text:
Graham Roumieu
Illustrator and Author
Graham is an illustrator and author, and has been doing freelance illustration for the last fifteen years. I first met Graham about ten years ago through a mutual friend. I've always been a huge fan of his work and have been amazed how much he can communicate with a few strokes of ink. I stopped by Graham's place in Toronto recently to have a couple drinks and chat about his work. He shares his path to illustration, the grind of freelance work and the hardest thing about what he does.
Tell us a little bit about what you do.
I've been a freelance illustrator for fifteen years now and, surprisingly, it's gone by incredibly fast. I was thinking about it the other day because I got an invitation to my twentieth high school reunion and I had to do the math in my head. Taking away the time I spent in art school, yeah, it's been fifteen years. Also, I'm terrible at math, so it took me a whole day to figure that out [laughs]. I currently do a lot of editorial work and a lot of that editorial work happens to be for print publications, which I think is becoming rarer and rarer. I have also worked on books with other people and I have a series of my own books, which I've both written and illustrated. I guess the biggest ones would be the series of fake Bigfoot autobiographies, where Bigfoot talks about his failed screenwriting career and his problem with sleeping in the mud and that sort of thing.
The Bigfoot books, in particular, started as a school project where the actual assignment was to take a piece of existing literature, say like 1984 or Three Musketeers and illustrate it as someone would if they were hired to illustrate a book. I couldn't think of what I wanted to do, so I wound up falling into writing this character, who is the most screwed up but honest and heartfelt guy. He was just spewing his guts out about how he is just not quite understood. From that, it turned into three published books and a handful of other non-Bigfoot books.
What was your path to becoming an illustrator and author?
One of my first memories of school–aside from being afraid of falling off playground equipment or losing my mittens–was writing and illustrating a story about a bunch of kids who find a cave on a hill that was filled with goblins. It wasn't something that was asked for by my teacher, but I think at that point I had already developed such a love for picture books, which I think is absolutely normal for little kids. I think I had some extra fascination with how you can tell a story with images.
In high school I had one meeting with a career counselor that didn't go well. I can't remember exactly what I said, but I was a teenager and I was probably being a sarcastic asshole. I remember this lady was very kind and patient, but I managed to break her patience and she said as she rolled her eyes and pushed some papers away, "well, you're just going to be homeless," which was very frightening for me. To give you a little more background, I grew up in a very small town that was quite isolated; a place called Smithers, British Columbia. It's the home of the egg carton. I don't think nearly enough people know this. Unfortunately, the guy who invented it is long since dead, so he can't be interviewed for Ways We Work [laughs]. As pleasant as my surroundings and childhood were, I really didn't understand much about the world aside from watching things on cable TV; and that only came in when I was thirteen or fourteen years old. I didn't really know what it was to be an artist, I didn't know what it was to be an illustrator. I most definitely had the interest but I also didn't know what people did for money; other than the things that people did for money who were around me. My parents ran a business on main street, sold insurance, which was nice, but I don't think it was terribly exciting. There were people who worked in sawmills and others things you'd think people would do in a remote town in the mountains of British Columbia.
It took me awhile to figure out what I wanted to do, but I did figure out. It was this force of nature in the sense that I just wasn't good at anything else. I was already naturally good at drawing pictures, so there was a certain push in my own mind or an obviousness that I wanted to pursue being some sort of a visual artist. I thought about being an animator or a graphic designer, but I had no idea what those even meant. They just sounded great. I think I wanted to go into advertising once because I heard they make a lot of money. Then I came to Toronto, I went to Sheridan college in Oakville and took a one-year general arts course and ended up in illustration. I started as a fairly terrible student in that program but by the end, I was pretty sure that's what I wanted to do. By the first third of my last year, I was already out showing my portfolio to different places and halfway through the year I got my first commercial job and it just snowballed from there.
"I would show up at these people's offices and I really didn't know what I was doing. I was approaching magazines and showing them my stuff that often subject-wise had little to do with what the magazine was about. It would be like walking into NASA and showing them your cooking expertise or something like that."
Was freelance just what illustrators did or how did you fall into freelance, say, versus being employed somewhere?
When I graduated back in 2001, I think some advertising agencies still had some in house illustrators that would render things for decks and make beer bottles look extra cool and sweaty. Within a year that was, for the most part, gone. I think two or three of them actually still exist, at least in Toronto. There were also companies, like landscape architecture firms that would hire people to do renderings and so on. It became apparent that I wasn't going to land a job somewhere which, in hindsight, was a good thing because I knew I had my own voice. Working on the Bigfoot book really proved to me that I could do something on my own. I went out and showed my portfolio that had stapled together copies of the Bigfoot book and this other book that I did with a classmate. I would show up at these people's offices and I really didn't know what I was doing. I was approaching magazines and showing them my stuff that often subject-wise had little to do with what the magazine was about. It would be like walking into NASA and showing them your cooking expertise or something like that. The subject matters couldn't be further apart. Everyone who works on magazine design has most likely gone through art school, but they have interests outside of whatever subject matter they are working on. I just happened to get along with the designers really well, they liked my work and they took a risk and hired me. From there it just kept going and going and going. It wasn't necessarily easy all the time. There was a lot of self-promotion in the sense that I was constantly producing my own work to say to potential clients I was alive and wanting to do work with them.
You mentioned that The Bigfoot book was a school project, was it self-published or did someone approach you about publishing it?
When I first got out of school, there was an instructor that I had my last year, a guy named Blair Drawson who's a fantastic instructor. He liked and got what I was doing, so he brought me in to see his rep, a guy named Bill Grigsby who ran a place in Toronto called Reactor; which is one of the great illustration agencies of Toronto. He looked at my portfolio–thankfully Bill has a good sense of humour and doesn't mind missing limbs and that sort of stuff– and he saw the Bigfoot book. A lot of his artists had published everything from indie comics to commercial kids books. They printed so much that they had a literary agent on retainer who took what existed of my book–which was about two thirds of what would end up being the published book–and sent it out into the world and a publisher picked it up.
"I have experienced those periods. It's funny how "too much" is not necessarily too much volume of something, but it's just too much of a certain way of thinking about something or a certain way of being responded to. The exhaustion can come in different forms."
Do you ever experience burnout or periods where you are disconnected with your work? If so, how do you pull yourself out of that headspace?
I have experienced those periods. It's funny how "too much" is not necessarily too much volume of something, but it's just too much of a certain way of thinking about something or a certain way of being responded to. The exhaustion can come in different forms. You have bad months and, in my case, I've lost my sense of pride about what I did and the work suffered for it. The easiest way to get out of that headspace is when the most wonderful project, that seems like it was created just for you, falls in your lap. That can be the smelling salt, or whatever you want to call it, to wake up.
I've learned that if you are tired or frustrated and start to make shitty work, of course people will notice and stop hiring you. People aren't stupid, especially when you're working with and for people whose skill in this world is to recognize what is and isn't good visual work. They'll get it. To recover from it in the past, the unicorn assignment has shown up, but other times it's just realizing, and taking a step back from the work. I'll feel shitty and feel like I can't do the work or don't want to do the work and I can recognize that in myself now and stop. There have been times where I recognize, at some basic level, that the drawing I'm working on isn't good or the thinking isn't good. When this happens I know what I'm doing has to change in some way. It's either introducing something new or just flushing my brain of this notion that my job is anything more than just drawing good pictures. There is no one good answer to the question. Maybe, be honest about how you're feeling and how the work looks and if something is going wrong fix it or prepare to die?
It is so important to be in the right headspace to do this sort of job. The older I get, the more experience I have, the more annoyed I get by distraction and the more protective I am of my workspace, my mental states and my career, I suppose. I see it as a very precious thing. I'm trying not to blow this out of proportion, but it is something that does need to be protected in a way. Sometimes I require certain things like time, I require practical things like quiet and the ability to get into that meditative state where I am doing something naturally and to the fullest of my abilities.
"The drawings that I draw, I'm not doing anything fancy with them. It's just some lines and watercolour, but what's amazing about them is they convey this thing about me and about the subject matter."
How do you balance the creative work and the administrative aspects of what you do like self-promotion and selling your personal brand?
The most difficult thing I have to do is when my crappy little printer runs out of ink [laughs]. I feel like that's an intrusion into my life and I have to go find someplace in a large metropolitan area that sells ink. Little things like that bother me but for the most part it goes back to keeping things absolutely as simple as they can possibly be. The drawings that I draw, I'm not doing anything fancy with them. It's just some lines and watercolour, but what's amazing about them is they convey this thing about me and about the subject matter. I guess there is some similarities in the way I run my business, as far as doing accounting and that sort of stuff or invoicing or marketing. I have a website and it is a very simple. It's an off the shelf Squarespace site and I fill it with what I hope is good work. When I do marketing, I like to have fun with it so I have a book of stamps in my desk and a bunch of pieces of watercolour paper around my studio. If I want to reach out to somebody I will just draw something on a piece of paper and send it out. It's like having magical powers in a way [laughs]. I have way too many little pieces of paper in the sense of art paper or watercolour paper and like any freelancer, receipts and shit, it drives me crazy, but I just stuff those in a place and it works itself out eventually.
Emailing is nice too. I do some of the twittering and Instagram. I love Instagram. It's the best thing in the world. I don't know if it's helped me business wise at all, but I just enjoy it. It helps me get pictures out into the world which is so important to me.
Are there any tools you use to make your life more productive?
Flatbed scanner that appears to be designed by Jawas.
"When you are all alone out in the cold wilderness and it's just you and you are standing at the cliff's edge and the wind blows; that's every day in the freelance world."
What's the hardest thing about what you do?
There have been times where I get the promise of something big, project-wise, and then it falls through. I find that difficult to deal with. It's like how liver filters blood; I feel like there needs to be an organ in the body that deals with this special kind of disappointment [laughs]. I guess it's about being wise and disciplined and I should know better. When I get that email or I get that phone call and the person on the other end is like "we've got this crazy idea and it's for a campaign for so-and-so" and it's like, "oh my god." I can't sleep, the mind races and I'm like "what will I say at the awards show?" [laughs] Of course it's like a Greek tragedy or a fable; the universe is going to come back when you start dreaming and be like "Nope. Did you really think you were going to put a down payment on a house?" That's a hard feeling to deal with. What's that called when a plane just starts falling? The death spiral?
There's a difference too about freelancing and dealing with disappointment like that. Maybe this is unfair to say or maybe the comparison isn't right, but when you are all alone out in the cold wilderness and it's just you and you are standing at the cliff's edge and the wind blows; that's every day in the freelance world. Versus, say, working at an agency where you are at a board room table and there are twenty others in the room trying to figure out who farted. Somebody walks in, like an account director, and announces "well, we just lost the Philson's account" and people look at each other and are like, "so, what's for lunch?"
At the end of the day, you just have to be a grown up about it and get out of bed the next day, sit down, read the newspaper and start over.
Why do you do what you do? What makes it meaningful to you?
There is a pure satisfaction of doing it; illustration is what I'm best at. There is a genuine, pure, humbled-by-the-universe amazement that I get to do this every day and that's why I do it. It's exciting to get better at it every day too.
What does it mean to get better at it? To get better at drawing pictures? What are you doing when you draw a picture?
Black magic. Some sort of crazy voodoo [laughs]. I'm creating something that someone can look at and on the surface say that it looks like a beautiful picture but, hopefully, people look at it and also get what's being said; they get the joke, they get the sense of it. It's just a crazy thing that someone, some total stranger somewhere, can look at the drawing and get it. I'm not assuming that every single person in the world gets what I do, but there are plenty of cases where I get random emails and it's like the magical system worked. The actual mechanics of a bunch of ink and some splashes of paint on a page got transferred somewhere by some medium and on the other end a person looked at it and was like "Ahhhh." It's not a diagram of something, it's not an Ikea booklet on how you put your dresser together. It takes some thinking and there has to be some connection through commonality and just being a human being. People will connect to the drawing and it's just, wow, that's amazing. I think I'm getting better at that, and I think part of that is that I'm getting older, and I have more to say, or I know more about the world. I do miss twenty one year old me that was daring to do anything and show my drawings to people. That worked, but now I can do that weird thing that pictures can sometimes do which is have an effect on people. Not a significant effect like cure cancer or anything, but someone could look at the picture and be like "hah."
Who would you like to see featured on Ways We Work?
There's two people. The creative director of the Atlantic, a guy named Darhil Crooks who's worked his way up through magazine design and is running probably the best general interest magazine in the world right now. From a magazine that was struggling a bit a few years ago, to one that is amazing and thriving now. I feel like he would have a lot of insight on what it is to work in the world of magazines today.
There is a guy, a friend, Brandon Olson who is a chef here in Toronto. He and his fiancée are running a company called Chocolates by Brandon Olson. He's worked at many excellent restaurants, the last being Bar Isabelle, one of the most celebrated new restaurants in Canada. Brandon can cook all varieties of things but found himself in making chocolates.
www.roumieu.com
Interview and Photography by: Matt Quinn
Bobbilee Hartman
Software Engineer at Intuit, Organizer of Railscamp USA
Andrew Coppolino
Writer and editor of Rare Republic & Waterloo Region Eats


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Man dies in portable toilet fire at Baltimore Ravens stadium
BALTIMORE — Firefighters say a man died in a fire in a portable toilet near the Baltimore Ravens' stadium.
2 killed in house fire in Tennessee, cause investigated
MEMPHIS — Officials say two elderly people were killed in a house fire in Tennessee.
8 people, 6 of them kids, killed in Chicago apartment fire
CHICAGO — Eight people, including six children, were killed when a fire broke out before dawn Sunday at a Chicago apartment in one of the deadliest fires in the nation's third-largest city in years, officials say.
Man killed in Sullivan County house fire
BLOUNTVILLE — A Monday morning fire at a Kingsport residence has killed a man, according to a Sheriff's Office report.
Updated Apr 2, 2018 at 4:00 PM
UPDATE: SCSO names 2 killed in Kingsport fire
The Sullivan County Sheriff's Office has identified the two people killed in a fire in the Bloomingdale area near Kingsport.
Updated Mar 18, 2018 at 2:32 PM
Woman dies trapped inside Middle Tennessee house fire
WSMV-TV reports that a father and son made it out of the home in time, but the woman died of smoke inhalation.
4 kids dead in Tennessee house fire
The ages of the children confirmed dead are 4,7, 8 and 9, according to Springfield Fire Chief Jimmy Hamill.
Sheriff: Fatal NE Tennessee fire caused by electric heater
On Friday morning, the Hawkins County Sheriff's Office responded to a report of a residential structure fire on Pumpkin Valley Road in the rural Eidson community north of Rogersville.
Utah house fire kills 4-year-old boy who apparently played with torch
OGDEN, Utah — A 4-year-old boy was killed and a woman injured in a house fire early Sunday.
Updated Jun 27, 2016 at 3:36 PM
Memphis firefighter dies after collapsing at house fire
MEMPHIS — Authorities say a Memphis firefighter has died after collapsing at the scene of a house fire.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Late Friday HUD posted two press releases announcing that it will speed federal disaster assistance to the states of Iowa and Nebraska and provide support to homeowners and low-income renters forced from their homes due to severe winter storms and flooding. Presidential disaster declarations allow HUD to offer foreclosure relief and other assistance to certain families living in impacted counties.
Click here for more information about disaster resources.


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Minnesota politicians upset about Sheriff's 'Live on Patrol' internet show
It Seems That Transparency Isn't What Politicians Want...
St. Paul, MN. – Three St. Paul City Council members want to file a formal complaint against Ramsey County Sheriff Bob Fletcher regarding his popular 'Live on Patrol' YouTube show. Council members Amy Brendmoen, Mitra Jalali and Rebecca Noecker have submitted a resolution that seeks an independent review of the show.
Sheriff Fletcher said that the idea that his detractors don't like his livestreams show is exactly why it is needed according to Twin Cities.
"Some elected officials are opposed to 'Live on Patrol' because it builds trust with the police and that runs counter to their narrative to defund law enforcement," Fletcher said. "Many council members would prefer the public not be aware of the current increase in violent crime. They are opposed to transparency when it reflects on their failure to keep the community safe.
The council members are requesting the State of Minnesota Peace Officers Standards and Training Board evaluate the video to determine if it violates the Sheriff's office's policies and the Minnesota police code of conduct.
Brendmoen, the City Council president, said it's not a political issue.
"We're trying to answer questions that community members have brought to our attention," she said Thursday, adding that those questions have included: "Why is an elected sheriff able to not wear a body camera while he's on patrol? Why is a sheriff able to do this patrol with a camera on that's violating what we believe are the St. Paul police's rules of conduct and rules of pursuit?"
Fletcher started streaming his patrols live on Facebook at the end of July 2020 after popular shows like Live PD and COPS were cancelled. He did it as a way to show viewers what police do and to build trust with the community. He usually broadcasts on Friday night and has thousands of followers who call themselves "backseaters."
In the past year, he has broadcast 400 hours of footage, which has been viewed 9.5 million times on YouTube and 4 million times on Facebook. He has 144,000 YouTube subscribers and 45,000 followers on Facebook.
"'Live on Patrol' is not modeled after television shows like 'Live PD' or 'Cops,' Fletcher said. "Instead, 'Live on Patrol' focuses on community relations, instead of arrest. In addition to preventing crime, the goal … is to build community relationships and improved trust through transparency."
Fletcher says he's giving residents a first-hand view of what police face on patrol. The council members say live police shows are in bad taste considering the nationwide protests against alleged police brutality.
According to the resolution, the council members say the "Sheriff's livestream show has recorded his patrol decisions and actions which have been characterized as both reckless … and have raised the ire of community members and elected officials." That Fletcher "has driven dangerously and erratically, and has dismissed requests to call off pursuit."
Fletcher said pursuits and arrests make up a small fraction of the show.
"Ninety percent of it is interaction with community and only 10 percent is actually responding to the violent call," Fletcher said. "But even the 10 percent is something that the public wants to know."
Tags: Minnesotamust-readSheriff Bob Fletcherst. paultransparency
Minnesotan sentenced to probation for third-degree murder
State rep wants to rethink the juvenile justice system in Minnesota
Mother and son arrested in connection to Mall of America homicide
Minnesota police chief apologizes for law enforcement appreciation post
Video shows security booting man with 'Jesus Saves' shirt from Mall of America
Minnesota man sentenced to probation in child porn case


Good old fashioned fun! Relive Grandmas yesterdays with a real Seaside Punch and Judy show suitable for all ages.
Available for parties, fetes, schools and all other functions. Magic, Juggling and Balloon Modelling can also be performed along with the full Punch and Judy Show.
You can contact Ben's Mr Punch and Judy direct by completing the form below and clicking the 'Send' button.
These details were last reviewed by Ben's Mr Punch and Judy, WORTHING on 05/11/2013. NOTE: This account appears dormant. It is scheduled for deletion on or just after 06/11/2013.


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Пем Вайткросс (, нар. 25 листопада 1953)  — колишня професійна австралійська тенісистка.
Здобула три парні титули туру WTA, досягла фіналу Відкритого чемпіонату Австралії 1978 року.
Найвищу одиночну позицію світового рейтингу — 150 місце досягла 7 січня 1985, парну — 141 місце — 15 березня 1987 року.
Завершила кар'єру 1986 року.

Фінали турнірів Великого шолома

Парний розряд: 1 (0–1)

Фінали WTA

Парний розряд (3-3)

Примітки

Посилання

Австралійські тенісистки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Urgent Care Medical Director
Canby, Oregon - Seeking a BC/BE physician to act as medical director for a fast-growing, 20+-person Urgent Care clinic. Full-time position with duties divided between clinical care and administration. Competitive compensation; comprehensive benefits; excellent work-life balance. In this role you will help mentor and lead a collegial team of caregivers and providers at Providence Medical Groups' Canby Immediate Care Clinic, shaping the delivery and patient experience for on-demand care with seven dynamic and committed medical directors. Open to Emergency Medicine, Urgent Care and Immediate Care physicians with at least two years of experience. Practice where you're truly needed in this charming rural community just 25 miles south of Portland.
Where You'll Work
Providence Medical Group is our organization of employed physicians in Oregon, with more than 70 clinics across this diverse, sprawling state. Our 1,500-plus providers in Oregon have a wide range of clinical expertise, including Family and Internal Medicine, Women's Health, Dermatology, General Surgery, Neurology and Hospital Medicine. We receive clinical and operational support from a number of centralized Providence programs such as Quality and Research, Medical Management and Information Services.
Where You'll Live
Canby is on the Willamette River just 22 miles south of Portland, offering a quiet, rural setting of picturesque farmland and rolling hills. The city's location offers accessibility to vast forests, snow-capped Cascade mountain peaks, the high desert of eastern Oregon and spectacular Pacific beaches to the west. Its highly rated and progressive schools, sophisticated nurseries, farmer's market and Clackamas County Fair all contribute to Canby's easy-going lifestyle.
Who You'll Work For
Providence Health & Services (PH&S) is a not-for-profit system of 34 hospitals, more than 600 clinics and hundreds of locally driven programs across five western states: Alaska, California, Montana, Oregon and Washington. Providence is committed to improving the health of the communities it serves, with a special emphasis on its mission to serve the poor and vulnerable. PH&S is a partner organization of the Providence St. Joseph Health family and is proud to be an Equal Employment Opportunity organization.
Job ID Number: 8122
Facility Name: Providence Medical Group - Oregon
Location Name: Canby, OR
Brand Name: Providence Health & Services
Provider Profession: Physician/Surgeon
Medical Specialty: Urgent Care/Immediate Care
Job Setting: Medical Clinic
Type of Role: Clinical
Type of Role: Medical Director
Email: Brady.Wilhelm@psdrecruit.org
Schedule: Full Time
CP: Yes
CB: Yes
NP: No
PA: No
HC: Yes
IS: No
YM: Yes
You've got questions? I've got answers! Reach out today, and together, we'll find a job that checks all your boxes.
Brady Wilhelm
Provider Recruiter
Brady.Wilhelm@psdrecruit.org
About Providence Health & Services
Provider Solutions + Development creates healthier communities by forging lasting partnerships between providers and not-for-profit health systems. For 20+ years, we've helped thousands of physicians and advanced practice clinicians achieve their practice potential by consulting, mapping and managing their career moves. Founded within Providence Health & Services, we're now a clinical career navigation group with a purpose-driven culture. Some of the nation's preeminent health systems entrust us with finding the right providers – not just any providers – for mutual, long-term success. We're here to help you discover, select and manage the next step in your career journey. Where would you like to go?


The guys in Monroeville got a taste of the youth music market when they visited Barboursville Middle School in Barboursville, WV last week.
In a busy day at school, the band did a first period concert for the 8th graders, followed by a workshop with the string students. Each of the guys told the students how they came to play bluegrass and some of the difficulties they encountered along the way. They even brought a few of the more advanced students up to play with the band.
Similar workshops were held with the other grades, and then the guys headed for a juvenile correctional facility where they spoke with a number of the young people about the value of constructive activities like music, and held another concert.
Matt Munsey, Monroeville mandolinist, says that they were overwhelmed by the response they received.
"I've never seen this kind of response to bluegrass music from so many young people! Not all of these kids even knew what bluegrass was before today, but I believe we left there with some new fans and some extra appreciation for acoustic and bluegrass music.
After working with the kids all day, Monroeville finished their day in Barboursville with a concert in the evening for the general public. Matt said that it was a grueling day for the band, but that they enjoyed the experience, and are looking forward to doing more of these workshops next year.
Hats off to Monroeville for making this investment in young potential bluegrass pickers and/or fans. They are surely not the first to do so, but there can be no doubt that younger bands can make a different sort of connection with schoolagers than can wizened pros.
A first single from Monroeville's debut album is expected in the near future. Jim VanCleve is producing with David Hall engineering. More on that as details emerge.


We present observations of the classical nova V723 Cassiopeiae (Nova Cas 1995), obtained both with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and from the ground. The infrared spectrum was dominated in the first year by H and He recombination lines, and at later times by coronal lines. The H recombination lines imply a reddening of E(B-V) = 0.78, an electron temperature of 7000 K, and an electron density of 2 × 108 cm-3 on day 250. We argue that the high-ionization species in the infrared are most likely the result of collisional ionization rather than photoionization and are therefore truly "coronal"; we estimate a temperature of 3.2 × 105 K in the coronal region and abundance ratios of S/Si 2.1, Ca/Si 1.6, and Al/Si 1.5. The ejected mass as determined from the Brα line was 2.6 × 10-5 M⊙ for a distance of 4 kpc; however, the mass deduced from the free-free emission, which we conclude arises primarily in the coronal zone, is 4.3 × 10-4 M⊙. V723 Cas did not display the [O IV] 25.89 μm fine-structure line, which was typically seen in the spectra of novae observed with ISO. There was no evidence of dust emission in V723 Cas.


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England [1215]
Doris Mary Stenton
Alternative Title: Great Charter
Magna Carta, English Great Charter, charter of English liberties granted by King John on June 15, 1215, under threat of civil war and reissued with alterations in 1216, 1217, and 1225. By declaring the sovereign to be subject to the rule of law and documenting the liberties held by "free men," the Magna Carta would provide the foundation for individual rights in Anglo-American jurisprudence.
Opening of the preamble to Magna Carta of 1215; in the British Library (Cotton MS Augustus II 106). Reproduced by permission of the British Library Board
United Kingdom: Revolt of the barons and Magna Carta
Ever since the loss of Normandy John had been building up a coalition of rulers in Germany and the Low Countries to assist him against the…
Origin of the Magna Carta
With his conquest of England in 1066, William I secured for himself and his immediate successors a position of unprecedented power. He was able to dominate not only the country but also the barons who had helped him win it and the ecclesiastics who served the English church. He forced Pope Alexander II to be content with indirect control over the church in a land that the papacy hitherto had regarded as bound by the closest ties to Rome. William's son Henry I—whose accession (1100) was challenged by his eldest brother, Robert, duke of Normandy—was compelled to make concessions to the nobles and clergy in the Charter of Liberties, a royal edict issued upon his coronation. His successor, Stephen (1135), whose hold on the throne was threatened by Henry I's daughter Matilda, again issued a solemn charter (1136) with even more generous promises of good government in church and state. Matilda's son Henry II also began his reign (1154) by issuing a solemn charter promising to restore and confirm the liberties and free customs that King Henry, his grandfather, had granted "to God and holy church and all his earls, barons and all his men." There developed, in fact, through the 12th century a continuous tradition that the king's coronation oath should be strengthened by written promises stamped with the king's seal.
Although the volume of common law increased during that period, in particular during Henry II's reign (which ended in 1189), no converse definition had been secured in regard to the financial liabilities of the baronage to the crown. The baronage also had no definition of the rights of justice that they held over their own subjects. As the Angevin administration became ever more firmly established with learned judges, able financiers, and trained clerks in its service, the baronage as a whole became ever more conscious of the weakness of its position in the face of the agents of the crown. Compounding discontent among the nobility were tax increases during Richard I's reign (1189–99), which resulted from his Crusade, his ransom, and his war with France. John was confronted with those myriad challenges upon his rise to the throne in 1199. His position, already precarious, was made even weaker because of the rival claim of his nephew Arthur of Brittany and the determination of Philip II of France to end the English hold on Normandy.
Unlike his predecessors, John did not issue a general charter to his barons at the beginning of his reign. At Northampton, however, Archbishop of Canterbury Hubert Walter, royal adviser William Marshal, and justiciar Geoffrey Fitzpeter summoned the nobility and promised, on behalf of the king (who was still in France), that he would render to each his rights if they would keep faith and peace with him. As early as 1201, however, the earls were refusing to cross the English Channel in the king's service unless he first promised them "their rights." In 1205, in the face of a threat of invasion from France, the king was compelled to swear that he would preserve the rights of the kingdom unharmed. After the loss of Normandy in 1204, John was forced to rely on English resources alone, and the crown began to feel a new urgency in the matter of revenue collection. Royal demands for scutage (money paid in lieu of military service) became more frequent. The quarrel with Pope Innocent III over the election of Stephen Langton to the see of Canterbury resulted in a papal interdict (1208–13) and left the English church defenseless in the face of John's financial demands. The excommunication of the king in 1209 deprived him of some of his ablest administrators. It is not surprising then that when peace with the church was made and Langton became archbishop of Canterbury, he emerged as a central figure in the baronial unrest. Indeed, it was Langton who advised that the demand for a solemn grant of liberties from the king be founded on the coronation charter of Henry I.
John of England, from an early 14th-century illumination. The Granger Collection, New York
Great Charter of 1215
A detailed account of the months preceding the sealing of the Magna Carta has been preserved by the historians of St. Albans abbey, where an initial draft of the charter was read in 1213. Many, although not all, of the documents issued immediately before the charter have survived either in the original or as official transcripts. From those records, it is clear that King John had already realized that he would have to grant free election to ecclesiastical offices and meet the barons' general demands. It is equally clear that Langton and the most-influential earl, William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, had considerable difficulty in bringing the most-extreme members of the baronage to a frame of mind in which they would negotiate. Those nobles wanted to fight, although it is not clear what use they would have made of a military victory in 1215.
Magna CartaAn engraving of King John signing the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede, England. © Photos.com/Thinkstock
On June 15, 1215, the document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon, and to it the king's great seal was set. It became the text from which the draft of the charter was hammered out in the discussions at Runnymede (beside the River Thames, between Windsor and Staines, now in the county of Surrey), and the final version of the Magna Carta was accepted by the king and the barons on June 19. The charter was a compromise, but it also contained important clauses designed to bring about reforms in judicial and local administration.
Magna CartaWatch a dramatization of the history behind the formulation of the Magna Carta, a charter that was issued in order to curtail the power of King John and his successors and that laid the foundation for Parliament. © UK Parliament Education Service (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Much explosive material is set out in the Magna Carta, which was sealed by King John "in the meadow called Ronimed between Windsor and Staines on the fifteenth day of June in the seventeenth year of our reign." The remarkable fact is not that war broke out between John and his barons in the following months but that the king had ever been brought to agree to the sealing of such a document at all. That the king genuinely wished to avoid civil war, that he was prepared to accede to reasonable demands for a statement of feudal law, and that he had a basic desire to give good government to his subjects are all strikingly shown by his submission to clauses that, in effect, authorized his subjects to declare war on their king.
Clause 61 of the 1215 charter called upon the barons to choose 25 representatives from their number to serve as a "form of security" to ensure the preservation of the rights and liberties that had been enumerated. John's dissatisfaction with that clause and its implementation was recorded by chronicler Matthew Paris, and historians since that time have questioned its genesis. Was clause 61 proposed by Langton as a method of progressing toward a limited monarchy, or did it come from the barons as a way of expressing their feudal right of formal defiance in the face of a lord who had broken a contract? Whatever its origin, that clause is of interest because it illustrates the way that the western European elite were talking and thinking about kingship in 1215. Although clause 61 was omitted from reissued versions of the charter, after the deposing of King Henry III during the Barons' War (1264), it served as the model for an even harsher attempt to control the king.
Reissues of 1216, 1217, and 1225
Historical significance of the Magna Carta
Surviving copies of the Magna Carta
The History Learning Site - Magna Carta
The Catholic Encyclopedia - Magna Carta
UShistory.org - Historic Documents - Magna Carta
Magna Carta - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
Magna Carta - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)


There are a lot of things to recommend about the freelance lifestyle - like flexible working hours or choosing the projects you want to work on. But matching pension contributions and a regular pay cheque aren't among them. Being your own boss can be empowering but it also comes with its own challenges of being a financially responsible adult without having the cushion of benefits that come with a full-time gig.
In the UK alone, the number of self-employed people now accounts for around 15% of the working population. Of those self-employed, less than a third are paying into a pension for their retirement leaving a real risk that this group of the workforce will face a significant living-squeeze cost in later life. Couple that with a reported tax rise in 2020 and it pays to put some good habits in place that encourage a financially-happy future.
So whether you are trying out freelancing for the first time, or are a seasoned pro, here are five tips that will help you lead a healthier, more secure, financial life as a freelancer, as told by Brian Byrnes from Wealthsimple.
Without a steady stream of reliable income, it's important to build up an emergency fund of three to six months of cash that will cover living expenses in case anything unexpected comes up. You should already have this built up before making the leap to freelance but if not, make sure it's your first priority.
Keep this reserve accessible in case you need to use it. A savings account will do the trick.
It's hard not to feel excited the first time you see your first freelance pay cheque. But remember, taxes aren't taken out. A good rule of thumb is to stash away 30% of each pay cheque and keep it in separate savings account so that when tax time comes around you'll be prepared to file your self-assessment.
This year's tax deadline is right around the corner – 31st January – and HMRC has warned that nearly half of freelancers are still to complete their returns. It's important to pay on time otherwise you'll get levied with a £100 fee.
One of the biggest downsides of being your own boss is that you miss out on regular pension contributions from your employer. Last year the UK introduced auto-enrolment which means that all employees will be automatically enrolled into their workplace's pension scheme if they are at a full-time gig.
To make sure you are building enough of a retirement nest, you should research opening a SIPP (Self-Invested Personal Pension). SIPPs are a great tax-friendly way to save for the future, regardless of if you are set up as a sole trader or limited company. Dripping money into a pension might not seem like a priority right now but think about 30 years down the road and your future self will thank you!
Set a goal for how much you'd like to save or invest each month and stick to it. The 50-30-20 rule is a great place to start. In this scenario you devout fifty percent of your income to basic necessities like rent or transportation. Thirty percent is reserved for needs (not necessities) like a drink at the pub with colleagues or a night at the cinema. The remaining twenty percent goes towards your financial well-being whether that be stashing money away in a savings, investment and pension account - or in an ideal world all three!
To make it easier, have that money automatically deposited into your saving or investment account each month. This means you'll never have to think about it and the temptation will be removed to use it at any time.
If something important comes up and you do need the money, most investment platforms or saving accounts will let you access your cash with relative ease but aim to leave it untouched so it can grow over time.
It may sound simple, but keep track of your daily spending. A lot of people don't believe that they have the spare cash to go towards saving but if you look closely at where you are spending there is always an opportunity to stash away more. A great way to track this is by either being old-school and pulling out a spreadsheet or using money-management software like Emma or Money Dashboard. While you don't want to cut away life's little luxuries - like your flat white that you pick-up on the way to work - it's important to know where your money is going and make decisions about what you need to put away to make sure you are setting yourself up for a strong financial future.
More on freelancer finances and boosting your income.


Im on day 4 - Im going to carry on going.
Day 10 here, going all the way might work might not but not stopping. I've read enough online about retinol working on sebum control after long use to try it. So far made the skin nicer looking so there is that.
I don't know why I'm being called a troll. I'm a person who bought a fordyce product that had success with it and thought I'd share my results. I will leave this forum if that's not welcome.
Day 16 here still going. No results besides making skin soft but continuing on.
Because their is no Fordyce Spots removal creme that works well. It's wrong advertisement with false promises.
Those cremes are a market scam with no prove whatsoever to have any effect on Fordyce Spots and I even bought some of these products being desperate.
If he is trolling then he is a c**t who is just making money off people who are in need.
What I don't understand why would anyone try to make money of Fordyce spots. Barely anyone knows anything about them. Vitamin a is known to help with a whole load of other more profitable things.
I know we're all desperate to try anything but be real, some loser creating accounts to sell his overpriced moisturiser from his mum's basement so he can make a quick buck from desperate people isn't going to have the cure.
I purchased this same product back in November and I can say that it worked for me pretty well. I used it everyday day for three months until the container was empty. The small spots I had went flat and my skin smoothed out. The larger spots shrunk in size. They didn't disappear but they are less noticeable. My wife has slight Fordyce on her lips. She tried it but didn't notice a difference. I am going to order more soon. I don't have any before pictures but I'll take an after picture.
Iam at one month and maybe just maybe some shrunk not sure. How long before you noticed a difference?
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Foreign Affairs, In the Press, National Security & Defense, News
ARF-D Leaders in the News
Armenia's Declaration on Independence, 23 August 1990
Vahan Hovhannisyan weighs in on upcoming CSTO Summit
In an interview with Aravot daily in mid-August, ARF Dashnaktsutyn Bureau member Vahan Hovhannesyan spoke about the upcoming informal Collective Security Treaty Organization's (CSTO) Summit to be held in Armenia. "I would like to expect the best from the summit and note certain advantages for Armenia in the context of strengthening of CSTO. But I do not see any prerequisites," he said.
According to the ARF-D leader, Russia is still trying to relive its Soviet heritage, but the country should realize it cannot have Armenia and Azerbaijan simultaneously. Hovhannisyan considers Moscow's strategy as being short-sighted. "Acting against our national interests, Russia often tries to flirt with a country Armenia has serious problems with," he noted. "However, tomorrow Russia itself may have serious problems with them as well. CSTO might not be established as an organization due to Russia's political and economic disparagement," he concluded.
Rustamyan, "We have deviated from the Declaration on Independence"
On August 23, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Armenia, the then Soviet republic's legislature, adopted a declaration on independence. It was Armenia's desire to seek independent statehood that saw similar declarations passed by the legislatures of the Soviet Baltic Republics of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia.
It would take another 13 months for Armenians to complete the process of their independence from Moscow in a formal referendum on September 21, 1991. The Soviet Union ceased to exist at the end of that year and the sovereignty and independence of its former 15 republics, including Armenia, was recognized by the international community shortly.
Armen Rustamyan, chairman of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun) Supreme Council of Armenia, in cooments to the media attached great significance to the 1990 Declaration on Independence, but said that subsequent years have shown that "we often deviated from the general logic of the Declaration."
"A national state path of developing the country in fact should have been built upon that Declaration. And our main discontent toady is that that path has seen deviations during these 20 years," Rustamyan said in an RFE/RL interview.
← Attending church services in Akhtamar will contribute to Turkish provocation ARF-D leader says
ARF-D leaders discuss latest Armenia-Russia military agreement →


Well...this image just about sums up my little trio lately!
A cheeky monkey of a 3 year old whose personality is developing more and more everyday - a little boy who loves nothing more than to play pranks, make jokes, pull faces and generally be silly!
A very very mischievous little 1 year old who is full of divilment, always getting himself into scrapes, fiercely independent, more than a handful but oh so cute and funny at the same time.
And a very nonchalant 7 month old who takes all of the mayhem around him in his stride, gets on with things without a fuss and generally isn't very bothered by anything!
The boys are so very different in looks but also in personality, yet when the three of them come together their different personalities seem to blend together so well and they compliment each other perfectly.
This month, infact this week, is the first time that the 3 of them have started to interact together as a group.
Up until now they'd interact in twos, but this week they've become a little team - Sailor likes to sit in his bumbo seat on the floor and over the past few days Tyne and Noah have found their way over to sit next to him while playing with their toys - last night Sailor started to reach for their toys and try to join in with their game, snatching a little fire truck from Noah's hand - Noah shouted "AAAH!!" as he did it, and Sailor started laughing away!
Noah took the truck back, and Sailor reached out and took it again...again Noah shouted "AHHH!" and again Sailor chuckled away to himself...All the while was doubled over in stitches laughing at the pair of them!
This went on for a good 10 minutes, in the end Noah started to laugh when Sailor did and it became a little joke between the three of them....and as cheesy as it sounds, I thought I might actually melt from all the cuteness watching the 3 of them playing and laughing together!
It felt like the first little glimpse at how their relationship and dynamics will be in the coming months and years, and it was just the cutest thing to see.
I love that last photo. I am a third child and it totally sums up the dynamics perfectly!
You're going to have so much fun with these three!


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Difficulties for Defectors in the Era of Rapprochement with North Korea
Photo: CC BY 3.0 US
Commentary by Robert R. King
During the last two and a half decades, one of the key North Korean humanitarian and human rights issues has been citizens of the North who choose to leave and flee to China. Those who are not forcibly returned generally go elsewhere. By far the largest number go to South Korea, and since the 1990s almost 32,000 of these "defectors" have resettled there. Slightly more than 200 have come to the United States, and several hundred have resettled in Europe, with the largest number locating in the United Kingdom.
The term most often used for these refugees from the North is "defectors," a term which generally is considered negative. When it is applied to those fleeing North Korea, however, it assumes a more positive association, because they are leaving the country with one of the world's worst human rights records. As knowledge of the wretched humanitarian and political conditions in North Korea has become better known over the last two decades, sympathy for and interest in North Korean defectors has grown.
Impact on Refugees of Rapprochement with North Korea
South Korea has given generous support to defectors, aided and supported them to build new lives in the South, and, when conservative governments were in power, used the defector issue to tarnish the North and highlight its human rights abuses.
As President Moon Jae-in's policy of engagement with the North moves forward, however, it may well prove to be inconsistent with past official support for defectors. The North clearly would like to see an end to Seoul's support for defectors. It undermines the legitimacy and credibility of the Kim regime. At the same time, if the South abandons its support for defectors, it would undermine the principle that all Koreans, North and South, are entitled to political, economic, and cultural freedoms that make the South attractive to its brothers and sisters in the North.
Another complication is that most of the defectors in the South who are politically active are on the conservative side of the political spectrum. They want to continue their past efforts to launch balloons into the North with brochures and USB flash drives containing news and information. They are among the most critical of the Kim regime and the most credible when they speak out.
In South Korea, the latest government budget reflects the significant shift in priorities—inter-Korean cooperation receives a boost while aid for defectors and for human rights efforts are slashed.
U.S. President Donald Trump likewise will face some of the same issues if there is a continuing effort to move forward on engagement between the United States and North Korea focused on denuclearization. In his State of the Union Speech nine months ago, President Trump devoted 10 percent of his text to North Korea, with a strong focus on human rights and centered on the presence of defectors from the North sitting with the First Lady in the House Chamber for that occasion. Just a few days later, the President met with a group of eight defectors in the Oval Office to express respect for their courage and show support for their efforts. Since last February, however, we have heard little or nothing from the White House about defectors or human rights in North Korea.
Defectors in South Korea
In the 1990s many North Koreans fled to China as a result of famine and the desperate need to find food. The Chinese government did not welcome the North Koreans, and those found by police authorities in China were returned to the North. The government in Pyongyang also sought to prevent the outflow of persons, but conditions were desperate in the North.
South Korean and other international humanitarian organizations sought to aid North Korean refugees in Northeast China. Initially, with the help of Christian missionaries and others, North Koreans were able to reach South Korea. Most defectors left by way of Mongolia, but as Chinese authorities closed off that option by 2008, they since have left through Southeast Asia. Most receive help to make the complicated trip from discrete non-government organizations and brokers who are paid by family members.
South Korea is the principal destination for a number of reasons. The language and culture are much the same, although there are differences. Most of the organizations involved in helping the defectors are South Korean, and the South Korean people feel a sense of obligation and responsibility for the Northern refugees. The South Korean government has a well-developed program to assist defectors.
Furthermore, many South Koreans have family from the North from whom they were separated during the Korean War (1950-1953) or family who came to the South in recent decades. Although the North prohibits international phone calls by its citizens and there is no mail or other communication service, people have been able to communicate and keep in touch with family members across the border.
Once North Koreans have been vetted, they are eligible to become full citizens of South Korea. With other countries, including the United States, initial asylum status is more limited and citizenship takes longer. South Korea is also generous in aiding new refugee arrivals. (See reports on foreign journalists allowed to visit a refugee resettlement center. The Los Angeles Times and the BBC published reports about the South Korean process.)
Refugees in the United States and Europe
Few defectors choose to go to the United States. The number of North Koreans who came to the United States between 2006 and mid-2018 was 214. The North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 included provisions for special attention to North Korean defectors, but despite the expectation that large numbers would choose the United States, that number is a tiny fraction of the number who have gone to South Korea.
The language and cultural differences in coming to the United States are significant, but refugees are also bombarded by anti-American rhetoric and propaganda throughout their lives in the North. The anniversary of the beginning of the Korean War, when North Korean troops invaded the South in 1950, is a celebration of anti-Americanism. One journalist described it: "Fist-pumping, flag-waving and slogan-shouting masses of Pyongyang residents normally assemble each year for the rally to kick off a month of anti-U.S. Korean War-focused events designed to strengthen nationalism and unity." North Koreans, who have gone through this all their lives, generally do not have positive feelings about the United States.
In addition to the North Korean defectors who have gone to South Korea and the United States, a number have also chosen to go to Europe. The largest number go to the United Kingdom. As of March 2018, the Home Office had granted asylum in Britain to 544 North Koreans. That is two-and-a-half times the number who have come to the United States, but still a tiny fraction of the number who have gone to South Korea.
North Korean Efforts to Halt Defections
The number of defectors who have chosen to leave North Korea is impressive, particularly since the difficulty of leaving the North makes it extremely dangerous. The North has undertaken an aggressive two-pronged effort to discourage defection.
First, border security in North Korea has been tightened under Kim Jong-un. Areas immediately adjacent to the border with China are off-limits to anyone who does not live in the immediate border zone. The only border that defectors cross to leave illegally is the China-North Korea border. The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the North and South is so heavily fortified and guarded that it is virtually impossible to cross. On the few occasions when a soldier on duty in that area has attempted to cross the DMZ, he has been shot. On the frontier with China, North Korean border guards are trained and instructed to be tough on attempting defectors. Soldiers have been replaced, punished, and even executed when they fail to detect and stop a defection. There are frequent reports of border guards killing would-be defectors. Family members who remain in the North when relatives defect are routinely punished and even executed, even though they generally have little idea that their defecting relatives are leaving.
The second element of North Korean policy to stem the refugee exodus is a campaign to make the South appear a less attractive place for people from the North. Manipulation of information and control of the news media makes this relatively easy. The Kim regime engaged in a major media effort in 2012 and 2013 to discourage defections with seven major media events. These events featured defectors who had returned to the North after they became disillusioned with life in the South. These "re-defectors" gave extended reports about how difficult conditions were in the South and they were obsequiously grateful that the new leader Kim Jong-un welcomed them back. There is little concrete information to judge how accurate these reports were or whether they were based on coercion and coaching by the Pyongyang media manipulators.
There is no question that some North Koreans who went to the South have a sincere and uncoerced desire to return to the North, but it is also true that defectors have been blackmailed and manipulated into returning. The number who would like to return to the North is likely quite small. Raising questions about life in the South makes those in the North more cautious about making the tough choice to abandon friends and family in the North for an uncertain life in the South.
The Role of China
The Chinese have made defections difficult. They are anxious to protect and control their own borders and the border area, as any country seeks to do. Chinese authorities take tough action to eliminate illegal border crossings by North Koreans, even if the defectors are motivated to take drastic measures to find food or help their families and even if their ultimate aim is to quickly leave China and go to South Korea or elsewhere. The default Chinese position is to return defectors to the North where they are severely punished. For China, there seems to be little humanitarian concern in this default position.
The Chinese, however, temper their policy toward North Korean refugees not for humanitarian reasons but for broader foreign policy considerations. When relations with Pyongyang are good, the Chinese return to North Korea any defectors they capture illegally entering China. But there are also times when the Chinese seek to curry favor with Seoul or to show displeasure toward Pyongyang. In such cases, defectors will be handed over to the South Koreans, usually quietly. In April 2016, for example, when the Chinese were not happy with Kim Jong-un's nuclear testing, 12 North Korean waitresses and their North Korean manager flew directly from China to Seoul—something that rarely if ever happens, and something that could not happen unless the Chinese knowingly permitted it. (This subsequently proved to be controversial when charges were made that the waitresses were tricked into defecting.) The one thing that is clear, however, is that Chinese action in a particular case has little to do with humanitarian concern for the victims involved.
Reunification, Security Policy, and Human Rights
Neither South Korea's search for reconciliation and reunification with North Korea nor the United States' quest for denuclearization of the North are good bedfellows with the pursuit of human rights in North Korea. And it appears that the human rights concerns of defectors are quietly overlooked as Washington and Seoul seek reunification and security goals.
The irony is that ignoring the human rights issues will ultimately doom the search for unification and security. Democratic values, respect for human rights, and the rule of law have become a part of South Korea's culture. It seems highly unlikely that South Koreans will surrender their freedoms and material well-being for reunification, and the leadership of the North Korean regime is unlikely to cede its political control and privileges for the goal of reunification. If the North Korean regime can be pressed to make greater concessions on human rights for its own people, the possibility of reunification is certainly greater.
Likewise, Washington's demands for security and stability in Northeast Asia are unlikely to be satisfied by Pyongyang, no matter how much U.S. leaders ignore North Korea's horrific human rights abuses. On the other hand, if there is a free flow of information available to North Koreans and if there is greater engagement between North Koreans and Americans, reduction in hostility and tensions would likely lead to greater success in achieving security and stability.
The Kim regime needs to feel pressure from its own people for access to consumer goods, for a voice in choosing their future, for the right to view South Korean soap operas, for the ability to live and travel where they choose, and to devote fewer national resources to forces of military coercion and more to their quality of life. If the regime does not feel such pressures, there is little incentive to make progress on security or reunification with the United States and South Korea. Ignoring human rights does not make the abuses go away, nor does ignoring abuses increase the desire or will of the Kim regime to reach an agreement on security issues in the long run, pressing on human rights is the necessary requirement for progress on security and reunification.
Ambassador Robert R. King is a senior adviser in the Office of the Korea Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. Previously, Ambassador King served as special envoy for North Korean human rights issues at the U.S. Department of State from November 2009 to January 2017.
Commentary is produced by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt institution focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).
Asia , Korea , Human Rights , and Human Security
Robert R. King
Senior Adviser (Non-resident), Korea Chair
Human Rights in North Korea


text:
Flaming Heart gravestone at St Mary's Church, Burwell
Immortalised in the East
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20 Years of the Heritage at Risk Register
New Research into Old King's Lynn
"F" is for Flushwork
Celebrating Landscape Architect Humphry Repton
Power, Protest and Progress
North Lowestoft Heritage Action Zone
100 Places: Music and Literature in the East of England
Luton's Local Plan
Cold War Atomic Bomb Store Saved
Securing a Future for Mettingham Castle
Great Gransden Windmill
Drinkstone Smock Mill Listing
Vital Repairs to Save West Acre Priory Ruins
New Repair Grant for Stow Maries Aerodrome
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Public memorials are everywhere, when you start looking for them. People, events and places of interest are marked by statues, plaques and artwork all across our region. They can pop up spontaneously, like the graffiti art memorial to Professor Stephen Hawking on a bridge in Cambridge shortly after he died; or be a lasting planned public statement.
We explore below some of the heroic, quirky, sad, inspirational and challenging local monuments in the East to inspire you to nominate little-known local memorials as part of our Immortalised season and help more people learn about the people and places that previous generations wanted us to remember.
Many monuments mark tragic events that caused significant loss of life. The Eliza Adams Lifeboat Memorial at Wells-next-to-Sea in Norfolk (listed Grade II) is one of them. Eleven of the twelve crew lost their lives in 1880 on the lifeboat's second rescue mission of the day in heavy sea and severe gale, leaving behind ten widows and 28 children. At St Mary's Church in Cardington, Bedfordshire, you will find the memorial and gravesite for those that died on board the maiden voyage in 1930 of the largest airship in the world, the R101. Built in Cardington (airship hangers no1 and no2 are Grade II*), the airship crashed in France enroute to India killing 48 of 54 people on board.
The Flaming Heart gravestone in St Mary's Church, Burwell, Cambridgeshire marks the mass grave for 78 people, mainly children, who died watching a travelling puppet show in 1727. It was held in a thatched barn and such was the demand to see the show that the doors were locked to prevent more people coming in. The original news report stated that a child had crept in with a candle and accidentally set straw alight in the barn. However, later accounts report a deathbed confession from a man who had a grudge against the puppeteer who had set light to the barn in order to stop the show, not realising that the doors had been locked.
Flaming Heart gravestone at St Mary's Church, Burwell in memory of 78 people who were burnt to death in a barn at Burwell in 1727
The memorial to Thomas Clarkson in Wisbech (listed Grade II*) celebrates the birthplace of a leading campaigner for the end of the slave trade and slavery. His research and the evidence he collected, including the infamous diagram showing the horrific conditions on slave ships for the people being transported, helped convince MPs to abolish the trade in 1807 and slavery itself in 1833. Other memorials to Clarkson can be found at St Mary's Church, Playford, Suffolk (where he died) and High Cross, Thundridge, Cambridgeshire.
A more modern commemoration is the DNA memorial to Francis Crick at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge which was unveiled by his research partner, James Watson. Crick, Watson and Maurice Wilkins of King's College London received a Nobel Prize in 1962 for the discovery and Wilkins' subsequent verification of the results. More recently the role of Rosalind Franklin in the discovery and whether she has been omitted from public recognition has been a subject of debate. Franklin took the famous 'Photo 51' which sparked the discovery and was one of the authors, along with Crick, Watson and Wilkins, of the three ground-breaking scientific papers published in Nature in April 1953.
Prince Alexander Obolensky was a Prince of Russian origin. He represented England in international rugby and has since become immortalised with a statue in Cromwell Square, Ipswich. He was killed at the age of 24 in a fighter aircraft accident in 1940 near Ipswich. Sculptor Harry Gray, who also worked famously on the Battle of Britain Memorial at Dover, was chosen for the project. In February 2009, the bronze statue was unveiled by his niece, Princess Alexandra Obolensky.
The scallop shell tribute to the composer Benjamin Britten and his music stands on the beach just north of Aldeburgh (the town was the home of the composer). Unveiled in November 2003, the 4 metre high steel sculpture is pierced with the words,
I hear those voices that will not be drowned taken from Benjamin Britten's opera Peter Grimes
The sculpture was conceived by the Suffolk artist Maggi Hambling and made by Aldeburgh craftsmen, Sam and Dennis Pegg.
How do I suggest a memorial?
The nomination period has now ended. Read about the nominations we received.
Other places, people and events Immortalised in the East include:
John Bunyan, author and religious nonconformist, in Bedford (listed Grade II)
The first General Synod of the English church in 673 in Hertford
Hyperion, the champion racehorse, at the Jockey Club in Newmarket
The Statue to Thomas Wolsey in Ipswich
The map of Norfolk at County Hall in Norfolk
'Counting the cost' by Renato Niemis which marks every plane missing in action in operations flown by American air forces in Britain during the Second World War
The landscape, known as 'Forster Country', described by E M Forster in the novel Howard's End
The first monument in England to Admiral Lord Nelson in Great Yarmouth (listed Grade I)
Statue of Hyperion, Newmarket
Also of interest...
Immortalised
A season of activity from Historic England, it explored how, why and who England remembers in its streets, buildings and spaces.


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Dear Mum, let's talk about stretch marks
Chereen Shurafa
[Creative Commons]
For many, the sudden emergence of stretch marks is a cause of major concern.
Relax, stretch marks are common. They begin to develop at different ages and stages of your life and can evolve for several reasons. While some may appreciate them, stretch marks deal a blow to the confidence of many. Whatever the case, it's important to not be ashamed to talk about stretch marks, or as medical experts call them, "striae".
"Your skin was created to be elastic. To a certain extent after stretching, the skin can return back to its original condition," Board Certified Dermatologist, Dr. Fatema Abbas, from Al-Shefa Polyclinic told Doha News.
"If this extent is passed, then the collagen cells break apart and stretch marks happen. These stretch marks can be different colours depending on your skin tone. Initially, they range from pink, purple, red, brown, or a darker brown. Over time, they either fade or take on a white or silver colour," she added.
Read also: Spotlight on Mum: I never expected to see my newborn baby in a coma
Dr. Fatema explains that there are many reasons for stretch marks to appear or grow. Hormones, genetics, puberty, pregnancy, and fast growth during adolescence or rapid weight gain, are but a few.
"Both guys and girls can and do get stretch marks. It's incredibly common for striae to appear during puberty. People also get them from heavy lifting because they quickly develop muscle that can cause the dermis to tear," Dr. Fatema noted.
Despite this, stretch marks are commonly associated with pregnancy and tend to appear near the final period due to the excessive stretching of skin, hormones, and weight gain that comes with carrying a baby.
For this reason, women are keen on preventing stretch marks from developing during their pregnancies while others embrace them as symbols of strength and endurance. For experts like Dr. Fatema, perspectives on striae is not a cause for concern because stretch marks themselves are painless and harmless.
For mother-of-one Hiba, coming to terms with stretch marks for the first time proved to be difficult, but this soon changed.
"At first, I didn't make me feel too great about myself and I became self-conscious of my body. Now, two years on, I've grown to accept them as my child's artwork to me. These marks are proof of the miracle of child birth and an important reminder of motherhood," Hiba told Doha News.
"These are my stripes and I am proud of them," she added.
For pregnancies, there are ways to help prevent them from appearing, Dr. Fatema notes.
"It's helpful to start using creams early on in the pregnancy and to maintain usage in order to keep your skin hydrated. This supports preventing the growth of stretch marks," she said.
In some cases, however, factors such as genetics will make the stretch marks develop regardless of what is done to prevent them. When this happens, it's important to start a treatment plan with your dermatologist after delivery for the best results.
Some methods to treat stretch marks include fractional laser, derma pen, Calcium Hydroxylapatite, and Radio Frequency Skin Resurfacing Treatments.
For those concerned about developing stretch marks, knowing of alternative routes to tackle the issue may provide some much needed relief.
Whatever the case, it's important to embrace our bodies as they continue to grow and serve us while navigating through life. Stretch marks tell a story that is part and parcel of our journey on earth.
Whatever your thoughts may be, your feelings are definitely valid. At the end of the day, feeling confident and comfortable in your own skin is essential.
Read also: The Mum Diaries: Mothers don't need judgement right now
"If you're content with your stretch marks, then you don't have to get them fixed because they are harmless. If you do want to improve your stretch marks appearance, it is considered a cosmetic procedure that you can get done. It is all a matter of what would make you feel good in your skin."
Dr. Fatema Abbas is a board certified dermatologist at Al Shefa Polyclinic in Doha, Qatar. You can find Dr. Fatema on instagram: @dr.fatema_abbas.
Chereen Shurafa is a Doha based community counsellor, writer, and certified change coach. She is the founder of "Dear Chereen", an online platform dedicated to mindfulness, mental health, and inspiration.
Follow Doha News on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Youtube
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Home » Didier Deschamps speaks after France's World Cup final triumph
Didier Deschamps speaks after France's World Cup final triumph
France head coach Didier Deschamps has revealed his delight after guiding the nation to their second World Cup title. Les Bleus started the tournament as one among the favourites for the global crown and they duly delivered after they secured a comfortable 4-2 triumph in Sunday's final at the Luzhniki Stadium.
With the result, Deschamps became only the third person to win the World Cup as both a player and a manager and he was ecstatic to have achieved the feat. Speaking to reporters, he said: "Professionally there's nothing above that. Maybe they're going to win other titles and I don't want to undermine other titles, but when you are a professional footballer there's nothing above that.
"I had an immense privilege to live through this as a player 20 years ago and it was in France, so it will be marked in my memory forever, but what the players did together today is just as beautiful. I have a son who is 22 years old. When we were world champions he was too young to understand and today there are young people who have this happiness to be able to live this event with us."
Over the course of the campaign, France were particularly tentative in terms of their attacking brand of football but they managed to reserve their best for the final where they secured a 4-2 win over Croatia. With the result, the European heavyweights have won their second World Cup crown and the focus should now switch to Euro 2020 where they should fare well with the current crop of young players.
Meanwhile, the same cannot be said of Croatia, who could have huge task on their hands to replicate the success of the 2018 World Cup. Much of their golden generation are aged 29 and above and their progress in the future tournaments may depend on whether they can make a seamless transition without any setbacks.


Dynamics Telephony stores all its settings in CRM. Some are global and some are per user. You can change a user setting and make it global. This will mean that any new users will pick up that global setting as their default setting.
You might use this to, for example, make all new users use a particular telephony connector, when they first run. This would eliminate a manual configuration step that the user might get wrong.
In the following procedure, I will show you how to make a global setting that will default new users to use TAPI. The procedure is the same for other settings.
Set up Dynamics Telephony for one user and set their telephony to TAPI and their TAPI version to 2.1.
Change the "scope" value to "global", per this snap.
Dynamics Telephony supports a number of client rollout options to make the experience trouble free for all organization sizes.
We will help with defining this rollout procedure during the on-boarding process.
Ability to prevent update rollout until you have verified compatibility with your needs.
Enables a completely silent install with no intervention from the user or IT.
Specify the CRM URL for the user to use – normally this is entered by the user. With an MSI, this can be pre-configured.
All other settings, such as the users telephony settings, can be pre-configured too per GLOBAL SETTINGS above.
Customize aspects of the install such as application location, additional help files, shared phone-book location.
Additional customizations such as registry entries to simplify telephony driver install.
Dynamics Telephony uses a CRM User we call the Service User. Dynamics Telephony uses the Service User in the background for various install and config tasks. The Service User has sysadmin role in CRM. You should restrict the permissions once the initial install is done.
If you want to use 2-factor authentication for the Service User, then you will need an App password per this Microsoft article here. Alternatively, you should use a strong password for the Service User.
If you need to change the Service User password, then it is best to change it in Dynamics Telephony at the same time as you do it in 365. Have one Dynamics Telephony client open at… > Settings cog > Settings > CRM Configuration. Then make the change in both places and restart all Dynamics Telephony clients.
If you change the password and get locked out of Dynamics Telephony, then follow the procedure below.
Now, when you run Dynamics Telephony using this shortcut, and the connection to CRM fails, you will a the dialog where you can change the service user and password.
You already know, I hope, that it takes on average 5 calls to "make the sale", whatever that means to you. So efficiently taking action after every call is mandatory. Taking action has to be very easy for users, or it will only be done selectively. In fact, taking action must take zero effort for your Inside Sales crew.
Building trust has always been key to the sales process. You must have your customers trust you. Doing an action after every call, that includes communication with your prospect, will go a long way towards building that trust.
And the opposite is true too. Not taking action after the call will contribute to a negative perception for your prospect, that they are likely to pass on to other prospects they might meet, rather than recommending your company as "worth a look".
However, do not take an action just for the sake of it. It is possible to take an action, like providing a full proposal or quote, too early in the sales process.
Simply set up a callback at an agreed time & date – your prospect is not ready to talk right now.
Agree to a follow-up call a few weeks before their "renewal date". The best date depends on your market but "renewal" can be annual (in the case of financial services, for example) or 18 months (in the case of services contracts) or even monthly (in the case of SaaS). You should brainstorm the date for your market, but it is some time before the next buying point for the customer.
Send full brochure based on requirements expressed during the call. You should have a few to choose from. And, set up a follow-up call for 2-3 days time.
Set up appointment with Account Executive for specific date & time.
Book a demo. Email the details to the prospect.
Leave a voice-mail…and follow up with an email so they have another way to follow-up with you. And, set up a follow-up call for tomorrow.
Phone call goes to busy or not answered – set up a follow-up call for later today and send an email so they have a choice on how to be contacted. 2-3 attempts should be made to contact the customer each day.
Promote to an Opportunity in CRM for an Account Executive to pick up. Email the prospect with details.
Disqualify. This can be the most important and difficult choice. Not disqualifying early enough will cost you a lot of wasted time. You can always set up a call for some time in the future, or add this prospect to a mailing list. You would usually have several different disqualification processes, depending on your judgement of a possible future fit for this prospect.
Dynamics 365 for Sales can help..
It can seem like a lot of work to follow up on every call. However, Dynamics 365 for Sales has the flexibility and tools to make it an easy and repeatable process for users.
The feature of Dynamics 365 for Sales that will help most with ensuring your Inside Sales team always take an action after every call is Workflows. Workflows automate a series of steps in CRM. The workflow can be triggered automatically or set off by a single selection in CRM.
Send email based on a template with attached documents from any source including SharePoint.
Set up a phonecall activity at a future date & time for a particular team or user to do.
Move a lead to a campaign or queue for follow up by another team or individual.
Adding Dynamics Telephony to your Inside Sales systems, means you can achieve a smooth, predictable, repeatable process for follow-up that ensure 100% follow-up. More than half the time, Dynamics Telephony can automate the follow-up action and the user has to take no action. The rest of the time, Dynamics Telephony provides a one-click follow-up for the agent, making it super-easy to use.
Super-easy and totally integrated, one-click follow-up selection.
Fully automatic follow-up for unanswered or busy phone calls.
Automated voice-drop feature leaves a pre-recorded voicemail message – saving time and increasing repeatability.
Pop follow-up calls to the user, or team, at the appointed date & time. Make sure they get done promptly.
Auto-dialer saves time on every call ensuring users are happy to do follow-up calls.
take action after every call.
Dynamics Telephony is perfect if you use CRM Orders, where it can pop Orders (if there are any open for the caller) or pop the callers Contact record. Furthermore, the phonecall activities are logged against the Order as appropriate.
Orders have two phone numbers (Bill To Phone Number and Ship To Phone Number) you can use to match against the incoming call. Or, you can add a custom phone number field for Dynamics Telephony to search.
TIP: Set a condition that the Order must be open (status=active) for the phone number to be populated. In this way, only open Orders will match and pop.
In the custom entity dialerKVtable, add an entry for each phone number field you want to search..
In Dynamics Telephony settings > Inbound set..
TIP: If you set above to "contact, salesorder" then Dynamics Telephony will pop the Contact if there are no open Orders. However, if there is one open Order you will get a multi-match to choose between the Order and the Contact. In the multi-match dialog, the Contact will show at the top of the list.


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New species of terrestrial crab found climbing on trees in Hong Kong
Tagged biodiversity, Crustacea, crustaceans, Decapoda, fauna, Hong Kong, new crab, taxonomy, terrestrial crab
A new species of terrestrial crab has been found to climb trees on the eastern coast of Hong Kong. All specimens spotted during the survey have been collected at a height of approximately 1.5 – 1.8 m, walking on the bark of the branches at ebbing and low tides. The species is described in the open access journal ZooKeys.
Among the crab's characteristic traits are squarish predominantly dark brown carapace, very long legs and orange chelipeds. The species is less than a centimetre long, with the studied specimens measuring between 8 and 9 millimetres, irrespective of their sex. However, the chelipeds of the males appear stout, while in females they are distinctly more slender.
The scientists who found the new species (Haberma tingkok), Dr. Stefano Cannicci, the Swire Institute of Marine Science at the University of Hong Kong, and Dr. Peter Ng, National University of Singapore, have placed the new species in a small genus, which now contains merely three species. In fact, Dr. Peter Ng has been involved in the discovery of all of them. He also led the team that established the genus 15 years ago, having collected a small previously undescribed species of mangrove crab from Singapore.
The discovery of the tiny crustacean once again proves how little is known about the diversity of these crabs in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the mangroves that make for the habitat of the new species are under severe impact by both pollution and land reclamation, which underlines the urgent need for their conservation.
Earlier this year, Dr. Peter Ng teamed up with Dr. Jose Christopher Mendoza to describe another new species of crab, collected from the rubble at the island of Guam and named after two of the main characters in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy series.
Cannicci S, Ng PLK (2017) A new species of micro-mangrove crab of the genus Haberma Ng & Schubart, 2002 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from Hong Kong. ZooKeys 662: 67-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.11908
New species of Brazilian copepod suggests ancient species diversification and distribution
A new species of hard coral from the World Heritage-listed Lord Howe Island, Australia


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Die Anlagen von Callanish (gälisch Calanais, beides aus Altnordisch Kalas ness, so viel wie Kalas Halbinsel/Landvorsprung) sind insgesamt die größte heute bekannte Steinformation der Megalithkultur auf den britischen Inseln. Calanais befindet sich bei Breasclete auf der Isle of Lewis auf den Äußeren Hebriden. Andere Bezeichnungen sind Callernish und Classerniss. Bis heute wurden 12 von einst vermutlich über 20 Steinsetzungen aus Menhiren im Umkreis von einigen Kilometern ausgegraben.

Die Steinsetzungen, bei denen die Alignements und Steinkreise herausragen, aber später auch Passage Tombs des Orkney-Cromarty Typs (OC; d. h. Stalled Cairns) hinzukommen, wurden während der Jungsteinzeit um etwa 3000 v. Chr. angelegt (eine Tafel vor Ort datiert die Stelle auf 5000 v.Chr). In der Bronzezeit wurden die Anlagen geplündert bzw. aufgegeben. Seit 800 v. Chr. wurde sie im Zuge der Hochmoorbildung von Torf bedeckt, der die bis zu 4,75 m hohen Menhire im Jahre 1857 (Jahr der ersten Ausgrabung) ca. 1,5 m hoch bedeckte.

Wie bei anderen megalithischen Kultstätten ist der Sinn und Zweck der Formationen unklar und Thema vieler Spekulationen. Die wahrscheinlichste Theorie zur Erklärung der Anordnung der Caldragh Idols (Callanish 1, die Hauptformation) bezieht sich auf den Mond: Alle 18,6 Jahre steht der Mond so über den die Formationen umgebenden Hügeln, dass es aussieht, als würde er bei seinem Lauf ihrer Silhouette folgen. Das Schauspiel erweckt den Eindruck, der Mond besuche die Erde und würde mit ihr tanzen. Die Caldragh Idols erlauben, dieses Ereignis vorauszuberechnen.

Calanais ist – wohl hauptsächlich wegen seiner geographischen Abgelegenheit – weniger bekannt als die Megalithanlagen von Stonehenge oder Avebury. Die Granitsteine sind praktisch unbearbeitet und kleiner als die Sarsensteine von Stonehenge. Die Anlagen beeindrucken aber sowohl durch die Anzahl der verwendeten Steine als auch durch die Anzahl der Formationen. Zudem sind sie teilweise vollständig erhalten, z. B. alle 13 Steine des zentralen Kreises Callanish 1.

Die wichtigsten Formationen

Calanais oder Caldragh Idols (Callanish 1)

Die Hauptanlage Callanish 1 ist annähernd kreuzförmig in nord-südlicher Ausrichtung angelegt. Der Kreuzpunkt besteht aus einem Steinkreis mit einem zentralen Monolithen und einem kleinen Cairn.

Der Steinkreis ist kein exakter Kreis, sondern hat eine leichte Eiform. Er ist jedoch symmetrisch, wobei die Symmetrieachse exakt von Osten nach Westen verläuft. Die westliche Seite des Steinkreises ist ein echter Halbkreis, die östliche Hälfte ist leicht abgeflacht und erweckt den Eindruck, dem Sonnenaufgang zur Frühlingstagundnachtgleiche das Gesicht zu bieten.

Die südliche Steinreihe verläuft in fast exakter Südrichtung. Die Menhire liegen jedoch nicht auf einer Linie, und zwei Steine sind rechts und links versetzt. Die "Arme" des Kreuzes bilden somit nur annähernd eine geometrische Figur. Der östliche Arm besteht aus fünf Menhiren, die in einem leichten Bogen angeordnet sind und leicht nördlich von der Ost-West-Linie abweichen. Der westliche Arm ist etwas gerader und ziemlich parallel zur exakten Ost-West-Richtung.

Der nördliche Teil des Kreuzes wird durch eine Steinallee gebildet, die sich gegen den Steinkreis verengt. Vielleicht wurde die Allee benutzt, um sich in Ritualen dem Steinkreis mit dem Altarstein zu nähern, aber sie könnte auch einem anderen Zweck gedient haben.

Weitere Namen für diese Formation sind: Classerniss, Callernish, Callanish, Tursachan Callernish, The Standing Stones of Callanish.

Cnoc Ceann a'Ghàrraidh (Callanish 2)

Ein Steinkreis bestehend aus vermutlich ursprünglich neun Steinen, von denen fünf aufrecht stehen und drei umgefallen sind. Die Menhire sind zwischen 2,4 und 3,5 Meter groß.

Callanish II wurde 1858 vom Torf befreit. Neben den acht sichtbaren Steinen fand man einen weiteren, sowie einen grob gearbeiteten Cairn, in dem sich einige Metallgegenstände befanden.

Bei der Ausgrabung wurden im Inneren des Kreises fünf Löcher gefunden, die mit Kieseln und Muscheln vom Strand aufgefüllt waren. In den Löchern befanden sich Reste von Holzkohle. Es wird vermutet, dass Callanish 2 für Kremationen oder rituelle Verbrennungen benutzt wurde. Unklar ist die Beziehung zwischen Callanish 2 und der Hauptanlage Callanish 1.

Weitere Namen für diese Formation sind: Hillock at the end of the wall, Knock Ceann a Garie, Cnoc Ceann, Loch Roag, Cnoc Ceann a'Gharaidh.

Cnoc Fillibhir Beag (Callanish 3)
Callanish 3 ist ein doppelter Steinring mit acht bis zu drei Meter hohen Menhiren im äußeren Ring und vier im Inneren. Callanish 3 kann entweder als zwei ineinander verschachtelte Ellipsen interpretiert werden oder aber als großer, eiförmiger Steinring mit vier Menhiren im Innern. Es wird vermutet, dass die vier Steine im Innern jüngeren Datums sind als der äußere Ring.

Weitere Namen für diese Formation sind: Little fillibhir hillock, Knock Mhelivir, Cnoc Fillibhir.

Ceann Thulabhaig (Callanish 4)
Ein Steinkreis mit fünf stehenden und einem umgefallenen Menhir. Im Zentrum befindet sich ein kleiner Cairn, der um einen weiteren Menhir herum gebaut wurde. Callanish 4 wurde um 1946 ausgegraben. Die Menhire sind Überreste eines ovalen Ringes und bis zu 2,7 Meter hoch.

Weitere Namen für diese Formation sind: Head of Hula bay, Ceann Hulivig, Ceann Hulavig, Cean Thulabig Tursachan, Ceann Thulabhig, Ceann Thulabeg, Garynahine, Loch Roag.

Airigh nam Bidearan (Callanish 5)
Ein Steinbogen, von dem heute noch drei Steine stehen. Vermutlich waren sie ein Teil eines Menhirfeldes, das den nördlichsten Punkt markierte, den der Mond auf seinem Lauf erreichen konnte.

Weitere Namen für diese Formation sind: Shieling of the pinnacles, Airidh nam Bideran, Tursachan Airidh nam Bidearan.

Cùl a'Chleit (Callanish 6)
Der größte Teil dieser Formation besteht aus einer Siedlung. Zwei gefundene Menhire waren entweder Teile dieser Siedlung oder Teil eines prähistorischen Cairn oder einer verlorenen Steinanlage.

Weitere Namen sind: Rocky cliff at the back, Cul a'Chleit.

Cnoc Dubh (Callanish 7)
Eine Ruine, von der ursprünglich angenommen wurde, es handle sich um eine prähistorische Stätte. Neuere Untersuchungen haben jedoch ergeben, dass es sich um ein relativ junges Gebäude handelte. Callanish 7 gehört also nicht wirklich zu den Anlagen von Calanais.

Weitere Namen sind: Black hillock, Chnoc Dhubh, Cnoc a botha.

Cleitir (Callanish 8)
Vier Menhire auf einer Klippe über dem Kanal, der die Halbinsel Great Bernera von der Hauptinsel Lewis trennt.

Weitere Namen sind: Cliffs, Tursachan Barraglom, Great Berneray, Bernera Bridge, Cleiter.

Druim nam Bidearan (Callanish 9)
Zwei umgestürzte Menhire. Sinn und Zweck von Callanish 9 ist völlig unklar.

Na Dromannan (Callanish 10)
Elf umgefallene Menhire, die vermutlich einen Steinkreis bildeten. Sie stammen von einem Felsen ganz in der Nähe.

Weitere Namen: the Ridges, the Backs.

Airigh na Beinne Bige (Callanish 11)
Ein einzelner Menhir. Er könnte Teil einer größeren Formation gewesen sein, für die es jedoch keine weiteren Hinweise gibt. Callanish 11 steht direkt gegenüber Callanish 8.

Weitere Namen: Shieling of the little hill.

Stonefield (Callanish 12)
Ein einzelner Menhir in der Nähe der Hauptformation Callanish 1. Callanish 12 wurde erst 1923 entdeckt.

Weiterer Name: Blair.

Literatur
 Frank Teichmann: Der Mensch und sein Tempel. Megalithkultur in Irland, England und der Bretagne. 3. Auflage. Urachhaus, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-87838-378-9.
 Aubrey Burl: From Carnac to Callanish. The prehistoric stone rows and avenues of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany. Yale University Press, New Haven CT u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-300-05575-7.

Weblinks

 Fotogalerie Steinkreise-Dolmen-Menhire

Kultplatz
Lewis and Harris
Steinkreis in Schottland
Megalithanlage in Schottland
Scheduled Monument auf den Äußeren Hebriden
Bauwerk auf den Äußeren Hebriden