text:
Browse the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
This information was published in 1966 in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock. It has not been corrected and will not be updated.
Up-to-date information can be found elsewhere in Te Ara.
NEW ZEALAND SOCIETY: ITS CHARACTERISTICS
An Equalitarian Society
Educational Advantages
Rule of Conformity
Limitations of Urban Life
The Appeal of Sport
Place of the Arts
The Puritan Tradition
The Effects of Insularity
Maori-Pakeha Relations
Submitted by admin on April 22, 2009 - 23:34
European immigration during the nineteenth century was instigated by more than one cause, and it took place under a variety of circumstances. Missionaries and a motley crew of adventurers constituted the first arrivals. After annexation came the planned settlements that represented an attempt to put into practice the theories of Edward Gibbon Wakefield or a modification thereof. In 1861 gold was first discovered in substantial quantities, and during the next seven years the country's population almost trebled; but the gold prospectors were a wandering people, apt to move on as soon as the goldfields were worked out, and the increase of population caused by their advent was not maintained. A still greater influx of new colonists took place between 1874 and 1878 during the operation of Sir Julius Vogel's immigration policy. The new arrivals were mainly of working-class origin, and their contribution towards the forming of a national character was probably greater than that of any preceding category of immigrants. When the great slump that began in 1879 deprived many of employment, they demanded that the Government, under whose sponsorship they had come to New Zealand, should assume responsibility for their welfare. A growing tendency to recognise this demand as being just and proper had wide implications. Before the century ended, a Liberal Government surpassed all its predecessors in accepting and acting upon the principle that the State is in duty bound to preserve the aged and indigent from destitution. Attempts were also being made by the State to regulate the conditions of labour.
English immigrants alone outnumbered the sum total of those from Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, while immigrants from foreign countries, chiefly Germany and Scandinavia, formed an inconsiderable minority. Australians who had settled in New Zealand formed about 4 per cent of the total European population in 1878, but it is probable that they also came in the first place mainly from the British Isles. It may be seen, therefore, that the people who settled in New Zealand during the 50 years succeeding its annexation were to a very large extent homogeneous as regards racial origin; and, indeed, they have so remained ever since, for when the country's formative period came to an end, natural increase took the place of immigration as the principal factor making for growth of population. At the turn of the century, then, we find a cross section of the British people settled in a country where the temperate climate enabled them to resume, with modifications necessarily imposed by environment, their traditional way of life. In the course of doing so they had already acquired certain characteristics, some of which have since become inherent and more pronounced.
Since the earliest days of colonisation the new settlers had set their faces against the establishment of privilege or a privileged class. As time went on, social equality began to be viewed as an ideal that might actually be realised in a country where the influence of vested interests was less firmly established than in the Old World. A dawning conviction that the "deserving poor" had a valid claim upon the community led to the introduction of old age pensions in 1898 – one of the first and most significant steps taken towards building the modern system of social security which, making no distinction between deserving and undeserving, provides the citizen with maintenance in old age and with a medical service at nominal cost throughout his life.
The once cherished belief that without the fear of starvation working men would not be industrious has long since been exploded or at least modified, but it is still claimed that social security tends to destroy initiative, especially among those classes which derive the greatest benefit from it. No doubt there are some grounds for this view, but it is not only the working classes who have been content to trade some of their independence in exchange for security. Inevitably, State intervention has meant the added imposition of restrictions upon the freedom of private enterprise. Somewhat anomalously, increasing interference by the State in affairs formerly regarded as exempt from its control has been accompanied by demands for its further interference by businessmen and farmers who, it would seem, have been constrained by regimentation to abandon the spirit of jealous self-reliance that had been the pride of their forebears.
A contrast to this attitude is presented by the marked capacity shown by New Zealanders both in war and peace for practical improvisation, for self-reliance and self-help in emergencies. Their dexterity may be explained by the fact that from earliest times they have perforce been accustomed to turning their hands to a variety of tasks which, in more populous societies, would be left to members of some special trade. A scarcity of specialists in New Zealand has been responsible for the omnipresence of the "jack of all trades".
Next Part: Educational Advantages
How to cite this page: 'An Equalitarian Society', from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966.
Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/new-zealand-society-its-characteristics/page-2 (accessed 19 Jul 2019)
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Q: How can I make a counter when showing results from mySQL using php script I am fairly new to programming and got stuck in this infinite while loop when I am trying to show the results of the sql query in an order.
I have the entries ordered by date and time inside mySQL table.
When I display the results it does show up in the right order but  I wanted to have a counter and display that result in order 1,2,3..etc.
Right now I am showing the EventIDs in the html table straight from mySQL variable "EVENTID" from table 'eventtable'.
That displays the EVENTIDs which are of course not necessarily in order.
So I tried a while loop but it seems like I can not escape out from the first row of what mysqli_fetch_array() returns.
Any help/suggestions will be greatly appreciated.

A: Do you need this counter to be part of the actual query results, or just something you display to the user? user display is easy:
$counter = 1;
while($row = fetch_result_row_using_your_db_library()) {
   echo $counter;
   $counter++;
   ... do other stuff ..
}

Doing it at the DB level is a big uglier, involving DB variables and a self-incrementing counter in the query fields:
SET @row := 0;
SELECT @row := @row + 1 AS currow,  * FROM .... WHERE ... ORDER BY ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What responses to your writing have affected you the most and why?
In my first novel, STAY, I touched on some very serious life issues. Since it was released I have had some very deep and meaningful conversations with readers who were very affected by what I wrote. I never intended to have an impact on my readers and hearing that I have is so rewarding. Most of my reviews have been very positive and I love reading about what my words mean to a reader. Of course I have had to deal with some negativity too and hopefully I've grown from it as a writer. That part is never fun.
How do you hope your readers react to the stories you write?
Other than writing great stories, what other goals do you have for your life?
I have an amazing family and a very fulfilling life. I honestly am living a dream with this writing journey and am concentrating on getting my third book written!
Not really. At least I didn't on this book. I have the whole story arc in my head and just needed to get it onto paper. There were times when I had to stop writing though because I became overwhelmed with what was happening with my characters. They feel like real people to me and it was emotionally draining to write some of the scenes in the book.
I can't really think of any in particular. I can tell you that I have been an avid reader my whole life and I read all genres. I really judge a book by its ability to move me. I just need to connect to the story.
How did you go about developing your characters? Are they based on real people?
I am mostly inspired by people I know, places I've been and experiences I've had. It really is that basic for me. Many of my characters are drawn loosely from people that have been part of my life at some point or another. I am writing fiction, but I wouldn't be surprised if some people recognize little pieces of themselves in my characters. I'm a very good listener and find inspiration in other people's personal stories as well.
Shoes. I have to mention the shoes. There are some drool-worthy foot holders in this book. Firstly, thank you for that! I'm partial to some shoeage myself. Are you a shoe person too? If so, what's your favourite style?
Me, a shoe person? How did you guess? Seriously, I love all shoes and have the closet to prove it. To be honest, I am a beach girl at heart so sandals are my favourite. Nothing beats a perfectly worn in pair of flip flops. I actually shopped for Alexa's shoes online… for hours. That was fun!
Speaking of 'drool worthy'… Julian. Did he pop into your mind ready-made? Or did he change as you began to write him into the story?
Chocolate. That's a food, right? If not I will go with Cuban Food.
Peanut Butter and Chocolate. Best invention ever!
Hard one. That would have to be a concert in the 80's or Wal-Mart during the holidays.
Thank God, my life has been relatively "scary-free." I will say that publishing a book, one with such steamy content, has been pretty scary though.
Has to be the worst haircut EVER I got in 9th grade. It was the 80's and I was a fan of alternative music. Need I say more?
Loyal. I'm fiercely loyal to my family and friends. I might also be in the running for most sarcastic. I'll own that.
It's a zombie apocalypse. What 3 things do you take with you to survive?
I should go ask my kids, because they're more familiar with the ZA than I am. Off the top of my head though, I guess I'd take a gun, food and a book on how to survive a Zombie Apocalypse.
Allie in the Notebook. That's a great love story!
A water bottle, a blue plate shaped like a fish that holds my jewelry and a lamp.
I can't remember when I didn't want to write.
My family, friends and the awesome fans who have totally gotten behind my books.
What is the most challenging thing for you about writing?
It's not always easy to find the time to do it. It is more of a hobby than a career (at the moment) and I have to fit it in to a very busy life!


vFramework is the information technology platform for all your business technology needs.
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Welcome to the Elementary Art Program with Mr. McCaleb (my students all call me Mr.Mac). I teach the Elementary Art Program. We would like to enhance the arts program at P.S. 369. One of the ways we achieve this is by inviting you, "our parents" into the art room. We can meet on Tuesday afternoons from 2:40pm. to 3:15pm. We can discuss your child's love of the arts and monitor their progress. You can see your own child's art projects and discuss what they will be doing in the near future. If you enjoy making art, I'd like to invite you to do so in the art room. If you would like to help hanging our children's art work around the building we could do so during that time as well.Your children will be taught and engaged in various art projects that will meet the art standards outlined in Art Elements and Design Principles, the New York State Standards and the New York City Blue Print in Art Education.


text:
Q: Grpc server doesn't work after removing the Grpc.Sevrer and started to use services.AddGrpc I'm trying to remove GRPC.Core library before it's deprecated .
I used Grpc.Server with custom port but now after using service.AddGrpc(), I can't set the port.
My app uses both iis and grpc with net core 3.1.
this is from my launchSettings:
"iisSettings": {
"windowsAuthentication": false,
"anonymousAuthentication": true,
"iisExpress": {
  "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:53591",
  "sslPort": 44314
}

},
this is the old code:
                var grpcServer = new Server
            {
                Services =
                {

                },
                Ports = { new ServerPort(_settings.GrpcServerHost, 50052, ServerCredentials.Insecure) },
                RequestCallTokensPerCompletionQueue = 32768
            };

and this is the new code from startup:
//Grpc
 services.AddGrpc(options =>
        {
            options.EnableDetailedErrors = true;
            options.MaxReceiveMessageSize = 2 * 1024 * 1024; // 2 MB
            options.MaxSendMessageSize = 5 * 1024 * 1024; // 5 MB
        });

when I try to run my app I get :
Exception=Grpc.Core.RpcException: Status(StatusCode="Unavailable", Detail="Error starting gRPC call. HttpRequestException: No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it. SocketException: No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it.", DebugException="System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: No connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it.

I also tried to add the url with UseUrls , in addition to the url for iis but it's not working -
return WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
            .UseUrls("http://*:53591", "http://*:50052")


text:
module Chaindrive
  class Gear < Sequel::Model
    one_to_many :gear_releases
    set_primary_key :id

    def hits
      gear_releases.sum(:hits)
    end

    def self.exists?(name)
      super.find(:name => name).exists?
    end

    class Entity < Grape::Entity
      expose :name
      expose :owner
      expose :repository
      expose :hits
      expose :homepage
      expose :created_at
      expose :updated_at
      expose :gear_releases
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our most popular playground safety surfacing is Pour in Place Rubber, this Surfacing System, is primarily used for playgrounds although there are many applications it is used for in theme parks and childcare centers. The Surfacing System provides overall consistent fall protection and can be easily customized to meet the safety, design and aesthetic requirements for your playground. This ADA compliant surfacing is self-contained, allowing no loose particles to escape in shoes or pockets while providing a safe, clean, maintenance free surface for children to play on.


pay the costs of operating the business e.g. wages, rent, rates, heating and lighting.
hire purchaseand leasing agreements, under which firms rent items such as photocopiers and vehicles.
Sources of finance need to be matched to the time period of the finance e.g. mortgages can be for up to 25 years whereas overdrafts and trade credit are for much shorter periods. Entrepreneurs must always make sure that they have enough cash coming into the business to pay back money they have borrowed both in the short and long term.
Making a profit is always important in running a business. Without profits, a business is not able to expand, and cannot take on more employees, or make contributions to the community. Eventually it will cease to exist. Michael Marks made a profit from selling small items at a penny each, therefore he was able to expand. He would have worked out what is called gross profit by deducting the overall cost of all of the stock he bought from the income he generated from sales.
However, the gross profit is not the final profit. It is simply the profit from trading before all the operating costs of running the business have been taken away. To get a figure for net profit we must deduct these operating costs from gross profit. Examples of operating costs would include the cost of lighting, heating, salaries, advertising, rents and business rates.
New businesses have to be promoted. Promotion is a cost to the business, but without promotion most people will not know of its existence. The best form of promotion is recommendation from a satisfied customer. Other forms include local newspaper and cinema advertising, flyers through people's doors and signs in a shop window. To promote your business effectively you need to be continually aware of your customers' needs, your market place and your competitors' activities. These factors are all important in maintaining, developing and expanding your business.


text:
Q: Defining IP Address for catastrophic DNS Failures - ILO / Lights Out Management When a new server is plugged into a DHCP / dynamic network then it will  get an IP.  But I want to be sure that I can access this if the DNS goes down.  Therefore I would assume I need to setup as a static IP right?
I would think that the ideal setup for lights out is to define the IP address and hostname:

*

*on DNS to handle normal operations

*hard coded through settings on Lights out interface

I am trying to prepare for a "Bad Day" for example:

*

*DNS is down

*remote access is available to a device in the datacenter where a user can login to local machine and access lights out (IDRAC or ILO) through a local machine.

A: If DNS is down then it doesn't matter if the ip address is dynamic or static. If you try to query the DNS name it will fail.
The solution is to keep track of the ip address that's assigned and use that to connect in the event that DNS is down.
Whether you assign a dynamic or static ip address is immaterial, and is up to you.


Maple lumber can display convoluted grain patterns and differences in texture as well as a smooth, almost featureless grain. The resulting variety in porosity can cause problems when you stain the wood. Some species of maple are soft, but hard maple is one of the hardest domestic hardwoods, and can be difficult to work with. A few tips can help you overcome these problems while refinishing maple woodwork or furniture so you can produce evenly toned and strikingly beautiful finished work.
Grain variations make maple difficult to stain.
Most refinishing jobs begin with removal of the existing finish. Because it's hard and has a relatively closed grain, maple can be easier to strip than other types of wood. Don't think you can do it just by sanding, though. Your sander may lift the bulk of the finish, but a significant amount remains in the grain and is likely to show up when you restain. Use a methylene chloride-based stripper or -- if you want to avoid breathing those fumes and have extra time -- a soya-based one. After stripping, neutralize the residue by wiping it with a damp rag. Then let the wood dry before proceeding.
Stripping may be straightforward, but sanding maple can be difficult because of its hardness; you can seldom remove all the previous stain and residue without resorting to a sanding machine. Orbital sanders leave circular scratch marks that may not become visible until you apply stain or finish. You can avoid them by "running through the grits," which means to sand with progressively finer grits of sandpaper. Do a final hand-sanding with 150-grit paper. Clean the dust off with a rag, and then dampen the wood with a moist rag; look for any marks you missed and sand them out. That can make the difference between a so-so finish and a spectacular one.
Maple is notorious for accepting stain unevenly -- the grain can be a mixture of straight, even fibers and curled ones that terminate in end grain, which stains darker than surface grain. One way to keep the color uniform is to apply wood conditioner with a paintbrush, but commercial conditioners often deposit only a thin paraffin film that allows some of the stain through. In light of this, some refinishers seal the grain with a thin coat of the finish they're going to use or with sanding sealer before staining. The procedure is simple: Apply the sealer, scuff with 320-grit sandpaper, and then stain in the same way you would if the wood were unsealed.
Even when you seal the maple and apply a stain, the color may be more uneven than you'd prefer -- and there's an easy way to remedy that. Apply a coat of finish, and then tone the wood by spraying pigment on the dried finish or wiping on a gel stain. You can dissolve the pigment in a solvent, such as lacquer thinner, or in the finish you're using, but using a gel stain is the easiest option, requiring only a paintbrush and rag. Use this technique to darken edges for an antique effect, or darken the entire surface to even out color discrepancies from staining.


text:
Q: fluentd re-tag events based on log containing a string We collect json logs with fluentd (to ES) from a source that has multiple types of logs that are all json but have different structure.
I would like to re-tag logs that contain certain strings in any of the keys.
If the keys that would contain this string would be limited, rewrite tag filter would do the job but since the structure of the logs is so different (and in the future new logs structures might appear) would be nice if there was a way to scan every key or better yet just check the whole content of the log rather key based (if that would improve performance).
Is there any way to achieve this at the moment?


text:
NASA Wants You to Help Sort Astronaut Photos of Earth at Night
By Kelly Dickerson 2014-09-05T15:15:49Z
City lights illuminate North and South Korea in an image taken from the International Space Station.
(Image: © NASA)
Scientists want your help to sort through gorgeous images of Earth at night snapped by orbiting astronauts.
Studying such photographs could show how light pollution is affecting human health and reveal ways to save energy and improve public safety, researchers said. But the pictures need to be catalogued first, and that's where you come in.
"Anyone can help," Alejandro Sanchez, a graduate student at Complutense University in Spain who is working on the project, said in a statement. "In fact, without the help of citizens, it is almost impossible to use these images scientifically. Algorithms cannot distinguish between stars, cities and other objects, such as the moon. Humans are much more efficient for complex image analysis." [Earth's Cities at Night: Amazing Photos by Astronauts]
The photos are in a database called The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. The images range from those taken in the early 1960s during NASA's Mercury program all the way to present-day pictures taken from the International Space Station.
New photos are added every day. As of August, there were about 1.8 million images in the database, and about 30 percent of those were taken at night, researchers said.
The citizen-science project, which is led by a group of researchers at Complutense University, is called "Cities at Night." You can learn more about the project by visiting http://www.citiesatnight.org.
"Cities at Night" consists of three separate parts. The simplest one, called "Dark Skies," requires people to sort images into three categories: cities, stars or other objects.
The second part, called "Night Cities," asks the public to match places in the images with points on maps. Establishing the location of the photographs will help scientists create light maps of cities and could provide some insight into energy usage.
Spain and Portugal glow at night. The city of Madrid is the bright spot just above the center of the picture. (Image credit: NASA)
"Lost at Night" is the third and most complicated part of the project, asking citizens to identify cities in photos with a 310-mile (500 kilometers) circumference.
"We don't know which direction the astronaut pointed the camera, only where the station was at the time the image was taken," Sanchez said. "Some images are bright cities but others are small towns. It is like a puzzle with 300,000 pieces."
Volunteers have classified almost 20,000 images so far, but scientists require multiple volunteers to classify the same image to ensure accuracy. The open catalog of data is free and available for anyone to use.
The project team hopes that scientists can examine the colors of light in each photo and determine the type of energy a city is using and evaluate its energy efficiency. The images could also reveal areas where lighting around roads is lacking and thus help improve public safety. The data can also pinpoint areas where light pollution could be influencing human health and biodiversity, researchers said.
The high resolution of some of the images comes from the European Space Agency's "NightPod," which was installed on the space station in 2012. NightPod is a motorized tripod that adjusts to match the space station's 17,500 mph (28,160 km/h) orbital speed. Before NightPod, the motion of the station and the motion of Earth below blurred images even if astronauts used high-speed film.
Follow Kelly Dickerson on Twitter. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on Space.com.
Astronauts honor Martin Luther King, Jr. and replace ISS batteries on 3rd all-woman spacewalk
An all-woman Mars analog crew just 'returned to Earth' in Hawaii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kopff :
 August Kopff, astronome allemand
 22P/Kopff, comète
 Kopff (cratère),

Voir aussi
 Kopf
 Kopp

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Humans, Season 8 characters, Organizations,
Revision as of 20:30, April 25, 2015 by General MGD 109 (Talk | contribs)
The symbol of the order, the Aquarian Star.
Men of Letters are "preceptors, observers, beholders, chroniclers", of mysteries not easily explainable or known to men. They had knowledge of mysteries of the supernatural and many arcane arts like alchemy. They considered hunters to be a lower class to them. Thus, their order only shares its secrets to the most elite hunters they deem to be worthy.
The order was identified with the crest of the Aquarian Star, a six-pointed sign that represents great magic and power and was linked to the gates of Atlantis. The order was led by elders, who held their most protected secrets. Members of the order were ordained through the paternal line of their family. Despite the name of the order, members are not gender specific, as one of their initiates was female, although the majority of them were men.
Men of Letters had been active beginning an unspecified point in time. It was known that by 1958, they possessed a significant number of members, as well as weapons and locations that were powerful. At some point between the late 17th century and their destruction, they used their political power to destroy the Grand Coven's power by whipping the church into a frenzy, causing many of the Grand Coven's best members to be burned at the stake or forced into hiding. The Men of Letters took the Coven's best spells and potions and hid them in their bunkers across the world.
In 1958, two initiates Henry Winchester and Josie Sands were sent to investigate events in St. Bonaventure Convent as part of their last test to be members of the order. The convent housed a nun murdered two victims before she threw herself from a tower. During Henry and Josie's investigation, it was revealed that they were dealing with a group of demons serving a Knight of Hell, Abaddon. The demons were possessing the nuns, and although Henry and Josie cast out a couple demons, the Knight of Hell quickly overpowered Henry. As Abaddon stated her intention to possess Henry to study the Men of Letters, Josie begged the knight to stop and offered herself as a vessel instead. Abaddon agreed and ordered the remaining demon to act dead. She convinced Henry that they successfully exorcized all the demons. Abaddon, while possessing Josie, also subtly threatened the surviving nuns to keep the ordeal quiet, thus preventing them from warning Henry of the truth.
Abaddon murders the elder men-of-letters.
Much of the order was destroyed by Abaddon during Josie and Henry's initiation on August 12, 1958. With the death of Henry Winchester and the only known surviving elder Larry Ganem, both at the hands of Abaddon in 2013, the order is extinct. The only other surviving member, rogue former Man Cuthbert Sinclair, was killed by Dean Winchester while hunting for The First Blade. Later, Henry gives Sam and Dean the key to the former Men of Letters headquarters, which the latter calls the 'batcave'. The headquarters could only be accessed by a special key.
Restoration and Resurgence
The order's headquarters, although unused, still functioned perfectly when the Winchester brothers visited it and used it as base of operations in uncovering more about the Men of Letters. Soon after, the two brothers identified a case involving bringing down some members of the Necromancer Nazi party known as the Thules. Similar to how Aaron Bass and his saboteur Golem took up the mantle to keep the Judah Initiative alive and active, Sam found an interest in the Men of Letters society and took up the throne as the next legacy, becoming the newest member of the formerly extinct Men of Letters. Additionally, Charlie Bradbury also expressed interest in becoming a woman of letters.
The order possessed a rating system for demonic possessions with a possession like that of The Exorcist being a Class Two Infernal Event. This system went up to at least Class Five and the order was interested in a new type of exorcism that could conceivably cure a demon. The first attempt failed, but Father Max Thompson eventually succeeded, though it is unknown if the order was aware as they only recorded the first failed attempt. Using the rating system, the order recorded every possession for hundreds of years up until their destruction.
Some spells used by the members were also classified according to ranks. For example, knowledge of the blood sigil cast by Henry Winchester is expected of high-level members.
Mary donning the Men of Letters Crest on her bracelet.
Although considering Hunters below them, Men of Letters did share many of their characteristics and habits, such as keeping journals, and guarding secrets. Much like Hunters they also sometimes investigated supernatural events and phenomenon, using alias and impersonating officials. This sort of "Field work" was necessary for initiates to partake in before initiation. It is evidenced that the Campbells family were among these trusted hunters, as Mary wore their crest on her bracelet. Though she likely had no knowledge of them due to their extinction, but it is possible Deanna and Samuel were involved with them.
The Men of Letters apparently had a sort of witness relocation program for retired members. They used this to hide Clive Dylan after his return from Oz. It is unknown if they do this with all retired members or if Clive was a special case.
Men of Letters were powerful humans who knew a great deal more about the supernatural than even veteran hunters. They had knowledge of ancient and powerful magic, including exorcism and time travel spells. One of the members, Henry Winchester, tapped into his own soul in order to power a spell. They also were aware of the existence of angels, something hunters only gained knowledge of during the ushering of the Apocalypse. Additionally, they knew of the existence of dragons, and Atlantis, among other things. However, their knowledge on some things seemed to be limited: they knew of the Knights of Hell, but believed that the archangels had killed them, not Cain. They also seemed to be unaware of how to kill a Knight or even stop one as Larry Ganem told Sam Winchester he couldn't stop Abaddon when asked how and Kevin was unable to find anything in their records about how to kill a Knight. They also had no lore on the Mark of Cain.
They seem to be ranked by Levels of supernatural knowledge that they have attained; the higher the level, the more powerful and experienced they are.
Up until Henry's death, they were in possession of 'the key to every object, scroll, spell ever collected in thousand years under one roof.' This key passed on to Henry's grandsons, Sam and Dean Winchester. The location of this 'supernatural mother lode' were revealed to Sam by Larry Ganem. He said that this place is 'the safest place on earth warded against any evil ever created.' This place was warded by former Men of Letters Master of Spells Cuthbert Sinclair who was so proficient at spells, he was made Master of Spells right after initiation.
Known members
Mr. Markham, senior member and the last known chief of Men of Letters in 1956. He led a meeting minutes on the matter of Cuthbert Sinclair expulsion. He also ordered the Werther Box burial so it never harmed any people again.
Larry Ganem, elder, first blinded by Abaddon in 1958, then killed by her in 2013.
David Ackers, elder, killed by Abaddon.
Ted Bowen, elder, killed by Abaddon.
An Unnamed Elder, murdered by Abaddon.
Josie Sands, an initiate, possessed by Abaddon, killed with her in 2014.
Henry Winchester, an initiate, killed by Abaddon in 2013.
Henry Winchester's paternal ancestors.
Max Thompson, killed by Abaddon.
Albertus Magnus, described by Henry as 'the greatest alchemist of the 14th century'.
L. Frank Baum, father of Dorothy. Journeyed to Oz and wrote the Oz books to leave Dorothy clues on how to stop The Wicked Witch.
Peter Jenkins, possessed by The Wicked Witch and killed by James in 1935.
James Haggerty, researched Dorothy's disappearance until he retired. He also compiled On the Inner Workings of Angels.
Cuthbert Sinclair, spell master of the Men of Letters who went rogue in 1956. Killed by Dean Winchester with The First Blade.
Clive Dylan, member who became trapped in Oz and split into two by an evil witches coven. Retired and then killed by Charlie Bradbury to kill The Wizard of Oz, his dark side.
Oliver Price - a psychic, trained by Men of Letters shortly before its destruction.
Dean Winchester, became a legacy. Presently one of four members left.
Sam Winchester, became a legacy. Presently one of four members left.
Charlie Bradbury, helped the Winchesters in some circumstances and they consider her as a Woman of Letters. Presently one of four members left.
Kevin Tran, lived in the bunker with Sam and Dean. Can be considered a man of letters
Dorothy Baum, daughter of Frank Baum was trapped in stasis at the Men Of Letters bunker. Presently in Oz as its new ruler. Presently one of four members left.
John Winchester would have been ordained into the order in the same manner of his father Henry.
The order's symbol is known as a Unicursal Hexigram and is the symbol of Thelema, an occultic school founded by the magician Aleister Crowley.
Despite Cuthbert Sinclair, aka Magnus' claim that the Men of Letters don't actually act on their knowledge, clearly they do at times: Henry Winchester and Josie Sands were sent to investigate the activities of Abaddon in Milton as a field test of their abilities before initiation, they used their political power to destroy the Grand Coven and killed Nadia. They also allied themselves to and helped out the Judah Initiative during World War Two. Likewise there are several cases of them investigating and helping out those effected by the Supernatural. As Sinclair proved to be insane, its safe to say his claims carry no merit.
Retrieved from "https://supernatural.fandom.com/wiki/Men_of_Letters?oldid=148970"


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text:
Q: Converting numerous ASCII values (in string form) to readable text C# Essentially, I'm trying to do the same thing as the Python code below, just in C#.
A user will provide a long list of ASCII values separated by commas, e.g., "104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100" and I want to convert them to readable text and return that information to a text box. Feel like I'm making this out to be way more complicated than it should be Any help is greatly appreciated, thanks!
decodeText = userInputBox.Text;
var arr = new string[] { decodeText};

int[] myInts = Array.ConvertAll(arr, int.Parse);

for(int i = 0; i < myInts.Length; i++)
{
    decodeBox.Text = not sure??
}

Python sample:

L = [104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100]
      ''.join(map(chr,L))
      'hello, world'

How do I convert a list of ascii values to a string in python?

A: String finalString = String.Empty;

foreach(var item in myInts)
{
   int unicode = item;
   char character = (char) unicode;
   string text = character.ToString();
   finalString += text;
}

If you want a little bit of performance gain using String Builder.
StringBuilder finalString = new StringBuilder();

foreach(var item in myInts)
{
   char character = (char) item;
   builder.Append(character)
}

A: You need to split the input by , then parse the string number into a real number and cast it into a char and then create a string using it's char[] ctor.
var result = new string(userInputBox.Text.Split(',').Select(c => (char)int.Parse(c)).ToArray());

A: I do believe you were a good way there with your first attempt:
var arr = userInputBox.Text.Split(',');
textbox.Text = new string(Array.ConvertAll(arr, s => (char)(int.Parse(s)));

Where you used convertall to change an array of string to an array of int, I added a cast to char to make it output an array of chars instead (I explain why, below) and this can be converted to a string by passing it into a new string's constructor
This has resulted in a much more compact (and I could have make it a one liner to be honest) form but compactness isn't always desirable from a learning perspective
Hence, this is fixing your code if it's easier to understand:
decodeText = userInputBox.Text;
var arr = decodeText.Split(',');

int[] myInts = Array.ConvertAll(arr, int.Parse);

for(int i = 0; i < myInts.Length; i++)
{
    decodeBox.Text += (char)myInts[i];
}

The crucial bit you were missing (apart from using string split to split the string into an array of numerical strings) was converting the int to a char
In c# there is a direct mapping from int to char- letter A is 65, for example and if you take the int 65 and cast it to a char, with (char) it becomes A
Then we just append this
If the list of ints will be long, consider using a stringbuilder to build your string

A: Once you have an array of ints:
int[] asciis = new []{104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100};

its easy to transform them to an array of chars with Linq:
var chars = asciis.Select(i=>(char)i).ToArray();

And then to the string representation (luckily, we have a string constructor that does it):
var text = new string (chars);

A: Straight forward:
var data = new byte[]{104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100};
var str = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(data);

.net fiddle sample
If you need to convert the data from a text input you need to convert that
var input = "104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100";
var data = Array.ConvertAll(
    input
        .Split(',')
        .Select( e => e.Trim() )
        .ToArray(),
    Byte.Parse );
var str = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(data);

.net fiddle sample

A: Since you are just entered in c#, so you need a code that you can understand.
public class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        string input = "104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100";

        String output = String.Empty;

        foreach (var item in input.Split(',').ToArray())
        {
            int unicode = Convert.ToInt32(item);
            var converted = char.ConvertFromUtf32(unicode);
            output += converted;
        }

        Console.WriteLine(output);
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

ConvertFromUtf32(int utf32): Converts the specified Unicode code point into a UTF-16 encoded string.
Output:


text:
National Audit Office report: The Independent Police Complaints Commission
The Independent Police Complaints Commission
"The IPCC has an important, high profile and sensitive role. It has made significant improvements in performance in the four years it has been in operation. But it faces challenges in managing its increasing workload and in ensuring the quality of its work. It needs to increase its productivity further, improve its quality assurance procedures for investigations, and obtain regular feedback from complainants, police officers and appellants about how their cases have been handled."
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), the body with responsibility for the police complaints system, has improved its performance against targets, in spite of a significant increase in its workload. In a report out today the National Audit Office finds, however, that the IPCC needs to do more to get feedback from complainants on how their complaints have been handled and to improve its quality control procedures.
In 2007-08 the IPCC opened 100 new independent investigations (investigating the most serious complaints made against the police) compared to 31 in 2004-05. The increase has arisen in part because of the impact of Human Rights case law, which has expanded the range of investigations, and in part because the IPCC has improved public access to the police complaints system.
Over the same period, funding for the IPCC increased by almost £8 million to £32.2 million. Workload predictions suggest, however, that it will have more work to do. The IPCC has a Business Change programme designed to increase productivity and flexibility in its use of staff and other resources.
Performance against key targets varies significantly between the four IPCC regions. The North region is currently the only region to meet the target of processing 80 per cent of appeals within 25 working days. The London and South East region dealt with only 27 per cent of appeals within the target time in 2007-08. The IPCC recognises that its resource model did not match demand levels and it has subsequently taken steps to allocate work more evenly across regions.
The IPCC has not sought feedback from complainants, police officers or appellants on how it has handled their case, although it plans to conduct surveys of this nature in 2008-09. The IPCC's quality control procedures are underdeveloped and inconsistently applied. The NAO found that many cases were not subject to an internal review and there was no external scrutiny of the IPCC's investigative work. Reforming its quality control procedures is one of the IPCC's objectives for 2008-09.
In over 60 per cent of cases reviewed, we found recommendations for police bodies to change or strengthen their practices. The IPCC does not routinely monitor implementation of recommendations, which it does not see as its role. The IPCC does have a remit, however, to identify and disseminate the wider lessons arising from its work. Since 2007, it has issued Learning the Lessons bulletins that summarise recommendations for improving police practice. These bulletins have been widely welcomed by the police and others. The IPCC has also embarked on a stock-take of the police complaints system and a Business Change Programme to improve its efficiency and effectiveness further.
HC: 1035 2007-2008
Published date: November 14, 2008
Full report (pdf - 1103KB) Opens in new window
Appellants', Complainants' And Police Officers' Satisfaction With The Independent Police Complaints Commission (pdf - 304KB) Opens in new window
Departmental Overview: A summary of the NAO's work on the Home Office 2011-12
Financial management in the Home Office
(Apr 2012)
Mobile technology in policing


text:
En Envor
As a discipline producing knowledge, history is historiography's twin. And what historiography prefers are new angles and new approaches. This is basically what Justin Dolan Stovers brings us reconsidering in a connected history perspective the famous Irish 1916 Easter and its influence upon Breton nationalist movement.
Justin Dolan STOVER
Ph.D., Transnational Europe, modern Ireland, nationalism and conflict
History Department, Idaho State University, USA
In its chronology of "The Bretons," the Longman Companion to European Nationalism candidly identifies the 1916 Easter Rising as having "inspired Breton nationalists."1 This is undoubtedly true. However, the detached tone in which this historic stimulus is often presented significantly downplays the depth and complexity of the Breton-Irish relationship. Ireland and Brittany, as well as expatriate Irish and Bretons throughout France, interacted in a variety of ways prior to the Great War and throughout the Irish revolutionary period (1916-23). Though concentrated, such influences helped to develop Breton nationalism and legitimize the internationalism of the Irish independence movement. The centenary of the of 1916 Easter Rising invites a revisiting of this relationship, its cultural roots and political connections, and the extent and nature of the Easter Rising's reception abroad.
Connections before the First World War
Catholicism has provided an important cultural link between Ireland and France throughout the modern period, one Great Britain often interpreted beyond a religious commonality. Penal Laws reducing Catholic influence and political access were instituted in an attempt to suppress Jacobite threats to the Protestant Ascendancy in Britain and Ireland. More direct efforts were made to monitor the extent and influence of Irish nationalism in the wake of the Great Famine (1845-52), particularly as leading ideologues within the Young Ireland movement had attempted to internationalize the Irish cause in France and North America. French interest in Ireland expanded in the late nineteenth century as British imperialism threatened to marginalize French interests in Africa. During this time, Paul Cambon, French ambassador to Great Britain, dutifully reported on Irish public opinion and nationalist activity to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Théophile Delcassé. Outside government circles, Irish channels in France echoed nationalist sentiment from home. For example, an 1897 edition of L'Irlande Libre – "the voice of Irish ex-patriots in Paris" – identified England as "the enemy of peace in the world," referencing Britain's naval hegemony and colonial expansion. This tone softened following the Entente Cordiale, as Britain and France drew closer in the face of expanding German power in Europe. However, political dissenters and cultural activists remained active in both Brittany and Ireland; both argued for devolved or regionalist political autonomy and revived folk legends in literature to to demonstrate distinct and separate historic traditions. These movements, along with contributors from Scotland and Wales, helped to create and strengthen pan-Celtic identity.2
Different movements
Ironically, pillars of Breton and Irish cultural revival operated in their respective métropoles, Paris, London and Dublin, as opposed to the exalted rural peripheries they honored.3 While Anatole le Braz ,Le Braz, W.B. Yeats, and Lady Gregory infused their work with Celtic interpretation, debate on home rule, regionalism, and political devolution was present throughout the western Celtic periphery, in Brittany and Ireland as well as Scotland and Wales. Social, athletic, political, and linguistic complements to the literary scene were experienced in the Gaelic League, Gaelic Athletic Association, Young Scots Society, Young Wales, and the Breton Regionalist Union. Attempts at broader, Celtic cohesion were present in the Celtic Literary Society, the Pan-Celtic Congress, and the Celtic Association. Though unable to achieve levels of membership or influence enjoyed by intra-national organizations, pan-Celticism suggested a reciprocal partnership, something Breton poet Camille Le Mercier d'Erm observed as evidence of "racial solidarity."4
Postcard. Private collection.
Such cohesion was welcomed from a variety of observers. "Taldir" (François Jessrennou), Breton poet and co-founder of the Breton Regionalist Union, cheered the founding of Celtia, a pan-Celtic magazine published by the Dublin Celtic Association:
Thanks then to ye, people of Ireland, and to you especially, » Negesydd o'r [Messenger of] Ynyswerdd, » for your work on behalf of our countries through good times and bad. We in Brittany are with you[.]5
The Celtic Review, first published in 1904, featured contributions from Irish, Scottish, and Welsh authors and poets, and dedicated and entire issue to Breton proverbs.6 In 1912, the French Celtic League(La Ligue Celtique Française) published La Poetique, which coordinated and translated news from throughout the Celtic periphery. Outside literary sphere, few other examples demonstrate individual or local impressions of the Breton-Irish connection before the Great War. Irish records provide some narrow views. After being married, Desmond and Mabel Fitzgerald escaped to St. Jean du Doigt, north of Morlaix, which Desmond had learned of during his earlier involvement with the Imagist poet group.7 Around the same time, Reverend Brother Denis O'Dowd shared his knowledge of Irish, Welsh, Manx, French and Breton with Christian Brothers School students in Dingle, County Kerry. The encounter left a deep impression on young Tadhg Kennedy, who would later join the Irish Republican Army's Kerry Brigade.8
Efforts to organize pan-Celtic literary community exceeded any political coordination prior to the Great War. In Ireland, the Sinn Féin political party stayed true to its name, "Ourselves alone," while the Fédération Régionaliste de Bretagne and the Breton Nationalist Party, both founded in 1911, grew its structures in Brittany. Nevertheless, by the summer of 1914 Breton regionalists had greatly aligned various causes toward cultural and political autonomy, and an Irish Home Bill had passed in the House of Commons at Westminster. In many ways, expectations featured in a 1901 issue of Celtia, which stated that the twentieth century would recognize "those characteristics which distinguish the Celtic nationalities from their more powerful neighbors," seemed prophetic.9
The outbreak of war in Europe significantly altered the trajectories of Irish and Breton nationalism. Irish Home Rule became law but its application was postponed until hostilities ended. Political leaders John Redmond and Edward Carson called on their respective nationalist and unionist followers to enroll in Irish divisions of the British army; Irish and Ulster Volunteer units flocked to enlistment centers in variant displays of loyalty to Britain.10 Overall, Ireland contributed nearly a quarter-million soldiers. Over one million Bretons served during the First World War. However, it was their casualty rate that distinguished them within the French army; Breton losses approached twenty-two per cent – higher than the seventeen per cent national average.11 Cultural nationalists continued their work throughout the war, while the political groups they complemented became increasingly marginalized. Though not a major party before 1916, Sinn Féin organizers were curtailed by the Defense of the Realm Act, and the Breton Nationalist Party suspended its activity in recognition of the political Union Sacrée in France.
John Redmond presents an Irish flag to the Irish Volunteers ca. 1915. University College Cork, Ireland.
While the war had aligned certain sections of British and French society, it threatened to radicalize others. Certain Irish factions viewed the war as an opportunity to strike for independence. The inner circle of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an oath-bound republican society, began plans for a rebellion to overthrow British rule in Ireland. The war also spurred Breton nationalism. As Jack Reece has argued,
By thoroughly disrupting Breton society through mobilization of its people for war production at home and military service at the front and by causing the deaths of so many of its most vigorous young men, the war generated new resentments while it rekindled old ones.12
By 1915, French officials also recognized the war's potential to transform Irish society. "We in France don't understand the Irish question," wrote Cambon.
[F]or many years it appeared to us a religious question, or an agrarian question, or a question of parliamentary parties, but it is truly a national question and it resumes its full extent under the influence of the war, which everywhere awakens the old instincts of nations.13
The 1916 Easter Rising
Irish separatist nationalism matured as the war progressed. A disastrous campaign at Gallipoli in 1915 resulted in extensive casualties within Irish units, fuelling resentment.
Irish Easter
Throughout Ireland, a small but influential contingent of the Irish Volunteers, ostensibly led by Eoin MacNeill, refused enlistment in the British army and insisted that fighting for Ireland did not imply service abroad. Irish Republican Brotherhood leadership, which had infiltrated key positions within the Volunteers, agreed. On Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, a small contingent of the Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, and Cumman na mBan (women's auxiliary) numbering approximately 1,500, occupied symbolic positions throughout Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. The rebels held their positions through most of the week, until shelling from British artillery, subsequent fires, and the possibility of further civilian deaths prompted Padraig Pearse, Commander-in-Chief of rebel forces, to surrender.
Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street), Dublin, after the Rising. Wikicommons.
The Easter Rising had a profound impact in Ireland and abroad. The physical destruction of Dublin was extensive;14 separation women, whose husbands were at the front harassed rebels en route to their internment in Britain. French military directors were confident of German complicity. From London, French Military Attaché, Colonel de la Panouse, attempted to relay ground truth to the Minister of War in Paris.15 On 25 April, Tuesday of Easter Week, he delivered news that the rebels were "in the pay of our enemies [Germany]".16 Cambon, too, pointed to German influence. Toward the end of Easter week he issued a telegram to French ambassadors and ministers throughout Europe stating that although the Rising emanated from a variety of factors, it "was surely caused by the German leaders."17 Suspicion was not unfounded. Former British diplomat Roger Casement had traveled to Germany in late 1914 to recruit a fighting force from Irishmen within British Army prisoner of war camps. The force never materialized as planned and Casement was delivered to Ireland via German submarine on Good Friday in an attempt to stop the rebellion. Overall, France was relieved that the Easter Rising had not significantly upset the Allied war effort.18
Breton Easter
The Easter Rising significantly impacted Brittany in 1916 and thereafter, and inspired the further development of Breton nationalism. But how did it do so, and why? Immediate local reaction to the Rising in Brittany is difficult to discern. More intimate impressions were conveyed retrospectively, but nevertheless suggest the Rising's transformative impact. Several individuals, who would come to revitalize Breton nationalism following the Great War, were deeply moved. For the adolescent François Debauvais, the Rising was said to have produced an instantaneous conversion in Brittany, "arousing their ethnic Breton feeling."19 Olier Mordrel, a Parisian-born Breton, recalled how "it was the Dublin rising of Irish patriots on Easter Sunday 1916 that instantly transformed the fifteen-year-old [Debauvais],"20 who Bretonized his name to "Fanch" and inscribed Vive l'Irlande on walls throughout Rennes.21 Mordrel was himself moved, and dreamt of how Bretons might emulate Ireland by staging a rebellion directed from post office of Rennes. "A thousand times we went to sleep dreaming of being in combat," he later wrote in a history of Breton nationalism, "and we slept happily."22
Ruins of the Metropole Hotel on Sackville Street. Wikicommons.
Cultural nationalist and poet Camille Le Mercier d'Erm produced a book of poetry shortly after suppression of the Easter Rising and execution of its principal leaders. "Ode aux martyrs de 1916" was dedicated to "The Martyrs of Ireland, fallen or imprisoned for their just cause in April-May 1916, and [to] the memory of all those who suffered and died before them." A pamphlet of poems prepared under the title Irlande à jamais!, conveyed sympathy and admiration for Ireland and helped to develop the emerging interpretation of the Rising as an act of selfless national salvation.23 One poem in particular, written amidst the post-Rising executions, urged Bretons to rebel as Ireland had done:
The wind of freedom is blowing across the moor,
Despite the Franks and their efforts
[It] blows increasingly strong. …
[It] awakened … the valiant Sinn Féin and the Fenians;
The winds of freedom [are] blowing across the moor,
Tomorrow, after the Fenians
Awaken the great Chouans.24
But Brittany did not follow Ireland down the path of open rebellion, nor was it believed that imitation was necessary. Instead, some viewed the Easter Rising as having served a wider Celtic cause. Louis N. Le Roux, a contemporary of Le Mercier d'Erm and co-founder of the Breton Nationalist Party, confessed that, "Easter Week was for us a sign of Resurrection and its martyrs died for us too".25 Though a broader, coordinated and pan-Celtic departure into physical force nationalism failed to occur in Brittany, Scotland and Wales, each worked to re-establish their respective cultural programs following the Great War – often using nationalist Ireland and Sinn Féin as a model.
The Irish Revolution, Brittany, and the Celtic periphery
By the autumn of 1916 nationalist Ireland had reinterpreted the Easter Rising from a foolish, opportunist and perhaps treasonous adventure to one a patriotic national redemption, which influenced a significant social and political transformation in the following years.
A founding myth
Sinn Féin gained a mass following at the expense of the traditional, and comparably conservative Irish Parliamentary Party. The 1918 anti-conscription campaign further alienated Britain and the war effort while personifying social and political rebellion against British influence as patriotic. As the war entered its final phases, newspapers throughout Europe offered ostensive support for the Irish cause; the French ministry of foreign affairs continued to monitor "The Irish issue abroad ("La question d'Irlande à l'étranger"),26 while also paying close attention to how France itself was perceived in the Irish press. Following the Armistice, Irish nationalism was communicated to Europe in different ways, thanks mainly to the entrenchment of diplomats of the Irish Republic in most European capitals. France remained central to this dissemination, and to foreign recognition of the Irish independence movement as legitimate. The Great War helped to frame the chronology of the Irish question in France and to establish a common bond of victimhood. In early 1920, George Gavan Duffy, Irish republican envoy to Paris, outlined the development of Irish nationalism from the French point of view: that was, "avant la guerre … pendant la guerre… [and] après la guerre".27
During the 19th Anniversary of the Easter Rising of 1916 in Dublin.
Development of Ireland's revolutionary narrative, including Sinn Féin's political victory and popularized accounts of the exploits of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), established a benchmark for sedition within the Celtic periphery and stimulated radical nationalism abroad.28 For instance, the political philosophy of Sinn Féin inspired the resurrection of the Scottish Home Rule movement and the Scots National Movement after the war. One vocal adherent, Robert Erskine Marr, kept a steady correspondence with Art Ó Briain, who organized the Irish Self-Determination League of Great Britain from London. His encouragement of Irish-Scottish collaboration was often overt, as in this letter from October 1920:
The tragic death of Mac Suibhne [Terence MacSwiney, who died on hunger strike in Brixton jail in 1920] renders distasteful to one any mere expression of honor, indignation and sympathy, as words are quite inadequate upon an occasion so infinitely distressing, that I felt sure I am but voicing the sentiments of all Scottish Nationalists when I say that we feel his death as poignantly as you yourselves do. Let us mourne today, but tomorrow for revenge! And I have long thought that the best revenge we can concert for all such atrocities (and the record of English rule in Ireland and Scotland is full of them) is for Irish and Scots to stand together, and shoulder to shoulder to fight to free their usurped countries from the cause of more atrocities. I am firmly persuaded that Ireland and Scotland are strong enough to destroy English rule in both those countries; but I think that neither is, nor ever can be, strong enough to effect that object unless the two combine to achieve it.
Brittany too
Breton nationalism evolved as well, drawing inspiration from Ireland while attempting to foster broader Celtic ties. In 1919 Debauvais and Mordrel founded the Parti National Breton,or the Breton Autonomist Party, which attracted more radical nationalists than had subscribed to Le Mercier d'Erm's prewar organization, which had sought only localized Breton control of culture, language, and education.29 Mordrel confessed that advocating a "Brittany Only" policy on a par with Sinn Féin separatism was the only way to remove "foreign ideology" from the region.30 This outlook was articulated through the journal Breizh Atao (Brittany Forever), which was first published in January 1919 and promoted for the foundation of an independent Breton state.31 Mordrel also worked in Paris to publish and distribute pamphlets exposing the violent nature of the Irish revolution, particularly the terrorism practiced by the "Black and Tans."32 In 1920, Robert Bengnay (alias O'Benkett) attempted to establish a "Sinn Féin Organization of Brittany," which included branches in Angers, Brest, and Rennes. Founded with the aim of pressuring the French government to recognize the Irish Republic, it recorded thirty members by April. However, the Sinn Féin executive in Dublin ordered Bengnay to cease his activities, stating that he had not been given permission to represent Sinn Féin in France.33
Historical evidence of the Easter Rising's immediate impression in Brittany and on Breton nationalism is somewhat elusive but signs of its enduring influence are apparent. Foundational ties in literary and linguistic culture prior to the Great War matured after 1914. The 1916 Easter Rising was foundational in developing this relationship and radicalizing its interpretation. At times, however, it appeared that Irish nationalist influence in Brittany was nonreciprocal. This has less to do with grassroots efforts on the Continent than with Sinn Féin's desire for international recognition by postwar powers. However, wider support and the absence of open rebellion in Brittany should not be viewed as signs of an ungrateful people. The Rising, and the sacrifice it represented inspired future generations. The now iconic May 1935 issue of Breiz Atao reminded readers that it had been nineteen years since "the Irish saved their country by shedding their blood for it." In 1966, Bretons and other minority nationalist groups framed a pan-Celtic celebration around the Easter Rising's fiftieth anniversary.34 Far from a minor scuffle on the fringe of the world's first industrial war, the Easter Rising resonated beyond Dublin and, as is evident in the growing literature on its global significance, far beyond 1916.
Assistant Professor of History, Idaho State University
1 PEARSON, Raymond, The Longman companion to European nationalism, 1789-1920, United Kingdom, Longman Group, 1994, p. 110-11.
2 See BERRESFORD-ELLIS, Peter, The Celtic revolution: a study in anti-imperialism, Wales, Y Lolfa Cyf, 1985; 2000; BERRESFORD-ELLIS, Peter, Celtic dawn, Wales, Y Lolfa Cyf, 1993; 2002; GREENSBERG, William, The flags of the forgotten: nationalism on the Celtic fringe, Brighton, Clifton Books, 1969; STOVER, Justin Dolan, "Celtic nationalism in the period of the Great War: establishing transnational connections" in FURCHTGOTT, Deborah, HENLY, Georgia and HOLMBERG, Matthew, Proceedings of the Harvard celtic colloquium, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2013, p. 286-301.
3 REECE,Jack E., Bretons against France: ethnic minority nationalism in twentieth-century Brittany, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1977, p. 36.
4 LE MERCIER D'ERM, Camille, Les hymnes nationaux des peuples celtiques, Paris, 1920, p. 11.
5 Celtia, Jan. 1901, on line archive.
6 HINGAUT, Abbé and VALLEE, François (Ab. Hervé), "Proverbs of Brittany", The Celtic Review, April 1905, p. 316.
7 In the opening of his autobiography, Fitzgerald states he was "living abroad;" his editor added "in Brittany." FITZGERALD, Desmond, Desmond's rising: memoirs 1913 to Easter 1916, Dublin, Liberties Press, 1968; 2006, p. 11; FOSTER, R.F., Vivid faces: the revolutionary generation in Ireland, 1890-1923, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2015, p. 124-5.
8 Statement of Tadgh Kennedy, Irish Military Archives, bureau of military history, witness statement 1413, p. 13-14.
9 Celtia: a pan-Celtic monthly magazine, Jan. 1901, p. 1. A welcoming review of Celtia was featured in The Academy, 12 Jan. 1901, p. 24.
11 FITZPATRICK, David, "The logic of collective sacrifice: Ireland and the British army, 1914-1918" The Historical Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, Dec. 1995, p. 1017-1030.
12 LAFON, Alexandre, "War losses (France)" in DANIEL, Ute, GATRELL, Peter, JANZ, Oliver, JONES, Heather, KEENE, Jennifer, KRAMER, Alan, and NASSON, Bill (eds), 1914-1918- online: international encyclopedia of the First World War, Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, 2014, REECE, Bretons against France…, op. cit., p. 88.
12 REECE, Bretons against France…, op. cit., p. 88-9.
13 Cambon, Paul, to Delcassé, Théophile, 14 June 1915 in Archives Diplomatiques, Ministère des Affaires étrangères; guerre, 1914-1918: Grande-Bretagne, Irlande, Mars 1915-Nov. 1916.
14 See STOVER, Justin Dolan, "The destruction of Dublin" in Century Ireland, 1913-1923, RTÉ.
15 ANN DE WIEL, Jérôme, The Irish factor 1899-1919: Ireland's strategic and diplomatic importance for foreign powers, Dublin, Irish academic press, 2011, p. 218; De la Panouse to Rocques, Pierre ("Minister of War"), 25 April 1916, Archives Diplomatiques, Ministère des Affaires étrangères, guerre, 1914-1918: Grande-Bretagne, Irlande, Mars 1915-Nov. 1916.
16 De la Panouse to Rocques, 25 April 1916, Archives Diplomatiques.
17 Cambon telegram, 27 April 1916. Archives Diplomatiques.
18 ABAYAWICKREMA, Ronan, "My 1916: '1,200 Irish died while the Rising raged, most serving with British forces overseas'", Irish Independent, 14 Oct. 2015.
19 REECE, Bretons against France…, op. cit., p. 89.
20 Ibid., p. 238, n. 16 citing MORDREL, Olier, "Fransez Debauvais, I," in Ar Vro 1, Pâques 1959, p. 14.
21 O CIOSAIN, Eamon, "La Bretagne et l'Irlande pendant l'entre-deux guerres", Dalc'homp sonj, nos. 22-3, spring-summer, 1988, p. 29-35, citing BOUESSEL DU BOURG, Yann, Dalc'homp Sonj. no. 7; MOFFATT, Bernard, La Liga Celtia, 28 Dec. 2015; LEACH, Daniel, "'Repyaing a debt of gratitude': foreign minority nationslists and the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter rising in 1966", Éire-Ireland, fall/winter 2008, p. 267.
22 MOFFATT, Bernard, "The impact of 1916 reverberated beyond Ireland and the Celtic countries", La Liga Celtia, 28 Dec. 2015; O CIOSAIN, "La Bretagne et l'Irlande pendant l'entre-deux guerres", art. cit., p. 29-35.
23 LE MERCIER D'ERM, Camille (ed), Irlande à jamais! Edition du parti nationaliste Breton, 1919, National Library of Ireland, pamphlets, IR 300, p. 53.
24 Ibid. Also cited in O CIOSAIN, "La Bretagne et l'Irlande pendant l'entre-deux guerres", art. cit. p 29-35.
25 "Biography of Louis Napoleon Le Roux (1890-1944)", Carn: A Link Between Celtic Nations, 9, May 1975, p. 21, cited in n. 17 of LEACH, Daniel, "Bezen Perrot: The Breton nationalist unit of the SS, 1943-5.", e-Keltoi: Journal of interdisciplinary Celtic studies, 4, 6 Feb. 2008.
26 Archives Diplomatiques, Ministère des Affaires étrangères: Irlande, no. 1, Z-282-1.1a 2-7-18-20, Affaires intérieures.
27 GAVAN DUFFY, George "La Question Irlandaise: Exposée par un Sinn-Feiner", Les Cahiers, c. 23 April 1920, National Library of Ireland, p. 2282.
28 STOVER, Justin Dolan, "A different four nations approach? Celtic nationalism in the period of the Great War", The Four Nations History Network blog, 4 Aug. 2014.
29 J.M.H., "Regionalism", The Irish Statesman, 1:6, 2 Aug. 1919, p. 140.
30 GUIN, Yannick, Histoire de la Bretagne de 1789 à nos Jours: Contribution à une Critique de l'Idéologie Nationalism, Paris, François Maspéro, 1977, p. 201-2.
31 S.a., preface by Gwynfor, Evans, Breton nationalism, Denbigh: Welsh nationalist party, 1949, p. 19.
32 O CIOSAIN, Eamon, "La Bretagne et l'Irlande pendant l'entre-deux guerres," p. 29-35.
33 MacWhite, M., to unknown [addressed to 1 rue André Gill, Paris], 2 April 1920, National Library of Ireland, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington Papers, MS 22691.
34 LEACH, Daniel, "'Repyaing a debt of gratitude': foreign minority nationalists and the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising in 1966", Éire-Ireland, fall/winter 2008, p. 267-89.


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Home / Fiction / Journey of the Promise
Journey of the Promise
In Journey of the Promise, popular author JoAnn Arnold brings to those who enjoyed her previous books another novel of adventure and intrigue. Callie McAllister falls in love with the perfect man and moves into the perfect house, but she wakes up one morning to find that things are far from perfect. In her search for answers, Callie discovers the journal of young Antone Bellani. As she reads the experiences of her husband's great-great-grandfather, her life takes on new meaning. Soon she sets out on an incredible journey that leads her through secret rooms and hidden caves to those who have waited hundreds of years for her to fulfill a promise made in another time. Intriguing chapter titles include: Paris, The Secret Room, Unlocking the Past, The Ancient Script, The Disguise, a Game Without Rules, Strength of a Cowboy, Escape, and A Promise Fulfilled. JoAnn Arnold is also the author of The Silent Patriots, Pages from the Past, and Miracles for Michael. Journey of the Promise is another exciting novel in the same mystery-fiction genre.
Journey of the Promise quantity
SKU: 6533 Category: Fiction Tag: JoAnn Arnold
by JoAnn Arnold
In Journey of the Promise, popular author JoAnn Arnold brings to those who enjoyed her previous books another novel of adventure and intrigue.
Callie McAllister falls in love with the perfect man and moves into the perfect house, but she wakes up one morning to find that things are far from perfect.
In her search for answers, Callie discovers the journal of young Antone Bellani. As she reads the experiences of her husband's great-great-grandfather, her life takes on new meaning.
Soon she sets out on an incredible journey that leads her through secret rooms and hidden caves to those who have waited hundreds of years for her to fulfill a promise made in another time. Intriguing chapter titles include: Paris, The Secret Room, Unlocking the Past, The Ancient Script, The Disguise, a Game Without Rules, Strength of a Cowboy, Escape, and A Promise Fulfilled.
JoAnn Arnold is also the author of The Silent Patriots, Pages from the Past, and Miracles for Michael. Journey of the Promise is another exciting novel in the same mystery-fiction genre.
Something Lost, Something Learned
Renewing Precious Relationships
Unlocking the Past
Where Power Lies
The Ancient Script
Another Time, Another People
The Disguise
The Dream, the Reality
Prison of Freedom
A Game without Rules
A Little Boy's Story
Strength of a Cowboy
A Promise Fulfilled
6″ x 9″ paperback
Whence Comes the Rain: A Novel
The Feather of the Owl
The Silent Patriots Forever
You're viewing: Journey of the Promise $14.98


text:
Q: Terminal "ls" command sorting flagged files ls -lO

lists "restricted" flagged files as well as the rest
Is it possible to limit the list just to these files and/or to list them sorted first or last in the list?

A: You can grep for 'restricted' to restrict the results to just restricted files.
$ ls -lO | grep restricted
drwxr-xr-x@   5 root  wheel  restricted         160 21 Sep 05:05 System
drwxr-xr-x@  37 root  wheel  restricted,hidden 1184 21 Sep 05:17 bin
⋮

To sort by file flags, pipe to sort -k 5
$ ls -lO | sort -k 5
total 20
drwxr-xr-x    2 root  wheel  -                   64  1 Sep 15:47 AppleInternal
⋮
dr-xr-xr-x    2 root  wheel  hidden               1 14 Dec 22:10 home
⋮
-rw-r--r--    1 root  wheel  hidden,compressed  313 18 Aug 01:55 installer.failurerequests
⋮
drwxr-xr-x@   5 root  wheel  restricted         160 21 Sep 05:05 System


Thanks. I would have forgotten.
Thanks, I will watch it later tonight, as usual.
The show is going to run out of ideas if they continue to do two extraordinary or untested surgeries in each show. One would be enough. I find the most interesting part of the show is not these oddities & CGI, but how Shaun relates to people in every day situations.


There is parking available in Q-park Nieuwendijk public parking garage. The parking fee is € 3 for 29 minutes (or a part of it). As a guest of the hotel you pay € 44.00 per 24 hours. This special rate is only available at the reception of the hotel. The discounted rate per 24 hours is only available for guests who stay maximum 5 nights in a row. After this period, the normal rate applies, which is € 9.00 per hour.
Please note that the fixed amount stated in the prepayment conditions is a security deposit. It is required upon arrival, and will be refunded after an inspection of the apartment on the day of departure.
Please note that for non-refundable bookings credit card payments you will be charged in your local currency.
Please note that the maximum height of the parking garage is 1.90 meters.
An air-conditioned room with leather armchairs and flat-screen TV. The room also comes with tea/coffee making facilities and a private bathroom with a shower, bath, hairdryer and free toiletries.
This modern room includes a king size bed.
This spacious room includes a large desk with an office chair and a designer armchair.
Each of these air-conditioned rooms include a leather armchair and flat-screen TV. It also comes with tea/coffee making facilities and a private bathroom with a shower, bath, hairdryer and free toiletries.
This suite is located in a 17th century monumental part of the hotel and is decorated with wooden beams and a high ceiling. This room has a whirlpool and a king size Hästens bed. In the suite you will find ironing and pressing equipment, a writing desk and adjustable deskchair. Also can be found the coffee & tea making facilities, adjustable air conditioning, a flat-screen TV, leather Montis chairs and a safe. The bathroom is equipped with a bath & shower, hairdryer and bathroom and toiletries.
This double room features a seating area, spa bath and air conditioning.
This double room features air conditioning, tea/coffee maker and spa bath.


When you're a company with branches across the country and a malware infection leads to all its outbound email being blacklisted as spam, you have one thing in mind: fix the problem and fix it fast. That's the situation the U.S. operations of Japanese optical sensor maker Hamamatsu found itself in when it turned to a cloud security provider to turn things around in a hurry.
The company had a "best in breed" firewall in place, as well as web filters, packet sniffers, a gateway event analyzer and anti-virus and anti-malware software. None of it, though, prevented the malware from infecting its network connecting its coast-to-coast offices. "We sifted through the firewall logs, and we couldn't determine where it was coming from," explained Hamamatsu's Network Manager of Operations Jim Hnasko.
Making matters worse, the malware began spewing spam from Hamamatsu's network, which resulted in all the company's email being blacklisted and its email being blocked from reaching its customers.
It was apparent the company needed a quick fix so it turned to OpenDNS, which turned out to be an agile choice for the company. "We didn't have to wait to send a quote and get a license," Hnasko said. "We made a call, nailed it and configured it in four hours." That compares to four days just to clear the paperwork for one firewall vendor initially approached by Hamamatsu to solve the problem.
Within eight hours after plugging into OpenDNS, Hamamatsu had neutralized the malware and was no longer blacklisted. Ironically, when the infected machine was identified, it had both anti-virus and anti-malware software running on it.
Two technologies rapidly growing in popularity made swift deployment of the OpenDNS solution possible: virtualization and the cloud. OpenDNS uses virtual appliances that can easily connect the cloud security services on its network to a customer's net. Rather than buying and installing hardware appliances for each of its branch offices, the virtual appliances could be deployed to the offices with a minimum of fuss through the cloud.
Once Hamamatsu's networks were connected to the virtual appliances, all traffic was rerouted through OpenDNS's cloud and its cloud security services. Users are integrated into the OpenDNS virtual appliances through Active Directory and their net usage monitored by Hamamatsu. "It wasn't very challenging to deploy the appliances and Active Directory," Hnasko said.
In addition to the virtual appliances, Hamamatsu also installed OpenDNS's roaming client software on all endpoints that touch its network. "Now we are able to enforce policies on every endpoint that we have," Hnasko explained. "We can also restrict web traffic by destination, filter or category." For example, if a user attempts to go to a website that's been identified as harboring malware, they would automatically be blocked from the site.
An advantage of a cloud security solution is its ability to tailor itself to a user on the fly. "A customer's policy for their employees might be different when the employee is in the office versus when they're out of the office," explained OpenDNS CEO David Ulevitch. "When they're in the office, it could block all security threats and log all their websites. When they're at home, it can be configured to only block security threats and doesn't log what websites they visit."
Installing clients on endpoints sometimes can meet with user resistance because the software can impact an endpoint's performance. That wasn't the case with OpenDNS's app. "When we deployed the agent, we expected users to complain that things were slower," Hnasko said. "We didn't have any complaints. It was almost seamless."
Optimizing security at the expense of a user's experience is an ongoing challenge for solution designers, but it appears to be one that OpenDNS was prepared to tackle. "We've always put performance and security on equal pedestals," Ulevitch said.
Rather than using a simple proxy model, he explained, OpenDNS has an intelligent client that determines what traffic needs to be routed through its cloud and what can go directly to the net. Its solution can segment traffic flows to boost performance. "That allows the performance for the end user to remain high without sacrificing the security component," Ulevitch said. So, for example, the streaming packets for a YouTube video could go directly to the web while all the text, HTML and images associated with the video would be routed to the OpenDNS cloud.
Because all Hamamatsu's traffic is routed through the OpenDNS cloud, Hamamatsu can also get better insights into the security status of its networks. "We can get reports on how many infections we have, if any, and who has them, so we can remediate the issue," Hnasko said. "We're now proactive instead of being reactive."
Since adopting the OpenDNS solution, the results for Hamamatsu have been impressive. "We've noticed a huge decrease in infections," Hnasko noted. "Before OpenDNS, our staff was cleaning machines two to three times a day. Since installing OpenDNS, we haven't seen an infected machine."
What OpenDNS is providing Hamamatsu is security at the "first hop" from the enterprise to the Internet. As the cloud grows as a home for security solutions, competition for control of that first hop will increase, noted Rick Holland, the principal analyst for security and risk management at Forrester. "If you look forward, the battle is going to be for the first hop -- what's the first place your users' traffic goes to in the cloud?" he said. "OpenDNS wants to be the first place you send your traffic to do security on."
Cloud security providers like OpenDNS are well positioned to take advantage of future enterprise network architecture, too, because of the scalability of cloud solutions, he added. In three to five years, much of the Web traffic that's being backhauled to a central location will be routed through local access points to reduce costs. "In the past, a company may have had a handful of Internet points of presence," Holland said. "In the future, almost all remote locations will be going to the Internet."
"When that happens," he continued, "deploying hardware will be like death by a thousand cuts for an organizaiton. Cloud-based security models are much more scalable and effective."
"If the appliance guys don't focus on the cloud," he added, "they're going to be left holding a bunch of appliances while their customers go to cloud services."


The Center for the Arts in Murfreesboro is always in need of volunteers... If you like the arts, you may want to think about helping out.
To volunteer, call the Center for the Arts office at 615-904-2787 or visit BoroArts.Org and click on the volunteer page.
The Pirates of Penzance: August 11 - 27 A hilarious farce of sentimental pirates, bumbling policemen, dim-witted young lovers and an eccentric Major-General.
A Few Good Men: September 8 - 17 Tells the story of military lawyers at a court-martial who uncover a high-level conspiracy in the course of defending their clients- two United States Marines accused of murder.
Carrie The Musical: October 6 - 22 Adapted from Stephen King's novel Carrie, the musical focuses on an awkward teenage girl with telekinetic powers whose lonely life is dominated by an oppressive, religious fanatic mother.
Catch Me If You Can: November 3 - 19 Based on the unbelievable true story of one of the most famous con artists in history, Frank Abagnale Jr., Catch Me If You Can is a rousing musical set in the 1960's.
A Christmas Carol: December 1 - 17 Ebenezer Scrooge and his ghostly encounters come to life in this beloved Christmas classic.


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> Give A Little Heart: A Spectacular Success
Give A Little Heart: A Spectacular Success
Give a Little Heart raised over $500,000 in support of a wide range of ongoing projects for residents of Judea and Samaria.
presenters one israel fund
One Israel Fund hosted a virtual event and donor campaign called Give a Little Heart, which culminated in an amazing online Evening of Entertainment on Thursday evening. The campaign was an incredible success!
The goal of Give a Little Heart was to give people a chance to reconnect to the Land of Israel from afar by contributing to the $360,000 goal to help support the communities of Judea and Samaria. This campaign gave everyone the chance to tap into the part of them that belongs to the Land of Israel, and give to the people living in our Heartland.
The communities of Judea and Samaria face many challenges in their day-to-day lives as they actively work to protect and defend what's rightfully ours. Thanks to the support of our donors, Give a Little Heart raised over $500,000 in support of a wide range of ongoing projects that will improve all aspects of life for the nearly 500,000 residents of Judea and Samaria. As an organization, One Israel Fund is extremely grateful to all those who contributed toward making the campaign a success.
The Evening of Entertainment was absolutely incredible as well. Nachum Segal was the perfect host, taking the audience through each part of the program seamlessly. Both Scott M. Feltman, EVP, and Eve Harow, Director of Community Development and Tourism, shared incredible and inspiring words about One Israel Fund's widespread impact. Amongst all of the outstanding videos, the unbelievable stories about some of the lifesaving security work, under the leadership of the director of security projects, Marc Provisor, was incredible and inspiring to watch. The audience was also privileged to hear from Col. Golan Vach, commander of the IDF Search and Rescue Unit, who led the rescue effort in Surfside, Miami, earlier this year as well as many other similar disasters throughout the world.
The entertainment aspect of the program was provided by the fascinating vlogger Hillel Fuld, and the comedy of Ashley Blaker. The audience was also treated to a breathtaking musical performance and trek through the Heartland by renowned violinist Ariella Zeitlin.
All in all, the campaign and the event were both unprecedented successes. Thank you to all those who participated. We couldn't have done it without you.
As Jacqueline Herman, president of One Israel Fund said, "There is no other organization that has as big an impact on the lives of those living in Judea and Samaria as One Israel Fund. It saves lives, improves lives and brings hope to so many."
To find out more about One Israel Fund and their mission, visit oneisraelfund.org.


Brahmanand Swami's life epitomizes the pinnacle of renunciation – a fact that remains difficult to fathom even today. Because of his sharp intellect and mesmerizing ability to captivate audiences, Ladudanji's name, even before he had completed his studies, spread rapidly like wild fire. His qualities were praised throughout the land. Riches shadowed him wherever he went, as kings and ministers fell at his feet with melted hearts enchanted by the words that effortlessly flowed from his mouth.
When Ladudanji first performed in the court assembly in Kutch, the audience listened with pin-drop silence. Time itself had stopped. It was four o'clock in the morning and not a soul fluttered. The next day when Ladudanji was leaving, he was showered with gifts: 151 gold coins, embroidered garments, gold rings, an expensive warm Kashmiri shawl...along with an insistent invitation to return soon. This type of welcome and farewell became a convention for Ladudanji.
When he arrived at the palace in Bhuj, Ladudanji was welcomed with a grandeur suitable for kings. The palace queens sat him on a seat plated with gold and silver and washed his hands with rosewater. Within moments, small bowls filled to the brim with expensive almonds, pistachios, cashews and other delicacies were offered in a gold plate as appetizers. Servants stood on either side steadily fanning him.
In Dhrangadhra, Ladudanji left the assembly awestruck when he unhesitatingly solved questions and riddles from a variety of academic fields (mathematics, astronomy, astrology, poetry, translations in seven different languages, etc.). One hundred different professionals had come to ask these questions. Ladudanji accomplished this impossible feat with surprising ease within only an hour and without a mistake. Astounded by his talent and intelligence, the king awarded Ladudanji 25,000 rupees. His performance in Dhrangadhra earned him the title 'Shatavdhani'. His prominence uncontrollably spread in all directions. Countless kings begged him to grace their palaces and assemblies. After personally witnessing his unparalleled skill, the courtiers in Jamnagar viewed Ladudanji as a divine incarnation from the heavens. Hence, Ladudanji's reputation became godly. He was worshipped wherever he went and his lifestyle rivalled even that of kings. He possessed countless priceless jewels and gems, exquisite jewellery, expensive garments and elegant shawls. In addition he had 16 horses, 7 camels, and 4 bulls. He was accompanied day and night by 50 servants, 25 guards and 25 riders. Ladudanji was drowned amid these unimaginable wealth and comforts.
However, it all faded away in a flash. Not only did they physically vanish, but all the luxurious comforts which Ladudanji had effortlessly obtained were erased from his mind and heart. This drastic transformation was the reason Ladudanji was able to become a priceless gem in Shriji Maharaj's eyes.
When Ladudanji portrayed his skill in the court of King Vajesinha of Bhavnagar, the king summoned the state's goldsmith to measure the poet and then generously adorn him with gold. Seeing the tilak-chandlo on the goldsmith's forehead, Ladudanji was overwhelmed with curiosity. The king clarified, "In the village of Gadhada in my state, one by the name of Swaminarayan has come, whom the Kathis believe to be God incarnate. Please go there yourself and find out the truth." Eager to test Bhagwan Swaminarayan, Ladudanji set off for Gadhada making four wishes: to be called by his name, to be garlanded with roses worn by Bhagwan Swaminarayan, to see the Bhagvat wrapped in a black cloth and to see the sixteen divine signs of God on Maharaj's feet. The moment the poet stepped in the small village, he was submerged in a divine and peaceful experience. One by one, Ladudanji's wishes came to life right before his eyes. For the first time, the person who would naturally leave everyone else awestruck felt speechless. Ladudanji's heart stopped as he became hypnotized by Maharaj's divine attraction. He drowned himself in Maharaj's form, experiencing bliss that was beyond the materialistic comforts he was accustomed to. This experience, as well as the inspiration he received from other devotees, Ladudanji unhesitatingly and permanently renounced his luxuries and requested Maharaj to initiate him as a sadhu. Pleased by his spiritual eagerness, Maharaj initiated Ladudanji and initially named him Shrirangdas. He later became known as Brahmanand Swami. Ladudanji took his first step towards relinquishing a lush bed of roses to walk on a path of painful thorns.


The application form for admission to the I Semester Degree Courses is issued by the College Office or Download from our website. Students seeking admission can obtain the application form by paying the prescribed fee. The application form is non transferable. Duly filled in application forms are to be submitted at the concerned section of the College Office within the prescribed date of submission.
The call letter for admission will be sent to the candidate. Accordingly after counseling and scrutiny of the originals & the application form he/she shall appear before the interview committee on the stipulated date which will recommend the candidate for admission to the admission committee which will complete the admission process thereof. The stipulated fee shall be paid immediately on confirmation of admission. The following points are to be noted.
Admissions to various classes are open to boys and girls. Admissions are made as per the rules and regulations of the University and the Government.
Every student seeking admission must be introduced in person by his/her parent or responsible guardian at the time of admission.
Students eligible for admission at the time of joining the college must give an undertaking that they will adhere to the rules and regulations of the college.
If any student decides to leave the college after getting admitted for any course fees collected will not be refunded under any circumstances.
A pass in 10+2, PUC or equivalent is the minimum eligibility required to obtain admission to Degree Courses, that are made usually in the month of August every year.