text:
Sisira Sarma, PhD
Associate Professor of Health Economics
Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
The University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario N6A 5C1
Tel: (519) 661-2111 x 87583
E-mail: ssarma2@uwo.ca
URL: http://publish.uwo.ca/~ssarma2/
Incoming Students: I am interested in supervising graduate students at the MSc and PhD levels on topics related to health economics, especially the economics of primary health care, economic evaluation in personalized medicine, analysis of health care costs and health outcomes, and economics of the social/environmental determinants of health. Interested applicants with strong quantitative skills are encouraged to e-mail me at ssarma2@uwo.ca to discuss potential projects.
Introduction to Health Economics (4600A)
Introduction to Health Economics (9572Q)
Health Economics II (4615B)
Advanced Cost-effectiveness Analysis (9530B)
Ph.D. (Economics)
M.Phil. (Economics)
M.A. (Economics)
B.A. (Economics Honours)
Health Econometrics
Graduate Students Supervised (initial placement):
Qi Zhang, 2008 (Co-supervisor), M.A. in Economics, University of Ottawa. (PhD Student)
Project: The impact of insurance on dental and physician visits in Ontario
Rukia Owusu, 2008 (Co-supervisor), M.A. in Economics, University of Ottawa. (PhD Student)
Project: Immigrants' access to physician and healthcare services
Rick Chan, August 2010 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Nursing Student)
Thesis: The impact of health information technology on family physician's practice patterns: A cross-sectional study using data from the 2007 National Physician Survey
Kalaivaani Sundararajan, January 2012 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Analyst, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario)
Thesis: The relationship between diet quality and obesity in Canadian adults: Evidence from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey
Simon Hollands, May 2012 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Analyst, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto)
Thesis: The association between the fast-food environment and obesity in Canada: A cross-sectional analysis
Emmanuel Ewara, November 2012 (Supervisor; Co-supervisor: Gregory Zaric), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Health Economics Analyst, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario)
Thesis: The cost-effectiveness of Cetuximab or Pantiumumab with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI Chemotherapy regimens compared to Bevacizumab with FOLFOX or FOlFIRI for patients with KRAS wild type metastatic colorectal cancer
Michael Lebenbaum, January 2013 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Epidemiologist, Public Health Ontario, Toronto)
Thesis: Obesity and health care utilization tends in Canada during the Period 1996/97 to 2009/10
Samantha Larose, March 2014 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Quality and Evaluation Specialist, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta)
Thesis: The impact of obesity on employment participation and earnings among working-age women in Canada: Evidence from the NPHS longitudinal data
Nathalie Metzer, August 2014 (Supervisor; Co-Supervisor: Karen M. Campbell), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario (UWO-RDC Analyst, London, Ontario).
Thesis: Maternal employment during infancy and toddlerhood: Mechanisms for associations with childhood overweight/obesity in Canada
Ciara Pendrith, December 2014 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario. (Biostatistician, Women's College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario).
Thesis: Cost-effectiveness of incentives for cervical cancer screening in Ontario's primary healthcare delivery models
Jagraj Pandher, October 2015 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario (Medical Student, Keele University, UK).
Thesis: The Association between neighbourhood-level food environment and chronic diseases in Canada: A cross-sectional analysis
Ashna Jinah, March 2016 (Supervisor), MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario (Research Assistant, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario).
Thesis: The association between neighbourhood walkability and adult obesity prevalence in urban Canada
Kathleen Nelligan, December 2018 (Co-supervisor with Dr. Chris Doherty, Department of Surgery). MSc in Surgery, University of Western Ontario.
Thesis: Choice of implant filler in breast reconstruction: A study of the cost-effectiveness of saline and silicone implants
Thaksha Thavam, May 2019 (Principal Supervisor). MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario (Clinical Research Project Coordinator at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Ontario).
Thesis: The impact of the diabetes management incentive on diabetes-related services, hospitalizations and mortality risk in Ontario
Yue Niu, October 2019 (Supervisor, Co-supervisor: G.Y. Zou). MSc in Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario (Statistical Analyst, Health Economics and Market Access Division, Amais Consulting, Toronto, Ontario).
Thesis: Construction of Prediction Models for The Health Utility Index Mark 3 in Ontario and Its Application
Thy Hoang Vu (Supervisor, Co-supervisor: Kelly Anderson). Working Title: Utilization of mental health services in primary care and emergency departments: Comparison of Ontario's Family Health Groups and Family Health Organizations (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics work-in-progress; expected completion: December 2019).
Aneeka Hafeez (Supervisor, Co-supervisor: Ute Schwartz). Working Title: Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics (PGx) based warfarin, standard warfarin, apixaban and rivaroxaban for atrial fibrillation patients in Ontario, Canada (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics work-in-progress; expected completion: December 2019).
Mary Bamimore (Supervisor, Co-Supervisor: Amit Garg). Working Title: The impact of Ontario's primary care reform on quality of care for congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (PhD thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics work-in-progress; expected completion: December 2019).
Victoria Gaudin (Principal Supervisor). Working Title: The impact of school nutrition policies on healthy eating in youth and children in Canada (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics; expected completion: April 2020).
Michael Hong (Supervisor). Working Title: Investigating after-hours incentive in primary care and emergency department utilization in Ontario (PhD thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics work-in-progress; expected completion: April 2021).
Graduate Student Thesis Committee:
Malek Bassam Hannouf (Committee Member). Economic evaluation of potential applications of gene expression profiling in clinical oncology (PhD thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics completed: May 2014).
Chong Sung Kim (Committee Member). Survival Analysis of Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) and non-CUP patients in Ontario (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics completed: December 2015).
Dorian Murariu (Committee Member). Testing the interpersonal theory of suicide in community-residing older adults (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics completed: March 2016).
Calvin Yip (Committee Member). The Association between social cohesion and physical activity in communities across Canada: A Multilevel Analysis (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics completed: June 2016).
Sebastian Przech (Committee Member). Financial costs incurred by living kidney donors: finding from a Canadian multi-centre prospective cohort study (MSc thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics completed: August 2017).
Steven Habbous (Committee Member). Research to improve living kidney donor evaluation process (PhD thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics completed: December 2018).
Vinusha Kalatharan (Committee Member). The epidemiology of upper urinary tract stone management in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. (PhD thesis in Epidemiology & Biostatistics work-in-progress; expected completion: 2019).
Dr. Shammima Jesmin 2011 (Initial placement: Independent contracting).
Dr. Mohammad Hajizadeh 2013 (Initial placement: Post-doctoral Fellow at McGill University (Assistant Professor at Dalhousie University since July 1, 2014).
Dr. Koffi-Ahoto Kpelitse 2015 (Initial placement: Senior Analyst, Canadian Institute for Health Information).
Dr. Nibene Habib Some 2018 (Initial placement: Senior Analyst, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences).
Research Grants as PI/Co-PI
1) Richard Kim (PI); Jeffrey Alfonsi, David Barrett, Aleksander Essex, Amit Garg, Daniel Lizotte, Sisira Sarma, Ute Schwarz, Rommel Tirona (Co-PIs). Pharmacogenomics technologies and patient-centred approaches for enhancing drug safety and effectiveness. Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science, Ontario Research Fund (Research Excellence Round 8): $1,457,274 (October 2016 – September 2021)
My Share: $111,956 (October 2016 – September 2021)
2) Sisira Sarma (PI). The Impact of Physician Mode of Remuneration on Healthcare Utilization, Costs and Quality of Care in Ontario. Early Researcher Award, Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation: $140,000 (March 2015 – March 2020).
3) Sisira Sarma (PI). Doctoral Supervision Internal Grant (DSIG), University of Western Ontario: $8,000 (February 2014 – December 2020).
4) Sisira Sarma (PI); Rose Anne Devlin, Amit Garg, Salimah Shariff, Amardeep Thind and Gregory Zaric (Co-Is). Do primary care reforms influence physician performance and patient outcomes? Econometric analyses of Ontario's primary healthcare delivery models. Canadian Institutes of Health Research Operating Grant: $525,970 (Funding Reference Number: MOP-130454, October 2013 – September 2018).
5) Sisira Sarma (PI). Start-up Funding, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario: $25,000 (July 2008 – December 2014).
6) Sisira Sarma (PI) and Amardeep Thind (Co-I). Physician supply at the intensive margin: The case of Canadian family physicians. SSHRC Internal, University of Western Ontario: $7,000 (October 2008 – September 2009).
7) Sisira Sarma (PI); M. Karen Campbell, Yun-Hee Choi, Jason Gilliland and Gregory Zaric (Co-Is). Research to prevent adult obesity. Private donation from the Estate of Margaret May Dodge (through the University of Western Ontario): $25,000 (January 2011 – December 2017).
8) Sisira Sarma (PI); M. Karen Campbell, Yun-Hee Choi, Jason Gilliland and Gregory Zaric (Co-Is). Econometric analyses of adult obesity in Canada: Modifiable risk factors and policy implications. Canadian Institutes of Health Research Operating Grant: $281,027 (Funding Reference Number: MOP-97763, October 2009 – September 2012).
9) Sisira Sarma (PI). Understanding the impact of practice settings on physician behaviour and patient outcomes: The implications for health and human resources planning. MOHLTC Career Scientist Salary Award: $200,810 (July 2009 – September 2011).
10) Sisira Sarma (PI) and Gregory Zaric (Co-Applicant). Canadian Health Economics Study Group Conference 2011. Canadian Institutes of Health Research: $12,817 (Funding Reference Number: KDE-112517, February 2011 – January 2012).
Research Grants Received as Co-I:
11) Piotr Wilk (PI); Kelly Anderson, Martin Cooke, Stephanie Frisbee, Jason Gilliland, Michael Haan, Kambiz Norozi, Robert John Petrella, Sisira Sarma, Saverio Stranges and Amardeep Thind (Co-Is). Healthy Cities, Healthy People: Exploring Longitudinal Exposure to Environmental Risk Factors. Canadian Institutes of Health Research Operating Grant: $88,060 (March 2019 – February 2020).
12) Piotr Wilk (PI); Saverio Stranges, Kelly Anderson, Stephanie Frisbee, Sisira Sarma, Amardeep Thind, Dan Lizotte, Robert Petrella, Stewart Harris (Co-Is). Multidisciplinary Initiative for Population Health Research in Chronic Diseases. Collaborative Research Seed Grant, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario: $48,596 (April 2017 – March 2019).
13) Richard Kim (PI); Ute Schwarz, Rommel Tirona, Sisira Sarma, Dan Hackam, Yun-Hee Choi, Sharon Taylor, Robin Legan and Sara Morgan (Co-Is). Implementation of Pharmacogenomics Guided Warfarin Dosing and INR Monitoring for Hospitalized Patients: Focus on Health Economics and Adverse Event Rates. Academic Medical Organization of Southwestern Ontario (AMOSO): $200,000 (May 2014 – March 2016).
14) Marnin Heisel (PI); Sharon Moore, Gordon Flett, Ross Norman, Paul Links, Sisira Sarma, Norm O'Rourke and Rahel Eynan (Co-Is). Enhancing psychological resiliency in older men facing retirement: Testing a meaning-centered group intervention. Movember Canada: $575,255 (November 1, 2013 – October 31, 2016).
15) Michael J. Rouse (PI); Greg Zaric, Charlice Hurst and Sisira Sarma (Co-Is). A meta analysis of Canadian workplace wellness programs and the impact of Sunlife Financial's Healthy Returns program on employee wellness, productivity and 2-year healthcare costs. The Sun Life Financial: $482,142 (May 2011– April 2015).
16) Gregory Zaric (PI); Muriel Brackstone, Jeffrey Hoch, George Rodrigues, Peter Rogan and Sisira Sarma (Co-Is). Economic evaluation of tests to reveal the source of cancers of unknown primary. Canadian Institutes of Health Research: $173,829 (April 2011 – March 2013).
(Names of trainees underlined)
1) M.J. Heisel, S. Moore, G.L. Flett, R.M.G. Norman, P.S. Links, R. Eynan, N. O'Rourke, S. Sarma, P. Fairlie, K.J. Wilson, B. Farrell, M. Grunau, R. Olson, D. Conn. Meaning-centered men's groups: Initial findings of an intervention to enhance resiliency and reduce suicide risk in men facing the transition to retirement. Clinical Gerontologist (Accepted, September 2019).
2) N.H. Somé, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, L. Li, S. Shariff, B. Belhadji, A. Thind, A. Garg, S. Sarma. Production of physician services under fee-for-service and blended fee-for-service: Evidence from Ontario's Natural Experiment. Health Economics (Available online, September 2019).
3) M. Hong and S. Sarma. Medicaid, Chapter in "Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging," edited by Danan Gu and Matthew E. Dupre. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_993-1. (May 2019)
4) S. Przech, A. Garg, J.B. Arnold, L. Barnieh, M. Cuerden, C. Dipchand, L. Feldman, J. Gill, M. Karpinski, G. Knoll, C. Lok, M. Miller, M. Monroy, C. Nguan, R. Prasad, S. Sarma, J.M. Sontrop, L. Storsley, S. Klarenbach, for the Donor Nephrectomy Outcomes Research (DONOR) Network. Financial costs incurred by living kidney donors: A prospective cohort study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 29(12), 2018, 2847-2857.
5) M. Lebenbaum, G. Zaric, A. Thind, S. Sarma. Trends in obesity and multimorbidity in Canada. Preventive Medicine, 116, 2018, 173-179.
6) S. Sarma, N. Mehta, R.A. Devlin, L. Li and K.A. Kpelitse. Family physician remuneration schemes and referrals to specialists: Quasi-experimental evidence from Ontario, Canada. Health Economics, 27(10), 2018, 1533-1549.
7) C.S. Kim, M. B. Hannouf, S. Sarma, G.B. Rodrigues, P. Rogan, S. Mahmud, E. Winquist, M. Brackstone and G.S. Zaric. Survival outcome differences based on treatment utilization and knowledge of primary tumour site for Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) and known primary patients in Ontario, Canada. Current Oncology, 25(5), 2018, 307–316.
8) S. Habbous, E. McArthur, S. Sarma, M. Begen, B. Manns, K.L. Lentine, C. Dipchand, K. Litchfield, S. Mckenzie and A.X. Garg. Potential implications of a more timely living kidney donor evaluation. American Journal of Transplantation, 18(11), 2018, 2719-2729.
9) S. Habbous, J. Arnold, M. Begen, N. Boudville, M. Cooper, C. Dipchand, L.S. Feldman, D. Goździk, S. Dixon, M. Karpinski, S. Klarenbach, G.A. Knoll, N.N. Lam, K.L. Lentine, C. Lok, E. McArthur, S. McKenzie, M. Miller, M. Monroy-Cuadros, C. Nguan, G.V. Ramesh Prasad, S. Przech, S. Sarma, D.L. Segev, L. Storsley and A.X. Garg for the Donor Nephrectomy Outcomes Research (DONOR) Network. Duration of living kidney transplant donor evaluations: findings from 2 multi-center cohort Studies. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 72(4), 2018, 483-498.
10) S. Habbous, S. Sarma, L. Barnieh, E. McArthur, M.A. Begen, S., Klarenbach, K.L. Lentine, B. Manns, A.X. Garg. Health care costs for the evaluation, surgery, and follow-up care of living kidney donors. Transplantation, 102(8), 2018, 1367-1374.
11) S. Habbous, M.A. Begen, C. Dipchand, S. N. Dixon, N. N. Lam, C. Garcia-Ochoa, K. Lentine, K. Litchfield, S. Mackenzie, E. McArthur, S. Sarma, A. X. Garg. Initiating maintenance dialysis prior to living kidney donor transplantation when a donor candidate evaluation is well underway. Transplantation, 102(7), 2018, e345–e353.
12) S. Habbous, S. Przech, J. Martin, A.X. Garg and S. Sarma. Cost-effectiveness analysis of first-line phosphate binders for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Value in Health, 21(3), 2018, 318-325.
13) M. B. Hannouf, E. Winquist, S.M. Mahmud, M. Brackstone, S. Sarma, G. Rodrigues, P. Rogan, J.S. Hoch and G.S. Zaric. The clinical significance of occult gastrointestinal primary tumours in metastatic cancer: a population retrospective cohort study. Cancer Research and Treatment, 50(1), 2018, 183-194.
14) M. B. Hannouf, E. Winquist, S.M. Mahmud, M. Brackstone, S. Sarma, G. Rodrigues, P. Rogan, J.S. Hoch and G.S. Zaric. The potential clinical and economic value of primary tumour identification in metastatic cancer of unknown primary tumour: A population-based retrospective matched cohort study. PharmacoEconomics Open (2017) https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-017-0051-2.
15) M. B. Hannouf, E. Winquist, S.M. Mahmud, M. Brackstone, S. Sarma, G. Rodrigues, P. Rogan, J.S. Hoch and G.S. Zaric. The clinical significance of occult gynecologic primary tumours in metastatic cancer. Current Oncology, 2017, 24(5):e368-e378.
16) S. Tam, H. Sun, S. Sarma, J. Siu, K. Fung and L. Sowerby. Medialization Thyroplasty versus Injection Laryngoplasty: A Cost Minimization Analysis. Journal of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, 2017, 46(1):14.
17) S. Habbous, S. Przech, R. Acedillo, S. Sarma, A.X. Garg and J. Martin. The efficacy and safety of sevelamer and lanthanum versus calcium-containing and iron-based binders in treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 32 (1), 2017, 111-125.
18) M.B. Hannouf, E. Winquist, S.M. Mahmud, M. Brackstone, S. Sarma, P, Rogan, J.S. Hoch and G.S. Zaric. Cost-effectiveness of using a gene expression profiling test to aid in identifying the primary tumour in patients with cancer of unknown primary. Pharmacogenomics, 17, 2017, 286-300.
19) V. Kalatharan, Y. Pei, K.K. Clemens, R.K. McTavish, S.N. Dixon, M. Rochon, D.M. Nash, A. Jain, S. Sarma, A. Zaleski, A. Lum, A.X. Garg. Positive predictive values of international classification of diseases, 10th revision coding algorithms to identify patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Diseases, 3, 2016, 1-7.
20) C. Yip, S. Sarma and P. Wilk. The association between social cohesion and physical activity in Canada: a multilevel analysis. Social Science & Medicine - Population Health 2, 2016, 718-723.
21) C. Pendrith, A. Thind, G. Zaric and S. Sarma. Association between financial incentives and cervical cancer screening in Ontario's primary healthcare delivery models. Healthcare Policy, 12(1), 2016, 116-28.
22) J.C. Jacobs, S. Burke, M. Rouse, S. Sarma and G. Zaric. Cardiovascular disease risk awareness and its association with preventive health behaviors: Evidence from a Canadian sample of workplaces. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(5), 2016, 459-65.
23) C. Pendrith, A. Thind, G. Zaric and S. Sarma. Costs of cervical cancer treatment: Estimates from Ontario, Canada. Current Oncology, 23(2), 2016, e109-e115.
24) S. Larose, K.A. Kpelitse, M.K. Campbell, G. Zaric and S. Sarma. Does obesity influence labour market outcomes among working-age adults? Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data. Economics and Human Biology, 20, 2016, 26-41.
25) M. Hajizadeh, M.K. Campbell and S. Sarma. A spatial econometric analysis of adult obesity: Evidence from Canada. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 9(3), 2016, 329-363.
26) C.S. Kim, M. B. Hannouf, S. Sarma, G.B. Rodrigues, P. Rogan, S. Mahmud, E. Winquist, M. Brackstone and G.S. Zaric. Identification and survival outcomes of a cohort of patients with cancer of unknown primary in Ontario. Acta Oncologica, 54, 2015, 1781-1787.
27) S. Sarma, R.A. Devlin, J. Gilliland, MK. Campbell and G. Zaric. The Effect of leisure-time physical activity on obesity, diabetes, high BP and heart disease among Canadians: Evidence from 2000/01 to 2005/06. Health Economics, 24(12), 2015, 1531–1547.
28) E. Ewara, G. Zaric, S. Welch and S. Sarma. Cost-effectiveness of first line treatments for KRAS wild type metastatic colorectal cancer. Current Oncology, 21(4), 2014, e541-e550.
29) S. Hollands, M.K. Campbell, J. Gilliland and S. Sarma. Association between fast-food and full-service restaurant density and BMI: A cross-sectional study of Canadian adults. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 15(3), 2014, e172-e178.
30) S. Sarma, G. Zaric, M.K. Campbell and J. Gilliland. The effect of physical activity on adult obesity: Evidence from Canadian NPHS panel. Economics and Human Biology, 14, 2014, 1-21.
31) M. Hajizadeh, M.K. Campbell and S. Sarma. Socioeconomic inequalities in adult obesity risk in Canada: Trends and decomposition analyses. European Journal of Health Economics, 15(2), 2014, 203-221.
32) K. Sunderajan, M.K. Campbell, Y-H. Choi and S. Sarma. The relationship between diet quality and adult obesity: Evidence from Canada. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 33(1), 2014, 1-17.
33) S. Hollands, M.K. Campbell, J. Gilliland and S. Sarma. A spatial analysis of the association between restaurant density and body mass index in Canadian adults. Preventive Medicine, 57(4), 2013, 258-264.
34) S. Sarma, M. Hajizadeh, A. Thind and R. Chan. The association between health information technology adoption and Family Physicians' practice patterns in Canada: Evidence from 2007 and 2010 National Physician Surveys. Healthcare Policy, 9(1), 2013, 97-117.
35) S. Sarma, R.A. Devlin, A. Thind and M. Chu. Canadian family physicians' decision to collaborate: Age, period and cohort effects. Social Science & Medicine, 75(10), 2012, 1811-1819.
36) S. Jesmin, A. Thind and S. Sarma. Does team-based primary health care improve patients' perception of outcomes? Evidence from the 2007-08 Canadian Survey of Experiences with Primary Health Care. Health Policy 105(1), 2012, 71-83.
37) A. Sepehri, S. Sarma, U. Oguzoglu and T.M. Pham. Does the financial protection of health insurance vary across providers? Vietnam's experience. Social Science & Medicine 73(4), 2011, 559-567.
38) S. Sarma, A. Thind and M. Chu. Do new cohorts of family physicians work less compared to their older predecessors? The Evidence from Canada. Social Science & Medicine 72(12), 2011, 2049-2058.
39) R.A. Devlin, S. Sarma and Q. Zhang. The role of supplemental coverage in a universal health insurance system: some Canadian evidence. Health Policy 100(1), 2011, 81-90.
40) S. Sarma, R.A. Devlin, B. Belhadji and A. Thind. Does the way physicians are paid influence the way they practice? The case of Canadian Family Physicians' work activity. Health Policy 98(2-3), 2010, 203-217.
41) S. Sarma, R. A. Devlin and W. Hogg. Physician's production of primary care in Ontario, Canada. Health Economics 19(1), 2010, 14-30.
42) S. Sarma. Demand for outpatient health care: Empirical findings from rural India. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 7(4), 2009, 265-277.
43) A. Sepehri, S. Sarma and J. Serieux. Who is giving up the free lunch? The insured patients' decision to access health insurance benefits and its determinants: evidence from a low-income country. Health Policy 92(2-3), 2009, 250-258.
44) S. Sarma, G. Hawley and K. Basu. Transitions in living arrangements of Canadian seniors: Findings from the NPHS longitudinal data. Social Science & Medicine 68(6), 2009, 1106-1113.
45) R.A. Devlin and S. Sarma. Do physician remuneration schemes matter? The case of Canadian family physicians. Journal of Health Economics 25(7), 2008, 1168-1181.
46) A. Sepehri, S. Sarma, W. Simpson and S. Moshiri. How important are individual, household and commune characteristics in explaining utilization of maternal health services in Vietnam? Social Science & Medicine 67(6), 2008, 1009-1017.
47) A. Sepehri, S. Moshiri, W. Simpson and S. Sarma. Taking account of context: How important are household characteristics in explaining adult health-seeking behaviour? The case of Vietnam. Health Policy and Planning 23(6), 2008, 397-407.
48) S. Uppal and S. Sarma. Aging, health and labour market activity: The case of India. Journal of World Health & Population 9(4), 2007, 79-97.
49) S. Sarma, K. Basu and A. Gupta. The influence of prescription drug insurance on psychotropic and non-psychotropic drug utilization in Canada. Social Science & Medicine 65(12), 2007, 2553-2565.
50) S. Sarma and W. Simpson. A panel multinomial logit analysis of elderly living arrangements: Evidence from Aging in Manitoba Longitudinal Data, Canada. Social Science & Medicine 65(12), 2007, 2539-2552.
51) S. Sarma and H. Rempel. Household decisions to utilize maternal health care in rural and urban India. Journal of World Health & Population 9(1), 2007, 24-45.
52) A. Sepehri, W. Simpson and S. Sarma. The influence of health insurance on hospital admission and length of stay – The case of Vietnam. Social Science & Medicine 63(7), 2006, 1757-1770.
53) A. Sepehri, S. Sarma and W. Simpson. Does public health insurance reduce financial burden? Empirical findings from the VLSS panel. Health Economics 15(6), 2006, 603-616.
54) S. Sarma and W. Simpson. A microeconometric analysis of Canadian health care utilization. Health Economics 15(3), 2006, 219-239.
Selected Conference/Seminar Presentations
S. Sarma, L. Li, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, A. Thind, S. Shariff, B. Belhadji, A. Garg. "Pay-for-performance incentives and cancer screening in Ontario," presented at the 2019 iHEA Conference (World Congress on Health Economics), Basel, Switzerland, July 15-17, 2019.
N.H. Somé, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, S. Sarma. "Stirring the Pot: Switching from Blended Fee-For-Service to Blended Capitation in Ontario, Canada," presented at the 3rd Economics of the Health Workforce Conference, iHEA Pre-Congress Session, Basel, Switzerland, July 14,
S. Sarma, N.H. Somé, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric. "Changing from retrospective to prospective payments for primary care physicians and preventive cancer screening: Evidence from Ontario," presented at the 53rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, Banff, Alberta, May 30 - June 2, 2019.
M. Hong, A. Thind, G. Zaric, S. Sarma. "The Impact of Ontario's After-Hours Premium on Emergency Department Utilization," presented at the 2019 Canadian Association for Health Services and Policy Research (CAHSPR) Conference, Nova Scotia, Halifax, May 29 - 31, 2019 (Presenter: Michael Hong).
M. Bamimore, G. Zaric, A. Garg, S. Sarma. "Quality of diabetes mellitus care in Ontario's Family Health Group and Family Health Organization models," presented at the 2019 Canadian Association for Health Services and Policy Research (CAHSPR) Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia May 29 - 31, 2019 (Presenter: Mary Bamimore).
N.H. Somé, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, S. Sarma. "Stirring the Pot: Switching from Blended Fee-For-Service to Blended Capitation in Ontario, Canada," presented at the 18th Annual Canadian Health Economists' Study Group (CHESG) Conference, Banff, Alberta, May 29-30, 2019 (Presenter: Sisira Sarma).
N.H. Somé, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, L. Li, S. Shariff, B. Belhadji, A. Thind, A. Garg, S. Sarma. "Production of physician services under fee-for-service and blended fee-for-service: Evidence from Ontario's natural experiment," presented at the 17th Annual Canadian Health Economists' Study Group (CHESG) Conference, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, May 31, 2018 (Presenter: Nibene Somé).
S. Sarma, L. Li, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, A. Thind, S. Shariff, B. Belhadji, A. Garg. "Pay-for-performance incentives and cancer screening in Ontario," presented at the Applied Research in Cancer Control (ARCC) conference, Montreal, Quebec, May 27-28, 2018.
N. Mehta, K.A. Kpelitse, R.A. Devlin, L. Li and S. Sarma. "Primary care access and emergency department utilization: theory and evidence from Canada," presented at the 2017 iHEA Conference (World Congress on Health Economics), Boston University, Boston, USA, July 8-11, 2017.
S. Sarma, L. Li, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, A. Thind, S. Shariff, A. Garg. "Pay-for-performance incentives and cancer screening: Evidence from Ontario," presented at the 51st Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, St. Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia, June 2 - 4, 2017 (Presenter: Lihua Li).
S. Sarma, R.A. Devlin, N. Mehta, G. Zaric, A. Thind, S. Shariff, A. Garg. "Primary care reform and avoidable hospitalization: Results for Ontario's congestive heart failure patients," presented at the 51st Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, St. Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia, June 2 - 4, 2017.
N. Mehta, K.A. Kpelitse, R.A. Devlin, L. Li and S. Sarma. "Primary care access and emergency department utilization: theory and evidence from Canada," presented at the 16th Annual Canadian Health Economics Study Group (CHESG) Meeting, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, May 31 – June 1, 2017.S. Sarma, N. Mehta, R.A. Devlin, Lihua Li, K.A. Kpelitse. "Family Physician Remuneration Schemes and Referrals to Specialists: Evidence from Ontario," presented at the the Primary Care Reform Symposium: Economic Analysis of Recent Changes in Ontario, University of Toronto, January 15, 2016.
N. Mehta and S. Sarma. "The Impact of Primary Health Care Reform on Population Health: Theory and Evidence," presented at the the Primary Care Reform Symposium: Economic Analysis of Recent Changes in Ontario, University of Toronto, January 15, 2016 (Presenter: Nirav Mehta).
S. Sarma, N. Mehta, R.A. Devlin, Lihua Li, K.A. Kpelitse. "Family Physician Remuneration Schemes and Referrals to Specialists: Evidence from Ontario," presented at the the Canadian Centre for Health Economics, University of Toronto, November 27, 2015.
S. Sarma, N. Mehta, R.A. Devlin, Lihua Li, K.A. Kpelitse. "Family Physician Remuneration Schemes and Referrals to Specialists: Evidence from Ontario," presented at the Department of Economics seminar series at the Wayne State University, United States, October 29, 2015.
The effect of leisure-time and transportation physical activity (LTTPA) on health: Evidence from Canada," presented at the 11th iHEA Conference (World Congress on Health Economics), Bocconi University, Milan, Italy, July 12-15, 2015.
Association between financial incentives and cervical cancer screening in Ontario's primary healthcare delivery models," presented at the 11th iHEA Conference (World Congress on Health Economics), Bocconi University, Milan, Italy, July 12-15, 2015.
"Family Physician Remuneration Schemes and Referrals to Specialists: Panel-data Evidence from Ontario," presented at the 49th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, Ryerson University, Toronto, May 28 –May 31, 2015.
"After-Hours Access to Primary Care and Emergency Department Visits: Comparison of Ontario's Family Health Groups and Family Health Organizations," presented at the 49th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, Ryerson University, Toronto, May 28 –May 31, 2015.
"The effect of leisure-time and transportation physical activity (LTTPA) on health: Evidence from Canada," presented at the 48th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, May 29 –June 1, 2014.
"The effect of income on obesity among Canadian adults," presented at the 48th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, May 29 –June 1, 2014.
"The effect of income on obesity among Canadian adults," presented at the 13th Annual Canadian Health Economics Study Group Meeting, Victoria, British Columbia, May 26 –27, 2014.
"The effect of leisure-time physical activity on obesity, diabetes, high BP and heart disease among Canadians," paper presented at the CRDCN National Conference, University of Waterloo, Ontario, October 3 – 4, 2013.
"The effect of leisure-time physical activity on obesity, diabetes, high BP and heart disease among Canadians, presented at the 47th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, HEC Montréal, Quebec, May 30 – June 2, 2013.
"The Effect of Physical Activity on Adult Obesity in Canada: Evidence from Panel Data," presented at the 46th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, June 7-10, 2012.
"Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adult Obesity Risk in Canada: Trends and Decomposition Analyses, " presented at the 46th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, June 7-10, 2012.
"Does Spatial Heterogeneity Influence Adult Obesity in Canada? Spatial Panel Data Analysis, " presented at the 11th Annual Canadian Health Economists' Study Group Meeting, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, June 6-7, 2012.
"Team-based Primary Health Care (PHC) Practice and Patient Perceptions of Health Care Outcomes: A Propensity Score Matching (PSM) Analysis using data from the 2007-2008 Canadian Survey of Experiences with Primary Health Care (CSCPHC)," presented at the 8th iHEA Conference (World Congress on Health Economics), Sheraton Centre, Toronto, Ontario, July 10-13, 2011.
"Does it matter how obesity is measured in social science literature? Some new findings from Canada," presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, June 2-5, 2011.
"Team-based Primary Health Care (PHC) Practice and Patient Perceptions of Health Care Outcomes: A Propensity Score Matching (PSM) Analysis using data from the 2007-2008 Canadian Survey of Experiences with Primary Health Care (CSCPHC)," presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, June 2-5, 2011.
"Do New Cohorts of Family Physicians Work Less Compared to their Older Predecessors? The Evidence from Canada," presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association Conference, the Université Laval Québec City, Québec, May 28-30, 2010.
"Does Decline in Smoking Lead to Rise in Obesity? Panel Data Analysis from the Canadian NPHS," presented at the Canadian Health Economics Study Group Meetings, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, May 26-27, 2010.
"Does the way physicians are paid influence the way they practice? The case of Canadian Family Physicians' work activity," presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association Conference, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, May 29 – 31, 2009.
"Transitions in living arrangements of Canadian seniors: Findings from the NPHS longitudinal data," presented at the Canadian Health Economics Study Group Meetings 2008, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, May 15-16, 2008 and the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association Conference, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 6 – 8, 2008.
"Physician's production of primary care in Ontario: Evidence from the 2004 National Physician Survey, Canada," presented at the Canadian Health Economics Study Group 2006, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, May 11-12, 2006 and 2006 Health Canada Science Forum, Ottawa, Ontario, October 30-31, 2006.
"Determinants of elderly living arrangements: evidence from Aging in Manitoba Longitudinal data, 1971-96," presented at the Canadian Health Economics Study Group 2005, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, May 25-26, 2005.
"Does public health insurance reduce financial burden? Empirical findings from the VLSS panel," presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association Conference, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, June 4 – 6, 2004.
"Demand for outpatient health care in rural India: a nested multinomial logit approach," presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association Conference, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, May 30 – June 1, 2003.
"A Microeconometric analysis of health care utilization in Canada: evidence from NPHS data," presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association Conference, University of Calgary, Alberta, May 31 – June 2, 2002.
"Numerical methods for the solution of a human capital model," presented at the 7th International Conference of the Society for Computational Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, June 28 – 29, 2001.
Reviewer for the Granting Agencies (year(s) reviewed):
Canada Research Chair Tier 2 Application, External Reviewer (2016)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) – Health Services Evaluation & Interventions Research Committee (Scientific Officer, Fall 2017)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) – Foundation Scheme Stage I Committee Member (November 2014, November 2015, January 2016).
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) – Health Policy and Management Operating Grant Committee Member (Spring 2011, Fall 2011, Spring 2012, Fall 2013, Spring 2014).
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) – Meetings, Planning and Dissemination Grant Committee Member (Spring 2011, Fall 2011).
Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (MSFHR), Review Panel Member (2013).
Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (MSFHR), External Reviewer (2016).
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) – External Reviewer (2009).
Journal Reviewer
Journal of Health Economics (2010, 2013, 2015); Health Economics (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2018, 2019); European Journal of Health Economics (2014, 2015); Economics & Human Biology (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019); Applied Health Economics and Health Policy (2009); Applied Economic Perspectives & Policy (2012); International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics (2010, 2015); Health Policy (2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2019); Social Science & Medicine (2010, 2011, 2013, 2018); Canadian Medical Association Journal (2011, 2015, 2016); Healthcare Policy (2016); Canadian Journal of Public Health (2016, 2019); Current Oncology (2017); Journal of Public Health (2016)
Canadian Public Policy (2013); Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modelling and Simulation International (2014); Contemporary Economic Policy (2013, 2016); BMC Cancer (2016); Nutrition and Food Science (2014); Health Policy and Planning (2010, 2011); International Journal for Equity in Health (2010); Empirical Economics (2010, 2017)
Health Services Research (2007); Demography (2008); Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug; Safety (2008, 2010); Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy (2011); Indian Journal of Community Medicine (2009, 2009, 2010); National Medical Journal of India (2008)
Memberships/Affiliation:
Canadian Economics Association, 2001 -
Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, 2009 -
Canadian Health Economists' Study Group, 2004 -
International Health Economics Association, 2007 -
American Society of Health Economists, 2013 –
Population Health Intervention Research Network, 2011 -


Cooperation between medium-sized companies and universities and other research institutions is particularly well advanced in Germany. Cooperative efforts between Werth Messtechnik and the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB-the German National Institute of Metrology) in 1998 resulted in a tactile optical micro stylus. This patented measurement principle uses the flexible glass fiber solely for positioning the probe sphere, which can be as small as 20 µm in diameter. The deflection of the sphere is measured optically by an image processing sensor. This principle results in lower probing force, higher accuracy, and improved robustness, particularly in comparison with conventional micro-styli. The 3D Werth Fiber Probe was developed from the original 2D principle in 2011. It can use practically all measurement methods familiar from conventional tactile probes, such as single point probing and scanning.


text:
And humbled not himself before the Lord, as Manasseh his father had humbled himself; but Amon trespassed more and more.
Trespassed more and more - He appears to have exceeded his father, and would take no warning.
Amon's father did ill, but he did worse. Whatever warnings or convictions he had, he never humbled himself. He was soon cut off in his sins, and made a warning for all men not to abuse the example of God's patience and mercy to Manasseh, as an encouragement to continue in sin. May God help us to be honest to ourselves, and to think aright respecting our own character, before death fixes us in an unchangeable state.
23. Humbled himself. This statement is not found in Kings. The writer of Kings did not mention Manasseh's repentance, so he had no occasion to contrast the experience of the son with that of the father.
Among those whose life experience had been shaped beyond recall by the fatal apostasy of Manasseh, was his own son, who came to the throne at the age of twenty-two. Of King Amon it is written: "He walked in all the way that his father walked in, and served the idols that his father served, and worshiped them: and he forsook the Lord God of his fathers" (2 Kings 21:21, 22); he "humbled not himself before the Lord, as Manasseh his father had humbled himself; but Amon trespassed more and more." The wicked king was not permitted to reign long. In the midst of his daring impiety, only two years from the time he ascended the throne, he was slain in the palace by his own servants; and "the people of the land made Josiah his son king in his stead." 2 Chronicles 33:23, 25. PK 383.1
With the accession of Josiah to the throne, where he was to rule for thirty-one years, those who had maintained the purity of their faith began to hope that the downward course of the kingdom was checked; for the new king, though only eight years old, feared God, and from the very beginning "he did that which was right in the sight of the Lord, and walked in all the way of David his father, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left." 2 Kings 22:2. Born of a wicked king, beset with temptations to follow in his father's steps, and with few counselors to encourage him in the right way, Josiah nevertheless was true to the God of Israel. Warned by the errors of past generations, he chose to do right, instead of descending to the low level of sin and degradation to which his father and his grandfather had fallen. He "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left." As one who was to occupy a position of trust, he resolved to obey the instruction that had been given for the guidance of Israel's rulers, and his obedience made it possible for God to use him as a vessel unto honor. PK 384.1
At the time Josiah began to rule, and for many years before, the truehearted in Judah were questioning whether God's promises to ancient Israel could ever be fulfilled. From a human point of view the divine purpose for the chosen nation seemed almost impossible of accomplishment. The apostasy of former centuries had gathered strength with the passing years; ten of the tribes had been scattered among the heathen; only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained, and even these now seemed on the verge of moral and national ruin. The prophets had begun to foretell the utter destruction of their fair city, where stood the temple built by Solomon, and where all their earthly hopes of national greatness had centered. Could it be that God was about to turn aside from His avowed purpose of bringing deliverance to those who should put their trust in Him? In the face of the long-continued persecution of the righteous, and of the apparent prosperity of the wicked, could those who had remained true to God hope for better days? PK 384.2
trespassed more and more
The Golden Age of King Josiah

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What's driving the recent slowdown in Chinese growth.
Why financial stability risks are such a key focus among Chinese policymakers.
How Chinese policymakers are expected to react to the ongoing growth slowdown.
So far, both media and investor attention has been predominately focused on the evolving trade spat between the US and China. However, China-watchers have recently highlighted another source of worry – a slowdown in the domestic economy. At the same time, China's currency, the yuan, has weakened significantly. While a combination of these prompted a global market sell-off three years ago, investors appear more sanguine today. This week, we discuss whether investors are underestimating the risks of a Chinese slowdown.
Signs of a slowdown began to emerge in Q2, with activity indicators such as fixed asset investment and retail sales showing signs of slowing momentum. To us, the ongoing slowdown had its origins in the recent wave of financial regulatory reform implemented by authorities. Financial stability has been a persistent concern since 2009, when China underwent one of the largest credit booms in modern history in a (largely successful) effort to spend its way out of the Great Recession.
Since 2007, non-financial debt in China has increased from $6 trillion to nearly $30 trillion, while banking system assets have increased six-fold over the same period to over 300% of GDP. Historically, such a rapid build up in credit tends to be followed by a financial crisis or extended periods of below-trend growth. Policymakers have long acknowledged that a systemic financial crisis poses the greatest threat to China's growth sustainability, and have recently introduced a range of regulatory reforms designed to reduce economy-wide leverage and curb financial stability risks.
One sector particularly targeted by regulators was the so-called 'shadow banking' sector. The shadow banking sector is an outgrowth of China's unique credit system – an interconnected web of financial firms that exist primarily to circumvent China's often complex and fractured regulatory backdrop.
Shadow banking firms perform similar functions and assume similar risks to conventional banks, but outside the normal regulatory framework. This means that the shadow banking sector operates under less stringent regulatory restrictions, hold less capital on their balance sheets, and lack the usual safety nets guaranteed to the conventional banks (eg. deposit protection schemes, access to emergency funding from the central bank, etc).
Over the past few years, shadow banking activities have led to a proliferation of complex and opaque financial products that are increasingly interconnected with the wider financial system, thus posing a clear risk to financial stability. The recent reforms being rolled out by regulators are designed to slow the proliferation of these products, while improving transparency amongst existing ones.
So far, these efforts have had success – some measures of economy-wide leverage have begun to stabilise. However, the deleveraging campaign also had the side effect of tightening liquidity and reducing credit availability, and their effects are starting to feed through the real economy.
Borrowing costs have risen, leading to rising default rates among the more vulnerable firms. Fixed asset investment – a sizeable sector of the economy that's relatively dependent on local government borrowing – has been particularly hard hit.
Chinese policymakers have long recognised the trade-off between ensuring long-term financial stability and maintaining short-term growth, and they have an immensely difficult job in balancing the two.
We believe policymakers have sufficient controls over key levers of the economy to prevent an over-tightening scenario – recent actions pay testament to that. For example, the central bank has loosened monetary policy by lowering interest rates and increasing banking sector liquidity. The pace of the clampdown on shadow banking activities has slowed, with domestic banks given more time to implement the new regulatory requirements required of them.
Lastly, authorities have allowed the yuan to depreciate beyond its usual allowable range. These actions signal a level of coordination among policymakers to support growth as the financial system adapts to the new regulatory environment. Based on the latest set of activity indicators, the ongoing slowdown has so far been gradual, and the risk of it turning into a more serious downturn remains low. We retain our positive view on emerging market Asian equities as a leveraged bet on global growth, and are positioned as such within the portfolios we manage on behalf of our clients.


I had an incredible time capturing these images for Lyndsay and Thomas who will be tying the knot this August. I loved the props they brought with them…so much fun! Cindy from Blush & Co. took care of the hair and makeup.
These are GREAT photos; thanks so much for sharing them! You obviously had lots of fun doing the "shoot." I hope we'll get to see some of the wedding photos, too!
LOVE THEM! You guys look amazing! Too many wonderful shots to choose from….you're going to need lots of picture frames to display these memorable photos!!
I like the flutter fetti. And I agree with Dalton, Lyndsay looks way better than you. Now, if you would have shaved, it would be a close race. Great pictures!
Amazing pics! They really capture both personalities perfectly. Congrats you two!
Wow, what beautiful and fun photos, especially the kiss behind the hat! Looks like you had a blast during the photo shoot and have been blessed with such a great photographer. Congrats!
The pictures are great….so fun…Lindsay, looks like you have met your match…congrats to the photographer for capturing it so creatively!
These are beautiful photos!! We are so happy for both of you!!!
Thomas, I'm on your side for most everything in life, but Lyndsay looks much better than you do in all of these pictures, except for the bowtie pictures! Joking aside, they all look amazing! Kudos to the photographer!
Love these photos! Very sweet and happy.
Love the pictures Lyndsay, you look beautiful!! I can't wait to celebrate your big day with you!!
Look at that good looking couple! Congrats!
These are wonderful pictures, you both look so happy!!! Lyndsay welcome to our family we all look forward to spending more time with you.
These are so unique and creative, absolutely gorgeous.
I LOVE THESE PICS!!!! They capture both of your personalities so well 🙂 LOVE YOU SIS AND FUTURE BROTHER IN LAW!!!!!
These look beautiful! Can't wait for the big day!!!
Ok, I dont know what else to say except FREAKING AWESOME here's why..bow tie.tech cofetti.tickle thomas pic.sit in my lap in the feild. love that white dress need to see it in person. plus the new boots. your hair is freakin rockin my world. trods smile when ur whispering sweet nothings in his ear. amazing louisiana style tree back to the roots girlfriend. cowboy hat kiss. NUF said! i'll have them all in a 8×10 please! love you two!
i love them, they turned out so good!
This sweet couple has been captured beautifully!
Twenty-six years ago I was welcomed into the Rodriguez Family when Marty married me. Thomas was our ring-bearer, and although only 2 years old, he did an outstanding job. I will never forget his expression and big eyes when he handed Marty's wedding ring to me! I know he will be a wonderful husband for you.
Your(work)pictures reflect the true beauty of this playful, loving couple. You placed the biggest and proudest smile on a mothers face. Thank you!
These pictures are amazing!!! I loved them all. Can't wait for the wedding!
These are fantastic photos. Congrats to both of you even tho I don't personally know you, but Lori does.
Absolutely beautiful photos of a handsome and loving couple. Everyone is so happy for you two.
Love the fence one where you're holding hands.
Beautiful photos to remember a very special moment in your lives.
Great photos of a great looking couple!
Beautiful! Such an exciting time in life! Enjoy every minute.
What great pictures!! You'll love looking back on them!
You did a great job Akil. We had a great time spending the afternoon with you. You do awesome work. Looking forward to the pics to come at the wedding.
Wow!!! Wow!! Wow!!! These pictures are perfect!!!! You two lovebirds look amazing!! Great job Akil!! So sweet! So much love and so much happiness, love them!!
I love the pictures!!!!!!! Cute couple!!!!!!!!
LOVE the pics! Can't wait til the wedding!!
These are great! love the ones with you in the cowgirl boots lyndsay! can't wait for the wedding!!!
Super cute. Too many good ones to decide 🙂 k bye!
How cute! Your pictures turned out awesome even with the weather scare! Congratulations to both of you!
You two look amazing! Great pics!
OMG! Adorable! Yall are so cute! LOL. POMS! Cant wait to see yall again! Go TECH! Trod, you are so lovable, LP is a very fortunate woman.
Took me forever to figure out how to do a post. These are awesome pictures.
These pictures are awesome and choice of location is so good. Good job.
Wow! Beautiful couple and looks like they were having fun too!
Great pictures of sweet and happy couple!!! Congratulations!!!
What's the deal with the bow ties? Great pics! Wreck 'em!
These are great pics and even greater looking couple!
Great pictures. It looks like you guys had a blast taking them.
these pictures are just wonderful. great job!
Amazing pictures!! Such a sweet and happy couple!
Great pictures! Looks like they had a good time with the shoot. May their lives together be as beautiful as the pictures.
fabulous photos of this beautiful couple – can't wait to see the rest & can't wait for the party in aug!!!
LOVE these pictures!!!! Cutest couple ever!
Great pics!!! Love the face T-Rod!
Great pictures, of course you had great subjects to work with!
Those are amazing photos and can't wait to see them all!!!!
LOVE the pics!!! Especially the one with the cowboy hat while you two are kissing. The pics are as beautiful as the couple!
I LOVE THEM!!!!!!!!! We had such a fun time shooting these with you!!!
Working with Thomas i've never seen this side of him, looks like they had a great time taking these awesome pics! What a great couple, you guys look really happy and what a beautiful bride Lyndsay is going to be. Congratulations!
I LOVE THEM!!!!! We had such a fun time shooting these!!!


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text:
Q: Formal justification for the final part of an answer - double integrals. I am looking at this answer and I can't find a way to formally justify the final conclusion.
I have to say I understand mostly everything involved in the proof. The only thing that's bugging me out is when the answerer concludes:

Therefore, we conclude the integral of interest diverges.

I understand that the area of $S$ is infinite and, therefore, $ \frac{1}{2} \iint_S dx \, dy = +\infty.$ I also know that we have the inequality
$$ \frac{1}{2}\iint_S dx \, dy \leqslant \iint_{\mathbb R^2} \frac{1}{1+x^4 \, y^4} \, dx \, dy $$
Obviously my intuition tells me that from this inequality the integral must assume the value $+\infty$ and therefore, it diverges. But I don't know how to prove such thing formally.
Thanks for any help in advance.

A: Here is a rigorous proof.
Since the region $S = \{(x,y):x>0, y>0, xy \leqslant1\}$ is unbounded, we have an improper double integral of $(x,y) \mapsto 1$ over $S$ which can be evaluated as
$$\int\int_S \,dx\,dy = \lim_{n \to \infty}\int\int_{S_n}\, dx\,dy$$
where $(S_n)$ is any sequence of compact rectifiable sets such that $S_1 \subset S_2 \subset S_3 \subset \ldots$ and $\cup_{n=1}^\infty S_n = S$.
This is the precise definition of an improper  Riemann integral over a multidimensional domain (also called the extended Riemann integral) as discussed in treatments of advanced calculus such as Analysis on Manifolds by Munkres or Calculus on Manifolds by Spivak.  When the integrand is non-negative, the particular choice of the sets $S_n$ beyond the given requirements is arbitrary, and we can take for convenience
$$S_n = S \cap [1/n,n]^2$$
Hence,
$$\int\int_S \,dx\,dy = \lim_{n \to \infty}\int\int_{S_n}\, dx\,dy= \lim_{n \to \infty}\int_{1/n}^n\left(\int_0^{1/x}\, dy\right)\,dx$$
Note that we express the double integral as the iterated integral on the RHS -- which is permissible for a non-negative integrand by Fubini's theorem.
Thus,
$$\int\int_S \,dx\,dy = \lim_{n \to \infty}\int_{1/n}^n\left(\int_0^{1/x}\, dy\right)\,dx = \lim_{n \to\infty}\int_{1/n}^n \frac{dx}{x}\\ = \lim_{n \to \infty}(\log n - \log \frac{1}{n}) = +\infty$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
DE BRUYNE: "Working hard" and rewarded with a start tonight.
Kevin De Bruyne has hardly featured for Chelsea this season ever since he was criticised by the manager. Now, with an apparent change of ...
DeBruyne, Latest, Opinion
http://www.chelseadaft.org/2013/12/de-bruyne-working-hard-and-rewarded.html
Kevin De Bruyne has hardly featured for Chelsea this season ever since he was criticised by the manager. Now, with an apparent change of attitude, De Bruyne will be rewarded with a start against Sunderland tonight.
As we all know, Jose Mourinho has spoken of the Chelsea team reaching a level of maturity and the players beginning to understand his mentality and philosophy. At different times during the course of the season he has called out players such as Juan Mata and De Bruyne for having to adapt to his style and the way he wants them to play.
Juan Mata has kept his head down, worked hard and forced himself into Mourinho's plans and delivered a great performance in the win against Southampton last weekend, playing the full ninety minutes.
Now, it's seems that De Bruyne has followed Mata's example and will be rewarded as revealed by Mourinho yesterday. He said:
'Kevin is showing desire and working very hard. I feel sorry for him that I haven't given him big opportunities up to now but he's working better than ever. Of course, he's sad when he's not selected or not playing, but he's working in a very professional way, which is a change from the beginning.
When he works the way he's working he has to play sooner or later. For tonight he's selected so he has a chance to play and in this block of games, for sure, he has to start matches.
I like him as a player and I've learned now how to like him as a kid because he's a good kid and he's showing now he's a good professional, so hopefully I can give him enough time on the pitch so he can be happy.
I understand he needs to play a bit more but it's the area of the pitch where we have more options, but I am speaking with him and we are working on that. He can also play as a midfielder when we play with a triangle, he did that for Werder Bremen, so hopefully we can find more options for Kevin to play because I like him very much.'
You have to hold your hands up to the way Jose manages his players. We may not like it at times (Mata) but it seems to be working and if anything it keeps them on their toes.
Think back to the first game of the season against Hull and that opening 30 minutes of football. Kevin De Bruyne played a huge part in that. He has the ability and the quality to really bed down and make a case to be picked week in, week out by the manager. His pre season was really impressive.
I like the way Mourinho has stated on record to everyone and given credit where it's due to De Bruyne by saying that his attitude has changed and that he has more or less proved himself by doing exactly what Mourinho wants.
I just hope that De Bruyne can take chances like tonight and really grab them to show all of us his value to the squad and to the team.
Carefree & KTBFFH!


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text:
import os
from scipy.ndimage.interpolation import zoom
import numpy as np
import scipy.stats
import primitive as primitive
import time
import multiprocessing as mp

def init_pool(procs=None):
    global POOL
    if procs is None:
        procs = mp.cpu_count()

    if procs > 1:
        POOL = mp.Pool(processes=procs)
    else:
        POOL = None

def optimize_primitive_sync(target, current, r_its, m_its, prim_type, m_fac, prim_props=None):
    np.random.seed(seed=int(time.time())+os.getpid())

    prim_props = prim_props if prim_props else {}

    best_error = float("inf")
    best_prim = None

    for i in range(r_its):
        prim = primitive.PrimitiveFactory.random(prim_type, target, **prim_props)
        error = prim.error(current, target)

        if error < best_error:
            best_prim = prim
            best_error = error

    for i in range(m_its):
        next_prim = best_prim.mutate(m_fac)
        error = next_prim.error(current, target)
        if error < best_error:
            best_prim = next_prim
            best_error = error

    return (best_error, best_prim)

def mode_image(im):
    out = np.ones_like(im)
    out[:,:,0] = scipy.stats.mode(im[:,:,0], axis=None).mode[0]
    out[:,:,1] = scipy.stats.mode(im[:,:,1], axis=None).mode[0]
    out[:,:,2] = scipy.stats.mode(im[:,:,2], axis=None).mode[0]
    return out

def mean_image(im):
    out = np.ones_like(im)
    out[:,:,:] = im.mean(axis=(0,1))
    return out

class PrimitiveOptimizer(object):
    def __init__(self, r_its, m_its, n_prims, prim_type, m_fac=.1, prim_props=None, m_props=None, levels=None, n_procs=None):
        self.r_its = r_its
        self.m_its = m_its
        self.n_prims = n_prims
        self.prim_type = prim_type

        self.m_fac = m_fac
        self.prim_props = prim_props if prim_props else {}
        self.m_props = m_props
        self.levels = sorted(levels)[::-1] if levels else [0]

        init_pool(n_procs)

    def optimize_primitive(self, target, current):
        for pi in range(self.n_prims):
            current_error = primitive.image_error(current, target)

            if POOL:
                nprocs = POOL._processes
                resps = []
                for i in range(POOL._processes):
                    resp = POOL.apply_async(optimize_primitive_sync, args=(target, current,
                                                                           self.r_its//nprocs, self.m_its//nprocs,
                                                                           self.prim_type, self.m_fac, self.prim_props))
                    resps.append(resp)

                resps = [ r.get() for r in resps ]

                errors = np.array(r[0] for r in resps)

                best_i = np.argmin(errors)
                best_error, best_prim = resps[best_i]
            else:
                best_error, best_prim = optimize_primitive_sync(target, current,
                                                                r_its, m_its,
                                                                prim_type, m_fac, prim_props)

            if best_error > current_error:
                continue

            try:
                current = best_prim.draw(current, target)
                yield current, best_prim
            except primitive.EmptyPrimitiveException as e:
                pass

    def optimize_level(self, target, current, level):
        if level == 0:
            for c, prim in self.optimize_primitive(target, current):
                yield c, prim
        else:
            scale = 2 ** level
            target_scale = target[::scale, ::scale, :]
            current_scale = current[::scale, ::scale, :]

            for _, prim in self.optimize_primitive(target_scale, current_scale):

                prim_s = prim.scale(float(scale))

                try:
                    current = prim_s.draw(current, target)
                    yield current, prim_s
                except primitive.EmptyPrimitiveException as e:
                    pass

    def optimize(self, target, current):
        current = current.copy()

        for level in self.levels:
            for current, prim in self.optimize_level(target, current, level):
                yield current, prim

POOL = None

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Opaque and light textured fading gel formulated with powerful lightening properties to aggressively lighten dark spots, leaving skin with a healthy glow. Improves clarity and radiance with melanin blocking agent, Hydroquinone.
Recommendation: Follow up with our Skin Protect SPF 50 Sunscreen daily to maintain lightening and brightening results during and after treatment.


text:
<?php

class BMGameStateTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase {

    /**
     * @coversNothing
     */
    public function testBMGameStateOrder() {
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::START_GAME <
                          BMGameState::APPLY_HANDICAPS);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::APPLY_HANDICAPS <
                          BMGameState::CHOOSE_JOIN_GAME);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::CHOOSE_JOIN_GAME <
                          BMGameState::SPECIFY_RECIPES);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::SPECIFY_RECIPES <
                          BMGameState::LOAD_DICE_INTO_BUTTONS);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::LOAD_DICE_INTO_BUTTONS <
                          BMGameState::ADD_AVAILABLE_DICE_TO_GAME);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::ADD_AVAILABLE_DICE_TO_GAME <
                          BMGameState::CHOOSE_AUXILIARY_DICE);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::CHOOSE_AUXILIARY_DICE <
                          BMGameState::CHOOSE_RESERVE_DICE);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::CHOOSE_RESERVE_DICE <
                          BMGameState::SPECIFY_DICE);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::SPECIFY_DICE <
                          BMGameState::DETERMINE_INITIATIVE);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::DETERMINE_INITIATIVE <
                          BMGameState::REACT_TO_INITIATIVE);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::REACT_TO_INITIATIVE <
                          BMGameState::START_ROUND);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::START_ROUND <
                          BMGameState::START_TURN);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::START_TURN <
                          BMGameState::CHOOSE_TURBO_SWING);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::CHOOSE_TURBO_SWING <
                          BMGameState::END_TURN);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::END_TURN <
                          BMGameState::END_ROUND);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::END_ROUND <
                          BMGameState::END_GAME);
        $this->assertTrue(BMGameState::END_GAME <
                          BMGameState::CANCELLED);
    }

    /**
     * @covers BMGameState::validate_game_state
     */
    public function test_validate_game_state() {
        // valid set
        BMGameState::validate_game_state(BMGameState::START_ROUND);

        // invalid set
        try {
            BMGameState::validate_game_state('abcd');
            $this->fail('Game state must be an integer.');
        }
        catch (InvalidArgumentException $expected) {
        }

        try {
            BMGameState::validate_game_state(0);
            $this->fail('Invalid game state.');
        }
        catch (InvalidArgumentException $expected) {
        }
    }
}


text:
Taylor Cole Says the New 'Ruby Herring Mysteries' Will Dive Deeper Into the Characters
Meredith Jacobs March 20, 2020, 11:00 am
Allister Foster/Crown Media
Taylor Cole returns to Hallmark Movies & Mysteries with another Ruby Herring Mysteries next month.
Premiering on Sunday, April 5, Prediction Murder sees Cole's crime reporter Ruby Herring team up with Stephen Huszar's Detective Jake Killian after receiving anonymous tips about the unsolved murder of a psychic. What will it take for them to solve this cold case?
Choose Your Mystery! Which Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Movie Franchise Is For You? (QUIZ)
Take this quiz to see which HM&M movie franchise you should investigate first!
"We really dive deeper and get to know the characters more and the relationship with Jake and Ruby," Cole told TV Insider while promoting her Hallmark rom-com Matching Hearts. "We really get to find out their backstories." The two have already worked on two cases (reluctantly) together, and we expect the slow burn romance to continue to spark with this third one.
Prediction Murder will also go deeper into Ruby's relationship with her father (John Wesley Shipp). "He's awesome and he's really sweet, and there's a lot more storyline," Cole previewed. "I think they're really pushing for that because that connection is so cute and important in finding out Ruby's backstory and seeing the bond between them because he was also an investigative reporter and the reason why she's nervous to go into that world and staying safe with consumer reporting."
(Allister Foster/Crown Media)
The actress also pointed out that Dateline's Andrea Canning is the one behind the scripts of the movie series. "There's a few different names in all the scripts that have her family tied into it. It's really cute," Cole shared. "She knows it better than anyone. The stories that she's done and she's reported on — she has some crazy stories. ... She's just so talented and knows so much about the business, so to bring it to Hallmark? We got really lucky with that."
And for anyone hoping for a One Winter Wedding in her Hallmark Winterfest series, you're not alone. Cole hopes that it happens.
Taylor Cole Reflects on Her 'Supernatural' Season 8 Return
'To this day, they're the very best fans,' the actress says of the SPN Family.
Ruby Herring Mysteries: Prediction Murder, Movie Premiere, Sunday, April 5, 9/8c, Hallmark Movies & Mysteries


I promise on my honour that I will do my best: To do my duty, to Allah and country, To help other people at all times, and To obey the (Service) Guide Law.
A Guide is a friend to animals and respects all living things.
A Guide sings and smiles under all difficulties.
A Guide is pure in thought word and deed.
I promise to do my best: To do my duty to Allah, and country, To help other people every day, especially those at home.
A Little Maid gives in to older folk.
A Little Maid does not give in to herself.
The Guide Movement was introduced to the Maldives in 1962. It was initiated by the Principal of Aminiya School, who was the first Sri Lanka Chief Commissioner in the Sri Lankan Girl Guide Association. The first Guide company was started in Aminiya School, and Guide leaders were from the Maldives, India, Sri Lanka and the UK. The UK programme was followed and the language used was English. Early in 1967, six Guides participated in the Golden Jubilee Camp in Colombo organized by the Sri Lankan Girl Guide Association, but at the time there was no formal structure to the organization.
Guiding was revived when the Under Secretary, Education, and Commissioner of the Association, took over and organized the Movement in 1984. A full-time Commissioner for Training was appointed. The Association was registered, and the Executive Committee formed. In 1984, Guiding was introduced into private schools and there were camps and leadership training on the islands.
The Junior Branch of the Brownies (now Little Maids) was started in 1986. The first Senior Guide Company, the Rangers (now Service Guides) started at the Youth Centre in 1987. In the same year, Leadership training began for the Teacher trainees at the Institute for Teacher Trainees (now Faculty of Education). This programme still continues. The Star programme for five and six year olds started in May 2000.
The National Headquarters of The Maldives Girl Guide Association is housed at the Ministry of Education.


text:
Home Education France to Ban advets Featuring Skinny Models
France to Ban advets Featuring Skinny Models
France's health minister, Olivier Veran, has announced her support for criminalizing advertisements that feature anorexic models.
Veran wants a forthcoming health bill to include language making it illegal for designers to employ models who have eating disorders. Modeling agencies would be required to submit medical reports verifying that their models "have maintained a healthy mass-to-height ratio," The Associated Press reports. The law would also target pro-anorexia websites, and people who run sites that promote the disorder could face a year in prison and $10,575 in fines.
If France approves the measure, it would join Israel and Spain in "cracking down on the glorification of dangerously thin models," AP notes. Spain has banned models with body mass-to-height ratios below 18, and Israel passed a law banning underweight models in 2013.
AP notes that about 40,000 people in France suffer from anorexia, and 90 percent of them are women. Meghan DeMaria


Faster Throughput. Better Security. Available Today.
Analogic's proven CT technology solves the security screening challenges facing airports and passengers today.
Built with computed tomography (CT), the same lifesaving technology used to diagnose disease in humans, our aviation security screening solutions provide the highest level of threat detection available with faster throughput. Our aviation checkpoint solutions allow liquids and laptops to stay in bags, cutting wait times at the checkpoint in half. Our CT-based checked baggage screening technology is the gold standard in the industry, used in major airports around the world.
There's no reason to wait: Analogic has the technology airports and passengers need today. Learn more.
CBS This Morning featured Analogic's ConneCT Checkpoint baggage screening system.
CNBC featured Analogic's ConneCT Checkpoint baggage screening system.
NBC Nightly News featured Analogic's ConneCT Checkpoint baggage screening system.
American Airlines selects Analogic as its preferred supplier of Checkpoint CT based on several factors including image quality, airport-friendly design and ease of operation.


**2 WEEKS FREE RENT**3 Bed 2.5 Bath 1670 sq ft Home. Beautiful Hand-scraped Hardwood Floors, Tile in Kitchen and Bathrooms. No Carpets! Living/Dining Room w/High Ceiling. Kitchen w/Granite Counters, Breakfast Bar, Breakfast Nook. Stainless Appliances: Fridge, Flat-top Stove, Microwave, Dishwasher. Master Bedroom Down w/Ceiling Fan. Master Bath w/Shower/Tub combo, Dual Sinks. Bedrooms 2 and 3, Loft Upstairs. Large Fenced Yard w/Covered Patio. Two Car Garage. Comm Pool, Playground, Tennis, BBall.
This content last refreshed on 4/25/2019 2:29 PM. Some properties which appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have sold or may no longer be available.
I am interested in 141 Golden Wren, San Antonio, TX 78253.


Who should get access to the Search tool?
Please read the top post before voting.
This topic contains 1 reply, has 2 voices, and was last updated by Prof Green 5 months, 2 weeks ago.
You may have noticed that I've been playing around (and moving around!) the search tool for the past couple of days. I'm happy with its location and the way it works now, but now I'm wondering who should get access to it. For now, I have made it only available to people who are registered with the community.
While the community is small and posts are few, it's not such a useful tool, but once we get to hundreds of members and thousands of posts and attachments, I suspect it will become a valuable asset. With that in mind, I'm wondering about making it a bonus feature for our valued Community Supporters?
To keep the site going, we need as many supporters as possible, so this could be another feature to encourage support?
This topic was modified 5 months, 2 weeks ago by Ed.


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"This card works ok!! Aoe3 works fine :)"
"This card could be compared with Jesus. AGP lived, then PCIe came, but HIS made it back to.."


text:
https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Delay-on-Metro-North-in-Darien-13465218.php
50-year-old man killed by train near Darien
By Brian Lockhart and Tara O'Neill
Updated 7:50 am EST, Friday, December 14, 2018
DARIEN — A 50-year-old man died Thursday night after being hit by a train in the vicinity of Darien, according to Metro-North.
The man's identification is pending and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police continue to investigate as of Friday morning.
Around 7:45 p.m. Thursday, the railroad service was alerted to a report of a person hit by a train near Darien. The man was pronounced dead at the scene, Metro-North said. The incident involved the 6:49 p.m. train from Grand Central Terminal.
One passenger told Hearst Connecticut Media on Thursday that conductors announced that a man had run in front of the speeding train and was killed.
Video, audio from police-involved shooting that killed New Haven teen released


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text:
Togril bég (arab betűkkel طغرل بك) azaz I. Togril szultán, muszlim nevén Abu Tálib Muhammad ibn Miháíl ibn Szaldzsúk (arab írással أبو طالب محمد بن ميخائيل بن سلجوق [Abū Ṭālib Muḥammad ibn Mīḫāʾīl ibn Salǧūq]; Transzoxánia, 990-es évek – Rajj, 1063. szeptember 4.) az első szeldzsuk szultán (a titulust 1058 elejétől haláláig viselte), a Nagyszeldzsuk Birodalom egyik megalapítója volt fivére, a később Horászánban nagykirályi címmel uralkodó Csagri bég mellett.

A hódítások előtt

Togril, akinek török neve héját jelent, a nomád oguz törökök egyik törzsfője, Szeldzsuk (Szaldzsúk) unokájaként jött világra, minden bizonnyal még a közép-ázsiai sztyeppén. Nem tudni, hogy Togril vagy fivére volt-e az idősebb, ahogy az sem világos, hogy születésükkor apjuk már muszlim volt-e. Apjuk, Míháíl korai halálát követően Csagri és testvére, Togril nagyapjukhoz került, akinek a vezetésével törzsük az Aral-tótól délre települt meg. Itt a törzsfőről szeldzsukoknak nevezett csoport rövidesen bevonódott a transzoxániai Karahánidák állandó belháborúiba. A felnövő fivérek, követve nagybátyjuk, Arszlán Iszráíl példáját, Alítegín ibn Bogra kán szolgálatába álltak, és népükkel Buhara és Nahsab vidékére települtek. Alíteginnel szövetségben harcoltak a Gaznavidák betörései ellen, majd az 1030-as évek elején nyugatabbra, Hvárezm vidékére települtek. Innen egy ellenséges törzsfő, Sáh Malik hatalomra kerülése miatt délre indultak, és 1035-ben tízezernyi követőjük élén átkeltek az Amu-darján, bejutva a gaznavida Horászán északi részére.

Az indiai hadjáratokkal elfoglalt Maszúd szultán helyi erői képtelenek voltak ellenállni nekik, így az uralkodó egyelőre elismerte őket a térség helytartóinak. A védelem nélkül maradt nagyvárosok rövidesen behódoltak az újonnan érkezett hadaknak: Csagri előtt 1036/1037-ben Merv nyitotta meg a kapuit, Togril pedig Nisápurt szerezte meg egy időre 1038-ban. Csagri ezután Herát és Szisztán, azaz a gaznavida magterületek felé indított támadásokat. Maszúd végül hadserege zömével megindult a fenyegetően terjeszkedő nomádok ellen, de számbeli túlereje és jobb fegyverzete ellenére az 1040 tavaszán vívott dandánkáni csatában teljes vereséget szenvedett a szeldzsukoktól.

Észak-Irán meghódítása

A dandánkáni diadalt követően Csagri Mervben maradt, ahonnan tovább folytatta a déli és keleti irányú terjeszkedést, ami állandó háborúskodással járt a mai Afganisztán déli részére és Pakisztán területére szoruló Gaznavidák ellen. Togril eközben nyugat felé fordult: 1041/1042-ben a gorgáni Zijáridákat hódoltatta, 1042/1043 folyamán pedig elhódította a dzsibáli Rajjt a buvajhida Abu Kálídzsár Fanná Huszrautól. A várost választotta székhelyéül. Innen kiindulva 1045/1046 folyamán hadai legyőzték a hamadáni Kákújidákat, 1046/1047-ben pedig a család iszfaháni ágát hódoltatták. Abu Manszúr Farámurz azonban megbízhatatlan hűbéresnek bizonyult, ezért 1050-ben Togril ismét a városra tört, amit egyéves ostrommal tudott csak megadásra kényszeríteni (1051). Abu Manszúrt Jazddal kárpótolták, Togril bég pedig felújíttatta Iszfahánt, és ide helyezte át a székhelyét. Ezzel Észak-Irán szilárdan az uralma alá került.

Mezopotámia megszerzése

1054-ben Togril csapatai élén Ádzarbajdzsán és Kelet-Anatólia vidékén portyázott. Előbbi fejedelmeit hódoltatta, utóbbi területen pedig fosztogatott és megostromolta Manzikert várát, amit nem tudott bevenni. Arzanaszig tört előre. Közeledtére a Dijár Bakr-i marvánida fejedelem is elismerte a főségét. Még zajlott a hadjárat, amikor a reális hatalommal nem rendelkező, ám a szunnita iszlám fejeként vallási tekintéllyel bíró bagdadi abbászida kalifa, al-Káim segélykérést juttatott el hozzá. A 945 óta tartó, síita Buvajhidák iraki uralma az összeomlás szélén állt, ugyanakkor a helyi török katonaság al-Baszászíri vezetésével megpróbált átállni a kalifátust maguknak követelő, iszmáilita síita, egyiptomi Fátimidák oldalára. A kezdettől fogva erős szunnita irányultságú Togril hazatért Rajjba telelni, majd 1055 tavaszán csapatokat gyűjtött Hamadánban, ahonnan kiindulva 1055 decemberében bevonult Bagdadba, és bebörtönöztette a buvajhida emírt, al-Malik ar-Rahímot. (A fárszi buvajhida fejedelem, Abu Manszúr Púlád Szutún már korábban benősült a Szeldzsuk-családba, és Togril segítségével űzte ki a területeire igényt tartó al-Malik ar-Rahímot (1053/1054), ennek következtében nem kellett tartania északi szomszédja hódításától, sőt jutalomban részesült a hadjárat után.)

Ibráhím Janál és al-Baszászíri lázadása

A következő évben az élete végéig gyermektelenül maradó Togril egyik unokahúgát feleségül adta a kalifához, hogy megerősítse jó viszonyukat. A szeldzsukok több mint egy évig maradtak Bagdadban, súlyos károkat okozva a város és környéke lakosságának. Az uralkodó 1057 elején észak felé indult a Tigris mentén, útja során meghódolásra késztetve a helyi arab fejedelmeket, így a moszuli Mazjadidákat és a Dijár Bakr-i kurd Marvánidákat. A hadjárat befejezését Ibráhím Janál nevű fivérére bízta, ő maga pedig visszatért Bagdadba 1058 januárjában. Ekkor a kalifa fogadta, és felruházta a szultáni titulussal, valamint különböző tiszteleti nevekkel. Az uralkodó feloszlatta seregét, mire al-Baszászíri és szövetségesei elfoglalták Moszult. Togril a nyomukba eredt, ám Janál – talán együttműködésben al-Baszászírivel – elhagyta őt és saját hatalmi ambíciókat dédelgetve Hamadánba vonult az év novemberében.

Erről értesülve a szultán a nyomába eredt, ám támogatói elhagyták, így Hamadánból Rajjba kellett visszavonulnia, és segítséget kellett kérnie keletről. A Csagri bég által küldött, annak három fia – Alp Arszlán, Kávurd és Jákúti – által vezetett segéderőkre hagyatkozva végül le tudta verni Ibráhím hadait Rajj mellett, 1059 nyarán. Janált és két unokaöccsét megfojtották. Ezzel azonban a háborúskodás még nem ért véget, mert közben al-Baszászíri egész Irakot elfoglalta, és a Fátimidáknak esküdött hűséget. Togril bég 1059 decemberére tért vissza Irakba, és 1060 januárjában serege legyőzte az iraki mocsárvidékre (Batíha) menekülő al-Baszászírit, akit megöltek. Ezután a szultán is délre vonult, Vászit és a mocsarak vidékére, ahol fogadta a Dubajsz ibn Mazjad meghódolását. Március/április során tért vissza a Dél-Irakot is kifosztó serege élén Bagdadba, ahonnan április/májusban vonult haza a Dzsibál vidékére. Bagdad élén helytartót (sihna) hagyott.

Az utolsó évek

A síita fenyegetéstől így megszabadított kalifa tartott az új hadúrtól, és nem szívesen egyezett bele, hogy egy lányát hozzá adja feleségül. Csak akkor állt kötélnek, amikor Togril magánbirtokainak elvételével fenyegette, így 1062 augusztusában megkötötték az eljegyzést. A kalifa még így is addig húzta-halasztotta a házasságot, hogy a jegyesek csak a szultán 1063 januárjában kezdődött látogatásakor találkoztak, de menyegzőre most sem került sor. Togril márciusban tért haza Rajjba, ahol megbetegedett és fél év múltán meghalt.

Togril utolsó éveit is egy rokona lázadása keserítette meg: Kutulmis nevű unokatestvére a Kaszpi-tenger déli partvidékén és az Alborz hegyeiben lázadt fel ellene, amit csak a szultán utóda tudott leverni. A hódítások ennek ellenére nem álltak le: Púlád Szutún halálát követően, 1062-ben Togril csapatai elfoglalták Fárszot is, így a teljes iráni térség beolvadt a Nagyszeldzsuk Birodalomba.

Halála, utódlása

Togril Rajjban halt meg 1063. szeptember 4-én. Gyermektelen lévén 1060-ban elhunyt fivére, Csagri egyik fiát választotta örököséül, azonban váratlan módon nem a Csagri örökébe lépő Alp Arszlánt vagy valamelyik másik, katonáskodásban és államigazgatásban járatos fiát, hanem a szinte ismeretlen Szulajmánt jelölte ki trónörökösnek. Halálát követően vezírje, Amíd al-Mulk al-Kunduri ki is kiáltotta Szulajmánt szultánná, ám Alp Arszlán hadainak közeledtére lemondatta és átadta neki a hatalmat. A dinasztia második tényleges uralkodója így Alp Arszlán lett, aki egyesítette az addig külön kormányzott két birodalomfelet, és megszilárdította a család hatalmát és az új államot.

Hivatkozások

Források

Szeldzsuk uralkodók
A 990-es években elhunyt személyek
1063-ban elhunyt személyek
Szeldzsuk-dinasztia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A teen feels God's guidance at camp and takes it back home to a new school.
"There" was Jetty Park, Florida, and the camping trip he went on with his parents and younger brother was the annual DiscoveryBound (DB) Outreach weekend event that draws families from the southeastern United States. But Lucas says he started seeing how "awesome" it was, and in the end, his first DB Outreach weekend introduced him to Christian Science camps and, ultimately, Principia Upper School.
Coming up with additional funds to cover the cost of changing flights and to complement campership support seemed daunting, but Ana says she knew God would supply all they needed, as she had seen when they first signed up for camp. "It never created any extra difficulties for us," she says.
I had this idea that I had asthma as a kid, and peaking mountains is not really good for people who are asthmatic. Even though I've been healed from asthma long gone, that little thought crept into my head that you're running out of air because you had asthma as a kid and that's coming back to you. I realized that in the middle of the way up, and I started singing "Shepherd, show me how to go." It was really strange because it started to make sense. It clicked. When I got to "I will follow and rejoice all the rugged way," I pictured myself following my shepherd. I just started laughing because I got it. There was nothing that would stop me from following Him. That's when I stopped having breathing difficulties and just kept going on. When I got there, I was still somewhat out of breath, but it was nothing like what I was experiencing before.
On the drive home from the airport back in Florida, Ana noticed how confident her son had become. "It was so amazing what he's saying about this, that he was not alone doing this," she says. "He was supported by God.
He's taken that idea back home with him, along with his love for the camp activity, "Alone with Your Thoughts." He had been feeling stressed about a few things, including the uncertainty of where he would attend high school that fall, having submitted an application to Principia Upper School late in the admissions season. "Alone with Your Thoughts really made me meditate and understand that God's plan is always there, it would always get me from point A to point B, and I'm never lost," Lucas says.
The A/U Ranches, located in Buena Vista, Colorado, are a cornerstone of Adventure Unlimited's programming. The supportive and inspiring atmosphere cultivates confidence and develops moral courage for Christian Science youth, adults and families. Activities are offered year-round, including a secular community outreach program, 100 Elk, which serves diverse schools and groups.


text:
Microsoft Office Spotted on the iPad, Expected to Drop into the App Store Soon (Updated)
By Davey Alba 2012-02-21T11:27:38Z
There are already other ways to get Microsoft Office on your iPad, but who can argue with an official version? Today, a report from The Daily claims that an iPad version of the Microsoft Office suite exists--and a staffer's brief hands-on time with the product showed that it is a polished and capable app.
It comes as no surprise that Microsoft has developed the app; after all, the company has already shown willingness to develop for Apple's slate, which is becoming a staple productivity tool among students and businessmen. On the Office for iPad app, you'll supposedly be able to create Word, Excel and PowerPoint files and edit them both locally and online.
Just like Microsoft's other dedicated apps, Microsoft Office for iPad flaunts details of the Metro UI. A leaked picture of the app running on an iPad reveals a button to create a new document, as well as separate tiles for Word, Excel and Powerpoint docs. In this sense, design-wise, the app doesn't stray too far from Microsoft's other iPad creations, including Bing and MSN. The Daily also notes that the app's user interface is strikingly similar to the already-released OneNote app.
The first rumors of an official iPad app for Microsoft Office sprouted up last November. If The Daily's sources are to be believed, the app is in its final stages and will soon be submitted to Apple for approval. Allegedly, there are no plans for an Android version.
Update: A Microsoft representative contacted The Verge this afternoon, saying, "The Daily story is based on inaccurate rumors and speculation." Additionally, the company reached out to ZDNet's Microsoft watcher, Mary Jo Foley, and told her that The Daily's photo of Office for iPad "is not a real picture of a Microsoft software product."
While it may very well be that this photo is fake, MS Office could still be coming to the iPad--but for now, we'll have to work with a much vaguer timeframe.
via The Daily and The Verge
iPad 3 Rumor Roundup
Hands-On with OnLive Desktop: A Windows 7 Cloud Desktop on Your iPad
Killer Deal: Up to $380 off MSI gaming laptops


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