text:
A coast guard or coastguard is a national organization responsible for various services at sea. However the term implies widely different responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with customs and security duties to being a volunteer organization tasked with search and rescue functions and lacking any law enforcement powers.
Among the responsibilities that may be entrusted to a coast guard service are:
search and rescue,
enforcement of maritime law,
safety of vessels,
maintenance of seamarks and
Border controls are measures used by a country to monitor or regulate its borders.The control of the flow of many people, animals and goods across a border may be controlled by government Customs services. Security is enforced by various kinds of Border Guards and Coast Guards...
During wartime, some coast guard organizations might have responsibilities in harbor defense, port security, naval counter- intelligence and coastal patrols.
The coast guard may, varying by jurisdiction, be part of the country's military
A military is an organization authorized by its greater society to use lethal force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or perceived threats. The military may have additional functions of use to its greater society, such as advancing a political agenda e.g...
, a law enforcement agency, or a search and rescue body. For example, the U.S. Coast Guard is a military branch with a law enforcement capacity, whereas the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
's Her Majesty's Coastguard
Her Majesty's Coastguard
Her Majesty's Coastguard is the service of the government of the United Kingdom concerned with co-ordinating air-sea rescue.HM Coastguard is a section of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency responsible for the initiation and co-ordination of all civilian maritime Search and Rescue within the UK...
is a civilian organisation whose only role is search and rescue. Most coast guards operate ship
Since the end of the age of sail a ship has been any large buoyant marine vessel. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people or goods, fishing,...
s and aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.Although...
including helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine-driven rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally...
s and seaplane
A seaplane is a fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are a subclass called amphibian aircraft...
s that are either owned or leased by the agency in order to fulfill their respective roles.
Some coastguards, such as the Irish Coast Guard
Irish Coast Guard
The Irish Coast Guard is part of the Department of Transport. The Irish Search and Rescue Region, which includes most of the Republic of Ireland and parts of Northern Ireland is the area over which the coast guard has authority. This area is bounded by the UK Search and Rescue Region...
have only a very limited law enforcement role, usually in enforcing maritime safety law, such as by inspecting ships docked in their jurisdiction.
In cases where the coast guard is primarily concerned with coordinating rather than executing rescue operations, lifeboat
Lifeboat (rescue)
A rescue lifeboat is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors, to rescue crewmen and passengers. It can be hand pulled, sail powered or powered by an engine...
s are often provided by civilian voluntary organizations, such as the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The Royal National Lifeboat Institution is a charity that saves lives at sea around the coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, as well as on selected inland waterways....
, whilst aircraft may be provided by the countries' armed forces
The armed forces of a country are its government-sponsored defense, fighting forces, and organizations. They exist to further the foreign and domestic policies of their governing body, and to defend that body and the nation it represents from external aggressors. In some countries paramilitary...
, such as Sea Kings
Sea King helicopter
Sea King helicopter may refer to:* SH-3 Sea King* CH-124 Sea King* Westland Sea King...
operated by the RAF
The Royal Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. Formed on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world...
and Royal Navy
The Royal Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. Founded in the 16th century, it is the oldest service branch and is known as the Senior Service...
in addition to any of the coast guard's own assets.
Type and role by country
The following lists a select number of coast guards around the world, illustrating the varied roles they play in the respective countries they operate in:
The Argentine Naval Prefecture
Argentine Naval Prefecture
The Argentine Naval Prefecture, in Spanish Prefectura Naval Argentina or PNA, is a service of the Argentine Interior Ministry charged with protecting the country's rivers and maritime territory...
, in Spanish Prefectura Naval Argentina or PNA, is a service of the Argentine Interior Ministry charged with protecting the country's rivers and maritime territory. It therefore fulfills the functions of other countries' coast guards, and furthermore acts as a gendarmerie
A gendarmerie or gendarmery is a military force charged with police duties among civilian populations. Members of such a force are typically called "gendarmes". The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary describes a gendarme as "a soldier who is employed on police duties" and a "gendarmery, -erie" as...
force policing navigable rivers.
While having 19,650 kilometres of coastline, Australia does not have a force purely to defend its coast. The duty of patrolling its coastline falls to the Royal Australian Navy
Royal Australian Navy
The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the separate colonial navies were integrated into a national force: the Commonwealth Naval Forces...
, the Australian Customs (through its Border Protection Command division), and the Police services of the states.
In addition, there are several private volunteer coast guard organizations, the two largest organizations being the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol (established in 1937) and the Australian Volunteer Coast Guard (established in 1961). These volunteer organizations have no law enforcement powers, and are essentially auxiliary Search and Rescue services.
The Bangladesh Coast Guard
Bangladesh Coast Guard
Bangladesh Coast Guard is the maritime border patrol agency of Bangladesh. It is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs but its officers are transferred from the Bangladesh Navy. The headquarter is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.- History :The Coast Guard Act 1994 was passed by the...
's officers are transferred from the Bangladesh Navy
Bangladesh Navy
The Bangladesh Navy is the naval arm of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. At present the navy is mostly limited to coastal patrolling, however it is implementing an ambitious procurement and expansion program to ensure the security of Bangladesh's maritime boundary...
. While under the remit of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the coast guard is part of the country's military.
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, the Canadian Coast Guard
The Canadian Coast Guard is the coast guard of Canada. It is a federal agency responsible for providing maritime search and rescue , aids to navigation, marine pollution response, marine radio, and icebreaking...
(CCG) is a civilian service under the Department of Fisheries and Oceans responsible for patrolling the world's longest coastline of 243,042 km (~151,000 mi).
The CCG holds responsibility for all marine search and rescue in Canada. The CCG coordinates search and rescue operations with the Canadian Forces
Canadian Forces
The Canadian Forces , officially the Canadian Armed Forces , are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."...
, Royal Canadian Mounted Police
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police , literally 'Royal Gendarmerie of Canada'; colloquially known as The Mounties, and internally as 'The Force') is the national police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal,...
, and other organizations. The CCG maintains and operates seamarks, coastal light stations, vessel traffic services, marine pollution response services, marine communications systems and provides icebreaking services. CCG also operates all federal scientific research and hydrographic survey vessels. To accomplish these tasks, CCG has a sizable fleet of vessels and aircraft, all serviced from various bases and smaller stations located on three coasts (Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...
, Arctic
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions...
, Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...
) and the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface, coming in second by volume...
and St. Lawrence River.
The Canadian Coast Guard College
Canadian Coast Guard College
The Canadian Coast Guard College is a maritime training college and Canadian Coast Guard facility located in Westmount in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, near Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada....
is located near Sydney, Nova Scotia
Sydney, Nova Scotia
Sydney is a Canadian urban community in the province of Nova Scotia. It is situated on the east coast of Cape Breton Island and is administratively part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality....
See article: Chinese Coast Guard
The Peoples Republic of China operates several coast guard agencies. It is believed that in the near future, an integration of all these separate services would form a Chinese coast guard. In addition, these services operate their own small aviation units to assist their maritime patrol capabilities.
The China Coast Guard
China Coast Guard
The China Coast Guard serves as a coordinating body for maritime search and rescue in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China...
(Simplified Chinese: 中国海警) serves as a coordinating body for maritime search and rescue in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. The China Coast Guard is the maritime branch of the Public Security Border Troops, a paramilitary police force under the leadership of the Ministry of Public Security
Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China
The Ministry of Public Security , is the principal police and security authority of the mainland of the People's Republic of China and the government agency that exercises oversight over and is ultimately responsible for day-to-day law enforcement...
(MPS).
The China Maritime Safety Administration (Chinese: 中国海事局) is a government agency which coordinates maritime search and rescue in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. The CMSA is part of the Ministry of Transport.
The China Marine Surveillance (CMS), created on 19 October 1998, is a paramilitary maritime law enforcement agency of the State Oceanic Administration
State Oceanic Administration
State Oceanic Administration is an administrative agency subordinate to the Ministry of Land and Resources, responsible for the supervision and management of sea area in the People's Republic of China and coastal environmental protection, protecting national maritime rights and organizing...
of the People's Republic of China. The force is responsible for enforcing laws and order within China's territorial waters, exclusive economic zones (EEZ), and shores, protect maritime environment, natural resources, navigation aids and other facilities, and carry out maritime surveys. In time of emergency, the force can also be deployed for other missions such as search and rescue.
The China Fisheries Law Enforcement Command (FLEC)(Chinese: 中国渔政) , an organ of the Fisheries Management Bureau under the PRC Ministry of Agriculture, is responsible for the enforcement of laws concerning fishing and maritime resources within PRC's territorial waters and exclusive economic zones (EEZ). FLEC's responsibilities include protecting Chinese fishing vessels and personnel, resolving disputes in fishing activities, preventing illegal fishing, and protecting maritime resources.
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, the Coast Guard Administration (ROCCGA) is both a military
and a law enforcement
Law enforcement agency
In North American English, a law enforcement agency is a government agency responsible for the enforcement of the laws.Outside North America, such organizations are called police services. In North America, some of these services are called police while others have other names In North American...
organization. The ROCCGA is considered a civilian law enforcement agency under the administration of the Executive Yuan
Executive Yuan
The Executive Yuan is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China , commonly known as "Taiwan".-Organization and structure:...
, though during wartime it may be incorporated as part of the military. Its primary roles are in ensuring the safety and security of the country's waters and coordinating search and rescue efforts.
ROCCGA is instituted Maritime Patrol Directorate General and Coast Patrol Directorate General. Officers of Maritime Patrol Directorate General are law executors, but officers of Coast Patrol Directorate General are soldiers who have partial law-enforcement power.
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, Affaires maritimes is the closest organization to Coast Guards. In each region, a Naval Admiral, called Préfet Maritime, is in charge of coordination of all state services for action at sea (Navy
The French Navy, officially the Marine nationale and often called La Royale is the maritime arm of the French military. It includes a full range of fighting vessels, from patrol boats to a nuclear powered aircraft carrier and 10 nuclear-powered submarines, four of which are capable of launching...
, Affaires maritimes, gendarmerie, customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods including animals, transports, personal effects and hazardous items in and out of a country...
, fishery survey ...). The charity, Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer
Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer
The Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer is a French voluntary organisation founded in 1967 by merging the Société Centrale de Sauvetage des Naufragés and the Hospitaliers Sauveteurs Bretons...
, provides most life saving duties at the local level.
The German Federal Coast Guard
German Federal Coast Guard
The German Federal Coast Guard is a civilian law enforcement organisation whose primary missions are border protection, maritime environmental protection, shipping safety, fishery protection and customs enforcement...
, known as the Küstenwache, is both a civilian service and a law enforcement organisation, staffed with both police officers and certain civilians from the various German federal agencies associated with maritime administration with responsibility for the coordination of all law enforcement activities within its jurisdiction.
The Haitian Coast Guard
Haitian Coast Guard
The Haitian Coast Guard, officially the Coast Guard Commission , is an operational unit of the Haitian National Police. It is one of the few law enforcement organisations in the world to combine water policing and coast guard duties while remaining as a policing unit...
is an operational unit of the Haitian National Police
Haitian National Police
The Haitian National Police or PNd'H, is the law enforcement and defense force of Haiti. It was created in 1995 to bring public security under civilian control as mandated in Haiti's constitution. More than 8,500 police officers have completed training in modern law enforcement. U.S...
. It is one of the few law enforcement organisations in the world to combine water policing and coast guard duties while remaining as a policing unit. It operates primarily as a law enforcement agency, with secondary responsibilities in search and rescue.
In Hong Kong, law enforcement duties are carried out by the Marine Police
Hong Kong Marine Police
The Marine Region is a branch of the Hong Kong Police Force, more widely known as the Marine Police. The marine police patrol of waters within the territory of Hong Kong, including 263 islands. The Marine Region with about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 142 in total, made up of 70 launches and 72...
and the Customs and Excise Department. The Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre
Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre
The Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre is responsible for coordinating air-sea rescue in Hong Kong and an extensive area of the South China Sea...
(HKMRCC) co-ordinates search and rescue vessels, aircraft and other resources of the Fire Services Department, Government Flying Service, Marine Department and the Marine Police.
The Icelandic Coast Guard
Icelandic Coast Guard
The Icelandic Coast Guard is the service responsible for Iceland's coastal defense and maritime and aeronautical search and rescue. Origins of the Icelandic Coast Guard can be traced to 1859, when the corvette Ørnen started patrolling Icelandic waters...
has primarily been a law enforcement
organisation but is also in charge of national defences
. It has also involved with Iceland's contributions to expeditionary operations and conducted military
Military of Iceland
Icelands defences consist of the Icelandic Coast Guard which patrols Icelandic waters and airspace and other services such as the National Commissioner's National Security and Special Forces Units....
exercises. For example Operation Enduring Freedom and Northern Challenge.
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, the Indian Coast Guard
The Indian Coast Guard is a branch of the Indian Armed Forces. Its mission is the protection of India's maritime interests and maritime law enforcement with jurisdiction over both territorial and international waters....
is armed forces of union, under ministry of defence and, in contrast with some coast guard units, resembles a naval coastal defence force. It has responsibility for search and rescue, enforcement of maritime law- smuggling, immigration and shipping regulations- and protecting the country's maritime and offshore resources
The Irish Coast Guard (IRCG) makes up one arm of the Maritime Safety Services, the other being the Maritime Safety Directorate. Both arms are due to merge into a new "one stop shop" Agency for all maritime safety matters.
The purpose of the Irish Coast Guard is:
To reduce the loss of life within the Irish Search and Rescue Region and on rivers, lakes and waterways and to protect the quality of the marine environment within the Irish Pollution Responsibility Zone, Harbours and Maritime Local Authority areas and to preserve property.
To promote safety standards, and by doing so, prevent, as far as possible, the loss of life at sea and on inland waters and other areas, and to provide an effective emergency response service".
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, the Guardia Costiera
The Corps of the Port Captaincies - Coast Guard is the coast guard of Italy and is part of the Italian Navy under the control of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport....
is part of the Italian Navy under the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport. They have responsibility for enforcement of shipping and maritime safety regulations, as well as performing search and rescue duties
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, The Japan Coast Guard
Japan Coast Guard
The , formerly the Maritime Safety Agency, is the Japanese coast guard. Comprising about 12,000 personnel, it is under the oversight of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and is responsible for the protection the coast-lines of Japan...
is under the oversight of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and is responsible for the protection the coast-lines of Japan.
In Malaysia, the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) or Malaysian Coast Guard is part of the Malaysian Civil Service and is under the Prime Minister's Department
Prime Minister's Department
The Prime Minister's Department is a federal government ministry in Malaysia. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia followed by other ministers in the Prime Minister's Department. The Department consists of the Prime Minister's Office, the Deputy Prime Minister's Office and more than 50...
The Agency is headed by a Director General who is appointed by the Yang Di Pertuan Agong (King) on the advice of the Prime Minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
while other personnel are appointed by the Public Service Commission.
In times of war
War is a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged conflict carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political...
, crisis or emergency, the Agency may be placed under the command of the Malaysian Armed Forces. It was formed to combat the rise of piracy in the Malaccan and Moluccan straits, especially after frequent attacks from the Orang laut
Orang Laut
The Orang Laut, or Bajau Laut are a group of Malay people living in the Riau Islands of Indonesia. It also may refer to any Malay origin people living on coastal islands, including those of Andaman Sea islands in Thailand and Burma, commonly known as Moken.-Etymology:The Malay term orang laut...
pirate during the 1900s. Personnel often work very closely with the Royal Malaysian Navy
Royal Malaysian Navy
The Royal Malaysian Navy is the naval arm of Malaysian Armed Forces. All commissioned ships of the RMN have the prefix KD , which means Royal Ship.-Straits Settlement Naval Volunteer Reserve:...
and Royal Malaysian Air Force. The Coast Guard operates a Special Forces Commando or STAR (Special Weapons and Tactics) unit, which was absorbed from the Navy's PASKAL
The Royal Malaysian Navy PASukan Khas Laut , commonly known as the PASKAL compose the Special Operations Forces of the Royal Malaysian Navy, employed in direct action and special reconnaissance operations...
and Air Force's PASKAU
Paskau
Paskau may refer to:* PASKAU, a special forces unit of the Royal Malaysian Air Force* the town of Paskov in the Czech Republic...
. The agency utilizes its resources in a maritime law enforcement and search and rescue capacity.
The Netherlands Coastguard (Nederlandse Kustwacht) is a national organisation responsible for various services along The Netherlands' ocean coast line (mainly search and rescue services).
Netherlands Antilles & Aruba
The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Coastguard is the coast guard of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, both of which are protectorates of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Royal New Zealand Coastguard
Royal New Zealand Coastguard
The Royal New Zealand Coastguard is the civilian volunteer coast guard of New Zealand, the primary search and rescue organisation for the nation's coastal waterways and major lakes...
is a civilian volunteer charitable organisation, providing search and rescue services to coastal waterways and some lakes in New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
. Smaller incidents are coordinated by the New Zealand Police
New Zealand Police
The New Zealand Police is the national police force of New Zealand, responsible for enforcing criminal law, enhancing public safety, maintaining order and keeping the peace throughout New Zealand...
, who may call on the services and resources of the coastguard. Larger incidents are managed by the Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ), with support from the New Zealand Defence Force
New Zealand Defence Force
The New Zealand Defence Force consists of three services: the Royal New Zealand Navy; the New Zealand Army; and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Commander-in-Chief of the NZDF is His Excellency Rt. Hon...
The Norwegian Coast Guard
Norwegian Coast Guard
The Norwegian Coast Guard, or Kystvakten in Norwegian, is a military force and part of the Royal Norwegian Navy, but has separate vessels, many of which are purpose-built. All coast guard vessels have the prefix KV. Four of these vessels are capable of embarking one or more helicopters...
, or Kystvakten in Norwegian, is a part of the Royal Norwegian Navy
Royal Norwegian Navy
The Royal Norwegian Navy is the branch of the Norwegian Defence Force responsible for naval operations. , the RNoN consists of approximately 3,700 personnel and 70 vessels, including 5 heavy frigates, 6 submarines, 14 patrol boats, 4 minesweepers, 4 minehunters, 1 mine detection vessel, 4 support...
, but has separate vessels, many of which are purpose-built. Coast guard vessels have the prefix KV. Four of these vessels are capable of embarking one or more helicopters. Norway's exclusive economic zone, the Coast Guard's area of responsibility, is about 2.2 million square kilometers, the largest in Western Europe.
In Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, the Pakistani Coast Guard
Pakistan Coast Guard
The Pakistan Coast Guards is an important branch of the Pakistan Civil Armed Forces and one of the six paramilitary services operating under the administrative control of Minisrty of Interior, Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Coast Guards, headquartered in Karachi, is unique in that it has...
is the youngest of the nation's armed forces. It is a military force in its right, as opposed to being part of the Pakistan Navy
The Pakistan Navy is the naval warfare/service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Pakistan's Navy is responsible for Pakistan's coastline along the Arabian Sea and the defense of important civilian harbors and military bases...
. The coast guard has responsibilities for protecting and the country's coastlines in terms of strategic security, as well as law enforcement within the country's Exclusive economic zone
Exclusive Economic Zone
Under the law of the sea, an exclusive economic zone is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, including production of energy from water and wind. It stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical...
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, the Philippine Coast Guard
The Philippine Coast Guard is a maritime law enforcement agency operating under the Department of Transportation and Communications of the Philippines....
(PCG) is a maritime law enforcement agency operating under the Department of Transportation and Communications of the Philippine government. It is tasked with the broader enforcement of maritime laws, especially against smuggling
Smuggling is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons, such as out of a building, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations.There are various motivations to smuggle...
, illegal fishing, drug trafficking, and piracy
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator...
. It patrols the country's 36,289-kilometer coastline, and is also involved in maritime search and rescue
Search and rescue is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger.The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, mostly based upon terrain considerations...
(SAR) missions, as well as the protection of the marine environment.
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, the coast guard role is performed by several government agencies that, together, form the Sistema de Autoridade Marítima (Maritime Authority System) or SAM. The SAM includes the Portuguese Navy
Portuguese Navy
The Portuguese Navy is the naval branch of the Portuguese Armed Forces which, in cooperation and integrated with the other branches of the Portuguese military, is charged with the military defence of Portugal....
, the Portuguese National Republican Guard
Portuguese National Republican Guard
The Portuguese National Republican Guard is the gendarmerie of Portugal. Members of the GNR are soldiers, who, unlike the agents of the Public Security Police , are subject to military law and organisation...
, the Portuguese Air Force
The Portuguese Air Force is the air force of Portugal. Formed on July 1, 1952, with the Aeronáutica Militar and Aviação Naval united in a single independent Air Force, it is one of the three branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces and its origins dates back to 1912, when the military aviation...
, the Border and Imigration Service, the Civil Protection Authority, the National Medical Emergency Institute and the Criminal Police.
The SAM coordinator is the National Maritime Authority, a function performed by the Chief of Staff of the Navy. The National Maritime Authority is supported by the Portuguese Navy's Maritime Authority Directorate, which includes the Maritime Police, the Lifeguard Institute, the Lighthouse Department and the several harbourmaster
Harbourmaster
A harbourmaster is an official responsible for enforcing the regulations of a particular harbour or port, in order to ensure the safety of navigation, the security of the harbour and the correct operation of the port facilities.-Responsibilities:Harbourmasters are normally responsible for issuing...
The vessels operated within the SAM include the Maritime Police patrol boats, the Lifeguard Institute lifeboats, the harbourmasters harbour boats, the National Republican Guard Coastal Control Unit surveillance boats and the Portuguese Navy naval ships. The aircraft operated within the SAM include fixed-wing aircraft from the Portuguese Air Force and helicopters from the Navy, the Air Force and the Civil Protection.
Maritime Border Troops of the Russian Border Troops the operate within the twelve-mile limit of Russian territorial waters and are equipped with frigates and corvettes, fast patrol boats, hydrofoils, helicopters, and light aircraft.
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, the Police Coast Guard
Police Coast Guard
The Police Coast Guard is the Marine Police division of the Singapore Police Force which also takes on roles of the coast guard typically handled by the military or as separate organisations in other countries...
(PCG) is an operational department of the Singapore Police Force
The Singapore Police Force is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police , it has grown from an 11-man organisation to a 38,587 strong force...
. Functions of the coast guard were transferred from the Republic of Singapore Navy
The Republic of Singapore Navy is the naval component of the Singapore Armed Forces , responsible for the defence of Singapore against sea-borne threats and protection of its sea lines of communications. Operating within the crowded littoral waters of the Singapore Strait, the RSN is regarded as...
to what was then the Marine Police in February 1993. The Marine Police was thus restructured and renamed as the Police Coast Guard, one of the few law enforcement
organizations in the world to combine water policing and coast guard duties while remaining as a policing unit. It operates primarily as a law enforcement agency, with secondary responsibilities in search and rescue.
Spain operates several coast guard agencies:
The Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima
Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima
The Spanish Maritime Safety Agency, in spanish: Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima also known as SASEMAR or Salvamento Marítimo is a sea search and rescue organisation, that operates in Spain.Is the body in charge of maritime traffic control, safety and rescue operations, as well as...
, also known as Salvamento Marítimo, or by its acronym SASEMAR, is the body in charge of maritime traffic control, safety and rescue operations, as well as protection of the maritime environment, but lacks any law enforcement responsibilities. The agency runs 20 rescue coordination centers (RCC), employs a staff of 1500 and operates a fleet of 19 vessels, 54 boats, 8 helicopters and 4 airplanes.
Customs and border protection functions in Spain are carried out by the Servicio Marítimo de la Guardia Civil, with a staff of 1100 and a fleet of 67 patrol vessels and speedboats.
Salvamento Marítimo operates in the four international SAR areas assigned to Spain: Atlántico, Canarias, Estrecho and Mediterráneo, covering a combined extension of 1.5 million square kilometers. During a maritime emergency, Salvamento Marítimo is responsible for the coordination of other possible responders, like the Spanish Navy
Spanish Navy
The Spanish Navy is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, one of the oldest active naval forces in the world. The Armada is responsible for notable achievements in world history such as the discovery of Americas, the first world circumnavigation, and the discovery of a maritime path...
or the Servicio Aéreo de Rescate http://www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es/ea/pag?idDoc=7EB5FB2927D61F00C12570DD0042AC2F&idRef=10484C96F3C0F26BC1257459002698E5, that comprises squadrons 801, 802 and 803 of the Spanish Air Force
Spanish Air Force
-The early stages:Hot air balloons had been used with military purposes in Spain as far back as 1896. In 1905, with the help of Alfredo Kindelán, Leonardo Torres y Quevedo directed the construction of the first Spanish dirigible in the Army Military Aerostatics Service, created in 1896 and located...
In Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
, until 2009 a Coast Guard Unit existed under the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, responsible for fishy and natural resource protection coastal areas. A new Department of Coast Guard was created under the Department of Coast Guard Bill presented to parliament in 2009. The department would be under the purview of the Ministry of Defense and be staffed by civilian personal. The department's responsibilities include search and rescue
, law enforcement
within the country's Exclusive economic zone
, conducting anti-smuggling and anti-immigration operations, suppression of terrorist activities in territorial waters of Sri Lanka.
The Swedish Coast Guard (Swedish: Kustbevakningen) is a Swedish civilian government agency with combination of police tasks, border control, maritime rescue and environmental control. Coast Guard officers carries the same equipment and similar uniforms to regular Swedish police officers.
maritime surveillance and other control and inspection tasks as well as environmental cleanup after oil spills at sea
co-ordinate the civilian needs for maritime surveillance and maritime information
follow international development within the field and take part in international efforts to establish border controls, law enforcement at sea, environmental protection at sea and other maritime surveillance tasks.
The Swedish coast guard carries out some of its surveillance by air (from its base in Skavsta near Stockholm), and some on ice and snow (from its Luleå station). It also has marine duties in Lake Vänern, Europe's third largest lake, operating out of Vänersborg.
, Her Majesty's Coastguard
is purely concerned with search and rescue
It has no role in the maintenance of seamarks which is instead the responsibility of Trinity House
Trinity House
The Corporation of Trinity House of Deptford Strond is the official General Lighthouse Authority for England, Wales and other British territorial waters...
, the Northern Lighthouse Board
Northern Lighthouse Board
The Northern Lighthouse Board is the General Lighthouse Authority for Scotland and the Isle of Man. It is a non-departmental public body responsible for marine navigation aids around coastal areas.-History:...
(in Scotland) and the Commissioners of Irish Lights
Commissioners of Irish Lights
The Commissioners of Irish Lights is the body that serves as the lighthouse authority for Ireland plus its adjacent seas and islands...
(in Northern Ireland), nor has it any concern with customs enforcement, which is the responsibility of the UK Border Agency
UK Border Agency
The UK Border Agency is the border control body of the United Kingdom government and part of the Home Office. It was formed on 1 April 2008 by a merger of the Border and Immigration Agency , UKvisas and the Detection functions of HM Revenue and Customs...
HM Coastguard does not possess many of its own lifeboats but does have several MCA Falcons which are a type of lifeboat that are used in areas that might not necessarily have a lifeboat provided by the volunteer Royal National Lifeboat Institution
, although it often wet lease
Wet lease
Aircraft leases are a number of types of leases used by airlines and other aircraft operators. Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons; to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them, and to provide temporary increase in capacity...
s commercial helicopters — mainly Sikorsky S-92
The Sikorsky S-92 is a four-bladed twin-engine medium-lift helicopter built by Sikorsky Aircraft for the civil and military helicopter market. The S-92 was developed from the Sikorsky S-70 helicopter and has similar parts such as flight control and rotor systems.The H-92 Superhawk is a military...
s and AgustaWestland AW139
AgustaWestland AW139
The AgustaWestland AW139 is a 15-seat medium sized twin-engined helicopter manufactured by AgustaWestland. Originally designed and developed jointly by Agusta and Bell Helicopters and marketed as the Agusta-Bell AB139, it was redesignated the AW139 when Bell withdrew from the project...
s— and tugs to provide search and rescue cover in certain areas. It does, however, maintain a number of search, cliff and mud rescue teams as well as some inshore rescue boats and is a coordinating body and public face for the maritime search and rescue services. It is part of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency
Maritime and Coastguard Agency
The Maritime and Coastguard Agency is a UK executive agency working to prevent the loss of lives at sea and is responsible for implementing British and International maritime law and safety policy.This involves coordinating search and rescue at sea through Her Majesty's Coastguard , ensuring that...
, which in itself is an executive agency
Executive agency
An executive agency, also known as a next-step agency, is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate in order to carry out some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly or Northern Ireland...
of the department for transport
Department for Transport
In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the English transport network and a limited number of transport matters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which are not devolved...
The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven U.S. uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission and a federal regulatory agency...
is both a military
service. It is one of the seven components of the uniformed services of the United States
Uniformed services of the United States
The United States has seven federal uniformed services that commission officers as defined by Title 10, and subsequently structured and organized by Title 10, Title 14, Title 33 and Title 42 of the United States Code.-Uniformed services:...
and one of the five elements of the United States armed forces
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military...
. Its role includes enforcement of US law, coastal defense, and search and rescue.
During peacetime
Peacetime
In politics, peacetime is defined as any period of time where there are no violent conflicts occurring. For example, the time after World War II is considered peacetime in Western Europe and the United States....
the USCG falls under the administration of the United States Department of Homeland Security
United States Department of Homeland Security
The United States Department of Homeland Security is a cabinet department of the United States federal government, created in response to the September 11 attacks, and with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the United States and protectorates from and responding to...
. During wartime
, the USCG may, at the direction of the President
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
, report to the Secretary of the Navy; its resources, however, are integrated into U.S. military operations (see ).
The USCG maintains an extensive fleet of coastal and ocean-going patrol ships, called cutters by tradition, and small craft, as well as an extensive aviation division consisting of HH-65 Dolphin
HH-65 Dolphin
The Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin is a twin-engined, single main rotor, MEDEVAC-capable Search and Rescue helicopter operated by the United States Coast Guard...
and HH-60 Jayhawk
HH-60 Jayhawk
The Sikorsky HH-60J Jayhawk is a multi-mission, twin-engine, medium-range helicopter operated by the United States Coast Guard for search and rescue, law enforcement, military readiness and marine environmental protection missions...
helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft such as the C-130 Hercules
The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed, now Lockheed Martin. Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally designed as a troop, medical evacuation, and cargo transport...
, HU-25 Guardian, and HC-144 Ocean Sentry. USCG helicopters are equipped with hoists to rescue survivors and also play a major role in law enforcement. The helicopters are able to land and take off from USCG cutters, making them an indispensable tool in fighting illegal drug traffic and the influx of illegal immigrants. The fixed-wing aircraft are used for long range search and rescue and law enforcement patrols.
Today's lighthouses on the United States coast are all run by the U.S. Coast Guard. The list of active light houses, lighted beacons, etc. that provide detailed information on aids to navigation with their locations and characteristic signals is currently maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard in its Light List
The United States Coast Guard Light List is an American navigation publication in 7 volumes made available yearly by the U.S. Coast Guard which gives information on lighted navigation aids, unlighted buoys, radiobeacons, radio direction finder calibration stations, daybeacons, racons, and LORAN...
issued each year.
In Uruguay, the Coast Guard (Prefectura Nacional Naval-PRENA)http://www.armada.mil.uy/prena/index.html is a part of the Navy.
It is tasked with the broader enforcement of maritime laws, especially against smuggling, illegal fishing, drug trafficking and piracy. It patrols the country's coastline, and is also involved in maritime search and rescue (SAR) missions, as well as the protection of the marine environment.
Vietnam Marine Police (Cảnh Sát Biển Việt Nam) is part of Vietnam People's Navy and the country's coast guard service.
Download records of service of the UK Coastguard 1816-1947
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.


Many years at EA before founding Relentless, which worked closely with Sony to create the Buzz franchise. After some misadventures in Kinect with Microsoft he set up Delinquent in Brighton, which was sold to MAG Interactive (Ruzzle, WordBrain) in 2015. He now works with the production and marketing teams at MAG to foster new game ideas and scale games to millions.
David went from years of running console studios to building and then selling a mobile free-to-play company. Now part of the mighty MAG Interactive, he's gone from knowing next-to-nothing about mobile F2P games to hundreds of millions of installs in the space four years. David gives an overview what he's learned in a way that anyone can understand and talks about best practice in current and future games.
I really like Develop, I really like the intimacy of it and I love the location.. there's a good diversity of talks going on so there hasn't been a time when there's nothing I want to see.
There's really something for everyone at Develop and the experience of being around like-minded people is really useful.


A daily moisture-based shampoo and conditioner designed for all hair types. This gentle shampoo and conditioner will care for healthy virginal hair by combating the nasties every day, keeping it healthy, fresh and easy to manage.
Apply desired amount of Unleaded Shampoo and massage thoroughly through the hair. Work into a rich lather, rinse and repeat if required. Follow with Unleaded Conditioner.


HomeNewsStudent VisaHow to Be Successful on your IELTS Examination?
There are two versions of IELTS – IELTS Academic and IELTS General Training. The needed one for you as applying for a Canadian Permanent Residence status and part of the Express Entry Visa requirements is to complete the IELTS General Training examination.
Applicants only get 60 minutes to answer 40 questions. It is crucial to manage your time efficiently so you do not end up leaving out some of the questions blank. A single extra correct answer can potentially help you get the needed outcome.
Before the test you are highly recommended to follow these useful tips in order to be successful on your IELTS examination and immigrate to Canada.
Make your environment English speakers and try the language in every single opportunity you have with friends and family members.
Listen to English language radio stations, television and film. Try to listen to a variety of English accents but mainly Canadian and American.
Try to read as much of English reading material if its books, your favorite magazine, or even online you can find some high quality of English reading material to beneficially improve your English abilities in no time.
Try your best to write letters, emails or notes in English to practice your writing skills as you will have to demonstrate a satisfactory level of it on your IELTS examination.
Practice, Practice and once again Practice!
Practice the test using online free IELTS test sample questions, you can find them everywhere very easily online.
All IELTS tests are taken officially in the British Council at your home country and Places are assigned on a first-come, first-served basis, so we highly recommend that you register online at least two months in advanced to the test date.
Tests can always be stressful and overwhelming but fortunately we have shared with you some of the most important tips on how to be successful on your IELTS examination so you can adopt this useful tips and begin your journey towards Immigration to Canada.


Andreea is a professor of international relations at Roanoke College. While pregnant and preparing to welcome her daughter into the world, she became fascinated with the mismatch between the scientifically recognized benefits of breastfeeding and the actual norms and practices of infant nutrition. After her daughter was born and Andreea learned firsthand about the many challenges to breastfeeding successfully, she sought an outlet for action. As a member of BREAST, she is excited to work on projects that nurture the mother-baby breastfeeding relationship, educate various stakeholders about the benefits of breastfeeding, and increase access to breastfeeding resources for all families, ultimately improving infant nutrition and maternal well-being in our community.


text:
Капіто́лій штату Аризо́на () — будівля уряду штату Аризона (), розташована в столиці штату — місті Фінікс ().

Був побудований у 1899—1900 роках. У ньому проходили засідання Законодавчих зборів штату Аризона, які складались з Палати представників та Сенату штату Аризона. На сьогоднішній день у будівлі розміщений музей, а для засідань Палати представників та Сенату штату використовують дві окремі будівлі біля Капітолію, побудовані приблизно 1960 року. З західної сторони до Капітолію була прибудована 9-поверхова будівля State Capitol Executive Tower (), в якій розміщено офіс Губернатора Аризони та інші урядові кабінети.

Історія
У 1889 році столицю Території Аризона перенесли з міста Прескотт у Фінікс. Засідання легіслатури спершу проходили всередині ратуші Фініксу. У 1891 році була виділена земельна ділянка під спорудження Капітолію. На конкурсі проєктів Капітолію переміг проєкт архітектора з Сан-Антоніо Джеймса Рілі Гордона. Керівником будівництва призначили Томаса Ловелла. Будівництво Капітолію тривало з 16 лютого 1899 р. по 17 серпня 1900 р. Офіційне відкриття відбулось 25 лютого 1901 року. Вартість будівництва становила 136 000 доларів.

14 лютого 1912 року Аризона офіційно увійшла до складу США, ставши 48-м штатом.

29 жовтня 1974 року основну будівлю Капітолію штату Аризона внесено в Національний реєстр історичних місць США під номером 74000455.

Див. також
 Фінікс
 Список капітоліїв США

Галерея

Посилання
 Virtual Tour of the Capitol Museum and Grounds

Засновані у США 1900
Споруди Фінікса
А
Музеї Аризони
Національний реєстр історичних місць США
Аризона

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Theophulis D. Lemon (born July 23, 1957) is an American football coach and former player.  He served as the head football coach at Central State University in 2005, and at Savannah State University from 2006 to 2007; he was also the interim head coach at Kentucky State University for the final three games of the 1984 season.

Biography

Playing career
Lemon was a four-year starter at defensive back at Ohio University.

Coaching career
His previous head coaching experiences include Kentucky State University (1984), the College of DuPage (2001–2004) Central State University (2003–2006) and Savannah State University (2006–2007).

He has served as an assistant coach at Kentucky State, Central State, Northeastern University, East Carolina University, Rutgers University and Wake Forest University.

Savannah State
Lemon entered his first season as head football coach at Savannah State University in 2006 moving from the head coaching position at Central State University. He was relieved of his duties on  after compiling a 3–18 record in his two seasons as head coach. Lemon was the 20th head football coach at Savannah State University. His annual salary at Savannah State was $65,000.

Head coaching record

College

Notes

References

1957 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Central State Marauders football coaches
East Carolina Pirates football coaches
Florida A&M Rattlers football coaches
Kentucky State Thorobreds football coaches
Northeastern Huskies football coaches
Ohio Bobcats football coaches
Ohio Bobcats football players
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football coaches
Savannah State Tigers football coaches
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football coaches
Junior college football coaches in the United States
Sportspeople from Massillon, Ohio
Coaches of American football from Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople


Sun 19 . 26 to 36 . Fair. S.E. 7 [og] Evg. C & S at church morn. I called on Mr. Lathrop [illegible] me: very low; unconscious. Mon 20. 29 to 33. Thick fog all day. Wrote [Chas] & [Dell] Lathrop. Tues. 21 . 33 to 41 : More fog S.E. all day. [Dell] Lathrop came P.M. Mr Lathrop died about 12 night. Wed 22. 36. N.W. fog. 37 max. At office Evg - [illegible] Thurs 23. 30 to 33. N.W. Cloudy. [Chas.] Lathrop came on 4:30 train & his father's funeral held at once. Charlotte abed all day with a cold. Fri. 24 Morn. S., Fair Evg. A little abstracting. C sitting up few hours. Sat. 25 32 to 44. N.W. Fair. Abstracting. C. better, [illegible]. N & S at Mary [Pieseford] [illegible] Evg.


text:
Q: Linear regression: minimize both vertical and horizontal distance? Assuming the conventional set up y-vertical and x-horizontal. Considering a data set of n pairs $(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2),\dots(x_n,y_n)$. $\mu_X,\mu_Y,\sigma_X,\sigma_Y,\sigma_{XY},\rho$ denote, in order: the mean of x, the mean of y, standard deviation of x, standard deviation of y, covariance of x and y, and coefficient of correlation of x and y.
When performing a regression y on x, model $y=\alpha_0+\alpha_1x$, vertical distance is minimized, i.e. minimizing
$$\text{SSE}_Y=\sum_{k=1}^{n}(y_k-\alpha_0-\alpha_1x_k)^2$$
The resulting formula is:
$$(y-\mu_Y)=\rho\frac{\sigma_Y}{\sigma_X}(x-\mu_X)$$
Similarly, when performing a regression x on y, model $x=\beta_0+\beta_1y$, horizontal distance is minimized, i.e. minimizing
$$\text{SSE}_X=\sum_{k=1}^{n}(x_k-\beta_0-\beta_1y_k)$$
The resulting formula is:
$$(y-\mu_Y)\rho\frac{\sigma_X}{\sigma_Y}=(x-\mu_X)$$
These two regressions are different, yielding different fitted-lines. Quote: Regression x on y and y on x

I was wondering about a linear model that minimizes both vertical and horizontal distances. For example, consider a model
$$y=\gamma_0+\gamma_1x \Leftrightarrow x=\frac{-\gamma_0}{\gamma_1}+\frac{1}{\gamma_1}y\mid\gamma_1\neq0$$
minimizing
$$\text{SSE}_{XY}=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left((y_k-\gamma_0-\gamma_1x_k)^2+(x_k+\frac{\gamma_0}{\gamma_1}-\frac{1}{\gamma_1}y_k)^2\right)$$
I tried to search the literature for such model; yet I could not find it. Instead, I found the Error in variable model, which might have been developed on a similar idea. However, the model is different.

I attempted to minimize $\text{SSE}_{XY}$, following conventional approach. Eventually, the original problem seems to be reduced to:
$$
\begin{cases}
\gamma_0=\mu_Y-\gamma_1\mu_X \\
\text{minimize }(\gamma_1 - \rho\frac{\sigma_Y}{\sigma_X})^2+(\frac{1}{\gamma_1} - \rho\frac{\sigma_X}{\sigma_Y})^2
\end{cases}
$$
Which is equivalent to minimizing the polynomial:
$$(z-a)^2+(\frac{1}{z}-b)^2\mid\text{a, b are const.}$$
This polynomial perhaps can be minimized by finding its global critical values/minimum from its derivative with respect to z.

Hence, I would like to ask these questions:

*

*Whether anyone has seen the model I described above in literature?

*Is my approach in minimizing $\text{SSE}_{XY}$ correct?

*Is there a better/faster/more elegant method to solve the minimizing problem above that I missed?
I thank you for your interest and assistance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: What does "ufunc did not contain a loop with signature matching types" mean? I have code that I thought was great. I am getting the following error message:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\ablev\eclipse-workspace\matrix\matrix.py", line 149, in <module>
    print("Transpose of matrice is:\n" + transpose(subtract())),
numpy.core._exceptions._UFuncNoLoopError: ufunc 'add' did not contain a loop with signature matching types (dtype('<U25'), dtype('int32')) -> None

What does this mean?
def matrix_one():
    print("Enter your first 3x3 matrix: ")
    global matrix1
    matrix1=[]
    for i in range(3):
            while True:
                row=input().split()
                row=list(map(int,row))
                if len(row) != 3:
                    print(f"Please enter 3 rows of 3 columns of\
numbers separated by a space: ")
                else:
                    break
            matrix1.append(row)

    print("Your first 3x3 matrix is: ")
    for i in range(3):
        for j in range(3):
            print(matrix1[i][j],end=" ")
        print()

def matrix_two():
    print("Enter your second 3x3 matrix: ")
    global matrix2
    matrix2=[]
    for i in range(3):
            while True:
                row=input().split()
                row=list(map(int,row))
                if len(row) != 3:
                    print(f"Please enter 3 rows of 3 columns of\
numbers separated by a space: ")
                else:
                    break
            matrix2.append(row)
    print("Your second 3x3 matrix is: ")
    for i in range(3):
        for j in range(3):
            print(matrix2[i][j],end=" ")
        print()

def subtract():
    '''function to subtract results of matrix'''
    results = np.subtract(matrix1,matrix2)
    return results
def transpose(function):
    '''transpose function'''
    transpose = np.transpose(function)
    return transpose()
matrix_one()
matrix_two()
subtract()
print(subtract())
print("Transpose of matrice is:\n" + transpose(subtract())),

A: As the comments pointed out,
print("Transpose of matrice is:\n", transpose(subtract()))

instead of
print("Transpose of matrice is:\n" + transpose(subtract()))

will solve your problem since the operator + need strings as arguments, and the result of transpose is not a string but an np.array.
Another approach would be to make transpose() return the string representation of the matrix, like so:
def transpose(function):
'''transpose function'''
trans = np.transpose(function)
return str(trans)

Leaving out the extra parenthesis.


This book investigates how films made about the URA since the 1990s have engaged with, reproduced and contested cultural memories of the organisation, discussing how directors have addressed questions of narrativization, trauma, intergenerational connection, and political subjectivity as they engage in the politics of cultural memory on screen.
Christopher Perkins is Lecturer in Japanese in the department of Asian Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK. He holds a PhD in politics and international relations from Royal Holloway University of London and has published articles and book chapters on Japanese media, memory politics, cinema, and border politics.


Problems with your home plumbing Castro Valley can come up at any time and in most times, leading to so much inconvenience, a complete mess or even property damage and damage to personal belongings. Plumbers that have been in business for over 10 years typically have a proven track record of providing quality services. Water that gets trapped there from a leaking toilet or from water simply getting around the base can lead to trapped moisture, which leads to mold, soaked infrastructure, and really costly water damages.
Get multiple quotes for larger jobs such as remodels, water heater replacement and home additions. While the final cost of a service can depend on many factors, comparing quotes can give you an idea of what to expect when you hire a plumber in Castro Valley CA. Our technicians are skilled, professional, friendly and efficient, providing you with the highest quality service at the most competitive rates.
Problems with your home plumbing can come up at any time and in most times, leading to so much inconvenience, a complete mess or even property damage and damage to personal belongings. Our Plumbing service is an emergency plumber service Castro Valley CA, available 24 hrs a day, every day. The last thing you need is to call a plumber again for more repairs. Our trained professionals are licensed and experienced – every member of our plumber California team are highly trained professionals with years of experience behind them. Our plumbers are committed to maintaining the level of trust and quality craftsmanship that it provides to businesses and institutions in virtually every industry in the Greater Castro Valley area.
Your Local Plumber in Castro Valley Emergency 24-hour Plumbers Services. The majority of our clients have located that the expense of maintenance deserves the cost savings in repair costs. When your residential property is experiencing low circulation, our team of professional plumbers will get right on the job as well as change your existing water pipe without very little disturbances to your day-to-day regimens and also routines.
Additionally additionally bear in mind that there is no restriction when it come to the time of our availability, and also if your need is immediate, an emergency plumber Castro Valley will be with you immediately to help. Our plumbers recognize the aggravation our clients' go through with their plumbing troubles and also are determined to solve them.
An average sump pump costs $100 to $400. With an experienced team of qualified plumbers, 24 hours Emergency Plumbers Castro Valley boasts a large fleet of professionals that are equipped to handle any and all plumbing repair projects, including installations and maintenance procedures. These are the two types of rate you can pay for a plumber and it's recommended to get a fixed price, so you know exactly how much you'll be paying.
We have several happy and pleased customers in your area who trust us with their plumbing requires. Call our Plumbing professions currently to speak to us to understand more concerning our services or call us anytime for any type of type of emergency plumbing service bundles.


Sing along with the bouncing ball to 18 of your favorite Christmas songs and carols, enriched with a spectacular backdrop of joyous holiday scenes to cheer and warm the heart!
Alastair Sim's tour-de-force performance as the ultimate miser, Ebenezer Scrooge, has almost single-handedly made this beloved version of Charles Dickens' story into one of the best-loved Christmas films of all time. Some of Britain's best filmmakers united behind Sim, who was joined by a delightful cast of accomplished and acclaimed English actors; creating what many today believe to be the best and most faithful production of Dickens' immortal tale. Cranky and curmudgeonly Scrooge learns the error of his unkind ways and is taught the true meaning of the holidays when he is visited by the ghost of his late business partner and the spirits of Christmas past, present and future. This Blu-ray edition has been digitally restored from a new 1080p, 24fps high definition transfer master produced from the 35mm negative and fine grain.
Can a carefree bachelor find peace and happiness when stuck with an oversized canine misfit who has a bad case of acrophobia, is afraid of cats, overturns tables, knocks down waiters, sulks in the bathtub, and is starved for affection? Everyone seems to like the situation but the bachelor – who is trying to rekindle a romance with an old flame – but good ol' George, keeps getting in the way, making for a highly laughable comedy.
Nearly 4-hours of entertainment is packed into this special DVD — a delightful collection of 27 classic cartoons and live-action programs, all with traditional holiday themes and chock full of good Christmas cheer! This heart-warming DVD is sure to become part of your family's Yuletide tradition.
A CHRISTMAS CARO (B&W/1951/Live) A select scene from the film!
CHRISTMAS COMES BUT ONCE A YEAR (Color/1936/Cartoon) Fleischer Studios!
RUDOLPH THE RED-NOSED REINDEER (Color/1948/Cartoon) Max Fleischer!
SOMEWHERE IN DREAMLAND (Color/1936/Cartoon) Max Fleischer!
Gabby was a Max Fleischer animated cartoon series distributed through Paramount Pictures. Gabby debuted as the town crier in the 1939 animated feature Gulliver's Travels produced by Fleischer. Shortly afterward Paramount and Fleischer saw fit to give Gabby his own Technicolor cartoon series, eight entries of which were produced between 1940 and 1941. Gabby was voiced by Pinto Colvig, the voice of Walt Disney's Goofy, and Grumpy and Sleepy from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.


text:
package fasthttp

import (
	"bytes"
	"io"
	"mime/multipart"
	"net"

	"github.com/labstack/echo"
	"github.com/labstack/echo/engine"
	"github.com/labstack/echo/log"
	"github.com/valyala/fasthttp"
)

type (
	// Request implements `engine.Request`.
	Request struct {
		*fasthttp.RequestCtx
		header engine.Header
		url    engine.URL
		logger log.Logger
	}
)

// NewRequest returns `Request` instance.
func NewRequest(c *fasthttp.RequestCtx, l log.Logger) *Request {
	return &Request{
		RequestCtx: c,
		url:        &URL{URI: c.URI()},
		header:     &RequestHeader{RequestHeader: &c.Request.Header},
		logger:     l,
	}
}

// IsTLS implements `engine.Request#TLS` function.
func (r *Request) IsTLS() bool {
	return r.RequestCtx.IsTLS()
}

// Scheme implements `engine.Request#Scheme` function.
func (r *Request) Scheme() string {
	return string(r.RequestCtx.URI().Scheme())
}

// Host implements `engine.Request#Host` function.
func (r *Request) Host() string {
	return string(r.RequestCtx.Host())
}

// SetHost implements `engine.Request#SetHost` function.
func (r *Request) SetHost(host string) {
	r.RequestCtx.Request.SetHost(host)
}

// URL implements `engine.Request#URL` function.
func (r *Request) URL() engine.URL {
	return r.url
}

// Header implements `engine.Request#Header` function.
func (r *Request) Header() engine.Header {
	return r.header
}

// Referer implements `engine.Request#Referer` function.
func (r *Request) Referer() string {
	return string(r.Request.Header.Referer())
}

// ContentLength implements `engine.Request#ContentLength` function.
func (r *Request) ContentLength() int64 {
	return int64(r.Request.Header.ContentLength())
}

// UserAgent implements `engine.Request#UserAgent` function.
func (r *Request) UserAgent() string {
	return string(r.RequestCtx.UserAgent())
}

// RemoteAddress implements `engine.Request#RemoteAddress` function.
func (r *Request) RemoteAddress() string {
	return r.RemoteAddr().String()
}

// RealIP implements `engine.Request#RealIP` function.
func (r *Request) RealIP() string {
	ra := r.RemoteAddress()
	if ip := r.Header().Get(echo.HeaderXForwardedFor); ip != "" {
		ra = ip
	} else if ip := r.Header().Get(echo.HeaderXRealIP); ip != "" {
		ra = ip
	} else {
		ra, _, _ = net.SplitHostPort(ra)
	}
	return ra
}

// Method implements `engine.Request#Method` function.
func (r *Request) Method() string {
	return string(r.RequestCtx.Method())
}

// SetMethod implements `engine.Request#SetMethod` function.
func (r *Request) SetMethod(method string) {
	r.Request.Header.SetMethodBytes([]byte(method))
}

// URI implements `engine.Request#URI` function.
func (r *Request) URI() string {
	return string(r.RequestURI())
}

// SetURI implements `engine.Request#SetURI` function.
func (r *Request) SetURI(uri string) {
	r.Request.Header.SetRequestURI(uri)
}

// Body implements `engine.Request#Body` function.
func (r *Request) Body() io.Reader {
	return bytes.NewBuffer(r.Request.Body())
}

// SetBody implements `engine.Request#SetBody` function.
func (r *Request) SetBody(reader io.Reader) {
	r.Request.SetBodyStream(reader, 0)
}

// FormValue implements `engine.Request#FormValue` function.
func (r *Request) FormValue(name string) string {
	return string(r.RequestCtx.FormValue(name))
}

// FormParams implements `engine.Request#FormParams` function.
func (r *Request) FormParams() (params map[string][]string) {
	params = make(map[string][]string)
	mf, err := r.RequestCtx.MultipartForm()

	if err == fasthttp.ErrNoMultipartForm {
		r.PostArgs().VisitAll(func(k, v []byte) {
			key := string(k)
			if _, ok := params[key]; ok {
				params[key] = append(params[key], string(v))
			} else {
				params[string(k)] = []string{string(v)}
			}
		})
	} else if err == nil {
		for k, v := range mf.Value {
			if len(v) > 0 {
				params[k] = v
			}
		}
	}

	return
}

// FormFile implements `engine.Request#FormFile` function.
func (r *Request) FormFile(name string) (*multipart.FileHeader, error) {
	return r.RequestCtx.FormFile(name)
}

// MultipartForm implements `engine.Request#MultipartForm` function.
func (r *Request) MultipartForm() (*multipart.Form, error) {
	return r.RequestCtx.MultipartForm()
}

// Cookie implements `engine.Request#Cookie` function.
func (r *Request) Cookie(name string) (engine.Cookie, error) {
	c := new(fasthttp.Cookie)
	b := r.Request.Header.Cookie(name)
	if b == nil {
		return nil, echo.ErrCookieNotFound
	}
	c.SetKey(name)
	c.SetValueBytes(b)
	return &Cookie{c}, nil
}

// Cookies implements `engine.Request#Cookies` function.
func (r *Request) Cookies() []engine.Cookie {
	cookies := []engine.Cookie{}
	r.Request.Header.VisitAllCookie(func(name, value []byte) {
		c := new(fasthttp.Cookie)
		c.SetKeyBytes(name)
		c.SetValueBytes(value)
		cookies = append(cookies, &Cookie{c})
	})
	return cookies
}

func (r *Request) reset(c *fasthttp.RequestCtx, h engine.Header, u engine.URL) {
	r.RequestCtx = c
	r.header = h
	r.url = u
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We practice Karate with dynamic technical range. We hold Practical Dynamic approach and effective self-defence. We have groups of children, youth and adults. We have unique Okinawan atmosphere in the Dojo and we keep close contact with our teachers in Okinawa.
Shimbukan Organization is a direct successor of the dynasty founders of ancient Okinawan weapons and maintains authentic knowledge of the Okinawan Kobudo heritage.
Fast response and effective results in real conditions.
Strengthening assertiveness and provides confidence.
Courses for companies and organizations.
Suitable for men, women and youth.
5th Dan Military Empty Hand Close-Combat.
Strengthening the body and fitness.
Authentic knowledge and training methods as taught in Okinawa.
Depth study of martial arts - technically and mentally.
A practice that combines classical knowledge and modern science for optimum result.
Versatile line with the emphasis on effective martial art.
We have groups of children, youth and adults. The activity is suitable for men and women.


"How will my children get through this?" This is one of the most important (and worrisome) concerns you may have.We believe children deserve a strong, but sensitive approach that gets a result that is purely in the kids' best interest (not the parents). How will divorce, separation, or paternity issues will affect you and your children? Spend some time here, learning about this important aspect of divorce/separation.
What happens to our children when we separate?
You can determine what happens. The best solution for the children is for the parents to reach an agreement on who will take care of them – and this is what the courts prefer. If you and the other parent agree on a parenting plan, we can attach a copy of the plan to the dissolution/legal separation papers. Your parenting plan can become a court order; in most cases, a judge will approve a custody and time sharing plan agreed upon by both parents. Keep reading to learn about the differences between physical custody, legal custody and visitation.
Legal Custody refers to the person having the rights and responsibilities to make important decisions about a child's health, education and welfare. Such decisions might include, for example, where the children will attend school or whether they should get braces on their teeth.
This is where the court orders that the parents share legal custody of a child (i.e., they share the rights and responsibilities to make important decisions about the children's health, education and welfare).
It would be in the child's best interests for one parent to have sole legal custody.
Physical Custody refers to which parent or parents the children spend time living with on a regular basis. When deciding how custody should be divided and whether parents will have visitation rights, courts will first need to determine the child's best interests. For example, if a parent has a history of domestic violence or abuse, the judge may order that any and all visits with the child be supervised by an approved third party. In some extreme cases, the judge may find that it's in the child's best interest not to visit the abusive parent at all.
This is where the court orders that both parents have significant periods of physical custody. If a child's time is divided equally between the parents, or close to equally, the parents are sharing joint physical custody.
This means that a child resides with one parent, subject to the court's authority to order visitation time with the other parent.
If you and the other parent are unable to agree on custody or visitation, a judge will make the decision for you. There are several steps to finalizing a custody plan. Custody and visitation can be decided on a temporary basis if there are immediate problems. For example, a new school year may be approaching and you cannot agree on a school for your children. Or, one parent intends to move and wants to take the children along.
Before any hearing or trial involving child custody or visitation, both parents are required to meet with a trained counselor hired by the court. The counselor will try to help you agree on a custody and parenting plan. These sessions are arranged through Conciliation Court or Family Court Services, and are held in private offices located in or near the courthouse. In some counties (including Riverside County), the assigned counselor will submit a recommendation to the judge even if you and the other parent did not reach an agreement. Attorneys are not permitted to attend the Custody Mediations, only the parents and sometimes the children. Do not bring your children unless the custody mediator requests that you do so. Prior to your Custody Mediation meeting, you will have a meeting with your Bennett Family Law attorney to prepare for the session.
What choices does the judge have in granting custody or visitation rights?
Try to keep in mind that the actual time spent with your children may be more important than the legal terminology used to describe the arrangement. Also, the specifics of such custody orders can vary. For example, a judge who orders joint legal and physical custody may name one parent as the primary caretaker and one home as the primary residence. Or, a judge might order sole physical custody to one parent and supervised or no visitation to the other if it appears that a parent may present a threat to the child's welfare or safety. In addition, stepparents and grandparents may be given visitation in certain circumstances.
Will the judge consider our children's wishes?


text:
WA NewsNewsKimberley
Funds expand institute facility
Fri, 6 March 2015 7:40PM
Kimberley Training Institute will unveil two new teaching facilities later this year.
A $15 million project encompassing an industry-standard trades centre and a world class maritime simulation facility is due to be officially opened by Training and Workforce Development Minister Liza Harvey and Regional Development Minister Terry Redman on May 28.
KTI received $10 million in funding from Royalties for Regions, and a further $5 million from State Capital Works programs for the developments.
At nearly 10,000sqm, the new facility has more than doubled the size and capacity of the pre-existing building and can cater for up to 70 students at a time. KTI managing director Karen Dickinson said the organisation was delighted to advance its facilities in the town.
"I'm so pleased Broome now has some of the best trades' facilities in Regional Australia which is a real coup for the town and for our students."
The launch of the Broome Maritime Simulation Centre will add further amenity to KTI's existing simulation equipment.
It replicates the control consoles of tug boats and bulk carriers with 180-degree digital recreations of the ocean and port infrastructure.
KTI has partnered with Seaways group to deliver Azimuth Stern Drive training, a first for Australia.
Body in bin victim identified as Perth fatherPremium
Shocking Oz Day stomp attack leaves boy in hospitalPremium

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Please use these Halloween Themed response templates with your students for classroom and bulletin board display.
Hopefully my products will help strengthen your lessons, help your students learn, and make your life easier. Thank you and enjoy!


The Peruvian territory was once home to ancient cultures spanning from Caral, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. Cusco was the historic capital of the Inca Empire, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1983. Today, rich and ancient traditions are still preserved by Quechua people, such as; gratitude to Pachamama through Holy Wood, traditional weaving with simple wooden tools, a carefully guarded bread recipe that uses eucalyptus wood in the process and, musical instruments connected to Andean cosmology.


Interested companies with relevant proven capabilities are invited to submit proposals in response to this Request for Proposal, for the provision of Access Network Circuits Connecting Technical and Vocational Education and Training College Campuses to the South African National Research Network as specified in this document.
This SABEN RFP process intends to identify providers to be contracted to (a) connect the identified sites and (b) provide three years of connection service. SABEN will utilize the grant funding to cover the capital expenditures (up-front costs) for the envisaged connections. SABEN will recover the monthly operating costs over the connection service period from the respective TVET Colleges.
Requests for clarification shall NOT be accepted telephonically, please refer to section 15 in the RFP for instructions. SABEN will respond to the request within 3 business days. The clarifications will be made available to all interested parties by a post on this website. Service providers are to strictly adhere to RFP instructions.


text:
Not value for money
Norwegian Getaway Cruise Review by Hayley N
Sail Date: Sep 2019
Cabin Type: Balcony Stateroom
We cruise at least once a year and had been with NCL before, albeit a smaller ship last time.
Embarking was fine, although we had to wait at the airport for sometime before the transport arrived. Having been with NCL and having bronze rewards we were supposed to have priority boarding, this didn't happen, not that we were that bothered about that.
Our stateroom was lovely and kept very clean by our steward. We had a balcony and I would do that again.
We opted for the all inclusive drinks package and gratuities were included so this was a fairly expensive cruise. Unfortunately there appears to be a hard sell all the time with NCL, which can be annoying.
The included restaurants were good but the food in the buffet restaurant was always tepid, probably because of the number of people.
There was always something going on quizzes etc, so plenty to do but it was disappointing that the casino area stank of smoke and you very often had to walk through that area.
The excursions were fine but quite expensive, especially in St Petersburg. We were not able to get into Gothenburg because of the weather and I fully support that decision as safety comes first. However, the captain managed to get clearance for the ship to go to Copenhagen earlier so that guests could visit the city if they wished to. Fantastic we thought. Unfortunately when we got there it was utter chaos, no shuttles people wandering around phoning for taxis and not knowing quite what to do. There was a local bus stop and ticket machine which we managed to figure out how to use and then we all queued for the bus. We did manage to eventually get into the city and walk to the little mermaid. We then went to get the bus back only to find the last bus finished at 7pm. This wasn't NCLs fault but I was very disappointed that there was a total lack of information for people and we were left to figure it out for ourselves. I would have thought when they knew we were going to go to the port early then a few phone calls could have been made to organise shuttles. We wouldn't have minded paying for this. Having been with another cruise line (Viking) and a similar thing happened where we were not able to get to the place we were supposed to, they organised coaches to take us there and compensated us with credit towards another cruise with them, which we didn't expect as we still got to do the excursion and our lunch was provided in a hotel as we were away from the boat all day. NCL did refund our excursions cost but this was paid in dollars not back on the credit card, which means you lose some of it when getting it changed to your currency. NCL offered nothing in the way of compensation for missing one of the ports, which as there wasn't many made a big impact on the cruise. If we had been offered something towards another cruise we probably would go with them again, but it seems they are not interested in doing that unlike Viking, despite the latitudes reward scheme.
Summing up, I think I wouldn't go for such a large ship as there were no quiet areas, unlike their other ship the Jewel that we went on before, also the hard sell was more evident this time. The floor on which the casino was situated smelt of smoke all the time. The positives were that there was always good entertainment and the staff were lovely. The stateroom was really good and spacious. There were lots of restaurants to choose from but I was surprised how many were dedicated to the 'additional cost' category. I would chose another cruise line over NCL just because of their lack of after sales customer relationship.
Hayley N's Full Rating Summary
Balcony Stateroom
Cabin BC 13282
The cabin was very spacious and we loved having the balcony, as there were no quiet areas to sit and read. It was always spotless and our steward Michael was lovely.
Schwerin Castle
Very good trip. Informative guide.
View All 24 Schwerin Castle Reviews
Nice buildings, a chance to have a quick look around. Tour guide was very informative. It was smaller than I expected.
View All 193 City Tour Reviews
Beautiful place. Cathedral on spilled blood was fantastic.
View All 210 Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood Reviews
So many beautiful buildings
View All 700 St. Petersburg Reviews
View Cruise Critic's St. Petersburg Cruise Port Review
Really liked Tallinn. Very good tour guide.
View All 1123 Tallinn Reviews
View Cruise Critic's Tallinn Cruise Port Review
Hayley N