One of the most appealing benefits of owning your own aircraft is having the freedom to fly whenever and wherever you want to. Although sometimes you are limited by TFR's or weather, you still have more freedom than the typical aircraft renter. Without having to deal with availability or tedious flying club paperwork, you are free to explore the skies more thoroughly. There are thousands of airports to explore in the US (Approximately 18,911 for those curious) and thousands more internationally. There are valuable skills you must learn in order to fly internationally, and it is certainly a challenge worth pursuing.
A good friend of mine recently flew with his family in their Mooney M20C to the Bahamas. After flying 210 nautical miles over open water, they landed at North Eleuthera Airport and took a boat to the tranquil and beautiful island of Spanish Wells and spent a week fishing, snorkeling, and relaxing. When you fly out of the U.S. you can explore exotic and interesting places in the world that many others do not have access to.
As I said before, flying out of the U.S. comes with its challenges. There is a lot of paperwork, planning, and in some cases extra gear for your aircraft involved. AOPA has a great series of guides for flying to specific international destinations. They have guides for the Bahamas, the Caribbean, Canada, Central America, Alaska, and Mexico. Pilots certainly have to reference these along with multiple other sources before leaving for their journey.
I have put together a list of a few of the major items you must have when flying internationally. This is not comprehensive, and a few international destinations have specialized legal information they require, but it will give you a good idea of what is to come if you choose to begin a flight plan out of the U.S.
1. Passports and legal Information. When you go through Customs and Boarder Protection, you will be asked to show all legal documentation as though you had flown in on an airliner. This is in addition to your usual flying legal documents. It is important to locate and carry your passport, pilot license, and medical certificate. All passengers must have a passport too, and any children flying without one parent must have a notarized statement of approval from the absent parent for the dates of the trip.
2. Paperwork for the aircraft. In addition to all of the paperwork required to operate an aircraft in U.S. airspace (Airworthiness certificate, registration, weight and balance, etc.) you must also have aboard a radio station license.
3. Charts You will have to seek out and purchase charts of the route you are flying. These foreign charts are similar in typography to their U.S. counterparts, but it is important to look over them and memorize features along the route of flight well before you depart.
4. Aircraft Insurance Certain aircraft insurance policies do not cover international flight. It is important to contact your insurer and discuss appropriate coverage. Proof of insurance that covers international flight is required to be carried aboard for certain destinations.
5. Radiotelephone Operator Permit You may remember vaguely from your Private Pilot Written exam that you need a Radiotelephone Operator Permit to fly outside of the U.S. Here is all the information you need to obtain one. Thankfully they are issued for the holder's lifetime.
6. Life Vest When flying over open water, you are required to have onboard a life vest or flotation device for each passenger. It is also recommended that you bring a life raft, but it is not legally required.
7. Sunscreen This one is certainly not legally required, but if you are traveling to a tropical destination such as the Bahamas or the Caribbean it is certainly recommended. Keep your skin safe to ensure that you get the most fun out of your vacation.
I hope that this article inspires you to look into the possibility of flying your private aircraft somewhere internationally. The new experiences are unbeatable and you will have fascinating stories to tell. Do you have any advice for pilots who are new to international flight? Let me know in the comments!


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The Jedi Bendu Script Site
Fan Writings & Analyses
The Starkiller Timeline
The Starkiller Timeline By Brendon Wahlberg This timeline describes the second draft script of the original Star Wars. It contains a few details invented by myself which serve to make sense out of the sketchy details present in the Lucas… Continue Reading →
The Princess of Ondos
A Fan Fiction sequel to George Lucas' Second Draft of Star Wars (The Adventures of the Starkiller Episode One – The Star Wars) by Brendon Wahlberg, based on characters and situations created by George Lucas.
Fall of the Republic
Original Story treatment by John L. Flynn (September 1983)
Adapted from Part I: "The Adventures of Obi-Wan Kenobi".
The Republic Falls
War has ravaged the galaxy. For three years, the Grand Army of the Republic has battled the treasonous forces of Count Dooku and the Separatists.
Revenge of the Jedi – Expanded Script
I started out with the shooting schedule in Philip Peecher's "Making of Jedi" book, making a list of scene numbers with locations. From there, I took the published version of the script and matched up the text of the scenes with the numbers of the scenes as provided by Peecher's book. Since the list in Peecher's book was incomplete, I had to rely on call sheets found on the internet to flesh out it further. Then, since many of the call sheets so closely match the dialogue in the novelization, I conclude the novel is based on the shooting script. I used the novel as a guide to fill in the rest of the scenes. I don't know if it is 100% accurate, but I think I have it pretty close.
The Star Wars Concept Trailer
Revised Fourth Draft of Star Wars Script Located in Canadian Library
Read Some of Kasdan's Original Handwritten Empire Script Pages
The Empire Strikes Back – First Draft by Leigh Brackett (Transcript)
The Luke Starkiller Sourcebook
Summary of the Original Script of "The Star Wars"
The Star Wars (George Lucas/edited by Brendon Wahlberg)
58 Facts About The Star Wars Movies | Jasmins Edition on The Connoisseur's Guide to the Scripts of the Star Wars Saga
Frank B. on Revenge of the Jedi – Expanded Script
A Rebel History of Star Wars | EVEN IN THOSE DAYS on The Star Wars – Rough Draft
A Rebel History of Star Wars | EVEN IN THOSE DAYS on Adventures of the Starkiller (Second Draft)
Chewbacca's Biggest Announcement Yet: Peter Mayhew Reveals His Original 'Star Wars' Script | nerdbastards.com on Star Wars: The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as taken from the "Journal of the Whills"
Starwarz.com
The Galactic Senate: Discussion Forum
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Skoda's most powerful model ever – the Octavia vRS 245 - is now available to order with prices starting at £27,595.
The flagship model is available in hatch and estate forms and with an optional seven-speed DSG gearbox.
It can crack the 0-62MPH dash in just 6.6 seconds using a modified version of the existing 2.0-litre TSI four-cylinder vRS powerplant.
There is also a raft of additional equipment which Skoda says helps it to deliver the brand's sportiest drive to date.
An electronically regulated VAQ limited-slip differential is fitted as standard, allowing drivers to fully exploit the car's performance - even in challenging conditions.
Externally, the vRS 245 is distinguished by 19-inch 'Xtreme' gloss black alloy wheels, a gloss black front grille, door mirror housings and exhaust tailpipes.
Inside, the vRS 245's cabin features heated and electrically adjustable vRS sports seats trimmed in Alcantara and decorative trim panels finished in gloss black. The colour multifunction trip computer, located in the main instrument panel between the speedometer and rev counter, also includes a lap timer as standard.
Deliveries for the Octavia vRS 245 are expected in July.


The Nova Scotia Demand Express Entry program opened and quickly closed this week when a surge of interest crashed the government's online application system. Provincial officials declined to reveal which parts of the program opened, how they notified the public that the program was open or how many applications they accepted.
The confusion came one week after the provincial government said it would soon re-open the popular Category B of the immigration program. That category offers a path to permanent residency for people in 16 different occupations.
Officials said they expect Nova Scotia Demand to re-open in coming weeks.


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John William Fain
August 9, 1931 - February 14, 2020
John William Fain, 88, of Melbourne, FL, formerly of Griffin, widower of Annette Smith Fain died February 14, 2020 at Market Street Viera in Melbourne, Fl. Born in Norcross, GA, he was a son of the late Allen Robert and Bessie Woodruff Fain. Mr. Fain retired from Ford Motor Company after 32 years of service. He formerly owned and operated Fain Towing Company in Griffin. He was a member of First Baptist Church in Zebulon and was also a 60 year member of Griffin Masonic Lodge #413. Survivors include sons, John Russell Fain and wife Staci of Melbourne, FL, Daniel Eugene Moore of Griffin and Tim Moore and wife Ronna of Zebulon; a daughter, Catherine Cox and husband Don of Zebulon; grandchildren, Caitlin Fain, Nikki Moore, Chris Moore and Cissy Moore; a sister, Sue Thompson; two brothers, Harold Fain and wife Rosemary of Fayetteville and Jimmy Fain and wife Cathy of Molena; and several nieces and nephews also survive. Graveside funeral services will be conducted Tuesday at 1:00 PM at Westwood Gardens with Dr. S. Ed Hoard officiating. For online condolences please visit www.haistenmcculloughfuneralhome.com. Haisten McCullough Funeral Home, 1155 Everee Inn Road, Griffin is in charge of arrangements.
John William Fain, 88, of Melbourne, FL, formerly of Griffin, widower of Annette Smith Fain died February 14, 2020 at Market Street Viera in Melbourne, Fl. Born in Norcross, GA, he was a son of the late Allen Robert and Bessie Woodruff Fain.... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of John William Fain created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
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Send flowers to the Fain family.


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The Wonderful Library & Islamic Resource Center :: Quran Section :: Islam a Universal Religion Share
Dawud and Sulayman (Alayhuma Salam) (Surah An-Naml 27: 16)
Subject: Dawud and Sulayman (Alayhuma Salam) (Surah An-Naml 27: 16) Sat Apr 06, 2019 8:30 pm
Dawud and Sulayman (Alayhuma Salam) the organization of Sulayman's Troops and His passage through the Valley of the Ants
Surah An-Naml 27: 16
Dawud and Sulayman (Alayhuma Salam), the organization of Sulayman's Troops and His passage through the Valley of the Ants.
And Sulayman (Alayhi Salam) said:
O mankind! We have been taught the language of birds, and we have been given from everything. Here Sulayman (Alayhi Salam) was speaking of the blessings that Allah bestowed upon him, by giving him complete authority and power, whereby mankind, the Jinn and the birds were subjugated to him. He also knew the language of the birds and animals, which is something that had never been given to any other human being -- as far as we know from what Allah and His Messenger (Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallam) told us. Allah enabled Sulayman to understand what the birds said to one another as they flew through the air, and what the different kinds of animals said. Sulayman (Alayhi Salam) said:
We have been taught the language of birds, and we have been given from everything i.e., all things that a king needs.
This, verily, is an evident grace means, `this is clearly the blessings of Allah upon us.'
Source: Tafsir ibn Kathir (Abridged)
The Wonderful Library & Islamic Resource Center :: Quran Section :: Islam a Universal Religion


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How AI Is Changing Personal Injury Claims Images
Article Updated: December 20, 2021
Comments Off on How AI Is Changing Personal Injury Claims Images
Ever since the introduction of dot com in 2000, technology has continued to evolve, and it has carried our lives with it. Today, most of our daily activities are centered on technology. For example, it's easier to communicate with a loved one using a smartphone instead of telegrams that were used in the past.
Other than our personal lives, technology has significantly impacted businesses across various industries such as manufacturing, hospitality, and supply chain, to mention a few. For instance, some repetitive job processes such as packaging in manufacturing are being done by robots. Apart from manual jobs, technology such as machine learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being used in industries that are considered human-centered such as law.
Insurance companies, courts, and lawyers use technology to ensure they deliver on their job effectively. So, what's AI, and how is it changing personal injury claims?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Personal Injury Claim.
Artificial Intelligence is a computerized technology used to perform tasks that are ideally done by human beings. AI is known for mimicking human intelligence. Law, on the other hand, is human-based. It seeks to settle human-related disputes, and human beings practice it. Since AI is focused on performing actions done by human beings, it has penetrated even to practicing law.
Specifically, AI is being used in personal injury claims. Personal injury cases are disputes that crop up when someone is injured or harmed due to another person's actions. According to personal injury law, the party responsible for the injury must pay the wounded person money to cover their resultant medical bills and other bills they can't attend to while in pain. Most of the time, insurance companies are involved in the compensation process of personal injury claims. You can learn more here about personal injury claims.
Here's how AI has changed personal injury claims
It Has Increased the Speed of Processing Claims
Traditionally, when a claim is filed, the claimant attaches many documents, including a doctor's report, medical expenses, and a police report. The insurance company has to have somebody review all the records and ensure they're valid, process the claim, and pay it out. This process can sometimes be unnecessarily long and tedious since it's reliant on human labor.
AI is being used to replace human labor, making the process more time-efficient and saving on salaries. Artificial intelligence is being used to predict the outcome of claim cases that are considered common and simple to handle.
The process involves feeding machines incorporated with AI with data on past cases that are similar. The devices will analyze the data to find patterns on how the past claims were solved. Once it establishes a pattern, it can tell what case stands a chance in court as well as the amount of compensation. Therefore, the process of processing a claim is quicker, with fewer errors, and it's more streamlined.
It Is Used to Automate Clerical and Office Administration Tasks
Law professionals are known for their endless paperwork and documentation. As such, law firms usually have invested in office administration and clerks to handle these paperwork and other tasks that ensure the smooth running of the firms. Some of the clerical and office administration work includes
Answering phone calls
Scheduling appointments
Creating and updating client files
Handling online presence of the firm
Receiving clients at the reception
While some of these tasks like reception are yet to be automated, most of the other tasks today are done by machines. For example, websites have chatbots that help you navigate the platform.
Other than that, firms are coming up with an automated process to self-schedule appointments and cancel and reschedule them at will. Therefore, an injured claimant doesn't have to make unnecessary trips to the office while in pain. They can handle their appointment while recovering at home.
Paperwork is also being significantly reduced by using digital documents and digitizing claim processing.
AI Is Used for Effective Research
According to ABA's annual Legal Technology Survey Report, lawyers spend about 17% of their time conducting legal research. The legal research process has evolved from using hard books, journals, and documents to online research platforms like Westlaw. These platforms were founded over four decades ago, with an example of Westlaw, which was founded in 1975.
Researching using these platforms will force the lawyer to go through miles of materials before finding one that fits their needs. As such, researching takes more time, and it's often frustrating to read through. AI is being used to eradicate this problem, especially in personal injury claims that require prompt action.
Law firms use machine learning technology to organize research material according to relevance. The technology is programmed to learn what the user wants and give them the most relevant results according to the request. It also offers additional information that would be helpful to the specific personal injury claim case.
Ultimately, the process of researching is streamlined and lawyers can research effectively and move on to more demanding legal tasks like settling the injury claim.
Legal Is Automated
If you've been avoiding following through with the personal injury case due to the taxing work it requires, here's some great news. Technology has streamlined the process; your only job is finding a law firm that has embraced AI and other modern technologies.
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Printer-Friendly Chart
Depth Charts All Teams
Depth Charts By Pos
San Francisco 49ers Depth Chart
HC: Kyle Shanahan
OC: Kyle Shanahan
DC: Robert Saleh
ST: Richard Hightower
Updated: 01/22/2020 8:57PM ET
-- Archive Dates -- 01/01/2020 12/01/2019 11/01/2019 10/01/2019 09/02/2019 08/01/2019 07/01/2019 06/01/2019 05/01/2019 04/01/2019 03/01/2019 02/01/2019 01/01/2019 12/01/2018 11/01/2018 10/01/2018 09/01/2018 08/01/2018 07/01/2018 06/01/2018 05/01/2018 04/01/2018 03/01/2018 02/01/2018 01/01/2018 12/01/2017 11/01/2017 10/01/2017 09/01/2017 08/01/2017 07/01/2017 06/01/2017 05/01/2017 04/01/2017 03/01/2017 02/01/2017 01/01/2017 12/01/2016 11/01/2016 10/01/2016 09/01/2016 08/01/2016 07/01/2016 06/01/2016 05/02/2016 04/01/2016 03/01/2016 02/01/2016 01/01/2016 12/01/2015 11/01/2015 10/01/2015 09/01/2015 08/01/2015 07/02/2015 06/01/2015 05/01/2015 04/01/2015 03/01/2015 02/01/2015 01/01/2015 12/01/2014 11/01/2014 10/01/2014 09/01/2014 08/01/2014 07/01/2014 06/01/2014 05/01/2014 04/01/2014 03/01/2014 02/01/2014 01/01/2014 12/01/2013 11/01/2013 10/01/2013 09/05/2013 09/01/2013 08/01/2013 07/27/2013 07/01/2013 06/05/2013 06/01/2013 05/01/2013 04/01/2013 03/01/2013 02/01/2013 01/01/2013 12/02/2012 11/01/2012 10/01/2012 09/01/2012 08/01/2012 07/01/2012 06/01/2012 05/03/2012 04/01/2012 03/01/2012 02/01/2012 01/01/2012 12/01/2011 11/01/2011 10/01/2011 09/04/2011 08/01/2011 07/01/2011 06/01/2011 05/01/2011 04/01/2011 03/01/2011 02/01/2011 01/01/2011 12/01/2010 11/01/2010 10/01/2010 09/05/2010 08/01/2010 07/01/2010 06/01/2010 05/01/2010 04/01/2010 03/01/2010 02/01/2010 01/03/2010 12/01/2009 11/01/2009 10/01/2009 09/06/2009 08/08/2009 07/01/2009 06/01/2009 05/01/2009 04/01/2009 03/03/2009 02/02/2009 01/01/2009 12/01/2008 11/01/2008 08/31/2008 08/02/2008 07/01/2008 06/01/2008 05/01/2008 04/01/2008 03/02/2008 02/05/2008 01/01/2008 12/01/2007 11/03/2007 10/01/2007 09/02/2007 08/01/2007 07/01/2007 06/01/2007
LWR 19 Samuel, Deebo 19/2 84 Bourne, Kendrick CF17 18 Pettis, Dante 18/2
RWR 17 SANDERS, EMMANUEL T/Den 13 James, Richie 18/7 81 Matthews, Jordan SF19
LT 74 STALEY, JOE 07/1 60 Brunskill, Daniel SF19 67 Skule, Justin 19/6
LG 75 Tomlinson, Laken T/Det
C 63 GARLAND, BEN U/Atl
RG 68 PERSON, MIKE U/Ind 60 Brunskill, Daniel SF19
RT 69 McGlinchey, Mike 18/1 60 Brunskill, Daniel SF19
TE 85 Kittle, George 17/5 82 Dwelley, Ross CF18 83 Toilolo, Levine U/Det 43 Helm, Daniel W/LAC
QB 10 Garoppolo, Jimmy T/NE 4 Mullens, Nick CF17 3 Beathard, CJ 17/3
RB 26 Coleman, Tevin U/Atl 31 Mostert, Raheem SF16 22 Breida, Matt CF17 30 Wilson, Jeffery CF18
FB 44 Juszczyk, Kyle U/Bal
LDE 91 Armstead, Arik 15/1 55 Ford, Dee T/KC
LDT 96 Day, Sheldon W/Jax 94 Thomas, Solomon 17/1 93 MITCHELL, EARL SF20
RDT 99 Buckner, DeForest 16/1 90 Givens, Kevin CF19
RDE 97 Bosa, Nick 19/1 92 Zettel, Anthony SF19
SAM 51 Al-Shaair, Azeez CF19 53 NZEOCHA, MARK P/Dal
MIKE 54 Warner, Fred 18/3 56 Alexander, Kwon U/TB
WILL 57 Greenlaw, Dre 19/5 47 Lee, Elijah P/Min
LCB 25 SHERMAN, RICHARD CC/Sea 38 Johnson, Dontae 14/4
SS 29 Tartt, Jaquiski 15/2 36 Harris, Marcell 18/6
FS 20 Ward, Jimmie 14/1 33 Moore, Tarvarius 18/3
RCB 23 Witherspoon, Ahkello 17/3 41 Moseley, Emmanuel CF18
NB 24 Williams, K'Waun SF17 32 Reed, DJ 18/5
PT 6 Wishnowsky, Mitch 19/4
PK 9 GOULD, ROBBIE U/NYG
LS 86 NELSON, KYLE SF14
H 6 Wishnowsky, Mitch 19/4
KO 9 GOULD, ROBBIE U/NYG
PR 13 James, Richie 18/7 18 Pettis, Dante 18/2 32 Reed, DJ 18/5
KR 13 James, Richie 18/7 32 Reed, DJ 18/5 22 Breida, Matt CF17
Practice Squad
PS 71 Jones-Smith, Jaryd OT 48 Kelly, Jermaine CB 40 Tabor, Jalen CB 00 Thieneman, Jacob SS 50 Alfieri, Joey OB
PS 81 Thompson, Chris WR 76 Reynolds, Ross OG 64 Barrett, Alex DE 65 Amichia, Kofi OC 66 Smith, Ray DT
RES 78 Coleman, Shon IR 1 Poindexter, Shawn IR 35 Harris, Tim IR 77 Taylor, Jullian IR 28 McKinnon, Jerick IR
RES 64 Lauderdale, Andrew IR 88 CELEK, GARRETT IR 15 Taylor, Trent IR 59 CONDO, JON IR 17 Hurd, Jalen IR
RES 27 Verrett, Jason IR 98 Blair, Ronald IR 90 Moore, Damontre IR 11 Goodwin, Marquise IR 45 FLANNIGAN-FOWLES, DEMETRIUS PS/INJ
RES 58 Richburg, Weston IR 93 Jones, DJ IR 95 Street, Kentavius IR
FUT 00 Kongbo, Jonathan FUT/DE 00 Kindred, Derrick FUT/FS 00 Edwards, Chris FUT/S 00 Wester, Leonard FUT/OT 00 Henry, Willie FUT/DT
What Ourlads' Scouting Services said about NICK BOSA before he made the San Francisco 49ers' Depth Chart: Ohio State, 6036 266 4.80. Junior entry from Fort Lauderdale, FL. This report is from our 2019 Preview. Nothing has changed but the Combine numbers. Three-year rotating starter from Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Voted the 2017 Big 10 Conference Smith-Brown Defensive Lineman of the Year and first-team All-America. He led the Buckeyes in tackles for loss with 16 and a team high eight sacks. Opened the 2018 season winning the Bednarik Player of the Week with his two sacks, two fumble recoveries, and a touchdown versus Oregon State. The game changing pass rusher was the team leading tackler and recorded 29 tackles for loss, good for 154 negative yards and 17.5 sacks in his career before a muscle core injury in the TCU game required surgery. Brother Joey and dad John were both first round selections with Joey gathering NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year honors in 2016 for the Chargers. Nick has his brother's hand quickness using solid hand placement, quick punch, stab and arm extension to control the blocker with his strong hands and long arms. Has jackrabbit quickness off the ball and the talent to affect and disrupt the quarterback and the game. Can turn the corner and flatten the edge and knock off the inside running game. Plays with intensity and good situational awareness. Gets good knee bend and can leverage back a tackle to the quarterback. His bag of pass rushing tools is NFL ready. Once he sheds a block he has an upfield burst to the ball carrier. The productive and quick twitch pass rusher has been a disruptive presence since he stepped on a college football field. Will be in the running for the top pick in the 2019 draft. Only played three games, had surgery, and performed at the Combine. 2018 stats (3 games): 14 T, 6 TFL, 4 sacks, 1 QBH, 1 FF. Edge speed:left 2.14, right 2.28. OSR:9/31. First round. (A-33, H-10 3/4, BP-29, 10-1.66).


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Neal Bledsoe
Marshall Hawkins had personal reasons to congratulate Neal Bledsoe after he delivered Idyllwild Arts Academy's Commencement Address on May 20. Marshall, founder of the school's Jazz Program and master of the standup bass, had been rehearsing to perform classical music. Marshall drew inspiration from the Commencement speaker's emphasis on experimenting with what Neal calls "the great variety of ways to engage the world artistically"—the experimentation that has become his career.
Writer, filmmaker, and conceptual artist, Neal is also an actor, featured through July 9 in Alexi Kaye Campbell's The Pride, at Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts, in Los Angeles.
He has even tried dance.
"I'm terrible, but dancing has helped me become physically more at home with myself. It's enriched my acting by making it less cerebral."
He majored in Theatre during his only Academy year, as a postgraduate in 2000-2001. He remembers realizing that "all the arts were at our disposal" and that "I should have been here all along since my goal is to live an artistic life. Idyllwild helped provide a framework for that life, so it's funny that after having spent so much time trying to avoid school, now all I want is to live like I did there: always learning from someone else."
Idyllwild introduced him to the paradox that discipline can be liberating.
"Howard Shangraw, in his Acting class, told me, 'You'll be a fool if you don't get a classical theatre education.' I think he meant not to try to make a career out of charm or good looks, but to devote myself to the craft of acting."
Neal recalls the shock of seeing Mikhail Baryshnikov, already in his sixties, rehearsing with the Mark Morris Dance Group—but in the ensemble.
"He'd been incomparable when he was young, but there was no ego in his questions afterward. It was, 'Was the lighting right?' or, 'Did that step work for us?'"
Devotion to artistic craft, Neal seemed to suggest, liberates us from ourselves so we can form real connections with others.
Parsa Sheikholeslami
Tara Kintz


Archeologists in central China on Tuesday unearthed what they believe to be a 2،000-year-old pot of wine that had been sealed and buried in a tomb.
About 3.5 litres (118 ounces) of the yellow liquid، which officials said smelled strongly of Chinese wine when they poured it out، was discovered in a bronze pot in Henan province، the official Xinhua news agency reported، AFP، The Japan Times reported.
The liquid will be sent for further tests to confirm its alcoholic content، said Shi Jiazhen، head of the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Luoyang city.
A lamp in the shape of a wild goose has also been found in the tomb، Shi said، along with human remains belonging to the tomb's occupant.
The wine is believed to date back to the Western Han Dynasty (202 B.C. to A.D. 8) although the Xinhua report did not detail how it had been sealed and kept from evaporating.
But there have been other similar alcoholic discoveries from that period، where liquor made from rice or sorghum — often kept in elaborate bronze vessels — were a big part of ceremonies and rituals، Xinhua reported.
In 2010، archeologists discovered a 2،400-year-old pot of soup in a tomb that was being excavated to make space for an extension of the airport in Xian، home to the country's famed ancient terra-cotta army.


This is a lovely, colorful salad that's easy to make all year round. It's packed full of nutrient dense goodies that will fill you up and please the pallete!
the back of a spoon, until it becomes a smooth, creamy dressing.
For a heartier meal, try serving with black quinoa or wild rice for an additional texture and rich, nutty flavor.


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Q: CakePHP Upgrade - now home page redirects to login form I just upgraded from CakePHP 2.1 to 2.4.
However, after the upgrade the home page redirects to /users/login . I only made some small changes in bootstrap.php, as were introduced in CakePhp 2.2, but other than that I only upgraded the /lib/Cake/ folder.
Otherwise the site is working fine. I suppose I am only missing $this->Auth->allow('');* in a Controller, but which one?

A: In order to exempt the home page from the Auth, I updated the AppController adding
$this->Auth->allow('display'); to the beforeFilter().
Previously it was written as $this->Auth->allow('index', 'view');, but that no longer worked, so there seems to have been a change between CakePHP Version 2.1 and 2.4.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
package com.google.android.exoplayer2.source.hls.offline;

import android.net.Uri;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.C;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.offline.DownloaderConstructorHelper;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.offline.SegmentDownloader;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.offline.StreamKey;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.source.hls.playlist.HlsMasterPlaylist;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.source.hls.playlist.HlsMasterPlaylist.HlsUrl;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.source.hls.playlist.HlsMediaPlaylist;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.source.hls.playlist.HlsPlaylist;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.source.hls.playlist.HlsPlaylistParser;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.upstream.DataSource;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.upstream.DataSpec;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.upstream.ParsingLoadable;
import com.google.android.exoplayer2.util.UriUtil;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * A downloader for HLS streams.
 *
 *
Example usage:
 *
 *
{@code
 * SimpleCache cache = new SimpleCache(downloadFolder, new NoOpCacheEvictor());
 * DefaultHttpDataSourceFactory factory = new DefaultHttpDataSourceFactory("ExoPlayer", null);
 * DownloaderConstructorHelper constructorHelper =
 *     new DownloaderConstructorHelper(cache, factory);
 * // Create a downloader for the first variant in a master playlist.
 * HlsDownloader hlsDownloader =
 *     new HlsDownloader(
 *         playlistUri,
 *         Collections.singletonList(new StreamKey(HlsMasterPlaylist.GROUP_INDEX_VARIANT, 0)),
 *         constructorHelper);
 * // Perform the download.
 * hlsDownloader.download();
 * // Access downloaded data using CacheDataSource
 * CacheDataSource cacheDataSource =
 *     new CacheDataSource(cache, factory.createDataSource(), CacheDataSource.FLAG_BLOCK_ON_CACHE);
 * }

 */
public final class HlsDownloader extends SegmentDownloader<HlsPlaylist> {

  /**
   * @param playlistUri The {@link Uri} of the playlist to be downloaded.
   * @param streamKeys Keys defining which renditions in the playlist should be selected for
   *     download. If empty, all renditions are downloaded.
   * @param constructorHelper A {@link DownloaderConstructorHelper} instance.
   */
  public HlsDownloader(
      Uri playlistUri, List<StreamKey> streamKeys, DownloaderConstructorHelper constructorHelper) {
    super(playlistUri, streamKeys, constructorHelper);
  }

  @Override
  protected HlsPlaylist getManifest(DataSource dataSource, Uri uri) throws IOException {
    return loadManifest(dataSource, uri);
  }

  @Override
  protected List<Segment> getSegments(
      DataSource dataSource, HlsPlaylist playlist, boolean allowIncompleteList) throws IOException {
    ArrayList<Uri> mediaPlaylistUris = new ArrayList<>();
    if (playlist instanceof HlsMasterPlaylist) {
      HlsMasterPlaylist masterPlaylist = (HlsMasterPlaylist) playlist;
      addResolvedUris(masterPlaylist.baseUri, masterPlaylist.variants, mediaPlaylistUris);
      addResolvedUris(masterPlaylist.baseUri, masterPlaylist.audios, mediaPlaylistUris);
      addResolvedUris(masterPlaylist.baseUri, masterPlaylist.subtitles, mediaPlaylistUris);
    } else {
      mediaPlaylistUris.add(Uri.parse(playlist.baseUri));
    }
    ArrayList<Segment> segments = new ArrayList<>();

    HashSet<Uri> seenEncryptionKeyUris = new HashSet<>();
    for (Uri mediaPlaylistUri : mediaPlaylistUris) {
      HlsMediaPlaylist mediaPlaylist;
      try {
        mediaPlaylist = (HlsMediaPlaylist) loadManifest(dataSource, mediaPlaylistUri);
        segments.add(new Segment(mediaPlaylist.startTimeUs, new DataSpec(mediaPlaylistUri)));
      } catch (IOException e) {
        if (!allowIncompleteList) {
          throw e;
        }
        segments.add(new Segment(0, new DataSpec(mediaPlaylistUri)));
        continue;
      }
      HlsMediaPlaylist.Segment lastInitSegment = null;
      List<HlsMediaPlaylist.Segment> hlsSegments = mediaPlaylist.segments;
      for (int i = 0; i < hlsSegments.size(); i++) {
        HlsMediaPlaylist.Segment segment = hlsSegments.get(i);
        HlsMediaPlaylist.Segment initSegment = segment.initializationSegment;
        if (initSegment != null && initSegment != lastInitSegment) {
          lastInitSegment = initSegment;
          addSegment(segments, mediaPlaylist, initSegment, seenEncryptionKeyUris);
        }
        addSegment(segments, mediaPlaylist, segment, seenEncryptionKeyUris);
      }
    }
    return segments;
  }

  private static HlsPlaylist loadManifest(DataSource dataSource, Uri uri) throws IOException {
    return ParsingLoadable.load(dataSource, new HlsPlaylistParser(), uri, C.DATA_TYPE_MANIFEST);
  }

  private static void addSegment(
      ArrayList<Segment> segments,
      HlsMediaPlaylist mediaPlaylist,
      HlsMediaPlaylist.Segment hlsSegment,
      HashSet<Uri> seenEncryptionKeyUris) {
    long startTimeUs = mediaPlaylist.startTimeUs + hlsSegment.relativeStartTimeUs;
    if (hlsSegment.fullSegmentEncryptionKeyUri != null) {
      Uri keyUri = UriUtil.resolveToUri(mediaPlaylist.baseUri,
          hlsSegment.fullSegmentEncryptionKeyUri);
      if (seenEncryptionKeyUris.add(keyUri)) {
        segments.add(new Segment(startTimeUs, new DataSpec(keyUri)));
      }
    }
    Uri resolvedUri = UriUtil.resolveToUri(mediaPlaylist.baseUri, hlsSegment.url);
    segments.add(new Segment(startTimeUs,
        new DataSpec(resolvedUri, hlsSegment.byterangeOffset, hlsSegment.byterangeLength, null)));
  }

  private static void addResolvedUris(String baseUri, List<HlsUrl> urls, List<Uri> out) {
    for (int i = 0; i < urls.size(); i++) {
      out.add(UriUtil.resolveToUri(baseUri, urls.get(i).url));
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Rolled oats (raw?)
Rolled oats without additives are a staple food made from oat groats. Those sold at the grocery store are never raw. See text.
Water 10.8% 77/15/07 LA (2.2g) 22:1 (0.1g) ALA
Rolled oats in a wooden bowl next to a bundle of oats (Avena sativa L.) and scattered rolled oats.
Coarse rolled oats on the left and fine rolled oats on the right, both in a small heap.
© Bought from Timmary, fotolia
© CC-by-sa 4.0, Florian Schäffer, Wikipedia
CLICK FOR: CLICK FOR: Nutrient tables
Rolled oats are probably the most famous oat product. Oats (Avena sativa) are in the family of grasses, and the valuable nutrients that they contain make them one of the most nutritious grains.
How long do you have to soak rolled oats for? Rolled oats are a key ingredient in many muesli mixes. You can soak oats in tap water overnight or pour milk alternatives or freshly squeezed orange juice (see Erb Muesli) directly over them, leave the oats to stand for a short time, and eat.
Porridge is traditionally made from rolled oats cooked with milk or milk alternatives. Milk alternatives include oat milk, rice milk, almond milk, and soy milk. In some countries such as Germany, porridge is sweetened. In Scandinavia, porridge cooked with water is known as havregrøt, and is salted or lightly sweetened. Rolled oats that are baked with honey and nuts are called granola. Oatmeal gruel is a thin, watery porridge strained from oats that have been boiled in water. It is often given to babies or sick people, as it is easy to digest while also supposedly strengthening for the digestive system.
Rolled oats not only taste good for breakfast, they are also a great addition to spicy dishes. Baked or fried patties made from rolled oats and vegetables or potatoes are delicious. For dessert, you can make a variety of delicious rolled oats recipes including cookies, waffles, muffins, donuts, and chocolates. The lack of gluten in oats makes oatmeal less suitable for baking bread but you can make scones with oatmeal or oatmeal mixed with another type of flour — especially if you want to give your scones a special flavor!
Rolled oats are often combined with lots of sugar and fat, making the oats unhealthy. Remember to eat a balanced diet and always reduce your intake of salt, sugar, and fat.
Recipe for Vegan Porridge:
For the basic recipe (for 4 servings) you need: 200 g rolled oats (organic), 600 mL water, 1 pinch of salt, and 150 mL plant milk — almond milk works particularly well for this recipe. Bring the rolled oats to a boil in salted water in a large saucepan. After boiling, reduce the heat, let the mixture simmer for 5–10 minutes, and stir regularly. When the oats swell up and the mixture develops a creamy consistency, the porridge is ready to eat. Remove from the heat, stir in the almond milk, and sweeten and season the porridge to taste (e.g., with cinnamon, vanilla, turmeric, maple syrup, agave syrup, or chopped dates). You can also garnish the porridge with a variety of toppings, for example, nuts, seeds, banana slices, fresh (or thawed) berries, pumpkin puree, or other fruits.
You can try our following recipes: Oat Dessert Balls Made with Pulp (e.g., carrot), Lemon Poppy Seed Porridge with Rolled Oats and Lemon, Sunday Brunch Rolls (Raw) with Almond Pulp and Flaxseed, and Fruit Balls with Raisins, Nuts, and Rolled Oats.
Not only vegans and vegetarians should read this:
A Vegan Diet Can Be Unhealthy. Nutrition Mistakes.
Purchasing — where to shop?
Are rolled oats heated during processing? Yes, rolled oats are usually heated (kiln dried) and therefore cannot be considered a raw food. If a raw diet is important to you, you can also find raw oats (oat groats) made from sprouted oats. The sprouting process makes the rolled oats more digestible and increases the bioavailability of their valuable nutrients. Oats are heated to increase their shelf life.
When purchasing, it is helpful to be able to distinguish between common oats (Avena sativa) and hulless oats (Avena nuda), also known as naked oats. Hulless oats have hulls that separate easily from the grain when threshed, meaning that they don't need to undergo a dehulling process. Hulless oats are more difficult to find as they are more susceptible to fungal diseases and produce smaller yields. In common oats (Avena sativa), the hull is firmly attached to the oat, requiring complex dehulling procedures. Depending on the hulling process16, the oats are pretreated with heat to make the dehulling easier (bottom runner hulling process). On the other hand, when a peeler centrifuge is used, heat is only applied after dehulling. This "kilning" (drying) process is carried out on both conventional and organic oats. Not only does it destroy the oats' sprouting capacities1, valuable amino acids (e.g., lysine) are lost in the process.
Can you eat raw oats? In principle you can — and you can also buy oats that have not been heat treated. If you are looking for raw, sprouted oats, it is best to look in organic food stores, health food stores, and on the Internet. If the term "gentle production" appears on the packet, it does not necessarily mean that the temperature has been kept below 42 °C.
You can find conventional (not raw) rolled oats in major supermarkets including Walmart, Whole Foods Markets, Kroger, and Safeway (United States); Extra Foods, Metro, and Freshmart (Canada); Asda, Sainsbury's, Tesco, Aldi, and Lidl (Great Britain); and Woolworths, Coles, Aldi, and Harris Farm (Australia).
You can also buy oat groats and make rolled oats yourself — look for "naked oats." In organic shops you can also find naked or hulless oats by looking for "sproutable oats" and "raw oats." You may also be able to find these in package-free shops. If a package is just labelled "oats," these are almost always common oats that are very rarely raw.1 If possible, try to buy organic, regionally grown oats and roll them yourself. This is because of additives found in conventionally processed rolled oats. In 2015, Ökotest detected pesticides, glyphosate, and mineral oil in every second sample of conventional rolled oats.2
Rolled oats are often divided into three categories:
Coarse rolled oats: rolled whole oats that don't undergo any further processing and can be cooked and eaten as old-fashioned oatmeal
Fine rolled oats: smaller oat groats are used to make these rolled oats; they absorb water more easily
Quick cooking oats (instant oats): rolled oats that have been rolled into small flakes. They are basically powdered oats and take almost no time to cook. They are often used to make oatmeal for babies or for those following a special diet.
Finding wild:
There are two types of wild oats: the common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and the hairy brome (Bromus ramosus). Common wild oats are very closely related to cultivated oats (Avena sativa), meaning that they can be crossbred. Wild oats may negatively affect oat production as they tend to reduce the yield.4
Processing:
Rolled oats are only edible (for humans) once they have been hulled. After harvesting, coarse dirt, other grains and kernels, and the straw parts of the plant are separated in the mill, and the kernels are sieved and sorted according to size. The oat kernels are then dried at approximately 90–120 °C by passing the kernels through hot pipes. Drying reduces their moisture content and deactivates the fat-splitting enzymes they contain. This significantly reduces the risk of the oat kernels and rolled oats becoming rancid, and is ideal for transporting and trading oats as they gain a longer shelf life. Furthermore, this treatment process partially dissolves the starch contained in oats, making the oats more digestible. Kilning oats also changes their taste, making them more nutty.5 Many manufacturers believe that oats taste bitter when they have not undergone heating. However, this is more likely to be true of hulless oats, which tend to contain more bittering agents.
Kilning also makes the dehulling process easier16 (dehulling involves the removal of the outer hull, the husk, and the grain).
Kiln drying is unnecessary if you use a centrifugal peeler to dehull oats. For this, the oats are thrown into a baffle ring, where the husks are separated from the rest of the oat. The rest of the grain remains intact, including the endosperm, the outer layers, and the germ. Lighter husks are removed using a suction fan. It is only then that the oats undergo kilning.16 Before oats are rolled, they must be steamed with hot water vapor to improve their elasticity. After rolling, the flakes are dried again.3,5,6
Oats are considered whole grains as they contain an endosperm, germ, and bran.3
Store-bought rolled oats should be stored in a dry and dark place, ideally in an airtight container. Rolled oats that have undergone heat treatment have a considerably longer shelf life. Rolled oats made from sproutable oats or hulless oats that have been specially rolled do not last very long, so you should always prepare them fresh. If the hull is destroyed, the rolled oats develop a rancid taste after a few weeks because they contain a lot of healthy, unsaturated fatty acids.
Nutrients — nutritional information — calories:
A serving of 100 g rolled oats contains approximately 371 calories. Oats are a very nutritious grain compared to other grains common in the United States and Central Europe. Protein makes up 13 % of oats, being mostly essential amino acids, while high contents of fat (7 %) and carbohydrates (69 %) mean that oats provide a lot of energy. The protein found in oats is much more nutritious than the protein found in wheat.7 Rolled oats contain high amounts of manganese, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, zinc, and iron. Other nutrients found in oats include vitamins such as thiamine (vitamin B1), folate (folic acid), pantothenic acid (B5), and riboflavin (B2). For more detailed nutritional information, please refer to the table below the text.8
Oats also contain phytosterols, alkaloids, avenanthramides (phytonutrients), silicic acid, and linoleic acid. Oats also contain approximately 4.5 % of β-Glucans, a soluble dietary fiber.9
If you combine rolled oats with a source of vitamin C, you can increase the amount of iron you absorb from oats since ascorbic acid enables the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+, which the blood cells absorb.
Health aspects — effects:
Why are rolled oats so healthy? Rolled oats are healthy and inexpensive, and can serve as a superfood not only for athletes but also for people with a more moderate lifestyle. The essential amino acids contained in rolled oats help to build up muscles and support the metabolism in breaking down fat. This makes rolled oats a particularly healthy source of calories for bodybuilders.
Beta-glucans (β-glucans) are unbranched polysaccharides and are a form of soluble dietary fiber. Beta-glucans are mainly found in the outer layer of the endosperm (aleurone and subaleurone layer). They make up two-thirds of the soluble dietary fibers in oats. The physical and chemical properties of these beta-glucans have a positive influence on cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Beta-glucans bind bile acid, which leads to the excretion of cholesterol and thus reduces LDL cholesterol levels and total cholesterol levels.
Are rolled oats good for diabetics? Beta-glucans increase the viscosity of food in the stomach and intestines, slowing down gastric emptying. This slowing down of digestion helps you to feel fuller for longer, which is beneficial for type 2 diabetics as well as for people with healthy blood sugar levels.10 Scientific studies show that following a high-fiber diet reduces the risk of high blood pressure, lipid metabolism disorders, and coronary heart disease.11 Furthermore, β-glucans have a calming and regulating effect on the digestive organs.10 Compared to oat bran, wheat bran contains mainly water-insoluble fiber. This type of fiber helps to lower blood glucose levels but does not influence the blood lipid content.12
Can eating rolled oats help you to lose weight? Rolled oats help you to feel full for longer, helping to ward off hunger. They are therefore an excellent addition to the diet of people who want to lose weight in a healthy manner and maintain a healthy weight. Many grains contain phytic acid, which often has a negative reputation. This is because phytic acid binds minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, preventing them from being absorbed. By delaying the breakdown of starch in the body, phytic acid also regulates the blood sugar concentration. According to Wikipedia, oats have between 0.42 and 1.16 g phytic acid/100 g.
Rolled oats contain antioxidants that can lower blood pressure and counteract inflammation and itchy skin.13 Furthermore, introducing rolled oats into children's diets at a young age is believed to reduce the risk of asthma.14
Dangers — intolerances — side effects:
Oats are actually gluten-free. However, commercially available common oats (Avena sativa) are usually contaminated with other gluten-containing grains such as wheat, barley, spelt, and/or rye. Conventional oat products are therefore unsuitable for people with celiac disease. Gluten-free oats have a gluten content of less than 20 parts per million and are identifiable by the gluten-free symbol: the Crossed Grain.15 Various studies show that people with celiac disease can cope well with small amounts of oats. Many people with allergies to gluten and celiac disease are affected by gliadin but not by other types of gluten (e.g., avenaline in oats). If you are affected by celiac disease, it is essential that you buy oats that are labelled gluten-free.9 Some people cannot tolerate gluten-free oats either: it is important to test this with a doctor.
Traditional medicine — naturopathy:
Oatmeal is a proven household remedy for gastrointestinal problems. In case of constipation, eat rolled oats or oat bran with a sufficient amount of liquid to help ease constipation. Older people, in particular, swear by porridge as an easily digestible form of oats.
Occurrence — origin:
Oats were first cultivated in Switzerland during the Bronze Age. It was not until the nineteenth century that potatoes and wheat replaced oats as a staple food. Today, Russia, Canada, Australia, Poland, China, Finland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Argentina, and the United States are the top 10 producers of oats.9
Cultivation and harvest:
Oats are an annual summer crop produced and prefer a moderate climate with high rates of rainfall. They do not require a special type of soil. Oats are also known as a "nurse crop" because many pests do not reproduce in them. Oats forms in a multi-branched panicle, not in an ear like wheat.
Rolled oats are usually made from the common oat (Avena sativa), and more rarely from hulless oats (Avena nuda). Both types of oat belong to the genus Avena and are sweet grasses. Common oats are cultivated as a grain and are colloquially referred to as oats. There are approximately 25 Avena species that spread from Northwest Africa and Spain through the Mediterranean region to the Near East.
Instant oats are used to make oat milk: this substitute to dairy milk is good for people who suffer from lactose intolerance or who want to eat a vegan diet.
Literature — sources:
CLICK FOR: 16 sources
Zentrum-der-Gesundheit.de Qualität von Hafer erkennen.
Ökotest.de Haferflocken im Test. 2015.
Wikipedia Haferflocken.
Wikipedia Flughafer.
Alleskoerner.de Hafer Verarbeitung.
Einfach-clever-essen.de Vom Haferkorn zur Haferflocke.
Demeter.de Hafer.
USDA United States Department of Agriculture.
Wikipedia Saat-Hafer.
Ernährungs-umschau.de Beta-Glucan aus Hafer.
Daou C, Zhang H. Oat Beta‐Glucan: Its Role in Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases. Online Library. 2012. doi:10.1111/ j1541-4337.2012.00189.x
Schmandke H. Blutglucose- und -lipidsenkende Wirkung von Phytinsäure. Ernährungs Umschau. 2007;5.
Sur R, Nigam A, Grote D, et al. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anit-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. PubMed Arch Dermatol Res. 2008;300(10). doi: 10.1007/ s00403-008-0858-x.
Fiocchi A, Assa'ad A, Bahna S, et al. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document. Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. PubMed Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(1).
IG Zöliakie der Deutschen Schweiz. Hafer in der glutenfreien Ernährung. 2018.
Heiss, R. (Hrsg.). Lebensmitteltechnologie: Biotechnologische, chemische, mechanische und thermische Verfahren der Lebensmittelverarbeitung. Springer; 1996: 149ff.


Conventional and Geothermal for commercial and residential installations.
High quality parts and service – when you need it most.
Keep your HVAC systems running efficiently for years to come.
We work directly with contractors and architects helping to size equipment properly.
FREE HOME SITE SURVEY: Size your system properly before you buy.
Proudly Serving The Hudson Valley Since 1983, a tradition of excellence.
"Building a business where our customer's comfort comes first, being there for them and providing high quality customer experiences has been our goal since we started this company more than 30 years ago and that mission has been passed on to our talented team of engineers, installers and technicians.
This 18th century brick victorian had been first fitted to heat with coal then to oil, when American Heating & Cooling tapped to do this install the homeowners were equally concerned with saving money as much as saving the environment. The homeowners had a very planned out budget, one that with out the Federal ( ITC) and State ( NYSERDA) tax incentives the reality of Geothermal might have been a possibility for this family in Rhinebeck. American heating and cooling helped direct the owners to saving almost 40% off the entire system.
Vassar College buildings, grounds and management called American Heating & Cooling to design, install and maintain 30,000 square feet of both high efficiency and geothermal heating & cooling systems located in a variety of buildings from their library to class rooms, dining and residential halls.
American Heating & Cooling, specializes commercial and residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), utilizing high efficiency and geothermal heat pumps. We serve Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Ulster, Westchester, and surrounding counties. Kingston to Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck to Newburgh, NY and beyond. We have been proudly serving our customers and the community since 1983.
More at http://www.waterfurnace.com . Learn more about geothermal. Use the renewable solar energy stored in your yard to save on heating, cooling and hot water costs. WaterFurnace geothermal heat pumps are good for the environment and great for your budget.
With federal and state tax credits available for geothermal home heating and cooling systems installations are more affordable for homeowners ask us about NYSERDA and the Federal Investment Tax Credit.
A geothermal system is a comfort system that uses the earth's stored energy, rather than fossil fuels like propane, natural gas, oil, or coal, to heat or cool your home or business.
Why should I consider installing/migrating to a geothermal heating & cooling system when a high-efficiency standard system works just fine?
By choosing geothermal, you will save two valuable resources: your environment and your dollars. Geothermal is recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as the most environmentally safe, cost-effective heating and cooling system on the market. The installation of one geothermal system is the environmental equivalent to removing two cars from the street.
Tax Credits & Incentives do they save me money on my new geothermal home heating and cooling system?
FEDERAL TAX INCENTIVES: In February 2018, the 30% tax credit was reinstated through 2019 and can be retroactively applied to installations placed in service on January 1, 2017 or later. Geothermal equipment that uses the stored solar energy from the ground for heating and cooling and that meets ENERGY STAR requirements at the time of installation is eligible for the tax credit. The credit has no limit and there's no limitation on the number of times the credit can be claimed.
LOCAL (STATE) TAX INCENTIVES: In New York State, NYSERDA This initiative will provide funding only to eligible GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) designers and installers approved by NYSERDA*. If you would like to install GSHP in your home or property, NYSERDA encourages you to learn more about ground source heat pumps. However, funding is not available directly to building owners or site owners.
* American Heating and Cooling is an approved NYSERDA Installer.
How does a geothermal system work to heat and cool my home or office?
While temperatures fluctuate quite a bit on the surface of the Earth with the change of seasons, approximately four to six feet below the Earth's surface, temperatures remain consistent year-long because the Earth absorbs 47% of all of the heat and energy from the sun and stores it.
A geothermal system is a series of interconnected loops that run from your home down through this temperate underground region. During the heating process, fluid such as water or antifreeze in the loops absorb heat from the earth and transfer it to a unit located in the home such as a conventional duct system or radiant heat system. For cooling, the same unit takes in hot air, and transfers it to the loop fluid, which journeys through the ground, is cooled, and returned to your home.
For a detailed diagram of this process see, including the variety of open and closed loop systems available, see how a Geothermal System Works.
How much will geothermal system cost to install?
Costs vary depending on the type of system you choose. And while it is an additional cost up front to install a geothermal system as compared to a high-efficiency gas or air-to-air heat pump system, a geothermal system will pay for itself in no time. The geothermal system essentially makes "free" hot water which can reduce your power consumption for hot water up to 60%. Plus, you will save on maintenance costs because a geothermal system has a life-span of 20+ years versus that of only a maximum of 12 for a standard heating and cooling system.
To cover the initial installation costs, the U.S. Government is offering up to 30% in tax credits and rebates if you choose geothermal. Additionally, a geothermal system can be tied into your mortgage or other form of low interest financing option. You'll instantly see market savings in your utility bills that will easily cover the increase in your loan payment and continue to provide savings for years to come.
View actual monetary comparisons of the average annual heating, cooling, and hot water costs between a geothermal system and a traditional system in New York.
Is a geothermal system really that more energy-efficient than a traditional high efficiency system?
Yes! Most geothermal systems are a minimum of three times more efficient than fossil fuel systems, regardless if the traditional system is labeled "energy-saving" or "energy-efficient." This is because geothermal systems simply move heat instead of actually making it, allowing it to produce five units of heat to one unit of electricity.
The heating in our building wasn't working, so we called them after being jerked around by another well known company. Very friendly and professional service. Very reasonable prices as well. Charged us half of what the other company tried to charge us for the same thing.


text:
Le elezioni europee del 2009 a Malta si sono tenute il 4 giugno.

Risultati

Collegamenti esterni

Malta
2009

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


DCEmu Network: The Homebrew, Hacking & Gaming Network > DCEmu Discussion Forums > DCEmu Gaming & General Discussion Forum > Can someone tell me what the best NDS stuff is to play DS roms?
View Full Version : Can someone tell me what the best NDS stuff is to play DS roms?
I have been looking at a number of flash cards etc for the NDS to play DS roms and i am unsure of which one the best one is at the moment!
Can someone please avise me on what the best items are to get at the moment? I want to be able to save my progress on a game as i have read a few don't support saves.
Personally, I own and m3 sd (1gb sd card) with a Passkey2, and it's worked amazingly thus far. I'd suggest it to anyone. The only compatibility problems I've had are with "Ultimate Spiderman", but almost all carts have that issue.
yeah, get the m3 SD card with passkey 2 from divineo for 90 bucks, and buy a 512(although a 1 gig would be best) SD card from best buy for 20 bucks after rebate. i love it!


text:
Sexes
The Mixed Results of Male Authors Writing Female Characters
By Michele Willens
Authors of both genders have long experimented with narrators and protagonists of the opposite sex—but there's still debate as to whether either sex can do it right.
David Mamet; Focus Features; Jeffrey Eugenides
If we want to investigate the way women have been "written" through the years by the opposite sex, we should return to the beginning. Eve took a bite of that forbidden fruit and pretty much got blamed for every sinful deed since. "Let's not forget the Bible was written from a man's point of view," pointed out a scholar I watched on TV recently.
This is not an awards show, of course. No winners or losers on which sex writes the other better. But there are strong opinions. When Nation magazine writer and poet Katha Pollitt learned that I was pondering whether men write women better than women themselves, her response practically crashed my computer. "You could not possibly be suggesting that! I think few men write female characters who are complex and have stories of their own. Where are the vivid, realistic and rounded portrayals of women in Roth, Bellow, Updike?"
To which others may respond, as did one friend, "I have two words for you. Anna Karenina."
Tolstoy's classic was written a long time ago, of course, and, on the flip side, evergreen female authors like Jane Austen and the Brontes managed to give us fine portraits of men alongside their memorable heroines. However, we have had a few revolutions since, resulting in a lot of space on the shelves, the stage, and the screen devoted to feminine mystiques and mistakes. For women writers, it is about finally getting, if not even, at least equal time.
"By default, women have it easier than men when they attempt to craft characters of the opposite sex," says novelist Sally Koslow (The Late Lamented Molly Marx), "because our whole lives we've been reading vast amounts of literature written by men." For male writers, trying to navigate the evolving battles of the sexes is more challenging. To their credit, they are not necessarily shying away from tackling women in their work, but are they 'getting' them?
Two hugely popular authors, Jonathan Franzen and Jeffrey Eugenides, for example, are known for full-bodied, decade-spanning novels. But their female characters? "Franzen's women are confused and masochistic," claims Pollitt. "The female lead in Eugenides' The Marriage Plot is the least interesting of the three major characters." Literary critic and writer Sarah Seltzer is a bit kinder, but agrees that a double standard endures. "I doubt whether a female novelist who so obviously bungled/sidelined a major male character as Eugenides did, would get the same slack from readers and critics."
Bringing a complex female character to fictional life is daunting enough for one of the opposite sex. Inhabiting their actual voice is even more so. "I don't necessarily find women difficult to write about in the third person," says author Eli Gottlieb (The Face Thief), "but to write them in the first person is to make a hubristic leap. It can be done—Madame Bovary comes to mind—but the reader will often begin from a suspicious wariness." One of the most dazzling turns is Brazzaville Beach by William Boyd. It truly never dawns on the reader—and in fact is a constant surprise—that there is a man behind the marvelous female storyteller.
To be fair, today's female novelists rarely take on a male voice, but when they do, their success rate seems noteworthy. This past year's "it" book was Gillian Flynn's Gone Girl, in which the author tells one story from both the male and female points of view. Hilary Mantel has also wowed critics and readers with HIStorical fiction, and Louise Erdrich wrote the prize-winning The Round House from the viewpoint of a teenage boy.
Why Do Female Authors Dominate Young-Adult Fiction?
Why don't women do it more? Either because they feel men have had their say, thank you, or they feel obligated to mine their own juggling lives for rich material. "A novel takes two years out of your life, so I am more comfortable living with characters I know," explains Sally Koslow. "Before I start every book, I think of Jack Nicholson's line from As Good As It Gets. Someone asks him, 'How do you write women so well?' and he says, 'I think of a man and I take away the reason and the accountability.'"
In the theatre world, more and more women playwrights (Sarah Ruehl, Amy Herzog, Lynn Nottage) have entered the scene, which has helped tremendously in giving audiences true-to-life female characters. Their plays still tend to be seen off-Broadway, but frankly, that is where the most original material is showing up. The final work of the voice of so many women, Nora Ephron, is soon to open on Broadway—and revolves around a man.
The chauvinist king of the stage, David Mamet, suffered a serious blow this past season when he attempted to center a play (The Anarchist) on two women. The characters never felt remotely organic and it was a short-lived disaster. Two of the better male playwrights, when it comes to writing women, are Jon Robin Baitz (Other Desert Cities) and Richard Greenberg (the new stage adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffanys). Does the fact they are openly gay figure in? (Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, and William Inge, anyone?)
Over at the multiplex, one has to start with the fact that an infinitesimal number of commercial films are written or directed by women. All ten actresses nominated for Oscar performances this year played characters written by men. (Only six-year-old Hushpuppy was co-conceived by a woman.) The roles were obviously demanding, and their creators should be applauded. But were any as multi-faceted as their counterparts over in the male categories?
The most noteworthy female characters these days are probably on television, though more than a few are of the all-work-no-play (Homeland, The Killing) variety. The newest such girl on the block is Keri Russell as a KGB agent on the FX series The Americans. Josh Brand is among a group of respected writers of the series and insists the story, being a procedural, is the priority and, "Character to me has nothing to do with gender."
It may behoove such programs to add more women to the writer's rooms, (The Good Wife has the best cast of mixed-sexes, perhaps because it was created by one of each) but that is still no guarantee. Smash was created by Theresa Rebeck (since replaced by a man), who gave us four female characters, none of whom is really resonating. In one of those "show within a show within a show" scenarios, Debra Messing's writer-character is "saved" by a dramaturge (a man) who says her mushy take on Marilyn Monroe needs to be more about sex and power. I am sure there is a lesson here.
Screenwriter Stephen Schiff (Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps) says what may be most challenging for men in all media are talky scenes between women. (Sex and the City comes to mind... though once again, it was a gay man calling the shots.) "But then it's probably tough for women to write a scene between guys doing guy things," says Schiff. This is where the mandatory Lena Dunham reference must be made. "Lena is depicting female and artistic thought processes in startling ways," insists my friend and avid reader/viewer Susan Horowitz. "But she is also giving us unusually dimensional views of male characters."
Dunham is nothing if not brave. She is also young and open to seeing both sexes clearly. For older males, they tread a bit more gingerly. "I try to go inside my characters and listen to them speak," says Schiff, a former journalist. "I can listen to a woman the same way I can listen to a man. But some people can't get outside their sex to do that." Josh Brand adds, "Most of us are influenced by the real women in our lives, which hopefully informs how we write our female characters."
Psychologist Dr. Vivian Diller believes, "Authors who write about their own gender use their internal experience and speak from the inside out. When they write about the opposite sex, their perspective has to shift—from the outside in. Neither is necessarily better but rather they try different points of view."
Readers and viewers may not even consciously be aware of which sex is behind what words. (Though could a man have tapped into whatever has made those Fifty Shades so popular?) For the creators, the issue is very real. "I think most writers see capturing the opposite sex as an ultimate goal and triumph," says novelist Betsy Carter (The Puzzle King).
While women probably still write their own parts better, cheers for all who are daring to probe the ever-changing state of the sexes. There is reason for optimism, as gender roles become less distinct, more men get in touch with their at-home sides, and more women become action heroes.
As literary critic Sarah Seltzer says, "writing across gender may be harder, require more research and humility. We may fail or get 'called out' for letting our biases show, or being ignorant. But the attempt at understanding, empathy, and inhabiting the soul of someone whose life experience is not ours, helps us grow as writers, and people too."


text:
Q: Conditional Compilation for User Notifications in Swift 3 and Xcode 8.2 We have an application supporting iOS 9+, that is being developed in Swift 3 and Xcode 8.2.x. iOS 10 introduced a new method for registering for push notifications, described well in this post.  Since iOS 9 doesn't know about the User Notifications framework, we want to use the iOS 9 method when the device is iOS 9, and use the UserNotifications.framework on iOS 10.  In Objective C, we would accomplish this via conditional compilation (e.g. #ifdef statements).
In Swift 3, there is some facility for conditional compilation #available and #if.  We try to wrap the branches of notification registration code in either of these directives, and the app will not compile.
#available generates similar results
This is the case when targeting generic/real devices.  The app will compile against simulators.

A: Based on your comments above, you want a runtime check, not conditional compilation, and #available is precisely that.
This works fine for me:
if #available(iOS 10.0, *) {
    UNUserNotificationCenter.current().requestAuthorization(options: [.badge, .alert, .sound]) {
        (granted, error) in
    }
}
else {
    UIApplication.shared.registerUserNotificationSettings(UIUserNotificationSettings(types: [.badge, .sound, .alert], categories: nil))
}

UIUserNotificationSettings is deprecated in iOS 10, but it's actually still there. Apple doesn't typically remove APIs until they've been deprecated for a very long time.
I suspect you have some other kind of build issue. Off the top of my head: do you have Base SDK and Deployment Target set correctly?


Minor passenger's head was struck by forks smashing through car window causing coma and brain damage (Contreras v. A&A Building Material Co., Los Angeles County Superior Court).
Employees were promised percentages of the net sale price of their company sale, but the company refused to make payment upon sale and disputed the net sale price (McCasland v. Chemicon International, Riverside County Superior Court).
Pregnant woman injured her back while carrying her one-year-old son on her right hip. She slipped in a wading pool coated with overly slippery epoxy paint (Gomez v. Cecero, Kern County Superior Court).
Two Arab-American delivery drivers alleged race and national origin harassment, discrimination and retaliation by FedEx management (Issa v. Roadway Package System Inc., Alameda County Superior Court).
Defendant allegedly startled a horse that he and plaintiff were grooming, causing the horse to knock the plaintiff to the ground and injuring her wrist (Confidential v. Confidential, Santa Barbara County Superior Court).
Labor union conducted an allegedly defamatory postcard campaign claiming that Sutter birthing centers exposed newborns to infections through unsanitary linens (Sutter Health v. Unite Here, Placer County Superior Court).
A truck driver who was about to re-enter his vehicle after changing a blown tire on a highway shoulder was struck and killed by another truck while his sons watched (Camacho-Perez v. USF Reddaway Inc., Merced County Superior Court).
City of Pomona allegedly ratified attempts of organization to discriminate against African-Americans in housing (Inland Mediation Board v. City of Pomona, Central District Federal Court).
Engineering firm sought damages for valuable documents removed by landlord from premises; landlord claimed it disposed of abandoned debris (Carona Engineers Inc. v. Regent Properties 1, Alameda County Superior Court).
Editor's Note: California Bar Journal publishes this abbreviated summary of important trials in California provided by Trials Digest, a Thomson West business. To report your case results, go to west.thomson.com/trialsdigest/form.asp or call 415-344-6000.


text:
package com.squareup.okhttp.internal.http;

import com.squareup.okhttp.Address;
import com.squareup.okhttp.Connection;
import com.squareup.okhttp.OkHttpClient;
import com.squareup.okhttp.OkResponseCache;
import com.squareup.okhttp.ResponseSource;
import com.squareup.okhttp.TunnelRequest;
import com.squareup.okhttp.internal.Dns;
import com.squareup.okhttp.internal.Platform;
import com.squareup.okhttp.internal.Util;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.CacheRequest;
import java.net.CacheResponse;
import java.net.CookieHandler;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.Proxy;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;

import static com.squareup.okhttp.internal.Util.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
import static com.squareup.okhttp.internal.Util.getDefaultPort;
import static com.squareup.okhttp.internal.Util.getEffectivePort;

/**
 * Handles a single HTTP request/response pair. Each HTTP engine follows this
 * lifecycle:
 *

 *
It is created.
 *
The HTTP request message is sent with sendRequest(). Once the request
 * is sent it is an error to modify the request headers. After
 * sendRequest() has been called the request body can be written to if
 * it exists.
 *
The HTTP response message is read with readResponse(). After the
 * response has been read the response headers and body can be read.
 * All responses have a response body input stream, though in some
 * instances this stream is empty.
 *

 *
 *
The request and response may be served by the HTTP response cache, by the
 * network, or by both in the event of a conditional GET.
 *
 *
This class may hold a socket connection that needs to be released or
 * recycled. By default, this socket connection is held when the last byte of
 * the response is consumed. To release the connection when it is no longer
 * required, use {@link #automaticallyReleaseConnectionToPool()}.
 */
public class HttpEngine {
  private static final CacheResponse GATEWAY_TIMEOUT_RESPONSE = new CacheResponse() {
    @Override public Map<String, List<String>> getHeaders() throws IOException {
      Map<String, List<String>> result = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
      result.put(null, Collections.singletonList("HTTP/1.1 504 Gateway Timeout"));
      return result;
    }
    @Override public InputStream getBody() throws IOException {
      return new ByteArrayInputStream(EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY);
    }
  };
  public static final int HTTP_CONTINUE = 100;

  protected final Policy policy;
  protected final OkHttpClient client;

  protected final String method;

  private ResponseSource responseSource;

  protected Connection connection;
  protected RouteSelector routeSelector;
  private OutputStream requestBodyOut;

  private Transport transport;

  private InputStream responseTransferIn;
  private InputStream responseBodyIn;

  private CacheResponse cacheResponse;
  private CacheRequest cacheRequest;

  /** The time when the request headers were written, or -1 if they haven't been written yet. */
  long sentRequestMillis = -1;

  /** Whether the connection has been established */
  boolean connected;

  /**
   * True if this client added an "Accept-Encoding: gzip" header field and is
   * therefore responsible for also decompressing the transfer stream.
   */
  private boolean transparentGzip;

  final URI uri;

  final RequestHeaders requestHeaders;

  /** Null until a response is received from the network or the cache. */
  ResponseHeaders responseHeaders;

  // The cache response currently being validated on a conditional get. Null
  // if the cached response doesn't exist or doesn't need validation. If the
  // conditional get succeeds, these will be used for the response headers and
  // body. If it fails, these be closed and set to null.
  private ResponseHeaders cachedResponseHeaders;
  private InputStream cachedResponseBody;

  /**
   * True if the socket connection should be released to the connection pool
   * when the response has been fully read.
   */
  private boolean automaticallyReleaseConnectionToPool;

  /** True if the socket connection is no longer needed by this engine. */
  private boolean connectionReleased;

  /**
   * @param requestHeaders the client's supplied request headers. This class
   *     creates a private copy that it can mutate.
   * @param connection the connection used for an intermediate response
   *     immediately prior to this request/response pair, such as a same-host
   *     redirect. This engine assumes ownership of the connection and must
   *     release it when it is unneeded.
   */
  public HttpEngine(OkHttpClient client, Policy policy, String method, RawHeaders requestHeaders,
      Connection connection, RetryableOutputStream requestBodyOut) throws IOException {
    this.client = client;
    this.policy = policy;
    this.method = method;
    this.connection = connection;
    this.requestBodyOut = requestBodyOut;

    try {
      uri = Platform.get().toUriLenient(policy.getURL());
    } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
      throw new IOException(e.getMessage());
    }

    this.requestHeaders = new RequestHeaders(uri, new RawHeaders(requestHeaders));
  }

  public URI getUri() {
    return uri;
  }

  /**
   * Figures out what the response source will be, and opens a socket to that
   * source if necessary. Prepares the request headers and gets ready to start
   * writing the request body if it exists.
   */
  public final void sendRequest() throws IOException {
    if (responseSource != null) {
      return;
    }

    prepareRawRequestHeaders();
    initResponseSource();
    OkResponseCache responseCache = client.getOkResponseCache();
    if (responseCache != null) {
      responseCache.trackResponse(responseSource);
    }

    // The raw response source may require the network, but the request
    // headers may forbid network use. In that case, dispose of the network
    // response and use a GATEWAY_TIMEOUT response instead, as specified
    // by http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9.4.
    if (requestHeaders.isOnlyIfCached() && responseSource.requiresConnection()) {
      if (responseSource == ResponseSource.CONDITIONAL_CACHE) {
        Util.closeQuietly(cachedResponseBody);
      }
      this.responseSource = ResponseSource.CACHE;
      this.cacheResponse = GATEWAY_TIMEOUT_RESPONSE;
      RawHeaders rawResponseHeaders = RawHeaders.fromMultimap(cacheResponse.getHeaders(), true);
      setResponse(new ResponseHeaders(uri, rawResponseHeaders), cacheResponse.getBody());
    }

    if (responseSource.requiresConnection()) {
      sendSocketRequest();
    } else if (connection != null) {
      client.getConnectionPool().recycle(connection);
      connection = null;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Initialize the source for this response. It may be corrected later if the
   * request headers forbids network use.
   */
  private void initResponseSource() throws IOException {
    responseSource = ResponseSource.NETWORK;
    if (!policy.getUseCaches()) return;

    OkResponseCache responseCache = client.getOkResponseCache();
    if (responseCache == null) return;

    CacheResponse candidate = responseCache.get(
        uri, method, requestHeaders.getHeaders().toMultimap(false));
    if (candidate == null) return;

    Map<String, List<String>> responseHeadersMap = candidate.getHeaders();
    cachedResponseBody = candidate.getBody();
    if (!acceptCacheResponseType(candidate)
        || responseHeadersMap == null
        || cachedResponseBody == null) {
      Util.closeQuietly(cachedResponseBody);
      return;
    }

    RawHeaders rawResponseHeaders = RawHeaders.fromMultimap(responseHeadersMap, true);
    cachedResponseHeaders = new ResponseHeaders(uri, rawResponseHeaders);
    long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
    this.responseSource = cachedResponseHeaders.chooseResponseSource(now, requestHeaders);
    if (responseSource == ResponseSource.CACHE) {
      this.cacheResponse = candidate;
      setResponse(cachedResponseHeaders, cachedResponseBody);
    } else if (responseSource == ResponseSource.CONDITIONAL_CACHE) {
      this.cacheResponse = candidate;
    } else if (responseSource == ResponseSource.NETWORK) {
      Util.closeQuietly(cachedResponseBody);
    } else {
      throw new AssertionError();
    }
  }

  private void sendSocketRequest() throws IOException {
    if (connection == null) {
      connect();
    }

    if (transport != null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }

    transport = (Transport) connection.newTransport(this);

    if (hasRequestBody() && requestBodyOut == null) {
      // Create a request body if we don't have one already. We'll already
      // have one if we're retrying a failed POST.
      requestBodyOut = transport.createRequestBody();
    }
  }

  /** Connect to the origin server either directly or via a proxy. */
  protected final void connect() throws IOException {
    if (connection != null) {
      return;
    }
    if (routeSelector == null) {
      String uriHost = uri.getHost();
      if (uriHost == null) {
        throw new UnknownHostException(uri.toString());
      }
      SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = null;
      HostnameVerifier hostnameVerifier = null;
      if (uri.getScheme().equalsIgnoreCase("https")) {
        sslSocketFactory = client.getSslSocketFactory();
        hostnameVerifier = client.getHostnameVerifier();
      }
      Address address = new Address(uriHost, getEffectivePort(uri), sslSocketFactory,
          hostnameVerifier, client.getAuthenticator(), client.getProxy(), client.getTransports());
      routeSelector = new RouteSelector(address, uri, client.getProxySelector(),
          client.getConnectionPool(), Dns.DEFAULT, client.getRoutesDatabase());
    }
    connection = routeSelector.next(method);
    if (!connection.isConnected()) {
      connection.connect(client.getConnectTimeout(), client.getReadTimeout(), getTunnelConfig());
      client.getConnectionPool().maybeShare(connection);
      client.getRoutesDatabase().connected(connection.getRoute());
    } else {
      connection.updateReadTimeout(client.getReadTimeout());
    }
    connected(connection);
    if (connection.getRoute().getProxy() != client.getProxy()) {
      // Update the request line if the proxy changed; it may need a host name.
      requestHeaders.getHeaders().setRequestLine(getRequestLine());
    }
  }

  /**
   * Called after a socket connection has been created or retrieved from the
   * pool. Subclasses use this hook to get a reference to the TLS data.
   */
  protected void connected(Connection connection) {
    policy.setSelectedProxy(connection.getRoute().getProxy());
    connected = true;
  }

  /**
   * Called immediately before the transport transmits HTTP request headers.
   * This is used to observe the sent time should the request be cached.
   */
  public void writingRequestHeaders() {
    if (sentRequestMillis != -1) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    sentRequestMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
  }

  /**
   * @param body the response body, or null if it doesn't exist or isn't
   * available.
   */
  private void setResponse(ResponseHeaders headers, InputStream body) throws IOException {
    if (this.responseBodyIn != null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    this.responseHeaders = headers;
    if (body != null) {
      initContentStream(body);
    }
  }

  boolean hasRequestBody() {
    return method.equals("POST") || method.equals("PUT");
  }

  /** Returns the request body or null if this request doesn't have a body. */
  public final OutputStream getRequestBody() {
    if (responseSource == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    return requestBodyOut;
  }

  public final boolean hasResponse() {
    return responseHeaders != null;
  }

  public final RequestHeaders getRequestHeaders() {
    return requestHeaders;
  }

  public final ResponseHeaders getResponseHeaders() {
    if (responseHeaders == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    return responseHeaders;
  }

  public final int getResponseCode() {
    if (responseHeaders == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    return responseHeaders.getHeaders().getResponseCode();
  }

  public final InputStream getResponseBody() {
    if (responseHeaders == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    return responseBodyIn;
  }

  public final CacheResponse getCacheResponse() {
    return cacheResponse;
  }

  public final Connection getConnection() {
    return connection;
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if {@code cacheResponse} is of the right type. This
   * condition is necessary but not sufficient for the cached response to
   * be used.
   */
  protected boolean acceptCacheResponseType(CacheResponse cacheResponse) {
    return true;
  }

  private void maybeCache() throws IOException {
    // Are we caching at all?
    if (!policy.getUseCaches()) return;
    OkResponseCache responseCache = client.getOkResponseCache();
    if (responseCache == null) return;

    HttpURLConnection connectionToCache = policy.getHttpConnectionToCache();

    // Should we cache this response for this request?
    if (!responseHeaders.isCacheable(requestHeaders)) {
      responseCache.maybeRemove(connectionToCache.getRequestMethod(), uri);
      return;
    }

    // Offer this request to the cache.
    cacheRequest = responseCache.put(uri, connectionToCache);
  }

  /**
   * Cause the socket connection to be released to the connection pool when
   * it is no longer needed. If it is already unneeded, it will be pooled
   * immediately. Otherwise the connection is held so that redirects can be
   * handled by the same connection.
   */
  public final void automaticallyReleaseConnectionToPool() {
    automaticallyReleaseConnectionToPool = true;
    if (connection != null && connectionReleased) {
      client.getConnectionPool().recycle(connection);
      connection = null;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Releases this engine so that its resources may be either reused or
   * closed. Also call {@link #automaticallyReleaseConnectionToPool} unless
   * the connection will be used to follow a redirect.
   */
  public final void release(boolean streamCancelled) {
    // If the response body comes from the cache, close it.
    if (responseBodyIn == cachedResponseBody) {
      Util.closeQuietly(responseBodyIn);
    }

    if (!connectionReleased && connection != null) {
      connectionReleased = true;

      if (transport == null || !transport.makeReusable(streamCancelled, requestBodyOut,
          responseTransferIn)) {
        Util.closeQuietly(connection);
        connection = null;
      } else if (automaticallyReleaseConnectionToPool) {
        client.getConnectionPool().recycle(connection);
        connection = null;
      }
    }
  }

  private void initContentStream(InputStream transferStream) throws IOException {
    responseTransferIn = transferStream;
    if (transparentGzip && responseHeaders.isContentEncodingGzip()) {
      // If the response was transparently gzipped, remove the gzip header field
      // so clients don't double decompress. http://b/3009828
      //
      // Also remove the Content-Length in this case because it contains the
      // length 528 of the gzipped response. This isn't terribly useful and is
      // dangerous because 529 clients can query the content length, but not
      // the content encoding.
      responseHeaders.stripContentEncoding();
      responseHeaders.stripContentLength();
      responseBodyIn = new GZIPInputStream(transferStream);
    } else {
      responseBodyIn = transferStream;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if the response must have a (possibly 0-length) body.
   * See RFC 2616 section 4.3.
   */
  public final boolean hasResponseBody() {
    int responseCode = responseHeaders.getHeaders().getResponseCode();

    // HEAD requests never yield a body regardless of the response headers.
    if (method.equals("HEAD")) {
      return false;
    }

    if ((responseCode < HTTP_CONTINUE || responseCode >= 200)
        && responseCode != HttpURLConnectionImpl.HTTP_NO_CONTENT
        && responseCode != HttpURLConnectionImpl.HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED) {
      return true;
    }

    // If the Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding headers disagree with the
    // response code, the response is malformed. For best compatibility, we
    // honor the headers.
    if (responseHeaders.getContentLength() != -1 || responseHeaders.isChunked()) {
      return true;
    }

    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Populates requestHeaders with defaults and cookies.
   *
   *
This client doesn't specify a default {@code Accept} header because it
   * doesn't know what content types the application is interested in.
   */
  private void prepareRawRequestHeaders() throws IOException {
    requestHeaders.getHeaders().setRequestLine(getRequestLine());

    if (requestHeaders.getUserAgent() == null) {
      requestHeaders.setUserAgent(getDefaultUserAgent());
    }

    if (requestHeaders.getHost() == null) {
      requestHeaders.setHost(getOriginAddress(policy.getURL()));
    }

    if ((connection == null || connection.getHttpMinorVersion() != 0)
        && requestHeaders.getConnection() == null) {
      requestHeaders.setConnection("Keep-Alive");
    }

    if (requestHeaders.getAcceptEncoding() == null) {
      transparentGzip = true;
      requestHeaders.setAcceptEncoding("gzip");
    }

    if (hasRequestBody() && requestHeaders.getContentType() == null) {
      requestHeaders.setContentType("application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    }

    long ifModifiedSince = policy.getIfModifiedSince();
    if (ifModifiedSince != 0) {
      requestHeaders.setIfModifiedSince(new Date(ifModifiedSince));
    }

    CookieHandler cookieHandler = client.getCookieHandler();
    if (cookieHandler != null) {
      requestHeaders.addCookies(
          cookieHandler.get(uri, requestHeaders.getHeaders().toMultimap(false)));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the request status line, like "GET / HTTP/1.1". This is exposed
   * to the application by {@link HttpURLConnectionImpl#getHeaderFields}, so
   * it needs to be set even if the transport is SPDY.
   */
  String getRequestLine() {
    String protocol =
        (connection == null || connection.getHttpMinorVersion() != 0) ? "HTTP/1.1" : "HTTP/1.0";
    return method + " " + requestString() + " " + protocol;
  }

  private String requestString() {
    URL url = policy.getURL();
    if (includeAuthorityInRequestLine()) {
      return url.toString();
    } else {
      return requestPath(url);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the path to request, like the '/' in 'GET / HTTP/1.1'. Never
   * empty, even if the request URL is. Includes the query component if it
   * exists.
   */
  public static String requestPath(URL url) {
    String fileOnly = url.getFile();
    if (fileOnly == null) {
      return "/";
    } else if (!fileOnly.startsWith("/")) {
      return "/" + fileOnly;
    } else {
      return fileOnly;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if the request line should contain the full URL with host
   * and port (like "GET http://android.com/foo HTTP/1.1") or only the path
   * (like "GET /foo HTTP/1.1").
   *
   *
This is non-final because for HTTPS it's never necessary to supply the
   * full URL, even if a proxy is in use.
   */
  protected boolean includeAuthorityInRequestLine() {
    return connection == null
        ? policy.usingProxy() // A proxy was requested.
        : connection.getRoute().getProxy().type() == Proxy.Type.HTTP; // A proxy was selected.
  }

  public static String getDefaultUserAgent() {
    String agent = System.getProperty("http.agent");
    return agent != null ? agent : ("Java" + System.getProperty("java.version"));
  }

  public static String getOriginAddress(URL url) {
    int port = url.getPort();
    String result = url.getHost();
    if (port > 0 && port != getDefaultPort(url.getProtocol())) {
      result = result + ":" + port;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Flushes the remaining request header and body, parses the HTTP response
   * headers and starts reading the HTTP response body if it exists.
   */
  public final void readResponse() throws IOException {
    if (hasResponse()) {
      responseHeaders.setResponseSource(responseSource);
      return;
    }

    if (responseSource == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException("readResponse() without sendRequest()");
    }

    if (!responseSource.requiresConnection()) {
      return;
    }

    if (sentRequestMillis == -1) {
      if (requestBodyOut instanceof RetryableOutputStream) {
        int contentLength = ((RetryableOutputStream) requestBodyOut).contentLength();
        requestHeaders.setContentLength(contentLength);
      }
      transport.writeRequestHeaders();
    }

    if (requestBodyOut != null) {
      requestBodyOut.close();
      if (requestBodyOut instanceof RetryableOutputStream) {
        transport.writeRequestBody((RetryableOutputStream) requestBodyOut);
      }
    }

    transport.flushRequest();

    responseHeaders = transport.readResponseHeaders();
    responseHeaders.setLocalTimestamps(sentRequestMillis, System.currentTimeMillis());
    responseHeaders.setResponseSource(responseSource);

    if (responseSource == ResponseSource.CONDITIONAL_CACHE) {
      if (cachedResponseHeaders.validate(responseHeaders)) {
        release(false);
        ResponseHeaders combinedHeaders = cachedResponseHeaders.combine(responseHeaders);
        setResponse(combinedHeaders, cachedResponseBody);
        OkResponseCache responseCache = client.getOkResponseCache();
        responseCache.trackConditionalCacheHit();
        responseCache.update(cacheResponse, policy.getHttpConnectionToCache());
        return;
      } else {
        Util.closeQuietly(cachedResponseBody);
      }
    }

    if (hasResponseBody()) {
      maybeCache(); // reentrant. this calls into user code which may call back into this!
    }

    initContentStream(transport.getTransferStream(cacheRequest));
  }

  protected TunnelRequest getTunnelConfig() {
    return null;
  }

  public void receiveHeaders(RawHeaders headers) throws IOException {
    CookieHandler cookieHandler = client.getCookieHandler();
    if (cookieHandler != null) {
      cookieHandler.put(uri, headers.toMultimap(true));
    }
  }
}