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Phnom Penh Post - Raising the alarm on rising private debt
Raising the alarm on rising private debt
Sangeetha Amarthalingam | Publication date 31 December 2020 | 20:59 ICT
Phnom Penh's growth has been supported by strong development in the real estate and construction sector in the past 10 years. Hong Menea
Sangeetha Amarthalingam
Although Cambodia's economic growth has been somewhat underpinned by strong credit growth, it is starting to worry experts as the pandemic prolongs
After years of expanding credit to the private sector which fuelled economic growth, Cambodia might have to come to terms with a burgeoning private debt, one which the World Bank warned as having "substantially increased" in the past two decades.
It does not help that the pandemic is further weighing down on it, although monetary measures have temporarily staved off risks of increased indebtedness.
As of September 30, 2020, 270,648 loan accounts valued at around $3.7 billion were restructured.
But although containment of financial risks triggered by the pandemic helped to maintain stability in the banking and microfinance sector, the World Bank found that risks accumulated by an overleveraged financial sector remained.
"Private debt has risen significantly, and vulnerabilities, including high credit concentration, related-party lending risks, lack of consolidated cross-border supervision, and gaps in the implementation of risk-based supervision, remain," the latest economic update in November showed.
Credit to gross domestic product (GDP), which mostly encapsulates private debt, has inched up year-on-year.
National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) data revealed that credit-to-GDP came in slightly below 120 per cent as of December 31, 2019.
More worrying was the 19 per cent credit-to-GDP gap, which is above the 10 per cent threshold of the Bank of International Settlement, signalling a build-up of excessive credit.
Note: Total credit=Banks+MFIs. This gap is computed using a one-sided GP filter with a lambda of 4000,000 Source: National Bank of Cambodia
(The gap is an early warning indicator of a financial crisis for central banks, which can draw up macroprudential policies to stabilise the sector).
Total debt (external and domestic debts), according to the World Bank, was 148.4 per cent of GDP in 2018, from 58.3 per cent of GDP in 1997.
Source: General Department of National Treasury (NBC Financial Stability Review 2019)
Often, the private debt size is larger than public debt, the latter amounting to some $7.6 billion or 28.5 per cent of GDP as of June 2020, well below the 40 per cent buffer.
"Yes, exactly," said economist Dr Chheng Kimlong. "Private sector debt is now larger than public sector debt."
However, he contended that it is "in fact a general trend in many countries, including member nations of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development".
In Cambodia, the surge is bolstered by the phenomenal rise in loans given by microfinance institutions and commercial banks, and credit card applications.
The consumer credit index report for the third quarter ended September 30, 2020 (3Q20), recorded by the CBC showed an 87 per cent climb in credit card applications from the previous quarter while personal finance and mortgage grew at 52 per cent and 50 per cent, respectively, said Credit Bureau Cambodia (CBC) CEO Oeur Sothearoath.
Overall, small business loans formed the largest segment at 60 per cent, followed by mortgage and personal finance about 15 per cent each.
This growth is backed by improved credit access, lower interest rates and numerous loan products associated with housing loans and corporate loans, and growing middle class with expanding income capable of paying additional loans.
Despite high credit growth, FIs have managed to sustain low NPLs
"Added to it is the private sector demand for more capital for their investment projects, including real estate," Kimlong said.
While synonymous with a healthy economy, growing private debt is symptomatic of fast-paced economic development and poses challenges, as is the case now with incomes and livelihoods reeling from the effects of the virus.
True to form, such detrimental disturbances can lead to redundancies, bankruptcies, loan losses, a sharp reduction in non-compulsory consumer spending, and postponement of investments, said Anthony Galliano, CEO of Cambodian Investment Management Holdings Ltd.
"Unfortunately, Cambodia is experiencing one of the greatest risks of a highly leveraged economy, and a negative economic shock," he said.
The NBC has repeatedly flagged the issue of vulnerability of rapid credit growth, particularly in the real estate and construction sectors which have received massive foreign direct investments in recent years.
Its concern was further compounded by the presence of direct mortgage lending by real estate developers without proper supervision.
This falls under shadow banking activities that have expanded over the years, and which the NBC has limited data.
According to the World Bank, which shares a similar concern with the NBC, credit to construction, real estate activities, and mortgages grew quickly, averaging 32.1 per cent per year from 2009 to 2019.
And although the increase in outstanding domestic credit financing in those segments decelerated to 23.1 per cent year-on-year in August this year – from 39.4 per cent as at the end of 2019 – it still came up to 34.6 billion riel.
Out of that, mortgage financing was the largest at 14.2 billion riel, followed by construction financing (10.5 billion riel) and real estate (9.8 billion riel).
"There is a consensus that booms and busts in asset prices can contribute to financial sector distress and macroeconomic imbalances.
"The pandemic has constrained the ability of households to repay loans, in particular mortgage loans, which are mostly denominated in US dollars," the bank said, noting that financial stability had been maintained so far.
Having said that, growth in private debt can impact the economy, Kimlong opined.
Indebtedness can be damaging when it passes the threshold, for instance, reaching 60 per cent or more over GDP as some businesses have been severely shattered.
"[Besides], those who took loans from microfinance institutions or commercial banks are on the brink of collapse or have closed down as a consequence," he said.
Still, he noted that as of today, the real estate and construction sector remain relatively healthy as a big majority of the construction projects committed a year earlier or so have not been put on hold.
At the same time, many micro and small housing projects have continued to grow.
"This will perpetuate further private sector credit growth or at least maintain the momentum. However, it remains unclear as to when it will continue," said Kimlong, who is vice president of independent think-tank Asian Vision Institute.
Source: National Bank of Cambodia
With revenue collection impacted this year, public debt is likely to rise to fund a widening fiscal deficit, projected to be 5.6 per cent of GDP in 2020 and 6.1 per cent in 2021, on the back of the pandemic, the World Bank said.
Accordingly, 87 per cent of the total borrowing by Cambodia is mostly for public investment in physical infrastructure.
But while the risk of public debt distress stays low, it cautioned that the exchange rate comes under pressure as financing from abroad rises, seeing that Cambodia's borrowings are in foreign currencies.
It noted that the outstanding US dollar debt accounted for 43.5 per cent of the total outstanding debt, followed by special drawing rights (25.7 per cent).
Interestingly, although China is the largest creditor with a total outstanding debt of $3.7 billion or 46.8 per cent of the total, the World Bank said, its debt denominated in Chinese yuan was less than 15 per cent of the total debt stock.
So, could increased government borrowing compound private debt? Kimlong dismissed that notion, saying that Cambodia has been "extremely prudent" when it comes to external borrowings and debt management.
He felt that despite the economic slowdown and the decline in revenue, the government had not borrowed much more as it would in the case of sustained economic growth.
Galliano said developing economies were printing money "like there is no tomorrow, borrowing trillions, with staggering governmental borrowing that far exceeds the global financial crisis".
For example, even as the new stimulus package is being debated in Congress, the US has already spent $2.6 trillion on stimulus spending and $900 billion on tax relief.
"This is a survival game," Galliano said, as governments realise the importance of quantitative easing in the absence of stimulus, tax holiday and emergency relief for businesses, failing which global economy could plunge into a deep and prolonged depression.
He said the Kingdom is confronted with similar challenges but has fewer options as it has yet to issue bonds. Therefore, it still relies on foreign debt and international aid to raise capital.
"Given the limitations on government borrowing avenues, [Cambodia] should accelerate its entrance in the global capital markets to diversify its borrowing options and facilitate opening corporate issuance to international investors," he said.
But can the risk of private debts reduce, particularly as all market sectors depend on credit to expand? For now, the loan restructuring programme, which has been extended to June 2021, has yielded some positive results. It is also touted as a way to tackle private debt.
Source: Credit Bureau Cambodia (as of September, 2020)
CBC's Sothearoath said even during Covid-19, ongoing access to credit helped borrowers meet their financial obligations and manage their cash flows. Financial institutions (FIs) also allow for interest rate and instalment adjustments for those who continue paying their loans after the restructuring.
However, the impact on borrowers who opened a loan account just prior to restructuring will be very different than the one who is at the end of the loan tenure.
"FIs would have to assess the situation of the borrowers and regularly monitor their portfolio," Sothearoath said.
Likewise, Galliano opined that banks are flush with liquidity. He said given the economic conditions, banks have increased prudence on lending and have a reduced credit appetite.
The credit market model is still substantially based on the collateral pledge and accredited payment capacity for loan model.
"I see no indication that this model will change, and given the current risk adverse climate, borrowing should be more restrictive," he felt.
How about meeting credit demand via state-developed mechanisms such as the low interest SME co-financing scheme and Credit Guarantee Corporation?
Kimlong was frank in his reply when he said that these schemes can work to some extent only if the private sector remained resilient and is able to manage current risks.
"The NBC will use some of the monetary policy to prop up the financial industry but it is unlikely to disincentivise credit growth in the private sector.
Contact author: Sangeetha Amarthalingam
Man racks up $2K in liquor, ends up in jail


It's never too early to start speculating about the next big thing in the events industry! If you're always up to date with the most trendy event design ideas, it's already time to start showing your clients the 2018 trends. We made this list to help you stay up to date with the latest styles and cool new trends for weddings, as well as conferences and all sorts of events.
We all know that the whole point of an event is creating an unforgettable experience, and in 2018 the culinary part of said experience is going to be in the spotlight. From social gatherings to corporate events, food is always served and is a great excuse to network or simply have a good time.
Farm to table ingredients are going to be the most important element of each meal. They will be accompanied by locally brewed beers and signature cocktails! Couples getting married are also looking for a personalized and memorable menu that includes favorite childhood foods or elements from an important meal in their relationship.
Another important trend is steering clear from sit down dinners and giving guests a lot more freedom to interact by offering small tasting menus and other bite-sized foods. Interactive food stations are also a great way to get your guests up and moving around and interacting with each other. Don't forget to provide bar seating to keep guests comfortable!
Event hosts are also looking for a way to make meals fun and more memorable and food trucks are a great way to do this! This option can be quite budget friendly, but you could also hire more than one food truck to give your guests options and variety.
All sorts of event hosts are looking for unique spaces to hold their gatherings. This includes anything from lofts and gardens to museums and old warehouses! Finding these sorts of spaces can make an event unforgettable and keep your clients coming back year after year.
Rustic events have been a thing for a while now. In 2018 the rustic style is going to be combined with industrial spaces to create a new, more modern feel for events! Try booking events in old warehouses. Maybe you can market your industrial style venue with a photoshoot including Crossback chairs and barnyard tables. Don't be afraid to combine metallics with greenery or wood and metal finishes!
The rustic style's surreal cousin, ethereal themes are going to be big in 2018. Twinkle lights, fluffy clouds of tulle, and pastel colored florals are going to transform social events into dreamy landscapes. Help your clients live out their fairytale by finding a beautiful and unexpected venue and surrounding them with candlelight!
This trend comes all the way from interior decorating to event planning! From the "everything copper" trend to mixing in gold and pewter elements along with lots of texture and shine. This trend is sure to make any event feel more glamorous.
Balloons, and lots of them!
Balloons are a great alternative for decoration, and we'll be seeing them all over in 2018. They're super versatile too! You can fill up the ceiling with them, use them in centerpieces, or create a great photo wall or arch.
You might think iridescent means intense and colorful, but Pantone's Leatrice Eiseman says otherwise. Think about pearlescent accent pieces that go from one pastel tone to the next depending on the angle you view it in. These shifting hues offer a whole new way of planning an event's color scheme!
Are there any trends you see in the horizon tha are not on our list? Let us know! Comment down below or message us on twitter or facebook. You migh also like out blog post about event venue design trends.


The Ards and Down Area Plan 2015 is a development plan prepared under the provisions of Part III of the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 by the Planning Service, an Agency within the Department of the Environment.
Notice was given to Ards Borough Council on 12th January 1999 and to Down District Council on 27th January 1999 that the Department intended to prepare a new development plan to cover the two council areas for the period 2000 to 2015. A Notice of Intention to prepare the Plan was published in the local and regional press in the week beginning 15th March 1999 and comments were invited from the public and interested parties in respect of the issues to be addressed in the Plan. Consultations were also carried out with both Councils, community groups, Government Departments and Agencies, statutory undertakers and other appropriate bodies. All representations received were taken into account in preparing the Issues Paper and the Draft Plan.
In April 2000 the Department informed Ards Borough and Down District Councils that the Plan would be prepared under new procedures which replaced the publication of Preliminary Proposals with the publication of an Issues Paper.
The purpose of the Issues Paper was to offer the opportunity for wider and more effective public participation in the preparation of the Draft Plan by focusing thought on strategic matters in the early stages of the preparation process, in preference to the traditional approach of publishing for comment Preliminary Proposals of a site specific nature. The aim of the Issues Paper was to promote debate and feedback on matters which would shape the preparation of the Draft Plan.
Further discussions with Ards Borough and Down District Councils took place in October 2000 on the content of the Issues Paper then being prepared. The Department also appointed Community Technical Aid, (CTA), to undertake an extensive community and public consultation exercise on the Issues Paper. The first stage of CTA' s work preceded publication of the Issues Paper. That work involved identification of community, voluntary and environmental groups throughout the Plan area likely to have an interest in the preparation of the Area Plan. Contact was made by CTA with 460 groups who were informed of the process and encouraged to participate. CTA held initial briefings with key umbrella groups in the area which were given the opportunity to express their views on issues of importance to the Plan. CTA then reported the results of this first stage exercise to the Department on 7 December 2000.
The Department published the Ards and Down Area Plan 2015 Issues Paper on 15th December 2000. A public notice was placed in the regional and local newspapers during the week beginning 11th December 2000. Copies of the Paper were made available free of charge from the Divisional Planning Office, from the offices of Ards Borough and Down District Council and from local libraries.
The Issues Paper and the Press Notice advised that all views expressed in writing by 30th March 2001, including views conveyed through the report of CTA, representations received during the initial stages of the Plan review and the representations of statutory consultees, including Ards Borough and Down District Council, would be considered in the preparation of the policies and proposals to be published in the Draft Plan.
In January 2001 CTA facilitated five public meetings in each of the two council areas. Planning staff were in attendance at each meeting to assist and to answer questions. Each of the meetings was advertised in advance in the local press, the Notices appearing during the weeks beginning 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd January 2001. A reminder of the closing date for responses to the Issues Paper was published in the local and regional newspapers in the week beginning 19th March 2001.
CTA reported to Planning Service on 31 March 2001 on the implementation of, and their conclusions on, the community consultation exercise which they had facilitated. CTA received responses from 50 community, voluntary and environmental groups and from over 700 people who had attended the public meetings. Their Report is included as part of the Technical Supplement on Public Participation.
During the published response period 568 representations were received by Planning Service of which approximately 40% either addressed issues raised in the published Issues Paper, or otherwise dealt with general rather than site specific issues. Some representations of general concern were received both before and after the advertised period for response to the Issues Paper. In preparing the Draft Plan consideration has been given to all representations received throughout that process.
The Department published the Ards and Down Area Plan 2015 Draft Plan on the 10th December 2002. The statutory period for objection to the Draft Plan expired on 21 January 2003. In view of the number and nature of the objections received within the statutory period, the Department requested the Planning Appeals Commission (PAC) to hold a Public Inquiry into the relevant objections and to report to the Department on the Inquiry. The Public Inquiry opened on Tuesday 3rd May 2005 in the Queen's Hall, West Street, Newtownards. The Planning Appeals Commissioner formally closed the Public Inquiry on Wednesday 17th January 2007. The PAC completed its report into the objections to the Draft Plan and submitted its report to the Department on 14th March 2008. The recommendations contained in the PAC's report have been fully considered by the Department and revisions have been made to the Written Statement and maps as appropriate. Full details of the Commission's recommendations are set out in the Ards and Down Areas Plan 2015 Adoption Statement and its Appendices.
The Department is now publishing the Ards and Down Area Plan 2015. The Plan is comprised of three volumes: Volume 1:- Plan Strategy, Policy Framework and Countryside Proposals, Volume 2:- Ards Borough Proposals and Volume 3:- Down District Proposals. These volumes should be read in conjunction with the accompanying maps. The document incorporates the amendments outlined in the Adoption Statement and replaces all previous versions of the Ards and Down Area Plan 2015. In the event of a contradiction between the Written Statement and a map, the provisions of the Written Statement will prevail.
Technical Supplements which deal with housing and population, industry, commerce, education, social and community facilities, tourism, open space and recreation, public utilities , transportation and public participation.
A Countryside Assessment Supplement which includes an appraisal of the landscape of the Plan area, an analysis of rural development pressure and an appraisal of each settlement in terms of its character, assets and constraints, conservation issues and settlement limits.
Settlement Reports relating to each town, village and small settlement which detail the settlement's role and facilities, population, housing, urban capacity sites, land availability and the investigation of future housing lands.
A Strategic Environmental Appraisal and Equality Impact Assessment Supplement comprising an assessment of the probable environmental and equality impacts of the policies and proposals contained within the PLan.
An Appropriate Assessment (AA) Report containing details of the appropriate assessment carried out in respect of the Plan in line with the requirements of Article 6.3 and 6.4 of the Habitats Directive.


The study commission created by House Bill 324 (HB 324) has begun looking at the current problems with evaluating utility property tax and will propose recommendations in its November final report for legislation to ensure utility property value is assessed in a fair and consistent manner.
Utilities, assessors, DRA, the ASB, legislators and municipalities will have input in the process and be part of the final recommendation for legislation. Thank you to our members who have voiced their support for utility property tax reform – this progress would not have been possible without you.
While we've made great strides, our work isn't done yet. We'll need the help and support of our members once the commission makes its recommendations. Sign Up to voice your support.
Why is utility property tax reform needed?
Over a six-year period, the Co-op has experienced a nearly 70% increase in the municipal property taxes we pay because a number of towns where we do business increased their assessments of the value of our property by enormous amounts. As a result of these increases, property taxes now account for 11% of the Co-op's distribution costs. These property tax costs must be passed through to you the members.
Because the tax bills from all towns where we do business are lumped together in our rates, all Co-op members pay a share of the taxes for all towns, including those that impose huge, unreasonable increases in how they value our property. This makes power more expensive for everyone. We don't believe that's fair, and we don't believe its good energy or tax policy.
The Co-op is part of a statewide utility coalition working to make changes that would bring fairness and consistency to the utility property assessing process.
Huge increases in some towns' property taxes are impacting your bill. See how many towns are unjustly assessing NHEC real estate!
Why is the HB 324 Utility Valuation Commission important?
Currently, municipalities use different methods to assess the value of utility property in their towns. As a result, the tax assessments placed on similar property can differ greatly from one town to another. For example, a transformer assessed at $100 in one town could be assessed at $300 in the next town over.
Because utility rates include a share of the taxes from all towns where we do business, all Co-op members end up paying when some towns over assess the value of our property, even if they don't live in those towns.
The current process encourages some municipalities to drive up utility property valuations because they know the ultimate burden will be shared by residents in other towns, through higher electric rates. That ends up increasing electric costs for everyone, which is bad energy policy as well as bad tax policy.
HB 324 created a commission to study utility property taxation; over the next two months, the commission will develop recommendations for new legislation to ensure consistent and reasonable property taxes.
But the work isn't done yet. We'll need the help and support of our members once the commission makes its recommendations in the fall. Sign Up to voice your support.


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Robots and Jobs: Not Time to Panic
L: This guy is not quite ready to take ALL the jobs. I know that we keep hearing the scary predictions of tech folks (like Elon Musk, for heaven's sakes) who are warning that the jobless future is imminent. A 2013 study by researchers at the University of Oxford (yep, that's the British one) reported that nearly half of all jobs in the US were at risk of being fully automated over the next 20 years. These forecasts are darn-right hair-raising!
So, to make you feel a bit better, I shall provide a public service and tell you about an article that ran in the September issue of Wired. (The author is James Surowiecki (@jamessurowiecki) who is also the author of The Wisdom of Crowds and a senior story producer at VICE News Tonight.) It has a couple of titles but they all make the same case: Robots Won't Take All Our Jobs (Robopocalypse Not). The cool thing about this article is that it makes a case that any economist would love.
If job losses due to automation were increasing, you would find changes in two economic indicators; the first is productivity and the second is unemployment. We're not seeing either.
Since productivity is defined as the output per hour of HUMAN labor, as machines take over human jobs (like the Japanese company SoftBank that staffs their stores totally with talking bots named Pepper), productivity ought to soar since output is happening with a lot less human labor. But, at least at the moment, productivity is absolutely not soaring. In fact, economists keep writing a steady stream of papers trying to explain why productivity is so weak. (BTW, GDP would also go up if/when productivity goes up and that's not happening either.)
If machines are taking all the jobs, then humans don't have them, right? But unemployment is below 5% right now. Here's a quote from the article:
If automation were truly remaking the job market, you'd also expect to see a lot of what economists call job churn.... But the amount of churn since 2000 has been just 38 percent of the level of churn between 1950 and 2000.
Weirdly enough, the median time that employees stick with an employer today is similar to what it was in the 1950s.
So why the panic? Well, job losses definitely occur due to automation. For example, Goldman Sachs reported that autonomous cars/trucks could put 300,000 humans out of work--but that's over a 25-year time horizon, which does provide time for the economy to adapt. In fact, much of the argument here is that automation has historically moved much slower than predicted (MUCH slower) and much of the current manufacturing lob losses were due to the rise of China rather than the rise of automation.
The summary is, "yes, job losses occur because of automation, but no, it's not happening now in overwhelming numbers nor is it expected to happen dramatically any time soon." So, be aware but do not panic!
This is a really good article and if you're at all interested in the topic, I'd suggest reading the whole thing. My favorite example is that there are more than 400,000 ATMs in the US, they've been around for 45 years(!), and the actual number of bank tellers rose between 2000 and 2010. The Department of Labor has forecast an 8 percent drop in the number of tellers over the next decade. (Not 100%, notice that?)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


JC Penney workers in New Hampshire are facing a sticky situation with their employer and the new Hampshire Department of Employment Security (NHDES). JC Penney was forced to close their West Lebanon, New Hampshire store after it was flooded in Hurricane Irene–the store will not reopen until April of 2013; this means, for the stores faithful employees, they will either have to find part-time work or satisfy unemployment requirements until that time.
For the JC Penney employees, some of whom have worked for the company nearly 20 years, the most realistic option is to stay on unemployment until the store reopens. Unfortunately, the NHDES requires those on unemployment to actively seek out new jobs and provide weekly evidence of this activity by providing "contacts" that they have talked to about acquiring work. JC Penney corporate policy also restricts employees from working for competitors in the retail industry, which is an industry that for many of them is the only one they know.
JC Penney's corporate leadership has been made aware of the unfolding situation and is considering several options to remedy it, including a potential plan to pay the employees all or part of their wages until the store reopens next year.


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Home / Bible Lexicons / Greek Lexicon
Bible Lexicons
Old / New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary
Entry for Strong's #1139 - δαιμονίζομαι
daimonízomai
dahee-mon-id'-zom-ahee
middle voice from (1142)
TDNT
Word Definition [ Thayer | Strong | Mounce ]
Thayer's Definition
to be under the power of a demon.
Strong's Definition
Middle voice from G1142; to be exercised by a daemon: - have a (be vexed with, be possessed with) devil (-s).
Mounce's Definition
to be demon-possessed
Frequency Lists [ Book | Word | Parsing ]
Verse Results
KJV (12) NAS (13) HCS (13)
have a devil 1
of the devils 2
possessed with a devil 1
possessed with devils 4
possessed with the devil 3
vexed with a devil 1
demon-possessed 11
demoniacs 2
a demon-possessed 2
demon-possessed 3
man who had been demon-possessed 2
of someone demon-possessed 1
the demon-possessed 1
tormented by a demon 1
who were demon-possessed 3
BYZ TIS TR
V-AOP-NSM 2
V-PNI-3S 1
V-PNP-APM 3
V-PNP-ASM 2
V-PNP-DSM 1
V-PNP-GPM 1
V-PNP-GSM 1
V-PNP-NPM 1
V-PNP-NSM 1
NA WH
V-APPNSM 1
V-PMI-3S 1
V-PMPAPM 1
V-PMPASM 1
V-PMPGPM 1
Liddell-Scott-Jones Definitions
δαιμον-ίζομαι,
I Med., = δαιμονάω, ἄλλος κατ' ἄλλην δαιμονίζεται τύχην each one hath his own fate appointed, Philem. 191.
II as Pass., to be deified, S. Fr. 173 (so expld. by AB 90; Act. in Hsch.).
III to be possessed by a demon or evil spirit, Matthew 4:24, al., Plu. 2.706d.
Thayer's Expanded Definition
δαιμονίζομαι; 1 aorist passive participle δαιμονισθείς; (δαίμων); to be under the power of a demon: ἄλλος κατ' ἄλλην δαιμονίζεται τυχην, Philemon 1 in Stobaeus, ecl. phys. 1, p. 196; of the insane, Plutarch, symp. 7, 5, 4, and in other later authors. In the N. T. δαιμονιζόμενοι are persons afflicted with especially severe diseases, either bodily or mental (such as paralysis, blindness, deafness, loss of speech, epilepsy, melancholy, insanity, etc.), whose bodies in the opinion of the Jews demons (see δαιμόνιον) had entered, and so held possession of them as not only to afflict them with ills, but also to dethrone the reason and take its place themselves; accordingly, the possessed were accustomed to express the mind and consciousness of the demons dwelling in them; and their cure was thought to require the expulsion of the demon — (but on this subject see B. D. American edition under the word Demoniacs and references there; Weiss, Leben Jesu, book iii., chapter 6): Matthew 4:24; Matthew 8:16, 28, 33; Matthew 9:32; Matthew 12:22; Matthew 15:22; Mark 1:32; Mark 5:15; John 10:21; δαιμονισθείς, that had been possessed by a demon (demons), Mark 5:18; Luke 8:36. They are said also to be ὀχλούμενοι ὑπό or ἀπό πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων, Luke 6:18 (T Tr WH ἐνοχλούμενοι); Acts 5:16; καταδυναστευόμενοι ὑπό τοῦ διαβόλου, i. e. by his ministers, the demons, Acts 10:38.
Thayer's Expanded Greek Definition, Electronic Database.
Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2006, 2011 by Biblesoft, Inc.
All rights rserved. Used by permission. BibleSoft.com
Abbott-Smith Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament
** δαιμονίζομαι
(in cl. also δαιμονάω ; <δαίμων ),
[in Aq.: Psalms 91:6*;]
to be under the power of a δαίμων G1142 (δαιμόνιον , q.v.), to be possessed: Matthew 15:22; elsewhere always ptcp., -ιζόμενος , -ισθείς : Matthew 4:24; Matthew 8:16; Matthew 8:26; Matthew 8:33; Matthew 9:32; Matthew 12:22, Mark 1:32; Mark 5:15-18 Luke 8:36, John 10:21 (Cremer, 171).†
Abbott-Smith Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament.
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
Vocabulary of the Greek NT
δαιμονίζομαι in its NT sense of being possessed with demons seems to occur only in later Greek. For a form δαιμονιάζω , otherwise unknown, see the Paris Great Magical Papyrus, Leaf 33.3007 (c. A.D. 300) πρὸς δαιμονιαζομένους Πιβήχεως δόκιμον , ";for those possessed by demons, an approved charm by Pibechis"; (cited by Deissmann LAE, p. 251). The normal form occurs in P Leid Wvi. 30 (ii/iii A.D.) ἐν (l. ἐὰν ) δαιμονιζομέν (ῳ ) εἴπῃς τὸ (ὄνομα ), προσάγων τῇ ῥεινὶ αὐτοῦ θεῖον καὶ ἄσφαλτον , εὐθέως λαλήσει (sc. τὸ δαιμόνιον ) κ (αὶ ) ἀπελεύσεται . In MGr the act. δαιμονίζω appears, = ";drive mad"; : cf. Abbott Songs, p. 224 (no. 47). The derived noun δαιμονισμός occurs in Vettius Valens, p. 2.18.
The Vocabulary of the Greek New Testament.
Copyright © 1914, 1929, 1930 by James Hope Moulton and George Milligan. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
Derivative Copyright © 2015 by Allan Loder.
List of Word Forms
δαιμονιζεται δαιμονίζεται δαιμονιζομενοι δαιμονιζόμενοι δαιμονιζομενον δαιμονιζόμενον δαιμονιζόμενος δαιμονιζομενου δαιμονιζομένου δαιμονιζομενους δαιμονιζομένους δαιμονιζομενω δαιμονιζομένω δαιμονιζομένῳ δαιμονιζομενων δαιμονιζομένων δαιμονίζομενων δαιμονισθεις δαιμονισθείς δαιμονισθεὶς daimonistheis daimonistheís daimonistheìs daimonizetai daimonízetai daimonizomeno daimonizomenō daimonizomenoi daimonizoménoi daimonizoménōi daimonizómenoi daimonizomenon daimonizomenōn daimonizoménon daimonizoménōn daimonizómenon daimonizomenos daimonizómenos daimonizomenou daimonizoménou daimonizomenous daimonizoménous
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ
ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω
Δαβίδ Next Entry
δαιμόνιον


text:
Festival Film
Opening Night Film Of The Durban International Film Festival Refused Screening By The Film And Publication Board
No Comments on Opening Night Film Of The Durban International Film Festival Refused Screening By The Film And Publication Board
The opening night film of the 34th Durban International Film Festival, the much-anticipated film noir Of Good Report, directed by Jahmil XT Qubeka was refused classification by the Film and Publication Board, and as such the festival was unable to screen it.
Qubeka at the announcement of the FPB's classification refusal of his film – Of Good Report, which was to open the 34th Durban International Film Festival to two packed cinemas last night in Durban South Africa.
Instead of the opening credits the following words were displayed on the screen: "This film has been refused classification by the Film and Publication Board, in terms of the Film and Publications Act of 1996, unfortunately we may not legally screen the film, Of Good Report, as doing so would constitute a criminal offence."
The film tells the sombre tale of a small-town high-school teacher with a penchant for young girls. The result is a hypnotically engaging journey into the soul of a mentally troubled man. The trouble for the protagonist, Parker Sithole begins when he meets the undeniably gorgeous Nolitha Ngubane at a local tavern. Captivated by her beauty, an illicit affair ensues. However, there's just one problem: Nolitha is one of Parker's pupils and is just sixteen years older. Parker quickly spirals into lethal obsession.
The manager of the film festival, Peter Machen gave this statement: "Unfortunately, the film and publication board has refused to allow the release of Of Good Report. According to their communication to the festival, the film contains a scene which constitutes child pornography and we are unable to legally show the film. I am very sorry about this. Out of respect for the director of the film, we will not be showing an alternative film tonight."
"We chose the film because it was challenging, powerful and artistically successful, and particularly because it was such a strong expression of an individual voice ." said Machen. "It presents a story of a very real and troubling social problem of rampant abuse of position in our country."
Qubeka, who had taped his mouth shut, chose not to comment as an act of defiance, instead his wife, Dr Lwazi Manzi spoke on his behalf, describing the horrors of abused young women by older men that she encounters daily as a doctor at a government hospital. "Just because they (the FPB) don't want to see it, does not mean it does not happen" she said. "We shall not not talk about it. I am very proud of my husband, and the cast and crew. This is a pivotal day in the history of film in our country, one which will resonate in history."
Professor Cheryl Potgieter, Deputy Vice Chancellor and Head of the College of Humanities at UKZN, under whose curatorship the organisers of the Festival, The Centre for Creative Arts is a special project said. "We chose to not show another film in deference to the filmmaker, and to ensure there was critical mass to carry this debate and discourse forward."
Qubeka and UKZN intend to appeal against the decision, failing which, the producer Mike Auret, himself a lawyer, will take it to the Constitutional Court. Auret said "It is not the function of state to moralise."
The festival screenings of all other films, will continue as planned for the next nine days. For more information about the DIFF go to www.durbanfilmfest.co.za
Award-winners Announced At 34th Durban International Film Festival
Durban International Film Festival / Durban FilmMart Forms Strategic Partnership With Durban Wild Talk Africa
Durban International Film Festival Announces Award Winners For 2014
34th Durban International Film Festival 18-28 July 2013
← Durban FilmMart Welcomes Produire au Sud from the Festival des 3 Continents In Nantes, France As New Partners → Disney Infinity – A World Of Infinite Possibilities Unleashes This August


text:
package com.wlangiewicz

import java.net.InetAddress
import java.util.concurrent.Future
import org.bitcoinj.core._
import org.bitcoinj.params.TestNet3Params
import org.bitcoinj.store.{MemoryBlockStore, BlockStore}
import org.bitcoinj.utils.BriefLogFormatter

/**
 * Downloads the block given a block hash from the localhost node and prints it out.
 *
 * Usage:
 *    sbt "run-main com.wlangiewicz.FetchBlock <blockHash>"
 *
 * Example:
 *    sbt "run-main com.wlangiewicz.FetchBlock 000000000000000016603a15ec1538514af4ba5db4001a6449edcab57d9cc64e"
 *
 */
object FetchBlockTestNet extends App {
  override def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    if (args.length != 1) {
      Console.println("Usage: sbt \"run-main com.wlangiewicz.FetchBlock <blockHash>\"")
    }
    else {
      performFetch(args(0))
    }
  }

  def performFetch(blockHashString: String): Unit ={
    BriefLogFormatter.init()
    Console.println("Connecting to node")
    val params: NetworkParameters = TestNet3Params.get()

    val blockStore: BlockStore  = new MemoryBlockStore(params)
    val chain: BlockChain  = new BlockChain(params, blockStore)
    val peerGroup: PeerGroup  = new PeerGroup(params, chain)
    peerGroup.startAsync()
    peerGroup.awaitRunning()
    val address: PeerAddress  = new PeerAddress(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), params.getPort())
    peerGroup.addAddress(address)
    peerGroup.waitForPeers(1).get()
    val peer: Peer  = peerGroup.getConnectedPeers().get(0)

    val blockHash: Sha256Hash  = new Sha256Hash(blockHashString)
    val future: Future[Block]  = peer.getBlock(blockHash)

    Console.println("Waiting for node to send us the requested block: " + blockHash)

    val block: Block = future.get()
    Console.println(block)
    peerGroup.stopAsync()
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.assertj.vavr.api;

import io.vavr.control.Try;

/**
 * Assertions for {@link io.vavr.control.Try}.
 *
 * @param <VALUE> type of the value contained in the {@link io.vavr.control.Try}.
 * @author Grzegorz Piwowarek
 */
public class TryAssert<VALUE> extends AbstractTryAssert<TryAssert<VALUE>, VALUE> {
    TryAssert(Try<VALUE> actual) {
        super(actual, TryAssert.class);
    }
}


Firstly, Happy New Year to all members of Planet Earth. May we develop, grow and live life on the leading edge as the human race. Have an awesome 2016!
It is amazing how easily I get caught off track and not post regularly simply because our living conditions changed for a four week period and then it was the holiday season. Discipline and consistency are vital skills to have and its about time I followed through on things that are important to me.
I am sure we all have things we want to improve. Instead of making it a new year resolution (I have stopped doing those), I shall pick a few things to focus on and improve and then move on to more once I am satisfied with my progress. This will be an all year round thing instead of something I only do on 1 January.
This entry was posted on January 4, 2016 by PreetStyle in Rhythm & Bliss (Spirituality) and tagged 2016, Discipline, happynewyear, Improvingmyself, nomoreresolutions, off track, ongoing improvement.


(P1) Orville and Wilbur Wright, commonly known as the Wright brothers, are the inventors of the airplane. On December 17, 1903, the two American brothers flew the first airplane. Their story is very interesting.
(P2) The Wright brothers grew up in a large family in the city of Dayton, Ohio. One day, their father brought home a toy helicopter, which he gave to Orville and Wilbur. The two boys played with it until it broke. Afterward, they built their own toy helicopter. Both men later affirmed that it made them interested in flying.
(P3) When they grew up, Wilbur and Orville started a newspaper and a bicycle repair shop. They used the money to build a flying machine. The Wright brothers' design was based on kites and hang gliders. It wasn't flawless but kites and hang gliders were the only reliable flying models available at the time. After many tests, they figured out that their flying machine needed a complex control system. They worked to improve the design and in 1903, the brothers built the "Wright Flyer I". On December 17th, the brothers took their flying machine to a small town called Kitty Hawk. It took off and climbed to an altitude of 37 meters. The flight was only 12 seconds and the Flyer I's speed was only about 11 kilometers per hour (km/h).
(P4) After their first successful flight, the brothers kept trying to improve the flying machine. There were many reporters from different newspapers who wanted to talk to the brothers and photograph them. Wilbur and Orville were unhappy with the attention and they were worried that other people might try to steal their airplane blueprints. They secretly tested their airplane and took their own photographs of the test flights. Because of this secrecy, many newspapers did not believe the Wright brothers' success. Finally, the Wright brothers demonstrated their flying machine both in France and for the United States' Army and they became famous around the world.
What were you interested in when you were growing up?
Would you like to invent something? Why or why not?
What memories do you have as a child growing up?
The Wright brothers were born and raised in __________________.
What toy made the brothers fascinated in flying?
How high did their first flying plane climb to?


text:
Upregulation of the receptor-interacting protein 3 expression and involvement in neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury in mice
Haruo Kanno1,
Hiroshi Ozawa1,
Satoshi Tateda1,
Kenichiro Yahata1 &
Eiji Itoi1
Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed cell death that differs from apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that necroptosis is involved in multiple pathologies of various human diseases. Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) is known to be a critical regulator of necroptosis. This study investigated alterations in the RIP3 expression and the involvement in neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice.
Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the RIP3 expression was significantly increased in the lesion site after spinal cord hemisection. The increased expression of RIP3 started at 24 h, peaked at 3 days and lasted for at least 21 days after hemisection. The RIP3 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Western blot analysis also demonstrated the RIP3 protein expression significantly upregulated in the injured spinal cord. RIP3 staining using propidium iodide (PI)-labeled sections showed most of the PI-labeled cells were observed as RIP3-positive. Double staining of TUNEL and RIP3 demonstrated that TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting shrunken or fragmented nuclei, as generally observed in apoptotic cells, rarely expressed RIP3.
The present study first demonstrated that the expression of RIP3 is dramatically upregulated in various neural cells in the injured spinal cord and peaked at 3 days after injury. Additionally, most of the PI-labeled cells expressed RIP3 in response to neural tissue damage after SCI. The present study suggested that the upregulation of the RIP3 expression may play a role as a novel molecular mechanism in secondary neural tissue damage following SCI. However, further study is needed to clarify the specific molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between the RIP3 expression and cell death in the injured spinal cord.
Necrosis was originally thought to be a purely passive and uncontrolled type of cell death. Necrosis, which is marked by cell swelling and membrane rupture, leads to inflammation via the release of intracellular signals [1–3]. In contrast, apoptosis, which is characterized by the activation of caspases and DNA fragmentation, was once considered the sole form of programmed cell death. Chromatin condensation, nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation and membrane blebbing are the result of the proteolytic activity of caspases and define the morphological characteristics of apoptosis [3–5].
"Necroptosis" is a newly identified type of programmed necrosis. Necroptosis is another form of programmed cell death that is regulated by the caspase-independent pathway and exhibits the morphological features of necrosis [6, 7]. Recent studies have shown that the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) family is specifically involved in regulating necroptosis [3]. RIP3, a member of the RIP family, is known to be a key mediator of necroptosis [8, 9]. RIP3 acts a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein and can locate not only in the cytoplasm but nucleus [10]. Various stimuli to cells can induce the formation of necrotic complexes that contain RIP1, TRADD, FADD and caspase-8. The interaction of RIP3 with RIP1 in the necrotic complex is an important step required for the execution of necroptosis [3, 11]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the RIP3 expression correlates with the induction of necroptosis in various types of cells [12–18]. RIP3 alone can trigger necroptosis, even in the absence of RIP1 [12, 14, 19]. Therefore, RIP3 is indispensable for necroptosis, whereas RIP1 may participate only in certain stimulus-induced types of cell necroptosis [9].
Furthermore, recent studies have shown an increased expression of RIP3 in lesions and the induction of necroptosis in various disease models [18, 20], such as that involving liver injury [14], ileitis [21], skin inflammation [22], and kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury [23]. The expression of RIP3 is also increased in retinal neurons in response to acute ischemic insults [24], and the upregulation of RIP3 contributes to the induction of necroptotic cell death in hippocampal neurons following cerebral ischemia [17].
Currently, it is considered that secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by apoptosis, and most previous research related to cell death in the injured spinal cord has focused on apoptosis, not necroptosis.
In the present study, we investigated alterations in the RIP3 protein expression and the involvement of necroptosis in SCI using a spinal cord hemisection model in mice.
All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and to decrease their suffering. Adult female C57BL/6J mice (8–10 weeks old; Charles River, Japan Inc., Yokohama, Japan) were used in this study. The mice were housed three or four per cage and kept at a temperature of 24 °C with free access to food and water before and after surgery.
Spinal cord hemisection model
The mice were anesthetized with 2 % sevoflurane. A 15-mm midline skin incision was made, and the laminae of T9-11 were exposed. Laminectomy was performed at the thoracic vertebra at T10, exposing the dorsal surface of the spinal cord without disrupting the dura mater. With a sharp scalpel, the spinal cord was hemi-transected on the left side only [25–28]. In mice with a compromised bladder function (a rare complication), the bladder was manual expressed twice a day until spontaneous voiding was noted. The sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical procedures, although hemisection was not applied to the spinal cord. During the surgery, the rectal temperature was monitored and maintained at 37.0 ± 0.5 °C with a heating pad.
Tissue preparation
At different time points (4 h, 24 h, 3, 7, and 21 days) after hemisection and immediately after the sham operation, the mice were overdosed via an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. The mice were then transcardially perfused with normal saline, followed by 4 % paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4. For immunohistochemical staining, the spinal cord segments containing the injured site were collected, postfixed in the same fixative overnight at 4 °C, cryoprotected in 30 % sucrose in PBS for 48 h at 4 °C and embedded in Optimal-Cutting-Temperature compound (Sakura Finetek, Japan). Serial 15-μm transverse cryostat sections obtained from around the injured site were mounted on slides. A total of 13 sequential sections were collected at 250-μm intervals that spanned 3000 μm in length along the spinal cord centered at the epicenter. The sections were used for both immunohistochemical and TUNEL staining, as described below.
Immunohistochemical staining of RIP3
For the immunohistochemical staining of RIP3, the sections were washed in PBS for 15 min, after which they were washed with PBS containing 0.3 % Tween for 10 min and blocked with 3 % milk and 5 % FBS in 0.01 M PBS for 2 h. The sections were incubated with rabbit anti-RIP3 antibodies (1:100; Sigma-Aldrich) diluted in PBS overnight at 4 °C. After rinsing with PBS, the sections were incubated with secondary antibodies. The sections were coverslipped with Vectashield containing DAPI to label the nuclei (Vector Laboratories). In each experiment, the sections were stained at the same time.
Counting and calculation of RIP3-positive cells
Following immunochemical staining of RIP3, as described above, each section was scanned using a fluorescence microscope (BX 51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). In order to quantify the RIP3 expression in the spinal cord, the total number of RIP3-positive cells in the injured and contralateral sides of the spinal cord was counted using the serial transverse sections at 250-μm intervals. The sections with the highest number of RIP3-positive cells on the injured side and the 250-μm rostral and caudal sections in each animal were selected. Then, the sum of the numbers in the three sections was compared between the injured side, the contralateral side and the sham group.
Western blot analysis of RIP3
The mice were killed 3 days after spinal cord hemisection and the sham operation, and their spinal cords were removed. The spinal cord was homogenized in lysis buffer. The debris was removed via centrifugation, and the protein levels in the lysates were determined with the aid of a Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). The protein (30 μg) in the lysates was resolved using SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 15 % gels and then electrophoretically transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membranes were blocked for 1 h in TBST buffer (0.01 M Tris HCl, pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl and 0.05 % Tween 20) containing 3 % milk and incubated with rabbit anti-RIP3 antibodies (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) diluted in TBST buffer overnight at 4 °C. The membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies linked to horseradish peroxidase (1:1000; Invitrogen). The immunoreactive bands were developed using the enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Amersham Corp). The band density was quantified using a scanned densitometric analysis and the Image Lab software program version 4.1 (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The quantity of the band density was normalized according to the level of β-tubulin and compared between the injured and uninjured spinal cord samples.
Double staining for RIP3 and various cell type markers
In order to examine the expression of RIP3 in a specific population of cells, the transverse sections obtained 3 days after hemisection were double-stained for RIP3 and various cell type markers: NeuN for neurons, GFAP for astrocytes and Olig2 for oligodendrocytes. The sections were incubated with a mixture of rabbit anti-RIP3 antibody (1:100; Sigma-Aldrich) and either goat anti-Olig2 (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), mouse anti-GFAP (1:50; Dako) or mouse anti-NeuN (1:100; Chemicon) antibodies diluted in PBS overnight at 4 °C. After rinsing with PBS, the sections were incubated with secondary antibodies, and then mounted with Vectashield containing DAPI to label the nuclei (Vector Laboratories). The specificity of the RIP3 antibody was evaluated by omission of the primary antibody in immunohistochemistry. Omitting the primary antibody (no primary immunoglobulin G control) in this protocol abrogated the staining, demonstrating the specificity of the immunoreactive staining [14, 24].
RIP3 staining using propidium iodide-labeled spinal cord sections
In order to detect plasmalemma permeability, which is a hallmark of necrotic cell death, in the injured spinal cord at 3 days after hemisection, propidium iodide (PI) labeling was performed as previously described [29–31]. Briefly, PI (10 mg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted in 0.1 mL of PBS and then intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight at 1 h before sacrifice. The mice were transcardially perfused, and the spinal cords were collected and sectioned as described above. For immunohistochemical detection of the RIP3 expression in the PI-labeled cells, the PI-labeled spinal cord transverse sections were stained for RIP3, as outlined above. Using a fluorescence microscope (BX 51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), the propidium iodide labeling was detected using emission and excitation wavelengths of 568 and 585 nm, respectively.
Double staining of RIP3 and TUNEL
In order to identify DNA fragmentation in the cells expressing RIP3, double staining of RIP3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was performed using the transverse sections at 3 days after hemisection. Following immunohistochemical staining of RIP3, as described above, the TUNEL was performed using the In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche Diagnostics).
Significant differences in the number of RIP3-positive cells and the band density of the Western blots were analyzed using the unpaired t test. In all analyses, a p value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Immunohistochemical staining for RIP3
The number of cells expressing RIP3 was increased on the injured side at 3 days after spinal cord hemisection (Fig. 1). Cells expressing RIP3 were observed in both the gray and white matter of the injured side. However, all cells on the injured side did not express RIP3. On the contralateral side, the number of cells expressing RIP3 was obviously low, similar to that observed in the sham group.
Immunohistochemical staining of RIP3 using spinal cord sections obtained 3 days after hemisection and the sham operation. The uninjured spinal cords in the sham operated mice (a, c) showed no obvious RIP3 expression. In contrast, a higher expression of RIP3 was observed on the injured side (L) than on the contralateral side (R) in the transverse (b) and coronal (d) sections after hemisection. Scale bars 500 μm
Time course of the RIP3 expression after hemisection
Representative pictures showed that the number of cells expressing RIP3 was increased on the injured side at each time point after hemisection compared to that observed in the sham group (Fig. 2). The population of cells expressing RIP3 on the injured side was relatively larger at 3 and 7 days compared to that noted at the other time points.
Immunohistochemical staining of RIP3 on the injured side in the transverse sections obtained at different time points. The expression of RIP3 was not observed at 4 h (e–h); however, it started to increase at 24 h (i–l), in comparison to that observed in the sham group (a–d). The population of RIP3-expressing cells was obviously larger at 3 and 7 days (m–t) than at the other time points. Scale bars 100 μm (a–c, e–g, j–k, m–o, q–s, u–w), 20 μm (d, h, l, p, t, x). The schematic drawing illustrates the location of the micrographs (y)
When counting the number of RIP3-positive cells (Fig. 3), those observed on the injured side were found to be significantly higher than those seen on the contralateral side and in the sham control group. A significant increase in the number of RIP3-positive cells was first noted at 24 h and lasted for at least 21 days (P < 0.05). The maximum number of RIP3-positive cells on the injured side was observed at 3 days after hemisection.
Number of RIP3-positive cells on the injured and contralateral sides at different time points. The number of RIP3-positive cells on the injured side (L) was significantly higher than that observed on the contralateral side (R) and in the sham group at 24 h and 3, 7 and 21 days. (*p < 0.05, n = 3 per each group). The values are presented as the mean ± SD
In the Western blot analysis, the level of RIP3 proteins was significantly higher in the injured spinal cord than in the uninjured spinal cord (Fig. 4a). In the analysis of the band density, the RIP3 expression was 2.2 ± 0.5-fold higher in the injured spinal cord (Fig. 4b, P = 0.005).
RIP3 protein expression at 3 days after hemisection. a Western blotting showed that the RIP3 protein expression in the injured spinal cord was obviously increased compared to that observed in the uninjured spinal cord after the sham operation. b A quantitative analysis of the Western blots showed that the level of RIP3 proteins in the injured spinal cord was significantly higher than that observed in the sham control samples (*p < 0.05, n = 5 per each group). The quantity of the band density was normalized according to the level of β-tubulin. The values are presented as the mean ± SD
Double staining of RIP3 and various cell type markers
In order to examine the RIP3 expression in specific populations of cells, the transverse sections obtained at 3 days after hemisection were double-stained for RIP3 and various neural cell type markers. On the double staining, the expression of RIP3 was observed in the NeuN-, GFAP- and Olig2-labeled cells (Fig. 5). The double staining demonstrated the RIP3 expression in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, not all of these cells expressed RIP3.
Double staining for RIP3 and various cell type markers on the injured side in the transverse sections after hemisection. The RIP3 expression was observed in the NeuN-, GFAP- and Olig2-labeled cells (arrowheads), demonstrating that the RIP3 expression was increased in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively. Scale bars: 100 μm (a–c, g–i, m–o), 50 μm (d–f, j–l, p–r). The schematic drawing illustrates the location of the micrographs (s)
RIP3 expression in the PI-labeled cells
Plasmalemma permeability, a hallmark of necrotic cell death, including necroptosis, was detected using PI-labeling in vivo. In RIP3 immunostaining using PI-labeled spinal cord sections. The number of both PI-labeled cells and RIP3-expressing cells increased on the injured side, and the PI-labeled cells were frequently observed to be RIP3-positive (Fig. 6). At a higher magnification, most of the nuclei in the PI-labeled cells expressing RIP3 were round, as generally observed in necrotic cell death.
Immunostaining for RIP3 using propidium iodide (PI)-labeled sections obtained 3 days after hemisection. The representative pictures show that the PI-labeled cells were frequently observed to be RIP3-positive (a–c). At higher magnification (d–f), most of the nuclei in the PI-labeled cells expressing RIP3 (arrowheads in f) were round, which is normally observed in cells undergoing necrotic cell death, not fragmented or shrunken, as observed in apoptotic cells. Scale bars 100 μm (a–c), 20 μm (d–f). The schematic drawing illustrates the location of the micrographs (g)
In order to detect DNA fragmentation in the cells expressing RIP3, we performed double staining of RIP3 and TUNEL. On the injured side, the numbers of TUNEL-positive and RIP3-positive cells were observed to have obviously increased (Fig. 7a–c). However, the RIP3 expression was rarely observed in the TUNEL-positive cells. Under higher magnification, most of the TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting shrunken or fragmented nuclei, as is typical of apoptotic cells, did not express RIP3 (Fig. 7d–f).
Double staining for RIP3 and TUNEL on the injured side in transverse sections obtained 3 days after hemisection. The numbers of RIP3-expressing and TUNEL-positive cells were obviously increased in the injured spinal cord (a–c). At higher magnification (d–f), the TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting shrunken or fragmented nuclei (arrowheads), a hallmark of apoptotic cell death, rarely expressed RIP3. Scale bars 100 μm (a–c), 20 μm (d–f). The schematic drawing illustrates the location of the micrographs (g)
In the present study, the level of RIP3 proteins significantly increased on the injured site after spinal cord hemisection. An increase in the number of RIP3-positive cells at the injured site was observed starting at 24 h, peaked at 3 days and lasted for at least 21 days after injury. The RIP3 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Most of the PI-labeled cells expressed RIP3 in response to neural tissue damage after SCI. These results suggest that the expression of RIP3 was dramatically upregulated in various neural cells and may be involved in the pathological mechanism at the lesion site following SCI.
Traditionally, secondary damage of neural tissue following SCI has been considered to be caused by apoptosis, not necroptosis. Most previous research related to cell death in the injured spinal cord has focused on apoptosis. In the present study, both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the RIP3 expression was significantly upregulated at the lesion site after SCI. Importantly, the upregulation of the RIP3 protein was observed starting at 24 h, after which it peaked at 3 days and lasted for 21 days after injury. The time course of the RIP3 expression is quite similar to that of secondary damage following SCI [32–34]. Additionally, we have previously confirmed that the number of TUNEL-positive cells peaked at 3 days in the thoracic spinal cord hemisection model in mice (data not shown). The TUNEL-positivity potentially indicates apoptotic cell death as well as necrotic cell death if the morphological characteristics of the cells are ignored [35]. Whalen et al. [31] suggested that different phenotypes of cell death can occur at the lesion site after the CNS injury. These findings suggest that the increased expression of RIP3 in the injured spinal cord may contribute to secondary neural tissue damage and is possibly associated with not only apoptosis, but also necrotic cell death after SCI.
Recent studies have demonstrated that necroptosis plays a role in various pathological conditions in the CNS. Necroptosis can contribute to neural tissue damage in the model of adult brain ischemia [17, 36, 37], neonatal hypoxia–ischemia [38], traumatic brain injury [29] and neurodegenerative diseases [39, 40]. Retinal ischemia [24, 41] and photoreceptor loss-associated retinal disorders [42] also involve neuronal necroptosis. Previous studies have shown that apoptosis is associated with peculiar morphological traits, including chromatin condensation and nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation, as well as blebbing of the intact plasma membrane and shedding of vacuoles containing cytoplasmic portions known as apoptotic bodies [1, 4, 5]. On the other hand, necroptosis involves a similar morphology to that of necrosis, such as minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (dilatation of the nuclear membrane), osmotic swelling of organelles, an increased cell volume and breakdown of the plasma membrane [3, 11]. In the present study, most of the PI-positive cells expressed RIP3 in the injured spinal cord and contained round nuclei, which is generally observed in cells undergoing necrotic cell death. Additionally, the TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting shrunken or fragmented nuclei rarely expressed RIP3 at the lesion site. Based on the increased expression of RIP3 and the morphology of the nuclei in these cells, necroptosis may be one of the several types of cell deaths occurring in the injured spinal cord.
However, it has been reported that the PI- or TUNEL-positivity cannot perfectly differentiate between necrotic and apoptotic cells. A previous study suggested that PI-positive cells can occasionally be TUNEL-positive after CNS injury [31]. The PI-positivity is a hallmark of necrosis, but cannot be used by itself to identify necrotic cells because PI can enter cells with activated pannexin channels [43]. The TUNEL-positivity potentially indicates apoptotic cell death as well as necrotic cell death [35]. Additionally, the PI- or TUNEL-positivity did not perfectly reflect the RIP3 expression in the lesion site after hemisection in this study. Thus, from the data presented in this study, no firm conclusion about cell death in the RIP3-positive cells in the injured spinal cord can be made. The precise molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between RIP3 expression and PI- and/or TUNEL-positivity in neural tissue damage requires further clarification.
Previous studies have suggested that necroptosis is induced in various neural cells. The RIP3 expression in retinal neurons is upregulated in response to acute ischemic insults [24], and cerebral ischemia induces necroptotic cell death in hippocampal neurons [17]. In addition, necroptosis drives motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS [40], Furthermore, hemin induces necroptotic cell death in cortical astrocyte cultures [44]. Necroptosis is induced in cultured rat astrocytes by the administration of staurosporine [45] Necroptosis contributes to arachidonic acid-induced oxidative cell death in primary oligodendrocyte precursor cultures [46]. According to our results, the expression of RIP3 is observed in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the injured spinal cord. These findings suggested that necroptosis may occur in various neural cells and may contribute to multiple pathological mechanisms after SCI. However, the molecular mechanisms defining the features of necroptosis are not fully understood, and the precise pathological mechanisms induced by necroptosis after SCI remain unclear. Further studies to clarify the molecular and biological mechanisms of necroptosis will hopefully lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SCI.
In the present study, the expression of RIP3 is dramatically increased at the lesion site after SCI. The increased RIP3 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Most of the PI-labeled cells expressed RIP3 in response to neural tissue damage. This study is the first to provide evidence supporting the increased expression of RIP3 involved in neural tissue damage after SCI.
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Khan N, Lawlor KE, Murphy JM, Vince JE. More to life than death: molecular determinants of necroptotic and non-necroptotic RIP3 kinase signaling. Curr Opin Immunol. 2014;26:76–89.
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PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar
HK and HO designed the experiment, HK, ST and KY performed the experiment and analyzed the data, HK drafted the manuscript, HK and HO revised the manuscript and participated in paper modification. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Ms. Michiko Fukuyama and Mr. Hideki Yamamoto for their technical assistance and the animal care team at the Institute for Animal Experimentation at Tohoku University for providing the animal care in this study.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
Haruo Kanno, Hiroshi Ozawa, Satoshi Tateda, Kenichiro Yahata & Eiji Itoi
Haruo Kanno
Hiroshi Ozawa
Satoshi Tateda
Kenichiro Yahata
Eiji Itoi
Correspondence to Haruo Kanno.
Kanno, H., Ozawa, H., Tateda, S. et al. Upregulation of the receptor-interacting protein 3 expression and involvement in neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury in mice. BMC Neurosci 16, 62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-015-0204-0
Receptor-interacting protein 3
Cell death


text:
@interface DDAuthTableViewController ()

@end

@implementation DDAuthTableViewController{
    NSArray *_dataSource;
}

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    _dataSource = @[@"微信",@"小米",@"QQ",@"Sina",@"Facebook",@"Google"];
}

#pragma mark - Table view data source

- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView {
    return 1;
}

- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section {
    return [_dataSource count];
}

- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
    UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:@"reuseIdentifier"];
    if (!cell) {
        cell = [[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:@"reuseIdentifier"];
    }
    cell.textLabel.text = _dataSource[indexPath.row];
    return cell;
}

#pragma mark - Table view delegate

- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
    DDSSPlatform platform = DDSSPlatformNone;
    if (indexPath.row == 0) {
        platform = DDSSPlatformWeChat;
    } else if (indexPath.row == 1) {
        platform = DDSSPlatformMI;
    } else if (indexPath.row == 2) {
        platform = DDSSPlatformQQ;
    } else if (indexPath.row == 3) {
        platform = DDSSPlatformSina;
    } else if (indexPath.row == 4) {
        platform = DDSSPlatformFacebook;
    } else if (indexPath.row == 5) {
        platform = DDSSPlatformGoogle;
    }
    [[DDSocialShareHandler sharedInstance] authWithPlatform:platform authMode:DDSSAuthModeToken controller:self handler:^(DDSSPlatform platform, DDSSAuthState state, DDAuthItem *authItem, NSError *error) {
        switch (state) {
            case DDSSAuthStateBegan: {
                NSLog(@"开始授权");
                break;
            }
            case DDSSAuthStateSuccess: {
                NSLog(@"授权成功:%@",authItem);
                [[[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:nil message:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", authItem] delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"ok" otherButtonTitles:nil] show];
                [[DDSocialShareHandler sharedInstance] getUserInfoWithPlatform:platform authItem:authItem handler:^(DDUserInfoItem *userInfoItem, NSError *error) {
                    if (error) {
                        [[[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:nil message:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"error:%@", error] delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"ok" otherButtonTitles:nil] show];
                    } else {
                        if (userInfoItem) {
                            [[[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:nil message:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", userInfoItem] delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"ok" otherButtonTitles:nil] show];
                        }
                    }
                }];
                break;
            }
            case DDSSAuthStateFail: {
                [[[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:nil message:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"授权失败Error:%@", error] delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"ok" otherButtonTitles:nil] show];
                break;
            }
            case DDSSAuthStateCancel: {
                NSLog(@"授权取消");
                break;
            }
        }
    }];
}

@end


text:
from flask_wtf import Form
from wtforms import TextField, TextAreaField, SubmitField
from wtforms.validators import Required, Email
from flask.ext.babel import lazy_gettext as _

class ContactForm(Form):

    name = TextField(_("Your name"), validators=[
                     Required(message=_('Your name is required'))])

    email = TextField(_("Your email address"), validators=[
                      Required(message=_("Email address required")),
                      Email(message=_("A valid email address is required"))])

    subject = TextField(_("Subject"), validators=[
                        Required(message=_("Subject required"))])

    message = TextAreaField(_("Message"), validators=[
                            Required(message=_("Message required"))])

    submit = SubmitField(_("Send"))

class MessageForm(Form):

    subject = TextField(_("Subject"), validators=[
                        Required(message=_("Subject required"))])

    message = TextAreaField(_("Message"), validators=[
                            Required(message=_("Message required"))])

    submit = SubmitField(_("Send"))


In this post, I'll share with you an all-natural spider repellent that you can use indoors.
This spray is non-toxic and really easy to make. To keep spiders out of your home for good, this recipe is a must-know!
Affiliate links. Full disclosure here.
I mean there's just something about them that freaks me all the way out. When I see one anywhere near me, there's going to be a total melt-down as I scramble out the room screaming for my life.
Yes, I admit that my fear of spiders may be somewhat irrational but hey, I'm only human.
In my quest to find a way to get rid of spiders in my home, I came across some information that totally blew me away.
Spiders taste and smell with their legs, so they steer clear away from strong, fragrant scents such as tea tree, mint and citrus. To back this theory, a 2010 study revealed that extracts derived from the naturally occurring oils from certain plants and flowers, are extremely effective as insecticides and capable of killing many species of bugs.
For me this is great news! With my special mixture, not only will I be able to keep spiders away but it can keep them away for good!
Directions: Mix water, lemon, peppermint and dish detergent in a spray bottle. Shake well and spray mixture around window sills, crevices and corners were spiders normally reside. Spray weekly in these areas to repel spiders from the home.
There are several other essential oil mixes that you can use that spiders detest, such as eucalyptus, lavender, tea tree and and citronella.
Feel free to experiment with different mixtures, however be sure to speak with a professional on the proper dilutions and applications if you have certain sensitivities, allergies and small pets or children at home.
I hope you really enjoyed this post! As always, Happy Cleaning!


Hmm, just realised that I've just asked myself a question with a headline. Well, that's what you get from spending too much time with yourself working at home I guess, but it's relevant to this blog post. When I start each week, I have certain jobs planned. This week that meant writing the main feature for a swimming magazine, swapping over some adverts on the same, producing the email newsletter for Art of Swimming, and some promotional activity for the AoS. I've also been looking into some sponsorship possibilities for the Outdoor Swimming Society, and working on a website proposal for a major new Edinburgh organisation. So far so routine, but I've also begun working on a more unusual job.
As of this week I am putting together and promoting a running workshop for Malcolm Balk, the Alexander Teacher and running coach who wrote Master the Art of Running. He is to the running world, what Steven Shaw and Art of Swimming are to swimming. Malcolm is based in Montreal and he comes to the UK once a year to pass on his wisdom and technique to recreational and competitive runners. However, Malcolm had never taught in Edinburgh, and when interviewing him for the magazine in February I suggested he came here, he said, "Okay, if you arrange it." Never one to dodge a challenge I agreed.
The workshop is on Saturday 14 May and so I have been running (how appropriate) round town all day with posters (see above) for running shops, contacting runners groups and Alexander Technique teachers who might have pupils who like to run.
Most interesting were Edinburgh's running and triathlon shops. I've never been a runner myself, walking's my thing, but it's easy to see how you might be seduced by all the spangly kit available. There were shoes that favour the front of the foot, shoes that offer stability (as opposed to what exactly?), shoes that offer support, and shoes that mimic running barefoot (surely negating the need for shoes?). Then there is all the clothing in hi tech material when probably what you have rolled up at the bottom of your wardrobe would do.
But I digress. The point is that, as John Lennon once sang, "life is what happens while you're busy making other plans". I know that some would say you should concentrate on your core business and not be distracted, but the truth is I like to try new things and you never know where it might lead.
Next week, I expect to find myself immersed in the world of Adult Education for another new client. It's a fresh subject for me, but one I'm looking forward to immensely. Oh yes, and if you have a project that you'd like to run past me, give me a call. I might just take up that challenge.
Have a good weekend everyone, and if you are interested in a running workshop in Edinburgh click here for more info.