text:
\section{Introduction}
The collective flow in heavy ion reactions in the intermediate and
high energy region has been studied in these years both experimentally
and theoretically with the expectation that it carries the information
of hot and dense nuclear matter.  However, by the study with
microscopic simulation approaches such as Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck
(VUU) method, it has turned out that extracting the equation of state
from the collective flow is not easy since it reflects not only the
equation of state but also the cross section of the two-nucleon
collision term which has theoretical ambiguity in the nuclear medium.

Although the collective flow is a one-body observable, the most
characteristic feature of intermediate energy heavy ion reactions is
the fragment formation.  Recently the collective flow has become to be
measured with the identification of charges and/or mass numbers of
fragments \cite{PETER,WESTFALL}.  The large flow of fragments is
observed compared to the flow of nucleons, which suggests that the
flow of composite fragments carries the direct information of the
equation of state (or the mean field), while most nucleons are emitted
by the hard stochastic collisions which erase the effect of the mean
field.  Thus we can expect that the study of the fragment flow
together with the nucleon flow may give us important information on
the equation of state.

For the theoretical analysis of the flow of fragments, the model
should be able to describe the dynamical fragment formation, and we
use the antisymmetrized version of molecular dynamics (AMD)
\cite{ONOa,ONOb,ONOc} which was constructed by incorporating the
stochastic collision process into the fermionic molecular dynamics
that describes the system with a Slater determinant of Gaussian wave
packets \cite{FELD,HORI,HORIa}.  We have demonstrated that the AMD can
describe some quantum mechanical features such as the shell effect in
the cross sections of the dynamical production of the fragments.
Since the flow of $\alpha$ particles is important among the flows of
various fragments, this ability of the AMD to describe the large cross
sections of the dynamical production of $\alpha$ particles is a very
advantageous property of the AMD for the present study.  Furthermore,
AMD has an advantage that the calculation with finite-range effective
interaction is as feasible as the calculation with zero-range
effective interaction, and therefore the momentum dependence of the
mean field, which is essential for the study of the equation of state,
is automatically taken into the calculation.

In studying the collective flow, we should also pay attention to the
momentum distribution of the produced fragments.  Namely, since the
flow is known to be a very sensitive quantity to the various
parameters in the theory, such dependence should be understood on the
level of the momentum distribution.  For example, some change of the
equation of state and another change of the in-medium cross section
may result in the same change of the flow value, but this does not
mean that one must give up the determination of the equation of state
by using heavy ion reactions.  We still have chance that these two
changes will result in the distinguishable changes of the momentum
distribution of fragments.  Our framework AMD is suitable for such
study of the momentum distribution of fragments since there is no
ambiguity in identifying the fragments.  As we pointed out in Ref.\
\cite{ONOc}, the dissipated component of the momentum distribution of
fragments such as $\alpha$ particles is sensitive to the in-medium
cross section, while the flow angle is expected to be sensitive to the
effective interaction.

In this paper, we will investigate the flow of nucleons and fragments
for the reaction ${}^{12}{\rm C}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ in the energy region
45 MeV/nucleon $\le E\le$ 150 MeV/nucleon which includes the observed
balance energy.  After giving a brief explanation of our framework in
Sect.\ II, we discuss in Sect.\ III the use of the finite range Gogny
force \cite{GOGNY} as the effective interaction which gives the soft
equation of state with the incompressibility of the nuclear matter
$K=228$ MeV.  It is shown that the Gogny force reproduces binding
energies of light nuclei relevant to the present study.  In Sect. IV,
before showing the calculated results of the flow, we will check the
validity of our calculation by comparing the proton spectra with the
data and the results of other calculations.  In Sect.\ V, the
calculated results of the flow are shown and it will turn out that the
soft equation of state with the Gogny force is consistent to the
experimentally observed balance energy of the flow.  The calculated
flow of $\alpha$ particles is larger than the flow of nucleons, which
is also consistent to the feature of the experimental data, and the
mechanism of the creation of these flows will be revealed by paying
attention to the time scale of the reaction and dividing the
collective flow into two components, i.e., the flow of dynamically
emitted nucleons and the flow of the nuclear matter.  In Sect.\ VI,
the dependence of the flow on the in-medium cross section and the
origin of this dependence are discussed.  Sect.\ VII is devoted to
the summary.

\section{Framework}
Since the framework of the antisymmetrized version of molecular
dynamics (AMD) was described in detail in Refs.\ \cite{ONOb,ONOc},
here is shown only the outline of our framework.

In AMD, the wave function of $A$-nucleon system $|\Phi\rangle$ is
described by a Slater determinant $|\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle$;
\begin{equation}
  |\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle=
   {1\over\sqrt{A!}}\det\Bigl[\varphi_i(j)\Bigr],\quad
   \varphi_i=\phi_{{\bf Z}_i}\chi_{\alpha_i},
\end{equation}
where $\alpha_i$ represents the spin-isospin label of $i$th single
particle state, $\alpha_i={\rm p}\uparrow$, ${\rm p}\downarrow$, ${\rm
n}\uparrow$, or ${\rm n}\downarrow$, and $\chi$ is the spin-isospin
wave function. $\phi_{{\bf Z}_i}$ is the spatial wave function of
$i$th single particle state which is a Gaussian wave packet
\begin{equation}
  \langle{\bf r}\,|\phi_{{\bf Z}_i}\rangle=
  \Bigl({2\nu\over\pi}\Bigr)^{3/4}
  \exp\biggl[-\nu\Bigl({\bf r}-{{\bf Z}_{i}\over\sqrt\nu}\Bigr)^2
                      +{\textstyle{1\over2}}{{\bf Z}}_{i}^2\biggr],
\end{equation}
where the width parameter $\nu$ is treated as time-independent in our
model.  We took $\nu=0.16$ ${\rm fm}^{-2}$ in the calculation
presented in this paper.

The time developments of the centers of Gaussian wave packets, $\{{\bf
Z}_i (i=1,2,\ldots,A)\}$, are determined by two processes.  One is the
time development determined by the time-dependent variational
principle
\begin{equation}
  \delta\int_{t_1}^{t_2}dt\,
  { \langle\Phi({\bf Z})|(i\hbar{d\over dt}-H)|\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle
   \over\langle\Phi({\bf Z})|\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle}=0,
\end{equation}
which leads to the equation of motion for $\{{\bf Z}\}$.

The second process which determines the time development of the system
is the stochastic collision process due to the residual interaction.
We incorporate this process in the similar way to the quantum
molecular dynamics (QMD) by introducing the physical coordinates
$\{{\bf W}_i\}$ \cite{ONOa,ONOb} as
\begin{equation}
  {\bf W}_i=\sum_{j=1}^A \Bigl(\sqrt Q\Bigr)_{ij}{\bf Z}_j,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
  Q_{ij}={\partial\over\partial({\bf Z}_i^*\cdot{\bf Z}_j)}
         \log \langle\Phi({\bf Z})|\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle.
\end{equation}
In addition to the usual two nucleon collision process, the stochastic
nucleon-alpha collision process is also included as in Ref.\
\cite{ONOc}.  Since we apply AMD to the reactions with higher incident
energy in this paper than in the previous works \cite{ONOa,ONOb,ONOc},
the cross sections and the angular distributions of the stochastic
collisions are reparametrized as explained in the Appendix B.

Since in AMD the center-of-mass motion of the fragment is described by
the Gaussian wave packet, we have to subtract from the AMD Hamiltonian
$\langle\Phi({\bf Z})|H|\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle/\langle\Phi({\bf
Z})|\Phi({\bf Z})\rangle$ the sum of the spurious zero-point energies
of the fragments whose number changes in time.  The prescription to
deal with this problem which is a revised version of the previous
prescription in Refs.\ \cite{ONOa,ONOb,ONOc} is explained in the
Appendix C.

The simulations of AMD are truncated at a finite time (150 fm/$c$ in
the calculation presented in this paper).  The dynamical stage of the
reaction has finished by this time and some excited fragments have
been formed which will emit lighter particles with a long time scale.
Such statistical decays of the equilibrated fragments are calculated
with a code of Ref.\ \cite{MARUb} which is similar to the code of
P\"uhlhofer \cite{PUHLHOFER}.

\section{Choice of the effective interaction}

Since the collective flow is expected to reflect the momentum
dependence and the density dependence of the mean field, the choice of
the effective interaction in our framework is important.

The momentum dependence of the mean field can be taken into account as
long as a finite range effective interaction is used, since the system
is described with an antisymmetrized wave function in AMD.  The
calculation with a finite range force is as feasible as the
calculation with a zero-range force in AMD, and therefore we have been
using finite range effective interactions.  In Refs.\
\cite{ONOa,ONOb,ONOc} we used the Volkov force No.\ 1 \cite{VOLKOV}
with the Majorana parameter $m=0.576$, which is a density-independent
two-range interaction.  By adjusting the parameter related to the
subtraction of the spurious zero-point oscillation of fragments, the
binding energies of nuclei lighter than $^{12}{\rm C}$ are reproduced
very well.  However, heavier nuclei are overbinding with this
effective interaction as shown in Fig.\ \ref{FigBindingEnergies}.
When the Volkov force is applied, usually its Majorana parameter $m$
should be chosen depending on the mass number of the nuclei under
consideration, which makes the Volkov force very inconvenient for our
study.
\begin{figure
\centerline{\epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{bengvol.ps}
            \epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{benggog.ps}}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\caption{\label{FigBindingEnergies}
Binding energies per nucleon of nuclei calculated with the Volkov
force No.\ 1 ($m=0.576$) (left) and the Gogny force (right).  Isotopes
are connected with lines.  Experimental data shifted by $-5$ MeV are
also shown.  }
\end{figure

In order to reproduce the binding energies of nuclei in wide mass
number region within a single effective interaction, and in order to
cope duely with the formation of the high density nuclear matter in
collisions with high incident energy around and above 100 MeV/nucleon,
the density dependence of the effective interaction should be
introduced.  We use the Gogny force \cite{GOGNY} in the calculation
presented in this paper.  The binding energies of nuclei lighter than
${}^{24}{\rm Mg}$ are reproduced (Fig.\ \ref{FigBindingEnergies}) by
adjusting the parameter related to the subtraction of the spurious
zero-point oscillation of fragments which is described in the Appendix
C.  It is known that the Gogny force can describe the saturation
property of nuclear matter with the incompressibility $K=228$ MeV.
The momentum dependence of the mean field with the Gogny force is
reliable below 200 MeV, since the energy dependence of the real part
of the nucleon optical potential is reproduced in this energy range.
The Gogny force has ever been successfully applied to the problem of
the flow in the framework of VUU \cite{SEBILLE}.

The calculation with density dependent zero-range force requires us to
evaluate the quantities such as
\begin{equation}
\int d{\bf r}\,\rho({\bf r})^{2+\sigma},
\end{equation}
where $\rho({\bf r})$ is the density calculated with the AMD wave
function.  This spatial integration was performed by a kind of Monte
Carlo method with test particles generated randomly with a weight
function.  The detail of the calculation method is explained in the
Appendix A.  If we use $100A$ test particles, the statistical error in
the evaluation of the energy of $\carbon$ ground state is about 2 MeV,
which seems sufficiently small for the current purpose.

\section{Energy spectra of protons}
Before going into the problem of the collective flow, we compare our
results on the proton energy spectrum to the data in the reaction
$^{12}{\rm C}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ reaction at the incident energy 84
MeV/nucleon, which was also analyzed by other simulation methods such
as VUU and QMD \cite{AICH}.  It is for the purpose of showing the
reliability of the AMD calculation in the incident energy region
around 100 MeV/nucleon.  As mentioned before \cite{ONOa,ONOb,ONOc},
the AMD has proved to be very successful in reproducing the nuclide
distribution and the fragment energy spectra in the incident energy
region around the Fermi energy.

In Fig.\ \ref{FigProtonSpectrum}, the calculated proton energy spectra
for various angles are compared to the data \cite{BRUMMUND}.  The
dotted histograms are the calculated proton spectra at the end of AMD
simulation $t=150$ fm/$c$, which do not contain the contribution from
the statistical decay of excited fragments after $t=150$ fm/$c$, while
the solid histograms are the final results which should be compared to
the data.  We can see the effect of the statistical decay of fragments
on these spectra is not so large except for the low energy part.
Although our calculation has tendency to overestimate the proton
spectra at $35^\circ$--$65^\circ$, this feature and the degree of the
overestimation are common with other simulation approaches such as VUU
and QMD \cite{AICH}.  The spectra of backward angles are reproduced by
our model as well as by QMD.  In Fig.\ \ref{FigMultNuc}, the
multiplicity of nucleons are shown as a function of the impact
parameter.  The dynamical contribution before the statistical decay is
shown as well as the final multiplicity.  This result is again quite
similar to those of QMD and VUU \cite{AICH} for all the impact
parameter region.
\begin{figure
\epsfysize=9cm
\centerline{\epsffile{pspect.ps}}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\caption{\label{FigProtonSpectrum}
Energy spectra of protons for the reaction $\carbon+\carbon$ at 84
MeV/nucleon.  Dashed histograms are the proton spectra calculated
before the statistical decay, and the solid histograms are the final
calculated results.  Experimental data are shown by crosses.  Energy
$E$ and angles are in the laboratory system.  }
\end{figure
\begin{figure
\epsfysize=9cm
\centerline{\epsffile{mltbin.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigMultNuc}
Impact parameter dependence of the nucleon multiplicity for the
reaction $\carbon+\carbon$ at 84 MeV/nucleon.  Dashed histogram shows
the multiplicity before the statistical decay and the solid histogram
shows the final calculated result.  }
\end{figure

In calculating the spectra in our model, we must attribute some widths
to the momenta of nucleons and fragments produced in the AMD
calculation, since these momenta are central values of Gaussian wave
packets.  Each wave packet has the width $\Delta p/\sqrt{A_{\rm F}}$
in the momentum per nucleon where $\Delta p=\hbar\sqrt{\nu}$ and
$A_{\rm F}$ is the mass number of the fragment.  However, we should
not always take this width to have physical meaning, since some part
of this width comes from the unphysical width of the projectile or the
target in the initial state of the simulation.  It seems reasonable to
consider that such unphysical contribution mainly goes to the momentum
widths of fragments and to assume that all the widths of the wave
packets of nucleons are physical.  When the proton spectra in Fig.\
\ref{FigProtonSpectrum} are calculated, we neglect the
widths of the fragments produced dynamically in the AMD simulation,
but attribute the widths to the dynamically produced nucleons in the
AMD simulation.

\section{Calculated results of the flow
and the mechanism of the flow creation}
Although the definition of the flow is somewhat complicated in the
experimental situation where the determination of the reaction plane
is not trivial, we simply define here the flow of fragments with mass
number $A_{\rm F}$ as the mean in-plane transverse momentum,
\begin{equation}
\langle wP_x\rangle/A_{\rm F},
\label{EqDefFlow}
\end{equation}
where $w=1$ if $P_z>0$ and $w=-1$ if $P_z<0$.  $P_x$ and $P_z$ are the
components of the in-plane momentum of the fragment in the
center-of-mass system which are perpendicular to and along with the
beam direction respectively.  Negative flow corresponds to the
attractive interaction between the projectile and the target.  This
definition of the flow was already used in Ref.\ \cite{KLAKOW} and has
almost no uncertainty due to the interpretation of the momentum width
of the wave packets discussed in the previous section.

Another definition of the flow as the slope of $\langle
P_x\rangle$-$P_z$ curve is of course possible, but we have checked
that the qualitative features to be discussed below does not change.
The statistical precision of the flow defined by Eq.\
(\ref{EqDefFlow}) is better than the latter one.

Fig.\ \ref{FigFlowEng} shows the energy dependence of the calculated
flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles.  In this figure, as well as
in all the results hereafter, the impact parameter of the reaction is
fixed to be 2 fm in order to improve the statistical precision.  We
can see that the calculated flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles
change their sign at the balance energy $E_{\rm bal}= (100\pm20)$ MeV,
though the balance energy of $\alpha$ particles seems to be larger
than that of nucleons.  This calculated balance energy is not
different so much from the experimentally deduced value $122\pm12$
MeV/nucleon \cite{WESTFALL}.  On the other hand, in the calculation
with the Volkov force, the flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles
are negative even at the incident energy 150 MeV/nucleon
\cite{ONOrcnpanu}. (In this calculation, another version of the
stochastic collision process adopted in Ref.\ \cite{ONOc} was used.)
\begin{figure
\epsfysize=9cm
\centerline{\epsffile{flA1A4.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigFlowEng}
Calculated flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles for various
incident energies for the reaction $\carbon+\carbon$.  The impact
parameter of the simulation is fixed to be 2 fm.  }
\end{figure

A remarkable feature is that the absolute value of the flow of
$\alpha$ particles is much larger than that of nucleons in the energy
region $E<E_{\rm bal}$.  The reason of this larger flow of fragments
becomes clear by distinguishing nucleons and fragments according to
the time they are produced.  From Fig.\ \ref{FigdNdt} which shows the
distribution of the emission time of nucleons, we can see that the
dynamical stage of the reaction has already finished at $t=150$
fm/$c$.  Fig.\ \ref{FigFlowEngDynEvap} shows the flows at $t=150$
fm/$c$ (Dynamical) and the flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles
which are produced by the statistical decay of other fragments after
$t=150$ fm/$c$ (Evaporation).  Although the `dynamical' flows in the
figure contain some contribution from the equilibrated stage of the
reaction, we can see clear deference between the flow of dynamically
emitted nucleons and the flow of evaporated nucleons from the
equilibrated fragments.  The negative flow of the evaporated nucleons
is much larger than the flow of the dynamically emitted nucleons, and
the final result is between them.  Since larger number of nucleons are
emitted in the dynamical stage, as can be seen from Fig.\
\ref{FigMultEng}, the final result is closer to the flow of the
dynamically emitted nucleons.  On the other hand, the flow of
$\alpha$ particles seems to be almost independent of the time they are
produced, and the value of the flow is close to the flow of the
evaporated nucleons.
\begin{figure
\epsfysize=9cm
\centerline{\epsffile{flA1A4de.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigFlowEngDynEvap}
The dynamical flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles which are
calculated before the statistical decay, and the flows of evaporated
particles which are calculated only from the decay products of the
statistical decay.  }
\end{figure
\begin{figure
\epsfysize=9cm
\centerline{\epsffile{mlttm.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigdNdt}
Time dependence of the nucleon emission rate for the central reaction
$\carbon+\carbon$ ($b=2$ fm) at various incident energies.  A nucleon
is interpreted to have been emitted when no other nucleons exist
within a radius of 3 fm.  }
\end{figure
\begin{figure
\epsfysize=9cm
\centerline{\epsffile{mlteng.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigMultEng}
Incident energy dependence of the multiplicities of nucleons and
$\alpha$ particles for the reaction $\carbon+\carbon$ with $b=2$ fm.
It is to be noted that some of dynamical $\alpha$ particles decay in
the long time scale.
}
\end{figure

These results lead us almost uniquely to the following interpretation.
We can separate the collective flow into two components.  The first
one is the flow of the nucleons which are emitted by the hard
stochastic collisions in the dynamical stage of the reaction.  Since
the stochastic collision erases the memory of the mean field which the
nucleon has been feeling before it is scattered, the absolute value of
the negative flow is small.  There may be another geometrical reason
for this small flow that the projectile and the target prevent the
nucleons with negative flow from going out to the free space more than
the nucleons with positive flow.  The second component of the
collective flow is the flow of the nuclear matter which contributes to
the flows of composite fragments produced in the dynamical stage of
the reaction.  This component has been affected directly by the mean
field and the absolute value of the negative flow is large.  The flows
of evaporated nucleons and fragments inherit the flow of the parent
fragments and hence they have the large value similar to the original
nuclear matter flow.

\section{Dependence on the stochastic collision cross section}
Since the stochastic collision cross sections have some theoretical
uncertainty, we should investigate the dependence of the flow on them.
Furthermore the study of such $\sigma$-dependence of the momentum
distribution will give us the way to determine the in-medium cross
sections.

Figs.\ \ref{FigFlowSig} and \ref{FigFlowSig2} show the
$\sigma$-dependence of the flows of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles at
the incident energy 45 MeV/nucleon and 110 MeV/nucleon, respectively,
when all the cross sections (see Appendix B) are multiplied by 0.5,
1.0 and 1.5.  The flows of the dynamically produced particles and the
flows of the particles produced by the statistical decay are shown
together with the final results.  The flow of the dynamically emitted
nucleons is almost independent of the cross sections.  The
multiplicity of dynamically emitted nucleons in the reaction at 45
MeV/nucleon is 2.00, 3.52 and 4.95 for $0.5\sigma$, $1.0\sigma$ and
$1.5\sigma$, respectively.  These results are consistent with the
interpretation in the previous section because what is important to
the flow of the dynamically emitted nucleons is that the emitted
nucleons are direct products of the stochastic collisions and the
number of such nucleons is not relevant to the value of the flow.
\begin{figure
\centerline{\epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{flA1sig.ps}
            \epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{flA4sig.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigFlowSig}
Dependence of the flows on the stochastic collision cross sections for
the reaction $\carbon+\carbon$ at 45 MeV/nucleon.  }
\end{figure
\begin{figure
\centerline{\epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{flA1sig2.ps}
            \epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{flA4sig2.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigFlowSig2}
Dependence of the flows on the stochastic collision cross sections for
the reaction $\carbon+\carbon$ at 110 MeV/nucleon.  }
\end{figure

On the other hand, the $\sigma$-dependence of the flow of the nuclear
matter is large, especially in the reaction at 45 MeV/nucleon, and the
absolute value of the negative flow is smaller for larger cross
sections.  This might sound inconsistent to the naive expectation from
the previous interpretation that the flow of the matter is essentially
affected by the mean field.  This $\sigma$-dependence, however, turns
out to be very reasonable when one pays attention to other features of
the momentum distribution as well as the flow.  Figs.\
\ref{FigMomDistDyn} and \ref{FigMomDistEvap} show the in-plane
momentum distribution of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles which are
calculated at $t=150$ fm/$c$ (Dynamical) and from those produced by
the statistical decay process (Evaporation), respectively.  Results
for three cross sections $0.5\sigma$, $1.0\sigma$ and $1.5\sigma$ are
shown for the reaction at 45 MeV/nucleon.  The momentum distribution
of dynamically emitted nucleons is almost spherical while the other
three momentum distributions (of evaporated nucleons, dynamical
$\alpha$ particles, and evaporated $\alpha$ particles) have the common
$\sigma$-dependence though the momentum distribution of the evaporated
nucleons has wider spreading compared to that of $\alpha$ particles.
As the cross sections are increased, the dissipated component of the
momentum distribution around the center-of-mass momentum increases
while the flow angle does not change.  What has changed the flow value
of the matter is nothing but this $\sigma$-dependence of the
dissipated component of the momentum distribution.
\begin{figure
\centerline{\epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{vbA1s05.ps}
            \epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{vbA4s05.ps}}\nobreak
\centerline{\epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{vbA1s10.ps}
            \epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{vbA4s10.ps}}\nobreak
\centerline{\epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{vbA1s15.ps}
            \epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{vbA4s15.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigMomDistDyn}
Momentum distributions of nucleons and $\alpha$ particles at $t=150$
fm/$c$ before the statistical decay in the reaction ${}^{12}{\rm
C}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ at 45 MeV/nucleon with $b=2$ fm.  Results for the
three sets $0.5\sigma$, $1.0\sigma$ and $1.5\sigma$ of the stochastic
collision cross sections are shown.  }
\end{figure
\begin{figure
\centerline{\epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{veA1s05.ps}
            \epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{veA4s05.ps}}\nobreak
\centerline{\epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{veA1s10.ps}
            \epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{veA4s10.ps}}\nobreak
\centerline{\epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{veA1s15.ps}
            \epsfysize=7cm \epsffile{veA4s15.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigMomDistEvap}
The same as Fig.\ \protect\ref{FigMomDistDyn} but calculated from only
the particles produced by the statistical decay.  }
\end{figure

It is to be noted here that the $\sigma$-dependence of the flow is not
due to the specific definition of the flow (\ref{EqDefFlow}).  For
example, if we adopt the definition of the flow as the slope of
$\langle P_x\rangle$-$P_z$ curve at $P_z=0$, we get the
$\sigma$-dependence of the nucleon flow shown in Fig.\
\ref{FigFlow2Sig} which has the same qualitative feature as the left
part of Fig.\ \ref{FigFlowSig}.
\begin{figure
\centerline{\epsfysize=9cm \epsffile{f2A1sig.ps}}
\caption{\label{FigFlow2Sig}
Dependence of the flow of nucleons on the stochastic collision cross
sections for the reaction $\carbon+\carbon$ at 45 MeV/nucleon.
The flow in this figure is defined as the slope of $\langle
P_x\rangle$-$P_z$ curve at $P_z=0$.  }
\end{figure

\section{Summary}
In this paper the collective flow of fragments was calculated as well
as the flow of nucleons with the AMD for the reaction ${}^{12}{\rm
C}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ in the energy range 45 MeV/nucleon $\le E\le$ 150
MeV/nucleon.  The balance energy observed in the experiment was found
to be consistent with the Gogny force which yields a soft equation of
state with $K=228$ MeV.  We obtained larger absolute value of the
fragment flow than the nucleon flow, which is also consistent with the
experimentally observed feature.

The energy dependence and the $\sigma$-dependence of the calculated
flows of nucleons and fragments were found to be understandable, at
least in the energy region where the flow is negative, by introducing
the idea of two components of the collective flow.  The first
component is the flow of the dynamically emitted nucleons which are
produced by stochastic collisions in the early stage of the reaction.
Since the stochastic collisions erase the effect of the mean field,
the flow of the dynamically emitted nucleons is small.  The second
component is the flow of the nuclear matter which contributes to the
flows of fragments produced during the dynamical stage of the
reaction. The flows of the evaporated nucleons and fragments inherit
the flow of the parent fragments and hence the flows of dynamical
fragments and the evaporated nucleons and fragments have almost common
magnitude and common energy dependence and $\sigma$-dependence.
Although the second component is affected largely by the mean field,
its $\sigma$-dependence is also large.  However, this
$\sigma$-dependence turned out to come not from the change of the flow
angle but from change of the yield of the dissipated component in the
momentum distribution of the fragments.  Detailed comparison of the
fragment momentum distribution with the data will be able to settle
the in-medium cross sections.  On the other hand, nucleon momentum
distribution is mainly governed by the dynamically emitted nucleons in
this energy region, and therefore the shape of the momentum
distribution is not so sensitive to the in-medium cross sections.

We have mainly concentrated on the mechanism of the flow creation and
the $\sigma$-dependence in this paper, but the dependence on the
effective interaction was not discussed in detail.  What we have found
is that the Gogny force is sufficient for the reproduction of the
balance energy while the Volkov force fails.  To calculate the flow
with other effective interactions which reproduce the saturation
property of the nuclear matter and have various incompressibilities is
an important future problem for the determination of the equation of
state of the nuclear matter.

\acknowledgments
The computational calculation for this work has been financially
supported by Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, as
an RCNP Computational Nuclear Physics Project (Project No.\
92--B--04).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The center brilliant cut tanzanite, securely bezel set, measures 4mm and weighs 0.25 carats, while the white diamonds weigh 0.18 carats of SI clarity and F/G color. The total gemstone weight of this ring is 0.43 carats!
This radiant beauty is perfect for any girl with distinct taste who loves unique handmade jewelry!


Raishun Burch began competing in the Partner Pferd Leipzig International Horse Jumping event in Germany.
On Day One Burch competed in Two Classes.
Burch and Columbine competing in the 1.25m Amateur Trophy Medium International Tour Jumping Competition Against the Clock Class finished 29th with a time of 62.53, but they also have 4 Penalty Fault Points.
Burch finished 22nd competing in the 1.40m Amateur Trophy Large International Tour Jumping Competition Against the Clock Class, riding Pellegrino 51, the pair would clock a time of 78.98, but they had 28 Penalty Fault Points.


I am watching the sunrise on the Malecon. The Malecon is the curve of road and boardwalk that lines the Pacific ocean, wrapping all the way around the bay-like stretch of land. The sky is dimly lit, all pinks and oranges and a soft dusting of thin feathery clouds slashed across the front of all of it.
Behind me are the sounds of Derek moving the refrigerator around. He is trying to find a cockroach. Not just any cockroach. The biggest one I have ever seen. At least three inches long, I was standing in the tiny galley kitchen, making my coffee twenty minutes ago, when I caught a dash of movement out of the corner of my eye. I turned, looked down, and there on the floor was this huge roach. I froze, not knowing what to do, being half-awake, and suddenly afraid of Mexican insects. You always hear that the cockroaches here are big.
It is not a myth.
I waited to see what it would do, but I already knew I wasn't going to have the moxy to kill it. That's when it started running toward me. What!? I ran out of the kitchen and stood over by the stairs, watching it. It turned and followed. I walked slowly over to the door, and it walked slowly after me.
Not being very rational or a morning person, I threw open the front door to the apartment and ran down the hall and up the three flights of stairs to the roof and got Derek to come kill it. He was sitting up there reading his Bible.
Now, of course, he can't find it. I hear him move the refrigerator back to its place. I look over and he shrugs.
It's just waiting until you leave so it can come back out and hunt me.
He laughs and goes back up to the roof. Meanwhile, Matthew walks out to the balcony where I am sitting with his tiny hermit crab, aptly named Hermie, perched up on his finger like a bird. The crab is only about an inch long, and we found him yesterday as we walked down the Malecon toward a local coffee shop that most of the base people frequent. We will probably have to let him go today or tomorrow, but it is quite neat how the crab just sits there on his finger, sticking out of his shell with his eyes going every which way, his shell resting largely behind him.
We have been here for five days.
Now, suddenly, the sun breaks over the horizon with all the glory of morning, and the whole view of Mazatlan from where I am sitting is set aglow. Taxis, which look more like large, souped up golf carts than the yellow taxis Americans are used to, zoom up and down the Malecon, taking various people to various places. Palm trees, tall and short, line the roads. Rocks jut out of the Pacific, and from the balcony of the apartment we are staying in, I can see the waves curling over and several surfers sitting upright on their boards in wait of the next set.
Our classes start Monday. We have been getting settled and setting up a good homeschool routine for the kids. We've been meeting the people here on base, going for walks to explore the town, and asking lots of questions about what will be expected of us here and how things are done.
About half the people here on base are Mexican or fluent in Spanish, and the other half come from a combination of places: the States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand seem to be the main ones. One group of DTS students here is about to leave for outreach in the Philippines. They will be there for the better part of three months. There is a mad scurry as they try to raise the rest of their funds.
We don't know where we're going on our outreach yet. I've heard snippets of conversations about Brazil, El Salvador and Guatemala, but so far, nothing has been announced.
Our DTS group, for whom the classes start Monday, will start arriving today. I think there are around thirty of us. We are the only family with children and so have arrived early in order to settle in.
Yesterday, we walked across the street to the beach and picked our way over some of the smaller rocks there, exploring the tide pools. I found a tiny hermit crab, maybe a quarter-inch across, and had it crawling around on my hand for a while. I'd love to go catch a bunch and set them up in an aquarium for the kids while we are here. I find them fascinating.
We saw a beached blowfish and Derek used his flip-flops, to the cheers of all of us, to save its life by rolling it down the sand toward the water. We found a sea urchin in the tide line of seaweed up on the beach, and the old shell of another sea urchin.
There are many beautiful old buildings here. Already I am picking out my favorite ones from those that jut out precariously over the cliffs, way high up, as we walk alongside the ocean.
The conversations that I overhear are interesting, being that they are a collision of cultures and languages. I hear people trying to learn Spanish and English, and everyone here for much of the same reason. To better know God, to better make Him known in their particular "world". Yesterday I was in the food line for lunch, which consisted of beans, hot dogs and condiments. The ketchup is more of a spiced, "salsa" type of condiment. The mustard is normal, to me at least. They were offering sautéed chiles and onions for the hot dogs as well. One dark-skinned guy stepped up and declined the offering of chiles. The girl serving assumed he was Mexican and said you don't want chiles? What are you?
From Guatemala, he said, totally straight-faced, and walked away.
We practice our words almost every day, and the kids are learning some more from road signs and the Spanish speakers here. Derek and I are learning too, not just Spanish vocabulary, but quieter lessons, like what the body of Christ looks like when it comes together in different skin colors and backgrounds and languages. We are also learning how blessed we have been.
I am amazed at how easily I have taken hot showers and clean water for granted.
I will update every week.


text:
Stenus longipes es una especie de escarabajo del género Stenus, familia Staphylinidae. Fue descrita científicamente por Heer en 1839.

Habita en Austria, Estonia, Alemania, Italia, Francia, Checa, Polonia, Rumania, Hungría, Liechtenstein, Letonia, Mongolia y Turquía.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Heer, O. Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica. Pars I [fasc. 2], pp. 145-360. Orelii, Fuesslini et Sociorum, Turici [Zurich]. xii + 652 pp. (1839).

longipes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


THE highest function of the healing art is not to cure the sick, but to keep people well.
day's work lost on account of poor health, during a certain number of years.
during which these predispositions are apt to develop into disease or difficulty.
individual is quite immune from certain diseases, and will remain so throughout life.
disease or other difficulty from developing.
retain his health even if the stellar healer is able to bring him temporary relief.
In stellar healing there are five distinct steps. The first of these is stellar diagnosis.
treatment, and finally the specific stellar treatment.
employed, and they should always be delivered with a feeling of pleasure.
to thought-cells of other planetary types.
discordant Moon thought-cells and discordant Pluto thought-cells.
discordant Mercury thought-cells and discordant Uranus thought-cells.
discordant Venus thought-cells and discordant Neptune thought-cells.
the mood of extra-sensory perception.
is the mood of conscious and directed inner-plane soul activity.
properly, while holding in his mind the image of the patient in perfect health.
move at once into compartment one of the astral body and directly affect the health.
astral body and directly influence illness.
familiar with B. of L. Courses III, V, IX and XIV.
may be difficult for the most powerful discordant thought-cells to develop disease.
as shown by stellar diagnosis.
Chapter 3 and Course XXI, Chapters 7-10.
impressed by the healer they will strive to do as he instructs.
energy of the healer acting as the conductor of his thoughts.
gain the health thus imaged.
speak to it mentally, not violently, but firmly, and tell it just what he wants it to do.
commands he should be sure the action he asks will actually assist in restoring health.
and the electromagnetic energy to flow more freely.
continue for about one minute.
electromagnetic energy for about a minute.
cultivate. This thought-corrective treatment should last about two minutes.
the Sun. This should continue for about two minutes.
permits 15 minutes to be devoted to the specific treatment.
treatment there as he gave it the first time, for about one minute.
energies and the lunar electromagnetic energies for about a minute.
sealing it with his thoughts so that the vitality will be retained for use.
as if it were Sun or Moon in the same house.
planet or a birth-chart planet involved in the aspect should be employed.
major progressed aspect and dividing the result by 27.3.
progressed aspect and dividing by 365.25.
place every major progressed aspect has four terminals.
have not less than three terminals.
house occupied by these two terminals.
and house occupied by such terminal.
one-fourth the harmony or discord of the progressed aspect.
at the time the aspect is within orb are in mutual reception gains 2.50 harmodynes.
one-half its power is made harmonious by its nature alone.
one-fourth its power is made harmonious by its nature alone.
aspect is made harmonious or discordant according to the rule given above.
positions for calendar date June 9, 1941.
harmony of the aspect as 8.97 harmodynes.
major progressed normal of 22.19 harmodynes of the seventh house.
major progressed normal of 26.59 discordynes of the ninth house.
of the aspect as 14.74 discordynes.
in the first house, the decimal is .35. The average power of Asc. and Uranus is 30.79.
harmony of the aspect is 10.78 harmodynes.
Mars is in an angle the decimal is .35. The average power of Mars and Saturn is 47.30.
Multiplying 47.30 by .35 gives the peak power of the aspect as 16.56 astrodynes.
peak harmony of the aspect as 4.14 harmodynes.
is in an angle the decimal is .30. The average power of Sun and Uranus is 29.57.
discord of the aspect is 8.87 discordynes.
is in an angle the decimal is .60. The average power of Mars and Saturn is 47.30.
Multiplying 47.30 by .60 gives the peak power of the aspect as 28.38 astrodynes.
discord of the aspect as 21.28 discordynes.
the peak harmony of the aspect as 17.05 harmodynes.
Uranus ruling the intercepted sign in it.
occupied by progressed and birth-chart Uranus.
harmodynes of the tenth; house; occupied by progressed Mars.
occupied by birth-chart Mars, and Mars ruling its cusp.
harmodynes of the twelfth house; the cusp of which Mars rules.
gives the peak discord of the aspect as 2.71 discordynes.
harmodynes of the first house; occupied by progressed Moon.
of 45.43 discordynes of the eighth house: the cusp of which the Moon rules.
discordynes of the ninth house; the cusp of which Mercury rules.
in an angle the decimal is .60. The average power of Moon and Venus is 29.52.
exerts power and harmony or discord.
representing the total effect of its harmony or discord on the life.
many times as much from his efficiency, and from his happiness.
is thus within orb 2 years, 1 month, 7 days.
11 discordyne months, 16.48 discordyne days.
Venus is moving 1° 14′ per year. The gain of Moon on Venus is 11° 37′ per year.
1941, remains within orb 2 months, 2 days.
average discord of the aspect as 1.46 discordynes.
3.80 astrodyne days. Multiplying .80 (months) by 30 gives 24.00 astrodyne days.
astrodyne months, 27.80 astrodyne days.
2.92 discordyne days. Multiplying .92 (months) by 30 gives 27.60 astrodyne days.
discordyne months, 30.52 discordyne days.
degree and minute of the perfect aspect, is the distance the aspect is from perfect.
progressed aspect on that date–as if it were the peak power of the aspect.
because the house holds both an intercepted sign and a planet at birth.
19 from June 9 and get 2 months, 20 days. Multiplying 2 by 2 gives 4 hours.
degree of perfect aspect, and how many minutes each aspect is from perfect.
major progressed aspects must be computed.
aspect as 8.87 astrodynes. It is 56′ from perfect. Dividing 8.87 by 2 gives 4.44.
minus 2.76 gives the power of the aspect on March 19, 1941, as 13.80 astrodynes.
this aspect as 17.94 astrodynes. It is 11′ from perfect. Dividing 17.94 by 2 gives 8.97.
minus 2.70 gives the power of the aspect on March 19, 1941, as 26.77 astrodynes.
the second house on March 19, 1941 are given on page 130 at the front of this lesson.


text:
Home » Block tactics
Block tactics
Coppinger, Rob
Engineer (00137758);2/21/2003, Vol. 291 Issue 7621, p13
Describes a laser system developed to protect aircraft from heat-seeking missiles. Advantages over flare system currently used to distract infrared sensors and chaff to confuse enemy radar; Features of the system.
MEADS Passes Key Review. Malenic, Marina // Space & Missile Defense Report;8/30/2010, Vol. 33 Issue 18, p1
The article reports on the completion of the critical design review of the Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS), a mobile system designed to provide air and missile defense. It presents the funding percentages provided by countries including the U.S., Germany and Italy to the said program...
Precision Doctrine. Ash, Eric // Aerospace Power Journal;Spring2001, Vol. 15 Issue 1, p3
Discusses the role of precision in aerospace power. Comparison between precision and accuracy; Importance of precision to airborne laser.
Viable Missile Defence Depends on International Cooperation. Franklin, Peter C. // Military Technology;Aug2005, Vol. 29 Issue 8, p22
Focuses on the initiatives of active missile defense system in an effort to deter the threat of ballistic missile proliferation in the U.S. Emergence of the U.S. in leading the forefront of missile defense from terrorists and countries exploring nuclear weapons and long-range missile technology;...
ONR, 7 Contractors Move Ahead with JLTV-Based Laser Gun Demonstration. Eckstein, Megan // Defense Daily;6/17/2014, p8
The article discusses the awarding of contracts by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) for its Ground-Based Air Defense Directed Energy On-the-Move (GBAD) laser weapon. Topics discussed include ONR's use of the Ground/Air Task-Oriented Radar to find and track targets, a sensor-to-shooter...
Israel and China at Loggerheads over Dead Phalcon. Puttré, Michael // Journal of Electronic Defense;Jan2002, Vol. 25 Issue 1, p24
Reports the dilemma faced by Israel and China over the cancellation of the sale of Phalcon airborne early warning system to Beijing. Compensation claim faced by Israel; Refusal of China to budge the claims; Decline of the intervention of the U.S. over the problem.
CORRECTION. // Journal of Electronic Defense;Aug2006, Vol. 29 Issue 8, p16
A correction to the article "State of the Union," that was published in the July 2006 issue is presented.
In-flight Accuracy Estimation. Schaer, Philipp; Skaloud, Jan; Stebler, Yannick; Tomé, Philipp; Stengele, Roland // GPS World;Aug2009, Vol. 20 Issue 8, p37
The article focuses on the flexible quality-monitoring tool known as airborne laser systems (ALS) for estimation of in-flight accuracy. It notes that such tool includes an algorithm where the likelihood of fixing the differential carrier-phase ambiguities in post-processing are predicted. The...
ABL hopes advances will silence critics. Wall, Robert // Aviation Week & Space Technology;9/20/1999, Vol. 151 Issue 12, p62
Reports on Airborne Laser Solutions' technical development of a directed energy weapon capable of shooting down enemy ballistic missiles. Results of tests conducted on the weapon; Beam control mechanism; Challenges in using Coil laser in the weapon system; Power produced by Airborne's laser...
Scientist challenges assumptions of laser-based missile defense. // Geo-Strategy Direct;8/1/2007, p1
The article reports that Yehoshua Socol, an instructor at the College of Judea and Samaria, questioned the feasibility of a laser-based missile defense system. He pointed out that laser weapons developed by the U.S. and the Soviet Union have failed to overcome atmospheric conditions to ensure...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Filo Vals – "Just Guessin"
Impose Automaton
Songwriting has been a pillar in the life of Filo Vals since he first picked up a guitar, aged just six years old. Influenced by the likes of Paolo Nutini, Bob Dylan, Bob Marley and Jack Johnson, a love with music developed pretty much straight away. Since learning a plateau of instruments, Filo moved to London to pursue his music full time.
Since then, a significant amount of hard work led to 'Mr. World', a release that would see Filo's musical journey start to take real shape. The track went on to be featured in an advert for Ford, as well as breaking the Italian Viral top 15 charts. The track currently sits at over 800k listeners and opened Filo's music up to a significant new audience.
The new single is "Just Guessin'" and it's the perfect showcase of the Filo Vals sound. Oozing with charm, it's a track that somehow evokes melancholy & joy in equal measure. Filo's distinctive vocal is the star of the show, but it's a rounded and stunning production that's sure to fit well with fans of Paolo Nutini & Jack Savoretti.
"I wrote Just Guessin' for a girl a really fancied at the time. The song is really about both wanting to know more about that someone and at the same time the fears of opening yourself too much to that same someone. It's about putting aside all the superficial "chess-games" and just wanting to be yourself and indulge in a wonderful adventure together."
Tags: acoustic, filo vals, New Music, singer-songwriter, songwriter, songwriting
War On Women at Boot & Saddle
Impose Main
Interview – UK Songwriter Andrea Di Giovanni


text:
Following That Dream (Part 2)
Here follows the second part of the article "Following That Dream," that I wrote for the Elvis International magazine. This part focus on the Classic Album series.
But it was with the launch of the Classic Album series in 2003 that FTD opened the doors wide to the different studios where Elvis worked during his career, and let us experience the recording sessions first hand. By releasing Elvis' original albums in deluxe 7" size packaging together with an accompanying booklet and most of the times a second CD full of outtakes (many of them previously unreleased) we are offered a fly-on-the-wall experience of how Elvis and his group of musicians and singers develop the different arrangements of the songs in question.
I, for one, love to put my headphones on and time-travel to a recording session, listening to the laughter, banter, tuning of instruments and discussions taking place among Elvis and the musicians as they work out intros and make progress with the songs. Let me illustrate with a few examples, taken from the FTD classic albums Jailhouse Rock Volume 2, Blue Hawaii, How Great Thou Art and Elvis Sings The Wonderful World Of Christmas.
Starting with Jailhouse Rock Volume 2, I've always thought the title track must've been a demanding song for Elvis, and listening to the last couple of takes confirms that. "I don't think I'm gonna make it all way through," he says after take 8 and then goes on recording just the ending. Another highlight is the first movie version of "Treat Me Nice," where not only the tempo changes during the course of the 19 takes of the song, but also the beginning and the ending. "That's a hit," Elvis jokes after the third take and a bad ending by the Jordanaires.
Overall, Elvis seems to be in a good mood during the Jailhouse Rock sessions. "How bad you want me to get," he laughs after the second take of "Young And Beautiful" (jail version). The only time he seems irritated is while recording the second version of "Don't Leave Me Now." "Seems like everybody is holding down, we can't get any feeling out of it this way," he mutters after the first couple of tries of the song.
Moving on to Blue Hawaii, the FTD version of the soundtrack offers a fascinating insight into the making of one of Elvis' biggest selling albums. The first takes of "Rock-A-Hula Baby" are worth the admission alone. When Elvis for some reason stops singing 40 seconds into the second take, the band just keeps going, seemingly unable to stop. "Hold it," Elvis shouts, then laughs, before launching into the third take, delivering a wild and cooking performance. Another highlight is the making of the movie version of "Can't Help Falling In Love," Elvis going through 26 takes of the song (12 of them are included on the FTD album). "Damn pants too tight," he says before take 14. The following takes shows Elvis having trouble with the slow tempo of the song "I can't hold a note worth a damn," he sighs after abandoning take 22.
"Slicin' Sand" might not be called a classic, but many of the 12 takes included are fun to listen to. One example is take 6 which has Elvis throwing in an extra verse: "Sand in my toes, sand in my hair, sand in my sandwich but I don't care." Elvis worked hard with "No More," going through take after take of the song. As they all sound pretty similar, I was wondering about this, until I read today in Ernst Jorgensen's A Life In Musicthat the writer of the song, Don Robertson, was invited to the studio that day. Elvis obviously wanted to show him that he was serious about the song.
Next in line is How Great Thou Art, recorded in May 1966. Getting a front seat in RCA's Studio B in Nashville and being able to listen to Elvis' new producer Felton Jarvis directing the session with his supportive comments and encouragement offers a great listening experience. The five takes of "Stand By Me" are good examples of this. Elvis can't see the lyrics as the lights are turned down in the studio and mutters after an abandoned take, "That's not the right lyrics, I'm singing another song. Give us just a little bit of light." To me it then sounds like someone is rummaging around in a box of matches!
A demanding song for Elvis was "Where No One Stands Alone," proof being the grand finale that Elvis recorded a couple of times as a work part to be spliced to the rest of the song. The ending always sends a shiver up my spine, and apparently Felton Jarvis felt the same way, exclaiming at one point: "It sounded great, Elvis. God, I was scared to death." "By And By" is one of the fast numbers, in fact so fast that Elvis mixes up the lyrics. "We try to do our best when we wonder how to test," he laughs. "Sounded like you said what the hell is this," somebody in the studio shoots back as everybody cracks up. Hearing Elvis sing "I come to the piano..." after the intro played by Floyd Cramer (or is it David Briggs?) on the first take of "In The Garden" is a funny moment. It's easy to imagine Elvis walking towards the piano while singing this, making the pianist look up and lose his way among the keys.
One of the last albums FTD released in 2011 was Elvis Sings The Wonderful World Of Christmas. Elvis seems to be having a good time from the start during the session that took place in Nashville during two nights in May, 1971. While producer Felton Jarvis and the musicians discuss the beginning of "It Won't Seem Like Christmas (Without You)" featuring a celeste, Elvis throws in a line of "Merry Christmas Baby." David Briggs follows suit, hammering away on the celeste. "I gotta hold you guys down, man," Elvis laughs. Admittedly, he sounds a bit annoyed when the second take breaks down, complaining that the lyrics aren't written out, but then works hard through a couple of more takes before settling on take 7 as the master. The previously unreleased take number 5 is a highlight, with Elvis pushing the boundaries of the song, the result a looser and less polished version than the master.
The FTD treatment of Elvis Sings The Wonderful World Of Christmas also reveals a more intimate and sensitive side of the 1971 Christmas recordings, with the help of outtakes not being overdubbed in any way. One example of this is "If I Get Home On Christmas Day." When originally released in October 1971, Felton Jarvis had just about used every trick in the book when it came to making overdubs on it, adding strings, horns and a lot of backing vocals. Listening to the alternate takes, especially the early ones, you can almost be fooled into thinking it's another song, it sounds so much more intimate.
As promised, those were some examples from the Classic Album series that give you an idea of how Elvis practiced his craft. I love the feeling of "being thrown" into the studio like that, and on occasion, see the recording sessions in a different light. For example, in his book Careless Love, Peter Guralnick writes that Elvis "was no more at ease than he had been at that strange session the previous September" while recording the songs for Elvis Sings The Wonderful World Of Christmas. Maybe that was the case, but it's not something I found evidence of while listening to the outtakes provided by FTD's treatment of the album.
To be continued on July 27 (Part 3) ...
Posted by Thomas at Wednesday, July 25, 2012
Labels: CD, FTD, Magazines
Leslie Anne Tarabella said...
Love your blog. I thought you may want to take a look at my recent post about Elvis here: http://www.fairhopesupply.com/2012/07/its-been-35-years.html
Per said...
Thanks for a great blog. But what does this mean?
"To me it then sounds like someone is rummaging around in a box of matches!"
Thanks for the praise, both of you! And for the link to a nice written post, Fairhope Sypply Co. Per, the sentence "To me it sounds like someone is rummaging around in a box of matches" refers to the fact that there was a candle on the piano, at least there was during the recording of "Love Letters," according to Ernst Jorgensen in his book A Life In Music. So I assume the candle was there when Elvis recorded "Stand By Me" as well, and therefore matches were required.
The King And The Boss
Following That Dream
To My Surprise! (Reprise)
The First Time Elvis Sang In Public
They Wrote Upon It Too!
Raised On Rock Revisited


14K White Gold 3D Fireman Shield Pendant | Body Jewelry Live!
Show you're proud of what you do, or that you're proud of a firefighter you know with this 3D badge pendant. The traditional firefighter badge is crafted from White Gold and hangs from a polished bail.


Alto Mare (Japanese: アルトマーレ Altomare), also known as the City of Water (Japanese: 水の都 City of Water), is an anime-exclusive location in Johto and the setting of Pokémon Heroes: Latios & Latias.
Alto Mare is an isolated island south of Azalea Town. It is accessible via ferries near Cherrygrove City. It is a city of canals; a major mode of transport is by gondola.
The city is guarded by the Legendary Pokémon Latias and Latios. Many other species of Pokémon can be found in Alto Mare, including Pidgey, Yanma, Murkrow, Quagsire, Chinchou and Remoraid.
The Tour de Alto Mare, a water chariot race, is held annually. Trainers race on floating platforms pulled by their Pokémon. One year, the competition was won by Misty and her Corsola. Winners are awarded a medal, depicting Latias and Latios.
Alto Mare briefly reappeared in the opening sequence of Jirachi Wish Maker, where Latios and Latias were shown flying under one of its bridge.
The Alto Mare Museum exhibits the Defense Mechanism of Alto Mare (DMA). The fossil of pre-historic Pokémon, such as Aerodactyl and Kabutops can also be seen in the museum's floor. Lorenzo and his granddaughter, Bianca, are the caretakers of the museum.
The Secret Garden is where Latias and Latios reside and it is located near the museum. Located in a small pond is the Soul Dew. If removed, it can be used to control the DMA, but this will cause all the water to drain from the city. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the two Eon Pokémon to protect the Soul Dew.
This listing is of cards mentioning or featuring Alto Mare or Pokémon that reside there in the Pokémon Trading Card Game.
Statues of Alto Mare's two guardians, Latios (left) and Latias.
Ash and Pikachu discover the secret garden, after following Latias through a portal.
The DMA in the Alto Mare museum.
Sunrise over Alto Mare. The city's bell tower can be seen in the foreground.
The Secret Garden at dusk.
A gondola that seems to be based on Lugia.
Alto Mare is the first movie-made city based on a real city outside Japan.
The large numbers of Pidgey found in Alto Mare seems to be a reference to the pigeons of Venice.
A gate in Alto Mare that Team Rocket tries to climb over features an image of Entei.
Alto Mare contains a lot of Easter eggs, such as a gondola based on Lugia and some (mural) drawings that resemble Pokémon.
A town similar in appearance to Alto Mare appears in the opening sequence of Hoopa and the Clash of Ages, along with Latios and Latias.
Alto Mare is based on Venice, Italy.
Japanese アルトマーレ Altomare Italian for "high sea"


text:
Call or chat 24/7 702-570-9287
Hanratty, Kevin M. Esq.
Hanratty, Kari J. Esq.
Your Dedicated Legal Advocates
— Fiery crash on U.S. 95 kills five people
Fiery crash on U.S. 95 kills five people
On Behalf of Hanratty Law Group | May 27, 2018 | Motor Vehicle Accidents, Personal Injury |
Head-on collisions can be especially deadly, as demonstrated by a recent accident on U.S. Highway 95 northwest of Las Vegas. Five people died in the accident, and one was severely injured. Many details are still unavailable, but the general sequence of events has been described by officials of the Nevada Highway Patrol.
Police received the first report of the accident at 4:23 p.m. on May 21. According to the police, a northbound car attempted to pass a truck. When the car moved into the southbound lane to pass, it collided with another car and then hit the side of the truck. The truck flipped over, and the driver was killed. A woman who was riding in the truck was seriously injured and was taken to a nearby hospital. The two individuals in the northbound car died at the scene. Both people in the southbound car also died in the accident.
The exact causes of the accident and the vehicle fire have not been released. The fact that all but one person in the vehicles was killed implies that at least one vehicle was traveling at a very high speed. Perhaps both of the cars were violating the speed limit. Passing is allowed in the roadway where the accident occurred, but that does not answer the question of whether the driver of the northbound car checked for oncoming traffic before trying to pass the truck. Also, police have not yet made any reference to either the use of or absence of alcohol as a factor in the accident.
Many questions must be answered before the cause of this dreadful collision will be known. Anyone who has lost loved ones in a similar accident will want to know who was at fault and whether that person will be liable for damages. An experienced personal injury attorney can usually answer such questions after the accident investigation has been completed.
Post Type: Event Based
Tips to keep kids safe in the event of a car accident
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2 serious infections that you can get after a dog bite
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The alien invader is attacking! Humans beware! The alien invader has spotted a human on his way to work and sets after him at full speed in his flying saucer. As the terrified human runs for cover, the alien triggers his detachable prison pod, aims his cannon and prepares to capture his next prisoner. Don't let the invader fire his alien clinger at the human's head!
• Detach the rotating saucer with prison pod to capture the human!
• Attack the human with the alien clinger!
• Aim the moving laser cannon!
• Move the Tripod Invader's poseable legs!
• Detachable saucer measures over 5" (12cm) long and 4" (10cm) wide.


NYCDailyDeals -- What's Free And Cheap In New York City Today: NYC Daily Deals Anniversary BBQ This Sunday! Raffle Prizes Revealed!
NYC Daily Deals Anniversary BBQ This Sunday! Raffle Prizes Revealed!
As you may have heard, we're throwing a little birthday party this Sunday afternoon. It's at The Bell House in Brooklyn... and we'll be grilling up $2.00 burgers and hot dogs. Select drafts and well drinks will be just $2.00 too! You can find all the details here.
Remember to send your name and e-mail address to nycbbqbash@gmail.com to guarantee admission.
1) Single raffle tickets will cost $2.00 each. Or you can get 10 tickets for $10.00!
2) The first 100 people to purchase at least $10.00 worth of tickets will get a gift -- you'll be able to choose between either (1) a coupon for a free entree at Qdoba Mexican Grill or (2) a limited edition NYC Daily Deals "Happy Hour" magnet.
3) The raffle will take place at 4:30PM. You do not need to be present to win. All winners will be contacted via e-mail.
American Folk Art Museum - One Year Membership!
American Idiot - Two Tickets To This Broadway Hit!
Big Daddy's Diner - $50 Gift Certificate!
Bronx Zoo - Four Pairs Of Free Passes!
City Crab - $50 Gift Certificate!
Clarity Domestics - Free 3-Hour Housecleaning!
Duke's - $50 Gift Certificate!
Million Dollar Quartet - Two Tickets To This Broadway Hit!
Museyon Guides - Two copies of City Style & Chronicles Of Old New York!
Pizza By Cer Te - Two $25 Gift Certificates!
Scott's Pizza Tours - Two Free Tour Passes!
World Yacht - Two Tickets For A Free Dinner Cruise!


All dancers are invited to the annual Kenn Trimble Youth Fund Dance on Saturday evening, September 29, 2018 (a 5th weekend), at Collins Grange. Enjoy Spaghetti at 7:00 pm, Round Dancing at 7:30, Mainstream Squares at 8:00 pm. Rainier Council annually sponsors this dance, hosted this year by the Young Bunch club, to raise funds to assist the kids in that club to participate and compete in the annual Pacific Northwest Teen Square Dance Festival. That early-May festival includes scores young square and round dancers from Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.
This fundraiser dance will include raffles and split-the-pot. Admission is my donation--donate what you can. Click on the flyer image to download a PDF of it.
The 2019 annual Washington State Square Dance Festival--named Rainier Rendezvous--is being hosted by Rainier Council at the Washington State Fair grounds in Puyallup, Washington, from Thursday through Saturday, June 20 - 22, 2019. The festival includes workshops and dances all day and evening on Friday and Saturday, and includes a trails end dance on Thursday evening. The featured group is the Ghost Riders Band, plus various national callers. These statewide festivals are a lot of fun!
1. Continuous dancing, no breaks by the Caller, would need both Caller and Cuer to give each other breaks.
2. Council to pay for one Caller and one Cuer. If a club wanted more would need to be approved by the Council or paid for by the hosting club.
3. Ask Caller to keep the tip to 10 minutes.
4. Pre‐sale tickets have a master list to check off names, so if a ticket is forgotten, we'd and not ask them to pay again.
5. Have pre‐rounds a half hour before the dance starts, then have mainstream tips with one round in between. Plus tip at the very end of the dance after the big "thank-you" circle.
6. Keep introduction of VIPs and awards short.
7. Door prizes: draw all tickets, ask winners to raise their hands, direct them to an area for picking up their prizes.
8. Have food available all during the dance, and configure serving surfaces for continuous flow.
9. Have a table for advertisements/dance club schedules and have no announcements.
Rainier Council sponsored a pre-New Year's Eve Dance, on Saturday, December 30, 2017, at Collins Grange. We had 202 dancers come through the door or 25.25 squares with 20 pre-sold ticket holders not showing. Peninsula Council bringing seven of those squares. Even with this crowd we didn't exceed the building capacity code limit, although it may have seemed so. We had dancers from all over the state and several VIPs which included the State Federation's past president and his wife, Gene and Tanya Currier. Ways and Means 2018 State Festival chair, Kay and Roger Mahan from Yakima, who set up a merchandise and registration table. Numerous award winning Callers, Cuers and dancers, the president of Rainier Council, Lane Johnston and president of Peninsula Council, Sheila Blackburn.
Our Callers, The Hatch Brothers, Caleb, Christian and Joshua, are so talented, a delight to dance and work with. I consider myself a fan. Hard to believe five years ago I took Mainstream lessons with them. McNutt Award winning Cuer, Sue Weber was our Cuer. Dancers were very pleased with the level she chose, and she received many favorable comments afterwards. There were so many round dancers on the floor that at one time they had to form three rings.
The newly adopted Rainier Council's guidelines for council dances was used, continuous dancing, no breaks, grazing during the night on finger food and reduced announcements from the stage.
Our Country Raffle Store had a variety of items to win, which included $300 worth of gift cards to several restaurants and coffee stands, a basket from our local author, Debbie Macomber, with two signed hard back editions of her new books. We had some beautiful baskets donated, square dance jewelry, along with other miscellaneous items, something for everyone. Our 50/50 winner, Jackie Myers was thrilled with the $100 pot. Dan Paulson won the 2019, State Dance Festival Certificate and was thankful that we pried the single dollar out of his wallet for one ticket.
Our frazzled parking attendants, Steve MacKay and Doug Schafer took a small area and crammed in 97 cars without getting a single scratch. Greg Weber made all the signs we needed to highlight the different dance station areas, our dance committee, Lu Simmons, Chryll Coscorosa, Gail Johnston, Heidi Lusk and Sandy Anderson put in a lot of time and outstanding effort to put this dance together. They did an amazing job. It truly was an effort of many people to make this dance so successful.
How successful is in the happy faces of our dancers, the ones who lingered after the dance finished, the favorable comments later from many sources and our profit after all the bills were paid. We put $1403, into our dwindling RC bank account.
First, I'd like to thank each and every one of you for making the effort to sign-up, to plan, to practice, and (most-important) to actually show-up and participate in what I believe is the largest square-dance-themed flash-mob ever assembled!
Well over 500 participants were there. Over 60 clubs from all across WA (and even northern OR) were represented in the total. There's NO DOUBT we've set the standard by which other square dance flash mobs will, initially at least, be measured.
There's were lots of cell-phone videos taken from a variety of sources, and it will take a while to come up with a compilation that best represents the many sites and scenes we'd like to share. I'm attaching a link of the best one I've seen so-far (I believe Letrisha Hatch captured it) to give you glimpse of what it looked like from a "spectator" point of view. I posted it up on the Swingnuts YouTube channel (because I can), but there will be plenty more I'm sure before we're all done.
Here's the gallery as it currently exists (no sorting, captioning, formatting, etc, "photo credits"). Ifyou DO upload videos or still photos, please shoot me an email to let me know that you have uploaded "content" to the gallery so I know to whom to attribute it.
"Cheers" (3 Cheers....it's Over!) Everybody, Lane.
Each year, the Rainier Council enters our square dancing float in the Daffodil Parade, and it provides wonderful public exposure and promotion of our fun activity.
The day starts in Tacoma, continues in Puyallup, races onward to Sumner and then finally ends in Orting.
This year, callers Kenny Freeman and Leo Catt warmed up the dancers in Tacoma, Greg Weber kept them moving through Puyallup, Andy Garboden called in Sumner, and energetic Brett Kappenman livened up the last leg of the parade in Orting. The crowds gave the float and dancers a warm reception, lots of smiles and friendly applause. Thank you, Rainier Council Dancers and the greater Tacoma community for your support!


Business Description: We are a non-demoninational, Bible-based, Spirit-led church with faith for a positive future. Springfield, MO http://www.abundant.us/ "Great relationships. Great worship. Great leadership. Fantastic opportunities to get plugged in!" Our desire is to provide an atmosphere for growth and ministry so you and your family can build a strong foundation in Christ. Our hope is that you will be changed by God's Word, encouraged by His people and touched by His presence.
Business Description: The Relationship Center offers Biblically Christian and Clinically Proven Professional counseling services to individuals, couples, and families in southwest Missouri, with offices in Springfield and Branson.
Business Description: Life Is Hard, Help Is Near! Christian Counseling Services will provide a safe environment in which each person, with God's help, is able to process past experiences, find solutions to present challenges, and gain strength to make positive choices for the future with the result of personal wholeness and more fulfilling relationships.
Pratt, Jensen & Grisham, LLC.
Business Description: Pratt, Jensen & Grisham, LLC.
Business Description: In an increasingly disconnected and chaotic world, 2B Well is fast becoming Springfield's premier health and wellness resource center. Our philosophy is that true healing occurs when we address all aspects of our lives – physically, mentally, and emotionally. We believe an individualized approach, integrating multiple modalities, is the most effective way to create optimal well being. At 2B Well, we bring together a variety of health experts who work together to help you become Happy, Healthy, and Whole.
Business Description: Our clinic has been serving the Springfield area since 1987. Our staff consists of four psychologists: Dr. Murrell, Dr. Iles, Dr. Maloney, Dr. Whitehead, and one psychiatrist, Dr. Richard Christy.
Business Description: Professional Services is a full service Christian wedding officiating service. We offer ceremonies from simple to complex, brief to extended, traditional to accentuating the spiritual aspects of the Christian wedding. We can provide very basic ceremonies to more complex ones with additions such as special music, unity sand, candles, tree plantings or other unity ceremonies, communion, poems, readings and more.


Although I've always been out with my love for Japanese cuisine, there are still a lot I've yet to learn. And I'm sure glad I got to experience a new type of Japanese food a few weeks ago, all thanks to Rosanjin Japanese Restaurant.
Located at SM Mega Fashion Hall, Rosanjin Japanese Restaurant is a casual dining resto that prides itself in serving modern Japanese cuisine. To better cater to a wide variety of diners, Rosanjin serves an array of menu from sushi, tempura, ramen, and rice bowls among others.
However, we're all familiar with the usual Japanese fare already. So today, let me share with you the two types of Japanese dishes my friends and I got to try one weekend afternoon.
Coming from "kami" which means paper, and "nabe" which means pot, Kaminabe is an art of cooking which makes use of Japanese paper called washi as a pot. As if like magic, the paper doesn't get burnt even atop direct fire. The use of washi also helps absorb the oil and scum from the dish, leaving a healthier and more delicate taste to the food.
To start off our late lunch, we had a regular serving of the sukiyaki kaminabe -- a small pot of beef, veggies, mushrooms, tofu and glass noodles in a sweet and savory broth, perfect for one. And just like what it promises, the whole pot remained hot even until the last drop.
We also had a regular serving of the seafood kaminabe -- a small pot of shrimp, scallop and buri (yellowtail) in a spiced soy-based soup. Since I'm not a big fan of sweet broths like in sukiyaki's, this variant is more up my alley. The amount of seafood in the regular portion may not be sufficient if you'll share it, but I really dig this taste-wise. You get to enjoy bold flavors of seafood with every spoonful of the broth.
Tobanyaki is another Japanese art of cooking which makes use of "toban" or ceramic plates to "yaki" or roast meats. Since toban can easily transmit and retain heat even after removal from the heat source, it can cook meats more evenly and lock in the juices and flavors inside. It's also been said that cooking using the toban can eliminate unwanted food odors and give off negative ions (which are good for one's well-being).
Served with three kinds of sauces: steak sauce, wine-based sauce and sour cream, this serving of pepper-seasoned beef and tofu pieces sure looks as good as it tastes. Cooked for 7 to 10 minutes with a ceramic lid, the beef was gently roasted to a tender and succulent meaty goodness. Yum!
We also had the chicken cheeseyaki that comes with pieces of chicken thighs, cheese and asparagus in a tomato-based sauce. It took about the same time as the beef to cook this chicken dish. And when the lid was lifted, we were treated to a tasty and juicy chicken feast that simmered in a rich yet creamy tomato stew.
My favorite among the tobanyaki was this scallop variant. Although the actual dish is pretty simple, it's the XL-sized scallops that take center-stage in this serving. Cooked significantly shorter than the other two variants, every bite off the scallop bursts with buttery and juicy seafood goodness. The added uni (sea urchin) and roe were a treat too!
Rosanjin carries a few sweet items on its menu like ice cream, dessert gyoza, dango, and shaved ice. But for our trip, we got to try one of their pudding variants.
I normally gush over anything matcha, anything red bean, and anything pudding. However, this serving unfortunately didn't live up to our expectations. While there's a good balance of green tea and cream, the texture is a wee bit gritty and a little too solid -- not jiggly like how it's supposed to be.
As for drinks, we got to try most of Rosanjin's shakes and found them satisfying. My green tea shake in particular, is something I'd order again when I visit some time in the future.
As it promised, Rosanjin Japanese Restaurant has truly provided us a new way to enjoy Japanese cuisine. The Kaminabe and Tobanyaki dishes were not only good, but are interesting as well. And while prices for these types of Japanese food can get steep, it's worth checking out especially for their novelty. Oh, and I should mention that servers will definitely be assisting you with the cooking of both the Kaminabe and Tobanyaki items. Next time though, I'm keen on trying out the more usual Japanese dishes at Rosanjin and see how it fares.


The rumours have been around since this chap died in 2004 that the undertaker had cut off his legs to fit him in the coffin.
Turns out the rumours were true.
James Hines was a giant – a 2-meter, 136-kilogram preacher and funk musician so big that after he died in 2004, a macabre rumour began circulating in this small town that the undertaker had to cut off his legs to fit him in the coffin.
This week, after years of whispers, Hines' body was exhumed, and the gruesome story appeared to be all too true.
The coroner's office said only that it had found "undesirable evidence," and a criminal investigation has been opened. But Hines' widow said investigators told her that his legs had been cut off between the ankle and calf, and his feet had been placed inside the casket.
Couldn't he have bent him a bit in the middle or the knees or something. The coffin must have been quite a bit too short fro the drastic measure of sawing his legs off.


Another early start with Mechatronics at 8am followed closely with Introduction to Heat Transfer at 10am which finished at 12pm. Spent some time in the computer lab before returning to the residence. Went shopping as I was due to cook dinner, Cheeseburgers and potato wedges. We had been eating way too healthy for students.


text:
Q: how to run cut command using single tick as a delimiter? I'm on MAC 10.9.2 and trying to take out some data from the sql file.
it has portions of CSV values wrapped in single ticks ('), and I would like to take out field 5
here is what I have so far, and for some reason I get > at the end, like asking me to complete action, but what I expect is to get results?
sh-3.2# more data.sql | cut -d ',' -s -f 5 | cut -d '\'' -f 1
>

maybe there is an easier solution that cutting? :)

A: The problem is that you are using attempting to escape the single quote within single quotes.  Use a different pair of enclosing quotes without escaping, or eliminate the quotes altogether, i.e. either:
cut -d\' -f2

or
cut -d"'" -f2

(An alternate solution might be available given the sample data.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The University of Tasmania (UTAS) has run their Introduction to Family History course twice, with an incredible response each time.
Now they are offering a new course for family historians. One on writing family history.
As with the earlier course, it is done fully online, and it is FREE.
So don't just 'collect' to stories, write them down, and share them, it helps to bring your ancestors to life.
Writing Family History is a fully online course from the University of Tasmania. Join students around Australia for an introduction to writing non-fictional and fictional narratives based on real genealogical records. As with the earlier course, this one gives thoe doing the course free access to Ancestry.com Library edition.
Produce a coherent piece of short fiction or non-fiction based on genealogical research.
This course runs from 23 November 2015 until 31 January 2016.
need to have a computer with internet access.
be prepared to spend approx. 4-5 hours a week on study.
For further details, including enrolling and a number of FAQs, visit the University of Tasmania (UTAS) website http://www.utas.edu.au/arts/writing-family-history.
Hi Christine, the UTAS website are running this course again, and their website has the date of 31 October 2016 as to when their next intake is on. For all the relevant information (including contact details, and enrollment info), visit their website http://www.utas.edu.au/arts/writing-family-history.
Not sure if this is the correct place to enro l but I would like to do this course when it is available again.
Hi Kathleen, to know what courses are coming up when, I suggest keeping an eye on the UTAS website and/or also their FB page https://www.facebook.com/Family-History-University-of-Tasmania-145892082428231/?fref=ts.
I'm just disappointed it's only for Australian citizens. I'm in Canada and it sounds wonderful. I had Australian ancestors as well – just discovered yesterday on Ancestry that one of my several times great-aunts emigrated from the UK to Australia with her family in 1858.
Does the course take a break over the Xmas and New Year period?


Hello, my name is Samuel Johnson and I will be the affirmative speaker for this round. My value is Human rights, and to uphold this value I stand resolved that when in conflict Idealism ought to be valued above Pragmatism. I will demonstrate how my value of Human rights dictates that we affirm the resolution.
To clarify this resolution, I would like to supply the following key definitions. First, Idealism is defined as, "The pursuit of or belief in noble ideals, principles, and values" by the Wordsymth dictionary. The Encarta World dictionary defines Pragmatism as, "A straightforward practical way of thinking about things or dealing with problems, concerned with results rather than with theories and principles." My value of Human Rights is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as, "rights regarded as belonging fundamentally to all persons." These include Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Conflict is defined as, "competitive or opposing action of incompatibles". Finally, Compromise is defined as, "a settlement of a dispute in which two or more sides agree to accept less than they originally wanted" by the Encarta dictionary.
I offer two criterions by which to judge this round. First, whether my value of Human Rights is preeminent, or whether my opponent's value is preeminent. And second, which theory, Idealism or Pragmatism, is shown to better uphold the preeminent value when Idealism and Pragmatism are in conflict. My burden is to prove that Idealism better upholds the preeminent value than does Pragmatism when Idealism and Pragmatism conflict.
My first contention is that Idealism better upholds my value of Human Rights than does pragmatism. Idealism is "The pursuit of, or belief in noble ideals, principles and values." Pragmatism is a "practical way of thinking about things…concerned with results rather than with theories and principles; which of these approaches will better uphold the value of Human Rights? Pragmatism is interested in results, not overarching theories; Idealism is focused on the pursuit of noble ideals. Clearly Idealism will uphold my value of Human Rights better than Pragmatism will. Additionally, I wish to make it clear that I am not saying we should not value Pragmatism at all, but rather that when they conflict, we should value Idealism above Pragmatism. Idealism and Pragmatism are able to work together without conflicting; we are only debating their relative merits when they conflict in their approach toward an ideal.
This brings us to my second contention. Pragmatism is focused upon compromising to achieve a desired result, and we cannot afford to compromise on our ideals and inalienable rights. While compromise is undeniably useful in certain circumstances, and while compromise can lead to acceptable results in specific cases, when we are disagreeing over our ideals and values we must not compromise. My value of Human Rights is an inalienable right that is fundamental to all persons, and must be totally and completely upheld for any just society to exist. As Charles Sumner said, "It is by compromise that human rights have been abandoned" and that "repose can only be found in everlasting principles." "Inalienable rights cannot be compromised without being lost" and yet, compromise to achieve a desired result, "what works" is exactly what pragmatism is based upon. Since Idealism recognizes that we cannot compromise on the protection of our most fundamental rights, and Pragmatism does not, we must value Idealism above Pragmatism when they conflict. As Benjamin Franklin said, "Any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security deserves neither and will lose both."
My third contention is that without Idealism to guide Pragmatism, Pragmatism is useless. Compare two forms of government, the Roman form and the Constitutional form of the United States. The Roman government was pragmatic; it had no set limits on officials and no written code of law until after 500 A.D. The Roman form relied on competent men always being in control and assumed that leaders would use their power for the good of the state and not for personal game. The entire system was based on compromising as needed at the time, and tradition. While this made it easy for the Roman government to respond in emergencies and react fluidly to changing circumstances, it offered no protection to citizens against governmental oppression against minorities, or power grabs by ambitious generals or politicians. There were no written checks on an official's power. Compare this to the American system, which was based on the pursuit of the ideals of Human Rights. We have a written Constitution, and all our officials are governed and limited by it. In the Declaration of Independence our forefathers recognized that "all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness; to secure these rights governments are instituted among men." At times this system can lead to difficulty in changing quickly and in altering entrenched evils such as slavery. However, it offers protection to all and carefully watches the actions of governmental officials. While this approach of Idealism may not always be convenient and practical at the time, it serves to uphold people's rights far more effectively than the Pragmatic Roman system.
In summary I would like to reiterate my main points. First, my value is Human rights, and I believe we should affirm the resolution which states "When in conflict Idealism ought to be valued above Pragmatism." In my first contention I argue that Idealism supports Human rights. My second contention is that Pragmatism compromises in all circumstances, and that we cannot afford to compromise our ideals; finally, my third contention proves that without Idealism, Pragmatism is useless.
Time for some CX. Lets try and keep it short.
1. You say pragmatism is "concerned with results". Therefore, if "overarching theories" produced results, pragmatism would use them, correct?
2. You say that pragmatism and idealism conflict, which, according to your definition, means they are incompatible. However, you go on to say we can use both of them. If they are truly incompatible, can they be used together?
3. Is it ever justified to compromise human rights?
4. Are you in agreement with the quote from Ben Franklin in your second contention?
5. Are you aware that the Roman government you criticized in your third contention lasted for around 2000 years in some form?
6. You mention a "reputation" that the U.S. has hurt by using Guantanamo Bay. With whom are we ruing our reputation?
1. Yes, it would. However, if it thought something else would work better, it would toss these theories aside. We can't afford to allow such overarching theories and principles as Human Rights to ever be tossed aside.
2. We can use both of them when they aren't conflicting. What that definition means is that when they conflict, their approaches to the problem are incompatible, and as such we can't value them equally when they conflict. However, we can value them together when they aren't conflicting. That definition only means that when they are in conflict, their approaches are incompatible and we must choose one or the other.
3. As I argued throughout my entire case, we must not compromise on Human Rights. Human Rights must be upheld through our actions as fully as possible. We must not compromise on our pursuit of Human Rights.
4. You mean the quote, "Any society that would give up a little Liberty to gain a little security deserves neither and will lose both." I most certainly agree with this quote, this quote exemplifies how compromising on the protection of our fundamental rights is something that we cannot afford to do.
5. This is wholly inaccurate. The Roman Republic which I was referencing lasted less than 500 years. The Roman Empire which followed also lasted less than 500 years. I was referring to the Roman Republic, not the Byzantine Empire.
6. Our reputation throughout the world. We must have the support of other countries, and we certainly cannot afford to lose the moral high ground. If other nations see that we are not respecting the very rights we claim to uphold, than that damages our ability to fight the terrorists.
I'll ask one set of follow ups and then be done with this part.
1. Do you believe it is possible to simultaneously uphold the human rights of every person in the world. Even the majority of people?
2. Why are human rights valuable?
1. It may not be possible to uphold every person's Human Rights, but it is our responsibility to try. And Idealism does this better because it does not compromise.
2. Human Rights are the foundation for any just society. They must exist for any order of Morality to exist. Human Rights are the most fundamental value.
Good afternoon, my name is James Compton and I have the privilege of being the negative speaker for this debate round. My value for this round is Human Rights. My thesis statement for this round will be: Human rights are only moral when applied in a wise and judicious manner.
In this contention I will be both building up my case and refuting my opponent's assertion that idealism best uphold human rights. While idealism might be the most effective way of upholding human rights in general, it is most definitely not the most moral way of upholding them. Human rights may seem like something that cannot be corrupted, that is always moral, but this is not so. Take, for example, our justice system. By imprisoning criminals, we suspend their liberty, their pursuit of happiness, and, sometimes, their lives. These are, according to my opponent, fundamental human rights. In order to preserve our society, and the human rights of the innocent, we must suspend the rights of those who have committed crimes. We, as humans have placed limits on what a man can do and still retain his fundamental rights. A man who held his ideals of human rights highest at all times would never condone a system of punishment that violates human rights. If our society had held the ideal of human rights above the value of a working justice system, we would have no means of punishing criminals. Indeed idealism provides human rights effectively; it just provides them to those who do not deserve them. Pragmatism, however, would take rights away from those who do not deserve them.
Not only does idealism grant rights to those who do not deserve them, but it takes them away from those who do! By freeing criminals, idealism is releasing a threat to the safety of innocent people. In doing so, it is taking away their happiness, and potentially their lives. By attempting to preserve human rights for everyone, idealism grants rights to the wrong people, and take them away from the innocent.
Contention Two – It is impossible to uphold the human rights of all people. Pragmatism can most effectively uphold the rights of the innocent.
This was seen earlier in my first contention, but I would like to elaborate on it here. It is logically and literally impossible for society to uphold the human rights of all people. This is because when society upholds the human rights of the everyday citizen, it must imprison the members of society who would seek to harm them. But when society seeks to uphold the human rights of the destructive members of society, it compromises the rights of the innocent populace. For an idealist, this is unacceptable. But, one course must be taken. Therefore the course of action will be taken that least compromises the idealist's ideals. In other words, guilty men will be released. This most nearly upholds an idealist's ideals because it does not directly compromise anyone's rights. Instead it potentially, and eventually, compromises human rights. This clears the idealist's conscience because he has not directly harmed anyone. Instead, he has unleashed the potential for the greatest amount of harm. A pragmatist would take a completely different course of action. He would observe the harm criminals had caused, temporarily suspend his ideal of universal human rights, and imprison the criminals for the greater good, and to uphold the human rights of the innocent.
Contention Three – Without pragmatism to mediate idealism, human rights are impossible.
Before I begin my arguments, I would like to point out that my opponent offered no downsides to the Roman form of government. He mentioned plenty of potential problems, but no actual ones.
Now, having dismissed the argument that made up the majority of my opponent's third contention, I will move on to the latter part of it, which I feel to be woefully incorrect. Here my opponent gives the example of Guantanamo Bay. He says that we are suspending the human rights of others in order to protect our own. Here he is correct. Suspending the human rights of some to protect many is the foundation of our justice system. But, he says, they are not terrorists, they are suspected terrorists. And here is what I say to that. I applaud those who formed Guantanamo Bay. The men who are in that prison fully deserve to be there. If you have done something that causes the leaders in my government to believe that your life goal might be to mass murder innocent Americans, then I hope they suspend your rights. Human rights cannot, cannot be extended to those who plan to use them to murder innocent people. It would take a foolish, even an evil, person to free someone who would use his freedom to harm innocents. Idealism would have us let these men run free! Idealism would have us let men who plan attacks like 9-11 wander back to their compatriots. Any moral person will not let that happen. We must take the pragmatic course of action and suspend the rights of suspected terrorists in order that we can protect the human rights of those that these men would execute, torture, and mass murder. Idealism attempts to achieve the futile goal of universal human rights. The results can be disastrous. Pragmatism makes sure that it protects the rights of those who deserve them, and it keeps those who do not from gaining them.
I would now like to briefly refute the elements of my opponent's case that did not correspond directly to what I said above.
First, his main point against Guantanamo bay is the effect is has upon the "reputation" of the United States. I ask you: does this matter? If what we do as a country to protect our citizens causes others to think badly of us, then so be it. An upright and moral person would not let his "rep" dictate his actions. What the United States deems necessary to protect the human rights of its citizens should be done, whether or not the international community approves.


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