Note: CHA = confirmed hazardous area.
At the end of 2017, the Republic of Zimbabwe had a total of less than 62km2 of confirmed mined area remaining (see table below). This is a decrease from the 66km2 remaining at the end of 2016. In June 2018, the Zimbabwe Mine Action Centre (ZIMAC) informed Mine Ban Treaty States Parties that with continued progress in the first half of 2018, a total of just over 60.3km2 remained to be addressed.
Zimbabwe's contamination, the overwhelming majority of which is of antipersonnel mines, originates from the laying of minefields in the late 1970s during a conflict of decolonization. At the time of its independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was left with seven major mined areas along its borders with Mozambique and Zambia, and one inland minefield laid by the Rhodesian army. Initially, antipersonnel mines were laid in very dense belts (reportedly 5,500 mines per kilometer of frontage) to form a "cordon sanitaire." Over time, this cordon sanitaire was breached or subject to erosion. In response, in many sections, a second belt of "ploughshare" directional fragmentation mines protected by antipersonnel mines was laid "inland" of the cordon sanitaire. Antivehicle mines were used extensively by insurgents but most were detonated by vehicles or have since been cleared.
At the end of 2017, remaining contamination comprised five primary minefields, of which two were further divided into four areas for the purpose of tasking, identification, and reporting, making a total of seven minefields referred to by ZIMAC, as set out in table above above. All areas are confirmed hazardous areas (CHAs) and no suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) remain to be addressed in Zimbabwe following the completion of significant re-survey in 2016.
ZIMAC reports that antipersonnel mines continue to have a humanitarian as well as a socio-economic impact in 2017, most severely affecting poor, rural populations living along heavily mined border areas. Mines continued to separate relatives living on both sides of minefields, deny use of agricultural land, kill and injure livestock and impede access for grazing, halt the productivity of areas of commercial farming, and impel some poor communities to take unacceptable risks to use contaminated land. Accordingly, clearance of mined areas will generate opportunities for local farmers, commercial agriculture, business, and tourism, allow for the construction of schools and clinics, and enable the safe return of those displaced as a result of the mine threat.
The National Mine Action Authority of Zimbabwe (NAMAAZ), under the Ministry of Defence, is a policy and regulatory body on all issues relating to mine action in Zimbabwe. ZIMAC reports to NAMAAZ.
Since 2012, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has provided assistance under a joint cooperation agreement with the government to the national program, training ZIMAC personnel, and supplying metal detectors, protective equipment, and trauma kits. This concluded in 2016, but the ICRC reported that in 2017 it provided support for the mine action authorities to enhance national ownership, delivered training on clearance, quality assurance and control, and information management, and made a financial contribution towards the launch of Zimbabwe's new National Mine Action Strategy for 2018–2025. It stated that, as planned, the ICRC ended its support for support for mine action in the country at the end of 2017.
In its fifth Article 5 deadline extension request, submitted in 2017, Zimbabwe again pledged to relocate ZIMAC outside of military installations once the Ministry of Defence has secured the necessary funds. As of April 2018, ZIMAC was still housed within military premises, reportedly owing to budgetary constraints.
The National Mine Action Strategy 2018–2025, Zimbabwe's first ever national mine action strategy and developed with the support of GICHD, was formally approved by the government in October 2017, presented at the Mine Ban Treaty 16th Meeting of States Parties in December 2017, and officially launched on 9 March 2018 by the vice president and minister of defence and war veterans affairs in a public event. The strategy's timeline corresponds to Zimbabwe's revised fifth Article 5 deadline extension request with the overall goal of completing clearance in 2025. In June 2018, ZIMAC reported that, together with NAMAAZ, efforts were ongoing to ensure that the plan was widely disseminated. Gender and diversity considerations are also addressed in the strategy.
There is no national legislation specific to mine action in Zimbabwe. In June 2018, ZIMAC reported that it had identified areas of Zimbabwe's national mine action standards that required revision, including, but not limited to, standards for mine detection dogs (MDDs), mechanical assets, clearance depth, technical survey, and the cancellation of land already in use. It stated that standards for these areas would be considered during 2018, having previously reported that revisions would be made at the end of 2017.
A Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) information management advisor held a workshop at the start of 2018 to ensure that the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database was accurate and that ZIMAC personnel were able to retrieve all the information from it, with positive results.
NPA additionally provided technical support to ZIMAC on information management during the year and assistance in data reconciliation.
The Zimbabwean Armed Forces' National Mine Clearance Squadrons (NMCS), HALO Trust, MAG, and NPA conduct land release in Zimbabwe. MAG became operational in December 2017, and APOPO, while accredited, was yet to commence operations as of September 2018.
In 2017–2018, HALO Trust was assigned operations on the Musengezi to Mazowe minefield in Mashonaland Central, while MAG was assigned to the Mazowe to Rwenya minefield in Mashonaland East province (formerly one area, the Musengezi to Rwenya minebelt). Mwenezi to Sango Border Post Sector 3 was assigned to the NMCS and Mwenezi to Sango Border Post Sector 4 was assigned to APOPO (both in Masvingo province and formerly one area, Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner). Rusitu to Muzite Mission and Leacon Hill to Sheba Forest in Manicaland province remained assigned to NPA, and Lusulu, in Matabeleland North province to the NMCS.
In 2017, HALO Trust deployed a total of 291 operations staff for clearance, with a further 83 support staff. Its capacity increased slightly in 2017 with the introduction of the program's first mechanical demining team, while the number of its manual demining teams remained consistent at 28 as of the end of 2016.
NPA reported that as a result of increased funding, at the start of 2017 its capacity increased from five manual clearance teams to seven, as well as one MDD team. This increased national demining personnel from a total of 56 in 2016 to 98. It lost capacity, however, due to subsequent funding cuts during the year, and was down to three manual demining teams and one MDD team by January 2018.
ZIMAC reported that the capacity of the NMCS increased from 120 deminers to 150, across 15 teams, thanks to equipment supplied by the ICRC in 2016. The NMCS also recruited two additional teams of 10 deminers each in March 2018 to deploy to the Lusulu minefield.
In 2016, ZIMAC began accrediting MAG and APOPO, both of which were scheduled to begin operations in 2017. In September 2017, MAG had signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with ZIMAC and established an office in Harare ready to support the start of clearance operations later in the year. MAG became operational in December 2017 and deployed one manual clearance team with 12 staff and one non-technical survey team with two staff.
APOPO signed a MoU with ZIMAC, and the Ministry of Defence granted permission for it to begin operations in 2017. It was tasked, in cooperation with the NMCS, to survey and clear a 37km-long stretch of minefield along the border with Mozambique, running southwest from the Sango Border Post to the Mwenezi river. It stated that, as of May 2017, a task assessment had been carried out and that it expected to recruit and train approximately 25 national operations and support staff in the second half of 2018 to deploy in two manual demining sections. However, despite its accreditation in 2017, APOPO failed to import its equipment from Mozambique in time to become operational. As of September 2018, APOPO was still waiting for both the equipment and sufficient funding to begin operations.
While the majority of clearance in Zimbabwe continued to be manual in 2017, mechanical assets and the use of MDDs were in the process of being integrated into the national mine action program. As of mid-2018, however, the use of MDDs was limited to technical survey and clearance of soil with a high metallic content and the use of mechanical assets limited to clearance of areas with deeply buried mines and also areas with a high metallic content.
A total of just over 6.2km2 of land was reportedly released in 2017, with close to 4.5km2 of mined area released by clearance and technical survey and just under 1.8km2 cancelled by non-technical survey. A further 1.8km2 was confirmed as mined. Results in 2017 compare to total release in 2016 of nearly 9.5km2.
While clearance of antipersonnel mines remained steady in 2017, with just under 1.7km2 released through clearance, there was a major drop in cancellation output in 2017 of nearly 1.8km2 compared to close to 7.8km2 in 2016, due to the fact that comprehensive survey was finalized at the end of 2016. By 2017, Zimbabwe had a significantly more robust and realistic picture of verified contaminated area remaining, and therefore little survey or cancellation was carried out that year.
Just over 4.5km2 of land was released by survey in 2017: 1,768,118m2 was cancelled through non-technical survey while 2,794,713m2 was reduced through technical survey. A further 1,782,579m2 was confirmed as mined. In 2016, close to 7.8km2 of land was released (just under 6.3km2 cancelled, 1.5km2 reduced) with a further 9.8km2 confirmed as mined.
As noted above, no major survey was conducted in 2017; instead only low-scale, pre-clearance re-surveys were carried out to confirm previous data of surveyed areas. In 2014–2016, a large amount of survey was undertaken, resulting in huge cancellation of land, and no new significant survey has been undertaken or required since and there ceased to be any cancellation of that magnitude. According to ZIMAC, the few areas of cancellation recorded in 2017 were a limited number of areas along the Mozambique border, which had been previously erroneously identified as cleared by the Mozambican mine action program or had since been put to use by locals.
The additional areas reported as confirmed to contain antipersonnel mines in 2017, particularly in the NMCS's areas of operations (see Table 2 below), were the result of the confirmation of a number of polygons that had been overlooked during previous survey and the subsequent enlargement of the recording of the size of these areas. These had not been accounted for in the results of the primary survey ending in 2016.
HALO reported that its survey cancellation in 2018 was the result of non-technical re-survey of several tasks. It stated that the tasks themselves were not cancelled, but re-survey was done to be better able to identify the contaminated area, generally through reducing the estimates of the depth of lower-density ploughshare minefields by engaging with more members of the community and by tracking the location of mine rows on adjacent tasks.
* While APOPO was not operational in 2017, the areas reported as confirmed in its assigned areas of operations occurred as a result of remapping and correction of grid points by ZIMAC.
Clearance of antipersonnel mined area in 2017 was almost the same as in 2016. A total of 30,533 antipersonnel mines and one item of unexploded ordnance (UXO) were destroyed. This represented an increase of 7,340 antipersonnel mines destroyed in 2017 over the year before, potentially the result of improvements in the targeting of clearance.
NPA reported that its increase in clearance output of more than 140,000m2 in 2017 compared with 2016 was due to funding that enabled an increase in the number of its manual demining teams from five to seven, and the introduction of an MDD team during the year. Productivity also improved from the agreement with ZIMAC to reduce clearance fade-out distances by five meters along the minebelts; to deploy MDDs as the main technical survey assets in the field; and an enhanced technical survey approach, under which the size of a standard technical survey search box doubled from 32 meters to 64, while processing requirements were reduced from 10% to 5%, enabling an increase in survey output.
HALO reported a slight decrease in the total area cleared by its operations in 2016, though the number of mines destroyed was largely the same. More areas were processed in 2017 where, due to heavy soil disposition, many antipersonnel mines had sunk deep into the ground and were below metal-detector detection depth, necessitating a large increase in the number of slow "missing mine drills" that had to be conducted during clearance. These involved gaps in the minefield pattern being reinvestigated by excavating a top layer of soil and re-sweeping with a metal detector. The HALO Trust reported that the introduction of a mechanical demining team in 2017 was highly effective and that in areas of deeply buried mines, it was working six-times as quickly as a manual demining section.
ZIMAC reported that one member of the NMCS was injured by a R2M2 antipersonnel mine in the Limpopo to Sango Border minefield in 2017.
Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty (and in accordance with the eight-year extension granted in 2017), Zimbabwe is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 31 December 2025. It is currently on track to meet this deadline.
Zimbabwe's fifth extension request initially submitted in April 2017 and then revised in August, sought a final period of eight years through to 31 December 2025, setting a deadline for the completion of all clearance for the first time. The request was approved by at the 16th Meeting of States Parties in Vienna in December 2017.
Operators commended the cooperative and inclusive process behind the preparation of the extension request and the national mine action strategic plan, as well as efforts to accurately define the amount of contamination remaining, enabled by the application of solid survey methodology in earlier years.
In June 2014, Zimbabwe was granted a fourth Article 5 clearance deadline extension of three years until 1 January 2018. Prior to that, since its initial Article 5 deadline expired on 1 March 2009, it had submitted three previous extension requests, the last of which expired on 1 January 2015. The extension until 1 January 2018 was to enable further survey and clearance, but did not commit Zimbabwe to complete its clearance obligations within the requested period.
In its latest extension request, Zimbabwe lists three primary factors that have prevented it from completing its Article 5 obligations thus far: the extent of the contamination, inadequate national funding for demining, and a lack of demining equipment. Positively, however, Zimbabwe reported that the impact of these factors was ameliorated by the completion of re-survey, allowing efforts to focus on clearance; by increasing partnerships between international operators and the government to build capacity; and by assistance from the ICRC for better demining equipment. In the request, Zimbabwe also enumerated risks and assumptions that could impede it from completing clearance in due time, including heavy rain, difficult terrain, significant metal contamination in ploughshare minefields, and lack of funding.
In June 2018, Zimbabwe informed States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty that it had reassessed and revised its annual land release output figures in its extension request and National Mine Action Strategy on the basis of 2017 results and progress to date, versus expected future results. It stated that the adjustment was also in part the result of changes to surveyed polygons, particularly in the area of Rushinga, and the unexpected discovery of an extension of the Sango Border Post to Crooks Corner minefield which occupied much of the NMCS's capacity in 2017. The revised figures were also reported in its Article 7 transparency report submitted in April 2018, and were not expected to affect its overall completion deadline projection of 2025. The revised annual milestones to be achieved project that a total of 7.16km2 will be addressed in 2018; 8km2 in 2019; 8.3km2 in 2020; 8.99km2 in 2021; 8.87km2i n 2022; 7.97km2 in 2023; 6.73km2 in 2024; and finally, 5.83km2 in 2025.
ZIMAC reported that a total of 7,160,645m2 was set to be released across the country during 2018 and that remaining contamination was expected to drop to a total of 54.6km2. It expected positive developments during the year with an increase in national capacity, as it expected MAG to double its capacity by mid-2018, along with the two additional NMCS teams deployed to carry out demining on the Lusulu minefield, and with APOPO operational by the end of the year.
In mid-2018, ZIMAC confirmed that Zimbabwe was on track to meet its targets under its Article 5 extension and affirmed that the revised workplan is highly achievable, provided that funding is secured from both the government and international donors. ZIMAC reported that key priorities were securing funding for independent offices to house ZIMAC outside of its current location in a military cantonment, in order to enable freer interaction with all mine action stakeholders; purchase of additional demining equipment to better equip the NMCS, which it reported had significant human resources available but lacked equipment that could enable it to double its capacity; funding to conduct a comprehensive national victim survey; and information management and communication equipment, such as laptops, shared drives, and for the construction of a website.
According to ZIMAC's projections, a total of US$130.34 million is required to meet its Article 5 extension request clearance deadline by 2025, with on average close to US$16.3 million per year.
HALO Trust reported it was expanding its mechanical demining operations in 2018, even if additional funding is not secured. As of September 2018, MAG was deploying two additional teams and an expanded existing team, for a total of three teams in the field.
NPA planned to deploy three manual demining teams in 2018, with two teams working in the Muzite to Rusitu minefield and one team in the Leacon Hill to Sheba Forest minefield, each supported by the MDD team for technical survey. This is a decrease however from seven manual demining teams deployed in 2017, due to a significant cut in funding from the United States, which forced it to stop the work of four demining teams.
In December 2017, during the 16th Meeting of States Parties, Zimbabwe and the Committee on the Enhancement of Cooperation and Assistance convened an "Individualised Approach Platform" meeting, which ZIMAC reported enabled Zimbabwe to present its needs and challenges to international mine action stakeholders and donors. It hoped that on the basis of this meeting, additional assistance could be secured to fund its eight-year workplan.
 Email from Capt. Cainos Tamanikwa, Operations Coordinator, ZIMAC, 12 June 2018.
 Statement of Zimbabwe, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 June 2018.
 Email from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 12 June 2018; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form D.
 Mine Ban TreatyFourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Executive Summary, 31 December 2013, p. 1; and email from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 10 October 2017.
 HALO Trust, "Zimbabwe, History of Minelaying," undated; Mine Ban Treaty Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Executive Summary, 31 December 2013; and Analysis of Zimbabwe's Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, submitted by the President of the 13th Meeting of States Parties on behalf of the States Parties mandated to analyse requests for extensions, 18 June 2014, p. 3.
 HALO Trust, "Zimbabwe, History of Minelaying," undated.
 Email from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 12 June 2018.
 Analysis of Zimbabwe's Fourth Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 18 June 2014, pp. 2–4.
 ICRC, "ICRC Annual Report 2017," p. 229.
 Mine Ban Treaty Fifth Article 5 Extension Request (revised), 9 August 2017, p. 39.
 Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2017), Form I.
 Ibid., 10 October 2017; and from Åsa Massleberg, GICHD, 27 September 2017.
 Email from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 22 February 2018.
 Emails from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 12 June 2018, and 4 July 2017.
 Email from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February 2018.
 Email from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 4 September 2018.
 Emails from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February 2018; and from Claus Nielsen, NPA, 31 March 2017.
 Email from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 4 July 2017.
 Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2015), p. 7; and interviews with Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, in Harare, 30 June 2016; and with Claus Nielsen, NPA, in Mutare, 2 July 2016.
 Email from Adam Komorowski, MAG, 29 September 2017.
 Email from Ashley Fitzpatrick, Grant and Regional Manager, APOPO, 29 May 2017.
 Statement of Zimbabwe, Mine Ban Treaty Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 8 June 2018; and emails from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 4 September 2018; and from Ashley Fitzpatrick, Director of Grants and Contracts, APOPO, 12 September 2018.
 Ibid.; from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February and 27 August 2018; from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 22 February 2018; and from Adam Komorowski, MAG, 13 April 2018.
 Emails from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 4 July 2017; from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 24 April 2017; and from Claus Nielsen, NPA, 31 March 2017.
 Ibid., and 4 September 2018.
 Emails from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 12 June and 4 September 2018; from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February and 27 August 2018; from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 22 February 2018; and from Adam Komorowski, MAG, 13 April 2018.
 Emails from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 12 June 2018, and 4 July 2017; from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February and 27 August 2018; from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 22 February 2018; and from Adam Komorowski, MAG, 13 April 2018.
 Emails from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 12 June 2018; from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February and 27 August 2018; from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 22 February 2018; and from Adam Komorowski, MAG, 13 April 2018. HALO reported a total of 16,673 antipersonnel mines destroyed and stated that the item of UXO was not destroyed during mine clearance but as a spot task. According to Zimbabwe's Article 7 report, four antivehicle mines were destroyed in Leacon Hill to Sheba Forest and two items of UXO in Musengezi to Mazowe minefield in 2017.
 Emails from Chimwemwe Tembo, NPA, 13 February and 30 August 2018.
 Emails from Tom Dibb, HALO Trust, 24 April 2017; and from Claus Nielsen, NPA, 31 March 2017.
a subsequent request for fulfilment of its Article 5 obligations." Decision on Zimbabwe's Article 5 deadline Extension Request, Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, Maputo, 26 June 2014; and Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline Extension Request, 31 December 2013, pp. 5–6.
 Mine Ban Treaty Fifth Article 5 Extension Request (revised), 9 August 2017, pp. 8–9.
 Emails from Adam Komorowski, MAG, 13 April 2018; and from Capt. Tamanikwa, ZIMAC, 4 September 2018.


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Share this Story: Five new local COVID-19 cases reported; two people in hospital
Five new local COVID-19 cases reported; two people in hospital
Michelle Ruby
COVID-19 Photo by Centers for Disease Control /Reuters
Thirteen new cases of COVID-19 in Brantford-Brant have been reported by the Brant County Health Unit since Friday.
Five lab-confirmed cases were reported by the health unit Monday morning, in addition to five reported on Saturday and three on Sunday.
Five new local COVID-19 cases reported; two people in hospital Back to video
Two people with the virus are being treated at Brantford General Hospital.
There are currently 24 local active cases of COVID-19, meaning those people are considered infectious.
On Monday, an outbreak was declared at Riverview Terrace Retirement Home in Brantford, where one staff member has tested positive.
The health unit reported an outbreak on Friday at Penmarvian Retirement Home in Paris. It has since been determined the case involving a staff member was a false-positive.
An outbreak declared on Oct. 15 at Hardy Terrace Long-Term Care Facility in Mount Pleasant, where a staff member tested positive, is ongoing.
Long-term care homes and retirement homes must consider a single laboratory confirmed case of COVID-19 in a resident or staff member as a confirmed respiratory outbreak in the facility.
On Sunday, the Grand Erie District School Board sent notices to students, parents and staff members informing them of two COVID-19 cases "in the school community" in Haldimand County– one at McKinnon Park Secondary School in Caledonia and one at River Heights Public School, also in Caledonia.
Notices from the schools' principals say those people have been directed by the Haldimand-Norfolk Health Unit to self-isolate, along with family members living in the same household. The health unit is connecting with students, staff and families considered close contacts to the cases and they also are being directed to self-isolate.
There have been 238 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Brantford-Brant since the start of the pandemic. As of Monday, 209 of those cases were considered resolved, unchanged from the previous day. Brantford residents account for 184 of the confirmed cases and 54 are people from the County of Brant. Fifty-six per cent of the cases are female and 44 per cent male.
Those aged 20 to 39 account for the highest number of confirmed cases (37 per cent), followed by 31 per cent in the 40 to 59 age range, 16 per cent aged 60 to 79, 11 per cent under age 20, and four per cent aged 80 and over.
There are five local deaths associated with the virus.
Six Nations of the Grand River was reporting 20 active cases of COVID-19 on the territory, with one additional lab-confirmed case on Sunday.
There have been a total of 81 cases reported in Six Nations since the start of the pandemic, of which 60 are considered resolved.
As cases of COVID-19 have surged on Six Nations, Ohsweken Public Health confirmed on Friday that one person associated with NATIONS/NewStart program that operates out of Hagersville Secondary School in Hagersville.
Whether the person is a student or staff member has not been disclosed by the board but principal Jeff Benner sent out an announcement to families saying the person and their family are self-isolating for two weeks but hasn't been at the program for more than two weeks.
"As a result, at this time, we are not aware of any NATIONS/NewStart or Hagersville Secondary students or staff who have been identified as close contacts," said Benner.
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HUBTEX Multidirectional Sideloader M 90 can handle single sheets up to .5 ton and glass packs up to 9 tons. The M 90 is used to handle LES-size and Split-LES glass packs, either unpacked or packed in wooden end caps. Various glass dimensions can be transported because of the multiple adjustable glass handling attachment. The M series stores glass packs on floor bearers, which increase the storage density and finally optimize the warehouse capacity. Additionally the M truck performs the order picking by collecting the glass packs and placing them on dispatch stillages.


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Renvoi v medzinárodnom práve súkromnom
The Renvoi in Private International Law
Paneurópska vysoká škola, Fakulta práva, Ústav medzinárodného a európskeho práva
Na rozdiel od iných nariadení, jedno z posledných európskych nariadení, Nariadenie Európskeho parlamentu a Rady (EÚ) č. 650/2012 zo 4. júla 2012 o právomoci, rozhodnom práve, uznávaní a výkone rozhodnutí a prijatí a výkone verejných listín v dedičských veciach a o zavedení európskeho osvedčenia o dedičstve, pripúšťa tzv. Renvoi. Výsledkom je, že na úrovni Európskej únie bola obnovená diskusia o tomto právnom inštitúte. Nasledujúci príspevok skúma relevantnosť a spôsob použitia spätného odkazu v medzinárodnom práve súkromnom, osobitne pri vzniku právnych kolízií.
In contrast to other regulations one of the recent European regulations, the European Regulation of Succession[1] allows the so-called renvoi. As a result, the discussion about this construct has been rekindled at European level. This paper examines the relevance and treatment of the renvoi in private international law and in European conflict of law.
Renvoi, medzinárodné právo súkromné, konflikt v medzinárodnom práve súkromnom, negatívny konflikt
renvoi, private international law, conflict of law, negative conflict
The Renvoi is one of the most controversial issues in private international law. On 22 February 1882, the French "Cour de Cassation" made the landmark decision on the famous "Forgo" case.
In it, the court accepted the remittal of the right of domicile of the Bavarian citizen Xavier Forgo, who died in France, to his last French right of residence and therefore applied French law to the succession after him.[2]
Previously English and German courts had already accepted a remittal of the primarily invoked foreign right to the lex fori as the last right of domicile of a testator. However, the discussion of the actual problem of renvoi only began with the Forgo affair.[3]
In private international law (PIL), the term renvoi (actually only "reference") is used internationally for a very specific type of reference: for a reference back or further to the foreign legal system appointed by the PIL of the lex fori, which is called comprehensive reference.
Such a reference arises internationally for various reasons. On the one hand, it can be taken from the meaning of the own reference to foreign law or be provided by law (e.g. Art. 4 sec. 1 to the German Introductory Law of the Civil Code (EGBGB); Art. 13 ital. PIL Act; Art. 5 sec. 1 and 2 Austrian. PIL Act and Art. 14 Swiss. IPRG). In some legal systems it is also completely excluded (Art. 32 Greek Civil Code).
The term renvoi is closely related to the transmission provision and comprehensive reference.
First of all, it is necessary to clarify the difference between the types of reference – factual standard and comprehensive reference. These must be distinguished from each other, since the phenom of the renvoi can only occur in the case of a comprehensive reference.
A "substantive norm reference" exists if a conflict rule refers directly to the substantive law of a foreign state, so that the conflict rule of the foreign state is not questioned but the foreign substantive law is directly applicable.[4] This manifestation is also referred to as "unconditional referral" since the application of foreign substantive law does not depend on whether the foreign conflict of laws rules recognize this reference.[5]
A "comprehensive reference", on the other hand, is defined as a reference to foreign law, including its conflict of laws provisions. This means that the foreign conflict of laws is first questioned. If the latter accepts the reference and invokes its own substantive law, the substantive law of the foreign state applies.[6]
Contrary to the transmission provision, this is a "conditional reference".[7]
A renvoi can only occur if there is a comprehensive reference. This means that the conflict law of the foreign legal system does not accept the reference, but refers to another law.
There are two possible manifestations of renvoi: On the one hand, foreign law can refer back to the law of the country of origin (first level renvoi or renvoi au premier degré).[8] On the other hand, it is possible that the law of a third country may be invoked (second level renvoi or renvoi au second degré).[9]
The causes for a renvoi can be different. The most common causes are explained in more detail below.
4.1 Different Factors of Connection & Different Times of Connection
The most obvious cause for the occurrence of a renvoi is that different states use different factors of connection. This is the case, for example, if State A refers to habitual residence as the connecting factor, but State B uses nationality.[10]
In German conflict-of-law law, nationality is often taken as the basis[11], whereas other legal systems regularly use domicile.[12] If, for example, a German with last residence in Switzerland dies, a German judge would apply German law for the determination of the legal succession (link to nationality), but a Swiss judge would refer to Swiss law (link to last residence).[13] The same occurs when different states refer to different persons, e.g. State A applies the parents' home law in matters of custody but State B applies the child's home law.[14]
Likewise, sometimes different times of connection are causal. For example, it may happen that in matrimonial property law, both states are based on the domicile of both spouses, but State A applies the time of the marriage and State B declares another point in time applicable.[15]
4.2 Different Interpretations
Another reason for the occurrence of a renvoi is when two states use the same factor of connection, but each state interprets it differently. An example of this is the Forgo case described above. There the different interpretation consisted in the fact that one state suspended a residence permit for the domicile, but the other state did not. Thus, it came to a renvoi due to the different interpretation.[16]
4.3 Different Qualifications
Similarly, different qualifications, i.e. different conflict-of-law classifications of states with the same factor of connection, can be the cause of a renvoi. This is the case, for example, if State A qualifies the limitation of the legal capacity of a married woman as a question of personal marriage effects and State B classifies the question under marital property law.[17]
4.4 Referral to a Qualification
Finally, a referral to a qualification can lead to a renvoi. A referral to a qualification exists if the PIL does not define a system term, but refers to the law called for the qualification.[18] An example for this case is that a US-American leaves an estate in Germany, because the US-American inheritance law distinguishes between movables and immovables in contrast to the German law. Depending on the qualification, there is a different assessment under inheritance law.[19]
5 Fundamental Arguments for the Applicability of the Renvoi
When arguing for or against the application of renvoi, reference is repeatedly made to state sovereignty. On the one hand, one could be of the opinion that the application of a first or second level renvoi would result in the abdication of the sovereignty of the state, which would evade its collision-law mandate. This would argue against the application of renvoi.[20] However, it may be argued that the court which follows the renvoi merely complies with a standard order which has been laid down by its own state in the legislation. This is therefore not constitutionally questionable.[21] On the other hand one could be of the opinion that precisely the principle of sovereignty and the Comitas inter gentium based on it indicate the observance of renvoi. The sovereignty and the interests of the foreign state would only be fully respected if the court included the conflict-law preferences of foreign law in its decision.[22]
A further point of discussion in the general pros and cons of the question of the application of renvoi is the question of whether renvoi can serve as a means of achieving greater conflict-law justice in individual cases or even as an instrument for improving substantive law.[23] With regard to the function of flexibilization, it can be stated that this is always present when the conflict of laws contains only a few formally defined connecting factors. An example of this is citizenship and the crime scene.[24] However, the more the conflict of laws differentiates, the less the need for a correction by the renvoi becomes.[25] The same applies to the renvoi's function in achieving an improved substantive law. If the legislator wishes to favor certain persons, e.g. children, consumers or employees, it will provide alternative links so that recourse to renvoi is not necessary or contrary to the system.[26]
The principle of international consistency, which underlies European conflict of laws, is of decisive importance for the admission of renvoi. It serves to promote international decision-making harmony by making decisions in the home country in the same way as the judge of the primarily appointed legal system would. On the other hand, it is well possible that through a first level renvoi domestic law can again be applied, which can be applied quickly and well by the domestic judge. Especially in the case of an accepted second level renvoi, disharmonies of decision and limping legal relationships can be avoided and a domestic decision in the foreign country can be enforced more easily.[27]
Finally, the respect of the renvoi allows the courts to increasingly apply the lex fori. This ensures for the benefit of the courts and usually also of the parties that the law familiar to them is applied.[28]
The foregoing makes it clear that there are arguments both for and against the compliance of the renvoi. All in all, however, the arguments for attention of the renvoi predominate, in particular the promotion of international decision-making harmony as well as the idea of simplifying the application of the law, so that overall the use of the renvoi can be advocated.
6 Relevance for International Consistency
The achievability of international consistency and decision-making harmony depends on whether the specific case is a first level renvoi or second level renvoi.
6.1 First Level Renvoi
With the first level renvoi it is problematic that an eternal back and forth of referrals could take place, since state A refers to state B and vice versa. This is also called "ping-pong game" or "dead end of endless referral".[29] This problem exists only if the own right makes a comprehensive reference and the foreign right makes a comprehensive reference, but not if the own right or the foreign right applies a substantive reference.
In the case of a comprehensive referral, there are three ways of interrupting the Ping Pong game:[30]
First, the state to which the referral is made may terminate the referral under domestic law. This is regulated, for example, in German law in Art. 4 sec. 1 to the German Introductory Law of the Civil Code (EGBGB). It breaks the chain of referrals back to the country and understands foreign referral as a normative reference.[31]
Another possibility is the method of the double renvoi. This means that the comprehensive reference of foreign law is applied and that a domestic conflict of laws rule is not used again. In this case, too, the foreign conflict of laws will ultimately apply. If the foreign law then terminates the referral, the foreign substantive law is applicable.[32]
Finally, it is possible for the domestic judge to look at the case from the perspective of the foreign judge whose right is invoked by the domestic conflict rule. This method is called foreign court theory.[33]
6.2 Second Level Renvoi
In the cases of a second level renvoi, in contrast to the cases of a first level renvoi, a more memorable decision-making harmony is achieved. The reason for this is that in the case of comprehensive references, a referral loop always occurs, the termination of which is necessary for the decision to be made.[34]
These loops occur much less frequently in second level renvoi. This is mainly due to the fact that State B does not refer back to State A, but to a third legal system (State C). The achievement of decision harmony in the case of second level renvoi depends on whether this is accepted.
The case is not problematic if the third legal system to which reference is made accepts the reference and invokes its own substantive law. Then a decision is reached between all legal systems.[35] Even if the second level renvoi go further to a 4th or even 5th legal order. Decisive is that one of these jurisdictions accepts the referral. However, this case is very rare in practice.[36]
It is less simple in the case where the second level renvoi is not accepted, but it is referred back to the legal order of State A or State B by the third PIL (State C) as a comprehensive reference. This is also referred to as unaccepted second level renvoi.[37] In these cases, reference loops can occur in a similar way to the first level renvoi. This can jeopardize the international decision-making process if the referral chain is arbitrarily terminated.[38]
In the present paper the institution of renvoi, a specific institution to the international private law has been analyzed. The foregoing makes it clear that there are arguments both for and against the compliance of the renvoi. All in all, however, the arguments for attention of the renvoi predominate, in particular the promotion of international decision-making harmony as well as the idea of simplifying the application of the law, so that overall the use of the renvoi can be advocated.
All in all it can be concluded, that the renvoi is an important method from both, the theoretical and the practical point of view. Overall, it can be stated that although the renvoi is not a "miracle cure" for achieving decision-making harmony, there are a number of constellations in which compliance with renvoi is suitable for promoting international decision-making harmony in relations with third countries. Especially in the cases of a second level renvoi, it is often possible to reach agreement on a decision.
Baetge, D.: Die Grundfälle zum Internationalen Privatrecht, in: Juristische Schulung, (JuS) 1996, 600.
Corneloup, S.: Zum Bedeutungsverlust des Renvoi, in: Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrechts (IPRax) Vol. 37, 2017, No. 2, 147 – 152.
Fawcett, J. J. et al.: Private International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15th edition, 2017, p. 63.
Hausmann, G. in: von Staudinger, J.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetze, EGBGB/IPR, Art. 3 – 6 EGBGB (IPR – Allgemeiner Teil), Book XI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 5.
von Hein, J., in: Säcker, F. O. – Rixecker, R.: Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, book 11, München: C. H. Beck, 7th edition, 2018, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 4.
von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 74; § 4, l. 17.
Kegel, G., in: Soergel, H. T. – Siebert, W.: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen, book 10: Einführungsgesetz, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 2.
Kegel, G. – Schurig, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 9th edition, 2004, p. 444.
Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 169.
Mäsch, G.: Der Renvoi – Plädoyer für die Begrenzung einer überflüssigen Rechtsfigur, in: Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht (RabelsZ) Vol. 61 (1997), p. 285 – 296.
Mayer, P. – Heuzé, V.: Droit international privé, 11th edition, 2014, l. 230.
Neuhaus, P. H.: Die Grundbegriffe des Internationalen Privatrechts, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2nd edition, 1976, p. 268.
Nietner, S.: Internationaler Entscheidungseinklang im europäischen Kollisionsrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2016, p. 70.
Philonenko, M.: L'Affaire Forgo (1874–1882): Contribution à l'étude des sources du droit international privé français, in: Journal du droit international (Clunet) Vol. 59 (1932), p. 281.
Reichart, P. A.: Der Renvoi im schweizerischen IPR – Funktion und Bedeutung, Zürich, 1995, p. 1.
Romano, G. P.: Le dilemme du renvoi en droit international privé, Genève, 2015, p. 31.
Schinkels, B.: Normsatzstruktur des IPR, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2007, p. 205.
Siehr, K. Internationales Privatrecht – Deutsches und europäisches Kollisionsrecht für Studium und Praxis, Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 2001, p. 456.
Sonnentag, M: Der Renvoi im Internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2001, p. 5.
Thorn, K., in: Palandt, O.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, München: C. H. Beck, 78th edition, 2019, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 1.
Wengler, W.: Die allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätze des internationalen Privatrechts und ihre Kollisionen, in: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht (ZöffR), Vol. 23 (1944), p. 473 – 509.
[1] Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession.
[2] Cass. Civ., 24th June 1878 (arrêt Forgo), Sirey 1878, l. 429 – 431.
[3] Philonenko, M.: L'Affaire Forgo (1874–1882): Contribution à l'étude des sources du droit international privé français, in: Journal du droit international (Clunet) Vol. 59 (1932), p. 281.
[4] Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 169; Nietner, S.: Internationaler Entscheidungseinklang im europäischen Kollisionsrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2016, p. 70.
[5] von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 74; § 4, l. 17.
[6] Thorn, K., in: Palandt, O.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, München: C. H. Beck, 78th edition, 2019, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 1; Hausmann, in: von Staudinger, J.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetze, EGBGB/IPR, Art. 3 – 6 EGBGB (IPR – Allgemeiner Teil), Book XI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 5; Neuhaus, P. H.: Die Grundbegriffe des Internationalen Privatrechts, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2nd edition, 1976, p. 268; Baetge, D.: Die Grundfälle zum Internationalen Privatrecht, in: Juristische Schulung, (JuS) 1996, 600.
[7] von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, § 6, l. 77; § 4, l. 18.
[8] Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 163.
[9] von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, § 6, l. 73.
[10] Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 168; von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 79; Siehr, K. Internationales Privatrecht – Deutsches und europäisches Kollisionsrecht für Studium und Praxis, Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 2001, p. 456.
[11] Art. 7, sec. 1; Art. 9; Art. 10, sec. 1; Art. 13, sec. 1; Art. 14, sec. 1; Art. 15; Art. 17, sec. 1; Art. 19, sec. 1; Art. 22, sec. 1; Art. 24, sec. 1; Art. 25, sec. 1 to the German Introductory Law of the Civil Code (EGBGB).
[12] Kegel, G. – Schurig, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 9th edition, 2004, p. 444.
[13] Reichart, P. A.: Der Renvoi im schweizerischen IPR – Funktion und Bedeutung, Zürich, 1995, p. 1; Nietner, S.: Internationaler Entscheidungseinklang im europäischen Kollisionsrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2016, p. 73.
[14] Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 168; von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 80.
[15] Hausmann, in: von Staudinger, J.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetze, EGBGB/IPR, Art. 3 – 6 EGBGB (IPR – Allgemeiner Teil), Book XI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 65.
[16] Hausmann, in: von Staudinger, J.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetze, EGBGB/IPR, Art. 3 – 6 EGBGB (IPR – Allgemeiner Teil), Book XI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 26; 29 – 31.
[17] Neuhaus, P- H.: Die Grundbegriffe des Internationalen Privatrechts, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2nd edition, 1976, p. 282; von Hein, J., in: Säcker, F. O. – Rixecker, R.: Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, book 11, München: C. H. Beck, 7th edition, 2018, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 31.
[18] Reichart, P. A.: Der Renvoi im schweizerischen IPR – Funktion und Bedeutung, Zürich, 1995, p. 4.
[19] Hausmann, in: von Staudinger, J.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetze, EGBGB/IPR, Art. 3 – 6 EGBGB (IPR – Allgemeiner Teil), Book XI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 74; 85; von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 17a.
[20] Schinkels, B.: Normsatzstruktur des IPR, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2007, p. 205.
[21] Romano, G. P.: Le dilemme du renvoi en droit international privé, Genève, 2015, p. 31; Mayer, P. – Heuzé, V.: Droit international privé, 11th edition, 2014, l. 230.
[22] Fawcett, J. J. et al.: Private International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15th edition, 2017, p. 63; von Hein, J., in: Säcker, F. O. – Rixecker, R.: Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, book 11, München: C. H. Beck, 7th edition, 2018, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 8.
[23] von Hein, J., in: Säcker, F. O. – Rixecker, R.: Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, book 11, München: C. H. Beck, 7th edition, 2018, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 12.
[24] Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 163.
[25] Corneloup, S.: Zum Bedeutungsverlust des Renvoi, in: Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrechts (IPRax) Vol. 37, 2017, No. 2, 147 – 152.
[26] von Hein, J., in: Säcker, F. O. – Rixecker, R.: Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, book 11, München: C. H. Beck, 7th edition, 2018, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 12; Corneloup, S.: Zum Bedeutungsverlust des Renvoi, in: Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrechts (IPRax) Vol. 37, 2017, No. 2, 147 – 152.
[27] Nietner, S.: Internationaler Entscheidungseinklang im europäischen Kollisionsrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2016, p. 77.
[28] Sonnentag, M: Der Renvoi im Internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2001, p. 146.
[29] Mäsch, G.: Der Renvoi – Plädoyer für die Begrenzung einer überflüssigen Rechtsfigur, in: Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht (RabelsZ) Vol. 61 (1997), p. 285 – 296; Wengler, W.: Die allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätze des internationalen Privatrechts und ihre Kollisionen, in: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht (ZöffR), Vol. 23 (1944), p. 473 – 509.
[30] von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 88; Sonnentag, M: Der Renvoi im Internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2001, p. 8.
[33] Sonnentag, M: Der Renvoi im Internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2001, p. 8; Nietner, S.: Internationaler Entscheidungseinklang im europäischen Kollisionsrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2016, p. 79.
[34] von Hoffmann, B. – Thorn, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 10th edition, 2019, §6, l. 98; Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 166; Sonnentag, M: Der Renvoi im Internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2001, p. 139.
[36] Sonnentag, M: Der Renvoi im Internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 2001, p. 139; Kegel, G. – Schurig, K.: Internationales Privatrecht, München: C. H. Beck, 9th edition, 2004, p. 401.
[38] Hausmann, in: von Staudinger, J.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetze, EGBGB/IPR, Art. 3 – 6 EGBGB (IPR – Allgemeiner Teil), Book XI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 53, 55; Kropholler, J.: Internationales Privatrecht, Tübingen: Mohr Sibeck, 6th edition, 2006, p. 174; Thorn, K., in: Palandt, O.: Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, München: C. H. Beck, 78th edition, 2019, Art. 4 EGBGB, l. 3.


This is part one of a series of blogs by John Alley on Apostolic Authority. These are taken from Chapter 5 of his book, The Apostolic Revelation.
The question of authority is one of the pivotal issues for the reformation of the church. As we often say, "this is where the rubber hits the road". Either apostles do have authority over the church on behalf of Christ, or they do not.
If apostles do have authority, then the church needs to listen to them. If there is no apostolic authority, then it remains for every church, movement or denomination to establish their own authority and leadership systems — they may do what is right in their own eyes. That is precisely what we have had, creating an inordinate amount of disunity in the body of Christ. A divisive, denominationalistic spirit has often ensnared the church, and the world sees it as both a mess and a joke. Jesus said that when we are one, as the Father and the Son are one, the world will believe (John 17:20-23).
If a church or denomination rejects apostolic authority, they have closed their hearts to much of what the scriptures say about the leadership and structure of the church; especially the means by which Christ exercises His leadership and authority in the church. Such groups are operating on a foundation of limited understanding. Any denomination or ministry built on a limited view of the biblical revelation of leadership, must by definition be something other, or less than, what Christ really wants.
This is not to say they are not good people — not great Christian ministries in other ways. But apostolic authority is lacking, and therefore the body is disjointed. According to Ephesians chapter 4, the problem of the body being disjointed, disunited, infantile, and unstable (Ephesians 4:14-16) is precisely the problem to be addressed and overcome by the ministry appointments of Christ which must include apostles and prophets (Ephesians 4:11-13).
Undisputed amongst believers should be the truth that Christ holds all authority, given by the Father. He Himself said, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me" (Matthew 28:18), and the apostle Peter explained that, "...Jesus Christ, ...has gone into heaven and is at God's right hand - with angels, authorities and powers in submission to him" (1 Peter 3:21-22). Paul made it even clearer, with passages like Ephesians 2:20-23, and Colossians 1:15-20, and 2:9-10.
Even earlier, there was a noticeable change in the authority structure of ministry as soon as Jesus began to teach. Everyone noticed that He taught as one who had authority, so unlike the religious leaders of the day (Matthew 7:28-29) — and this authority He immediately began to divest to others, beginning with the apostles (Mark 3:15, Luke 9:1,10:1,10:19).
To be vested with authority will be the first manifestation of an apostle's commission. When the twelve were appointed by Jesus to be apostles, He sent them out to preach and "...to have authority to drive out demons" (Mark 3:15). At this point the authority was over demons, but the authority of the twelve was progressively expanded. By the time we come to Matthew 28 and the Great Commission, Christ bestows His complete "authority in heaven and on earth" upon the apostles, and ultimately, to the church through them. We see this because He says "therefore go". There is a clear implication in Jesus' words: the authority of Jesus over all things has been placed upon the apostles. In that authority they will go to all nations to bring a people to obedience to Christ, and in exercising this authority Christ will be with them.
The authority of Christ is to be exercised on earth through His body, the church. "And God placed all things under his feet and appointed him to be head over everything for the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills everything in every way" (Ephesians 1:22-23). The scriptures abound with such amazing statements, and the intent is for us to understand our high position in Christ. God placed everything under Christ's feet, but the verse is specific in its reference to the church. We are His feet under which all things have been placed, and we are the fullness of Christ who fills everything. This shows us the extent of the authority we are meant to exercise.
Continue reading in part two.


text:
Q: Copy to 14 / Copy to GAC functionality in Visual Studio 2010 Hey there, for those used to working with WSP Builder, does anyone know of a way to get the same "Copy to hive" and "Copy to GAC" functionality in SP 2010 and VS 2010 that was in WSP Builder?

A: Check out Community Kit for SharePoint: Development Tools Edition.
It has Quick deploy and loads of other nifty stuff for VS2010
CKS:DEV

A: By the way WSPBuilder has a beta for 2010. If Copy to 14/GAC is all you need, you can use it as well.

A: There is a DeploymentTarget attribute in the Package manifest which can be set to either GlobalAssemblyCache or WebApplication, which should replicate the WSPBuilder switch.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
We are excited to announce that on the morning of 12 March 2019, Specialist Waste Recycling Ltd (t/a SWRnewstar) became part of Biffa plc ("Biffa").
In what is a ground breaking innovation in the waste industry SWRnewstar, whilst becoming part of the Industrial & Commercial Division of Biffa, will remain independent and continue to act as a standalone waste management broker. As such we will maintain our ability to hold Biffa's delivery model to account in the same way as any other member of our valued supply chain. By being part of the Division, however, we will also have access to Biffa's market leading infrastructure, innovation and digital solutions which will undoubtedly provide another string to the SWRnewstar's offering.
As ever, our customers are our main focus. We would therefore like to reassure them that they will continue to be dealt with from our Alton Head Office by the same dedicated Customer Service and Account Management teams. From a back office perspective, customers will continue to be billed from the same system, in the same way and will make payments to the same legal entities that they always have. The supply chain will also continue to work directly for SWRnewstar and as such will bill and be paid in the same fashion as before.
It is very much business as usual and as a result there will be no transition or disruption to services or administration processes.
In a ground breaking innovation in the waste industry SWRnewstar, whilst part of Biffa's I&C Division, remains independent and continues to act as a standalone waste management broker.
Nearly a tonne of paper cups has been recycled at Bristol Airport as a result of a new process introduced in partnership with SWRnewstar in March. If those cups were placed end to end they would reach three times the length of the runway!


Many of our boats based on the Costa del Sol offer sunset cruises, Champagne party charter and static boat rental. Static rental basically means staying in port, usually on one of our larger vessels and entertaining, cocktail receptions, corporate meetings with the option of food been provided or served from a local marina based restaurant.
If you are interested in any of the above or require a tailor made package along these lines please contact us for the latest availability.


Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that affects the brain and causes recurrent, unprovoked seizures.
As we know, the human Brain is a complex structure made up of a delicate mix of nerve cells, electrical impulses and chemicals, known as neurotransmitters. The communication between Neurons or Brain cells is through electrical signals producing chemical messengers. Any damage that disrupts the workings of the brain can cause seizures. In a seizure, abnormal bursts of neurons start firing off electrical impulses, which can cause the brain and body to behave strangely. The severity of seizures can differ from person to person. It can be an odd feeling for someone with no loss of awareness, or it can be a "trance-like" state for a few seconds or minutes; while others lose consciousness and have convulsions (uncontrollable shaking of the body).
Epilepsy most often begins during childhood but it can start at any age though it is often not possible to pinpoint why someone develops the condition. In some cases Epilepsy that occurs later in life is associated with damage to the brain.
1. Cerebrovascular disease caused by a problem that affects the blood supply to the brain.
a. Stroke – When one part of the brain is damaged by a lack of blood supply (clot) or bleeding into the brain from a burst blood vessel (haemorrhage).
b. Subarachnoid haemorrhage where blood leaks out of the brain's blood vessels on to the surface of the brain below the middle layer of the 3 brain coverings.
2. Brain tumours are growths occurring when cells in the brain multiply in an abnormal, uncontrollable way. It can either be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign).
3. Severe head injuries which require immediate medical attention because there's a risk of serious brain damage.
4. Hereditary – gene inheritance.
*Lack of sleep (sleep deprivation).
*Some medications and illegal drugs.
*Not eating well, low blood sugar.
*Specific foods, excess caffeine or other products that may aggravate seizures.
It is better to maintain a seizure diary to help find out what might trigger your seizures. Each time you experience a seizure, record it and make a note of what you were doing. Over the time, you might notice some things that seem to trigger your symptoms & can avoid them.
1. Idiopathic (or primary) epilepsy – No apparent cause for epilepsy other than family history can be found, suggesting that the condition is inherited. Research is on for finding out defects in certain genes that may affect electrical transmission in the brain.
2. Symptomatic (or secondary) epilepsy – There is a known cause for a person's epilepsy (refer causes).
Repeated seizures form the main symptoms of Epilepsy. These can occur when you are awake or asleep. Depending on the area of the brain affected there are many different types of seizure.
1. Partial (or focal) seizures – Only a small part of the brain is affected.
Simple partial seizures: The patient remains fully conscious & there is a feeling of déjà vu, an unusual taste or smell, feeling of fear or joy, pins or needles, stiffness or twitching.
Complex partial seizures: The patient becomes unconscious and cannot remember the event. There is smacking of the lips, rubbing of the hands, moving of the arms, fiddling with objects, chewing or swallowing, unusual postures, and picking at clothes.
2. Generalized seizures – where most or all of the brain is affected.
Absence seizures: They mainly affect children, but can also occur in adults. The patient loses awareness of their surroundings, usually for up to 15 seconds. The patient stares vacantly into space with fluttering of the eyes or smacking of the lips.
Myoclonic seizures: The arms, legs, or upper body jerks or twitches, as if you have received an electric shock only lasting for a fraction of a second.
Clonic seizures: The symptoms will last longer, normally up to two minutes with same sort of twitching as myoclonic jerks.
Atonic seizures: These seizures cause all your muscles to suddenly relax & there is a chance you may fall to the ground and risk injury.
Tonic seizures: The muscles suddenly become stiff causing you to lose balance and fall over.
Tonic-clonic seizures: These convulsions are named grand mal & can have two stages. The body will initially become stiff and then arms and legs will begin twitching. All consciousness is lost, and some people will wet themselves. The seizure normally lasts a few minutes, but can last longer.
3. Unclassified seizures – that do not fit into these categories.
4. Status Epilepticus: It lasts more than 30 minutes and the person does not regain consciousness in between. This is a medical emergency and requires treatment as soon as possible.
Epilepsy cannot be diagnosed quickly. Until more than one seizure is experienced, in most cases, it cannot be confirmed. EEG and MRI are the usual tools employed.
In an EEG test, through electrodes placed on your scalp unusual brain activity associated with epilepsy can be detected by measuring the electrical activity of your brain.
EEG may be carried out even while you are asleep (sleep EEG). You may be given a small, portable EEG recording device to monitor your brain activity over 24 hours (ambulatory EEG).
In an MRI scan strong magnetic fields and radio waves are used to produce detailed images of the inside of your body. MRI's tend to be useful in cases of suspected epilepsy because it can detect possible causes of the condition, like defects in the structure of your brain or the presence of a brain tumour.
Even though not everyone with Epilepsy will need to be treated, the treatment is used to control seizures.
1. Medicines: Epilepsy is generally treated at first with Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Nearly 70% of people with the condition are able to control their seizures with AEDs. The most commonly used AEDs are Sodium Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Oxcarbazepine, Ethosuximide & Topiramate.
2. Surgery: If the medicines show no effect to control Epilepsy, you are usually referred to a specialist Epilepsy center where the possibilities of surgery to remove the part of your brain causing seizures without causing much brain damage are evaluated.
3. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): When the possibilities of surgery are ruled out, implanting a small device under the skin of your chest is an alternative. The device sends electrical messages to the Brain. This is called Vagus Nerve Stimulation.
4. Deep brain stimulation (DBS): Electrodes are implanted into specific areas of the brain to reduce the abnormal electrical activity associated with a seizure in the DBS technique.


Image search results - "wo31410"
100602 853927 viewsWO type iron ore waggon WO 31410 is one of a batch of eleven replacement waggons built by WAGR Midland Workshops between 1970 and 1971 with fleet number 186 for Koolyanobbing iron ore operations, with a 75 ton and 1018 ft³ capacity, loaded with fines just west of Binduli, 2nd June 2010.
100602 869327 viewsWO type iron ore waggon WO 31410 is one of a batch of eleven replacement waggons built by WAGR Midland Workshops between 1970 and 1971 with fleet number 186 for Koolyanobbing iron ore operations, with a 75 ton and 1018 ft³ capacity, West Kalgoorlie yard loaded with fines, 2nd June 2010.
PD 126147 viewsBinduli, WO type iron ore waggon WO 31410 is one of a batch of eleven replacement waggons built by WAGR Midland Workshops between 1970 and 1971 with fleet number 186 for Koolyanobbing iron ore operations, with a 75 ton and 1018 ft³ capacity. Seen here with the body top lip also fitted.


This entry was posted on Thursday, August 6th, 2009 at 1:16 pm	and is filed under Dear Librarian. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Orthopaedic Specialists of Connecticut is frequently making the news.
In the News, Our Doctors, Patient Case Studies, Sanjay K. Gupta, M.D.
With her 70th birthday approaching, Patricia Weiner was determined to let nothing interfere with her longtime passion for riding horses – including chronic pain caused by arthritis in both hips. Before having surgery she tried everything including Deca steroids alternative to try and prevent having to go through such a major surgery.
Is Thromboprophylaxis After Knee Arthroscopy Warranted?
The management of venous thrombophlebitis and thromboembolic disease has challenged the medical community for decades. The diagnosis can be elusive because of absent or mild clinical symptoms, and the potential outcome can be catastrophic. Major venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) are uncommon after outpatient knee arthroscopy, although many orthopaedic surgeons are aware of cases of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) after this "low risk" surgery.
J Bone Join Surg Am, 2012 Apr 18: 94 (8): e54.
In the News, Our Doctors, Sanjay K. Gupta, M.D.
One year ago, on August 26, Depuy Orthopaedics, Inc, a part of the Johnson & Johnson Family Companies, issued a voluntary recall of the ASR XL Acetablular System and DePuy ASR Hip Resurfacing System, following reports of new information indicating a greater number of required second hip replacements than had been expected.
Dr Gupta on Dr V on Call talks about arthritis pain.
Dr. Sanjay K. Gupta from Orthopaedic Specialists of Connecticut explains common causes of hip pain and the latest techniques in treating it.
Dr. Sanjay Gupta's clinical interest is in treating hip and knee arthritis in all age groups, minimally invasive total joint replacement, and revision hip and knee replacement. He is one of the few Orthopedic surgeons who specialize in hip resurfacing in the State of Connecticut.


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Abercorn Church hosts Easter Tea
April 17, 2019 ed
One of the stunning church windows at Abercorn Church, near South Queensferry. The Church is hosting an "Easter Tea" on Saturday, April 20, 2019, from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. in the church hall (just a minute's walk from the main church). Tea and coffee and home baking will be on offer. All are welcome.… Continue reading Abercorn Church hosts Easter Tea
The Empire strikes back … the Romans return to Falkirk district
September 4, 2016 September 4, 2016 ed
Falkirk District's Roman festival is back – and it's bigger than ever. The Big Roman Week kicks off on Saturday, September 17, with the largest programme to date. Walks, talks, family events and film shows have been organised to help people find out more about the Roman Antonine Wall, which ran from Bo'ness right… Continue reading The Empire strikes back … the Romans return to Falkirk district
Bid to get Queensferry residents to be more active
September 4, 2016 ed
A campaign is getting underway to encourage more people to walk, cycle and use public transport.
Ladies Do Lunch . . . to raise cash for charity
July 25, 2016 July 25, 2016 ed
Ladies from around the Bo'ness area are being invited to a fundraising lunch to raise money for The Friends of Kinneil charity. The event will take place on Saturday, August 20, from 1-4 p.m. at the Corbie Inn, Corbiehall, Bo'ness. A three-course meal will be on offer. There will also be fun activities for attendees… Continue reading Ladies Do Lunch . . . to raise cash for charity
The PR Store Summer Newsletter
Charity in hunt for new Friends
June 1, 2016 July 7, 2016 ed
A Bo'ness charity is launching a search for new volunteers. The Friends of Kinneil works to promote and develop Kinneil Estate and Nature Reserve in the town. It runs everything from open days to environmental initiatives. The group is now looking for willing helpers to assist at future events. It's also running a drop-in event… Continue reading Charity in hunt for new Friends
charities, community, Uncategorized
Fancy volunteering? Make Friends over a cuppa
June 2, 2015 March 29, 2019 ed
A charity is launching a search for new volunteers. The Friends of Kinneil will stage a drop-in day at Kinneil Museum in Bo'ness this Saturday afternoon (June 6, 2015). The group is even offering free cake and coffee to encourage people to come forward. The campaign is being launched during national Volunteers Week, which aims… Continue reading Fancy volunteering? Make Friends over a cuppa
Hitting the headlines
October 17, 2012 February 10, 2016 ed
THE PR Store was launched in 1999 to provide a range of services to charities, business and individuals. Since then, this award-winning consultancy has worked for the NHS, Scottish Enterprise, housing associations and many, many other organisations. You can also read testimonials here.
Design, Uncategorized
Delivering integrated campaigns
October 15, 2012 March 29, 2019 ed
THE PR Store regularly plans integrated campaigns to help clients. As part of our support for Big Roman Week (a local community festival) we wrote, designed and produced a dedicated website – http://www.bigromanweek.org.uk – planned an active Twitter and Facebook campaign, did some media relations, designed street banners and produced the flyers and print material.… Continue reading Delivering integrated campaigns
Adrian's write on . . .
August 15, 2012 April 6, 2017 ed
The PR Store's managing consultant, Adrian Mahoney, is a former journalist who's worked in lots of industry sectors. He loves media relations, but is also a dab hand at copywriting for the web. See samples of his work by clicking the link below. See samples on our services page.
It's #BlueMonday .... so here's @NewOrder to cheer you up. Have a great day. youtu.be/9GMjH1nR0ds via @YouTube 1 day ago
Enjoying the freelancers' podcast 99 Problems (But A Boss Ain't One). Well done to the duo @99problemscast -… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 3 days ago
The sun rises on the last day of the decade on a frosty @JohnMuirWay at Carriden, Bo'ness. Hope everyone has a grea… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 3 weeks ago
Having parsnip soup and catching up with the news in one of my favourite Northumbrian cafes, Bertram's in Warkworth… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 4 weeks ago
Dunstanburgh Castle was looking lovely in the winter sunshine yesterday. #WinterSolstice #Northumberland… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 4 weeks ago
Winter Solstice on the beach at Low Newton-by-the-Sea. Quite a nice way to spend the run-up to Christmas.… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 4 weeks ago
Checking out the former workhouse - now a museum - at Ripon, Yorkshire. Thanks to staff and volunteers… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 month ago
In May 2017, I visited Ripon as part of the #GreatBigWalk with @EdenCommsScot / @edencommunities and @JoshQuigley92… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 month ago
Before work this morning, I headed out along the John Muir Way and snapped this frosty scene. Daylight is in short… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 2 months ago
Fun gifts for freelancers - or anyone, really. Thanks to the great Steve Folland @BeingFreelance for sharing this .… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 2 months ago
Follow @adrianmahoney


Choose 5 of our delicious, long lasting, completely natural, moisturizing lip balms to create your Lovebee Box — handcrafted lip balms made from premium organic ingredients.
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Comes in a 1 oz screw top recyclable tins (x5).


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Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) is one of the outstanding treasures of Uganda, QENP has recently been designated a Biosphere Reserve for Humanity under UNESCO. The park covers 2000 sq. km, and includes a remarkable variety of Eco-systems, from semi deciduous tropical forest to green meadows, Savannah and swamps.
It is the home of the famous tree- climbing lions, the Uganda kobs and other antelopes as well as elephants, buffalo's, hippos, baboons, leopards, and chimpanzee.
Over 500 species of bird have been recorded here making it a prime target for birdwatchers. Species recorded include the shoe-bill stork, black bee-eater, 11 types of king fishers and variety of raptors includes several falcons and eagles.
In the crater lakes, spectacular flocks of flamingos gather creating the image of a moving pink carpet.
The launch trip along the Kazinga channel between the Lake George and Edward is a memorable way to view the abundant game in Queen Elizabeth national park. North of the main gate is the crater area, one of the most scenic parts of the park.
To the east, in kyambura gorge, visitors can climb through tropical forest and catch a glimpse of a variety of primates including the chimpanzees.
In the most isolated Ishasha sector of the park, search the woodlands for the tree-climbing lions perching on the boughs of ancient fig trees. To the southeast, travelers can explore newly opened trails in maramagambo forest.
Distance from Kampala: 440 kilometres.


Knowing who owns the companies that operate in the oil, gas and mining sectors is key to strengthening natural resource governance. It has proven to be important to improve the investment climate and promote responsible business conduct. Through the EITI and other global and regional efforts to tackle the challenges posed by hidden ownership, African countries are taking the lead in improving beneficial ownership transparency in extractives. The conference engaged various stakeholders from government, civil society and companies to seek a way forward on Beneficial Ownership in Africa.


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Quality Children's Entertainment Family Movie Reviews
« 'Journey 2' Stars Sit Down with KIDS FIRST! Youth Film Critic
'Little Angels' Just Right for Valentine's Day »
Presenting: KIDS FIRST! Youth Film Critics for 2012
Ready to start their year of reviewing films, interviewing actors and filmmakers, and blogging their perceptions, the 2012 KIDS FIRST! Youth Film Critics are here!
With a "Congratulations" to everyone who prepared the written and videotaped review they needed to enter, KIDS FIRST! is pleased to announce the winners of the 2012 KIDS FIRST! Film Critics Search.
Morgan Bertsch of Northridge, Calif.
Cheyenne Nguyen of Northridge, Calif.
Alternate: Aira Dani of Atlanta, Ga.
Casey Chandler of Santa Fe, N.M.
Talia Rashba of Oak Park, Calif.
Alternate: Camille Bajema of Santa Fe, N.M.
Brianna Beaton of Clermont, Fla.
Julianna Noone of Warwick, N.Y.
Alternate: Julia Chestnut of Highlands Ranch, Colo.
Alternate: Hunter Willow Jones of Kutztown, Penn.
Victoria Burns of Atlanta, Ga.
Blakes Hawes of Kailua, Hi.
Alternate: Jennifer Huntoon of Bloomington, Ind.
Alternate: Ajay Sharma of Bloomington, Ind.
The focus of the KIDS FIRST! film critics program is teaching children healthy media habits as well as strong critical thinking, writing and public speaking skills that will stay with them for a lifetime. The KIDS FIRST! Film Critic Boot Camp, held annually in Los Angeles, teaches kids the skills to become an entertainment reporter.
Six celebrity judges selected this year's winners from 24 finalists who were determined by view voting on WonderworldTV.com/kidsfirst. This year's judges were Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, Landmark Theaters and Magnolia Pictures; Ben Lyons, E! film critic and frequent contributor to "Good Morning America"; Thelma Adams, a Yahoo contributing editor and author of the "Thelma Adams on Reel Women" column that runs on AMC filmcritic.com and who was the film critic at Us Weekly for 11 years following six years at the New York Post; and George Pennacchio of the ABC7 Eyewitness News team in Los Angeles KABC-TV.
Industry supporters of the KIDS FIRST! Film Critics Campaign are Amazon.com, Anchor Bay Entertainment, Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Warner Home Video and WonderWorld Entertainment. Campaign support also comes from national nonprofit organizations that include the National Education Association, National Association of Elementary School Principals and the National Council of Women's Organizations, with a cumulative membership of more than 17 million.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, February 7th, 2012 at 7:10 pm and is filed under Contests, Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
DVDs Released (285)
Family News (90)
Feature Film Reviews (661)
Film Screenings (24)
For Producers (15)
New/Renewing Members (17)
TV Series (25)
Web Fun (13)


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Chiretolpis unicolor is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on Ambon Island.

References

Nudariina
Moths described in 1901
Moths of Indonesia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tag Archives: NATO
NATO selects BlackBerry's encrypted voice technology for secure calls
The NATO Communications and Information (NCI) Agency has awarded a contract for BlackBerry's SecuSUITE for Government to encrypt the conversations of its technology and cyber leaders wherever they communicate – in the workplace, at home or when travelling abroad.
The NCI Agency helps NATO's 29 Member Nations communicate securely and work together in smarter ways. It acquires, deploys and defends communication systems for NATO's political decision-makers and Command Centres, working on the front lines against cyber attacks. Due to the classified nature of the information the NCI Agency handles, it's critical that all communications remain secure, combating any opportunity for a cyber criminal to electronically eavesdrop on conversations.
"As cyber criminals and state-sponsored actors become increasingly more sophisticated, we needed a highly secure way for our cyber leaders to have phone conversations with people inside and outside of our organisation regardless of where they are in the world," said Kevin Scheid, general manager of the NCI Agency. "BlackBerry's voice encryption technology helps solve this challenge and strengthens our elite cyber defence strategy."
Dr Christoph Erdmann, senior vice-president of BlackBerry SecuSMART at BlackBerry, responded: "Eavesdropping on calls is one of the easiest ways to gain access to private information. We're extremely proud that the NCI Agency, a world leader in the development and use of technology that keeps NATO nations secure, has put its trust in BlackBerry's software to secure voice communication. No matter the operating system or 'thing' used to communicate, BlackBerry's arsenal of cyber security technology ensures that our customers' data remains private."
BlackBerry's SecuSUITE for Government supports Android and iOS smart phones and tablets, and can be can be installed on-premise, in a Data Centre or in the cloud.
Use cases for the solution include:
*Secure conferencing: Encrypts conversations between a secure conference bridge and a SecuSUITE for Government-enabled devices
*Secure landing: Encrypts mobile devices to a landline within a network
*Break-in: Protects any communication between a mobile or landline on the user's home network to a SecuSUITE for Government-enabled mobile device
*Break-out: Secures mobile devices to the employee's home network and from there to external mobile or landlines through PSTN extension
SecuSUITE for Government has been evaluated and certified to be compliant with the Common Criteria protection profile for VoIP applications and SIP servers. It has also earned a NIAP certification and has been placed on the NSA Commercial Solutions for Classified Program component list of products certified for use on classified systems.
*For more information on BlackBerry's SecuSUITE for Government visit blackberry.com/government
Tagged as Android, BlackBerry, Command Centres, Cyber Attacks, Cyber Criminals, iOS, Member Nations, NATO, NATO Communications and Information Agency, NIAP, ProActiv Publications, PSTN, Risk Xtra, SecuSUITE for Government, Smart Phones, TheSecurityLion, Voice Encryption, VoIP
'Threat level from international terrorism raised': Statement by Prime Minister David Cameron
On Friday afternoon, Prime Minister David Cameron gave a statement to the national media about the international terrorism threat level in the United Kingdom being increased from 'Substantial' to 'Severe'.
The Home Secretary has confirmed that the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre has increased the threat level in the United Kingdom from 'Substantial' to 'Severe'. This is the first time in three years that the threat to our country has been at this level.
My first priority as Prime Minister is to make sure we do everything possible to keep our people safe. Today, I want to set out the scale and nature of the threat we face and the comprehensive approach that we are taking to combat it.
We've all been shocked and sickened by the barbaric murder of American journalist James Foley and by the voice of what increasingly seems to have been a British terrorist recorded on that video. It was clear evidence – not that any more was needed – that this is not some foreign conflict thousands of miles from home that we can hope to ignore.
The ambition to create an extremist caliphate in the heart of Iraq and Syria is a threat to our own security here in the UK. That's in addition to the many other al-Qaeda inspired terrorist groups existing in that region.
The first ISIL-inspired terrorist acts on the continent of Europe have already taken place. We now believe that at least 500 people have travelled from Britain to fight in Syria and, potentially, Iraq.
Poisonous ideology of Islamist extremism
Let's be clear about the source of the threat that we face. The terrorist threat was not created by the Iraq war ten years ago. It existed even before the horrific attacks of 9/11, themselves some time before the Iraq war. This threat cannot be solved simply by dealing with the perceived grievances over Western foreign policy. Nor can it be dealt with by addressing poverty, dictatorship or instability in the region, as important as these things are.
The root cause of this threat to our security is quite clear. It's a poisonous ideology of Islamist extremism that is condemned by all faiths and by all faith leaders. It believes in using the most brutal forms of terrorism to force people to accept a warped world view and to live in an almost medieval state. A state in which its own citizens would suffer unimaginable brutality, including barbaric beheadings of those who refuse to convert to their warped version of Islam, the enslavement and raping of women and the widespread slaughter of Muslims by fellow Muslims. As well, of course, as the exporting of terrorism abroad.
Prime Minister David Cameron
This is about a battle between Islam on the one hand and extremists who want to abuse Islam on the other. It's absolutely vital that we make this distinction between religion and political ideology. Islam is a religion observed peacefully and devoutly by over one billion people. It's a source of spiritual guidance which daily inspires millions to countless acts of kindness. Islamist extremism is a poisonous political ideology supported by a minority. These extremists, often funded by fanatics living comfortably far away from the battlefields, pervert the Islamic faith as a way of justifying their warped and barbaric ideology.
Now this is not a new problem. We have seen this extremism before here in our own country. We saw it with the sickening murder of Lee Rigby and with the home grown 7/7 bombers who blew up tube trains and buses. The links between what happens overseas and what happens here have also always been there. Many of those who sought to do us harm in the past have been foreign nationals living in Britain or even British citizens who have returned from terrorist training camps in Pakistan or elsewhere around the world.
What we're now facing in Iraq with ISIL is a greater and deeper threat to our security than we have known before. In Afghanistan, the Taliban were prepared to play host to al-Qaeda, a terrorist organisation. With ISIL, we are facing a terrorist organisation not being hosted in a country but actually seeking to establish and then violently expand its own terrorist state. With their designs on expanding into Jordan and Lebanon and right up to the Turkish border, we could be facing a terrorist state on the shores of the Mediterranean and bordering a NATO member.
We cannot appease this ideology. We have to confront it at home and abroad. To do this we need a tough, intelligent, patient and comprehensive approach to defeat the terrorist threat at its source. Tough in that we need a firm security response whether that is action to go after the terrorists, international co-operation on intelligence and counter-terrorism or uncompromising measures against terrorists here at home.
Requirement for an intelligent political response
It also must be an intelligent political response. We must use all resources we have at our disposal – aid, diplomacy, political influence and our military. Learning the lessons of the past doesn't mean that there isn't a place for our military. The military were vital in driving al-Qaeda from Afghanistan, and we support the US air strikes against ISIL in Iraq. The key point is that military force is just one element of what we can do. We need a much wider approach, working with neighbours in the region and addressing not just security but also politics.
We know that terrorist organisations thrive where there is political instability and weak or dysfunctional political institutions. We must support the building blocks of democracy, the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, the rights of minorities, free media, free association, a proper place in society for the army and show perseverance. Not just because these building blocks take time to put in place, but because we are in the middle of a generational struggle against a poisonous and extremist ideology that I believe we'll be fighting for years and probably decades.
We will always take whatever action is necessary to keep the British people safe here at home. Britain has some of the finest and most effective security and intelligence services anywhere in the world. We will always act with urgency where needed, as we did with the emergency data retention legislation which is already yielding results.
Home Secretary Theresa May MP
We've already taken a whole range of measures to keep our people safe. We are stopping suspects from travelling by seizing passports. We're barring foreign nationals from re-entering the UK. We're depriving people of citizenship and we are legislating so that we can prosecute people for all terrorist activity, even where that activity takes place overseas.
We've also stepped up our operational response. Since last year, we've seen a fivefold increase in Syria-related arrests. We've seen port stops and cash seizures grow by over 50%. We've taken down 28,000 pieces of extremist material from the Internet this year alone, including 46 ISIL-related videos. We made clear that those who carry ISIL flags or seek to recruit to ISIL will be arrested and the material seized. We've also seen a 58% increase in referrals to our de-radicalisation programme called the 'Channel Project'.
Listening to the Security Services
People are rightly concerned about so-called 'foreign fighters' who travel from Britain to Syria and Iraq, take part in terrorist acts and then come back to threaten our security here at home. The scale of this threat is growing but there will be no knee jerk reactions. We will respond calmly and with purpose. We'll do so driven by the evidence and the importance of maintaining the liberty that is the hallmark of the society we defend, but we have to listen carefully to the security and intelligence officers who do so much every day to keep us safe.
I recently chaired a meeting with our intelligence and security services and we agreed that the answer to this threat was not to dream up some sweeping new power that would be ineffective in practice. However, it's becoming clear that there are some gaps in our armoury, and we need to strengthen them. We need to do more to stop people travelling, to stop those who do go from returning and to deal decisively with those who are already here. I'll be making a statement in the House of Commons on Monday 1 September. This will include further steps to stop people travelling with new legislation that will make it easier to take people's passports away.
As well as being tough, patient and intelligent, we also need to take a comprehensive approach. Dealing with this threat is not just about new powers. It's about how we combat extremism in all its forms. We need to tackle that ideology of Islamist extremism head on at root before it takes the form of violence and terror. That means challenging the thinking of extremist ideologues, identifying the groups in this country that push an extremist agenda and countering them by empowering the overwhelming majority who believe in the British values of democracy, the rule of law and respect for minorities.
Beating the scourge of extremism
That is why, as Prime Minister, I have driven a new approach to tackling radicalisation and counter-extremism in Britain, focusing on all types of extremism and not just violent extremism. I set this out in my Munich speech in 2011 and I've driven this forward through my extremism task force. This has included stopping the funding of organisations that promote extremism, banning hate preachers and ensuring that every part of Government and the state from schools and universities through to prisons is focused on beating the scourge of extremism. This task force will continue to meet on a regular basis.
Britain is an open, tolerant and free nation. We are a country that backs people in every community who want to work hard, make a contribution and build a life for themselves and their families. We cannot stand by and allow our openness to be confused with a tolerance of extremism, or one that encourages different cultures to live separate lives and allows people to behave in ways that run completely counter to our values.
Adhering to British values is not an option or a choice. It is a duty for those who live in these islands. In the end, it is only by standing up for these values that we will defeat the extremists, protect our way of life and keep all of our people safe.
Tagged as 7/7, 9/11, Afghanistan, al-Qaeda, Counter-Terrorism, David Cameron, Home Office, Iraq, ISIL, James Foley, Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre, Jordan, Lebanon, Lee Rigby, NATO, Pro-Activ Publications, Risk UK, security, Syria, Taliban, Theresa May MP, TheSecurityLion


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