 2: Propose a presentation or session that helps us to see the new approaches to "teaching writing" that you have attempted, are planning, or envision—and that imagine how the CWPA as an organization might think differently about the work we do.
What does (or should) it mean to "teach writing" in an age of multi-modal composing?
What successes have you achieved in gathering resources for the work of our programs and the administration of those programs? How were those successes achieved by innovative thinking?
What trends in higher education innovation seem particularly applicable or useful to the work of writing program administration? To what new pressures (completion and retention initiatives, budget issues, etc.) might our innovations respond? What new opportunities exist?
How can community-based learning help us to develop new ways to approach the teaching of writing—and sites where it can or should be taught? In what new and innovative ways can we think about literacy education beyond our campus boundaries?
What innovation funding sources exist both within and outside of our institutions? How have you, or might we, work to access those funds? What opportunities might you share, or what granting agencies might be open to cross-institutional efforts?
How might we innovate what we mean by WAC/WID and other non-FYC initiatives?
How has the role of the Writing Center changed in response to the changing demographics of our students? What innovations, in your estimation, are necessary and prudent to serve the students who come to us?
Where are the lines of ethical decision making? How does addressing day-to-day utilitarian needs, or the needs of students, support or conflict with the decisions we face?
What labor issues stand in the way of true innovation? How can we make good arguments for fair and ethical labor practices as both good in and of themselves, and good for the health of our institutions? What innovative models have you found models for addressing those issues ethically?For resisting further abuses of labor?
In what ways can program assessment support arguments for innovation? What kinds of assessment structures have you, or might you, include in a proposal for innovation? How can we avoid allowing assessment structures to block the willingness to try new things?
What kinds of data do we have, and what kinds of data do we lack, that supports the need for innovation?
How can we support the new ideas that can be brought to bear by graduate students, new, and non-tenured/non-tenure track, and contingent WPAs?
How might the CWPA as an organization support the work of innovation?
What frames can help us to innovate? For example, would the frames of intersectionality, assemblage, belonging, inclusion, and/or diversity help us rethink assumptions about WPA work?
What classroom innovations can be supported by WPAs and other administrators that align our pedagogical practices with changing institutional missions?
What innovations can help our writing programs to become more consciously transnational?How can the teaching of writing avoid instantiating dominant literacy practices? What resources and new approaches are necessary to move programs beyond mono-linguilist orientations?
How can innovation schemes be framed in ways that interest the higher administrations at our institutions? Grant sources? Philanthropists and our College advancement/fundraising teams?
How can we learn more about innovations in writing instruction that are outside the mainstream of our professional organizations? What work is being done in other disciplines that can help us innovate our own work?
Invitation 3: Help us build interactive and goal-oriented sessions, sessions that will equip participants for action at their home institutions.
We call upon you to combine our rich scholarship (what we know) with visionary thinking and open conversations about even the wildest of ideas. Consider this to be a safe zone to try out ideas-in-process.
So, we ask that you develop formats for sessions which will make the audience's knowledge and experience as important as that of the presenters.
You can propose up to two speaking roles, whether solo or as part of a panel.
Presenters may submit individual paper or presentation proposals; these will be combined into panels/sessions with about three presenters. We'll once again try to put you in touch with one another in advance of the conference so that you can develop a coherent panel which will breed a conversation on a shared topic.
You may submit a proposal for a session with groups of 3 or more presenters/facilitators. We encourage you to consider innovative, interactive delivery methods.
A priority for this year: Develop a poster presentation designed for a gallery walk rather than for oral presentations. You could either work with a group to develop a full session with 4 – 6 posters, or propose an individual poster presentation, and we will form sessions on related topics. We will provide a regular conference slot for these sessions to allow for conversation.
Develop a session that briefly describes an innovative approach that you have tried, plan to try, or might try.Invite discussion, critique, and creative, collaborative problem-solving so that participants leave with new approaches for work on their campus.
Develop interactive debates on key issues facing the profession that can then be widened to include audience participation.Perhaps begin with short position statements and then open to audience questions and comments that invite innovative solutions. Or name a common problem we face, and then invite the audience to innovate with you.
Present a scenario that surfaces a challenge that you are currently facing, provides background information and your initial impulses for addressing the challenge, and then calls for innovative approaches to solving it. Feel free to create full session proposals from a set of similar issues faced on different campuses.
Choose a key topic, and develop a series of short, rapid-fire presentations (20 slides, 20 seconds per slide, PechaKucha-style) with 4 - 6 presenters, leaving plenty of time for audience discussion.
Briefly describe research-in-process with the goal of audience suggestions, feedback, or to find research partners. This will give scholars the chance to share ideas, provide suggestions, and/or even propose collaborative research teams for cross-institutional research, inviting potential partners to attend.
Develop an interactive seminar on an innovative WPA technique or skill that you have learned. These seminars are meant share effective WPA practices that go beyond the things we learn as scholars of our discipline. You might help participants learn more topics such as: collecting data that can help to advocate for resources; innovative graphics to display assessment findings; using pertinent tools and technologies for budget development; new technologies for empirical research; methods for focus groups or interviews; developing IRB applications and ethical practices for human subjects research; creating interactive curriculum development or assessment sessions; garnering publicity for your programs' work; doing advocacy work in the community; developing outreach centers or initiatives.
SHOULD YOUR SESSION BE LISTED IN A STRAND?
A. Mentoring Strand Sessions: A strand of sessions at the 2018 conference in Sacramento will again be devoted to professional development and mentoring issues. If you are submitting a proposal in any format to talk about mentoring (broadly defined), please indicate so in the proposal; it will be directed to the chair of the CWPA Mentoring Project, for review. Also feel encouraged to email jjanang@luc.edu to let him know that you have submitted a proposal intended for the mentoring strand. For more details, please visit the CWPA Mentoring Project on the CWPA website.
B. People of Color Caucus Sessions: CWPA's People of Color Caucus will offer a strand of sessions at the 2018 conference devoted to issues of racial and ethnic diversity in writing program administration related to scholars, teachers, students, and administrators of color. If you are submitting a proposal in any format that relates to issues appropriate for this strand, please indicate so in the proposal; it will be directed to the chair of the CWPA POC Caucus, for review. Also feel encouraged to email genevieve.garcademeller@utrgv.edu to let her know that you have submitted a proposal intended for the POC Caucus strand.
C. Two-Year College Caucus Sessions: CWPA's Two-Year College Caucus will offer a strand of sessions at the 2018 conference devoted to topics related to, involving, and discussing the contexts of two-year colleges. If you are submitting a proposal in any format that relates to issues appropriate for this strand, please indicate so in the proposal; it will be directed to Daniel Cleary, chair of the CWPA Two-Year College Caucus, for review. Also feel encouraged to email dcleary@lorainccc.edu to let him know that you have submitted a proposal intended for the Two-Year College Caucus strand.
D. Tenure-Free Caucus: New to this year's conference, we invite full panel proposals in a strand that addresses the impact and influence of untenured and non-tenure track WPAs and faculty in writing programs.
The site is now available to receive submissions for conference sessions (individual or group) for the 2018.
review deadline for Conference Proposals: January 1, 2018. This deadline can be useful so that you can receive word of acceptance early enough to apply for travel funds.
●The pre-conference Workshop for writing program administrators (July 22- 25). This intensive workshop is designed for both new and continuing WPAs, providing the opportunity to learn from experienced WPAs about both the theoretical/intellectual underpinnings of our work and the practical, day-to-day knowledge needed to succeed as a WPA.
●The pre-conference Institutes (July 26). Institute topics will be announced soon.
●The Conference (July 26 - 29): we invite proposals for full panels, individual presentations, and interactive workshops as part of the conference schedule. See proposal information above. The conference commences with an early evening reception and plenary on Thursday, July 26, and concludes with our annual town hall breakfast which ends at about 11 a.m. on Sunday, July 29.


Pre-measuring your backflow device prior to installing the backflow enclosure is Old-School!
In modern times one installs an Adjustable "One-Size-Fits-All" backflow cage with an Adjustable Concrete Form and Stakes.
Yes, the Locks, Identification Key Tag, Form, and Stakes are Included!


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\begin{document}
\title{Small $C^1$ actions of semidirect products on compact manifolds}
\date{\today}
\keywords{Groups acting on manifolds, hyperbolic dynamics, fibered $3$--manifold, $C^1$--close to the identity}

\author[C. Bonatti]{Christian Bonatti}
\address{CNRS \& Institut de Math\'ematiques de Bourgogne (IMB, UMR CNRS 5584),
Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche--Comt\'e,
9 av.~Alain Savary,
21000 Dijon, France.}
\email{Christian.Bonatti@u-bourgogne.fr}
\urladdr{http://bonatti.perso.math.cnrs.fr}

\author[S. Kim]{Sang-hyun Kim}
\address{School of Mathematics, Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS), Seoul, 02455, Korea}
\email{skim.math@gmail.com}
\urladdr{http://cayley.kr}

\author[T. Koberda]{Thomas Koberda}
\address{Department of Mathematics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4137, USA}
\email{thomas.koberda@gmail.com}
\urladdr{http://faculty.virginia.edu/Koberda}

\author[M. Triestino]{Michele Triestino}
\address{Institut de Math\'ematiques de Bourgogne (IMB, UMR CNRS 5584),
Universit\'e Bourgogne Franche--Comt\'e,
9 av.~Alain Savary,
21000 Dijon, France.}
\email{Michele.Triestino@u-bourgogne.fr}
\urladdr{http://mtriestino.perso.math.cnrs.fr}

\begin{abstract}
Let $T$ be a compact fibered $3$--manifold, presented as a mapping torus of a compact, orientable surface $S$ with monodromy $\psi$,
and let $M$ be a compact Riemannian manifold.
Our main result is that if the induced action $\psi^*$ on $H^1(S,\bR)$ has no eigenvalues on the unit
circle, then there exists a neighborhood $\mathcal U$ of the trivial action in the space of $C^1$ actions of $\pi_1(T)$ on $M$ such that any
action in $\mathcal{U}$ is abelian. We will prove that the same result holds in the generality of an infinite cyclic extension
of an arbitrary finitely generated group $H$, provided that the conjugation action of the cyclic group on $H^1(H,\bR)\neq 0$ has no
eigenvalues of modulus one.
We thus generalize a result of A. McCarthy, which addressed the case of abelian--by--cyclic groups
acting on compact manifolds.

\smallskip
{\noindent\footnotesize \textbf{MSC\textup{2020}:} Primary 37C85. Secondary 20E22, 57K32.}
\end{abstract}

\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

In this paper, we consider smooth actions of finitely generated--by--cyclic groups on compact manifolds, motivated by the study
of fibered hyperbolic $3$--manifold groups. We let $S$ be a compact, orientable surface of
negative Euler characteristic, possibly with boundary. Thus, the fundamental group $\pi_1(S)$ is either a finitely generated free group, or the fundamental group
of a closed surface of genus $g$ for some $g\geq 2$. If $\phi\in\Homeo(S)$ is a (possibly orientation reversing)
homeomorphism, then we may form $T=T_{\phi}$,
the mapping torus of $\phi$. We have that the fundamental group $\pi_1(T)$ fits into a short exact sequence of the form \[1\to \pi_1(S)\to\pi_1(T)\to\bZ\to 1,\]
where the conjugation action of $\bZ$ on $\pi_1(S)$ is by the induced action of $\phi$. It is well--known that,
up to an inner automorphism of $\pi_1(S)$, this action depends only
on the homotopy class of $\phi$, and is therefore an invariant of the (extended) mapping class of $\phi$. It follows that the
 isomorphism type of $\pi_1(T)$ depends only
on the mapping class of $\phi$.

We will be particularly interested in the action $\phi^*$ on  the real cohomology of the fiber, and especially
in the case where the induced map $\phi^*:H^1(S,\bR)\to H^1(S,\bR)$ is hyperbolic.
Here, the induced automorphism $\phi^*$ is said to be \emph{hyperbolic} if $H^1(S,\bR)\neq 0$ and if every eigenvalue of
$\psi^*$ has modulus different from one. More generally, an automorphism of a nonzero, finite dimensional real vector space is hyperbolic
if it has no eigenvalues of modulus one.

Examples of fibered $3$--manifolds with  hyperbolic monodromies
include all compact $3$--manifolds admitting sol geometry, as well as many fibered  hyperbolic manifolds. For example, the figure eight knot
complement fibers over the circle with  a punctured  torus as the fiber, and the monodromy given by an automorphism acting hyperbolically
on  the homology  of the torus.

Fibered $3$--manifold groups  arising  from mapping classes acting hyperbolically on the homology of the fiber
 fall into a much larger class of groups which we will be able to investigate with our methods.
Here and throughout, we will let $M$ be a compact Riemannian manifold.
Recall that a short exact sequence of finitely generated groups
\[1\to H\to G\to\bZ\to 1\]
naturally determines $\psi\in \Out(H)$, and hence, induces a unique linear automorphism $\psi^*$ of $H^1(H,\bR)$.
Abstractly as groups, we have that $G$ is isomorphic to the semidirect product \[G\cong H\rtimes_{\psi} \bZ,\] where the outer automorphism $\psi$ is given by the conjugation
action of $\bZ\cong G/H$ on $H$.
We will study $\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$, the space of $C^1$ actions of $G$ on $M$, in the case that $\psi^*$ is hyperbolic.

\subsection{Main result}
We will use the symbol $1$ to mean the identity map, the trivial group, the identity group element or the real number 1 depending on the context, as this will not cause confusion.
The principal result of this paper is the following:

\begin{thm}\label{thm:main}
Suppose we have a short exact sequence of finitely generated groups
\[1\to H\to G\to\bZ\to 1,\]
which induces a hyperbolic automorphism $\psi^*$ of $H^1(H,\bR)$. Then there exists a neighborhood $\UU\sse\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ of the trivial representation such that $\rho(H)=1$ for all representations $\rho\in\UU$.
\end{thm}

Thus, sufficiently small actions of $G$ on compact manifolds necessarily factor through cyclic groups, provided the automorphism defining the extension $G$ is hyperbolic on cohomology. The reader is directed to Subsection~\ref{subsec:space} for a discussion of the topology on $\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$. Theorem~\ref{thm:main} may be viewed as an analogue of a result of A.~McCarthy~\cite{McCarthy}, who proved a statement with the same conclusion for abelian--by--cyclic groups (the fundamental groups of compact 3--manifolds admitting sol geometry fall in this class).

For certain manifolds and with certain natural hypotheses, abelian--by--cyclic group actions by diffeomorphisms enjoy rather strong rigidity properties~\cite{HurtXue19}.

Note that if $H$ is a left-orderable group then it is not difficult to find faithful actions of $G$ by homeomorphisms of the interval $[0,1]$
which are arbitrarily $C^0$--close to the identity, so the $C^1$ regularity assumption in Theorem~\ref{thm:main} is essential.

By applying Theorem~\ref{thm:main} to the above short exact sequence for a fibered 3-manifold group, we obtain the following result.

\begin{cor}\label{cor:main-3M}
Let $S,\phi$, and $T$ be as above. If $\phi$ induces a hyperbolic automorphism of $H^1(S,\bR)$, then there exists a neighborhood
$\mathcal{U}$ of the trivial representation in $\Hom(\pi_1(T),\Diff^1(M))$ such that $\rho(H)=1$ for all representations $\rho\in\UU$.
\end{cor}

The hypotheses in Theorem~\ref{thm:main} may be contrasted with the following result of Bonatti--Rezaei~\cite{br2019},
which generalizes some work
of Farb--Franks~\cite{FF2003} and Jorquera~\cite{Jorquera}, and is closely related to results of Navas~\cite{NavasComp14} and
Parkhe~\cite{Parkhe16}.

\begin{thm}[Bonatti--Rezaei]\label{thm:br2019}
Every finitely generated, residually torsion--free nilpotent group $G$ admits a faithful representation $\rho\colon G\to\Diff^1([0,1])$
that is $C^1$--close to the identity.
\end{thm}

Here, a group is~\emph{residually torsion--free nilpotent} if every nontrivial element $g\in G$ survives in a torsion--free nilpotent quotient of $G$.
A representation $\rho\in\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ is said to be \emph{$C^1$--close to the identity} if for every $\epsilon>0$, there is an element
$h=h_{\epsilon}\in \Diff^1(M)$ such that $h$ conjugates $\rho$ into an $\epsilon$--neighborhood of the trivial representation of $G$, in the $C^1$--topology on $\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$.

It is not difficult to check that if the group $G$ is as in the statement of Theorem~\ref{thm:main} then the only torsion--free nilpotent quotient admitted
by $G$ is $\bZ=G/H$. Thus, the hyperbolicity of the map $\psi^*$ plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the group $G$.

\subsection{Unipotent monodromy maps and virtually special groups}

An essential feature of Theorem~\ref{thm:main} is its ``unstable" nature, in the sense that it does not remain true after passing to finite
index subgroups of $G$. Indeed, we have the following fact, which follows fairly easily from known results:

\begin{prop}\label{prop:virtually special}
Let $N$ be a hyperbolic 3-manifold with finite volume.
Then a finite index subgroup of the fundamental group $\pi_1(N)$ admits a faithful representation $\rho$ into
$\Diff^1([0,1])$ such that $\rho$ is $C^1$--close to the identity.
\end{prop}

\begin{proof}
The essential point is that combining rather deep results of Agol and Wise with some combinatorial group theory arguments of Duchamp and Krob,
one sees that the fundamental group $\pi_1(N)$ contains a finite index subgroup which is
residually torsion--free nilpotent, and hence admits a faithful representation into $\Diff^1([0,1])$
that is $C^1$--close to the identity.

In more detail, by the work of Agol and Wise~\cite{Agol2013,Wise2011}, there is a finite index subgroup $G_0<\pi_1(N)$ such that $G_0$
is \emph{special}. In particular, $G_0$ embeds in a \emph{right-angled
Artin group}; such a group is always residually torsion--free nilpotent~\cite{DK1992a}. See also the discussion in \cite[Chapter 5]{MR3444187}. Thus, the proposition follows from
Theorem~\ref{thm:br2019}.
\end{proof}

Thus if $G$ is a group satisfying  the hypotheses of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}, then passing to a finite index subgroup $G_0$, one
often obtains a group
satisfying the hypotheses of Theorem~\ref{thm:br2019}.
In such a case, one can build a $C^1$ action of $G$ on the disjoint union of $n$ copies of $[0,1]$, where
$n=[G:G_0]$, by an analogue of the induced representation of a finite index subgroup. Such an action will permute the components
of this manifold transitively.
This does not contradict Theorem~\ref{thm:main},
since any such action will be outside of a fixed neighborhood of the trivial representation of $G$.

One can produce many fibered $3$--manifold groups, even hyperbolic ones, which are residually torsion--free nilpotent, without using the deep
results of Agol and Wise. Indeed, it suffices to use monodromy maps $\phi$ such that $\phi^*$ is unipotent (i.e.\ has all eigenvalues equal to one).
In this case, the resulting $G$ will always be residually
torsion-free nilpotent~\cite{KoberdaJTA}. In fact, a semidirect product of $\bZ$ with a finitely generated, residually torsion--free
nilpotent group $H$ will again be residually torsion--free nilpotent if the induced $\bZ$--action on $H^1(H,\bR)$ is unipotent.

It is not true that if a semidirect product $H\rtimes_\psi \bZ$ is residually torsion--free nilpotent then $\psi^*$ is unipotent.
Indeed, considering a fibered hyperbolic 3-manifold group $\pi_1(T)$ satisfying the
hypotheses of Theorem~\ref{thm:main} and passing to a finite index subgroup which is special (as in Proposition~\ref{prop:virtually special}),
we can obtain a new mapping torus structure
on a finite cover $T_0$ of $T$ with monodromy $\phi_0$, and with a fiber $S_0$ which covers $S$. The action of $\phi_0^*$ on $H^1(S_0,\bR)$
will not be unipotent, since $H^1(S,\bR)$ will naturally sit inside $H^1(S_0,\bR)$ via pullback and will be invariant under $\phi_0^*$.

The regularity assumption in Theorem~\ref{thm:br2019} is subtle. Nonabelian nilpotent groups cannot admit faithful $C^2$ actions on
any compact one--manifold~\cite{PT1976}. Right-angled Artin groups and specialness do not provide any help in producing higher
regularity actions, since in dimension one they almost never admit faithful $C^2$ actions on
compact manifolds~\cite{BKK2016,KKFreeProd2017}. The compactness of the manifold acted upon here is also essential; see~\cite{BKK2014}.

\subsection{General group actions on compact manifolds}

A robust trend in the theory of group actions on manifolds is that ``large" groups should not act on ``small" manifolds. Among the striking
results in this area are the facts that irreducible lattices in higher rank semisimple Lie groups do not admit infinite image $C^1$ actions (and
often even $C^0$ actions)
on compact $1$--manifolds~\cite{BM1999,Ghys1999,Witte1994}. For higher dimensional manifolds, the work of Brown--Fisher--Hurtado
shows that for $n\geq 3$, groups commensurable with $\mathrm{SL}_n(\bZ)$ do not admit faithful $C^1$ actions on $m$--dimensional
compact manifolds for $m<n-2$, and for $m<n-1$ if the actions preserve a volume form~\cite{BFH2016,BFH2017}. They obtain similar
results for cocompact lattices in simple Lie groups.

Lattices in rank one Lie groups often do admit faithful smooth actions on compact one manifolds. By~\cite{BHW2011}, many arithmetic
lattices in $\mathrm{SO}(n,1)$ are virtually special and hence
virtually residually torsion-free nilpotent, which by Theorem~\ref{thm:br2019} furnishes many faithful
$C^1$ actions of such lattices.

McCarthy's result~\cite{McCarthy} furnishes a class of solvable
groups which admit  no faithful, small $C^1$ actions on compact manifolds whatsoever.
Topologically, her groups arise as fundamental groups of torus bundles over the circle, with no restrictions on the dimension.
Our main result identifies a larger class of such groups, including ones within the much more dimensionally restricted
and algebraically different class of compact $3$--manifolds groups.
For fibered $3$--manifolds groups acting without at least some smallness assumptions, we can only make much weaker statements:

\begin{prop}\label{p:c3}
If $T$ is a closed, hyperbolic, fibered  $3$--manifold, then the universal circle
action of the fundamental group $\pi_1(T)$ on $S^1$ is not topologically conjugate to a $C^3$ action.
\end{prop}

Proposition~\ref{p:c3} follows immediately from the work of Miyoshi~\cite{Miyoshi}. We will deduce Proposition~\ref{p:c3} from a stronger fact (Proposition~\ref{p:c3-2}) in Section~\ref{sec:general} for the convenience of the reader.

There is no hope of establishing a result as sweeping as the Brown--Fisher--Hurtado resolution of many cases of the Zimmer Conjecture
for $3$--manifold groups acting on the circle, even with maximal regularity  assumptions:

\begin{prop}[{e.g.~\cite{Calegari2006GD}}]\label{p:analytic}
There exist finite volume hyperbolic $3$--manifold subgroups of $\mathrm{PSL}_2(\bR)$.
\end{prop}

Any such groups act by projective (and hence analytic) diffeomorphisms on $S^1$. We remark that Proposition~\ref{p:analytic} seems
well-known to experts. We refer the reader to Subsection~\ref{ss:analytic} for a further discussion of  analytic hyperbolic $3$--manifold
group actions  on the circle.

\subsection{Uniqueness of the presentation of $G$}

We remark briefly that if $G=\pi_1(T)$
satisfies the hypotheses of Corollary~\ref{cor:main-3M} then there is an essentially unique homomorphism $G\to \bZ$ whose
kernel is isomorphic to a finitely generated group, and in particular the fibered $3$--manifold structure on $T$ is unique
(see~\cite{Thurston86,Stallings1962}).
Thus, the induced map $\psi^*$ is canonically defined, and one may therefore speak of \emph{the}
monodromy action. For fibered $3$--manifold groups with first Betti number $b_1>1$ this is no longer the case.

\section{Preliminaries}

In this section, we gather the tools we will need to establish the principal result of this paper.

\subsection{The space of $C^1$ actions of $G$}\label{subsec:space}

Recall that in our notation, $M$ denotes a fixed compact Riemannian manifold.
We denote by $\Diff^1(M)$ the group of $C^1$--diffeomorphisms of $M$.
For $f\in\Diff^1(M)$, we will write \[D_xf \colon T_xM\to T_{f(x)}M\] for the Jacobian of $f$.

It will be convenient for us to assume that $M$ is $C^1$ embedded in a Euclidean space $\bR^N$ for some $N\gg 0$.
For our purposes, we only require an embedding, though in principle one could require an isometric embedding
by the Nash Embedding Theorem~\cite{Nash}, for example. We reiterate that an isometric embedding is not necessary for the sequel.

For brevity, we let $\|X\|$ denote the $\ell^\infty$ norm when $X$ is a function, a vector, a matrix or a tensor.
We replace distances in $M$ by distances in $\bR^N$, and
we equip the Jacobian of a diffeomorphism $f$ of $M$ with the $\ell^\infty$ norm arising from $\bR^N$, which we denote by $\|D_xf\|$.
Note that if $V\cong\bR^N$  is a vector space equipped with the $\ell^\infty$ norm and $T\in\mathrm{End}(V)$, then we have the estimate
\[\|Tv\|\leq N\|T\|\|v\|\] for all $v\in V$. This estimate is in fact more general. Indeed, sometimes, we will
consider linear maps which are defined on subspaces of $\bR^N$ and which have values in $\bR^N$ (for example, the Jacobian of a
diffeomorphism of $M\subset\bR^N$  as above). In this case, we are still able to write down a matrix (which will no longer be square),
that represents this linear map. We will define the supremum norm of such a matrix by  taking the maximum  of the absolute
values of the entries, in which case the same norm estimate holds as for an endomorphism of $V$.
We will make essential use of this estimate in the sequel.

We define the \emph{$C^1$--metric} on $\Diff^1(M)$ by
 \[d(f,g)=\abss{f-g} + \sup_{x\in M} \abss{D_x f - D_x g},\]
 where all these distances and norms are now interpreted in the ambient Euclidean space.

If $G$ is generated by a finite set $S$, then we may define a metric $d_S$ on $\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ via
\[d_S(\rho,\rho')=\max_{s\in S}d(\rho(s),\rho'(s)).\]
This metric $d_S$ determines the \emph{$C^1$--topology} of $\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$, and this topology is independent of the choice of the generating set $S$.

For an arbitrary group $G$, we will write $\rho_0\in\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ for the trivial representation of $G$.
We see that in order to prove Theorem~\ref{thm:main}, it suffices to find some $\epsilon>0$ such that every representation $\rho\in\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ satisfying $d_S(\rho,\rho_0)<\epsilon$  maps $H$ to the identity $1$.

\subsection{Hyperbolic monodromies}

Here, we recall some basic facts from linear algebra of hyperbolic automorphisms of a real vector space. Let $V$ be a
$d$--dimensional vector space over $\bR$, and let $\|\cdot\|_d$ be a fixed norm on $V$. When $A\in\mathrm{GL}(V)$, we say that
$A$ is \emph{hyperbolic} if every eigenvalue of $A$ has modulus different from one.

\begin{lem}\label{lem:hyperbolic}
Let $A\in\mathrm{GL}(V)$ be a hyperbolic automorphism. Then there is an $A$--invariant splitting $V= E^-\oplus E^+$ and a positive integer $p_0$ such that the following conclusions hold
for all $p\ge p_0$:

\begin{enumerate}
\item
if $v\in E^-$ then \[\|A^pv\|_d\leq\frac{1}{2}\|v\|_d;\]
\item\label{i2:hyp}
if $v\in E^+$ then \[\|A^pv\|_d\geq 2\|v\|_d.\]
\end{enumerate}
\end{lem}

We omit the proof of the lemma, which is well--known; see~\cite[Chapter 1]{KH1995} for instance.
As is standard from dynamics, $E^-$ and $E^+$ are the
\emph{stable} and \emph{unstable} subspaces of $V$ associated to $A$.
In the sequel, we will use the  notation $\pi_+ $ and $\pi_-$ to denote projections $V\to E^+$ and $V\to E^-$ with kernels $E^-$ and $E^+$
respectively. Observe that invariance of the splitting implies that $A$ commutes with each projection $\pi_{+}$ and $\pi_-$.

\subsection{Approximate linearization}

A fundamental tool for proving Theorem~\ref{thm:main} is the following result of Bonatti~\cite{BonattiProches,BMNR2017},
which arose as an interpretation of
Thurston Stability~\cite{Thurston1974Top}, and which we refer to as \emph{approximate linearization}.

\begin{lem}\label{lem:bonatti}
Let $M$ be a compact manifold, let $\eta>0$, and let $k\in\bN$.
Then there exists a neighborhood of the identity $\VV\sse \Diff^1(M)$ such that for all points $x\in M$, for all diffeomorphisms
$f_1,\ldots,f_k\in \VV$
and for all $\epsilon_1,\ldots,\epsilon_k\in \{-1,1\}$,
we have the following:
\begin{equation*}\label{eq:tstab}
\left \|
f_k^{\epsilon_k}\circ \cdots\circ f_1^{\epsilon_1}(x) - x
- \sum_{i=1}^k \epsilon_i (f_i(x)-x)\right \|\le \eta \max_{i=1,\ldots,k} \left\|f_i(x)-x\right \|.
\end{equation*}
\end{lem}

Throughout the rest of this paper, we will often suppress the notation $\rho\in \Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ and just write
$gx=g(x)=\rho(g)(x)$ for $g\in G$ and $x\in M$.
We define a \emph{displacement vector} for $g$ at $x$ as
\[\Delta^\rho_x(g) := \rho(g)(x) - x,\]
regarded as an $N$--dimensional row vector. Here, we remind the reader that $M$ is embedded  as a submanifold of $\bR^N$, so that  the
displacement vector becomes a vector in $\bR^N$. Admittedly, the displacement vector depends on the choice of
embedding, though this does not matter since we will ultimately be interested in whether or not it vanishes.

More generally, if $B=\{b_1,\ldots,b_n\}\sse G$ is a finite subset then we define an $n\times N$ matrix
\[\Delta^\rho_x(B) := \left( \Delta_x^\rho(b_i)\right)_{1\le i\le n}.\]
We often write $\Delta_x$ for $\Delta^\rho_x$ when the meaning is clear.
 Then the above lemma asserts that
\begin{equation*}\label{eq:tstab2}
\abss*{
\Delta_x(g_k^{\epsilon_k}\circ \cdots\circ g_1^{\epsilon_1})- \sum_{i=1}^k \epsilon_i \Delta_x(g_i)}\le\eta
\abss*{\Delta_x(\{g_1,\ldots,g_k\})},
\end{equation*}
in the case when $g_i\in G$ and $\rho(g_i)\in \VV$. Here, we remind  the reader that we always  use the supremum norm.

\subsection{First homology and cohomology groups}
We briefly recall for the reader unfamiliar with group homology
that the first homology group of a group $H$ is given by the abelianization \[H_1(H,\bZ)=H/[H,H].\]
When $R\in\{\bZ,\bR\}$, the first cohomology group $H^1(H,R)$ coincides with the abelian group of homomorphisms from $H$ to $R$.
In particular, $H^1(H,\bZ)$ is a free abelian group of the same rank as $H_1(H,\bZ)$.

\section{Proof of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}}
We are now ready to give a proof of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}.
For this, we will fix an automorphism $\psi\in \Aut(H)$ such that $G$ can be written as
\[G = \form{ H,t \mid tht^{-1}=\psi(h)\text{ for all }h\in H}.\]

\subsection{Reducing to homologically independent generators}
We first establish Lemma~\ref{l:red} below, which will say that we may more or less assume that $H$ is finitely generated and free abelian.

Let $d\ge 1$ be the rank of $H^1(H,\bZ)$. We can find a finite generating set \[S=S_0\sqcup S_1\]
of $H$ such that all of the following hold.
\begin{itemize}
\item The image of $S_0$ in $H_1(H,\bZ)=H/[H,H]$ is a basis for the free part.
\item The image of each element in $S_1$ is torsion or trivial in $H_1(H,\bZ)$.
\end{itemize}

We pick $K\ge2$ so that $\tau^K=0$ for all \[\tau\in \ker\{H_1(H,\bZ)\to H_1(H,\bR)=H_1(H,\bZ)\otimes_{\bZ}\bR\},\]
where the map between
the homology  groups is   the tensoring map.
We enumerate $S_0=\{s_1,s_2,\ldots,s_d\}$, and regard $S_0$ as an ordered set.
Let $A:=(\alpha_{ij})$ be the matrix of the hyperbolic linear automorphism \[\psi^*\colon\thinspace H^1(H,\bZ)\to H^1(H,\bZ)\]
with respect to the basis which is dual to $S_0$, viewed as real homology classes.
The action $\psi_*$ on  $H_1(H,\bZ)$ is then given by
the transpose $(\alpha_{ji})$. In this case, we can write each $\psi(s_j)$ as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:conj_psi}
\psi(s_j)=ts_jt^{-1}=\prod_{i=1}^d s_i^{\alpha_{ji}}\tau_j
\end{equation}
for some element $\tau_j\in H$ such that $\tau_j^K\in[H,H]$.
It will be convenient for us to define the subset
\[
S':=  \{u^K\colon\thinspace u\in S_1\cup \{\tau_1,\ldots,\tau_d\}\}\sse[H,H].\]
Observe that each element $h\in [H,H]$ can be expressed as a product of
commutators in $S$. It follows that $h$ can be expressed as a \emph{balanced} word in $S$, which is to say that all generators in $S$ occur with exponent sum zero.
Since $S'\sse [H,H]$, we can find an integer $k_0\ge K$ such that
 every element in $S'$ is a balanced word of length at most $k_0$ in $S$.  Recall our convention $\|A\|:=\max_{i,j}|\alpha_{ij}|$. We set
\begin{equation}\label{eq:fix_k}
k:=k_0+d\|A\|.
\end{equation}
\begin{lem}\label{l:red}
Let $0<\eta<1$.
Then there exists a neighborhood $\UU\sse\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ of the trivial representation $\rho_0$ such that each of the following relations hold for all representations $\rho\in\UU$ and points $x\in M$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item \label{i1:red}
 $\abss{\Delta^\rho_x(S')}\le\eta \abss{\Delta^\rho_x(S)}$;
\item\label{i2:red}
$\abss{\Delta^\rho_x(S_1\cup\{\tau_1,\ldots,\tau_d\})}\le\eta \abss{\Delta^\rho_x(S)}$;
\item\label{i3:red}
$\abss{\Delta^\rho_x(S)}= \abss{\Delta^\rho_x(S_0)}$;
\item\label{i4:red}
$\abss*{
\Delta^\rho_x(\psi(S_0))-A \Delta^\rho_x(S_0)}
\le
2\eta \abss*{\Delta^\rho_x(S_0)}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lem}

\begin{proof}
Let $k$ be defined as in \eqref{eq:fix_k}.
We have an identity neighborhood  $\VV\sse\Diff^1(M)$ furnished
by Lemma~\ref{lem:bonatti} for $\eta$ and $k$.
We define $\mathcal{U}$ by
\[\mathcal{U}=\left \{\rho\in\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))\colon\thinspace \rho(S\cup\{\tau_1,\ldots,\tau_d\})\sse\VV\right \}.\]
We now fix $\rho\in\UU$, and we suppress $\rho$ from the notation by writing
 $g(x):=\rho(g)(x)$. Similarly, we write $\Delta_x(g):=\Delta_x^\rho(g)$. So, $\Delta_x(g)$ will be thought of as a function of the group element
 $g$, and which depends on $x$ as well.

\eqref{i1:red} Let $u\in S'$, so that $u$ can be expressed as a balanced word in  $S$ with length at most $k_0<k$. We see from Lemma~\ref{lem:bonatti} that
\[\abss{\Delta_x(u)}\le\eta\abss{\Delta_x(S)}.\]
This proves part \eqref{i1:red}.

\eqref{i2:red}
Let $u\in S_1\cup\{\tau_1,\ldots,\tau_d\}$.
Since $u\in \VV$ by assumption, we again use Lemma~\ref{lem:bonatti} to see that
\[
\abss*{\Delta_x(u^K) - K \Delta_x(u)} \le\eta \abss*{\Delta_x(u)}.\]
Using the triangle inequality and part \eqref{i1:red}, we see that
\begin{align*}
K\abss*{\Delta_x(u)}
\le \abss*{\Delta_x(u^K)} +\eta\abss*{\Delta_x(u)}
\le \eta \abss{\Delta_x(S)}+\eta\abss*{\Delta_x(u)}.
\end{align*}
Since $K\ge2$, we obtain the desired conclusion as
\[
\abss*{\Delta_x(u)}\le \frac{\eta}{K-\eta}\abss{\Delta_x(S)}
 \le \eta \abss{\Delta_x(S)}.\]

Part \eqref{i3:red} is obvious from the previous parts. For part \eqref{i4:red},
let us pick an arbitrary $s_j\in S_0$.
From the expression \eqref{eq:conj_psi} for $\psi(s_j)=ts_jt^{-1}$ and from
Lemma~\ref{lem:bonatti},
we can deduce that
\[
\abss*{
\Delta_x(\psi(s_j))-\sum_{i=1}^d\alpha_{ji} \Delta_x(s_i)
-\Delta_x(\tau_j)
}
\leq \eta\abss{\Delta_x(S\cup\{\tau_j\})}=
 \eta\abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}.\]
The triangle inequality and the second and third parts of the lemma imply the
conclusion of part \eqref{i4:red}.
\end{proof}

\subsection{McCarthy's Lemma}
Retaining previous notation, we have a group $G$ presented as $H\rtimes_\psi \form{t}$.
Another ingredient for the proof of the main theorem is the following lemma, which was proved by McCarthy~\cite[Lemmas 4.1 and 4.2]{McCarthy} in the case when $H$ is abelian:

\begin{lem}[{cf.\ Lemmas 4.1 and 4.2 of~\cite{McCarthy}}]\label{l:mccarthy}
For all $\eta\in(0,1/3)$, there exists
 a neighborhood $\mathcal{U}\sse\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ of the trivial representation $\rho_0$ such that whenever $\rho\in\mathcal{U}$ and $x\in M$ we have
\[
\abss*{
\Delta^\rho_{\rho(t^{-1})(x)}(S_0)-A \Delta^\rho_x(S_0)}
\le \eta \abss*{\Delta^\rho_x(S_0)}.\]
\end{lem}
Roughly speaking, under the above hypothesis if we denote the displacement matrix of $S_0$ at $x$ as $v$, then $Av$ will be near from the displacement matrix of $S_0$ at $t^{-1}x$. Thus, one can apply hyperbolic dynamics to estimate the change of displacement matrices as points are moved under iterations of $t^{-1}$: \[x\mapsto t^{-1}x\mapsto t^{-2}x\mapsto\cdots\mapsto t^{-n}x\mapsto\cdots\]

Since McCarthy's arguments concerned the case where $H$ abelian and hence do not apply in this situation, let us reproduce proofs here
which work for general groups.

\bp[Proof of Lemma~\ref{l:mccarthy}]
Fix $\eta'\in(0,\eta)$, which will be made  explicit later.
We pick a sufficiently small neighborhood $\mathcal{U}\sse\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ of $\rho_0$, which is at least as small as the neighborhood $\UU$ in Lemma~\ref{l:red} for this choice of $\eta'$.
We let $\rho\in\UU$, and again suppress the notation $\rho$ in expressions.
We also fix $x\in M$, and set $y:=t^{-1}x$.

Suppose we have $s\in S_0$. From the definition of the derivative, we have that
\[\Delta_x(\psi(s))
=
\Delta_{ty}(tst^{-1})=ts(y)-t(y)=D_yt(\Delta_y(s))+o(\|\Delta_y(s)\|).\]
Replacing $\mathcal{U}$ by a smaller neighborhood if necessary, we may assume that (with a slight abuse of notation)
\[o(\|\Delta_y(s)\|)<\eta'\|\Delta_y(s)\|\]
in norm,
 and that $N\abss{D_yt-1}\le \eta'$, where $1$ denotes the identity map, and $N$ is the dimension of the Euclidean space where $M$ is embedded.
It then follows that
\begin{equation}\label{eq:taylor}
\abss{\Delta_x(\psi(s))-\Delta_y(s)}
\le N \abss{D_y t - 1}\cdot \abss{\Delta_y(s)} +o(\Delta_y(s))
\le 2\eta'\abss{\Delta_y(s)}.\end{equation}
Here, we are using the $\ell^{\infty}$ norm estimate \[\|Tv\|\leq N\|T\|\|v\|\] for arbitrary vectors $v$ and linear maps $T\colon  \bR^N\to \bR^N$.

 Applying the triangle inequality, Lemma~\ref{l:red}~\eqref{i4:red} and \eqref{eq:taylor}, we deduce that
\begin{equation}\label{eq:x1}
\abss*{\Delta_y(S_0)-A\Delta_x(S_0)}
\le 2\eta' \abss{\Delta_y(S_0)}+ \abss*{\Delta_x(\psi(S_0))-A\Delta_x(S_0)}
\le2\eta' \left (\abss{\Delta_y(S_0)}+ \abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}\right ).\end{equation}
From the inequality \eqref{eq:x1}, we note that
\begin{equation}\label{eq:x2}
(1-2\eta')\abss*{\Delta_y(S_0)}
\le
\abss*{A\Delta_x(S_0)}+2\eta'  \abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}
\le
(d\|A\|+2\eta')\abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}.\end{equation}
We will now choose $\eta'\in(0,\eta)$ sufficiently small so that
\[
\left(\frac{d\|A\|+2\eta'}{1-2\eta'}+1\right)\cdot 2\eta'
\le\left(\frac{d\|A\|+2/3}{1/3}+1\right)\cdot 2\eta'\le\eta.\]
Combining inequalities \eqref{eq:x1} and \eqref{eq:x2} we obtain the desired conclusion as
\[
\abss*{\Delta_y(S_0)-A\Delta_x(S_0)}
\le
2\eta'\left( \frac{d\|A\|+2\eta'}{1-2\eta'}+1\right)\abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}
\le\eta\abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}.\qedhere\]
\ep

\subsection{Finishing the proof}
We can now complete the proof of the main result.

\begin{proof}[Proof of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}]
Let $\rho$ be sufficiently near from $\rho_0$.
By Lemma~\ref{l:red}~\eqref{i3:red},  it suffices for us to prove that the $d\times N$ matrix
$\Delta_x(S_0)$ is equal to $0$ for all points $x\in M$.

The hyperbolic automorphism $\psi^*$ on $H^1(H,\bZ)$ induces an invariant splitting
\[
\bR^d=\oplus_{i=1}^d \bR s_i = E^+\oplus E^-,\]
as in Lemma~\ref{lem:hyperbolic}.
We may assume $p_0=1$ in that lemma after replacing $\psi^*$ by a sufficiently large power; this is the same as passing to the kernel of the natural map $G\to\bZ/p\bZ$ given by reducing $G/H$ modulo $p$.

Let us pick a point $x\in M$ such that the quantity
\[
\max \left( \abss{\pi_+\Delta_z(S_0)},\abss{\pi_-\Delta_z(S_0)}\right)\]
is itself maximized at $z=x$.
Here, $\pi_{\pm}$ is regarded as a map from $\oplus_{i=1}^N \bR^d$ to $\oplus_{i=1}^N E^{\pm}$.

For a proof by contradiction, we will suppose that this maximum is nonzero. We may further assume the maximum occurs for the unstable direction. Since the stable and unstable subspaces of a hyperbolic matrix are symmetric under inversion, the case where the maximum is in the stable direction is analogous.

Let us choose $\eta\in(0,1/3)$ and a neighborhood $\UU\sse\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ so that the conclusion of Lemma~\ref{l:mccarthy} holds for $\rho\in\UU$. With this choice,
using also the contraction property of $\pi_+$, we estimate
\begin{align*}
\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{t^{-1}x}(S_0)-
\pi_+A\Delta_{x}(S_0)}
& \le
\abss{\Delta_{t^{-1}x}(S_0)-
A\Delta_{x}(S_0)}
\le \eta \abss{\Delta_x(S_0)}\\
&\le \eta \left(\abss{\pi_+\Delta_x(S_0)}+\abss{\pi_-\Delta_x(S_0)}\right)
\le 2\eta \abss{\pi_+\Delta_x(S_0)}.\end{align*}
On the other hand, applying the triangle inequality and Lemma \ref{lem:hyperbolic} \eqref{i2:hyp} we have
\[
\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{t^{-1}x}(S_0)-
A\pi_+\Delta_{x}(S_0)}
\ge
\abss{A\pi_+\Delta_{x}(S_0)}
-\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{t^{-1}x}(S_0)}
\ge 2\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{x}(S_0)}-\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{t^{-1}x}(S_0)}.\]
Combining the above chains of inequalities, and using that $A\pi_+=\pi_+A$, we obtain
\[
\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{t^{-1}x}(S_0)}
\ge 2(1-\eta)\abss{\pi_+\Delta_{x}(S_0)}
> \abss{\pi_+\Delta_{x}(S_0)}.\]
This contradicts the maximality of our choices. \ep

\section{General group actions and questions}\label{sec:general}

As remarked in the introduction, there is no hope of ruling out
highly regular faithful actions of $3$--manifold groups on low dimensional manifolds. Thus, Theorem~\ref{thm:main} can be viewed
as a local rigidity phenomenon of $\Hom(G,\Diff^1(M))$ near the trivial representation $\rho_0$ rather than as a global statement about this space of actions. In
this section we discuss actions of $3$--manifold groups on the circle which are not small, and thus are much less constrained.

\subsection{Universal circle actions}

First, we show that for certain types of faithful actions of $3$--manifold groups, some regularity constraints persist. Let $T$ be a fibered
$3$--manifold with closed, orientable fiber $S$ and monodromy $\psi\in\Mod(S,p)$. We assume that $\chi(S)<0$.
Here, we have equipped $S$ with a basepoint $p$, and we assume that elements of $\Mod(S,p)$
preserve $p$, as do isotopies between them.

We have that the fundamental group $\pi_1(S)$ naturally sits in $\Mod(S,p)$ as the kernel of the homomorphism $\Mod(S,p)\to\Mod(S)$ which forgets the basepoint
$p$~\cite{FM2012}. The short exact sequence \[1\to\pi_1(S)\to\Mod(S,p)\to\Mod(S)\to 1\] is known as the Birman Exact Sequence. The
mapping class group $\Mod(S,p)$ has a natural
faithful action on $S^1$ by homeomorphisms, known as Nielsen's action (see~\cite{CassonBleiler}).
This action of $\Mod(S,p)$ is not conjugate to a $C^1$ action, and even after passing to finite index subgroups it is known not to be
conjugate to a $C^2$
action~\cite{FF2001,BKK2016,KKFreeProd2017,Parwani2008,MannWolff18}.
Moreover, this action is not  absolutely continuous, as can be easily seen from Proposition~\ref{p:normalizer} below.
However, one can topologically conjugate Nielsen's action to a
bi-Lipschitz one; this is a general fact for countable groups acting on the circle~\cite{DKN2007}.
We remark that Nielsen's action, as it is constructed by extensions of quasi-isometries of $\mathbb{H}^2$ to $S^1$, enjoys a regularity
property known as quasi--symmetry. See~\cite{CassonBleiler,HT85,FM02}.

If $\psi\in\Mod(S,p)$ then the conjugation action of $\psi$ on the group \[\pi_1(S)=\ker\left\{\Mod(S,p)\to\Mod(S)\right\}\]
makes the group
$\langle \psi,\pi_1(S)\rangle$ isomorphic to $\pi_1(T)$. We thus obtain an action, which is called the \emph{universal circle action} of $\pi_1(T)$
(see~\cite{Calegari2007}).
While it follows that $\pi_1(T)$ admits a natural faithful action on $S^1$ by absolutely continuous homeomorphisms,
the higher
 regularity properties of this action are somewhat mysterious.

 We now give a proof of Proposition~\ref{p:c3}, which asserts that this action is not topologically conjugate
to a $C^3$ action. As stated in the introduction, this result is known from the work of Miyoshi.
The proof of Proposition~\ref{p:c3} given in~\cite{Miyoshi} follows similar lines to the argument given here,
and is easily implied by the following two results:

\begin{prop}\label{p:normalizer}
	Let $S$ be a closed surface and $\rho:\pi_1(S)\to \PSL_2(\bR)$ be a faithful discrete representation.
	Then the normalizer of $\rho(\pi_1(S))$ in $\Homeo^{\mathrm{ac}}(S^1)$ is a discrete subgroup of $\PSL_2(\bR)$
	which contains $\rho(\pi_1(S))$ as a finite-index subgroup.
\end{prop}

\bp
Let $g$ be an absolutely continuous homeomorphism of the circle which normalizes $\rho(\pi_1(S))$.
Then by an argument originally due to Sullivan (see \cite[Proposition III.4.1]{Ghys1985}), we see that $g$ is actually contained in
$\PSL_2(\bR)$. Ghys gives a relatively simple argument under the assumption of $C^1$ conjugacy,
which in turn suffices for Proposition \ref{p:c3}.
In this case, all derivatives of hyperbolic elements at their fixed points must be preserved by the conjugacy.
In other words, the marked length spectrum associated with the Fuchsian group $\rho(\pi_1(S))$ is invariant,  and
thus the isometry class of the corresponding hyperbolic surface is preserved.

Now, it follows from standard facts about Zariski dense subgroups of simple Lie groups
 that the normalizer of a Fuchsian group in $\PSL_2(\bR)$ is necessarily Fuchsian,
 and contains the original Fuchsian group with finite index. Indeed, suppose $\Gamma<\PSL_2(\bR)$ is discrete and let
 $\{g_i\}_{i\in \bN}\subset\PSL_2(\bR)$ normalize $\Gamma$. Suppose furthermore that $g_i\to 1$ as $i\to\infty$. Then it is not difficult
 to show that $g_i$ must centralize $\Gamma$ for $i$ sufficiently large. If $\Gamma$ is Zariski dense then  $g_i$ is the
 identity for $i$ sufficiently large, so  that the normalizer of $\Gamma$ is again discrete. If $\Gamma$ is cocompact then its normalizer must
  contain $\Gamma$ with finite index. See~\cite[Theorem 2.3.8]{KatokBook} for more details. The conclusion of the proposition now  follows.
\ep

Proposition~\ref{p:normalizer} implies the following: let $\psi\in\Mod(S)$ be pseudo-Anosov,
and let $\yt{\psi}$  be in the preimage of $\psi$ under the
canonical map $\Mod(S,p)\to\Mod(S)$ given by deleting the marked point. Then $\yt\psi$
fails to act by an absolutely continuous homeomorphim on $S^1$ under Nielsen's action of $\Mod(S,p)$ on $S^1$.

The following result is known as Ghys' differentiable rigidity of Fuchsian actions~\cite{GhysIHES93}.

\begin{thm}\label{thm:ghys93}
	Let $S$ be a closed surface and let $\rho:\pi_1(S)\to \Diff^r(S^1)$
	for $r\ge 3$ be a representation which is topologically conjugate to a Fuchsian subgroup of $\PSL_2(\bR)$.
	Then $\rho$ is conjugate to a Fuchsian subgroup of $\PSL_2(\bR)$ by a $C^r$ diffeomorphism.
\end{thm}

Proposition~\ref{p:c3} is an immediate consequence of the following,
which in turn is an obvious corollary of Proposition~\ref{p:normalizer} and Theorem~\ref{thm:ghys93}.

\begin{prop}\label{p:c3-2}
Let $T$ be a hyperbolic fibered 3-manifold with a closed fiber $S$.
If an action
\[\rho\colon\thinspace \pi_1(T)=\pi_1(S)\rtimes\form{t}\to\Homeo_+(S^1)\]
has the property that $\rho(\pi_1(S))$ is topologically conjugate to a Fuchsian subgroup of
$\PSL_2(\bR)$, then either $\rho(\pi_1(S))\not\le\Diff^3_+(S^1)$ or $\rho(t)$ is not absolutely continuous.
\end{prop}

We remark that universal circle actions enjoy a strong $C^0$ rigidity property, namely that actions in the same connected component
of the representation variety of $\pi_1(T)\to\Homeo_+(S^1)$ are semi-conjugate
 to the standard action~\cite{BM2019}.

\subsection{Analytic actions}\label{ss:analytic}

Finally, we discuss faithful analytic actions of fibered $3$--manifold groups on $S^1$. By Agol's resolution of the virtual fibering
conjecture~\cite{Agol2013}, we have that every hyperbolic $3$--manifold virtually fibers over the circle. Thus, if a subgroup
$\Gamma<\mathrm{PSL}_2(\bC)$ is discrete (i.e.\ a Kleinian group) with finite covolume, then $\Gamma$ has a finite index subgroup which
is $\pi_1(T)$ for some fibered $3$--manifold $T$. Now, if the matrix entries of $\Gamma$ are contained in a number field $K\supset\bQ$
such that $K$ has a real
place (i.e.\ a Galois embedding $\sigma\colon K\to\bC$ such that $\sigma(K)\sse\bR$), then $\Gamma$ can be identified
with a subgroup of $\PSL_2(\bR)$.

Therefore, in order to establish Proposition~\ref{p:analytic}, it suffices to produce such a Kleinian group. If $\Gamma$ has matrix entries
in a field $K$ of odd degree over $\bQ$ then $K$ has at least one real place, since the number of complex places is even.
Many such arithmetic Kleinian groups of finite covolume (and even cocompact ones such as the fundamental group of the
Weeks  manifold) exist; see \cite[Section 13.7]{MR2003book}, for example. Note that since  any discrete  subgroup of $\PSL_2(\bR)$ is
virtually free or a closed surface group, a finite volume hyperbolic $3$--manifold group cannot occur as a discrete subgroup of $\PSL_2(\bR)$.

\subsection{Questions}

There are several natural questions which arise from the discussion in this paper.

\begin{que}[J. Souto]
Let $T$ be a fibered $3$--manifold and let $G=\pi_1(T)$. Is there a finite index subgroup $G_0<G$ such that $G_0<\Diff^2(I)$? What about
$G_0<\Diff^{\infty}(I)$?
\end{que}

In~\cite{MS2018}, Marquis and Souto constructed a faithful $C^{\infty}$ action of closed orientable surface groups, for genus $g\geq 2$, on the unit
interval.

\begin{que}\label{q:uni-circle}
Is the universal circle action of a fibered $3$--manifold group topologically conjugate to a $C^1$ action?
\end{que}

In other words, Question~\ref{q:uni-circle} asks if we can replace the $C^3$ conclusion in Proposition~\ref{p:c3} with a $C^1$ conclusion. Observe that Ghys' differentiable rigidity of Fuchsian actions does not hold in lower regularity (at least less than $C^2$): for arbitrary $\alpha<1$, there are $C^{1+\alpha}$ actions of $\pi_1(S)$  that are
$C^0$ conjugate to a Fuchsian action, but that are not conjugate to a Fuchsian action by an absolutely continuous homeomorphism; see \cite{HurderKatok}. Other instances of this phenomenon arise from the theory of Hitchin representations~\cite{MR3749423}. A first attempt to answer Question~\ref{q:uni-circle} would be to investigate if the analogue of Proposition \ref{p:normalizer} holds for these actions: do they admit a $C^1$ normalizer which is not a finite extension of the image of $\pi_1(S)$?

\section*{Acknowledgements}
The authors thank Nicolas Tholozan and Kathryn Mann for useful comments.
CB and MT are partially supported by the project ANR Gromeov (ANR-19-CE40-0007).
ShK is supported by Samsung Science and Technology Foundation (SSTF-BA1301-51) and by a KIAS Individual Grant (MG073601) at Korea Institute for Advanced Study.
TK is partially supported by an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship, and by NSF Grant DMS-1711488.
MT is partially supported by PEPS -- Jeunes Chercheur-e-s --  2019 (CNRS),  the project ANER Agroupes (AAP 2019 R\'egion Bourgogne--Franche--Comt\'e), and the project Jeunes
G\'eom\'etres of F. Labourie (financed by the Louis D. Foundation).
ShK and MT thank the organizers of the meeting \emph{International Conference On Dynamical Systems} at SUSTech in 2018, where this project was initiated.
TK and MT are grateful to the Korea Institute for Advanced Study for its hospitality while part of this research was completed.

\bibliographystyle{amsplain}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
PTI feed
Punjab Cong MLA questions own govt over school fee regulation Bill
PTI Last Updated: November 7, 2019 | 20:11 IST
Chandigarh, Nov 7 (PTI) A Congress MLA on Thursday questioned his own government over the formation of a district-level regulatory body to look into the fee hike by private schools and sought the involvement of parents in the panel. He raised the issue after Education Minister Vijayinder Singla tabled the Punjab Regulation of Fee of Unaided Educational Institutions (Amendment) Bill, 2019, in the Punjab assembly here on Thursday. Informing about provisions in the Bill, which was passed on the concluding day of the special assembly session, Singla said if any school wished to raise fee, which can't be hiked beyond eight per cent, it would have to issue a public notice a month in advance. He said objections could be filed against the fee hike proposal with the regulatory body, including the deputy commissioner of the district concerned and the DEO (secondary education). To this, Congress MLA from Gidderbaha Amrinder Singh Raja Warring asked whether only the deputy commissioner would be authorised or private persons like parents would also be included in the body. He said the deputy commissioner would give permission for the fee hike as he usually "remained in touch" with prominent schools. "Private persons, including parents, should also be made a part of the body," demanded Warring. As per the Bill, two members to be nominated by the government from among eminent educationists would also be part of the body. Earlier, the opposition picked holes in the legislation, objecting to the fee capping provision. Stating that there was a "flourishing business" of schools in the state, AAP MLA Kultar Singh Sandhwan said there should be no hike in fee for five years as done by the Arvind Kejriwal-led government in Delhi. Lok Insaaf Party MLA Simarjeet Singh Bains sought proper implementation of the Right to Education Act in private schools, stating that there was a government circular whereby poor students could seek admission to private schools if they were denied permission by government schools. Shiromani Akali Dal MLA Parminder Singh Dhindsa too disagreed with the capping provision. He demanded that the fee hike should be linked to inflation rate so that parents were not burdened. Replying to queries raised by the MLAs, the education minister said there was an overall capping of eight per cent on the fee hike. The law proposed that if the father or earning member of a student's family dies, he or she shall not be compelled to leave school on account of non-payment of fee and won't be charged till the completion of studies. The law also proposed to curb the practice prescribing specific uniforms/books. The assembly also passed the Punjab State Commission for Scheduled Castes (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019. The law paves way for increasing the age limit from the existing 70 years to 72 years for appointment as chairperson of the commission. The main opposition party AAP opposed this Bill. PTI CHS VSD RDK RDK RDK
Sengar was in Tis Hazari lock-up when police-lawyers clash broke out
Detained Kashmir leaders enjoying 'five-star facilities' at public expense: JKNPP

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text:
Home Brand Ford
The Ford Bronco Sport Is Getting A Price Bump For 2022: Report
CarsDirect reports where prices may be heading for the next model year
Ford Bronco Sport. (Images: Ford)
Information seen on a recent Ford order guide shows the 2022 Ford Bronco Sport getting more expensive.
The Big Bend model 2022 Ford Bronco Sport will start at $28,760, which is just $50 over the current $28,710 base price. Keep in mind, these prices are before Ford's $1,495 destination charge. No word on the base model Bronco Sport, which currently runs at $27,215. Top of the line models, like the Ford Bronco Sport Badlands will get a more significant increase. Cars Direct, who did the study, sees a $575 – $1,115 increase in the Badlands.
The 2022 Ford Bronco Sport Big Bend will start at $30,320, which is up $105 from its first model year. On top of that, the Bronco Sport Outer Banks starts at $34,570, that's up $215.
While this is no surprise, especially on a popular model, the buying public has already weathered painful price hikes. As such, these increases will (most likely) be amplified by dealerships, which is unfortunate.
The Ford Bronco Sport is remarkably popular, selling over 80,000 units in the United States thus far in 2021. We've tested the Bronco Sport, and we agree that it's strikingly good, especially it's potential for off-roading. The combination of size, packaging, capability, performance, utility, design and (usually) price makes it a very compelling product.
There are alternatives, like the mighty good Chevrolet Trailblazer, which is less expensive, but not as off-road capable. Or the Jeep Renegade/Jeep Compass, which are more expensive – but have good off-road potential.
Where will prices on the 2022 Ford Bronco Sport go from here?
There are stories of unscrupulous dealerships charging in excess of $10,000 – $15,000 over sticker on these vehicles. A local dealership in Denver is selling a base model Ford Bronco Sport for $30,210. That's about a $3,000 markup on a bare-bones model. Sadly, that's the way things have been going with many cars as inventory is light on dealer lots.
Check out more on the Ford Bronco Sport off-road below:
2022 Bronco Sport price
ford bronco sport
Price increase Bronco Sport
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A KeyCode is a unique code generated by your LMS that users can redeem for Courses, or can be redeemed for on their behalf.
How is a KeyCode generated?
When an Agent purchases KeyCodes, KeyCodes are generated on the fly - one for each one ordered by the Agent.
A Partition Admin can create an infinite number of KeyCodes using the KeyCode app, which they can optionally give to Agents.
Be default, KeyCodes are good forever. However, this is a system config value, and can be adjusted for all new KeyCodes by submitting a request via the ticketing system.
How can I list KeyCodes for sale?
Course KeyCodes can be listed for sale by going into your Course's E-Commerce Settings. In addition to making them purchasable, you can also set up special bulk-purchase discounts.
When a User redeems a KeyCode, how long are they enrolled in the Course for?
When a User redeems a KeyCode, their time in the Course is set to the Purchase Duration set at the time the KeyCodes were generated.
Example: A User, Sam, who has 4 days remaining in a Course redeems a KeyCode that was created when the Purchase Duration was a 60 day enrollment. Although the the Purchase Duration has since been changed to 30 days, because the KeyCode was purchased before this change, Sam's Course Duration is set to 60 days. The duration is set, not additive which would result in 64 remaining days.
An Agent is someone who can purchase and manage their own KeyCodes. They can be third party resellers, teachers, etc.
How do I create an Agent?
Any User who has the Role of an Manager is effectively an Agent.
How do my Agents purchase KeyCodes?
When an Agent logs into their portal, they will have access to a KeyCodes app. Here they can purchase new KeyCodes, and manage existing ones.
What discounts are factored into an Agent's purchase?
In addition to the bulk-purchase discount, 'trigger' discounts and coupons can also be applied to an Agent's KeyCode purchase. 'Trigger' discounts and coupons are applied to the subtotal, before tax; bulk-purchase discounts adjust the price of each unit.
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Each New Hampshire small miniature desk flag measures 4"x6" and is attached to a 10" black plastic stick with a gold spear topper. These New Hampshire flags make perfect table decorations. Black flag stand is not included, but is sold separately.
The flag of New Hampshire consists of the state seal on a blue background. The seal, which shows the frigate USS Raleigh, built at Portsmouth in 1776 as one of the first 13 warships sponsored by the Continental Congress for a new American navy, is surrounded by a laurel wreath with nine stars. It was adopted in 1909.
New Hampshire Polyester Flag - 3 X 5 Each of these full size polyester flags measures 3 feet x 5 feet and has two grommets attached that are used to display the flag on a wall or on a pole.
New Hampshire 12" x 18" state stick flags are made of polyester, stitched on four sides and the flag designs are clearly visable on both sides of the flags.


India off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin has signed up for Worcestershire and will stay back in England after the Test series to take part in the final two rounds of the County Championship.
Ashwin has joined Worcestershire for the final two Specsavers County Championship matches against Essex at Chelmsford and Yorkshire at Blackfinch New Road.
According to a statement issued by Worcestershire, the 31-year-old, who has had a stint in Worcestershire, will replace Wayne Parnell as the county's overseas player.
Ashwin made a massive impact on and off the field after being signed for the final four Championship matches last summer, helping the county to gain promotion to Division One.
He picked up 20 wickets, including two five-wicket hauls and also made crucial runs with the bat batting at number six and averaged 42.
Worcestershire have been trying for many months to re-sign Ashwin and have received the green light from the BCCI.
Worcestershire CEO Matt Rawnsley, who has played a major role in the negotiations, said: "We are delighted to have Ashwin coming back for what could be a key part of the season.
"He is one of the best spinners in world cricket and the influence he had here last season cannot be underestimated.
"The lads all speak so highly of him, the impact he had on the field and the way he slotted in so well off the pitch and he was willing to offer advice to our young spinners like Ben Twohig," he added.
Head coach Kevin Sharp echoed Rawnsley's sentiments and said: "Ashwin is world class and he loved it at Worcestershire.


text:
Kładka Słodowa – kładka położona we Wrocławiu, łącząca Wyspę Słodową z terenem osiedla Nadodrze, w rejonie ulicy Drobnera (Bulwar Słoneczny). Przeznaczona jest dla ruchu pieszego i rowerowego. Przerzucona jest nad bocznym ramieniem rzeki – Odrą Północną. Przeprawa została wybudowana w 2003 roku, w ramach programu zagospodarowania wysp w Śródmiejskim Węźle Wodnym. Projekt kładki wykonany został w Pracowni Projektowej Tomasza Bonieckiego oraz ISBA według pomysłu J. Bliszczuka i T. Bonieckiego.

Most składa się z przęsła głównego nad korytem rzeki (rozpiętość 48 m; 49 m, a nad nurtem rzeki 30,69 m) oraz pochylni, schodów i ramp komunikacyjnych, wykonanych z żelbetu, na obu brzegach przekraczanej rzeki. Konstrukcję nośną stanowią dwa rurowe (średnica 450 mm), przenikające się przed zwornikiem, a w zworniku naprzemiennie mijające się, dźwigary stalowe, pochylone w stosunku do pionowej osi obiektu, o kształcie łuku (wysokość łuków 14,87 m), o kształcie parabolicznym ze ściągiem. Funkcję ściągu pełni pomost (szerokość 5,39 m; 6,59 m, szerokość użytkowa nad nurtem 3,5 m), również o konstrukcji stalowej, wykonany w postaci zamkniętego przekroju skrzynkowego, podwieszony za pomocą 20 want w osłonach ze stali nierdzewnej. Przyczółki kładki wykonano w technologii żelbetowej.

Inwestorem dla tej inwestycji był Zarząd Dróg i Komunikacji Urzędu Miejskiego Wrocławia. Generalnym wykonawcą KPRM SKANSKA S.A., a dostawcą want BBR CONA Compact.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Kładka Słodowa na stronie Wratislaviae Amici (dostęp 2010-03-03)
 Kładka Słodowa w Wikimapii (dostęp 2010-03-03)

Słodowa
Stare Miasto (Wrocław)
Nadodrze (Wrocław)
Mosty i wiadukty w Polsce oddane do użytku w latach 2001–2010
Mosty i wiadukty piesze w Polsce

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text:
INGLESIDE, San Francisco — The greater Ingleside neighborhood won't be part of the Slow Streets program any time soon, recommendations made by the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency released last Friday show.
Slow Streets is part of a program designed to give residents more space to socially distance from others to exercise, bike and walk along the street. The roadway is temporarily closed off to most thru traffic, but private vehicles can still enter the street if the final destination is the vicinity of the area.
Back when the SFMTA initially began the program in April, a portion of Holloway Avenue was considered for the first phase, but was eventually dropped after the San Francisco Fire Department said the roadway was needed for emergency vehicle access.
Now, in its fourth phase, several streets in or near Ingleside were included as proposals in November for the fourth phase, but we're all shut out from becoming a Slow Street due to the lack of support from those who took a survey from the SFMTA.
Last Friday, the transit agency released its initial survey findings and recommendations for the proposals that the SFMTA had grouped as Oceanview/Parkside. None of seven proposed Slow Streets received "Strong Support" based on feedback from the community.
A total 228 people responded to the survey specifically about the Oceanview/Parkside Slow Streets proposals. Only 28% of respondents said they supported expanding the program into the neighborhood.
Of the proposed seven streets, three had received the most support: Byxbee Street from Holloway Avenue to Randolph Street, De Montfort Avenue from Ashton to Miramar avenues and Farallones Street from Orizaba to San Jose avenues.
Other streets considered for the program included Ocean Avenue from Country Club Drive to 19th Avenue, Eucalyptus Drive from Clearfield Drive to 20th Avenue (alternative to Ocean Avenue), Montana Street from Orizaba Avenue to Summit Street (alternative to Farallones Street) and Granada Avenue from Ocean to Lakeview avenues.
Dan Weaver, the executive director of the Ocean Avenue Association, said in an email to the SFMTA that he was surprised by the decision to include any of the proposals in the fourth phase of the program.
"If you require strong support you should organize neighborhood meetings and explain the value of Slow Streets," Weaver wrote.
Zack Subin, who lives near the intersection of San Jose and Lakeview avenues, said it was disheartening to learn there would be no Slow Streets in the area. He said he would have liked to see the proposal of Farallones Street from Orizaba to San Jose avenues.
Subin was also surprised to see other areas in the city that were part of the next phase received overwhelming support from those communities.
"We have a longer way to go than I thought and maybe my view of what I would like to see actually happen is the minority," subin said.
Subin added that the transit agency does not necessarily have to follow Slow Streets approach, but can also do meaningful traffic calming improvements to slow drivers down where pedestrians and cyclists feel unsafe.
Jodie Medeiros, executive director of advocacy organization Walk San Francisco, said Slow Streets need not take a "cookie-cutter approach" given the uniqueness of each street and neighborhood, citing the Tenderloin as an example.
"The city worked with the neighbors to get extended walking space on Jones Street because that was what they wanted and needed," Medeiros said. "It took months of planning, and multiple city-agency coordination, but it showed that it can be done if this is what the neighbors desire."
The SFMTA has installed 25 Slow Streets to date.
"I do not feel that soliciting the views of just over 200 people is adequate outreach to determine whether the Ingleside should have Slow Streets," SFMTA Citizens' Advisory Committee member Neil Ballard said. "I'd like to see multilingual posters advertising the online survey as I've seen in other neighborhoods."
Besides the Oceanview/Parkside area, the transit agency sought input from residents on putting Slow Streets in the Bayview, Inner Sunset, Outer Mission, South of Market, Visitacion Valley and Western Addition for phase four of the program. Those survey results can be found on its website.
Categories News Tags COVID-19, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, Slow Streets


Installing a closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance system used to be something only professionals could do. However, with the advances in the technology and the use of plug-and-play cabling, almost anyone can install a CCTV surveillance system. CCTV camera comprise four basic components: the cameras---typically including a power supply---a recorder, a monitor and cabling. If you do not have a surveillance monitor, a standard television can be used as a monitor as long as it has an RCA video input. To use a TV as a monitor, you will also need a Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC Connectors) to RCA adapter, which can be purchased online for a few dollars. If you have purchased a surveillance camera kit, most of the items you need will be included in the kit.
Make a sketch of the area where you will install the cameras and surveillance DVRs.
Determine how you will route the plug-and-play cables from the DVR to the cameras and insure your cabling is long enough to reach each camera. Install the cables.
Install the cameras, using the supplied hardware with your electric screwdriver.
Connect the plug-and-play cables to each camera.
Connect the other end of the plug-and-play cables to the DVR and camera power supplies. Plug in the DVR and camera power supplies.
Connect the DVRs to your monitor. If you are using a TV, plug the RCA adapter into the TV video input and plug the DVR video output cable into the RCA adapter. Turn on your TV and set the input to "video in" or "aux in."


text:
HomeLatest NewsSyria Latest NewsAleppoAleppo ceasefire: Assad regime target rebel-held areas again
Aleppo ceasefire: Assad regime target rebel-held areas again
A Syrian girl being rescued after an Assad regime airstrike on Aleppo, June 15
Assad regime airstrikes hit rebel-held parts of Aleppo just hours into an announced 48-hour ceasefire and fighting carried on in and around the northern Syrian city.
Aleppo has been divided for years into rebel and government sectors. Capturing the city is one of President Bashar al-Assad's key strategic objectives.
Russia, an ally of Syria, announced the truce there on Thursday but did not say which parties had agreed to it. There has been no public comment on the truce announcement from Assad's government or factions fighting his forces.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said aerial bombardments hit a number of neighborhoods in the opposition-held sector and that there were reports of one death and some injuries.
"There were strikes on a number of residential areas causing fires and damage. The truce was supposed to have come into effect at 12 midnight, but now there is no truce," Bebars Mishal, a civil defense chief working in rebel-held areas of Aleppo said.
Medical charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) said an air strike had put one of Aleppo's biggest hospitals out of service.
It was not immediately clear if strikes had hit the 64-bed MSF-supported Omar Bin Abdulaziz hospital directly or nearby, and the extent of damage was not known.
MSF condemned the continued attacks on healthcare in Syria on its Twitter account and said it was "extremely worried about (the) potential impact on people's access to healthcare" in the city.
Two residents in Aleppo said there had been a number of barrel bombs dropped from helicopters and aerial attacks on Thursday within the city.
(1/3)Yet another hospital affected by airstrikes in #Aleppo #Syria MSF-supported Omar Bin Abdulaziz is currently out of service #NotATarget
— MSF Ireland (@MSF_ireland) June 16, 2016
Only supply route is cut
The opposition-held part of Aleppo has been cut off in the past two weeks from the outside world as an escalation in air and artillery strikes on the only road in has made journeys perilous and put hundreds of thousands of people under effective siege.
Despite the truce, fierce fighting between government forces and rebels took place overnight around this road, known as the Castello road, with heavy government shelling of the area, the Observatory said.
A witness said jets and helicopters have been continuously seen in the skies above the Castello road since dawn.
Humanitarian organizations said the fighting was making it impossible to deliver aid.
"The longer the fighting continues, the more people will suffer. In Aleppo the situation is already dire and it will get even more difficult," a spokesman for the International Committee of the Red Cross said.
After math of Assad regime airstrikes on Aleppo, June 9
After math of Assad regime airstrikes on Aleppo, June 16
Aleppo ceasefire
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Column: Turkey: Strategic dimensions of Russian S-400 deal
October 6, 2017 MEO Staff Column, Turkey Latest News
BY: Dr.Said Elhaj* Since its access to power in Turkey in 2002, Turkey's Justice and Development Party (AK Party) has paid great attention to two important issues that were neglected before, due to their strategic [ More … ]


Before you head under the knife or pop that pill, check our doctor-approved list to make sure it's really necessary for you.
Modern medicine isn't perfect, and sometimes doctors prescribe medical interventions out of habit even though new evidence shows they're not effective, too dangerous, or don't always work. One of these is epidural steroid injections for back pain. Although these shots may work short-term, they have risky potential complications like neurological problems or paralysis. "Generally, epidural steroid injection isn't very useful for treatment of chronic back or neck pain," says Steven Severyn, MD, an anesthesiologist at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. In addition, research has shown the injections haven't reduced the number of back surgeries. If the pain is caused by nerve issues (sciatica) instead of arthritis, "it will often relieve nerve inflammation causing the limb pain and allow time for naturally occurring improvement to take place," Dr. Severyn says. However, the injections' usefulness is still only short-term. Other treatments for back pain, such as physical therapy, can be a better plan for long-term improvement. Don't miss these medical procedures and treatments you can do at home.
Unfortunately, surgery for back pain isn't always a good option either. For some conditions, says Dr. Severyn, it can be helpful: spinal instability; loss of limb, bowel, or bladder motor functions; spinal infection; and other severe issues. But, back surgery shouldn't be an option for chronic lower back pain, he says. And even when surgery is indicated, surgeons are using unnecessarily complicated procedures, suggests a study from Sweden. In the random trial, patients with spinal stenosis got either a simple procedure called decompression which relieved pressure on the nerves, or they underwent decompression with spinal fusion, in which adjacent vertebrae are screwed together to give the spine more stability. The study found that the outcomes in both patients were the same, but the spinal fusion patients had a greater risk of bleeding. Before rushing to surgery, Dr. Severyn says, "find a physician who has experience, a broad comprehensive perspective, and a lot of treatment resources." And unless it's an emergency, get a second opinion before saying yes to back surgery.
How Many Times a Year Should You Really See the Doctor for Checkups?


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Unfaithful (2002)
123Movies - Unfaithful (2002)
Genre: Drama, Romance, Thriller
Starring: Richard Gere, Diane Lane, Olivier Martinez
Director: Adrian Lyne
Storyline:  Connie Sumner has a loving husband, a beautiful home, and a wonderful son, but she wants more. When shes approached one day by a handsome stranger while trying to hail a taxi, she becomes obsessed with him and eventually starts an affair. But her selfish actions soon catch up with her...
# Tags:	Richard Gere Diane Lane Olivier Martinez
Sällskapsresan
Sällskapsresan eller Finns det svenskt kaffe på grisfesten
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Heaven and Eart
Heaven and Earth (1994)
Heaven and Earth (1994) In much the same vein as "The Untouchables", Andy Lau stars as a Cantonese detective out to combat opium sellers. Encountering high-level corruption along with close friends being murdered, Lau sets out to stop the dealers.
Crimes and Misd
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) Judah Rosenthal is an ophthalmologist and a pillar of the community who has a big problem: his mistress Dolores Paley has told him that he is to leave his wife and marry her - as he had promised to do - or she will tell everyone of their affair. When he intercepts a le
Fighting (2009)
In New York City, a young counterfeiter is introduced to the world of underground street fighting by a seasoned scam artist, who becomes his manager on the bare-knuckling brawling circuit.
The BFG (2016)
Ten-year-old Sophie is in for the adventure of a lifetime when she meets the Big Friendly Giant (Mark Rylance). Naturally scared at first, the young girl soon realizes that the 24-foot behemoth is actually quite gentle and charming. As their friendship grows, Sophie's presence attracts the unwanted
The Philadelphi
The Philadelphia Experiment (1984)
The Philadelphia Experiment (1984) In 1943, the United States tests an anti-radar system to make the U.S. Navy ships invisible to the enemy. Dr. James Longstreet uses his experiment in the destroyer escort USS Eldridge that disappears from Philadelphia. The sailors David Herdeg and his best friend J
HighRise Rescue
HighRise Rescue (2017)
HighRise Rescue (2017) In this captivating and intense drama, Beth Davis (Catherine Bell), the successful architect of the state-of-the art high-rise Princeton Towers in Chicago's west loop, is off for a four-week business trip to Miami for another big project much to the chagrin of her husband Jack
The Cheshire Mu
The Cheshire Murders (2013)
The Cheshire Murders (2013) In the quiet suburb of Cheshire, Connecticut, Jennifer Petit and her two young daughters were killed in a horrific home invasion; husband and father William Petit was the only one who escaped alive. This gripping film explores the events of that shocking triple homicide t
Comes a Horsema
Comes a Horseman (1978)
Comes a Horseman (1978) Ella Connors is a single woman who gets pressured to sell her failing cattle farm to her corrupt ex suitor, Jacob Ewing. She asks for help from her neighbor, Frank Athearn. As Ella and Frank fight back through stampedes, jealousy, betrayal, and sabotage...they eventually find
Broke (2016)
Broke (2016) A disgraced sports star and gambling addict attempts to turn his life around with the support of his number one fan.
My Wifes Romanc
My Wifes Romance (2011)
My Wifes Romance (2011) Eve's husband Paul, disappears mysteriously one day and leaves behind a huge debt. As the police investigates the case, Paul's former associate Chollet offers Eve his support. Little later Chollet becomes himself a suspect.
Deadly Innocent
Deadly Innocents (1989)
Deadly Innocents (1989) Angela is a sensitive teenager and her fanatically religious father has forced her to dress and work like a boy in his gas station. When Beth who has a split personality escapes from the sanitarium, she meets Angela. Beth tempts Angela to be a real girl by wearing Angela moth
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Party Bus to Hell (2017)
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Mari Cookie and
Mari Cookie and the Killer Tarantula (1998)
Mari Cookie and the Killer Tarantula 1998 When two people have disappeared, the mysterious Tarantula is suspected
Comradeship (19
Comradeship (1931)
Comradeship (1931) Plea against war and for friendship between peoples, through the story of French miners rescued by German colleagues after a firedamp explosion.
Real Women Have
Real Women Have Curves (2002)
Ana, a first generation Mexican American teenager living in East Los Angeles, has just graduated from high school. Because she is a talented writer, a caring teacher urges her to apply to college. Ana secretly is excited about the possibility, but her overbearing and hypercritical mother, Carmen, in
Canaries (2017)
Canaries (2017) The first wave of an alien invasion coincides with a New Years Eve party in a Welsh valley.
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