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Investing for Income
Best Bond Funds for Every Need
In a changing market, it's important to remember why we hold bonds in the first place.
by: Nellie S. Huang
A properly diversified bond portfolio has a range of holdings, as no single type of bond (or bond fund) can do it all.
We've identified 15 bond funds in four key categories:
Counterbalancing: Holding steady when stocks fall.
Generating income: Not easy in today's rate environment, but still a key role.
Preserving capital: Preventing losses on money you'll need soon.
Inflation hedging: No, there's little inflation now, but consider this as insurance.
Pick from them to build a portfolio that meets your needs, which can vary based on your age or time horizon. For example, if you're younger, with most of your money in stocks, you'll want to emphasize stock diversification. If you're older and have already rebalanced to holding mostly fixed-income assets, you might want to have more of those bonds skewed toward returns. (See How to Create Income for Life for more about keeping the money coming in.)
10 Things You Should Know About Bonds
Counterbalancing: Vanguard Core Bond
Symbol: VCORX
1-year return: 10.6%
3-year return: 6.2%
5-year return: --
Expense ratio: 0.25%
Yield: 1.2%
Actively managed Vanguard Core Bond tilts mostly toward mortgage-backed securities. That has helped the fund beat its benchmark, the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond index, over the past one and three years.
13 Best Vanguard Funds for the Next Bull Market
Counterbalancing: Vanguard Intermediate-Term Bond ETF
Symbol: BIV
Fans of exchange-traded funds should look at Vanguard Intermediate-Term Bond. It is index-based—passively managed funds are not our first choice for this corner of your portfolio—but the fund has beaten the Agg index in eight of the past 10 calendar years (and so far in 2020). More than half of the portfolio holds government debt, and much of the rest is in high-grade corporate bonds.
Counterbalancing Plus: Metropolitan West Total Return Bond
Symbol: MWTRX
Aggressive investors who have longer time horizons—more than 10 years before they need the money, say—can perk up their core holdings with a sliver in an intermediate-term, core-plus fund. The plus distinction means these funds have more latitude to invest in junkier debt than traditional core bond funds. But they also hold safe-haven government IOUs.
Metropolitan West Total Return Bond is a core-plus bond fund and a member of the Kiplinger 25, the list of our favorite no-load funds. The managers are bargain-minded, patient and disciplined. The fund is currently defensively positioned, with 62% of its assets in triple-A-rated debt. (Less than 7% is invested in junk-rated IOUs.) Over the past three years, the fund's annualized 5.8% return beat 76% of its core-plus bond fund peers.
Are Bonds Passé?
Counterbalancing Plus: DoubleLine Total Return Bond
Symbol: DLTNX
DoubleLine Total Return Bond is another core-plus fund and Kip 25 member as well. The managers seek to balance the twin risks of issuer defaults and interest rate swings (when interest rates rise, bond prices fall and vice versa). At last report, the fund held a 45% stake in government-agency mortgage-backed securities, which carry no default risk but a lot of interest rate risk, and 35% of the portfolio in non-agency mortgage-backed bonds, which have little interest rate risk but high default risk. Recent returns have suffered because the fund doesn't hold much in corporate bonds, which have been hot lately. But over the past decade, this low-volatility strategy has outpaced its peers and the Agg index.
How to Build a Bond Portfolio
Counterbalancing Plus: Pimco Active Bond ETF
Symbol: BOND
Pimco Active Bond is also worth a look as a core-plus option. As its name implies, it's actively managed—emphasis on active in the current market, says comanager David Braun. "It is a bond picker's market right now," he says. During the bond sell-off in March, the managers loaded up on agency mortgage-backed securities and investment-grade corporate debt.
12 Bond Mutual Funds and ETFs to Buy for Protection
Generating Income: Fidelity Corporate Bond
Symbol: FCBFX
No doubt, bond yields are not what they were. Prior to the financial crisis of 2007–09, for instance, 10-year Treasuries yielded nearly 5%. That said, with a careful blend of bond funds, you can eke out a yield of 2% to 3% with only a bit of added risk. Lean on high-quality, investment-grade corporate bonds—those rated between triple-A and triple-B—which currently yield 1.40% to 2.29%. That sounds low, but it's better than what you'll earn on cash, which is nothing. "Yield is relative," says Paul Zemsky, chief investment officer of multi-asset strategies and solutions at Voya. In addition to investing in high-quality corporates, you can boost income—in small doses—with a multisector bond fund or a high-yield bond fund.
Fidelity Corporate Bond has returned 7.4% annualized over the past three years, which beats 83% of all investment-grade corporate bond funds. It outpaced its peers on a risk-adjusted basis, too, over the past one, three, five and 10 years. The trio that run Corporate Bond also manage the active ETF Fidelity Corporate Bond (FCOR). The ETF sports a slightly lower expense ratio of 0.36% and a higher yield of 1.8%.
3 Municipal Bond Funds for Rich, Tax-Friendly Yields
Generating Income: Pimco Income A
Symbol: PONAX
A multisector bond fund floats between sectors to capitalize on the best opportunities. Pimco Income is designed to deliver a steady income stream. It currently holds mostly securitized debt (mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities not guaranteed by the U.S. government), emerging-markets debt and high-yield corporate IOUs. But not all of the fund is junky. Income also holds a small slug of investment-grade credit and government bonds.
Given its preferred milieu, however, the fund's performance was rough during the March bond sell-off, and it lost nearly 9% (compared with a 5.7% loss in the Agg index). But Income, which yields 2.48%, has been a stalwart in the past. The fund levies a front-end sales charge, but at E*Trade, Fidelity, Schwab and TD Ameritrade, you can buy shares without a load or a transaction fee.
The Best Online Brokers, 2020
Generating Income: Vanguard High Yield Corporate
Symbol: VWEHX
1-year return: 6.1
High-yield debt, in small doses, can spice up your income exposure. There are good opportunities, says Voya's Zemsky, but you must be selective. "A high-yield index fund is not a good idea," he says. "Buy one that's run by a seasoned manager who is skilled at picking good credit." Vanguard High Yield Corporate, a member of the Kip 25, has long won our favor. Manager Michael Hong keeps risk at bay by focusing on debt rated double-B, the highest-quality junk-bond rating. It yields 4.12%.
7 Safe High-Yield Dividend Stocks Delivering 4% or More
Preserving Capital: Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF
Symbol: BSV
This strategy strives to prevent losses and is usually reserved for money you're going to need within three years or so. High-quality short-term bond funds are the best bets for this corner of your bond portfolio. Risk of default is negligible. These funds are also less interest-rate sensitive, which can provide a hedge against rising rates. Though few bond experts expect interest rates to rise in the near term, rates are historically low, so the risk of a move higher is greater.
Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF tracks an index that includes a mix of investment-grade government, corporate and international bonds denominated in U.S. dollars. Maturities span one to five years. The ETF has an average credit quality of double-A and its performance is steady. Over the past decade, the ETF has been roughly half as volatile as the broad bond index, Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond. A mutual fund version of the fund, Vanguard Short-Term Bond Index (VBIRX), charges 0.07% in fees and yields 0.36%.
10 Small-Cap ETFs to Buy for Big Upside
Preserving Capital: iShares Ultra Short-Term Bond
Symbol: ICSH
An even tamer bet is iShares Ultra Short-Term Bond. This actively managed ETF holds a mix of cash and corporate debt with one- to three-year maturities. It held up well when the bond market plunged in March, losing less than 1%, compared with a 5.7% deficit in the Agg index. (Vanguard Short-Term Bond surrendered 1.7%.) Plus, Ultra Short-Term Bond's 2.4% one-year return beats the yield of most money market funds.
50 Top Stock Picks That Billionaires Loved in Q2
Inflation Hedging: Vanguard Inflation-Protected Securities
Symbol: VIPSX
Expense ratio: 0,20%
Yield: -1.1%
We're not worried about inflation for now. Kiplinger expects 1.2% inflation for 2020, below the 2.3% rate recorded in 2019. But the Fed's easy-money policies mean high inflation is a great "likelihood" in the future, says Sam Lau, a strategic commodity portfolio manager with DoubleLine. Treasury inflation-protected securities, or TIPS, act as an insurance policy against rising prices. They pay a fixed coupon rate on top of principal that is adjusted for inflation and they come with the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. You can buy TIPS directly from Uncle Sam (at www.treasurydirect.gov) or through your brokerage firm. Holding the actual bond ensures you'll get your inflation-adjusted principal back, plus the bond's coupon rate, or interest, over time. With a negative 1.04% yield currently, that means you'll get inflation minus the negative yield.
You can also get TIPS protection from bond funds. We like Vanguard Inflation-Protected Securities. This actively managed fund invests only in U.S. inflation-protected bonds—unlike some other offerings in this category, which goose returns with investments in higher-risk assets, including commodities and high-yield bonds. That's one reason this solid fund's three- and five-year annualized returns rank just above average compared with its peers' returns.
Protect Your Portfolio From Inflation
Inflation Hedging: Schwab US TIPS ETF
Symbol: SCHP
Yield: -0.03%
Schwab US TIPS is an index-based exchange-traded fund with a super-low fee—an advantage over its typical peer, which charges 0.73%. The ETF has outpaced its peers in eight of the past nine full calendar years. The catch is its negative 0.03% yield.
TIPS matter more for investors who are already retired than for those who are early in their careers. The typical target-date fund for those already retired allocates nearly 10% of assets to TIPS. For those just beginning their working life, target-date funds usually have a fraction of 1% of assets in TIPS. For investors still working but nearing retirement, an allotment of 2% to 5% is more than enough in your bond portfolio. If inflation were to spike, however, we might change our tune.
Do-It-Yourself Index Funds: A Smarter Way to Own the Index?
22 Best Retirement Stocks for an Income-Rich 2022
Ideally, your retirement stocks will help you generate a sizable and reliable income stream. These 22 dividend payers make the grade.


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M&G (Lux) Emerging Markets Bond Fund
EUR A Acc
CHF A Acc
CHF A-H Acc
CHF C Acc
CHF C-H Acc
EUR A Dist
EUR A-H Acc
EUR A-H Dist
EUR B Acc
EUR B-H Acc
EUR B-H Dist
EUR C Acc
EUR C Dist
EUR C-H Acc
EUR C-H Dist
EUR CI Acc
EUR CI-H Acc
EUR CI-H DIST
EUR Dist
GBP C Acc
GBP C Dist
GBP CI Acc
GBP CI DIST
USD A Acc
USD A Dist
USD A M Dist
USD A M F Dist
USD C Acc
USD C Dist
USD C M Dist
USD CI Acc
USD X M Dist
USD X M F Dist
USD ZI Acc
The fund aims to provide a combination of capital growth and income that is higher than the global emerging markets bond market over any three-year period.
Core investment: At least 80% of the fund is invested in bonds issued by the governments, government-related institutions and companies that are based, or do most of their business in emerging markets. These bonds can be denominated in any currency. The fund invests in bonds of any credit quality and may invest up to 100% in lower quality bonds. The fund may invest in Chinese bonds denominated in renminbi.
Other investments: The fund may invest in asset-backed securities, contingent convertible debt securities, other funds, and cash or assets that can be turned into cash quickly.
Strategy in brief: The investment manager selects investments based on an assessment of global, regional, and country-specific macroeconomic factors, followed by in-depth analysis of individual bond issuers.
The fund is diversified by investing in a range of bonds across different emerging markets, globally.
Benchmark: A composite index comprising:
• 1/3 JPM EMBI Global Diversified Index
• 1/3 JPM CEMBI Broad Diversified Index
• 1/3 JPM GBI-EM Global Diversified Index
The benchmark is a comparator against which the fund's performance can be measured. The composite index has been chosen as the fund's benchmark as it best reflects the scope of the fund's investment policy. The benchmark does not constrain the fund's portfolio construction.
The fund is actively managed. The investment manager has freedom in choosing which assets to buy, hold and sell in the fund. The fund's holdings may deviate significantly from the benchmark's constituents.
For unhedged and currency hedged share classes, the benchmark is shown in the share class currency.
Operational risks arising from errors in transactions, valuation, accounting, and financial reporting, among other things, may also affect the value of your investments.
Claudia Calich - Fund manager
Claudia Calich joined M&G in October 2013 as a specialist in emerging markets debt and, in December 2013, started managing the Emerging Markets Bond strategy. Since May 2017, she has also been on the management team of strategies domiciled in Luxembourg. Claudia has more than 20 years of experience in emerging markets, including as a senior portfolio manager at Invesco in New York, and previous positions at Oppenheimer Funds, Fuji Bank, Standard & Poor's and Reuters. Claudia graduated with a BA (Honours) in Economics from Susquehanna University in 1989 and holds an MA in International Economics from the International University of Japan in Niigata.
Charles De Quinsonas - Deputy Manager
Charles de Quinsonas is an emerging market corporate bond specialist and has been working as co-fund manager and deputy fund manager for a series of emerging markets corporate bond funds domiciled in London and Luxembourg since 2015. He has more than a decade of emerging market corporate bond experience, with a deep knowledge of high yield credit. Prior to joining M&G in 2014, he worked at Spread Research in Lyon and New York, where he spent four years analysing a variety of high yield and emerging market industrial credits. Charles holds a B.B.A. from ESSEC Business School and a MSc in Corporate Finance from iaelyon School of Management.
Nicolo Carpaneda - Investment specialist
Nicolo Carpaneda joined M&G in 2012 and is investment director in the fixed income team. His role involves explaining the investment philosophy, process and performance of M&G's retail fixed income fund range, as well as providing updates on overall financial market performance, investment trends and the economic outlook. Prior to joining M&G, Nicolo worked at Citigroup as an associate in the global markets & banking division, focusing on corporate finance and managing a number of multinational clients. He then joined Prudential on the group leadership programme as an internal consultant. Nicolo holds a degree in business administration and Master of Science (Msc) in management from Bocconi University (Italy) and an MBA from IE Business School (Spain). Nicolo is fluent in Italian, English and Spanish.
Rating is at a share class level
Ratings as at 30/06/2020. The Morningstar Overall Rating. Copyright © 2019 Morningstar UK Limited. All Rights Reserved. The Morningstar Analyst Rating™. © 2019 Morningstar. All Rights Reserved. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information. Ratings should not be taken as recommendation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is a strong-growing vine that works equally well as a groundcover or bank cover. Leaves change color with age: bronze when new, medium green when mature then red and gold in fall. Best with some protection from the sun in hot summer regions. Canopy coverage: 1,963 square feet.


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Paid Clinical Trials Under Fire for Public Endangerment
Junee Kim·
· December 1, 2015 ·1 min read
The People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD), a nongovernmental agency, has reported that nearly 50 people have died as a result of participation in paid clinical trials over the last three years.
According to data obtained from Rep. Kim Sung-ju of the New Politics Alliance for Democracy, 476 people suffered detrimental side effects, nearly 80% of whom were hospitalized, and 49 people died as a result of clinical trials. More troubling, the PSPD noted, is the increasing trend of young Koreans who are turning to paid clinical trials for financial reasons.
Last year, South Korea conducted the seventh highest number of clinical trials in the world with 652 approved trials. In 2013, the country ranked first. Still, last August, the Health Ministry announced a plan to promote the clinical trials industry by attracting multinational pharmaceutical companies and research organizations through high-quality research infrastructure and government support.
Since, the director of the Association of Physicians for Humanism Dr. Jeong Hyung-joon has condemned the industry as inhumane stating that many citizens participate due to low income and without being properly informed. He called upon the government to focus on protecting the public rather than blindly promoting the industry.
Junee Kim
Junee has lived mostly in Seoul and Shanghai since 2005. She is currently a Production Editor at 10 Magazine. You can email her regarding 10 Magazine submissions at pe@10mag.com.
How To Get COVID-19 Disaster Relief for Foreign Residents in Seoul, South Korea


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Home > Industry actions
Reformulation programme in Scotland
Between 2011 and 2014, the Scottish Food and Drink Federation (SFDF) worked with around 50 small and medium-sized food producers, to help them improve the healthiness of their products through the Scottish Government funded Reformulation Programme.
SFDF's Industry Technical Manager provided free, hands-on technical support for companies to help them change their product recipes without compromising on taste. Four nutrition students from Robert Gordon University were given internships to help extend the reach of the programme.
The programme achieved many successes. For example, Skinner of Kippen, a family butcher, reduced the salt content of its steak pie gravy by 50%; family bakers SM Bayne & Co. reduced the portion size of their chocolate éclair product, which resulted in a 6% calorie reduction; and Maclean's Highland Bakery reduced the salt content of a number of its bread products by 20%.
Building on the programme, Reformulation for Health: Guidance for SMEs provides case studies to inspire other companies to improve the healthiness of their products. Importantly it also gives guidance for food and drink producers that want to find out how reformulation could help their customers as well as their business, alongside sign-posting to other sources of practical advice and information.
Related Policy Areas
Find More Related Policy Areas More
FDF - Food and Drink Federation


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Doheny Surf Festival
Raising Funds for State Parks
Purchase A Booth!
Surf Art Competition
2012 Press Archive
Subaru Cares!
DOHENY SURF FESTIVAL ON AUGUST 11TH & 12TH IN DANA POINT, CA
August 10, 2012 by Doheny Surf Fest
Transworld Surf
An epic weekend of sun, sand, surf and rockin' music awaits at the Doheny Surf Festival on August 11th and 12th, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. at Doheny State Beach in Dana Point. An expanded version of the summer event that's been held for the last four years, the 2012 Festival will include all things surf, combined with a major music lineup and an opportunity to support Southern California state parks and beaches.
The Doheny State Beach Interpretive Association (DSBIA) and the San Onofre Foundation (SOF) have teamed up to present the Doheny Surf Festival to benefit San Onofre, San Clemente, Trestles and Doheny State Parks. Nearly 70 state parks are slated to close in 2012, and the budgets for the remaining parks are being slashed. The DSBIA and the SOF are California non-profit public benefit charitable corporations, dedicated to protecting our treasured state parks and beaches. These organizations depend on donations to preserve and operate these parks for the two million people who visit them annually.
The Festival offers a weekend filled with top-notch, live entertainment. Headlining this year's event on Saturday is Eddie Money, with Everlast taking center stage on Sunday. Fishbone, Common Sense, ALO, Honk, Paula Fuga, Le Blorr and other bands will entertain an expected 3,500 attendees throughout the weekend.
Tickets are on sale now and range from $29 for general admission to $92.70 for a VIP pass, which includes a preferred viewing area, a Rubio's buffet and two tickets for beverages provided by Kona Brewing, Longboard Winery and Peligroso. Buy your tickets early at DohenySurfFest.com as prices increase at the door.
The Doheny Surf Festival is a "green" event that will also feature surf demonstrations, surf star autograph signings, outrigger canoe & SUP exhibitions, a legends expression session, tandem surfing, nose riding, a woody car exhibit, vintage surfboards, a Kids' Corner, environmental and ocean education and much more.
There will be something for everyone in Vendor Village. Beer, wine and margaritas will be available in the Kona Brewing beer garden. Fantastic fare and beverages will be served by L.A. Gourmet Food Trucks and eateries that have supported surfing through the years.
Commissioned Surf Festival logo artist and San Clemente resident Drew Brophy shared that, "Doheny and San Onofre State Parks are some of the most enjoyed and valuable surfing areas in California and even the world. I am stoked to participate in anything that preserves these natural playgrounds for our future."
San Onofre Foundation President Steve Netherby said of the upcoming Festival, "This is a significant effort to show how much appreciation the citizens of California have for their public lands. Every dollar we raise stays right in the local parks."
Doheny State Beach became California's first state beach on May 31, 1931. Steep in surf culture, it remains one of Southern California's most famous beaches and is one of California's most popular camping grounds. The beach covers an area of 62 acres and includes a day use surfing beach at the northern end, as well as campgrounds in its southern area.
For more information and to purchase concert tickets, be sure to visit DohenySurfFest.com.
June 28 & 29
(Kona Beer Garden Open 'til Sundown)
Doheny State Beach Interpretive Association
We are a non-profit liaison organization which protects, supports and enhances the State Parks & Beaches.
Educate the community on all aspects of these natural, cultural, recreational attributes.
Promote environmental awareness and ethics.
Enhance the quality of experience at these unique coastal Parks.
Inspire public engagement.
Offer generations present & future the joy of discovery & sense of re-creation.
Preserve these natural treasures along the Southern California coast.


ICE 5.0.1 – Biological Part Registry Platform and Tools. » ICE 5.0.1 – Biological Part Registry Platform and Tools.
ICE 5.0.1 – Biological Part Registry Platform and Tools.
ICE (Inventory of Composable Elements) is a cloud-based freely open-source DNA part, plasmid, microbial strain, and Arabidopsis seed repository with physical sample tracking capabilities.
Design, implementation and practice of JBEI-ICE: an open source biological part registry platform and tools.
Ham TS, Dmytriv Z, Plahar H, Chen J, Hillson NJ, Keasling JD.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Oct;40(18):e141. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks531.


With increasing Information Technology (IT) demands and decreasing profit margins, Diagnostic Laboratories are seeking a connectivity and software application development partner that offers quality services, cost-effective solutions and can be their one-stop-shop for all IT needs. Diagnostic Laboratories are facing an imminent change as they shift to providing value-based services. In addition to managing their business, which is managing high quality clinical diagnostic testing, they must focus on new information technology for value-based care initiatives. Increase in EHRs and increased electronic orders and results are reshaping the healthcare industry. However; for a laboratory each interface is an additional expense and requires extra resources to manage the implementations and to accommodate special developments for each EHR Vendor.
Diagnostic Laboratories are looking for a partner who has relationships and connectivity with a large number of EHR vendors.
Diagnostic Laboratories are looking for a long-term partner who understands their IT related challenges and issues and will help them increase revenue and market-share in the competitive healthcare arena.
· EHR Solutions for medical practices for electronic orders and results.
· Cross-reference mapping for insurance codes, LOINC codes and test codes.
· Real-time connectivity to patient demographic and insurance information.
Here is a list of important IT requirements for a successful Diagnostic Laboratory.
One of the most powerful tools for Diagnostic Laboratories is a web-based centralized dashboard which provides a convenient way to manage and track interfaces from any browser. Laboratories should be able to start, pause or stop interfaces or change configurations without calling physician practices. Users should be able see a live view of all transactions, broken down by each interface, and can drill-down into individual transactions.
Diagnostic Laboratories should receive alerts providing real-time predictive data analysis that will change the way everyone works in and out of the laboratory. It should monitor all your interfaces and notifies you instantly when attention is required. Diagnostic Laboratories should be able to monitor when transfers are stuck or taking too long?
Diagnostic Laboratories should be able to eliminates the hassle of maintaining VPN connections by using secure web services to facilitate orders and results delivery.
Diagnostic Laboratories needs to secure HIPAA compliant transfers for all order and results between their lab and physicians' practices.
With an experienced and knowledgeable interface partner Diagnostic Laboratories should be able to build speedy and hassle-free orders and results with interfaces that have zero downtime.
Integrated Systems Management Inc. (ISM) has been working with Laboratories for over a decade now and we understand the IT related challenges involved. Our comprehensive suite of products and services offer all the solutions laboratories need including software for practices for electronic orders and results, connecting to practice EHRs for electronic results delivery and cross-reference insurance mapping as well as connectivity to patient demographic and insurance information.
We are committed to providing solutions that assist laboratories in increasing sales, differentiating, acquiring new accounts, and retaining existing accounts. Engineered by lab-industry specialists, feature-rich HUB Solution pre-processes and post-processes files to correspond to any workflow or interface. Our dedicated team is an extension of their IT departments, helping labs of all sizes increase their market share, reduce costs and provide cutting-edge IT solutions.
Since 1989, Integrated Systems Management, Inc. (ISM) has provided software engineering and information technology solutions that help organizations solve a broad range of business challenges, capture unforeseen opportunities, and achieve impressive results. We are focused on providing Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Interoperability, Integrations and Customer Software Applications. ISM has extensive experience in FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources). With headquarters in Hawthorne, NY, we have created a 24-hour development and support platform that offers our clients faster turnaround and excellent quality, at very affordable rates. We have more than 200+ pool of skilled software professionals. We aggregate 500+ Years of healthcare domain development, maintenance and support experience.


ally Ho cards have a reputation amongst cardistry fanatics and magicians for being sturdy, rigid and a joy to manipulate. They feature a simple, single colour back that looks lovely when fanned during tricks and shuffles. Card players choose Tally Ho decks when they want fluid handling with a crisp, smooth card. These are standard poke sized cards, manufactured in the USA to exceptionally high standards.


Studying Abroad, a single word pops up many questions altogether and one of them is IELTS/TOEFL. IELTS/TOEFL score is mandatory when you are from a non – English native language country. IELTS is mandatory for admissions to international universities IELTS/TOEFL is the Standard English language proficiency test which is accepted all over the world. IELTS/ TOEFL test you on your reading, speaking, writing skills while you are planning to move abroad. But now the time has changed. There are many universities which now let to study abroad without IELTS.
Pathway programs are an alternate if you do lack in some subjects provided by countries such as Germany, USA, and Australia. Usually, these courses have duration of 9-15 months. Pathway programs help you to get admission in a university where your academics do not allow you to do so directly.
Many universities in Canada also allow you to have direct admissions in the universities without IELTS where they can prove that they had their high school studies in English. Canada has also lowered it IELTS acceptance score to 6.0. Canada has realised that the students studying in English language often show exceptional skills in English if taken apart from IELTS score, so if you are planning to study in Canada and worried about IELTS, stop worrying go ahead.
The universities of Australia allow the students now to take admission in their desired courses without IELTS if their prior education had a medium of instruction in English. The University of Queensland, the University of Adelaide, and the University of New South Wales are a part of it.
Many universities in Germany do not require IELTS/ TOEFL if the student has done their bachelors with English as a language for instruction, they just need a letter from the college stating the same. Another way if the student has their mother tongue as English they do not require IELTS/TOEFL. Germany is a very affordable country to study, also it offers great scholarships. Students are required to check the eligibility criteria's of all colleges before applying on to them to have their preferred choice of university.
The universities in US also give you some relaxation from IELTS/ TOEFL if you have your native language as English. Though almost all universities in USA need IELTS, there are some which allow you admission without IELTS/TOEFL based on their criteria.
Studying abroad for your dream course and university is not a big deal with new criterias set by the international universities. In case you are not planning to go for IELTS or do not wish to have in your pocket by giving this expensive exam again and again to get a better score then you must check out the list of universities and their criteria for taking admission to study in abroad without IELTS.
Studying abroad is the greatest experience for a student so should not be led down now by just IELTS. There are alternatives, go for it!!!
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text:
#!/bin/bash

# Copyright (c) 2009 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.

# Called by the Keystone system to update the installed application with a new
# version from a disk image.

# Return values:
# 0  Happiness
# 1  Unknown failure
# 2  Basic sanity check source failure (e.g. no app on disk image)
# 3  Basic sanity check destination failure (e.g. ticket points to nothing)
# 4  Update driven by user ticket when a system ticket is also present
# 5  Could not prepare existing installed version to receive update
# 6  rsync failed (could not assure presence of Versions directory)
# 7  rsync failed (could not copy new versioned directory to Versions)
# 8  rsync failed (could not update outer .app bundle)
# 9  Could not get the version, update URL, or channel after update
# 10 Updated application does not have the version number from the update
# 11 ksadmin failure

set -e

# http://b/2290916: Keystone runs the installation with a restrictive PATH
# that only includes the directory containing ksadmin, /bin, and /usr/bin.  It
# does not include /sbin or /usr/sbin.  This script uses lsof, which is in
# /usr/sbin, and it's conceivable that it might want to use other tools in an
# sbin directory.  Adjust the path accordingly.
export PATH="${PATH}:/sbin:/usr/sbin"

# Returns 0 (true) if the parameter exists, is a symbolic link, and appears
# writable on the basis of its POSIX permissions.  This is used to determine
# writeability like test's -w primary, but -w resolves symbolic links and this
# function does not.
function is_writable_symlink() {
  SYMLINK=${1}
  LINKMODE=$(stat -f %Sp "${SYMLINK}" 2> /dev/null || true)
  if [ -z "${LINKMODE}" ] || [ "${LINKMODE:0:1}" != "l" ] ; then
    return 1
  fi
  LINKUSER=$(stat -f %u "${SYMLINK}" 2> /dev/null || true)
  LINKGROUP=$(stat -f %g "${SYMLINK}" 2> /dev/null || true)
  if [ -z "${LINKUSER}" ] || [ -z "${LINKGROUP}" ] ; then
    return 1
  fi

  # If the users match, check the owner-write bit.
  if [ ${EUID} -eq ${LINKUSER} ] ; then
    if [ "${LINKMODE:2:1}" = "w" ] ; then
      return 0
    fi
    return 1
  fi

  # If the file's group matches any of the groups that this process is a
  # member of, check the group-write bit.
  GROUPMATCH=
  for group in ${GROUPS[@]} ; do
    if [ ${group} -eq ${LINKGROUP} ] ; then
      GROUPMATCH=1
      break
    fi
  done
  if [ -n "${GROUPMATCH}" ] ; then
    if [ "${LINKMODE:5:1}" = "w" ] ; then
      return 0
    fi
    return 1
  fi

  # Check the other-write bit.
  if [ "${LINKMODE:8:1}" = "w" ] ; then
    return 0
  fi
  return 1
}

# If SYMLINK exists and is a symbolic link, but is not writable according to
# is_writable_symlink, this function attempts to replace it with a new
# writable symbolic link.  If FROM does not exist, is not a symbolic link, or
# is already writable, this function does nothing.  This function always
# returns 0 (true).
function ensure_writable_symlink() {
  SYMLINK=${1}
  if [ -L "${SYMLINK}" ] && ! is_writable_symlink "${SYMLINK}" ; then
    # If ${SYMLINK} refers to a directory, doing this naively might result in
    # the new link being placed in that directory, instead of replacing the
    # existing link.  ln -fhs is supposed to handle this case, but it does so
    # by unlinking (removing) the existing symbolic link before creating a new
    # one.  That leaves a small window during which the symbolic link is not
    # present on disk at all.
    #
    # To avoid that possibility, a new symbolic link is created in a temporary
    # location and then swapped into place with mv.  An extra temporary
    # directory is used to convince mv to replace the symbolic link: again, if
    # the existing link refers to a directory, "mv newlink oldlink" will
    # actually leave oldlink alone and place newlink into the directory.
    # "mv newlink dirname(oldlink)" works as expected, but in order to replace
    # oldlink, newlink must have the same basename, hence the temporary
    # directory.

    TARGET=$(readlink "${SYMLINK}" 2> /dev/null || true)
    if [ -z "${TARGET}" ] ; then
      return 0
    fi

    SYMLINKDIR=$(dirname "${SYMLINK}")
    TEMPLINKDIR="${SYMLINKDIR}/.symlink_temp.${$}.${RANDOM}"
    TEMPLINK="${TEMPLINKDIR}/$(basename "${SYMLINK}")"

    # Don't bail out here if this fails.  Something else will probably fail.
    # Let it, it'll probably be easier to understand that failure than this
    # one.
    (mkdir "${TEMPLINKDIR}" && \
        ln -fhs "${TARGET}" "${TEMPLINK}" && \
        chmod -h 755 "${TEMPLINK}" && \
        mv -f "${TEMPLINK}" "${SYMLINKDIR}") || true
    rm -rf "${TEMPLINKDIR}"
  fi

  return 0
}

# Prints the version of ksadmin, as reported by ksadmin --ksadmin-version, to
# stdout.  This function operates with "static" variables: it will only check
# the ksadmin version once per script run.  If ksadmin is old enough to not
# support --ksadmin-version, or another error occurs, this function prints an
# empty string.
G_CHECKED_KSADMIN_VERSION=
G_KSADMIN_VERSION=
function ksadmin_version() {
  if [ -z "${G_CHECKED_KSADMIN_VERSION}" ] ; then
    G_CHECKED_KSADMIN_VERSION=1
    G_KSADMIN_VERSION=$(ksadmin --ksadmin-version || true)
  fi
  echo "${G_KSADMIN_VERSION}"
  return 0
}

# Compares the installed ksadmin version against a supplied version number,
# and returns 0 (true) if the number to check is the same as or newer than the
# installed Keystone.  Returns 1 (false) if the installed Keystone version
# number cannot be determined or if the number to check is less than the
# installed Keystone.  The check argument should be a string of the form
# "major.minor.micro.build".
function is_ksadmin_version_ge() {
  CHECK_VERSION=${1}
  KSADMIN_VERSION=$(ksadmin_version)
  if [ -n "${KSADMIN_VERSION}" ] ; then
    VER_RE='^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)$'

    KSADMIN_VERSION_MAJOR=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\1/p" <<< ${KSADMIN_VERSION})
    KSADMIN_VERSION_MINOR=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\2/p" <<< ${KSADMIN_VERSION})
    KSADMIN_VERSION_MICRO=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\3/p" <<< ${KSADMIN_VERSION})
    KSADMIN_VERSION_BUILD=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\4/p" <<< ${KSADMIN_VERSION})

    CHECK_VERSION_MAJOR=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\1/p" <<< ${CHECK_VERSION})
    CHECK_VERSION_MINOR=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\2/p" <<< ${CHECK_VERSION})
    CHECK_VERSION_MICRO=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\3/p" <<< ${CHECK_VERSION})
    CHECK_VERSION_BUILD=$(sed -Ene "s/${VER_RE}/\4/p" <<< ${CHECK_VERSION})

    if [ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_MAJOR} -gt ${CHECK_VERSION_MAJOR} ] ||
       ([ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_MAJOR} -eq ${CHECK_VERSION_MAJOR} ] && (
           [ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_MINOR} -gt ${CHECK_VERSION_MINOR} ] ||
           ([ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_MINOR} -eq ${CHECK_VERSION_MINOR} ] && (
               [ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_MICRO} -gt ${CHECK_VERSION_MICRO} ] ||
               ([ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_MICRO} -eq ${CHECK_VERSION_MICRO} ] &&
                [ ${KSADMIN_VERSION_BUILD} -ge ${CHECK_VERSION_BUILD} ])
           ))
       )) ; then
      return 0
    fi
  fi

  return 1
}

# Returns 0 (true) if ksadmin supports --tag.
function ksadmin_supports_tag() {
  KSADMIN_VERSION=$(ksadmin_version)
  if [ -n "${KSADMIN_VERSION}" ] ; then
    # A ksadmin that recognizes --ksadmin-version and provides a version
    # number is new enough to recognize --tag.
    return 0
  fi
  return 1
}

# Returns 0 (true) if ksadmin supports --tag-path and --tag-key.
function ksadmin_supports_tagpath_tagkey() {
  # --tag-path and --tag-key were introduced in Keystone 1.0.7.1306.
  is_ksadmin_version_ge 1.0.7.1306
  # The return value of is_ksadmin_version_ge is used as this function's
  # return value.
}

# The argument should be the disk image path.  Make sure it exists.
if [ $# -lt 1 ] || [ ! -d "${1}" ]; then
  exit 2
fi

# Who we are.
PRODUCT_NAME="Google Chrome"
APP_DIR="${PRODUCT_NAME}.app"
FRAMEWORK_NAME="${PRODUCT_NAME} Framework"
FRAMEWORK_DIR="${FRAMEWORK_NAME}.framework"
SRC="${1}/${APP_DIR}"

# Make sure that there's something to copy from, and that it's an absolute
# path.
if [ -z "${SRC}" ] || [ "${SRC:0:1}" != "/" ] || [ ! -d "${SRC}" ] ; then
  exit 2
fi

# Figure out where we're going.  Determine the application version to be
# installed, use that to locate the framework, and then look inside the
# framework for the Keystone product ID.
APP_VERSION_KEY="CFBundleShortVersionString"
UPD_VERSION_APP=$(defaults read "${SRC}/Contents/Info" "${APP_VERSION_KEY}" ||
                  exit 2)
UPD_KS_PLIST="${SRC}/Contents/Versions/${UPD_VERSION_APP}/${FRAMEWORK_DIR}/Resources/Info"
KS_VERSION_KEY="KSVersion"
UPD_VERSION_KS=$(defaults read "${UPD_KS_PLIST}" "${KS_VERSION_KEY}" || exit 2)
PRODUCT_ID=$(defaults read "${UPD_KS_PLIST}" KSProductID || exit 2)
if [ -z "${UPD_VERSION_KS}" ] || [ -z "${PRODUCT_ID}" ] ; then
  exit 3
fi
DEST=$(ksadmin -pP "${PRODUCT_ID}" |
       sed -Ene \
           's%^[[:space:]]+xc=<KSPathExistenceChecker:.* path=(/.+)>$%\1%p')

# More sanity checking.
if [ -z "${DEST}" ] || [ ! -d "${DEST}" ]; then
  exit 3
fi

# If this script is not running as root, it's being driven by a user ticket.
# If a system ticket is also present, there's a potential for the two to
# collide.  Both ticket types might be present if another user on the system
# promoted the ticket to system: the other user could not have removed this
# user's user ticket.  Handle that case here by deleting the user ticket and
# exiting early with a discrete exit status.
#
# Current versions of ksadmin will exit 1 (false) when asked to print tickets
# and given a specific product ID to print.  Older versions of ksadmin would
# exit 0 (true), but those same versions did not support -S (meaning to check
# the system ticket store) and would exit 1 (false) with this invocation due
# to not understanding the question.  Therefore, the usage here will only
# delete the existing user ticket when running as non-root with access to a
# sufficiently recent ksadmin.  Older ksadmins are tolerated: the update will
# likely fail for another reason and the user ticket will hang around until
# something is eventually able to remove it.
if [ ${EUID} -ne 0 ] &&
   ksadmin -S --print-tickets -P "${PRODUCT_ID}" >& /dev/null ; then
  ksadmin --delete -P "${PRODUCT_ID}" || true
  exit 4
fi

# Figure out what the existing version is using for its versioned directory.
# This will be used later, to avoid removing the currently-installed version's
# versioned directory in case anything is still using it.
OLD_VERSION_APP=$(defaults read "${DEST}/Contents/Info" "${APP_VERSION_KEY}" ||
                  true)
OLD_VERSIONED_DIR="${DEST}/Contents/Versions/${OLD_VERSION_APP}"

# See if the timestamp of what's currently on disk is newer than the update's
# outer .app's timestamp.  rsync will copy the update's timestamp over, but
# if that timestamp isn't as recent as what's already on disk, the .app will
# need to be touched.
NEEDS_TOUCH=
if [ "${DEST}" -nt "${SRC}" ] ; then
  NEEDS_TOUCH=1
fi

# In some very weird and rare cases, it is possible to wind up with a user
# installation that contains symbolic links that the user does not have write
# permission over.  More on how that might happen later.
#
# If a weird and rare case like this is observed, rsync will exit with an
# error when attempting to update the times on these symbolic links.  rsync
# may not be intelligent enough to try creating a new symbolic link in these
# cases, but this script can be.
#
# This fix-up is not necessary when running as root, because root will always
# be able to write everything needed.
#
# The problem occurs when an administrative user first drag-installs the
# application to /Applications, resulting in the program's user being set to
# the user's own ID.  If, subsequently, a .pkg package is installed over that,
# the existing directory ownership will be preserved, but file ownership will
# be changed to whateer is specified by the package, typically root.  This
# applies to symbolic links as well.  On a subsequent update, rsync will
# be able to copy the new files into place, because the user still has
# permission to write to the directories.  If the symbolic link targets are
# not changing, though, rsync will not replace them, and they will remain
# owned by root.  The user will not have permission to update the time on
# the symbolic links, resulting in an rsync error.
if [ ${EUID} -ne 0 ] ; then
  # This step isn't critical.
  set +e

  # Reset ${IFS} to deal with spaces in the for loop by not breaking the
  # list up when they're encountered.
  IFS_OLD="${IFS}"
  IFS=$(printf '\n\t')

  # Only consider symbolic links in ${SRC}.  If there are any other links in
  # ${DEST} not present in ${SRC}, rsync will delete them as needed later.
  LINKS=$(cd "${SRC}" && find . -type l)

  for link in ${LINKS} ; do
    # ${link} is relative to ${SRC}.  Prepending ${DEST} looks for the same
    # link already on disk.
    DESTLINK="${DEST}/${link}"
    ensure_writable_symlink "${DESTLINK}"
  done

  # Go back to how things were.
  IFS="${IFS_OLD}"
  set -e
fi

# Don't use rsync -a, because -a expands to -rlptgoD.  -g and -o copy owners
# and groups, respectively, from the source, and that is undesirable in this
# case.  -D copies devices and special files; copying devices only works
# when running as root, so for consistency between privileged and unprivileged
# operation, this option is omitted as well.
#  -I, --ignore-times          don't skip files that match in size and mod-time
#  -l, --links                 copy symlinks as symlinks
#  -r, --recursive             recurse into directories
#  -p, --perms                 preserve permissions
#  -t, --times                 preserve times
RSYNC_FLAGS="-Ilprt"

# By copying to ${DEST}, the existing application name will be preserved, even
# if the user has renamed the application on disk.  Respecting the user's
# changes is friendly.

# Make sure that the Versions directory exists, so that it can receive the
# versioned directory.  It may not exist if updating from an older version
# that did not use the versioned layout on disk.  An rsync that excludes all
# contents is used to bring the permissions over from the update's Versions
# directory, otherwise, this directory would be the only one in the entire
# update exempt from getting its permissions copied over.  A simple mkdir
# wouldn't copy mode bits.  This is done even if ${DEST}/Contents/Versions
# already does exist to ensure that the mode bits come from the update.
#
# ${DEST} is guaranteed to exist at this point, but ${DEST}/Contents may not
# if things are severely broken or if this update is actually an initial
# installation from a Keystone skeleton bootstrap.  The mkdir creates
# ${DEST}/Contents if it doesn't exist; its mode bits will be fixed up in a
# subsequent rsync.
mkdir -p "${DEST}/Contents" || exit 5
rsync ${RSYNC_FLAGS} --exclude "*" "${SRC}/Contents/Versions/" \
                                   "${DEST}/Contents/Versions" || exit 6

# Copy the versioned directory.  The new versioned directory will have a
# different name than any existing one, so this won't harm anything already
# present in Contents/Versions, including the versioned directory being used
# by any running processes.  If this step is interrupted, there will be an
# incomplete versioned directory left behind, but it won't interfere with
# anything, and it will be replaced or removed during a future update attempt.
NEW_VERSIONED_DIR="${DEST}/Contents/Versions/${UPD_VERSION_APP}"
rsync ${RSYNC_FLAGS} --delete-before \
    "${SRC}/Contents/Versions/${UPD_VERSION_APP}/" \
    "${NEW_VERSIONED_DIR}" || exit 7

# Copy the unversioned files into place, leaving everything in
# Contents/Versions alone.  If this step is interrupted, the application will
# at least remain in a usable state, although it may not pass signature
# validation.  Depending on when this step is interrupted, the application
# will either launch the old or the new version.  The critical point is when
# the main executable is replaced.  There isn't very much to copy in this step,
# because most of the application is in the versioned directory.  This step
# only accounts for around 50 files, most of which are small localized
# InfoPlist.strings files.
rsync ${RSYNC_FLAGS} --delete-after --exclude /Contents/Versions \
    "${SRC}/" "${DEST}" || exit 8

# If necessary, touch the outermost .app so that it appears to the outside
# world that something was done to the bundle.  This will cause LaunchServices
# to invalidate the information it has cached about the bundle even if
# lsregister does not run.  This is not done if rsync already updated the
# timestamp to something newer than what had been on disk.  This is not
# considered a critical step, and if it fails, this script will not exit.
if [ -n "${NEEDS_TOUCH}" ] ; then
  touch -cf "${DEST}" || true
fi

# Read the new values (e.g. version).  Get the installed application version
# to get the path to the framework, where the Keystone keys are stored.
NEW_VERSION_APP=$(defaults read "${DEST}/Contents/Info" "${APP_VERSION_KEY}" ||
                  exit 9)
NEW_KS_PLIST="${DEST}/Contents/Versions/${NEW_VERSION_APP}/${FRAMEWORK_DIR}/Resources/Info"
NEW_VERSION_KS=$(defaults read "${NEW_KS_PLIST}" "${KS_VERSION_KEY}" || exit 9)
URL=$(defaults read "${NEW_KS_PLIST}" KSUpdateURL || exit 9)
# The channel ID is optional.  Suppress stderr to prevent Keystone from seeing
# possible error output.
CHANNEL_ID_KEY=KSChannelID
CHANNEL_ID=$(defaults read "${NEW_KS_PLIST}" "${CHANNEL_ID_KEY}" 2>/dev/null ||
             true)

# Make sure that the update was successful by comparing the version found in
# the update with the version now on disk.
if [ "${NEW_VERSION_KS}" != "${UPD_VERSION_KS}" ]; then
  exit 10
fi

# Notify LaunchServices.  This is not considered a critical step, and
# lsregister's exit codes shouldn't be confused with this script's own.
/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Support/lsregister "${DEST}" || true

# Call ksadmin_version once to prime the global state.  This is needed because
# subsequent calls to ksadmin_version that occur in $(...) expansions will not
# affect the global state (although they can read from the already-initialized
# global state) and thus will cause a new ksadmin --ksadmin-version process to
# run for each check unless the globals have been properly initialized
# beforehand.
ksadmin_version >& /dev/null || true

# Notify Keystone.
if ksadmin_supports_tagpath_tagkey ; then
  ksadmin --register \
          -P "${PRODUCT_ID}" \
          --version "${NEW_VERSION_KS}" \
          --xcpath "${DEST}" \
          --url "${URL}" \
          --tag "${CHANNEL_ID}" \
          --tag-path "${DEST}/Contents/Info.plist" \
          --tag-key "${CHANNEL_ID_KEY}" || exit 11
elif ksadmin_supports_tag ; then
  ksadmin --register \
          -P "${PRODUCT_ID}" \
          --version "${NEW_VERSION_KS}" \
          --xcpath "${DEST}" \
          --url "${URL}" \
          --tag "${CHANNEL_ID}" || exit 11
else
  ksadmin --register \
          -P "${PRODUCT_ID}" \
          --version "${NEW_VERSION_KS}" \
          --xcpath "${DEST}" \
          --url "${URL}" || exit 11
fi

# The remaining steps are not considered critical.
set +e

# Try to clean up old versions that are not in use.  The strategy is to keep
# the versioned directory corresponding to the update just applied
# (obviously) and the version that was just replaced, and to use ps and lsof
# to see if it looks like any processes are currently using any other old
# directories.  Directories not in use are removed.  Old versioned directories
# that are in use are left alone so as to not interfere with running
# processes.  These directories can be cleaned up by this script on future
# updates.
#
# To determine which directories are in use, both ps and lsof are used.  Each
# approach has limitations.
#
# The ps check looks for processes within the verisoned directory.  Only
# helper processes, such as renderers, are within the versioned directory.
# Browser processes are not, so the ps check will not find them, and will
# assume that a versioned directory is not in use if a browser is open without
# any windows.  The ps mechanism can also only detect processes running on the
# system that is performing the update.  If network shares are involved, all
# bets are off.
#
# The lsof check looks to see what processes have the framework dylib open.
# Browser processes will have their versioned framework dylib open, so this
# check is able to catch browsers even if there are no associated helper
# processes.  Like the ps check, the lsof check is limited to processes on
# the system that is performing the update.  Finally, unless running as root,
# the lsof check can only find processes running as the effective user
# performing the update.
#
# These limitations are motiviations to additionally preserve the versioned
# directory corresponding to the version that was just replaced.

# Set the nullglob option.  This causes a glob pattern that doesn't match
# any files to expand to an empty string, instead of expanding to the glob
# pattern itself.  This means that if /path/* doesn't match anything, it will
# expand to "" instead of, literally, "/path/*".  The glob used in the loop
# below is not expected to expand to nothing, but nullglob will prevent the
# loop from trying to remove nonexistent directories by weird names with
# funny characters in them.
shopt -s nullglob

for versioned_dir in "${DEST}/Contents/Versions/"* ; do
  if [ "${versioned_dir}" = "${NEW_VERSIONED_DIR}" ] || \
     [ "${versioned_dir}" = "${OLD_VERSIONED_DIR}" ] ; then
    # This is the versioned directory corresponding to the update that was
    # just applied or the version that was previously in use.  Leave it alone.
    continue
  fi

  # Look for any processes whose executables are within this versioned
  # directory.  They'll be helper processes, such as renderers.  Their
  # existence indicates that this versioned directory is currently in use.
  PS_STRING="${versioned_dir}/"

  # Look for any processes using the framework dylib.  This will catch
  # browser processes where the ps check will not, but it is limited to
  # processes running as the effective user.
  LSOF_FILE="${versioned_dir}/${FRAMEWORK_DIR}/${FRAMEWORK_NAME}"

  # ps -e displays all users' processes, -ww causes ps to not truncate lines,
  # -o comm instructs it to only print the command name, and the = tells it to
  # not print a header line.
  # The cut invocation filters the ps output to only have at most the number
  # of characters in ${PS_STRING}.  This is done so that grep can look for an
  # exact match.
  # grep -F tells grep to look for lines that are exact matches (not regular
  # expressions), -q tells it to not print any output and just indicate
  # matches by exit status, and -x tells it that the entire line must match
  # ${PS_STRING} exactly, as opposed to matching a substring.  A match
  # causes grep to exit zero (true).
  #
  # lsof will exit nonzero if ${LSOF_FILE} does not exist or is open by any
  # process.  If the file exists and is open, it will exit zero (true).
  if (! ps -ewwo comm= | \
        cut -c "1-${#PS_STRING}" | \
        grep -Fqx "${PS_STRING}") &&
     (! lsof "${LSOF_FILE}" >& /dev/null) ; then
    # It doesn't look like anything is using this versioned directory.  Get rid
    # of it.
    rm -rf "${versioned_dir}"
  fi
done

# If this script is not running as root (indicating an update driven by a user
# Keystone ticket) and the application is installed somewhere under
# /Applications, try to make it writable by all admin users.  This will allow
# other admin users to update the application from their own user Keystone
# instances.
#
# If the script is not running as root and the application is not installed
# under /Applications, it might not be in a system-wide location, and it
# probably won't be something that other users on the system are running, so
# err on the side of safety and don't make it group-writable.
#
# If this script is running as root, it's driven by a system Keystone ticket,
# and future updates can be expected to be applied the same way, so
# admin-writeability is not a concern.  Set the entire thing to be owned by
# root in that case, regardless of where it's installed, and drop any group
# and other write permission.
#
# If this script is running as a user that is not a member of the admin group,
# the chgrp operation will not succeed.  Tolerate that case, because it's
# better than the alternative, which is to make the application
# world-writable.
CHMOD_MODE="a+rX,u+w,go-w"
if [ ${EUID} -ne 0 ] ; then
  if [ "${DEST:0:14}" = "/Applications/" ] &&
     chgrp -Rh admin "${DEST}" >& /dev/null ; then
    CHMOD_MODE="a+rX,ug+w,o-w"
  fi
else
  chown -Rh root:wheel "${DEST}" >& /dev/null
fi

chmod -R "${CHMOD_MODE}" "${DEST}" >& /dev/null

# On the Mac, or at least on HFS+, symbolic link permissions are significant,
# but chmod -R and -h can't be used together.  Do another pass to fix the
# permissions on any symbolic links.
find "${DEST}" -type l -exec chmod -h "${CHMOD_MODE}" {} + >& /dev/null

# Host OS version check, to be able to take advantage of features on newer
# systems and fall back to slow ways of doing things on older systems.
OS_VERSION=$(sw_vers -productVersion)
OS_MAJOR=$(sed -Ene 's/^([0-9]+).*/\1/p' <<< ${OS_VERSION})
OS_MINOR=$(sed -Ene 's/^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+).*/\2/p' <<< ${OS_VERSION})

# If an update is triggered from within the application itself, the update
# process inherits the quarantine bit (LSFileQuarantineEnabled).  Any files or
# directories created during the update will be quarantined in that case,
# which may cause Launch Services to display quarantine UI.  That's bad,
# especially if it happens when the outer .app launches a quarantined inner
# helper.  If the application is already on the system and is being updated,
# then it can be assumed that it should not be quarantined.  Use xattr to drop
# the quarantine attribute.
#
# TODO(mark): Instead of letting the quarantine attribute be set and then
# dropping it here, figure out a way to get the update process to run without
# LSFileQuarantineEnabled even when triggering an update from within the
# application.
QUARANTINE_ATTR=com.apple.quarantine
if [ ${OS_MAJOR} -gt 10 ] ||
   ([ ${OS_MAJOR} -eq 10 ] && [ ${OS_MINOR} -ge 6 ]) ; then
  # On 10.6, xattr supports -r for recursive operation.
  xattr -d -r "${QUARANTINE_ATTR}" "${DEST}" >& /dev/null
else
  # On earlier systems, xattr doesn't support -r, so run xattr via find.
  find "${DEST}" -exec xattr -d "${QUARANTINE_ATTR}" {} + >& /dev/null
fi

# Great success!
exit 0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Quelle cause ire des internautes.
이 모든 것은 좌표 시스템을 복잡 하 게 합니다.
지연이 더 짧습니다.
겨울의 무대는 알 수 없습니다.
릴리스는 연기 됩니다.


text:
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Madelaine K Properties August 23, 2022
Are you finally realizing your dream of building a new home? There is certainly something very special about creating a home from the ground up, built to your specifications. But as anyone who has gone through the process can tell you, there can be problems along the way. One of the best ways to avoid issues down the line is to ask for a pre-drywall inspection. This will help ensure that your dream home is built to specifications. Here's what you need to know about this crucial step in the home building process.
What is a pre-drywall inspection?
A pre-drywall inspection is somewhat self-explanatory. It's an inspection that happens after the foundation, flooring, doors, windows, wall and roof components, and some of the plumbing and electrical are installed but before the drywall is hung. Once the drywall is hung it can hide the work that was done behind it. By having a pre-drywall inspection, you can more easily fix any issues that are discovered. This will help ensure that your home is built to your specifications and that your home build is not delayed by unexpected repairs. If you discover any issues with the placement of your plumbing system, you may need to contact a residential or commercial plumbing contractor to have it corrected.
What is inspected during a pre-drywall inspection?
There are many components of your home that will be inspected during a pre-drywall inspection. They include:
Foundation including the slab, walls, and drains
Floor system including footing and floor joists
Roof system
Plumbing system including placement of pipes and waterproofing
Wall system including framing, studs, and flashing for windows and doors
Electrical system including wiring and junction box placement
HVAC system including the placement of registers and air ducts
Exterior wall coverings
Roof coverings
What are the benefits of a pre-drywall inspection?
There are many benefits to having a pre-drywall inspection. These include:
Addressing any issues before they become bigger problems. Once the drywall is installed, it is much more difficult and costly to make repairs. It can also lead to delays.
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Knowing where everything is. You can take pictures during the inspection. This means you will always know exactly where electrical, gas, and plumbing lines are in case they need to be repaired in the future. You will also know where wall studs are to make it easier to hang decorations and heavy items once the drywall is installed.
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Fall just started so what is right around the corner?
Anyways, if you have kids, that means it's time to brace yourself for the flu season that is coming up. Especially if you have them in day care or a school setting.
When I used to work in the hospital setting, this meant we were getting ready for this ourselves right about this time because "flu season" is usually between Oct-Mar time frame.
Now I know there is an ongoing debate on whether or not getting the flu vaccine actually causes you to get the flu. Some people claim they get sick right after they get it, or they claim they still get the flu anyways, therefore, they stopped getting the shot altogether.
I'm not here to push you in any one direction but merely to share with you some of my thoughts on things to think about if you're wondering to yourself whether or not to have you and your kids get the flu shot.
But...if it is true that the flu vaccine causes you to get the flu, then wouldn't every single person who receives the vaccine also get the flu?
AND it was a mere coincidence that it happened RIGHT after getting the shot?
1) You were exposed to a different flu virus strain than the one in the vaccine.
2) You were exposed to the flu virus before or 2 weeks after the shot. It takes about two weeks for your body to build up protection for it.
3) You could be experiencing some mild reactions to the vaccine. According to the CDC, the most common side effects are soreness, redness, tenderness or swelling and in some cases, low-grade fever, headache and muscle aches also may occur that lasts 1-2 days.
4) Or yes, you got sick anyways but without the vaccine, the severity of the illness could have been extremely worse.
What some people do not realize is that the flu vaccine is meant to only protect you from the top virus strains that the experts have identified is the most common ones for the current year.
And this changes every year.
So it is impossible to know 100% which virus strain to include in the vaccine.
But some protection based on highly educated guesses are better than no protection right?
On the flip side, I have heard people who say they never get flu shots and never get sick.
They can count their lucky stars.
But I have been around the block long enough to know what the other side of having the flu looks like and I'll take my chances with the shot.
If you're a young, healthy adult, then getting the vaccine is not as critical for you (still recommended) but if you're a young child, the elderly or someone with chronic illnesses, getting sick with the flu is more serious for these groups.
It can be quite severe and even down right life threatening.
Do yourself and everyone else around you a favor.
Take extra precautions when it comes to being around others and be vigilant about washing hands.
If you are near someone who has the flu, the virus can spread to you even if that person just coughs, sneezes or talks to you.
Or if you just touch a surface that has the flu virus left from someone else, and you unconsciously use your hand to touch your mouth, nose or eyes, you will contract the virus.
Then the virus will pass on from you to another person and from that person to another and so on and so forth.
With all that being said, everyone does react to things differently so you really do need to do what is best for you and your family.
Like with any other decisions you have to make for your kids when they are young, you need to weigh all the risks and benefits and ask yourself what path you would rather deal with.
If you found any of this information helpful or know someone who it could help, please share...because, "sharing is caring!"


One of the common household appliances we in the Dallas-Fort Worth area take for granted is our range.You've likely been happy with your GE range because of its inherent reliability. However, GE range repair is eventually inevitable, especially if you use it to cook meals every day. While it may seem like it's easy enough to fix a GE range yourself, it's not always as simple as it looks.
With so many components to a GE range, one small mistake could lead to a potentially dangerous situation. The type of repairs you have to do will vary depending on if you have a gas range, induction, electric, or any other type. The common problems associated with GE ranges don't always have common solutions. That's why calling a local GE range repair professional is the best solution.
Our GE-certified professionals are standing by, ready to help you repair your range in the event of an issue. Never miss the chance to cook dinner because of a faulty range. Turn to Appliance Champion instead!
If you have looked at the rest of our site at all, you will probably have seen the words "Top Rated Local®." For us this isn't just a title; it is what we strive for with every client. Top rated for us means that we provide same-day appointments, often with the needed part readily available due to our close relationship with name-brand manufacturers. Also, we always have someone on call just in case an emergency happens outside the nine-to-five work day. When you invite one of our range repair techs into your home, you can always assume that they are competent—being factory certified—and always are equipped with the proper tools to get the job done right. We serve clients in the Keller, Southlake, Grapevine, Colleyville, Bedford, North Richland Hills, Arlington, and Saginaw area. Call us today!


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Turns Out Your Phone's Battery Has a Flamethrower Inside!
Don't try this at home, obviously.
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Miami store owner, Sue Shimochi, reacted on instinct when several men ran into her jewelry store and began breaking glass cases. As the surveillance footage shows, she picked up a stick and began hitting the thieves to try to defend her goods. She told CBS Miami that it slowed them down and deterred them from taking more than they did. The perpetrators have not yet been caught.
How the Heck Did This Florida Man Land a Fish This Huge?
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Lose Yourself in This Awesome Eminem Sign Language Video!
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The Key to Any Good Theft is Subtlety. And Being Really, Really Obvious.
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Bonus Points for Being Creative in Your Mistakes?
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Speed Range: 70 — 330 SFPM (21 — 101m/min) infinitely variable through a frequency inverter drive and heavy-duty worm gear transmission. The broad speed range allows for optimum cutting of a large spectrum of materials. Aread out at the operator's touch screen assures accurate speed setting.
Blade Drive: 5 H.P. (3.75 kW)Inverter Drive.
All motors are dual voltage, 230/460 volts, 3 ph. 60 Hz. 208 volt conversion is available for an added charge.
EPC Programmable Control: Conveniently located on the operator's control panel, this touch screen control allows the operator to program and store up to nine jobs. Inputs include Part Length from 0 to 400" (in inches up to 3 decimal places) and Number of Pieces to be cut. The Blade Speed is displayed on and set using the touch screen, but is not stored in memory. The Automatic Piece Counter stops each job when the pre-set number of cuts have been made. The control provides the option of running up to 9 jobs consecutively.
Fast Approach: Work height is automatically set allowing the head to rise just enough to clear the work piece, reducing cycle time and allowing for faster cutting performance.
Automatic Chip Removal: The chip auger rotating in the coolant return removes chips quickly and efficiently, freeing the operator to perform more productive operations. Coolant is allowed to drain back to the tank before the chips are removed from the machine.
Vise Jaws: Hydraulic Full Stroking. Front jaws are split to reduce the remnant to as little as 3". The split vise jaws also help to reduce burrs left on the material and are ideal for bundle cutting. Holding the work piece on both sides of the blade reduces blade vibration, providing more accurate cuts and longer blade life.
Rear Vise: The rear vise jaw floats hydraulically to accommodate crooked stock assuring straight, accurate cuts.


text:
Welcome to the Reno News & Review Archives
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Mountain music
Lost Whiskey Engine
By Matt Bieker
This article was published on 07.19.18
Lost Whiskey Engine is the brainchild of brothers Sean and Conor McAlindin, whose great grandfather emigrated from Scotland to Scotch Plains, New Jersey.
PHOTO/MATT BIEKER
Lost Whiskey Engine is slated to play Big Bluegrass at Sugar Pine Point State Park in Tahoma, California, on July 27, Guitarfish Music Festival in Cisco Grove, California, on July 29 and the Lost Sierra Hoedown near Graeagle, California, in September.
The sound of bluegrass music has a few things in common with the sound of an an old locomotive—it can clang and bang along at speed, or sound lonely and distant, but always with a steady chug to keep things rolling. With the release of their debut album Just Hold On earlier this year, and a few summer festival dates on the horizon, Truckee Bluegrass band Lost Whiskey Engine is gathering steam.
The band is the brainchild of brothers Sean and Conor McAlindin, whose great grandfather emigrated from Scotland to Scotch Plains, New Jersey, where the brothers were born.
Growing up, they played in jam bands under the influences of Phish, Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers. It wasn't until Sean arrived at the University of Colorado that he discovered bluegrass.
"There was, and still is, a very strong bluegrass scene in that area," said Sean, the band's songwriter, guitarist and front man. "I went to some Yonder Mountain String Band festivals, and it was just so much fun."
He recruited Conor to join him at some of these festivals—the two would often work on the trash crews for free tickets—and they fell in love with the ancestral qualities of the music.
"I think on some level, the music has a lot of Scottish and Irish roots, and I think that culture runs strong in my DNA," said Sean.
The brothers relocated to Truckee, where Conor picked up the mandolin, and they put out a Craigslist ad looking for bluegrass musicians. They met bassist Mick Melvin in 2011 and kept in touch while Sean spent a few years in Oregon. When he returned to Truckee, they quickly added Ellen Flanagan on the fiddle and Peter Anderson on the banjo.
"It used to be sort of a rotating cast that would come up, with different people at each show," said Sean. "We've been pretty solid with this quintet for about four years now."
Sean wrote the six original tracks of Just Hold On, and Conor recorded them at a home studio.
During their live shows, the band draws heavily from folk standards and some compositions from Sean's solo projects. The bandmates are excited to expand their reach with a physical album.
"We did a lot of work after hours to put the album together to have something for the festival season this year," said Sean. "We're super excited to play some of the bigger festivals in the area this year, which is one of the goals we've been working towards since the beginning."
It's not hard to imagine most of the tracks on Just Hold On in a festival setting. Tracks like "I Am Gone" and "Down by the River" exemplify the classic bluegrass combination of rollicking and soulful, and the group embraces the jam band mentality with extended instrumental breaks on each track.
Lost Whiskey Engine is slated to play three festivals this summer and fall—shows that could earn them the support of Truckee's robust bluegrass community.
"I would definitely say that Lake Tahoe is one of the hotspots for bluegrass music in the country," said Sean. "Almost every bluegrass band stops by, so it's a great opportunity for us to open up for them or support them."
More Music » Music Feature
Real death
Coffin Raid is the musical equivalent of a really well done slasher movie.
Gwendolyn and Lucy Giles, who make up the Sacramento band Dog Party, will kick off their summer tour in Reno.
New intentions
For a local EDM artist, an addiction led to a big change in plans—and a mission to promote women's rights globally.
Hop on
A Christian rapper aims for the stars.
Beat keeper
Red Hoop keeps the beat for powwow dancers—and is booked most weekends of the year.
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text:
Publius Vedius Pollio (PIR1 213) behoorde tot de stand van de equites en was de zoon van de vrijgelatene Publius Vedius. Hij was uitzonderlijk rijk en een vriend van Augustus.

Proconsul van Asia
Hij zou door deze laatste als proconsul naar de provincia Asia gestuurd. Voor iemand van de stand van de equites was het ongewoon om deze provincia te besturen (gewoonlijk was de proconsul een senator) en dit wijst waarschijnlijk op speciale omstandigheden. Vedius' ambtstermijn viel mogelijk in 31–30 v.Chr. voordat een "gewone" proconsul werd aangesteld, of na een zware aardbeving in de provincia in 27 v.Chr. Hij keerde nadien terug naar Rome, en toen Alexander en Aristobulus, de zonen van Herodes de Grote, rond 22 v.Chr. naar Rome kwamen, verbleven ze mogelijk bij hem.

Vedius Pollio's murenen
Ondanks zijn verdiensten als proconsul, verwierf hij echter vooral naam door zijn uitzonderlijke wreedheid jegens zijn slaven. Hij bezat een reusachtige villa aan de golf van Napels, die later door Ovidius werd omschreven als "net als een stad". Zo had hij de gewoonte om slaven die hem ontriefden, te voederen aan zijn murenen. Volgens andere bronnen worden met het Latijnse woord murene echter lampreien bedoeld. Het levend worden opgegeten door dit soort vissen moet een zeer onaangename dood zijn geweest, want de vis "klamp zijn mond vast op het slachtoffer en boort met een getande tong in het vlees om bloed tot zich te nemen".

Ondanks dit alles bleef hij toch nog een tijd lang bevriend met Augustus, ter ere van wie hij een schrijn of monument bouwde te Beneventum. Maar er is een anekdote overgeleverd, die ons vertelt over een avond waarop Augustus bij hem bleef eten. Tijdens de maaltijd brak een slaaf een duur stuk huisraad, waarop Vedius Pollio een teken gaf aan de andere slaven dat de onhandige slaaf voor de murenen moest worden geworpen. De ongelukkige had dit echter opgemerkt, en viel aan de voeten van Augustus in de hoop aan het vreselijke lot te ontkomen. Augustus zag in dat hij niet veel kon doen, aangezien de slaaf eigendom was van Pollio. Sluw als hij was, deed hij het volgende: hij brak een stuk huisraad van dezelfde soort als wat de slaaf had laten vallen en begon zich uitvoerig te excuseren. Pollio zat wat verveeld met de situatie en zei dat het niets was. Hierop vroeg Augustus hem om de onhandige slaaf te mogen overkopen. Op deze manier was de man gered van de murenen. Terwijl Seneca vermeldt dat Augustus de slaaf vervolgens vrij liet, zegt Cassius Dio dat Vedius "zijn slaaf niet kon straffen voor iets dat ook Augustus had gedaan."

Dood en nalatenschap
Bij zijn dood in het jaar 15 voor onze tijdrekening liet Pollio het grootste gedeelte van zijn bezittingen na aan Augustus, waaronder zijn reusachtige villa (Pausylipum) en zijn huis op de Esquilijn, en vroeg om op de plaats van zijn huis een gepast monument op te trekken. Augustus liet vervolgens het huis platgooien en trok er een colonnade (Porticus Liviae) op ter ere van zijn vrouw Livia, dat hij in 7 v.Chr. inwijdde. Hoewel de verwoesting van de villa door Ovidius werd gezien als een duidelijke stellingname van Augustus tegen overdreven luxe, meent Kenneth Scott dat Augustus slechts de laatste wensen van Vedius eerde en dat elke suggestie dat het gericht was tegen de herinnering van Vedius slechts "roddelpraat" is.

In Napels had Pollio een villa. Keizer Augustus had via zijn architect Lucius Cocceius Auctus een tunnel laten graven van de villa naar het nabije Pozzuoli; de tunnel heet Grot van Seianus.

Antieke bronnen
 Cassius Dio, LIV 23.1-6.
 Ovidius, Fasti VI 639-648.
 Plinius maior, Naturalis Historia IX 39.
 Lucius Annaeus Seneca, De ira II 40, De misericordiae et clementiae I 18.2.
 Tacitus, Annales I 10.5, XII 60.4.
 Tertullianus, De Pallio 5.6.
 CIL IX 1556 = ILS 109.

Noten

Literatuur
 , Adam Smith, the Wicked Knight, and the Use of Anecdotes, in G&R2 42 (1995), pp. 70–75.
 , art. P. Vedius Pollio (II 4), in NP 12/1 (2002), col. 1154.
 , Ephesos Inscriptions. Texts and List, Princeton, 1991. (Ephesos)
 , art. Vedius Pollio, Publius, in OCD3 (1996; rev. 2003), p. 1584.
 , Notes on the Destruction of Two Roman Villas, in AJPh 60 (1939), pp. 459–462.
 , Who was Vedius Pollio?, in JRS 51 (1961), pp. 23–30.

Externe link
 Munt uit Tralleis met beeldenaar en naam van Vedius Pollio (coinarchives.com)

Vedius Pollio, Publius
Persoon in de 1e eeuw v.Chr.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I read a thought-provoking piece in the NYTimes today. Here is my response.
Unwittingly, self-identifying as being of more than one race could diminish one's identification with any meaningful group with which s/he might have a shared interest; moreover, the hegemonic push that paints multiracial identification as somehow more accurate and even socially desirable has the effect of driving a wedge between people who erstwhile would have been compatriots in a shared cause. Imagine someone who would have been forced to identify as black in the past but who is now black/Hispanic. In practice, this means the person is no longer black or Hispanic but of some newfound hybrid which is its own thing. The result is that all identities become fragmented to the point of becoming ineffectual.
By encouraging people to view themselves as "middle," we give them a false consciousness. I worry that the same process is happening with race now.


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As part of the budget planning process for Fiscal Year 2019, NIDCR is identifying topical themes for development into research initiatives. During this process, we welcome input from our scientific advisory boards, the extramural community, interested organizations, and the public at large.
Initiatives are a vehicle used by the Institutes and Centers to communicate future research goals to NIH, the Department of Health and Human Services, and Congress. NIDCR begins the initiative development process each year by identifying broad research topic areas, or themes. We then develop a specific initiative proposal for each theme, taking into consideration the input received. Themes identified for FY 2019 are listed below.
Please remember that initiatives are not a complete picture of the Institute's planned research portfolio for the year indicated, nor do they signal that themes highlighted the previous year have been abandoned. Several initiatives from last year have become formal funding opportunities and are posted on NIDCR's website. Others are still under development. Proposed FY 2019 Initiatives will be integrated into this larger landscape as they are considered for funding.
How can you provide input?
Please send your comments and suggestions related to these specific theme areas directly to us at FY2019Comments@mail.nih.gov. If you want to suggest additional topic areas, or comment on the process for developing research initiatives, please send those suggestions to the same email address. Please submit all comments no later than Tuesday, September 5, 2017.
Thank you for your interest and input. I look forward to hearing from you.
The enamel that forms the protective outer layer of our teeth is critical for oral health. Environmental exposures and inherited conditions can weaken or damage the enamel, leading to caries and, if left unchecked, tooth loss and decreased quality of life. While the structure and protein components of enamel have been well characterized, we need to better understand the process by which enamel forms (called amelogenesis). The goal of this initiative is to use multi-disciplinary approaches to develop models of amelogenesis for research that more closely mimic human physiology. Potential research areas include establishing new cell lines and 3-dimensional cultures that promote enamel formation and improving methods for reproducibly growing enamel-producing cells. This initiative will advance our understanding of the complexities of enamel formation and lead to the development of additional tools and approaches for enamel repair and regeneration.
Globally, 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, and an estimated two million new cases arise every year. Although treatment advances have dramatically improved the lives of those with HIV/AIDS, oral complications of the disease are not adequately controlled by current therapies. Additionally, mother-to-infant HIV transmission is still a risk due to viral transfer across oral tissues during breastfeeding. Scientists need to better understand the biological mechanisms of HIV transmission through oral tissues, as well as how AIDS-related pathogens cause oral complications once an individual is already infected with HIV. These complications include viral and fungal infections of the oral cavity and salivary glands, HIV-related imbalances in oral bacterial species that lead to caries and periodontitis, and inflammatory responses that damage the salivary glands and cause dry mouth. Therefore, this initiative encourages basic and translational research on mechanisms of HIV and AIDS-related oral infections, as well as the immune system's role in defending against these invaders. This research will also develop new research tools such as assays and cell and tissue models, as well as foster potential new therapies. Ultimately, such knowledge could lead to more effective interventions for HIV and AIDS-related oral infections.
Biomedical research is in the midst of a big data revolution. To make the best use of this information explosion, researchers need better tools to integrate and analyze increasingly large and complex datasets. This initiative will encourage bioinformatics and data science research to develop innovative strategies, tools, and technologies to utilize big data to advance dental, oral, and craniofacial research. To maximize NIDCR's investments, this effort will encourage the leveraging of existing data sources. This initiative will encourage research in diverse scientific areas, including electronic health records, as well as approaches that examine an entire class of biological molecules, such as DNA (genomics) or proteins (proteomics). The creation of these tools is essential to harness data and ultimately enable development of effective prevention, diagnostic, and treatment approaches for dental, oral, and craniofacial health.
Although the nation's oral health is improving, certain groups of Americans experience a disproportionate burden of dental, oral, and craniofacial diseases and conditions. For example, early childhood caries and periodontal disease are more prevalent in a number of minority populations. African-American men with oral and oropharyngeal cancers have consistently higher death rates than white males, a disparity not observed across all cancer types. Some of these health disparities are related to socioeconomic factors, such as access to and use of health care. However, biological factors may play a significant role in whether a disease occurs, how it progresses, and whether treatments work. This initiative will encourage studies to identify biological factors that contribute to disparities in dental, oral, and craniofacial disease onset, progression, persistence, and response to treatment. A better understanding of these processes could lead to targeted therapies and treatment strategies for those in greatest need.
Over the next four decades, the population of Americans 65 and older is projected to more than double. As people age, their cells undergo natural changes that increase their vulnerability to diseases and disabilities, including declining oral health. To develop better ways to prevent and treat age-related dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) conditions, scientists need to understand the physiological processes of aging common among multiple organ systems as well as those unique to DOC tissues. The goal of this initiative is to accelerate basic and clinical research on the oral health of older adults. This effort will include studies on age-related epigenetic changes, inflammation, tissue regeneration, and wound healing. The initiative will also support clinical research, including longitudinal cohort studies, to develop best clinical care and prevention guidelines for older adults. Collaborations among researchers from the aging and dental, oral, and craniofacial scientific communities are strongly encouraged.
NIDCR supports efforts to engage dental practitioners in research to facilitate the translation of evidence-based findings into clinical practice. A dental practice-based research network is a unique research venue, providing practitioners with an opportunity to propose or participate in research studies that address day-to-day issues in oral healthcare. The studies, conducted in participating dental offices with consenting patients, help to expand the profession's evidence base and further refine care.
In 2005, the Institute launched regional dental practice-based networks and revised this strategy in 2012 to fund one national network. The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (National Dental PBRN) has been tremendously successful in providing a clinical research infrastructure to address questions of everyday relevance to dental practitioners and their patients. This initiative will support the third phase of the National Dental PBRN by building on the knowledge gained from the previous two phases. It will utilize a single Institutional Review Board (IRB), further explore the use of electronic data collection, and increase the number of public-private partnerships while maintaining a geographically diverse network capable of reaching all interested participants.
The FaceBase Consortium generates and compiles data on craniofacial development and the diseases and disorders that lead to birth defects and facial malformations. The Consortium advances craniofacial research by creating, integrating, and disseminating a variety of large datasets via the FaceBase Hub web site, a resource that is free and openly accessible to the scientific community. The goal of this initiative is to continue to improve the FaceBase data repository and website so that it better serves the craniofacial research community. These efforts include further development of tools for data visualization, integration, and standardization, as well as outreach to the researchers whose projects could benefit from these data. This initiative would also support supplements to existing NIDCR grants to allow the integration of their datasets into FaceBase.
Healthcare providers need better ways to detect and diagnose oral lesions in order to identify and treat diseases earlier and more effectively. To characterize oral lesions currently, clinicians may need to perform invasive surgical biopsies and laboratory testing that is time consuming and potentially inaccurate. A new approach called precision imaging combines novel visualization technology with detection of disease-specific molecular markers. The goal of this initiative is to develop high throughput, real-time methods for imaging and measurement of oral lesions. Research areas may include the development of new tools for detecting frequently misdiagnosed oral diseases; identifying lesions that should be biopsied; assessing disease progression and treatment; and detecting lesion tissue margins in real time to improve surgical outcomes.
Complex interactions between our genes and the environment influence human health and disease. Understanding these interactions will inform the development of targeted interventions and therapies to minimize or overcome negative impacts of the environment on health. This initiative will support research on the biological mechanisms of gene-environment interactions related to dental, oral, and craniofacial health. This effort will promote research using models to study how exposures women experience during pregnancy may affect prenatal development and infant health. The initiative will also encourage studies to explore interactions of the oral microbiome with genes of interest in dental caries or periodontal disease. Finally, the initiative seeks to spur development of novel animal or organoid models to advance research on the mechanisms of gene-environment interactions.