text:
Satellite (24223 views - Astronomy & Astrology)
In context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon. In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2013 estimate, 3,600 remained in orbit. Of those, about 1,000 were operational; while the rest have lived out their useful lives and became space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit, 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), and the rest are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km). A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids, and the Sun. Satellites are used for many purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit. A launch vehicle is a rocket that throws a satellite into orbit. Usually it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit). Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.
This article is about artificial satellites. For natural satellites, also known as moons, see Natural satellite. For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation).
Timeline of spaceflight
Space probes
Lunar missions
Earth observation satellites
Spy satellites
Communications satellites
Space telescopes
Space tourism
Space colonization
Robotic spacecraft
Space probe
Cargo spacecraft
Human spaceflight
Space capsule
Spaceplane
Spaceport
Expendable and reusable launch vehicles
Non-rocket spacelaunch
Sub-orbital
Interplanetary spaceflight
Interstellar travel
Intergalactic travel
Space agencies
CNES
CNSA
Private spaceflight
Bigelow Aerospace
Sierra Nevada Corporation
Spaceflight portal
In context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.
In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2013 estimate, 3,600 remained in orbit.[1] Of those, about 1,000 were operational;[2] while the rest have lived out their useful lives and became space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-Earth orbit, 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), and the rest are in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km).[3] A few large satellites have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Over a dozen space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, a few asteroids,[4] and the Sun.
Satellites are used for many purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.
A launch vehicle is a rocket that throws a satellite into orbit. Usually it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane (see air launch to orbit).
Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.
1.1 Early conceptions
1.2 Artificial satellites
2 Space Surveillance Network
3 Non-military satellite services
3.1 Fixed satellite services
3.2 Mobile satellite systems
3.3 Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)
5 Orbit types
5.1 Centric classifications
5.2 Altitude classifications
5.3 Inclination classifications
5.4 Eccentricity classifications
5.5 Synchronous classifications
5.6 Special classifications
5.7 Pseudo-orbit classifications
6 Satellite subsystems
6.1 Spacecraft bus or service module
6.1.1 Structural subsystem
6.1.2 Telemetry subsystem
6.1.3 Power subsystem
6.1.4 Thermal control subsystem
6.1.5 Attitude and orbit control subsystem
6.2 Communication payload
7 End of life
8 Launch-capable countries
8.1 Attempted first launches
8.2 Other notes
8.3 Launch capable private entities
9 First satellites of countries
9.1 Attempted first satellites
9.2 Planned first satellites
10 Attacks on satellites
10.1 Jamming
11 Satellite services
Early conceptions
"Newton's cannonball", presented as a "thought experiment" in A Treatise of the System of the World, by Isaac Newton was the first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite.
The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, The Brick Moon.[5][6] The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's The Begum's Fortune (1879).
In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices (in Russian: Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами), which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and that a multi-stage rocket fuelled by liquid propellants could achieve this.
In 1928, Herman Potočnik (1892–1929) published his sole book, The Problem of Space Travel — The Rocket Motor (German: Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-Motor). He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments.
In a 1945 Wireless World article, the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008) described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications.[7] He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.
The US military studied the idea of what was referred to as the earth satellite vehicle when Secretary of Defense James Forrestal made a public announcement on 29 December 1948, that his office was coordinating that project between the various services.[8]
Artificial satellites
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States.
Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War.
Sputnik 2 was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.[9]
In May, 1946, Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."[10] The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy. The United States Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the report, but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon. In 1954, the Secretary of Defense stated, "I know of no American satellite program."[11] In February 1954 Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle," written by R.R. Carhart.[12] This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite," by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.[13]
In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957.
Following pressure by the American Rocket Society, the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter, two competing programs: the army's which involved using a Jupiter C rocket, and the civilian/Navy Vanguard Rocket, to launch a satellite. At first, they failed: initial preference was given to the Vanguard program, whose first attempt at orbiting a satellite resulted in the explosion of the launch vehicle on national television. But finally, three months after Sputnik 2, the project succeeded; Explorer 1 became the United States' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958.[14]
In June 1961, three-and-a-half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the Air Force used resources of the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.[15]
Early satellites were constructed as "one-off" designs. With growth in geosynchronous (GEO) satellite communication, multiple satellites began to be built on single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS-333 GEO commsat, launched in 1972.
The largest artificial satellite currently orbiting the Earth is the International Space Station.
Space Surveillance Network
Main article: United States Space Surveillance Network
The United States Space Surveillance Network (SSN), a division of the United States Strategic Command, has been tracking objects in Earth's orbit since 1957 when the Soviet Union opened the Space Age with the launch of Sputnik I. Since then, the SSN has tracked more than 26,000 objects. The SSN currently tracks more than 8,000 man-made orbiting objects. The rest have re-entered Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated, or survived re-entry and impacted the Earth. The SSN tracks objects that are 10 centimeters in diameter or larger; those now orbiting Earth range from satellites weighing several tons to pieces of spent rocket bodies weighing only 10 pounds. About seven percent are operational satellites (i.e. ~560 satellites), the rest are space debris.[16] The United States Strategic Command is primarily interested in the active satellites, but also tracks space debris which upon reentry might otherwise be mistaken for incoming missiles.
Non-military satellite services
There are three basic categories of non-military satellite services:[17]
Fixed satellite services
Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data, and video transmission tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth's surface.
Mobile satellite systems
Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to other parts of the world and/or other mobile or stationary communications units, in addition to serving as navigation systems.
Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)
Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information, land survey data (e.g. remote sensing), Amateur (HAM) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science, marine science, and atmospheric research.
Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation.
Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc. (See especially Earth Observing System.)
Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time.
"Killer Satellites" are satellites that are designed to destroy enemy warheads, satellites, and other space assets.
Crewed spacecraft (spaceships) are large satellites able to put humans into (and beyond) an orbit, and return them to Earth. Spacecraft including spaceplanes of reusable systems have major propulsion or landing facilities. They can be used as transport to and from the orbital stations.
Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low masses and small sizes.[18] New classifications are used to categorize these satellites: minisatellite (500–100 kg), microsatellite (below 100 kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg).[citation needed]
Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. Very little is known about the full power of these satellites, as governments who operate them usually keep information pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified.
Recovery satellites are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from orbit to Earth.
Space stations are artificial orbital structures that are designed for human beings to live on in outer space. A space station is distinguished from other crewed spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years.
Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether.
Weather satellites are primarily used to monitor Earth's weather and climate.[19]
Orbit types
Main article: List of orbits
The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit. By far this is the most common type of orbit with approximately 1,459[20] artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination and eccentricity.
The commonly used altitude classifications of geocentric orbit are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2,000 km. Medium Earth orbit is any orbit between 2,000 and 35,786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than 35,786 km.
Centric classifications
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. Currently there are approximately 1,459[20] artificial satellites orbiting the Earth.
Heliocentric orbit: An orbit around the Sun. In our Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris. Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent planet.
Areocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Mars, such as by moons or artificial satellites.
The general structure of a satellite is that it is connected to the earth stations that are present on the ground and connected through terrestrial links.
Altitude classifications
Low Earth orbit (LEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 180 km - 2,000 km (1,200 mi)
Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km (1,200 mi) - 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Also known as an intermediate circular orbit.
Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO): Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi). The period of the orbit equals one sidereal day, coinciding with the rotation period of the Earth. The speed is approximately 3,000 metres per second (9,800 ft/s).
High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi).
Inclination classifications
Inclined orbit: An orbit whose inclination in reference to the equatorial plane is not zero degrees.
Polar orbit: An orbit that passes above or nearly above both poles of the planet on each revolution. Therefore, it has an inclination of (or very close to) 90 degrees.
Polar sun synchronous orbit: A nearly polar orbit that passes the equator at the same local time on every pass. Useful for image taking satellites because shadows will be nearly the same on every pass.
Eccentricity classifications
Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle.
Hohmann transfer orbit: An orbit that moves a spacecraft from one approximately circular orbit, usually the orbit of a planet, to another, using two engine impulses. The perihelion of the transfer orbit is at the same distance from the Sun as the radius of one planet's orbit, and the aphelion is at the other. The two rocket burns change the spacecraft's path from one circular orbit to the transfer orbit, and later to the other circular orbit. This maneuver was named after Walter Hohmann.
Elliptic orbit: An orbit with an eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 whose orbit traces the path of an ellipse.
Geosynchronous transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.
Geostationary transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geostationary orbit.
Molniya orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4° and orbital period of half of a sidereal day (roughly 12 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over two designated areas of the planet (specifically Russia and the United States).
Tundra orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4° and orbital period of one sidereal day (roughly 24 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over a single designated area of the planet.
Synchronous classifications
Synchronous orbit: An orbit where the satellite has an orbital period equal to the average rotational period (earth's is: 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds) of the body being orbited and in the same direction of rotation as that body. To a ground observer such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
Semi-synchronous orbit (SSO): An orbit with an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi) and an orbital period equal to one-half of the average rotational period (Earth's is approximately 12 hours) of the body being orbited
Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): Orbits with an altitude of approximately 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
Geostationary orbit (GEO): A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky.[21]
Clarke orbit: Another name for a geostationary orbit. Named after scientist and writer Arthur C. Clarke.
Supersynchronous orbit: A disposal / storage orbit above GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift west. Also a synonym for Disposal orbit.
Subsynchronous orbit: A drift orbit close to but below GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift east.
Graveyard orbit: An orbit a few hundred kilometers above geosynchronous that satellites are moved into at the end of their operation.
Disposal orbit: A synonym for graveyard orbit.
Junk orbit: A synonym for graveyard orbit.
Areosynchronous orbit: A synchronous orbit around the planet Mars with an orbital period equal in length to Mars' sidereal day, 24.6229 hours.
Areostationary orbit (ASO): A circular areosynchronous orbit on the equatorial plane and about 17000 km (10557 miles) above the surface. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky.
Heliosynchronous orbit: A heliocentric orbit about the Sun where the satellite's orbital period matches the Sun's period of rotation. These orbits occur at a radius of 24,360 Gm (0.1628 AU) around the Sun, a little less than half of the orbital radius of Mercury.
Special classifications
Sun-synchronous orbit: An orbit which combines altitude and inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the planets' surface at the same local solar time. Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites.
Moon orbit: The orbital characteristics of Earth's Moon. Average altitude of 384,403 kilometers (238,857 mi), elliptical–inclined orbit.
Pseudo-orbit classifications
Horseshoe orbit: An orbit that appears to a ground observer to be orbiting a certain planet but is actually in co-orbit with the planet. See asteroids 3753 (Cruithne) and 2002 AA29.
Exo-orbit: A maneuver where a spacecraft approaches the height of orbit but lacks the velocity to sustain it.
Suborbital spaceflight: A synonym for exo-orbit.
Lunar transfer orbit (LTO)
Prograde orbit: An orbit with an inclination of less than 90°. Or rather, an orbit that is in the same direction as the rotation of the primary.
Retrograde orbit: An orbit with an inclination of more than 90°. Or rather, an orbit counter to the direction of rotation of the planet. Apart from those in sun-synchronous orbit, few satellites are launched into retrograde orbit because the quantity of fuel required to launch them is much greater than for a prograde orbit. This is because when the rocket starts out on the ground, it already has an eastward component of velocity equal to the rotational velocity of the planet at its launch latitude.
Halo orbit and Lissajous orbit: Orbits "around" Lagrangian points.
Satellite subsystems
The satellite's functional versatility is imbedded within its technical components and its operations characteristics. Looking at the "anatomy" of a typical satellite, one discovers two modules.[17] Note that some novel architectural concepts such as Fractionated spacecraft somewhat upset this taxonomy.
Spacecraft bus or service module
The bus module consists of the following subsystems:
Structural subsystem
The structural subsystem provides the mechanical base structure with adequate stiffness to withstand stress and vibrations experienced during launch, maintain structural integrity and stability while on station in orbit, and shields the satellite from extreme temperature changes and micro-meteorite damage.
Telemetry subsystem
The telemetry subsystem (aka Command and Data Handling, C&DH) monitors the on-board equipment operations, transmits equipment operation data to the earth control station, and receives the earth control station's commands to perform equipment operation adjustments.
Power subsystem
The power subsystem consists of solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical power, regulation and distribution functions, and batteries that store power and supply the satellite when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources (Radioisotope thermoelectric generator have also been used in several successful satellite programs including the Nimbus program (1964–1978).[22]
Thermal control subsystem
Main article: Spacecraft thermal control
The thermal control subsystem helps protect electronic equipment from extreme temperatures due to intense sunlight or the lack of sun exposure on different sides of the satellite's body (e.g. optical solar reflector)
Attitude and orbit control subsystem
Main articles: Attitude control and Spacecraft propulsion
The attitude and orbit control subsystem consists of sensors to measure vehicle orientation, control laws embedded in the flight software, and actuators (reaction wheels, thrusters). These apply the torques and forces needed to re-orient the vehicle to a desired attitude, keep the satellite in the correct orbital position, and keep antennas pointed in the right directions.
Communication payload
The second major module is the communication payload, which is made up of transponders. A transponder is capable of :
Receiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations (antennas).
Amplifying received radio signals
Sorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas).
When satellites reach the end of their mission (this normally occurs within 3 or 4 years after launch), satellite operators have the option of de-orbiting the satellite, leaving the satellite in its current orbit or moving the satellite to a graveyard orbit. Historically, due to budgetary constraints at the beginning of satellite missions, satellites were rarely designed to be de-orbited. One example of this practice is the satellite Vanguard 1. Launched in 1958, Vanguard 1, the 4th manmade satellite put in Geocentric orbit, was still in orbit as of August 2009.[23]
Instead of being de-orbited, most satellites are either left in their current orbit or moved to a graveyard orbit.[24] As of 2002, the FCC requires all geostationary satellites to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life prior to launch.[25] In cases of uncontrolled de-orbiting, the major variable is the solar flux, and the minor variables the components and form factors of the satellite itself, and the gravitational perturbations generated by the Sun and the Moon (as well as those exercised by large mountain ranges, whether above or below sea level). The nominal breakup altitude due to aerodynamic forces and temperatures is 78 km, with a range between 72 and 84 km. Solar panels, however, are destroyed before any other component at altitudes between 90 and 95 km.[26]
Launch-capable countries
Main article: Timeline of first orbital launches by nationality
This list includes countries with an independent capability to place satellites in orbit, including production of the necessary launch vehicle. Note: many more countries have the capability to design and build satellites but are unable to launch them, instead relying on foreign launch services. This list does not consider those numerous countries, but only lists those capable of launching satellites indigenously, and the date this capability was first demonstrated. The list includes the European Space Agency, a multi-national state organization, but does not include private consortiums.
First launch by country
Date of first launch
1 Soviet Union 4 October 1957 Sputnik-PS Sputnik 1
2 United States 1 February 1958 Juno I Explorer 1
3 France 26 November 1965 Diamant-A Astérix
4 Japan 11 February 1970 Lambda-4S Ōsumi
5 China 24 April 1970 Long March 1 Dong Fang Hong I
6 United Kingdom 28 October 1971 Black Arrow Prospero
7 India 18 July 1980 SLV Rohini D1
8 Israel 19 September 1988 Shavit Ofeq 1
- [1] Russia 21 January 1992 Soyuz-U Kosmos 2175
- [1] Ukraine 13 July 1992 Tsyklon-3 Strela
9 Iran 2 February 2009 Safir-1 Omid
10 North Korea 12 December 2012 Unha-3 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
Attempted first launches
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)
The United States tried in 1957 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1958.
Japan tried four times in 1966–1969 to launch a satellite with its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970.
China tried in 1969 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970.
India, after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1975, tried in 1979 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before succeeding in 1980.
Iraq have claimed an orbital launch of a warhead in 1989, but this claim was later disproved.[30]
Brazil, after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1985, tried to launch a satellite using its own VLS 1 launcher three times in 1997, 1999, and 2003, but all attempts were unsuccessful.
North Korea claimed a launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 and Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellites in 1998 and 2009, but U.S., Russian and other officials and weapons experts later reported that the rockets failed to send a satellite into orbit, if that was the goal. The United States, Japan and South Korea believe this was actually a ballistic missile test, which was a claim also made after North Korea's 1998 satellite launch, and later rejected.[by whom?] The first (April 2012) launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was unsuccessful, a fact publicly recognized by the DPRK. However, the December 2012 launch of the "second version" of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was successful, putting the DPRK's first confirmed satellite into orbit.
South Korea (Korea Aerospace Research Institute), after launching their first national satellite by foreign launcher in 1992, unsuccessfully tried to launch its own launcher, the KSLV (Naro)-1, (created with the assistance of Russia) in 2009 and 2010 until success was achieved in 2013 by Naro-3.
The First European multi-national state organization ELDO tried to make the orbital launches at Europa I and Europa II rockets in 1968–1970 and 1971 but stopped operation after failures.
^ Russia and the Ukraine were parts of the Soviet Union and thus inherited their launch capability without the need to develop it indigenously. Through the Soviet Union they are also on the number one position in this list of accomplishments.
France, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine launched their first satellites by own launchers from foreign spaceports.
Some countries such as South Africa, Spain, Italy,[citation needed] Germany, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Egypt and private companies such as OTRAG, have developed their own launchers, but have not had a successful launch.
Only twelve, countries from the list below (USSR, USA, France, Japan, China, UK, India, Russia, Ukraine, Israel, Iran and North Korea) and one regional organization (the European Space Agency, ESA) have independently launched satellites on their own indigenously developed launch vehicles.
Several other countries, including Brazil, Argentina, Pakistan, Romania, Taiwan, Indonesia, Australia,[citation needed] New Zealand, Malaysia, Turkey and Switzerland are at various stages of development of their own small-scale launcher capabilities.
Launch capable private entities
Private firm Orbital Sciences Corporation, with launches since 1982, continues very successful launches of its Minotaur, Pegasus, Taurus and Antares rocket programs.
On 28 September 2008, late comer and private aerospace firm SpaceX successfully launched its Falcon 1 rocket into orbit. This marked the first time that a privately built liquid-fueled booster was able to reach orbit.[31] The rocket carried a prism shaped 1.5 m (5 ft) long payload mass simulator that was set into orbit. The dummy satellite, known as Ratsat, will remain in orbit for between five and ten years before burning up in the atmosphere.[31]
A few other private companies are capable of sub-orbital launches.
First satellites of countries
Main article: Timeline of first satellites by country
First satellites of countries including those launched indigenously or with the help of others[32]
Year of first launch
First satellite
Payloads in orbit as of April 2016[33][needs update]
( Russia) 1957
(1992) Sputnik 1
(Kosmos 2175) 1457
United States 1958 Explorer 1 1252
United Kingdom 1962 Ariel 1 0040
Canada 1962 Alouette 1 0043
Italy 1964 San Marco 1 0022
France 1965 Astérix 0060
Australia 1967 WRESAT 0014
Germany 1969 Azur 0049
Japan 1970 Ōsumi 0153
China 1970 Dong Fang Hong I 0210
Netherlands 1974 ANS 0005
Spain 1974 Intasat 0009
India 1975 Aryabhata 00173
Indonesia 1976 Palapa A1 0013
Czechoslovakia 1978 Magion 1 0005
Bulgaria 1981 Intercosmos Bulgaria 1300 0001
Saudi Arabia 1985 Arabsat-1A 0012
Brazil 1985 Brasilsat-A1 0015
Mexico 1985 Morelos 1 0009
Sweden 1986 Viking 0011
Israel 1988 Ofeq 1 00011
Luxembourg 1988 Astra 1A 005
Argentina 1990 Lusat[34] 009
Hong Kong 1990 AsiaSat 1 0009
Pakistan 1990 Badr-1 0003
South Korea 1992 Kitsat A 0011
Portugal 1993 PoSAT-1 0001
Thailand 1993 Thaicom 1 0007
Turkey 1994 Turksat 1B 0008
Czech Republic 1995 Magion 4 0005
Ukraine 1995 Sich-1 0006
Malaysia 1996 MEASAT 0006
Norway 1997 Thor 2 9
Philippines 1997 Mabuhay 1 0002
Egypt 1998 Nilesat 101 0004
Chile 1998 FASat-Bravo 0002
Singapore 1998 ST-1[35][36] 0003
Taiwan 1999 ROCSAT-1 0008
Denmark 1999 Ørsted 0004
South Africa 1999 SUNSAT 0002
United Arab Emirates 2000 Thuraya 1 0006
Morocco 2001 Maroc-Tubsat 0001
Tonga[37] 2002 Esiafi 1 (former Comstar D4) 1
Algeria 2002 Alsat 1 0001
Greece 2003 Hellas Sat 2 0002
Cyprus 2003 Hellas Sat 2 0002
Nigeria 2003 Nigeriasat 1 0004
Iran 2005 Sina-1 0001
Kazakhstan 2006 KazSat 1 0002
Colombia 2007 Libertad 1 0001
Mauritius 2007 Rascom-QAF 1 0002
Vietnam 2008 Vinasat-1 0003
Venezuela 2008 Venesat-1 0002
Switzerland 2009 SwissCube-1[38] 0002
Isle of Man 2011 ViaSat-1 0001
Poland[39] 2012 PW-Sat 00002
Hungary 2012 MaSat-1 0001
Romania 2012 Goliat[40] 0001
Belarus 2012 BKA (BelKA-2)[41] 2
North Korea 2012 Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 1
Azerbaijan 2013 Azerspace[42] 1
Austria 2013 TUGSAT-1/UniBRITE[43][44] 2
Bermuda[45] 2013 Bermudasat 1 (former EchoStar VI) 1
Ecuador 2013 NEE-01 Pegaso 1
Estonia 2013 ESTCube-1 1
Jersey 2013 O3b-1, -2, -3, -4 4
Qatar 2013 Es'hailSat1 1
Peru 2013 PUCPSAT-1[46] 1
Bolivia 2013 TKSat-1 1
Lithuania 2014 LituanicaSAT-1 and LitSat-1 2
Belgium 2014 QB50P1 and QB50P2 2
Uruguay 2014 Antelsat 1
Iraq 2014 Tigrisat[47] 1
Turkmenistan 2015 TurkmenAlem52E/MonacoSAT 1
Laos 2015 Laosat-1 1
Finland 2017 Aalto-2 1
Bangladesh 2017 BRAC Onnesha 1
Ghana 2017 GhanaSat-1[48] 1
Mongolia 2017 Mazaalai 1
Latvia 2017 Venta-1 1
Slovakia 2017 skCUBE 1
While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space,[49] it was launched aboard an American rocket from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, who launched first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom.[50] The first Italian satellite San Marco 1 launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. Scout rocket from Wallops Island (Virginia, United States) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA.[51] By similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites was launched by foreign rockets.
Attempted first satellites
United States tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in 1957; they were successful in 1958.
China tried unsuccessfully to launch its first satellite in 1969; they were successful in 1970.
Iraq under Saddam Hussein fulfilled in 1989 an unconfirmed launch of warhead on orbit by developed Iraqi vehicle that intended to put later the 75 kg first national satellite Al-Ta'ir, also developed.[52][53]
Chile tried unsuccessfully in 1995 to launch its first satellite FASat-Alfa by foreign rocket; in 1998 they were successful.†
North Korea has tried in 1998, 2009, 2012 to launch satellites, first successful launch on 12 December 2012.[54]
Libya since 1996 developed its own national Libsat satellite project with the goal of providing telecommunication and remote sensing services[55] that was postponed after the fall of Gaddafi.
Belarus tried unsuccessfully in 2006 to launch its first satellite BelKA by foreign rocket.†
†-note: Both Chile and Belarus used Russian companies as principal contractors to build their satellites, they used Russian-Ukrainian manufactured rockets and launched either from Russia or Kazakhstan.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)
Planned first satellites
Afghanistan announced in April 2012 that it is planning to launch its first communications satellite to the orbital slot it has been awarded. The satellite Afghansat 1 was expected to be obtained by a Eutelsat commercial company in 2014.[56][57]
Angola will have the first telecommunication satellite AngoSat 1 that was ordered in Russia at 2009 for $400 millions, started to construction at the end of 2013 and planning for launch in November 2016.[58]
Armenia in 2012 founded Armcosmos company[59] and announced an intention to have the first telecommunication satellite ArmSat. The investments estimates as $250 million and country selecting the contractor for building within 4 years the satellite amongst Russia, China and Canada[60][61][62]
Cambodia's Royal Group plans to purchase for $250–350 million and launch in the beginning of 2013 the telecommunication satellite.[63]
Democratic Republic of the Congo ordered at November 2012 in China (Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)) the first telecommunication satellite CongoSat-1 which will be built on DFH-4 satellite bus platform and will be launched in China till the end of 2015.[64]
Croatia has a goal to construct a satellite by 2013–2014. Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.[65]
Ethiopian Space Science Society[66] planning the QB50-family research CubeSat ET-SAT by help of Belgian Von Karman Institute till 2015[67] and the small (20–25 kg) Earth observation and remote sensing satellite Ethosat 1 by help of Finnish Space Technology and Science Group till 2019.[68]
Ireland's team of Dublin Institute of Technology intends to launch the first Irish satellite within European University program CubeSat QB50.[69]
Jordan's first satellite to be the private amateur pocketqube SunewnewSat.[70][71][72]
Kenyan University of Nairobi has plans to create the microsatellite KenyaSat by help of UK's University of Surrey.[73]
Moldova's first remote sensing satellite plans to start in 2013 by Space centre at national Technical University.[74]
Myanmar plans to purchase for $200 million the own telecommunication satellite.[75]
Nepal stated that planning to launch of own telecommunication satellite before 2015 by help of India or China.[76][77][78]
New Zealand's private Satellite Opportunities company since 2005 plans to launch in 2010 or later a commercial satellite NZLSAT for $200 million.[79] Radio enthusiasts federation at Massey University [2] since 2003 hopes for $400,000 to launch a nano-satellite KiwiSAT to relay a voice and data signals[80] Also another RocketLab company works under suborbital space launcher and may use a further version of one to launch into low polar orbit a nano-satellite.[81][82]
Nicaragua ordered for $254 million at November 2013 in China the first telecommunication satellite Nicasat-1 (to be built at DFH-4 satellite bus platform by CAST and CGWIC), that planning to launch in China at 2016.[83]
Paraguay under new Aaepa airspace agency plans first Eart observation satellite.[84][85]
Serbia's first satellite Tesla-1 was designed, developed and assembled by nongovermental organisations in 2009 but still remains unlaunched.
Slovenia's Earth observation microsatellite for the Slovenian Centre of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (Space-SI) now under development for $2 million since 2010 by University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies – Space Flight Laboratory (UTIAS – SFL) and planned to launch in 2015–2016.[86][87]
Sri Lanka has a goal to construct two satellites beside of rent the national SupremeSAT payload in Chinese satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources. Launch into Earth orbit would be done by a foreign provider.[88][89]
Syrian Space Research Center developing CubeSat-like small first national satellite since 2008.[90]
Tunisia is developing its first satellite, ERPSat01. Consisting of a CubeSat of 1 kg mass, it will be developed by the Sfax School of Engineering. ERPSat satellite is planned to be launched into orbit in 2013.[91]
Uzbekistan's State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos) announced in 2001 about intention of launch in 2002 first remote sensing satellite.[92] Later in 2004 was stated that two satellites (remote sensing and telecommunication) will be built by Russia for $60–70 million each[93]
Attacks on satellites
For more details on this topic, see Anti-satellite weapon.
In recent times[timeframe?], satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks.[94][95]
For testing purposes, satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from earth. Russia, the United States and China have demonstrated the ability to eliminate satellites.[96] In 2007 the Chinese military shot down an aging weather satellite,[96] followed by the US Navy shooting down a defunct spy satellite in February 2008.[97]
See also: Radio jamming
Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to jamming by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming,[98][99] but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.[100][101]
Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring that enables them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively.[citation needed]
Satellite crop monitoring
Satellite Internet access
Satellite television
AstronautInternational Space StationSolar SystemSpace ShuttleSpace stationSpacecraftWormholeGlobeCassiopeia ACassini–HuygensMarsHuman mission to MarsParabolic antennaNASA Deep Space NetworkAgena target vehicleApollo–Soyuz Test ProjectOuter spaceLow Earth orbitSpace elevatorEarth observation satellite SpaceflightRover (space exploration)Human spaceflightGravityNASALander (spacecraft)Falcon 9Launch vehicleLaunch padSpaceXJupiter-CTitan IIIELunar roverSpace explorationSpace habitatSpace colonizationLunar phasePortals in fictionTeleportationTime portalParallel universes in fictionOpportunity (rover)Opportunity mission timelineSpace capsulePlanetPlanetesimalEvent Horizon TelescopeAstronomical interferometerRadio telescopeRadio astronomySupermassive black holeGalactic CenterSpacetimeSagittarius A*Astronomical radio sourceMilky WayBlack holeTunguska eventCosmosUniverseChaos (cosmogony)Satellite dishCosmology
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Satellite", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. There is a list of all authors in Wikipedia


text:
Q: wowza + live + ffmpeg + hls player, how to create the playlist.m3u8? I'm trying to setup a wowza live test server and then I can play hls from my mobile app. It do work without any problem for vod. I can play it in my app. I can also see the .m3p8 file if I enter this uri in the browser.
I tried to do the same in live mode (my goal is to test some streaming parameters for live streaming). I tried to use ffmpeg to create the live stream:
ffmpeg -re -i "myInputTestVideo.mp4" -vcodec libx264 -vb 150000 -g 60 -vprofile baseline -level 2.1 -acodec aac -ab 64000 -ar 48000 -ac 2 -vbsf h264_mp4toannexb -strict experimental -f mpegts udp://127.0.0.1:10000
I created a "source file" and connected it to the "Incoming Streams".
I can see in my application's Monitoring / Network tab that it do getting the data from ffmpeg.
My problem is how to get the playlist.m3p8 file so I can play it from inside my app (hls based)?
Again, for now I need a way to test playing with the streaming settings and in real live I'll have a real live streaming source.

A: If I understand your issue correctly and since you said that it works for you with a VoD and its own m3u8 uri, you seem to not know how to construct an m3u8 uri for live sources referenced by a stream file (not source file as you incorrectly wrote).
Considering you named your stream file for example udp.stream (that's the file including the udp://127.0.0.1:10000 address), simply point your hls player application to http://{yourwowzaserver}/{yourliveapp}/udp.stream/playlist.m3u8

A: You could push it to Wowza as rtsp (much better than udp) and then stream it further on to where you want. To push it to Wowza you probably will need to setup a username and password (Server > Source authentication) and then the output stream from ffmpeg can look something like this: rtsp://{user}:{pass}@{yourwowzaserver}/{yourliveapp}/mystream.
In Wowza you will see mystream in Incomming streams. From there you can access it with the classic http(s)://wowzaip:wowzaport/{yourliveapp}/mystream/playlist.m3u8
Anyways, Wowza support both rtsp and udp so you could use directly. If you want transcoding, ffmpeg will be kinder to server resources than Wowza.

A: Worked:
To change the output of ffmpeg to -f rtsp rtsp://127.0.0.1:1935/my_app/my.stream.stream and use it as the input in wowza.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you are a recent law school graduate preparing to take the Tennessee bar exam or a new Tennessee attorney in your first five years of practice, the TBA YLD New Attorney Liaison may be able to provide you with support and guidance. This service is intended for new Tennessee attorneys to obtain guidance on practical matters, request assistance finding a local mentor, or find answers to everyday issues related to the practice of law.
Make plans to join us June 13-16, 2019 in Nashville for the 138th Annual TBA Convention!


text:
Top 150 forward Bonzie Colson commits to Notre Dame
Notre Dame added their second commitment in the Class of 2014 on Monday morning, as Bonzie Colson announced that he will play for the Fighting Irish as a collegian.
Colson, who is a three-star recruit that ranks 146th in Rivals' top 150, was one of the more intriguing prospects in the class. Standing just 6-foot-5, Colson is much shorter than the ideal height for a four-man. He's not an explosive athlete, either, which led to some debate about what level he could eventually play at.
And while his physical limitations will likely put a ceiling on his upside, there is a lot to like about Colson as a player. He's smart and fundamentally sound, he's got excellent length to counteract his height, and he understands positioning and angles. Colson may not be an early-entry candidate, but he's a winner and a competitor, precisely the kind of program guy that will spend five years making Notre Dame better.
Colson is the second commitment that Mike Brey has earned in the class, as four-star forward Martin Geben pledged to the Irish last month.
Follow @robdauster

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tickets on-line
Main Exhibition
Buy tickets on-line
In whole site In selected categories
We are open from 5 May 2021. Discover what's new!
(EN) Udostępnij poprzez e-mail.
(EN) Od:
(EN) Do:
(EN) Temat:
(EN) Treść wiadomości:
(EN) Anuluj
The Warsaw Rising Museum will be open again for visitors from 5 May 2021. For your convenience we have prepared an English audio track which you may follow on your smartphone. Special cards with a QR code are waiting for you upon the arrival. If you are interested in discovering the story of the Warsaw Rising with our guides, in February it is free of charge (admission ticket only).
YOUR INDIVIDUAL VISIT
Discover our Exhibition thanks to an audio track on your smartphone
Ask for a special card with a QR code when buying your ticket. Scan the code and you will get an access to our site with the audioguide. Follow the instructions and explore the Exhibition yourself. Don't forget to take you earphones.
Due to security reasons some parts of the Main Exhibition cannot be accessed (e.g. touch screens, 3D theatre).
You may watch "the City of Ruins" in 2D every 30 minutes at the Liberator Hall.
SMALLER GROUPS
Due to social distancing you may visit the Museum with our guide only individually or with your family members. Ask for our guides who speak English, German, French, Italian, Spanish and Russian.
Remember that it is obligatory to keep safe distance inside the Museum as well as keep your nose and mouth covered and have your hands sanitized.
NEW OPENING HOURS
Saturday and Sunday: 10 a.m. - 6 p.m.
Ticket Office closes at 5.30 p.m.
On Mondays admission is free of charge. Collect your free ticket at the Ticket Office before entering the Museum.
TICKET FARES
Single ticket: PLN 25
Discount ticket: PLN 20
What's your sign? Warsaw Rising and Fighting Poland in contemporary culture and art
The Exhibition was opened for visitors in August 2020 as a part of official commemorations of the 76th anniversary of the Warsaw Rising. It presents hundreds of artefacts, media or works of art referring to or bearing the symbol of the Fighting Poland.
Reflection. I am like you, I daresay
Pay a visit to the award-winning installation at the Liberator Hall inside the Warsaw Rising Museum!
The Museum is open again
The Warsaw Rising Museum opens again on June 3. The opening hours, visiting path and visiting conditions will change. Visitors can choose between a new audio guide track and a guided tour of the exhibition in accordance with applicable safety regulations. People who prefer to stay indoors or live far away but would still like to see the exhibition will be offered an opportunity to listen about the events of August and September 1944 in their homes.
The Warsaw Rising Museum is closed
Following the decision of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage regarding the 2019-nCov (Coronavirus) epidemic, The Warsaw Rising Museum will be closed to the public from 12 March 2020.
www.warsawrising.eu
Interactive website about the Warsaw Rising
Set out for a multimedia journey through the history of the Warsaw Rising. Visit our unique website available in 6 languages!
(EN) Strona korzysta z plików cookies.
(EN) OK
Forgot password Register
(EN) Rejestracja
(EN) Typ użytkownika Firma / Instytucja Osoba prywatna
(EN) Zarejestruj
Forgot password (EN) Zaloguj się


This design/build lakefront family home was constructed on the shores of Okanagan Lake in Kelowna B.C. The home consists of 4600 square feet and has its own custom playhouse at the waters edge. It also features a indoor hot tub.


What a wild ride this has been! I am attempting to type this all by myself, so I should be done in about 30 days. I look like I have been through quite the brawl, but I have nothing but accolades for my tremendous surgeon, his amazing team, the ICU team and everyone who took such great care of me at Emory… Thank you. The kids are bearing this like the great little ones they are and other than being a little cranky – life is really pretty smooth. Thank god Paul can count correctly and tell time, or I would be in trouble trying to manage all the drugs they sent me home with, but god they are a blessing! Sleeping pretty well and am just so relieved to have made it through with no complications, loss of motor skills (other than a small part of my brain)… but hey, I am blond and it is destiny to loose it at some point.
The outpooring of support, amazing food and flowers have been fabulous and most sincerely appreciated. I still owe phone calls to the amazing nurses and staff who have follow up with me in the past few days and I really can not express what a great experience we had-THANK YOU!
We will do our best to answer your emails and phone calls and welcome visitiors anytime… smiling faces with a great sense of humor are always welcome. From our house of chaos we send to each of you our most sincere appreciation for your kindness and warmth – we woud be lost without each of you and your friendship.
Jared and Stephanie… kudos on the amazing tulips… they are the largest and most beautiful I have ever seen… they keep me smiling in bed and how did you know that they were my favorite! You guys are the best…. love to you both!


text:
Q: UICollectionView not registring cell I am using two UICollectionView in same controller but when I am initialising second UICollectionView it is Giving exception like
Terminating app due to uncaught exception NSInternalInconsistencyException, reason: could not dequeue a view of kind: UICollectionElementKindCell with identifier cell - must register a nib or a class for the identifier or connect a prototype cell in a storyboard
This is my code:
- (NSInteger)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView numberOfItemsInSection:(NSInteger)section{
if (collectionView==collView) {
    return arrDatabase.count;
}
else
    return arrSearchResult.count;
}

// The cell that is returned must be retrieved from a call to -dequeueReusableCellWithReuseIdentifier:forIndexPath:
- (UICollectionViewCell *)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView cellForItemAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
NSString *identifier=@"cell";

UICollectionViewCell *cell=[collectionView dequeueReusableCellWithReuseIdentifier:identifier forIndexPath:indexPath];

if (collectionView==collView) {
    objprop=[arrDatabase objectAtIndex:indexPath.row];
    UIImageView *imgView=(UIImageView*)[cell viewWithTag:100];
    //imgRecipe.image=[UIImage imageNamed:[ objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]];
    imgView.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"Hamburger.jpg"];
    UILabel *lblName=(UILabel*)[cell viewWithTag:101];
    lblName.text=[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@",objprop.categoryName];
    //cell.backgroundView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"photo-frame.png"]];
}

if (collectionView==collView1) {
    NSString *str=@"setIdentifier";
    UIImageView *imgView2;
    UILabel *lblCat;
    UICollectionViewCell *cell = [collectionView
                                  dequeueReusableCellWithReuseIdentifier:str forIndexPath:indexPath];
    if (cell==nil) {
        cell
        =[[UICollectionViewCell alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, 97, 101)];
        imgView2=[[UIImageView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectMake(2, 13, 92, 76)];

        lblCat=[[UILabel alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectMake(3, 94, 92, 13)];
    }

    imgView2.image=[UIImage imageNamed:@"hamburger.jpg"];
    [cell.contentView addSubview:imgView2];
    lblCat.backgroundColor=[UIColor clearColor];
    lblCat.text=[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@",[arrSearchResult[indexPath.row] objectAtIndex:0]];
    [cell.contentView addSubview:lblCat];

}

return cell;

}

A: Please register the UICollectionViewCell class in viewDidLoad
like:
[self.collectionView registerClass:[UICollectionViewCell class] forCellWithReuseIdentifier:@"cell"];

A: set your cell identifier as in code


We talk to The Plastics about their latest album, "In Threes", and learn about their plans to take over Planet Earth with psychedelic pop music.
You've released a new album. Tell us more about the development of your latest album, "In Threes".
It took a while of writing because since our last album we have had some changes to the line-up in our band. It's an album of experimentation but also of comfort and confidence we have backed ourselves by mixing and producing the entire album ourselves and are really happy with how it came out.
What song stands out on the album for you and why?
"Alona" is a stand out as it was one of the first tracks where we started to realise what we wanted the whole of the album to sound like. It has the right feel and sounds , it's also a departure from our older more uptempo material but has a strong groove and a psychedelic lucid edge.
What was your 2015 mini-tour in the UK like? And, how did the crowds respond to your set?
It was super cool! The crowds really enjoyed us and the people and scene there is great. It's got that old worldly feel about it like there is a lot of history and to be apart of that even in some small way is an experience. Like we played in a club where 50 years before the Rolling Stones played on the very same stage. The Rolling Stones! That's a special feeling.
You've had an international focus on the way you promote your music. Do you think this makes you stand out in the South African music industry? And, why do you choose to target an international audience?
That's a good question. We have been focusing more internationally. Partly because I think our sound goes down better with international fans as the local channels don't necessarily see us as pop enough and the size of any kind of alternative scene in SA is just so small. Secondly, we have ambitions of taking our band all over the world we want to travel and see the world and we want to perform our music for people everywhere. We are always fighting to find a balance between our vision and what's out there. We did however make a decision about 2 years ago that we didn't want to let the climate of what's current on South African radio to be the thing that defines us so for better or worse we have lived with that decision on this album and are very happy with.
What advice would you give to aspiring South African musicians that are trying to break the borders and make their music international?
Be your own thing. Be brave and don't be a knock-off. Better to fail as yourself than succeed as somebody else. Also don't be lazy, take your opportunities and make the most of them.
What would your ultimate success be?
To have the freedom to live our lives only as musicians. To play and travel and have our own amazing studio and rehearsal space in which to record and create music everyday.


The crested penguin (also known as the Fiordland crested penguin) is a medium-sized species of penguin natively found along the New Zealand coast. Crested penguins are named after the prominent yellow feathers that are arranged over the eyes and run along on top of these penguin's heads.
The crested penguin is found inhabiting dense tropical rainforest along the Fiordland coast, which is a region of New Zealand's South Island, found at the south-west tip. The crested penguin is also found on a number of the surrounding islands in Stewart Island where it shares its habitat with other penguin species such as the yellow-eyed penguin and the little penguin.
The crested penguin has a blue/black coloured back and flippers, with a black head and red beak. The underside of the crested penguin is completely white as are the patches that are found either side of the crested penguin's beak. The bright yellow eyebrows of the crested penguin (from where it gets its name), run from behind its eyes along each side of its head.
The crested penguin is a medium-sized penguin that inhabits its native range in a colony with other crested penguin individuals. Although they spend the majority of their time together on land, crested penguins usually go out to sea with the rest of the colony but tend to hunt on their own, returning when they are full.
The crested penguin is a carnivorous animal, that like all other penguin species, survives on a diet that is only comprised of marine animals. Squid and small crustaceans make up the bulk of the crested penguin's diet along with smaller organisms including krill and various species of fish.
The crested penguin is usually found nesting in the forests and scrub that line the New Zealand coast and although historically undisturbed, the crested penguin now has a number of land-dwelling predators including cats, dogs and foxes along with rats and weasels that hunt their eggs. Large seals including fur seals and leopard seals hunt the crested penguin in the water along with large sharks and killer whales.
On average, the crested penguin breeds once a year, forming pairs that usually remain faithful to one another. The female crested penguin lays two eggs in her nest in the forest which are incubated by both parents for up to a couple of months, when only one of the eggs will usually hatch. The crested penguin chicks are fed and kept warm by their parents and remain with them until the chicks are more than a few months old and are able to hunt for themselves.
Today, the crested penguin is listed as an endangered animal with an estimated wild population of less than 3,000 breeding pairs. The crested penguin populations have declined rapidly in their native habitats due to deforestation and the introduction of mammalian predators.
Found on the South American coast!
"These little guys are soo adorable and lots of info too!!"
Update your Crested Penguin phobia filter.
View printer friendly version of Crested Penguin article.
Learn how you can use or cite the Crested Penguin article in your website content, school work and other projects.


Ireland slipped eight shots behind the leaders at the close of play on day two of the International Team Championship in Greece.
The prestigious 30-year old tournament is a 72-hole team stroke play event with the two best scores from a team of three to count in each round.
"It's a proper test of golf," said Ireland captain Mooney, who carded the team's low round of the day, a two over par 73.
Ireland, the defending champions, are now tied for ninth on five over par with Belgium leading the way on three under and Germany tied with Spain in second on one under par.
Scoring proved difficult yesterday with only Germany, Spain and South Africa posting under-par rounds. The round one leaders, Sweden, lost ground with a score of 150 (+8).
Meanwhile, over in Turkey, David Higgins (Waterville) and Simon Thornton (Tulfarris Golf Resort) made strong starts at the PGA Play-offs.
David Dixon, who is attached to Enmore Park Golf Club in Somerset, posted a four-under-par round of 67 to lead the 24-strong field in the chase for the £3,500 first prize.
Higgins is one shot back following a bogey-free, three under par round of 68 with Thornton a shot further back in a tie for fifth following a 69.
The PGA in Ireland's third representative, Michael McGeady (Evolve Golf Coaching) opened his campaign with a one over par 72 to tie for 13th.
The occupants of the first three places will play in the GB&I PGA Cup team charged with recording an historic hat-trick of victories over the USA in Texas next year.
And places in two European Tour events are also up for grabs: the top two will also qualify for the 2019 British Masters and the first four the BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth next September.


Pastor Daniel Bryan said they wanted to focus on creating a safe place for the community.
TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (WTHI) - Bringing people together through fellowship and fun!
The Cornerstone Bible Church hosted a community block party on Saturday.
He said hosting a block party is a time to disconnect from devices and enjoy each other's company.
"We get so sucked in to our devices," he said, "We get so separated by politics, but when you just get people together to hang out good stuff happens."
Saturday's block party brought not only people, but businesses and groups together.
Bryan said multiple churches and organizations teamed up to help host the event.


Maybe we are in fact going to have an early Spring! The Carriage Roads in Acadia National Park have been closed indefinitely to ALL users until the roads dry out and they become firm enough to prevent damage to their gravel surfaces.
The warmer weather and wet conditions have softened the carriage roads and made them susceptible to damage. Walking, biking and horse riding on the carriage roads under the current conditions can cause ruts and potholes what will channel water and exacerbate erosion.
Superintendent Kevin Schneider said "We are asking all visitors to help us protect the historic carriage road system and prevent costly repairs by cooperating with this temporary closure."
While the carriage roads are closed, visitors are encourage to enjoy Acadia National Park's hiking trails and the Park Loop Road which is closed to motor vehicles until April 15th. When walking or biking on the closed to vehicles Park Loop Road be mindful of closed gates and the possibility of snow, ice, debris and National Park Service's vehicles or equipment on the road.


text:
Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo (KochiKame) is a Japanese comedy manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Akimoto. Produced by Studio Gallop, it ran for eight years before ending on December 19, 2004.

Theme music
The series use twenty four pieces of theme music: seven opening and fourteen ending themes.

From episodes 1-12, the opening theme is  by Joō-sama while the ending theme is  by Hoff Dylan.
From episodes 13-38, the opening theme is "Everybody Can Do!" by Tokio while the ending theme is  by The Collectors.
From episodes 39-145, the opening theme is  by Kōhei Dōjima while the ending themes are  by Megumi Okina,  by George Tokoro, and ""KYUN"" by Kanae.
From episodes 146-154, the opening theme is  by Shu Yamada and Hello Nights while the ending themes are  by The Love and  by Takuro Yoshida.
From episodes 155-206, the opening theme is  by Kankichi Ryōtsu and the Kochikame Wiiin Chorus while the ending themes are , by Takuro Yoshida,  by Rieko Miura & Kanako Mitsuhashi, and  by LaSalle Ishii.
From episodes 207-325, the opening theme is  by Yoshimi Tendo while the ending themes are  by Rieko Miura & Kanako Mitsuhashi,  by Kankichi Ryotsu and The Kochikame Chorus,  by Arashi,  by Joō-sama,  by Tetsu and Tomo,  by Tetsu and Tomo, and  by Nice Guy Jin.
From episodes 326-373, the opening theme is  by Yum!Yum! Orange while the ending themes are  by Sex Machineguns,  by Arashi, and # by Kankichi Ryotsu & Oh-Edo Typhoon.

Episode list

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Specials

References

External links

episodes
Lists of anime episodes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bobby Zankel
© John Rogers. All Rights Reserved.
Uploaded: 2010-08-29 Size: 500 x 375 pixels
About Bobby Zankel
Ceremonies of Forgiveness (Part 1)
Ceremonies of Forgiveness
Bobby Zankel's Warriors Play Muhal Richard Abrams at October Revolution
Celebrating William Parker at 65 by John Sharpe
Bobby Zankel Wonderful Sound 4 at Da Vinci Art Alliance
Bobby Zankel,The Warriors of the Wonderful Sound, and Guest Saxophonist David...
Celebrating William Parker at 65 by Victor L. Schermer
Bobby Zankel and Odean Pope: Homage to John Coltrane 2017
Bobby Zankel: The Soul of Jazz - Past, Present, and Future Tense
Bobby Zankel's Warriors of the Wonderful Sound with Rene McLean at the Painted...
Bobby Zankel and Friends at the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Bobby Zankel Quartet at the Philadelphia Art Alliance
Oliver Lake and the Warriors of the Wonderful Sound at the Painted Bride
Live From Philadelphia
Philadelphia's Cutting Edge Big Band: Bobby Zankel's Warriors of the Wonderful...
Bobby Zankel's Warriors of the Wonderful Sound with Jaleel Shaw at...
Bobby Zankel's Warriors of the Wonderful Sound with Rudresh Mahanthappa at...
Celebrating Cecil Taylor at the Painted Bride Art Center
Bobby Zankel: Revisiting Coltrane's "A Love Supreme"
Bobby Zankel: Philadelphia, PA, September 22, 2012
Bobby Zankel: Peaceful Jazz Warrior
Bobby Zankel, Warriors of the Wonderful Sound, and Rudresh Mahanthappa at...
Many in Body, One in Mind by AAJ Italy Staff
Celebrating William...
Not Two Records
Many in Body, One in...
CIMP Records
Ceremonies of...
Dreambox Media
Transcend & Triumph


It is back to the future, in an odd sort of way. There is growing trade press coverage on the interests of 401(k) plans and plan participants on turning a portion of participants' account balances into a "defined benefit-like" guaranteed income stream. Follow, for example, this link to Plan Advisor.com.


About a month ago the greenhouse was looking messy as oxalis, grasses, chickweed, and other weeds were starting to carpet the mostly bare ground. An unacceptable situation, considering that a month hence — now — I would need the space for planting in preparation for fall and winter.
The first step back in August was, obviously, to clear away the weeds, pulling almost each and every one out, roots and all. As long as weeds aren't too overgrown or too abundant, the job is pleasantly satisfying. Moist soil also helps.
Because I've grown a number of varieties of blueberries for a long time, I'm often asked what variety I would recommend planting. Or whether you need to plant two varieties for cross-pollination in order to get fruit.
The answers to both questions are intertwined. First of all, blueberries are partially self-fertile so one variety will bear fruit all by itself.
Benefits of cross-pollination aside, why plant just one variety of blueberry? Different varieties ripen their fruits at different times during the blueberry harvest season. With a good selection of varieties, that season can be very long.
Over the years I've shared the joys and frustrations of growing figs in my minimally heated greenhouse. The joys, of course, have been in sinking my teeth into fruits of the various varieties. Also, more recently, the neat appearance of the plants which are trained as espaliers. Left to its own devices, a fig can grow into a tangled mess. In part, that's because fig trees can't decide if they want to be small trees, with single or a few trunks, or large shrubs, with sprouts and side branches popping out all over the place.
I finally am getting to eat some ripe mulberries this year, and they were — and are — very, very good. The wait wasn't because the tree was too young. And anyway, mulberries are very quick to bear fruit, often the year after planting.
I got to eat fruit from my tree this year because resident birds have been kind enough to share some with me. Of course, it was not really kindness on their part. Birds also eat fruit for their juiciness, and the past weeks and weeks of abundant rainfall probably satisfied some of that need. The only other year I had plenty of mulberries — much more than this year — was a few years ago when 17-year cicadas descended upon here. All summer I awoke to their grating cacophony, but did feast on mulberries as birds feasted on the cicadas.


Please drive safely and watch for all School buses whether they are moving or not.
Never pass a School bus while it is loading or unloading.
Remember Our students safety is always first.
Bus Rules, and other documents can be downloaded below.


Students are increasingly taking more than four years to graduate college, and it's costing them dearly in terms of added student loan debt and delaying entering the labor market.
According to a 2012 survey of first-year college students by the Higher Education Research Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles, 84.3% of incoming first-year students believed that they will have graduated from college in four years, yet on average only about half of surveyed students will finish on time.
As colleges balance dwindling budgets and decreased endowments, many were forced to hike tuition prices while reducing capacity, making it more difficult for students to complete their degrees on time, says Ryan Craig, managing director at University Ventures. Students also shoulder some of the blame by switching majors frequently, not taking full course loads or enrolling in ineligible classes that don't count toward their major.
In an effort to help students graduate on time without racking up serious debt, schools including the University of Minnesota, the University of Nebraska and Pace University in New York have introduced four year graduation plans where students finish in four years or their extra tuition will be free.
But colleges beg to differ--programs like the recently implicated "Finish in 4" program at the University of Buffalo have been created with the intent to make the course selection process more streamlined for students, claims Scott Weber, vice provost of undergraduate education.
"We offered about 300 more sections in Fall 2012 than we did in Fall 2011 that created about 30,000 additional credit hours on campus from student demand--there was a bulge in the system that we had to satisfy and now we think that it's a little more manageable," he says.
For students considering a four year graduation program, here's what experts say to take into account before signing up.
To be assured that students will be able to take the courses they need to graduate in four years, schools often have strict guidelines for following a set curriculum.
Students must read all requirements and fine print before committing to a program, recommends Don Tollman, vice president of community relations at education solutions company Hobsons.
Some of the four-year programs may limit degree program choice and it's important to note that students may be trading flexibility for degree completion at whatever cost, cautions Tollman.
Students who opt for a four year program will not likely deal with the frustration of being denied enrollment in a course needed for graduation.
"We had a long standing problem with offering enough core classes at the appropriate times for students and our students were often taking those classes elsewhere and then transferring them back even though they were native UB students," Weber says.
Another common scheduling issue that can be rectified with a set course program in place is delayed enrollment in pre-requisite courses for vital major classes, notes Weber.
"The thought of, 'I think I'll drop this class, it's just one class' without understanding that that one class leads to the next class and depends on the next class--basically you drop a class, you could be a year behind at that point," he says.
For those wary of committing to 14 to 16 credit hours every semester on top of other extracurricular and work demands, a four year graduation program may not be a good fit.
Students dedicated to a four year program experiencing any academic difficulties or seeking guidance should take advantage of academic advisors on campus, says Weber.
"We make sure that we are very clear in our communication that if they're having trouble, they meet with their advisor, there are tutorials on campus, tutoring centers on campus that they can come to," he says.


text:
P.F. Sloan, geboren als Philip Gary Schlein (New York, 18 september 1945 - Los Angeles, 15 november 2015), was een Amerikaanse zanger en songwriter.

Biografie

Als songwriter
Nadat de familie Schlein zich in 1957 had gevestigd in Californië, werd Philip Gary Schlein in het muziekcircuit van Los Angeles snel bekend. Als songwriter onder de artiestennaam P.F. Sloan, werkzaam bij Dunhill Records, schreef hij talrijke nummers voor reeds gevestigde muzikanten, waaronder hits als Kick That Little Foot Sally Ann (Round Robin), Eve of Destruction (Barry McGuire), You Baby (The Turtles) en Secret Agent Man (Johnny Rivers). Sloan schiep, zong en produceerde ook songs voor de band The Grass Roots, waaronder Where were you when I needed you, later ook een hit voor Herman's Hermits. A Must to Avoid, een verdere hit van deze band, kwam eveneens uit zijn pen. Een song met de titel P.F. Sloan schreef de singer/songwriter Jimmy Webb voor het album Words & Music (1970).

Als zanger
Als soloartiest en zanger van zijn eigen nummers trad P.F. Sloan tijdens de late jaren 1960 en de vroege jaren 1970 op de voorgrond. Tijdens deze periode bracht hij de albums Songs of Our Times (1965), Twelve More Times (1966), Measure of Pleasure (1968) en Raised On Records (1972) uit. Na een langere pauze verschenen de albums Songs of Other Times (1988) en Serenade of the Seven Sisters (1994, alleen in Japan verkrijgbaar). Het door Jon Tive geproduceerde album Sailover (2006) bood een mengeling uit oude en nieuwe songs. Naast Jon en Sally Tive waren bij Sailover onder andere de gastmuzikanten Frank Black, Buddy Miller, Lucinda Williams, Felix Cavaliere, Tom Petersson en Gary Tallent betrokken.

Overlijden
P.F. Sloan overleed in november 2015 op 70-jarige leeftijd.

Amerikaans zanger


"A new and updated deluxe model of the favourite Iguanodon that was named in 1825 by Dr Gideon Mantell and was the second dinosaur to be identified and given a name. The reason for the conical thumb spike is not known but it has been suggested that it was used in feeding or defence. It was a herding animal and is often found together with Mantellisaurus, so the two models may be put together in dioramas."
well, it's just my subjective opinion, don't take it too seriously .
this is the first time i don't dislike a dino made by collecta. they usualy put some nice effort into accuracy, but not too much into the paintjob. and the sculpt detail is far under papo's level.
but this time, they come with a decently looking iguanodon, at least that's what i see in this promotional pic.
Iguanodon really needed a good update and they took it seriously. The quadrupedal stance and the improved hands are two important improvements of this version, I guess. Personally I find iguanodon quite uninteresting creatures but that's my personal taste. Obviously they have the right of being replicated. I'd get a megalosaurus instead.
The teasers for the 2018 prehistoric animals are only about halfway through now,so you never know what is still left to be revealed.When it comes to CollectA,nothing can really be counted out,not even Megalosaurus.
When we start watching this video, we would never suspect how great this figure is. Much closer is the image, more impressed we get. The level of detail is amazing and it surely rivals with Papo dinos. Considering the expression is fortunate and that the figure is scientifically correct, we can tell we're seeing a masterpiece here. Iguanodon is surely not among my favorite dinos but I can't be neutral to what CollectA did here.


text:
Millworth Manor
The Importance of Being Wicked
by Victoria Alexander
Imprint: Zebra
FICTION / Romance / Historical / Regency
In this dazzling new novel, #1 New York Times bestselling author Victoria Alexander welcomes you to Millworth Manor, a delightful English country estate where love is always perfectly at home. . .
For Winfield Elliott, Viscount Stillwell, finding a prospective bride always seemed easy. Perhaps too easy. With three broken engagements to his name, Win is the subject of endless gossip. Yet his current mission is quite noble: to hire a company to repair his family's fire-damaged country house. Nothing disreputable in that--until the firm's representative turns out to be a very desirable widow.
Lady Miranda Garrett expected a man of Win's reputation to be flirtatious, even charming. But the awkward truth is that she finds him thoroughly irresistible. While Miranda resides at Millworth to oversee the work, Win occupies her days, her dreams. . .and soon, her bed. For the first time, the wicked Win has fallen in love. And what began as a scandalous proposition may yet become a very different proposal. . .
"For love, laughter, and lots of fun, read Victoria Alexander." --Stephanie Laurens, New York Times bestselling author
New York Times bestselling author Victoria Alexander was an award-winning television reporter until she discovered fiction was much more fun than real life. She turned to writing full time and has never looked back. Victoria grew up traveling the country as an Air Force brat and is now settled in a very old house in Omaha, Nebraska, with her husband, two allegedly grown children and two bearded collies. She firmly believes housework is a four-letter word, there are no calories in anything eaten standing up, procrastination is an art form, and it's never too soon to panic.


text:
NLRB Sues Boeing, and Why South Carolina's Loss May Be America's Too
Carl Horowitz | May 07, 2011
Kathy Hochul Is Hoping to Bring a Major Change to SUNY and CUNY Schools Spencer Brown
The National Labor Relations Board – these days known by many of its critics as the National Organized Labor Relations Board – must have a pretty broad definition of the words "coercion" and "retaliation." And should it prevail in court, the result will be less freedom for employers and employees across the nation.
On April 20, the board filed a 10-page complaint against Boeing alleging the company's decision in 2009 to locate its second assembly plant in South Carolina represented illegal retaliation against employees belonging to the International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers (IAM). As a remedy, the NLRB is seeking a judicial order for the company to shift all production of its planned 787 Dreamliner commercial jet to its main facility in Washington State. The IAM, predictably, is delighted. Equally to the point, Boeing and South Carolina officials are furious. That South Carolina, unlike Washington, is a Right to Work state has more than a little to do with the unfolding drama.
Back on March 26, 2010, the Machinists filed a complaint against Boeing with the National Labor Relations Board. The union claimed the Chicago-based company, in moving its final assembly plant for its 787 Dreamliner wide-body, twin-engine jet aircraft to a facility near Charleston, South Carolina, illegally had "retaliated" against the IAM for four separate strikes the union conducted over the course of 1989-2008. Instead of expanding its existing production facility in Everett, Washington, located about 25 miles north of Seattle, Boeing instead chose a site at Charleston Airport near Charleston, S.C.
After conducting an investigation, NLRB Acting General Counsel Lafe Solomon found "reasonable cause" to believe that the company violated two sections of the National Labor Relations Act. First, Solomon concluded, the move was motivated by a desire "to retaliate for past strikes and chill future strike activity." Second, Boeing officials had made "coercive statements" to union employees relating to the move.
NLRB located apparently incriminating internal documents and news interviews, the latter category including a statement given by Jim Albaugh, CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, to the Seattle Times (March 2, 2010) in which he stated that while Washington State remained his "preferred location" for building commercial aircraft, he would view South Carolina as a better alternative unless the union "moderates its future wage demands and avoids strikes." Albaugh stated: "The overriding factor was not the business climate. And it was not the wages we are paying today. It was that we can't afford to have a work stoppage every three years. And we can't afford to continue the rate of escalation of wages."
Boeing, in fact, had good reason to fear strikes. The most recent, in 2008, lasted almost two months and cost the company nearly $2 billion in lost revenue. To compensate, management wanted workers to contribute more toward health insurance, forgo defined-benefit pension plans and agree to more outsourcing. Albaugh would seem to be guilty of nothing more than exercising sound business judgment.
Also exercising sound judgment was Boeing Chairman and CEO Jim McNerney, in referring in a quarterly earnings conference appearing on the Boeing website to "diversifying [Respondent's] labor pool and labor relationship" and moving 787 Dreamliner production to South Carolina due to "strikes happening every three to four years in Puget Sound." To the International Association of Machinists and the NLRB, this is called "retaliation."
Meanwhile, South Carolina already had beckoned. As a Right to Work state, workers there don't have to worry about losing their jobs if they don't join the union or pay "agency fees" in lieu of joining. The company specifically had its eyes on a site in North Charleston previously occupied by Vought Aircraft Industries Inc. In 2009, Boeing paid $750 million for the complex, which it planned to retrofit for production of its 787s at the rate of three planes a month. With orders rolling in since 2004, the State of South Carolina sweetened the deal, adding nearly $900 million in tax relief and other incentives. Test flights began in December 2009; commercial production is expected to begin this summer – the company hopes anyway.
Reluctant to leave its Everett work force, Boeing made a final contract offer that included a "no-strike" clause. The move, management emphasized, would not replace Washington State operations. Indeed, it would lead to more hiring in Washington as well as South Carolina. The Machinists, unimpressed, responded with a proposed 11-year agreement that would require the company to place all future commercial aircraft production in the Puget Sound area; remain neutral in all union organizing campaigns; and reserve a seat on the its executive board for a union representative. Boeing said "no." Soon after, in October 2009, it signed an agreement with South Carolina.
The International Association of Machinists, which represents some 35,000 Boeing workers around the U.S., 25,000 of them in Washington State, felt double-crossed. Several months later, the Seattle-based IAM District Lodge 751 filed an Unfair Labor Practices charge against the company, claiming senior Boeing executives had used coercion against lawful union activity. "Boeing's decision to build a 787 assembly line in South Carolina sent a message that Boeing workers would suffer financial harm for exercising their collective bargaining rights," exulted IAM Vice President Rich Michalski upon hearing the news of the NLRB action. "Federal labor law is clear: It's illegal to threaten or penalize workers who engage in concerted activity." District 751 President Tom Wroblewski likewise stated: "Had we allowed Boeing to break the law and go unchecked in their actions, it would have given the green light for corporate America to discriminate against union members and would have become management's new strategic template to attack employees."
What these and other union officials conveniently overlook, however, is that after the purchase of the North Charleston facility, union workers there voted 199-68 to decertify the IAM as their bargaining representative shortly after the announcement of the move. Apparently, that sort of "concerted activity" isn't acceptable to Machinist chieftains. Following the vote, the union filed a lawsuit against South Carolina Republican Governor Nikki Haley, claiming she had "violated U.S. labor laws and the Constitution." IAM Southern Territory Vice President Bob Martinez explained the union's position: "Gov. Haley placed her hand on a Bible and swore to defend the Constitution of the United States. [B]ut her stated intention is to actively oppose workers in South Carolina who wish to exercise their legal right to join a union." Martinez can't seem to get over the fact that workers in South Carolina already have spoken.
The National Labor Relations Board, and not for the first time, appears eager to become a union mouthpiece. "A worker's right to strike is a fundamental right guaranteed by the National Labor Relations Act," noted the NLRB's Solomon in a statement released in conjunction with the filing of the April 20 complaint. "We also recognize the rights of employers to make business decisions based on their economic interests, but they must do so within the law." But how has Boeing, by trying to avoid strikes, broken the law? If unions have the right to organize or pressure an employer into making concessions, the employer surely has the right to take this into account when making decisions that affect long-term company health. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed this principle long ago in a trio of 1965 rulings: Textile Workers Union v. Darlington Manufacturing Co.; NLRB v. Brown; and American Ship Building v. NLRB. Only in the former did the High Court rule in favor of the union – and that qualified decision involved the closing of an existing plant, not the opening of a new one.
If the NLRB, currently with four members – three Democrats and one Republican (the nominee for the fifth slot, Republican Terence Flynn, awaits Senate approval) – is so exercised by Boeing's alleged union-busting tactics, why did it wait a year and a half to file its complaint against Boeing? It could be that until March 2010, the board for 27 months had operated with only two members, Wilma Liebman and Peter Schaumber, respectively, a Democrat and a Republican. Victory for the IAM under such a condition, in other words, was unlikely. With a pro-union majority in place, however, Acting General Counsel Solomon saw an opportunity to take action.
Boeing is anything but happy about the NLRB lawsuit. "This claim is legally frivolous and represents a radical departure from both NLRB and Supreme Court precedent," said the company's general counsel, J. Michael Luttig.
South Carolina officials are especially incensed. Attorney General Alan Wilson recently noted that the complaint against Boeing will hurt the ability of his and other states to create jobs, a statement seconded by eight other state attorneys general. "This is nothing more than a political favor for the unions who are supporting President Obama's re-election campaign," remarked Sen. Jim DeMint, R-S.C. "Unfortunately, it comes at the expense of hundreds of jobs in South Carolina and thousands of jobs nationwide." Fellow South Carolina Republican Senator Lindsey Graham stated: "If successful, the NLRB complaint would allow unions to hold a virtual 'veto' over business decisions. Left to their own devices, the NLRB would routinely punish Right to Work states that value and promote their pro-business climates."
Governor Haley may be the most outspoken of all. Laying out her position in a guest editorial, "Obama's Silence on Boeing Is Unacceptable," appearing in the April 29 Wall Street Journal, she wrote:
South Carolina is a right-to-work state, and we're proud that within our borders workers cannot be required to join a labor union as a condition of employment. We don't need unions playing middleman between our companies and our employees. We don't want them forcefully inserted into our promising business climate. And we will not stand for them intimidating South Carolinians.
That is apparently too much for President Obama and his union-beholden appointees at the National Labor Relations Board, who have asked the courts to intervene and force Boeing to stop production in South Carolina. The NLRB wants Boeing to produce the planes only in Washington State, where its workers must belong to the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.
Haley went on to call the actions by the NLRB "nothing less than a direct assault on the 22 right-to-work states across America."
Advocates for each side will get to square off starting this June 14 in the James C. Sand Hearing Room in the Jackson Federal Building in Seattle before an NLRB Administrative Law Judge. Boeing no doubt will give its all; pulling out of South Carolina at this point would incur serious losses. By March of this year, fully 835 orders for its 787 Dreamliner from a combined 56 customers had poured in, despite various project delays. The Dreamliner is the aircraft builder's marquee commercial product, a logical successor to its less fuel-efficient 747-400 and 767 models. The Japanese are deeply enmeshed in the project as well, providing a 35-percent work share and a first-time-ever participation in wing production. A union victory, even without the accompanying wage and benefit package, might raise costs dramatically.
There is an unfortunate measure of justice in all this. Boeing unwittingly has become an IAM target due to its prior capitulation to union power. A strike against Boeing by the Society of Professional Engineering Employees in Aerospace back in early 2000, for example, resulted in management giving in on key issues in order to settle after 40 days; the walkout caused Boeing to miss at least 15 aircraft deliveries and some government contracts. And the company succumbed on major issues during a four-week strike by the Machinists in 2005, which resulted in overwhelming union approval of a three-year contract – and another IAM strike in 2008. Management also has enshrined racial, ethnic and gender diversity as an operating principle. And CEO Jim McNerney is tight with the Obama White House.
The union-driven NLRB complaint against Boeing, in other words, is the result of repeated fecklessness, or at least appearance of it, on the part of the company. However the case turns out, it should stand as a lesson to all companies that unions and their political allies don't become "nicer" after they cause a corporate target to buckle. To the contrary, they get nastier.


The U.N. Secretary General, the African Union Commission chairperson, the Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and other representatives of international and regional organizations are expected to attend the conference.
Other participants are: the TFG leadership, states, regions, and representatives from all segments of Somali society, including the youth, women, the business community, elders, religious leaders and the Diaspora. The opening speech will be delivered by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Somali President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and U.N. Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon.
The Istanbul conference is organized on the eve of rising opportunities of ending political, security, humanitarian instabilities and disputes that have continued for 21 years in Somalia.
Representatives from all section of Somali society convened and discussed the future of the country and the steps to be taken in the future ahead of the Istanbul Conference.
Turkey - a country which played a leading role in bringing up the issue of the humanitarian disaster that resulted from drought and famine in the summer of 2011 to the agenda of the international community - is also seeking to help political and civil society leaders reach out to the international community through the Istanbul conference. On the first day of the conference there will be four Partnership Forums on Energy, Water, Roads and Resilience, with the participation of experts, businessman and bureaucrats. The aim is to project the conclusions drawn in the forums to the conference communiqué.
Opening speeches will be delivered by Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Bekir Bozdağ and Somali Prime Minister Somali Abdiweli Muhammed Ali. On the second day of the conference, with the participation of high ranking officials, participants will discuss the extra steps to be taken for ending the transition period in August 2012 and the medium to long term strategies after the transition period as well.
Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, U.N. Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon and Somali President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed are scheduled to make a joint press conference.


text:
"Last Ditch Cabaret" is a song written and performed by Australian singer-songwriter, Mark Seymour. The song was released in May 1997 as the lead single from his debut studio album, King Without a Clue. The song peaked at number 85 on the ARIA singles chart.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1997, the song was nominated for two awards; Best Male Artist and Breakthrough Artist – Single.

Track listing
CD single
 "Last Ditch Cabaret" – 4:08
 "Until They Die" – 4:11
 "The Ghost of Vainglory" (live acoustic version) – 4:13
 "The Patriot Game" (live acoustic version) – 4:13
 "Last Ditch Cabaret" (live acoustic version) – 4:27

Charts

Release history

References

1997 songs
Mushroom Records singles