Annual reports provide information about the Fair Work Commission's achievements, corporate arrangement and performance.
The President of the Fair Work Commission is required under the Fair Work Act 2009 to prepare an annual report on the operations of the Commission, for tabling in the Australian Parliament. The General Manager of the Fair Work Commission is required under the Public Service Act 1999 and the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013 to prepare an annual report on the agency's activities, for tabling in the Australian Parliament.
the Australian Fair Pay Commission Secretariat (AFPC Secretariat).
Reports prior to 1997–98 are available in hardcopy only. For access to these earlier annual reports, contact our library by email at librarian@fwc.gov.au.


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FSU | The Center for Leadership & Social Change
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The Center for Leadership & Social Change
PeaceJam Southeast to host Nobel Peace Laureate Tawakkol Karman
Thu, 03/28/2019 - 12:00 PM
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Tawakkol Karman will speak at Florida State University about her efforts to improve peace and human rights in the Middle East and around the world.
Nobel Peace Laureate Tawakkol Karman
Karman will give a public talk on Friday, April 5 before spending the weekend with students from across the region for PeaceJam Southeast's annual conference, themed "Stand Out, Speak Up." Friday's event, including a reception after the talk, is free and open to the public.
The public talk will take place on Friday, April 5 at 6 p.m. in the Augustus B. Turnbull Conference Center located at 555 W Pensacola Street, Tallahassee, FL.
Karman was born in 1979 in Taiz, Yemen's third largest city. She grew up in a politically tumultuous country and witnessed the unification of North and South Yemen in 1990, followed by a civil war between the two factions in 1994, in which the North triumphed over the South. The civil war led to dissidence in the South as the repressive Northern government assumed control over the country. A journalist by profession and human rights activist by nature, Karman responded to the political instability and human rights abuses in Yemen by mobilizing others and reporting on injustices. In 2005, Karman founded the organization Women Journalists Without Chains, which advocates for rights and freedoms and provides media skills to journalists.
In 2007, Karman began organizing weekly protests in Yemen's capitol, Sana'a, targeting systemic government repression and calling for inquiries into corruption and other forms of social and legal injustice. Karman's weekly protests continued until 2011, when she mobilized protesters to support the Arab Spring, a movement calling for government reform across the Middle East and Northern Africa. Karman was arrested several times, including on Jan. 22, 2011 when she was accused of disturbing Yemen's peace and social security. She was set free after large-scale protests demanded her release.
When Karman was awarded the prize in 2011 at the age of 32, she became first Yemeni, the first Arab woman, the second Muslim woman, and the youngest peace laureate at the time. Karman is known as "The Mother of the Revolution" for her in nonviolent struggle to ensure the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peacebuilding work in Yemen. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize concurrently with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee.
Since winning the Nobel Peace Prize, Karman has continued her work supporting female journalists and advocating against corruption. She continues to speak out against the civil war and ongoing humanitarian crisis in Yemen in major op-eds, international forums, and on Twitter @TawakkolKarman.
At the talk, Karman will present Florida State University with the PeaceJam Foundation's inaugural Innovative Leadership Award for its outstanding PeaceJam student leadership program, which it notes as a model across the United States and the world.
PeaceJam student leaders at Florida State have hosted Nobel Peace Laureates at 10 Leadership Conferences, transforming the lives of nearly 10,000 students.
Parallel to the youth conference, the PeaceJam Foundation will host an intimate summit of youth leaders advocating for gun safety in the United States. These prominent young activists, who first convened in November at the Youth Summit on Gun Violence in the Americas with Nobel Laureate Jody Williams in Costa Rica, will benefit from the mentorship of Karman, host a workshop, engage in meaningful dialogue with their peers from the Southeast region during the annual Peacejam Southeast youth conference.
PeaceJam is an international education program built around Nobel Peace Prize laureates who work personally with youth to pass on the spirit, skills and wisdom they embody. The goal of PeaceJam is to inspire a new generation of leaders who will transform themselves, their local communities and the world. The Center for Leadership & Social Change at Florida State University serves as the headquarters for PeaceJam's Southeast affiliate.
The mission of the Center for Leadership & Social Change is to transform lives through identity development, leadership education and community engagement. The center runs more than 30 programs for students, faculty and staff to develop skills to create positive, sustainable change in their communities.
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Can Table Salt Be Used To Melt Ice
Can You Use Table Salt To Melt Ice
Does table salt melt ice faster?
Can I use table salt instead of rock salt?
How long does it take ice to melt with salt?
You can certainly use any table salt instead of wasting money on branded melting ice salt. Salt that is made for ice is the same as any table or rock salt. But, if you want to clean ice off your windscreen then make a solution of one tablespoon salt and two cups of water. Spray that on your windscreen!
Using table salt to melt ice or snow is not recommended because you need a lot of table salt. When using kosher salt to melt ice cubes, kosher salt has no advantage over table salt.
Judging by our experiments, table salt turns ice into porridge, heavy and difficult to move in large quantities. If you use table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), to melt ice, the table salt will dissolve into separate sodium ions and chloride ions. Table salt is not suitable for melting ice because it contains sodium chloride NaCl, which is corrosive.
By the way, if you are interested in How To Preserve Carrots, check out my article on that.
Hydrogen peroxide can melt ice, but takes three times as long as sodium chloride salt. Potassium chloride only melts ice when the air temperature is above 15 F, but when combined with other chemicals, it can melt ice at lower temperatures. Continue melting snow and ice until the temperature reaches -13 F. Salt releases 40% less chlorides into the environment than rock salt or calcium chloride. It melts ice because it interacts with ice to form a saline solution.
The only difference is that the melted ice salt is not crushed or processed, which makes the melted ice salt appear discolored. Ice melt salt is made up of larger crystals and is discolored because it is not crushed or processed but is made up of the same mineral. The real reason that applying salt causes ice to melt is because a solution of dissolved salt and water has a lower freezing point than pure water. Ice in contact with salt water then melts, forming more liquid water, which dissolves more salt, causing more ice to melt, and so on.
Elements How
Salt It melts ice because it interacts with ice to form a saline solution.
Table Salt Exothermic or corrosive reaction from the sodium chloride NaCl/salt
Ice melt salt Ice melted with salt water forms more liquid water,
which dissolves more salt, causing more ice to melt
Hydrogen peroxide Takes 3 times faster as a sodium chloride salt
Potassium chloride Only when the air temperature is 15 F
Elements that can Melt Ice
To understand why water with dissolved salts has a lower freezing point than pure water, consider the dynamic exchange that occurs at the boundary of the two phase states when ice and water are in contact. When ionic salt is added to the equation, it lowers the freezing point of water, which means that ice on the ground can no longer freeze that layer of water at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The salt first dissolves in the liquid water film that is always present on the surface, lowering its freezing point below the temperature of ice. It's a bit misleading to say that salt melts ice, even though that's exactly what happens at temperatures close to normal freezing.
Watch this video to learn about the use of Table salt for ice melting
Salt lowers the freezing point, melting is faster than freezing due to the mixture of ice and salt, not just water. Salt water freezes at lower temperatures, depending on the amount of salt in the water. If the roadway temperature is below about 15 degrees Fahrenheit (-9 degrees Celsius), the rock salt will have no effect on the ice.
Pre-treatment with brine can help avoid ice formation and reduce the number of road trucks that need to be sprinkled with salt to thaw the ice later.
Large amounts of salt spread over a large surface can actually melt ice. Using small-grained salt instead of large-grained salt allows the salt to come into contact with a larger ice surface, which melts more. You can also buy other forms of sodium chloride, such as rock salt or water softener salt, but fine-grained salt allows you to spread the salt more efficiently for more melting.
Even if you weren't able to buy rock salt and instead bought iodized salt, the brine in your melt sink will contain beneficial nutrients that plants can use. Salt-loving plants that are the first to absorb salts from the soil are considered to be salt-accumulated soils; some legumes, such as beans, can work. Be careful when using too much salt as it can be harmful to grass and plants. If you want to see lots of green grass and flowers, you may want to consider using less aggressive forms of salt.
Rock salt works wonders for defrosting surfaces and floors and is commonly sold for this specific purpose; check the packaging for instructions on how best to use it.
Whether you add rock salt, table salt, sand, or other organic materials, the purpose of adding salt is to shovel and break the ice next time, not to melt the ice completely. Table salt does help de-icing surfaces like windshields, windows, or sidewalks, but direct spraying isn't the best solution to the problem. Instead, it's best to mix one tablespoon of salt with two cups of water; apply this solution to your windshield and the salt will melt the ice. Salt isn't the only thing that can melt stubborn ice.
To learn about What Can I Use Instead Of Chili Garlic Sauce, check out my article where I cover everything you need to know.
Believe it or not, beetroot juice can be used to melt ice when mixed with water-based brine. 20% beetroot juice will help 80% brine to further lower the freezing point of the water. Sugar is another common household product that can be used for thawing. It does the same thing as table salt and lowers the freezing point of water.
Because rock salt particles are larger than regular salt particles and contain more insoluble impurities, they don't dissolve as much and don't lower the freezing point of water. Rock salt simply cannot enter the frozen water structure to initiate the dissolution process. The drift can be so slow that the water freezes before all the salt dissolves. The rate at which dissolution occurs depends on the temperature and the size of the salt particles.
The two processes are in equilibrium at the freezing point (32°F or 0°C). When salt is sprinkled on ice, it fills the spaces between the water molecules, allowing them to exist in a liquid state. In order to melt ice, Epsom salts must bind to water molecules in the ice. Ice freezes because water molecules are trapped in the crystal structure. The ice cubes float above the liquid, while the salt sinks into the liquid.
So salty ice melts faster. Try putting ice cubes in a glass of cold water. Table salt is most useful on a small or thin layer of ice on days when the temperature is above 0 degrees Fahrenheit. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, a chemical found in Epsom salt, can melt ice.
Ice in contact with dissolved salt melts faster because salt particles make it harder for water particles to freeze back onto the ice. When saltwater travels over the ice ball's surface, it melts the ice along the route, forming channels that seem like rivers.
Instead of rock salt, a thin layer of table salt can be sprinkled over frozen regions. Heat is produced as a result of the chemical reaction between salt and water, which lowers the freezing point of the water in the snow.
To melt ice with salt it may take approximately 15 minutes. Melting of ice depends on how thick the ice is and when you apply the salt pellets.
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text:
FESTIVAL OF TOLERANCE
7th ZAGREB JEWISH
18–24 MAY, 2013 CINEMA EUROPA, CINEMA TUŠKANAC
FT RIJEKA June 7-9, 2013
FT SARAJEVO October 25-27, 2013
We thank all of our partners and friends of the Festival and dear audience for the given support.
Film program
Educational mornings
Thematic Exhibitions
MISA'S FUGUE
Sean D. Gaston
Tuesday, 21.05.
CINEMA EUROPA
'MISA'S FUGUE'
Awards and festivals:
2013. – Telly Awards – Silver Telly Award for Production, Education and People's Choice, Bronze Telly Award for Art Direction and History/Biography
Frank (Miša) Grunwald was born in Czechoslovakia in September of 1932. Four months later, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. "Miša's Fugue" is the true story of one boy's journey through Prague, Terezin, Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Melk, and Gunskirchen as a victim of arbitrary Nazi oppression. While exposed to some of the most horrific people, places, and events of the Holocaust, Frank Grunwald was able to endure the atrocities of genocide through the love for art and music that his childhood in Prague had instilled in him. His story of suffering, loss, and self-discovery is poignantly told from the perspective of a child who has lived with these tragic memories for more than half of a century. Encountering the notorious Dr. Mengele and legendary artist Dina Babbit along the way, Frank's life demonstrates the decision that all men and women must make to devote their lives either to the creation or destruction of human civilization.
PRESS MATERIALS MISA'S FUGUEMISA'S FUGUE
This is already the seventh year in a row that, through this Festival, we build a monument of tolerance, educate about the necessity of understanding the different, speak about love and strive for a better tomorrow. I am convinced that our audience will recognize the high quality of all our programs and help us in promoting tolerance.
Branko Lustig, Honorary president of the Festival
Office for Education, Culture and Sports
Open call for young film professionals
International Talent Workshop
For the seventh year in a raw, within the Festival of Tolerance – 8th Jewish Film Festival Zagreb, we are organizing the...
Submit your films for the Festival of Tolerance - JFF8
Since 2007, Zagreb Jewish Film Festival screens high-quality accomplishments from all around the world in the categories of feature, documentary, short and animated film which are dedicated to the...
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text:
GrubhubHome>About Us>Board of Directors
Brian McAndrews , , , Chairman of the Board
Brian McAndrews serves as chairman of the board of Grubhub and has been chosen to preside over regularly scheduled executive sessions of the Board's independent directors. Mr. McAndrews served as president, chief executive officer and chairman of the board of Pandora Media, Inc., an Internet radio provider, from September 2013 until March 2016. Mr. McAndrews served as a venture partner of Madrona Venture Group, LLC, a venture capital firm, from 2012 to September 2013, and as a managing director of Madrona from 2009 to 2011. He also served as senior vice president, advertiser and publisher solutions, of the Microsoft Corporation from August 2007 to December 2008. Mr. McAndrews also serves on the board of directors, nominating and corporate governance committee and technology innovation committee of the New York Times Company, and previously served on the boards of directors of Fisher Communications, Inc., Clearwire Corporation and AppNexus Inc. Mr. McAndrews holds a bachelor's degree in economics from Harvard College and an MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.
David Fisher , , , Director
David Fisher serves as chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Enova International Inc., a provider of online financial services. Mr. Fisher served as chief executive officer of optionsXpress Holdings Inc., a retail online brokerage firm, from October 2007 until The Charles Schwab Corporation acquired the business in September 2011. Following the acquisition, Mr. Fisher served as president of optionsXpress until March 2012. Mr. Fisher also served as president of optionsXpress from March 2007 to October 2007, and as chief financial officer of optionsXpress from August 2004 to March 2007. Mr. Fisher serves on the board of directors and audit committee of Innerworkings Inc., a global print management provider, and previously served on the boards of directors of optionsXpress and CBOE Holdings, Inc. Mr. Fisher holds a bachelor's degree in finance from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a law degree from Northwestern University School of Law.
Lloyd Frink , , , Director
Lloyd Frink is co-founder of Zillow, Inc., an online real estate marketplace, which, upon Zillow's merger with Trulia, Inc., in February 2015, became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zillow Group, Inc. Mr. Frink has served as Zillow, Inc.'s executive chairman since February 2019, as a member of the board of directors since December 2004, and as president since February 2005, in each case until Zillow's merger with Trulia, and now serves in those capacities for Zillow Group, Inc. Mr. Frink previously served as Zillow, Inc.'s vice president from December 2004 to February 2005, as its treasurer from December 2009 to March 2011, and as chief strategy officer from September 2010 to March 2011. From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Frink was at Expedia Inc., where he held many leadership positions, including senior vice president, supplier relations, in which position he managed the air, hotel, car, destination services, content, merchandising and partner marketing groups from 2003 to 2004. In addition, Mr. Frink serves on the board of Seattle's Lakeside School. Mr. Frink holds a bachelor's degree in economics from Stanford University.
David Habiger , , , Director
David Habiger was chief executive officer of Textura Corporation, a software company for the commercial construction industry, from April 2015 through its sale to Oracle in June of 2016. Mr. Habiger has been a venture partner with Pritzker Group since January 2013. From July 2011 until its sale to Cisco Systems in August 2012, Mr. Habiger served as the chief executive officer of NDS Group Ltd., a provider of video software and content security solutions. From 2005 to 2011, Mr. Habiger served as president and chief executive officer of Sonic Solutions, a digital media software company through its sale of Rovi. Mr. Habiger is a member of the board of directors and the chair of the audit committee of Echo Global Logistics, Inc., a provider of technology-enabled transportation and supply chain management solutions, and lead director and the chair of the compensation committee of Control4 Corporation, a provider of personalized, smart home solutions. He is also a member of the board of directors of Immersion Corporation, a licensing company, and a member of the board of directors and the chair of the management development and the compensation committees of Enova International, Inc., a technology and analytics company. Mr. Habiger serves on the advisory board for the Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship at the University of Chicago, and on the boards of directors of a number of private companies. Within the last five years, Mr. Habiger also served as a member of the boards of directors of RealD, Inc. and DTS, Inc. Mr. Habiger received a bachelor's degree in business administration from St. Norbert College and an MBA from the University of Chicago.
Linda Johnson Rice , , , Director
Linda Johnson Rice is chairman and CEO of Johnson Publishing Company (JPC), owner of the global beauty brand for women of color, Fashion Fair Cosmetics, and the former Chairman Emeritus of Ebony Media Operations, parent company of Ebony and Jet magazine brands. Ms. Rice serves on the board of directors of Omnicom Group, and in the past, she has served on the corporate boards of Bausch & Lomb, Continental Bank, Quaker Oats, Dial Corporation, MoneyGram, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, and Tesla. She is a trustee at the Art Institute of Chicago, president of the Chicago Public Library board of directors, and council member of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture and the Northwestern Memorial Corporation. Ms. Rice holds a bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Southern California's Annenberg School for Communication and an MBA from Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management.
Katrina Lake , , , Director
Katrina Lake is the founder and CEO of Stitch Fix, an e-commerce company, which was founded in 2010. Prior to founding Stitch Fix, from June 2010 until January 2011, Ms. Lake managed the blogger platform at Polyvore, the venture-backed social commerce company. From September 2007 until August 2009, Ms. Lake was an associate at Leader Ventures, a provider of venture loans to venture equity-backed companies. From September 2005 until September 2007, Ms. Lake worked at The Parthenon Group, a strategy consulting firm, where she consulted with a variety of e-commerce and traditional retailers. She currently serves on the board of directors of the beauty brand Glossier. Ms. Lake holds a bachelor's degree in economics from Stanford University and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Girish Lakshman , , , Director
Girish Lakshman has served on our board of directors since March 2015. He joined RJL in June 2017 as president, and previously served as president, fulfillment – supply chain and sourcing of Sears Holdings Corporation ("Sears"), starting in September 2015. From July 1999 until August 2014, Mr. Lakshman worked in various capacities as part of the e-logistics strategy team at Amazon.com, Inc., the online retailer. Most recently at Amazon, from May 2006 until August 2014, he was Amazon's vice president, worldwide transportation strategy and technology, where he managed multi-disciplinary functions in transportation, including interfacing with global supply chain and fulfillment centers. Prior to Amazon, Mr. Lakshman managed the enterprise resource-planning group for the wire products division at Leggett and Platt. He has also worked in India in the electrochemical and automobile industries. Mr. Lakshman is on the advisory board of the Master of Supply Chain Transportation and Logistics program at University of Washington. He holds a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Osmania University, India.
Matt Maloney , , , Director
Matt Maloney is founder and CEO of Grubhub, the nation's leading online and mobile food ordering company dedicated to connecting diners with local restaurants. Under his leadership, Grubhub has grown its active diner network to 21.2 million users who can order from more than 140,000 takeout restaurants in over 2,700 cities. He led the company through five rounds of investment funding, a 2013 merger with Seamless, and a 2014 initial public offering. Mr. Maloney currently serves as an advisory board member for The University of Chicago Booth School of Business Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and a member of ChicagoNEXT, an organization dedicated to driving growth and opportunity in the Chicago business community. He also serves on the board of directors of the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. Mr. Maloney was named one of America's most powerful CEOs 40 and under in Forbes Magazine in 2016 and one of the top 50 business people of 2014 by Fortune Magazine. He holds a bachelor's degree from Michigan State University and two master's degrees, including an MBA, from the University of Chicago.
Keith Richman , , , Director
Keith Richman has served on our board of directors since February 2016. Until October 2018, he was president of DEFY Media, a top digital producer and the largest owner of YouTube channels and leading media brands across the comedy, lifestyle and gaming verticals. Mr. Richman is a prominent voice on the implementation of workable business models in the digital video space and the convergence of TV and digital. He co-founded Break Media in 2004, and as the chief executive officer was responsible for the overall strategic direction of the business, building it into a 160 person, profitable digital media company. He led the company through its merger with Alloy Digital in 2013. Prior to co-founding Break Media, Mr. Richman was the co-founder and vice president of OnePage, which was acquired by Sybase in 2002. Additionally, he co-founded Billpoint Inc. and was integral in developing the company's business plan and raising venture funding, ultimately leading to the company's successful acquisition by eBay in 1999. Mr. Richman holds bachelor's and master's degrees in international policy studies from Stanford University.
Artie Starrs , , , Director
Artie Starrs is the president of Pizza Hut U.S., reporting directly to Yum! Brands' CEO. In this role held since April 2016, Mr. Starrs is responsible for the pizza restaurant company's overall strategic vision and planning, including all aspects of the business, culture and people capability. Prior to his role as president, he served as general manager and chief financial officer of Pizza Hut U.S., where he led the development and implementation of the brand's current strategic roadmap. A proven growth mindset leader, Mr. Starrs has a passion for the customer experience and has established a well-deserved reputation for delivering results, no matter the challenge. Before joining Pizza Hut, he served as chief financial officer of Rave Cinemas. There, his strategic vision and optimization of the company's capital structure and key operating initiatives led to the successful equity buyout of the company in 2009 and ultimate sale to Cinemark in 2013. Previously, he spent several years with the investment bank Wasserstein Perella & Co./Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein. Mr. Starrs received a bachelor's degree in economics from Princeton University.
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text:
Media Reform Green Paper
By Valeska Bloch, William Coote	4 December 2020
Media, Advertising & Marketing Telecommunications
In brief 9 min read
On 27 November, the Department of Communications issued a Media Reform Green Paper (Green Paper) seeking views on a number of proposals. The Green Paper builds on a number of issues highlighted by the ACCC's 2019 Digital Platform Inquiry – in particular, the recommendation to move towards a platform-neutral regulatory environment.
The Green Paper follows a long line of government papers on proposed media reform stretching back to the 2012 Convergence Review (and beyond). Although there has been some reform in the intervening years, the Government has shied away from wholesale reform to the Broadcasting Services Act (BSA).
The Green Paper represents another step along the way towards harmonisation of the Australian media regulatory environment – however it is no more than another step.
Overview of Green Paper's proposals
What the Green Paper proposes
The Green Paper proposes the following principal reforms, aimed at supporting the free-to-air television sector to move to a sustainable operating model, reduce regulatory imbalance and secure new funding for Australian content and journalism:
A transformation of the broadcasting arrangements for free-to-air television businesses designed to:
reduce the amount of spectrum required for broadcasting (to be effected by way of shared multiplexing); and
reduce regulatory costs (including by removing the licensing tax to the which FTAs are currently subject, and a removal of Australian content obligations in respect of multichannels (but not primary channels)).
This transformation would be effected by way of the introduction of a new licence for FTAs.
The reallocation of current FTA allocated spectrum to telecommunications uses by way of a licence auction. Money raised through the auction of the reallocated spectrum would be allocated to two new public trusts:
the Public Interest News Gathering Trust (PING Trust); and
the Create Australian Screen Trust (CAST).
Part of the money would also be used to subsidise the cost of FTAs transitioning to the proposed new licensing model.
New regulatory expectations for Subscription Video‐on‐Demand services (SVODs) and Advertising Video On Demand services (AVODs) to invest in Australian content.
Codification of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) in commissioning and providing new Australian content.
Submissions on the proposals the subject of the Green Paper are due by 7 March 2021.
What does the Green Paper avoid?
The Green Paper, yet again, shies away from any proposal to substantively reform – or rewrite – the BSA.
The proposed reduction in regulatory costs for FTAs and the introduction of Australian content expectations do represent further steps towards a more harmonised regulatory framework as between traditional media and digital platforms – albeit it that the proposed new content obligations are expressed as 'expectations' rather than express, statutory obligations as is the case with existing obligations.
However, the Green Paper does not address ongoing and fundamental concerns relating to the ownership and anti-siphoning rules that continue to apply to traditional Australian media companies, but not to new entrants (eg streaming services). Until these restrictions are fully addressed, the Australian media regulatory landscape will continue to be an uneven playing field.
The Green Paper openly invites the submission of alternative ideas that could contribute to the overall objective of a sustainable Australian media sector – removal of industry specific ownership restrictions imposed by the BSA will invariably be one.
Transformation of FTA broadcasting arrangements
The Green paper proposes a transformation of the broadcasting arrangements for FTA broadcasters. The key aspects of the proposal are as follows:
FTA broadcasters would be provided with a 'one off', irrevocable election to transition to a new commercial television broadcasting licence (New Licence). Such election would involve a commitment to transition to a spectrum licensing model that involves the use of shared multiplexes.
Key feature of the proposed New Licence include:
that commercial broadcasting tax would no longer be payable; and
Australian content requirements would not apply to multichannels (although Australian content requirements would continue to apply to FTAs' primary channels).
The Green Paper proposes that the transition to the new broadcasting arrangement would be at the broadcasters' discretion – however the arrangements (other than the reduction in commercial broadcasting tax) would not be effected unless at least two metro licensees elect to transition in each of their metropolitan markets. It may also be a requirement that at least two licensees elect to transition in the aggregated regional markets. The reason for this requirement is that the spectrum efficiencies would not be achieved if a critical mass did not elect to transition. If a critical mass has elected to transition, the ABC and the SBS would also be required to transition.
The purpose of the New Licence is clearly to provide FTA licensees with the ability to reset their operational cost base moving forward by removing regulatory costs which uniquely attach to FTAs. Whether licensees elect to transition or not will be purely a question of economic modelling – weighing up the costs of transition (which are expected to be material) with the economic efficiencies that may be gained. The new licensing model will rise or fall based on this economic modelling – which will need to be undertaken by each licensee and the results of which may well vary from licensee to licensee.
It is somewhat odd that the Green Paper's proposal provides for a significant degree of uncertainty in relation to whether or not industry will be transitioning to the new model – the uncertainty stemming from the requirements in relation to critical mass. If the intention of the proposal is to free up spectrum and assist FTAs in reducing their cost base, any issues that would prevent FTAs from adopting the New Licence ought to be able to be assessed and addressed prior to the implementation of the new model. This approach would provide certainty to the industry as to the path forward.
Assuming that the transition cost hurdles can be overcome (the Green Paper proposes that part of the 'spectrum dividend' which would be achieved would be put towards assisting transition costs for regional media companies as well as the ABC and SBS), the proposed New Licence model only addresses part of the issues that currently affect Australian media companies. It does not address the legacy regulatory landscape and the ongoing restrictions imposed by the Broadcasting Services Act.
Establishment of two new public trusts
The Green Paper proposes that two new public trusts be established to support future television content delivery under the new legislative framework. Both trusts would be capitalised from the proceeds of a spectrum auction which would reallocate the spectrum currently used by FTAs for other purposes (ie mobile telecommunications).
The Green Paper makes clear that the two trusts would not be established unless the 'spectrum dividend' is able to be achieved – that is, if there is sufficient critical mass to trigger the transition to the New Licence model described above.
The Create Australian Screen Trust (CAST) would be established to fund the creation and distribution of two types of Australian content:
Projects of cultural significance - Cultural significance would be assessed using the same criteria as presently used by Screen Australia (including the project's subject matter, place of creation and nationalities of creators and participants). CAST would provide funding to these projects in the form of grants or equity investments.
Commercial investments - CAST would make equity investments into projects with prospects of commercial return and use any returns to sustain its funding pool.
Recommendations regarding the funding of specific projects would be made by the trustees of CAST to the Board of Screen Australia, which would administer CAST.
The Green Paper does not make clear where the distinction lies between funds to be expended out of CAST and Screen Australia's funding which it expends on a BAU basis. We would hope the existence of CAST would not affect government's ongoing funding of Screen Australia – that is, CAST should be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, Screen Australia's existing funding amounts.
PING Trust
The Public Interest News Gathering Trust (PING Trust) would be established to reduce the cost burden on regional broadcasters arising from their obligations under the BSA. The PING Trust would enable regional media companies to seek grants for funding to go towards the cost of regional news across television, radio, print and online media.
These grants would be provided through either direct financing or equity investments. Applications for access to funding would be made via a competitive grant process and assessed on their merits. Notably, the PING Trust would prioritise applications that provide employment opportunities to journalists, including cadets, and focus on news and investigations rather than entertainment journalism. Assistance provided by the PING Trust would be free of any editorial content conditions.
Expectation for Australian content for SVOD and AVOD
The Green Paper proposes that the regulatory framework around Australian content requirements should be harmonised by setting the following legislative expectations on some of the SVODs and AVODs:
to invest a certain percentage of their Australian revenue in Australian content through commissions, co‐productions and acquisitions;
to make Australian content discoverable to Australian audiences; and
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[QUOTE=Showtime;1472848]WE need players, a group of us just stepped out of top three teams, to start a new faction sick of brainlessly tapping. Right now are mins are don't be a BIT** and no mooching. After that we are just in for a good time, right now we have 18 members and will finish top 50. looking for any and all to come join us.
Sorry I just emptied it.


text:
\section{Introduction}

To what extent ideal gas laws can be obtained from simple Newtonian mechanics?  In this note, we present a simple one-dimensional simulation that suggest the answer is ``yes.''.

Similar prior work includes the papers \cite{galant,gall}.  They had a two dimensional model, in which two gases were seperated by a diabatic barrier.  The way energy was communicated between the gases was via the barrier, in which after $n$ collisions, the particles which collided with the barrier in that time were reassigned equal energies, and momenta derived from these energies and their original momenta.  In \cite{hurkala}, this work was used to simulate the Carnot cycle.

This paper gives a slightly different model.  In this paper, the barrier is a massless wall, which is pushed by the particles colliding into it, but the barrier keeps its vertical orientation so that only the horizontal positions of the gas particles matter in the dynamics of the barrier.  An advantage to the approach given in this paper is that the motion is completely Newtonian.  For example, the motion is reversible, thus demonstrating that the second law of thermodynamics is not a hard and fast law, but rather is a trend generated by the pseudo-statistical nature of the deterministic dynamics.

\section{The Second Law of Thermodynamics}

A thermally isolated container has a freely moving piston that splits the container into two parts, the left part and the right part.  The piston is thermally conducting.  The left part is filled with a monatomic gas~A, and the right part of filled with a monatomic gas~B.  Gas~A has an atomic weight $m_1 = 1$, and gas~B has an atomic weight $m_2 = 100$.  Initially, all the molecules have the same average velocity, picked independently from a symmetric random distribution.  The piston is initially placed half way along the container.  We place $N$ molecules of gas~A randomly in the left half of the container, uniformly distributed, and we similarly place $N$ molecules of gas~B in the right half of the container.

The molecules obey Newton's laws of motion, with elastic collisions.  The objective of this note is to describe a numerical experiment which suggests that Newton's laws of motion are all that are needed to predict the ideal gas laws, and that the collisions with the piston should be enough to transfer heat from the hotter gas to the colder gas.  Thus this note is in effect attempting to show that Newtonian mechanics are completely sufficient to explain the second law of thermodynamics.

Molecules from the same gas are assumed sufficiently small so that collisions between them never occur.  Thus the molecules collide either with the walls of the container, or with the piston.  If a molecule collides with a wall, it's velocity is simply reflected.  However the piston has zero mass.  Thus if it is hit by a molecule, it simply travels with that molecule until it hits a molecule of the other gas.  Then the piston acts as a conduit for the two molecules to collide, conserving energy and momentum, as if they had the same $y$-component in space.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.5]
\draw[thick,-] (-4,2)--(4,2);
\draw[thick,-] (4,2)--(4,-2);
\draw[thick,-] (4,-2)--(-4,-2);
\draw[thick,-] (-4,-2)--(-4,2);
\draw (-0.5,1.9)--(-0.5,-1.9);
\draw (-0.7,1.9)--(-0.3,1.9);
\draw (-0.7,-1.9)--(-0.3,-1.9);
\draw (-2.25,0) node{Gas A};
\draw (1.75,0) node{Gas B};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Diabatic piston separating two gases in an isolated container.}
\label{piston}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

From the ideal gas law, we have that each container, at least when in a state of quasi-equilibrium, should obey $PV = k NT$, where $P$ is the pressure, $V$ is the volume, $k$ is Boltzmann's constant, $N$ is the number of molecules, and $T$ is the temperature.  Initially the temperature in the left hand part should be $m_2/m_1 = 100$ times cooler than the temperature in the right hand part.  This is because the particles originally have the same average velocities, and hence the right hand side has total kinetic energy 100 times the kinetic energy of the left hand side, and kinetic energy is proportional to temperature.

Initially the pressure in the right hand side will be 100 times the left hand side, and so the piston should move quickly towards the left until the pressures are equalized.  Because this motion is quite fast, one might not expect conditions of quasi-equilibrium to be met, and so there will be some overshoot of this piston due to inertia of the gas molecules.

Next, because of the collisions between the molecules of the different gases, one might expect the kinetic energy to begin to spread evenly between the molecules in the left hand side and the right hand side.  Thus the piston should begin to move slowly towards the middle.

\section*{The Numerical Model}

To compute this numerically, we will completely neglect the vertical motions, and simply compute in one dimension.  We let $N=1000$, and assign to each particle a one dimensional position and momentum.  The only collisions that take place are between molecules and the left or right wall of the container, or between two molecules from the two different gases.  A molecule from gas A will always be to the left of a molecule of gas B.  Molecules from the same gas will simply pass through each other.

The computer program is as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Assign to the $N$ particles of gas~A positions uniformly picked from $[0,0.5)$, and to the $N$ particles of gas~B positions uniformly picked from $(0.5,1]$.
\item Assign to all $2N$ particles velocities uniformly picked from $[-0.5,0.5]$.  (The convention is that velocity is positive if the motion is to the right.)
\item\label{loop} Compute the following collision times:
\begin{enumerate}
\item the time for each particle to collide with the walls $x=0$ or $x=1$;
\item the time for a particle of gas~A to collide with a particle of gas~B.
\end{enumerate}
\item Let $t$ be the smallest of all these collision times.
\item Advance the positions of all the particles to time $t$ using their given velocities.
\item If $t$ represents a collision of a particle with a wall, multiply the velocity of that particle by $-1$.
\item If $t$ represents a collision of a particle of gas~A with velocity $u_1$, and a particle of gas~B with velocity $u_2$, then replace these velocities by $v_1$ and $v_2$, where
\begin{equation*}
v_1 = \frac{(m_1-m_2)u_1 + 2m_2u_2}{m_1 + m_2}, \qquad
v_2 = \frac{2m_1u_1 + (m_2-m_1)u_2}{m_1 + m_2}
\end{equation*}
\item Go back to step~\eqref{loop}.
\end{enumerate}
The program was carefully written so that floating point errors would not cause great error in the calculations.  For example, when two particles collide, they might pass through each other by machine precision.  But then when the collisions are recalculated, they will collide again in a very small amount of time.  Another place where care must be taken is when two collision events take place at exactly the same time.  The collisions were stored in a database, implemented using C++'s standard library {\tt map}.  In this way, after a collision between two particles, or a particle and a wall, the only other collisions that need to be recalculated are those involving these two particles or particle and wall.

\section*{Results}

\subsection*{Volume and temperature}

The results, shown in Figures~\ref{plot1}, \ref{plot2} and~\ref{plot3}, seem to bear out the prediction that Newtonian mechanics is sufficient to obtain the ideal gas laws and the second law of thermodynamics.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plot1.eps}
\caption{Plot of position of piston (gray), and kinetic energy of gas~A over total kinetic energy (black).  THe vertical axis is percentage, and the horizontal axis is time.  This shows the early phase when the piston moves rapidly to the left, and then the system moves towards thermal equilibrium.}
\label{plot1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plot2.eps}
\caption{This shows the gases achieving thermal equilibrium.}
\label{plot2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plot3.eps}
\caption{Fluctuations long after thermal equilibrium is achieved.}
\label{plot3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In Figure~\ref{plotxxx}, we plot the moving averages over a range of 20 time units, showing better than expected agreement with Charles' Law.  The moving averages were calculated using the following formula.
\begin{equation*}
\bar T(t) = \frac1{20}\int_{t-10}^{t+10} T(s) ds
\end{equation*}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plot4.eps}
\caption{Plot of moving averages.  Averaging out the very short time fluctuations shows a tremendous similarity between volume and temperature, validating Charles' Law.  (The position of the piston, shown in gray, is barely discernible behind the kinetic energy of gas A shown in black.)}
\label{plotxxx}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Maxwell's distribution of velocities}

For an ideal gas, Maxwell's distribution would predict that the $x$-componant of the velocities of the particles of either gas~A or gas~B should converge to a normal distribution.  We decided to use the Anderson-Darling test described in \cite{stephens,wikipedia}.  We assumed that both the mean and variance of the distributions were unknown.  For each time $t$, we calculated the modified statistic $A^2_m = A^2 (1+4/n-25/n^2)$ as described in Table~1.3 in \cite{stephens}, and as Case~4 in \cite{wikipedia}.  This test assumes that the null-hypothesis is that the distribution is Gaussian, and for a single application of the test, the hypothesis fails with 15\% significance if $A^2_m > 0.571$, and fails with 1\% significance if $A^2_m > 1.092$.

In Figure~\ref{plotlr}, we plot this statistic as a function of time.  This is technically not a proper use of the statistic, as the statistic calculated at one particular time is not going to be statistically independent from the statistic calculated at another particular time.  Nevertheless, the graphs do strongly suggest that both gas~A and gas~B achieve a Maxwellian distribution.  As might be expected, the gas with the heavier molecules, gas~B, takes longer to reach this distribution.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plotl.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plotr.eps}
\caption{This shows the velocities of the gas particles moving towards a Maxwellian distribution, for gas~A and gas~B respectively.  The horizontal axis is time, and vertical axis is the modified $A_m^2$ statistic described in the text.}
\label{plotlr}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Time reversibility}
Another experiment that was performed was to run the numerics for 1000 time units, and then reverse the velocities, and then run the numerics backwards.  It was found that in most cases that the data after 2000 time units matched the initial data to within about $10^{-11}$.  However in one case the final data was completely different from the initial data.

To help explain why it might be different just one time, the same experiment was performed many times, with only 100 particles and 100 time units.  (The 1000/1000 experiment takes about 3.5 hours.)  In these cases small random perturbations were made to the data at the same time as the velocities were reversed.  By adjusting the random fluctuations to a size of about $10^{-7}$ it was found that the initial data was recovered to within $10^{-5}$ with about the same frequency as the final data being in complete disagreement with the initial data.  In these experiments, a careful log of the order of the collisions was made, and the times when the data agreed closely, the order of collisions in the first 100 time units was almost exactly the reverse of the order of collisions in the second 100 time units (the order differing with at most a few pairs of adjacent collisions reversing their order).  When the final data greatly disagreed with the initial data, at some point in time the collisions became very different.

These all suggest that the apparent statistical nature of equilibrium is NOT due to numerical floating point errors.  It also suggests that if the final data has sensitive dependence on initial conditions, that this only happens when the time elapsed, or the number of particles, is very large.  The effect of ``chaos'' is not primarily responsible for the statistical nature of the equilibrium.

\section{Adiabatic Expansion of Ideal Gases}

In this section, we derive the well known relationship between temperature and volume of an ideal gas when subjected to an adiabatic expansion.  Pressure is a more difficult quantity to understand in our context, so we will leave it out of our discussion.

We have gas particles in a one-dimensional container, whose right hand side is able to move.  Adiabatic means that when the particles collide with the sides, we assume that the collisions are elastic, and the mass of the side walls are effectively infinite.

The volume, $\mathcal V$, is proportional to the distance, $L$, between the left hand side and the right hand side.  The temperature is proportional to the average left-right kinetic energy of the particles, that is, if the $N$ particles have masses $m_n$, and left-right-coordinate of velocity $u_n$, for $1 \le n \le N$, then
$$ \mathcal T\propto \frac1{2N}\sum_{n=1}^N m_n u_n^2 $$
The particles themselves do not interact with each other.  For this reason, without loss of generality, we only need to perform the calculation for one particle.

The only thermodynamic assumption we shall make is that the energy in each particle is spread between the left-right kinetic energy and the other energies equally.  Let us denote by $f$ the ratio of the total energy to the left-right energy of each particle.  Thus if the particle is a three dimensional monotomic gas, then $f = 3$, and if the particle is a three dimensional diatomic gas, then $f = 5$ (because of the extra rotational kinetic energy).  And if the particle is a three dimensional diatomic gas with a bond that is elastic, then $f = 7$ (two extra degrees of freedom for the rotational kinetic energy, one extra degree of freedom for the kinetic energy of the bond oscillating, and one extra degree of freedom for the potential energy of the bond oscillating).

The purpose of this section is to derive the well known adiabatic thermodynamic relation
$$ \mathcal V \mathcal T^{f/2} \text{ is constant} $$

The right hand side wall will move uniformly at a velocity $U$, and the particle will bounce back and forth between the left and right wall.  We assume that the $u_n$ are much larger than $U$, and in the end we shall take the limit as $U/u_n \to 0$.  We also assume that the time for a back and forth bounce is much smaller than the time scale that $U$ might vary.  If $U$ is allowed to vary too quickly, then we can create a kind of ``Maxwell's Daemon" in which we can impart any energy we like to the particle.  The mass of the wall is taken to be $M$, which we will take to be effectively infinite.

We denote the velocity of the $n$th particle before and after it collides with the right wall are $u_n$ and $-v_n$ respectively.  The velocity of the wall after the collision is $V$, and we will soon see that $V = U$.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{scope}[scale=0.5]
\draw[thick,-] (4,1)--(4,-1);
\draw[thick,-] (-4,-1)--(-4,1);
\draw[->] (-3.1,0.5)--node[above]{$u$}(4,0);
\draw[->] (3.8,-0.05)--node[below]{$v$}(-2.9,-0.5);
\draw[->] (3.5,-1.5)-- node[below]{$U$}(4.5,-1.5);
\draw[<->] (-4,1.5)--node[above]{$L$}(4,1.5);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{A particle of gas in an expanding one-dimensional adiabatic container.}
\label{adiabatic}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Let us consider one of the particles.  Conservation of momentum implies
$$ m_n u_n + M U = -m_n v_n + M V $$
Conservation of energy implies
$$ f m_n u_n^2 + M U^2 = f m_n v_n^2 + M V^2 $$
Solving these equations we obtain
\begin{equation*}
v_n = - \frac{(m_n-f M)u_n + 2MU}{f M + m_n}, \qquad
V = \frac{2f m_n u_n + (f M-m_n)U}{f M + m_n}
\end{equation*}
Now letting $M \to \infty$, we obtain
$$ v_n = u_n - \frac2f U, \qquad V = U $$
The time $\delta t$ required for the particle to bounce from the right hand wall, to the left hand wall, and back to the right hand wall is $\delta t = 2L/u_n$.  In that time, the length of the wall changes $\delta L = U \delta t$, and the change in absolute value of the velocity of the particle is $\delta u_n = - \frac2f U$.  Then we obtain
$$ \delta L = \frac{2UL}{u_n} = - \frac{f L\delta u_n}{u_n} $$
Now let $U/u_n \to 0$.  Then we obtain
\begin{gather*}
\qquad \frac{dL}{du_n} = -f \frac L{u_n} \\
\Rightarrow \qquad d(\log L) = - f d(\log u_n) \\
\Rightarrow \qquad L u_n^f \text{ is constant} \\
\Rightarrow \qquad L^{2/f} u_n^2 \text{ is constant}
\end{gather*}
Averaging over $n$ we obtain
$$ \mathcal V^{2/f} \mathcal T \text{ is constant} $$

\section{Conclusions}

The authors feel that there are many extensions to these kinds of numerical simulations that could provide more illustrations of certain properties of ideal gases.  For example, in the first section we could perform the experiment assuming that a constant force is applied to the piston, or we could assume the piston has non-zero mass.  Potentially there is a large number of variations that could be performed.

We also feel that the scenario described in the first section could be a place to look for plausible theorems that could be rigorously proved.  In particular, it seems to the authors that equilibrium is achieved rather quickly, and probably much more quickly than could be proved if we assumed certain ergodicity assumptions on the phase space of solutions.  Perhaps equilibrium theorems could be proved without ergodicity assumptions.  And of course any equilibrium results must only show that equilibrium is achieved most of the time, because as our backwards in time calculations show, in this discrete setting the second law of thermodynamics is more of a trend than a law.

Finally, from an education point of view, we feel that these simulations provide a very concrete way to understand thermodynamic laws.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Last year, in St KittsNevis, there were seven new CARIFTA records. With three days of four gone at the George Odlum Stadium in St Lucia, the XXVIII CARIFTA Games have already witnessed a dozen record performances, including six on Day 3.
With records already gone in the 1500m run under-20 men and women, the 400m girls under-17 and men under-20, and the High Jump men under-20, plus the High Jump under-17 girls equalled, the number of new records doubled on Sunday (12). This time around, the new Mondo track produced records in all events groups in which relays were contested – throws, hurdles, jumps and relays.
Although the start of competition was delayed for two hours thanks to a horrific accident on the road to the Stadium, the early afternoon commencement, plus the prospect of medals for the home team, meant that the Games had their biggest crowd to date. Approximately 5000 patrons, including sizeable contingents from the Bahamas, Barbados and the French Antilles, spurred the athletes on to higher heights, greater distances and lower times, beneath brilliant sunshine – interrupted for just a few minutes by light showers.
Supplanted from the record books last year in the Shot Put under-17, in St Lucia, Quincy Wilson predicted a record, and a 1-2 finish for Trinidad & Tobago in the Discus Throw under-20 men. Initial impressions suggested that he might be right on both counts; the first round saw Wilson on 53.70m (chasing Eric Matthias' 2003 mark of 55.20m) and himself and teammate Richard Collingwood in the top two positions. But not to be gainsaid, the Jamaican duo of Travis Smikle and Chad Wright overtook Collingwood in the second round. Still well ahead, though, Wilson unleashed throws of 54.48m and then 55.67m, before fouling his last trial. Smikle and Wright occupied the next two spots.
It was Trinidad & Tobago again in the men's 400m Hurdles, this time through Jehue Gordon. Gordon has been ominous in both hurdle events this year, and he stamped his authority on a classy field in St Lucia. Just 18 years old and a bronze medallist last year, the tall powerful athlete, who will also try the 110m Hurdles at CARIFTA 2009, erased Gregory Little's 2002 performance of 50.85 seconds from the record book. Gordon ran 50.01 to beat his nearest rival, Leslie Murray of the US Virgin Islands, by over a second. Jamaica's Dwayne Extol was third.
Also in the 400m Hurdles, Janieve Russell of Jamaica might have put herself in contention for the Austin Sealy Award for the Games' most outstanding athlete. Already having qualified for the IAAF World Youth Championships, 8-12 July in Bressanone, Sudtirol, Italy (WYC), and having won one event and taken bronze in another, Russell broke an 11-year-old hurdles record. She held off Aimee Adamis of Martinique and Sade-Mariah Greenidge of Barbados to not only win the 300m Hurdles, but to do so in record style. Her mark of 41.30 just eclipsed the performance of 41.33 rendered in 1998 by Jamaica's Patrica Hall.
The other hurdles events on Sunday produced no records, but a number of WYC qualifiers. In the 400m Under-17 boys, Tramaine Maloney of Barbados led four boys who may have booked their trips to Italy. Maloney beat Patrick Bodie (Bahamas) and Kyle Robinson (Jamaica) under the 56-second mark. Nejmi Burnside of Bahamas also qualified, despite ending fifth in the men's event. Meanwhile, Nikita Tracy won for Jamaica, like Gordon having been third in St Kitts-Nevis. Last year's 300m Hurdles champ, Danielle Dowie's 57.88 qualifies her for Italy. Latoya Griffith, an under-20 finalist last year, was third.
Last year, Jamaica lost both under-20 4x100m relays to the Bahamas. This year, they established who the king of the heap is in the team races, and gave a glimpse of the shape of things to come.
In the 4x1 under-17 girls, led by Russell, Jamaica blazed their way to a CARIFTA record of 45.05, beating the 45.43 Jamaica ran in 2005, and beating teams from Trinidad & Tobago and Bahamas in the process. Breaking a prestigious record set by a team including Marc Burns and Darrel Brown in Grenada in 2000, the Jamaica under-17 boys, led by 100m champion Jahazeel Murphy, were timed at 40.76 (old record 40.87) ahead of the Bahamas and Barbados.
The presence of defending 200m champion Nivea Smith did nothing to help the Bahamas, nor did the services of 100m champion Shekeim Greaves help Barbados in the women's and men's under-20 finals. Jamaica women beat Smith and company, 45.04 to 45.43, with Trinidad & Tobago third. Jamaica men beat Greaves and associates, 40.05 to 40.62, with Martinique third.
The story, though, may have been Greaves grabbing his biceps femoris twice, having run the 200m semi-finals less than an hour before the relay final, and with his participation in what should be a tasty final Monday in jeopardy.
In 2008, Jamaica's Rochelle Farquharson was third in the Triple Jump under-17 girls and failed to reach the dais in Long Jump. In 2009, Farquharson is a CARIFTA record holder. She was streets ahead of her competition, Akeila Richardson of Bermuda clearing 11.56m and Tamara Myers of Bahamas 11.70m for third and second. But Farquharson, on her opening trial, more than qualified for WYC and, more immediately, broke Kimberly Williams' 2004 mark of 12.53m for the event. Two of Farquharson's jumps were over the 12.00m mark needed to qualify for WYC.
Kareem Streete-Thompson's record may have been a bit too much for him at this time, but Streete-Thompson would be proud of Jamaica's Daniel Forte, whose distance of 7.25m in the under-17 Long Jump booked him a trip to Italy and was more than enough to hold off Atiba Wright of Trinidad & Tobago and Wilfried Yeye of Guadeloupe.
In the women's High Jump, a disappointing competition saw winner Shanieka Thomas of Jamaica, Jeanelle Ovid (Trinidad & Tobago) and Shinelle Proctor (Anguilla) all clearing 1.70, which would not have won them and under-17 medal. Breaking Jamaican hegemony, Trinidad & Tobago's Elton Walcott won Triple Jump men from J'Vente Deveaux of Bahamas and Ulric Bolosier, Martinique.
Entering the second day of the Pentathlon, the competition was poised to go to the wire. But overnight leader Makeba Alcide of St Lucia underwhelmed in event 4, the Long Jump. Her best effort of 4.89m left her fifth in that event, second overall and staring at a long uphill climb with Da Veiga's 5.56m enough to win the Long Jump and put her well ahead, needing only to stay within 15 seconds of Alcide's time in the 800m run. The hometown girl put in an heroic run to establish a fourth personal record, 2:29.99, beating Da Veiga by five seconds in the event, but doing enough to hold onto silver, with Jamaica's Annmarie Duffs third.
Competition in the Heptathlon has been less exciting than normal, with only three athletes facing the starter's pistol for the 110m Hurdles. Darion Duncombe won that event in 16.03 seconds from the Turks & Caicos pair of Dorodo Fulford and Anthony Clarke. He won Long Jump with a mark of 6.62m, whilst Fulford threw 49.39m to win Javelin Throw, but Duncombe returned to win the 200m dash in 22.42 seconds. He leads overnight on 2801 points, with Fulford on 2596 and Clarke on 2295.
Shawn Adams took silver for St Lucia at CARIFTA 2002 in the 300m under-17 boys. That was the country's only medal success in that event. But on Sunday, Rolstan Pamphile took off at a very hot pace, variously challenged by teammate Silverius Vidal, Trinidad & Tobago's Nicholas Landeau and Mark London, the latter eventually settling for third, and eventual silver medallist Trey Simons of Bermuda. But Pamphile, who ended up seven seconds outside of WYC qualifying, fended off all challengers, and brought the home team its second title.
Rounding out Day 3, Twishana Williams led a Jamaica 1-2 with Sharlene Brown in the 300m women's open, Ashley Berry third for Bermuda. Sasha Gaye Marston similarly led a Jamaica 1-2 with Kellion Nibb in the Discus Throw under-17 girls, Anestecia Daire of Trinidad & Tobago third. There was a TNT 1-2 in the Javelin Throw under-17 boys, Keshorn Walcott's 59.30m just eight centimetres off the CARIFTA record and less than a metre from WYC qualification. Compatriot Andwele Korede was second, Byron Ferguson of Bahamas third. And Micara Vassell took Shot Put under-20 gold for Jamaica, Hilenn James of Trinidad & Tobago and Anne-Caroline Ducados of Martinique completing the rostrum.
Monday (13) will see the conclusion of what should be very exciting series in the 200m and 800m, as well as Kemoy Campbell taking on his own 5000m record, the rest of the region challenging Jamaica in the mile relays, Kierre Beckles perhaps versus the clock in her 100m Hurdles, Quincy Wilson looking to do the double, and the home team anticipating a strong finishing kick as St Lucia looks to its medal hopes in the Long Jump under-20 men and Triple Jump under-20 women, both of which events they ended in fourth last year.


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Q: How do i close react js application programatically I am launching reactjs webpage from andorid webview .
This page has backbutton.
I want to know is there a way i can close the webviewactivity on click of that backbutton.
Actually i want 'onCloseWindow' of webChromeClient to be called

A: You can use JSBridge to call a method in your webviewactivity when you click the back button. In this method, call this.finish()  to finish the webviewactivity.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: error running ionic start tabs demo The error description is:

Command failed: F:\Git\cmd\git.EXE submodule update -q --init
  --recursive    fatal: 'submodule' appears to be a git command, but we were not   able to execute it. Maybe git-submodule is broken?'

A: This is actually a bug, check this GitHub issue.


Dementia Awareness Week 2015. A period of self-reflection will do no harm.
A cultural change from an over reliance on medications and treating all people with dementia as 'patients' to a perspective on where living well with dementia, such as with aids in the environment or better care and attention from services, is 'second nature' is a demanding one.
Traditional programs of 'dementia friendliness', such as 'Dementia Friends' in England, "Dementia Friendly Bruges", or the Japanese 'caravans' initiative, all ultimately have the aim of destigmatising dementia and to attack discrimination.
I can be aware of my postman, without ever catching sight of him, knowing what he does, or even receiving mail off him. "Awareness" of dementia might mean anything; it could mean wanting to pump money into a cure for Alzheimer's disease ignoring the other 99 types of dementia, being 'aware' that social care funding has been on its knees for the last few years in England, or realising that research into quality of life into dementia continues the 'bogey man' in funding priorities of dementia research.
No-one can deny we are overall in England in a better place with 'dementia awareness'. The Alzheimer's Society have never had it so good, but even hashtag capture ("#DAW2015) risks promoting 'Dementia Friends' and chosen 'pet' projects of the NHS and their marketing, at the expense of projects which are indeed languishing. I am frustrated about how little attention Dementia(UK) get for the clinical nursing specialists (CNS) called Admiral nurses compared to CNS from Marie Curie or Macmillan; and this is a political thing. You would be forgiven for thinking that there aren't many budding entities in a thriving plural sector; but there are many great people and organisations doing fabulous work.
How many members of the public are also aware of what Alzheimers BRACE, Dementia UK or Young Dementia UK do? One is tempted even to kick terms such as 'dementia awareness' into the long grass, when it is real education and knowledge which are strongly needed, like robust resources for training of the workforce and service provision. Rights-based advocacy becomes harder to promote when you have the repeal of the Human Rights Act, which seems relatively unimportant to the leading dementia charity in the UK.
Take for example the recent de-commissioning of the Admiral nurses service by Hull CCG. It has fast become clear that many commissioners are attracted by 'shiny boxes' and gimmicks (with award winners) rather than material improvements to service provision. Many commissioners are not themselves trained in aspects of living better with dementia policy, such as independent advocacy, design of built environments, integrated housing systems, or the value of clinical specialist nurses in improving the quality of life of people with dementia and also carers.
As if by clockwork, every few months virtually, it seems, there's a brand new conference on dementia policy. And invariably, the input from people living with dementia will be minimal; or super-human efforts have to be made to convince the organisers that there should be a person living with dementia on the panel at all. People living with dementia are invariably an 'after thought'. This is in sharp contrast to approaches such as from other units such as CLAHRC East Midlands where there is a proud tradition of involving all stakeholders' views in service provision and research.
The 'Dementia Alliance International' is a very strong and dynamic community, which promotes the views of people living with dementia including on the world stage such as the recent Alzheimer's Disease International. They have been at the forefront of discussing issues such as human rights and disability discrimination, and the approach is one of meaningful education by people with dementia rather than 'training' or 'badges'. The current power of this group can be strikingly attributed to the efforts of many, but not least of one of its co-chairs Kate Swaffer (@KateSwaffer).
"Dementia awareness", however-so defined, can never be able knowing that dementia somewhere exists. It is about knowing basic things, such that it's not just 'memory loss in old people' – it's about knowing there are various different common forms of dementia which can present in a number of age groups in a number of ways. We must move the agenda on from competitive advantage by people selling 'dementia awareness' onto meaningful engagement and empowering, and this also means the mainstream media avoiding pejorative framing methods such as 'dementia sufferers'.
Meaningful change will be brought about not without necessarily the grandiosity of 'change agents', but by people living with dementia themselves. There are remarkable practitioners from social care backgrounds who also know what dementia service provision means in reality. Physicians such as Dr Al Power can find themselves unique with the medical profession in raising awareness of the offence of the term 'challenging behaviours' amongst physicians and nurses being paid being awarded big grants to conduct 'research' into them.
Any one person who knows more about dementia as a result of 'Dementia Awareness Week' is an achievement, but critically thinking about the quality as well as the quantity of research is on its knees. The market, with some untrained commissioners, currently is not delivering high quality service provision in dementia; and we need better awareness of that and many important related issues too.
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