Not sure about the wiring problem - is the battery charged? Terminals clean?
just turned the engine over with the spark plugs out so the starter turns over fast. Also keep the fuel disconnected. In 10-15 seconds the oil pressure comes up and oil is circulating. Just don't stay on the starter more than 30 seconds in a 15 minute period, though - don't want to get it too hot.
Consider that the prince of darkness has invaded your space. Take a good look at connections and NEVER accept a visual look at a tiny bulb as to confirmation wether it is good or not....get the ohm meter out. Keep in mind that alternator failure would give the light on constantly and you are not there yet. Normally the light should be on till the car is started then go out. At this point suspect bad connection especially ground.
Get her started Peter and see what happens then. Good luck and let us know what happens on the start up.
Did test the ign lite bulb - OK.
Given that this engine has never seen oil before, is cranking enough? I know with some engines, it just does'nt do it and priming is reqired: and I hate to do damage cranking a dry motor (except for assembly lube - how long will that last?) Peter G After all this work, I am cautious..
Peter--I understand your concern. Others will weigh-in here, but I believe you can remove the distributor/drive dog and spin the oil pump with a drill sufficient to pressurize the galleries. Unfortunately, I've never done this and can't provide details on the exact procedure.
A trick used by hot rod guys when building very expensive engines is to pressurize the oil system through the oil pressure sending unit hole in the block. This will require some rigging to get a hose / fitting that will connect to the threaded hole. Also you'll need to concoct a pump with which to pressurize the system.
I am about to start an engine rebuild and will absolutely engineer this into the process.
If I don't here before I get there, I'll post the details of how I accomplish this.
The engine is really under very little load when spun with the plugs out - which will be why it turns over so fast. The assembly lube will be fine, in my opinion.
Sorry didn't read this post.
Make sure all systems are go for fire up. Because of the TR6 design oil pump pre-lubing does not work. Nor is it real neccesary for 6 cyl. V8s require pump prelube more so due to V design when you fill with oil your only dealing with one side.
With a funnel made from a gallon container bottom cut off spout down. Change the oil just before fire up. You want to fill your valve cover quickly front to back making oil push down all internal passages. Watch you don't make a mess. The oil will backflow due to 6s vertical design down all passages. Even to the pump giving it somewhat of a prime. Give this about a minute or two not 20.
Get inside start don't rev. and watch your oil pressure should come up in a second if all is working. If not kill it fast. Try to let engine run up to temperature before shutting off if all works. You should be fine.
The prelube will keep things Ok for startup in most cases by itself. Cam lobes are most critical.
SteveD nice to hear Rodding from another poster. Watch the pressure priming. Block must be perfectly clean. When engine is not turning possible damage to seals. Make sure your system is adjustable.
Peter as this is an old style engine follow old style breakin procedures as well.
If I am not clear ask.
Will be into the weekend before I can do anything else. Waiting for a few cooling system parts to arrive also. Think I'll,at least, get the oil pump filled first - can see that Bills idea could work. And yes, I'll observe all break-in procedures - do'nt want to do this again soon. Thanks guys, Peter G You'll be the first to know when she fires up.
No one has mentioned packing the oil pump with Vaseline(petroleum jelly). Of course, this has to be done well before the stage that you are at now, but is very effective.
It works, because the oil pump is initially full of air, when the negative pressure it can generate may not be enough to lift cold, stiff, heavy oil up from the sump with any speed. Once the oil is there, the pump works on oil, not air, and is much more efficient. The Vaseline gives the pump 'something to work on', the negative pressure is much greater and the oil arrives without delay.
Vaseline, because it will stay in the pump while you finish the installation, and because it dissolves in engine oil much more easily than grease - you don't want globs of that in your oilways any more than you want blood clots going round your arteries!
I have done this ever since a brand new oil pump just wouldn't pick up and start pumping oil, and it works every time.
Remove the Distributor and the the dist drive gear. Get a 1/2" wooden dowel(6"-8"long), and cut a slot in one end. the slot should be not quite 1/8" wide, and about 1/4" deep. this will engage the oil pump shaft. Mount the dowel into a 1/2" drill, and then position the slotted end into the recess where the dist. drive gear was located. Ensure the direction of rotation on the drill is correct. It should rotate in the same direction as the distributor shaft. Then spin the shaft using the drill. A few seconds, and uou should have a noticable increase in resistance, indicating oil is present in the pump, continue as long as you like, but a 20 to 30 second interval should give you plenty of priming.
All of the other ideas mentioned are valid, but I am like you, I want to KNOW there is oil there for that first startup!
Yes you must have a clean block to do this. The trick is to have not more than 50 psi behind the oil being fed into the block. Be patient and the oil will ooze all through the system.
I had planned to use this process on my TR6 rebuild, but I really like the dowel in the oil pump idea from Mark.
I made a driver from steel to prime the oil pump and turned it down to fit in a 3/8 drill motor(4 amp). It works fine, but the resistance of the oil will cause the drill motor to become quite warm after a min. A wooden dowel may not be strong enough. Also,the one area that won't be lubed (the cam lobes) is probably the most critical. One of the benefits of using the oil filter adapter, is that it allows the filter to be filled with oil before starting. Even thogh it is comforting to see oil slobbering from the rocker arms and pressure on the gauge before starting, it ay not be worth the effort to remove the dist. and prime the pump.
Good stuff guys- Here's my question (1 day I actually plan on starting my rebuild). I plan on using the dist. method ,as I have a spin on oil filter is it a good idea to fill the filter with oil before I start the engine or probably before I start to turn the dist?
Always fill the oil filter even doing an oil change if its vertical on any car.
JohnDs pack method works well especialy on older reused pumps. Since the oil pump is the heart of the engine you had it checked, rebuilt or replaced right? Some rebuilders actually do this for insurance. Last pump out the door Friday on way to pub do exist.
I like to preprime and bench test before it goes into the car new or old. Nothing like pulling a motor when you can't get the pan off in the car to change a $40.00 new in GM'S case pump that won't prime?
Like Don K says, interesting stuff. Ok for the rest of us folk who have not done a rebuild but suffer from winter gravity any comments on starting sleeping beauty? I did not do an oil change last fall, so first will be an oil change and a fill of the filter. Mine is at about 45* angle facing forward so not able to do a complete fill. I did not think it was possible to have the filter facing straight down...correct??
Rick-I use the equivalent of a Fram ph3600 filter and it is almost vertical, maybe at 7 o'clock position.
I'm a little jealous of you in Hawaii no doubt a lot warmer than I am !!! It's going down to -15 tonight here !! BRRRRRRRRR.. Do you recall where you got your magnetic drain plug and the part # ?? I'm having a hard time here..I've been to the usual automotive places / suppliers but no-one has one that fits a TR6 and is magnetic.
I don't care if it's C or F, - 15 is COLD. I grew up in Florida. Moss has a magnetic plug - p/n 328-355. US$ 12.85.
OK guys somewhat up and down as opposed to the horizontal one sticking out the side. Put as much oil in as you can manage. Helps to prevent air gap.
Please fill me in why filters can't sit vertical as designed?
Charlie they don't work worth a damn. Your pump strainer and filter takes care of shavings. To be real fussy grab a rare earth chunk from P auto and slap it at the bottom back of your sump.2 bucks. If I new you were looking for that I could have given you one about an inch round you can't peel off with your fingers.
Not sure what you mean by 'no light' but the temperature and fuel gauge share a common green/lt green wire from the voltage stabilizer, which should be hot whenever the key is on. If you need to backtrack, the stabilizer on my '71 is mounted on the back of the speedo, at the top of the case.
Do you have any electrical items working from the dash. Turn signals /horn. Try to describe what works and what doesn't?
The most common thing with your problem is a bad ground? Do you have dash lights?
There is or should be a ground wire that bridges the coupling on your steering column at the bottom is it there.
Did you have the dash all apart let me know so I know were to start.
Sounds like your on the track will try to think on any others. Check ground and power those are pretty reliable. Sleep time here.
Did you find a solution to the ignition light problem? I have the same problem when I put a new wiring loom in after a conversion to RHD, everything electrical works and the alternator is charging but no ignition light [I checked the bulb].
As a last resort I was going to replace the bulb holder in case it is faulty but havn't done so yet.
I now at long last have a working ignition light. The alternator [Lucas 17acr] had a fourth terminal and the loom on a RHD car has a plug for only three terminals, I took the alternator to an auto electrician and he made an internal modification to do away with the fourth terminal and only charged £5.
Happyness is a cheap repair.
You know Peter, we usually leave repairs like that to the dark days of winter but since YOU DO NOT HAVE THAT PROBLEM. Our hearts bleeds for you. At least the six should have a good coat of wax while you wait and don't forget to clean the lei's out of the boot.


Edd's Supplies, Inc. Nitrates in Hail and Drought Stressed Crops - Edd's Supplies, Inc.
This year has provided above average precipitation for much of South Dakota, but there are still areas of the state that are classified in D0-D1 drought condition. As of July 29th, 28.89% of South Dakota is considered abnormally dry, with 3.61% being in a moderate drought. This may not be overly significant for some, but it means a change in management decisions for others. The other challenge in these areas and others is hail damage. Stressors such as drought and hail can increase nitrate levels in crops, resulting in a need to change how they are managed.
There are options available for use of stressed crops depending on the severity of the drought or hail. Evaluate the crop to determine which option is the most economical and will give the most opportunities to utilize the crop in the best manner possible.
Test the crop for nitrates to determine if it can safely be used as feed for livestock. SDSU Extension has a Nitrate Quick Test that will give a positive or negative result for nitrates. If positive, the sample needs to be sent to an analytical laboratory for a quantitative analysis to determine risk. Contact SDSU Extension to determine the nearest office providing the test. If there is little or no nitrate present, salvaging the crop as livestock forage would be an excellent choice.
Let the crop mature to see if it will produce grain or hay. If they will not produce adequate grain, many crops can be grazed if necessary precautions are taken (e.g. nitrates) and water and fencing are available.
If it won't make adequate grain and can't be grazed, harvest the crop for hay. Test for nitrates and have a feed analysis done to determine nutritional value for proper inclusion in a ration.
Harvest the forage for silage. If nitrates are present, the fermentation process will convert a portion of the nitrate into ammonia, thereby decreasing the overall risk, however it will not completely remove nitrate. It is critical that it is ensiled properly to ensure the best environment for fermentation. A rule of thumb is that 20-50% of the nitrate will be converted to ammonia if the process is done correctly. Always test the ensiled feed before feeding to livestock to ensure that nitrate levels are appropriate for the class of livestock.
Incorporate it into the soil to increase organic matter. This provides the least economic return in the short run, but has the potential for long term positive impacts on the field.
Precautions need to be taken when feeding forages that contain nitrates. Details about safety levels and utilizing feeds within different ranges of nitrate content are outlined in the Nitrate Poisoning of Livestock: Causes and Prevention publication.


Return line filters help retain the contamination generated during the system operation thus ensuring cleanliness and long life to the fluid and to the whole hydraulic system and are fitted downstream from all the components filtering the oil before it returns into the tank. Their function is keeping the required contamination level inside the tank (indirect protection of the components) and must be sized to have a high dirt holding capacity. They usually have filter elements by glass fibre (absolute filtration, ßx = 75) or by cellulose treated paper (nominal filtration, ßx = 2). Our stock tank mounted semi immersed filters (RFM) from our Sofima range which are suitable for stationary and mobile applications with port sizes ranging from 3/8" BSP to 2" BSP and flow rates between 5 L/min and 700 L/min. Tank top spin-on (MAR) which are mounted on top of the tank and are used on stationary power units and come with a by-pass as standard which protects the filter from pressure peaks and flow rate variation with ports sizes ranging from 3/4" BSP to 1 1/2" BSP and flow rates between 30 L/min and 205 L/min. Spin-on filters (AMF) which are designed for the filtration of hydraulic fluids and lubricating oils on power uints, off-line systems, agricultuiral and construction equipment with port sizes ranging 3/4" BSP to 1 1/2" BSP and flow rates between 30 L/min to 375 L/min. The replacement elements which suit our return filters are 10µ or 25µ cellulose paper as standard, but also available are steel wire mesh elements 60µ to 125µ and glass fibre elements ranging from 5µ to 21µ which are multi pass tested to achieve the acceptable beta ratio. Visual and electrical indicators are also available from stock.


text:
Henri-Frédéric Iselin, född den 15 december 1825 i Clairegoutte (Haute-Saône), död där den 30 mars 1905, var en fransk bildhuggare.

Iselin var lärjunge till Rude och utförde allegoriska bilder och framför allt porträttbyster. Bland hans arbeten märks Jean Goujon (1852), Murat (1853, Versailles), Eldens genius (1857, Louvren), Augustin Thierry (1864, Versailles), Napoleon III (1865, Corps législatif), General Lamoricière (1874) samt Claude Bernard (1879), de bägge sistnämnda i Versailles.

Källor

Externa länkar

Franska skulptörer under 1800-talet
Personer från Haute-Saône
Födda 1825
Avlidna 1905
Män
Ugglan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Very Rare, Low Mileage & Color!
ULTRA LOW MILES! ONLY 21K! 2002 Ford Thunderbird! LIKE NEW with Extra Clean Interior and Removable Hard Top! CARFAX shows no accidents, no damage, and last owned in California! WOW! Visit us online @ carzonereno.com! Or stop by! We now have 2 locations! 3250 Kietzke Lane and 2720 Kietzke Lane! Don't delay! Good Credit, Bad Credit, No Credit! NOBODY will work harder to get you financed! And yes! We'll take your used car, truck, or SUV for trade!


text:
Gulf Research Center | Home Page
info@grc.net +966126511999 |
GRC Overview
GRC 20 Years
Research & Analysis Programs
Executive Learning
GRC Fellowship
Gulf in A Year
Support GRC
GRC Login
GRC Registration
Please Enter Your Password To Proceed Checkout
In the presence of H.E. Dr. Nayef Falah M. Al-Hajraf - Secretary-General of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, the Secretariat General of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf and the Gulf Research Center (GRC) signed a memorandum of understanding
GRM 2022 CALL FOR PAPERS NOW OPEN
GRC WEBINAR
Dr. Abdulaziz Sager, Chairman of the Gulf Research Center, participated at the Global Think Tank Summit 2021 from 5-7 December
Dr. Abdulaziz Sager, Chairman of the GRC and Dr. Christian Koch, Director of Research participated in the 2021 Manama Dialogue Conference organized by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) held in Manama, Bahrain
Dr. Christian Koch, Director of Research spoke at the roundtable discussion on "Regional Security in the Gulf" organized by the Finnish Institute of International Affairs and held at the Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations in New York
GRC was founded in July 2000 by Dr. Abdulaziz Sager, a Saudi businessman. Dr. Sager's vision was to fill an important void and to conduct scholarly, high quality research on all aspects of the wider strategic Gulf region including the GCC countries as well as Iran, Iraq and Yemen.
GRC operates on an independent, non-profit basis. Its belief is that everyone has the right to access knowledge, so it has made all its research available to the general public through publications, workshops, seminars, and conferences.
To Overcome the Flaws of the JCPOA, a Gulf WMD Free Zone should be pursued
Date: 18 January, 2022
Writer: Mustafa Alani and Christian Koch
StartDate: 23 -July -2021
Latest Araa Arabic Issue Here
Post-Brexit Europe and UK: Policy Challenges Towards Iran and the GCC States
By: Geoffery Edwards, Abdullah Baabood, Diana Galeeva
Publication Date: November 24 , 2021
Publication Category: Books
Category: Announcement
January 13 , 2022
Tafahum 2nd Annual Conference: Security Roadmap for West Asia and the Arabian Peninsula
Digital Rountable Discussion: The Future of the Gulf Economies in the Age of Sparsity
First meeting in the dialogue series: regional perspectives on the future of Yemen
Register to Receive Updates
GRC On Twitter
This not supported twitter feed
Tweets by Gulf_Research
GRC Videos
30 Rayat Al-Itihad Steet (19)
Jeddah 21451
info@grc.net
© 2002 - 2022 GRC. All rights reserved.
The Gulf Research Center logo is a registered trademark of Gulf Research Center.
Refund and Cancellation / Privacy Policy / Sitemap

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Coronavirus: CAMRA supports Edinburgh and south east businesses.
THE Edinburgh and South East Scotland branch of consumer group CAMRA (the Campaign for Real Ale) has launched a new online service in a bid to support pubs and breweries during the coronavirus lockdown period.
A new section of the organisation's website (www.edinburghcamra.org.uk/covid19/) features breweries and venues in the Edinburgh, Midlothian, East Lothian and Scottish Borders regions which are currently offering home delivery or takeaway services.
CAMRA's national website also features a link to a virtual pub set up by the group as part of its #PullingTogether campaign, which it launched with the Society of Independent Brewers (SIBA) and online fundraising business Crowdfunder. Visitors to The Red (On)Lion pub can participate in group video conferences, pub quizzes and other online activities.
Society of Independent Brewers
Catherie Sheridan


text:
Antonio Ghislanzoni, italijanski libretist, pesnik in pisatelj, * 25. november 1824, Lecco, Italija, † 16. julij 1893, Caprino pri Bergamu, Italija.

Najbolj je znan po svojih opernih besedilih (napisal jih je več kot osemdeset). Med njimi izstopajo:
Aida (Verdi)
Moč usode (Verdi) - predelava besedila
Don Carlos (Verdi) - prevod besedila
Litovci (Ponchielli)
Salvator Rosa (Gomes)

Zunanje povezave

Italijanski pesniki
Italijanski pisatelji
Italijanski libretisti


NASHVILLE, Tenn., Oct. 19, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, Social3 officially announces the launch of SocialChimp, a social media automation tool for small business owners, after months of development.
SocialChimp is a self-service platform that empowers small business owners with the ability to enhance and expand social media presence, all without an agency. The platform will allow users to post new content automatically to Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter, customize the posting schedule, and an option to pay for social media advertising.
SocialChimp positions itself as one's new social media manager. Upon sign-up, users gain access to a simple, affordable, one-stop automated solution for managing and growing their Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn business profiles. Not only will participating social media pages gain momentum, but they will also keep one's audience engaged by emphasizing relevant regional content. SocialChimp's powerful AI engine finds and shares, so you don't have to.
"We know that working professionals want to spend their time doing what they do best and not have to worry about finding relevant, engaging content to post to their followers," says Matt Arceneaux, CEO of SocialChimp. "Our business is to engage users on social media for our customers. Plain and simple."
First and foremost, SocialChimp has focused on supporting businesses and entrepreneurs in the real estate realm. Connecting with agents and firms big and small, SocialChimp has proven successful in increasing engagement, following, and overall brand awareness for real estate professionals across the country. The company also plans to expand and support areas such as dentistry, financial planning, spa & beauty, and home repair.
To learn more about SocialChimp, visit socialchimp.com, or follow SocialChimp on Facebook or Twitter. You can also contact us at press@socialchimp.com.
SocialChimp is a privately-held social media technology company that is bringing innovation to the way business owners and social media professionals view the internet. It was founded in mid-2018 to provide a comprehensive solution to mainstreaming businesses social media management. SocialChimp's goal has always been to help small businesses elevate their presence online, without the high cost of an agency. The company is headquartered in Franklin, TN.


text:
Spatial Frames
Final Project, by Zach Tomaszewski
for LING 640G, Fall 2002, taught by Dr. Ben Bergen
Categorization of Spatial Prepositions
Bounded Space
Qualified Bounded Space
Complex Positions
Only Captures Superficial Meanings
Only Relevant to English Prepositions
Support of Other Studies
Very Fuzzy Boundaries
Metonymy, Metaphor, and Construal
Creation Verses Application
Prepositions or Their Objects?
A number of conceptual metaphors are based on space. Many of these are very basic: HAPPY IS UP, LONG PURPOSEFUL EVENTS ARE JOURNEYS, and the Location dual of the Event Structure metaphor, in which time and events are understood in spatial terms. Motion, which is distance traveled over time (both of which are understood in terms of space), is also part of a number of metaphors and frames, such as the source-path-goal frame. Obviously, our conception of space has a broad and profound impact on our understanding of many different realms. Yet what is this notion of "space" that is being mapped? What are the elements that structure so much of our thought?
It seems that space is a frame. A frame is a system of concepts in which you have to understand the whole to understand one of the concepts (Bergen, Sept 2002). Space invokes many vague notions--position, distance, direction, extension, substance, void, etc. Webster's states that it is "distance extending in all directions; the continuous expanse extending in all directions... within which all things exist; the distance, expanse, or area between, over, within, etc. things" (Guralnik 1980).
To look closer at this frame, I chose to analyze spatial prepositions. This is a closed class of linguistic forms, meaning that it very rarely receives new members. (Regier 1996, p.19). Spatial prepositions have been used by other investigators (Manning, Sera, & Pick 2002; Regier 1996; Lakoff 1987) as a way to study spatial conceptions.
From a number of websites (grammer.englishclub.com; selfstudybooks.com; cats-family.com), I compiled a long list of over 130 English "prepositions" (some of them could only barely be considered prepositions). The following 42 of them were primarily spatial in nature:
amid(st)
among(st)
near (to)
on top of/atop
outside (of)
toward(s)
Each of these small words could be the subject of a paper this length, and indeed many have been. Yet, even with only a superficial investigation, it seems that these spatial prepositions lend themselves to further organization.
Upon reflection, I found that some prepositions were primarily related to motion--such as to and from--while others are primarily used to describe position--such as at or above. Additionally, some are primarily used in relation to points, spaces, and objects.
This categorization exhibits strong prototypical structure. That is, the categories display varying degrees of membership, have fuzzy boundaries, and have central members that best represent each category (Lakoff 1987, p.56). Yet, even if the boundaries are fuzzy, I believe the basic groupings are correct. I tried to restrict myself to literal uses of the words. Their metaphorical and metonymic use--which further blurs the lines of this categorization--is discussed more later.
Here follows the categorization of these 42 spatial prepositions.
Some spatial prepositions seem most suited to describing position relative to a point. By point I mean a definite and precise position, with no size, shape or extension (Guralnik 1980).
At is the most central /prototypical of these. Beyond is the fuzziest member.
The following propositions apply to some particular space. The space does not need to be surrounded by a solid or objective border, but it does have to have some sense of boundary that defines it. A desert does not have a clear border, though there is still an "in" the desert and an "out" of the desert. Lawns and fields usually have clearer borders, even if they do not have a fence around them and neighbor only another lawn or field.
The qualifier here is that the space must have a surface. Something can be located on or off a horizontal surface, such as a train platform. Or something can be on or off a vertical surface, such as a picture on a wall. (We rarely use off in the position sense; more frequent is off's motion-oriented counter part, off of. See below). There is only a slight difference between a bounded space with a surface and an object, except perhaps that surfaces are primarily two-dimensional while objects are fully three-dimensional.
An object is a material thing, something that can be seen or touched and occupies space (Guralnik 1980). It usually has a clear, three-dimensional shape. Many of these prepositions require such a solid object.
atop/on top of
The last half of the list is a little less clear-cut than the first. "I have a sprinkler system installed underneath my lawn." "From Waikiki Beach, Diamond Head can be seen behind Kapiolani Park." It could be said that lawns and parks are more like spaces than objects. While this is true, I also think these sentences are very slightly strange, that they imply a slight object nature to the lawn and the park. I think finding things underneath stones and behind buildings is more typical.
The following require multiple objects or spaces.
(in) between
Between generally takes two objects. Among takes a collection of objects. Amid is a little hazier than among, since you can be amid-ship, which only takes one object. Across from takes a space (though usually an implied, unstated one) and an object or point.
So far we've looked primarily at static position. Yet about half of spatial prepositions imply motion.
These are the most general motion prepositions, describing motion relative to some point.
These imply a generic, bounded space.
These imply motion relative to a bounded space with certain characteristics.
Along is like moving through a space by traveling down its longer longitudinal axis. Across means traveling through the space via the shorter latitudinal axis. A good example is the difference between walking along a corridor and walking across it.
The qualifier here is that the space must have/be a surface, usually vertical. You can climb up or down a vertical surface. You can also walk up or down the road.
off of
Onto and off of are frequently used with surfaces. They possibly belong in that category, though, as I've mentioned, the difference between space with a material surface and an object is frequently unclear. Over, under, and around can be used with spaces--over the field, under the lawn, or around the park--but I think they are more frequently used with objects.
This chart summarizes the above categorizations. In general, the prepositions on the left, dealing with points and spaces, can apply to some objects. Less frequently can the surface and object prepositions on the right be used to describe points and spaces.
Discussion: Is it really that simple?
Probably by this point you've raised a number of your own objections to this categorization.
For one, this classification is based on superficial meanings. These prepositions encode much more detail than shown here. For example, on the surface, to and towards are the same--motion in a direction. Yet towards is just "in that direction," while to implies reaching the destination (Bergen, Dec 2002). Similarly, through and across both deal with crossing a space. Yet through signifies a more immersive journey, perhaps slowed down by the medium of the space. Across is simply passing from one side to the other (Bergen, Dec 2002). Within and throughout also describe the position of a certain state of affairs as being in a space: within means it is entirely contained by the borders of the space, while throughout focuses on the fact that it is present through the whole space. Forward of and behind are not absolute. If a the ball is behind the car, it may be that the ball is positioned nearest the rear, trunk side of the car. This is behind from the car point-of-view. Or it may be that the ball is positioned such that the car is between the ball and the observer. This is the observer point-of-view. (Bergen, Dec 2002; Regier 1996 p.29)
These differences are important to note in order to understand the meaning of these prepositions. Yet I don't think recognizing these finer distinctions changes their position in the classification. To and towards still deal with motion in the direction of a location. Through, across, within, and throughout are still more relevant to spaces than points or objects. Forward of and behind are still stating the position of one object (ball) in relation to another (car).
I have looked here at only English prepositions. Guugu Yimithirr, an Australian language, relies largely on an absolute coordinate system. The Mexican language Mixtec spatially maps things in body-part terms. Thus a stone under a table would be said to be "belly-table". German differentiates between the two senses of English's on: when something is on a horizontal surface verses a vertical surface. Russian has iz-pod, meaning "out-from-underneath" (Regier 1996 p.21-26). I cannot say how much use the divisions of static verses dynamic and point verses space verses object would be in each of these languages. I suspect it would be useful in most cases, but probably not all.
There are many other empirical studies of spatial prepositions. One that I know of tested over 300 pairs of prepositions, asking subject to rank the similarity of the two words. The rankings were then analyzed using the SPSS Scaling MDS module, producing a 4 dimensional solution. The four dimensions found were: Verticality, Containment, Distance, and Contact. Verticality and Containment were the most reliable dimensions, closely followed by Distance. A Front/Back dimension was relevant to some of the experiments. It is claimed that these dimensions are evidence of the organizational framework underlying English prepositions (Manning, Sera, & Pick, 2002).
I have already discussed how many prepositions encode extra information beyond what is captured by the categories posited here. Certainly Verticality and Distance are part of this. Containment is much like the category of Bounded Space. Yet, beyond this one slight similarity, the categories created here do not specifically coincide the findings of Manning, Sera & Pick.
The fuzzy, prototypical nature of the classification is also a little worrisome. There is an exceptional use for nearly every preposition, which suggests that it should be classified elsewhere. For example, beside implies something with a side, such as an object. But it could also be used with a surface or even a space. Over is usually over an object, but could also be over a space. When a preposition is centered in one category, but can still apply to nearly any other, the categorization is not terribly useful. Also, determining which is the "core", "central", or "primary" meaning for each of these words is exceedingly difficult. This is largely due to the multiple meanings supplied by context and metonymy.
A number of studies have looked at the effects of context on the meaning of prepositions.
Coventry and Mather have taken another look at over (2002). In a number of experiments, they asked subjects to determine when one object was over a second. Without a context, most subjects chose the graphic with the first object directly above the second. However, within the context of a plane dropping a bomb on a target, a greater number of subjects chose the graphic in which the plane was above and to left of the target.
Jording and Wachsmuth have demonstrated the difficult of communicating a relative position to another person (2002). This is much like the "behind the car" confusion discussed above. In one of their examples, a bowl is sitting on a desk in front of another person, who is facing the speaker. The desk is at an angle to both people. If the speaker says, "Move the bowl to the left," it can be interpreted three ways: to the speaker's left, to the other person's left (speaker's right), or left along the desk. These findings further illustrate how direction and position are relative to the context.
This categorization effort does not consider these effects of context, which may or may not influence certain prepositions' classification.
Metonymy, Metaphor, Construal: The Problem with Objects
Probably the biggest difficulty of classifying prepositions is that each has so many uses. For example, at seems, at first, to be the perfect central member of those prepositions that designate position at a point. Yet at can imply motion, as in "I threw the ball at John." Not only does this imply motion, but the prepositional object of at is John, who is more object than point. We could salvage things a little by saying that the object John is being used to metonymically refer to the point at which John is located. This initially seems suspect.
But we should not ignore metonymy in prepositional objects so quickly. Metonymy is exceedingly prevalent, especially in describing space. A good example is that of the word corner (Tomaszewski 2002). Corner exhibits a radial category of different meanings:
literal point
the point where two sides or edges of a shape or object meet to form a single point. The two sides generally form an internal angle of 90 degrees. However, we usually focus on the outside of the shape (the complementary 270 degree angle).
bounded internal space
In this sense, we are referring only to the internal space, near the corner, bounded by the edges. We are not referring to the point or the edges per se.
This sense is used when an object or goal is obscured by a large physical corner. The corner is often formed by the walls of a building, either indoors or outdoors.
Now we can see how prepositions from nearly any spatial preposition category can be used with corner as their object. Literally, a corner is a point. Yet it is also part of an object. It also has a space bounded by the internal 90 degree of the corner, and another area around the external angle. Confusion results when we think a corner is an example of a point, but are actually metonymically referring to a space or object.
Corner has a number of metaphorical uses, such as "He's always in my corner when things get rough," "The cat cornered the mouse," and "Good times are surely just around the corner" (Tomaszewski 2002). Like metonymy, metaphor can also confuse the sense of a prepositional object.
Construal, in the form of fictive motion, is also confusing: "The wires run underneath the carpet." This is a case of position, not of motion. The wires don't actually move.
Related to corner's rife metonymy is the distinction between creating the spatial categories and using them. During the creation process, seemingly similar subjects don't use the same prepositions. For example, deserts and oceans are pretty similar--broad, horizontal, possibly inhospitable areas of the Earth's surface. Yet we are in a desert and on an ocean. Unless we're swimming; then we're in an ocean. Yet we're under water as soon as we duck our heads below the surface, and not under the ocean until we (very nearly) reach the rocky bottom of the ocean floor.
This is confusing when classifying prepositions. However, once we have them classified, the revealed structure can be useful in determining the source of this initial confusion. With water, you can be on, in, or under it. This is like a surface or qualified bounded space. Oceans, if anything, are even more object-oriented. You can be on, in, or under one, as well as have a bungalow beside it. Deserts don't have these characteristics. You can't be on a desert. Being under it is rare. Going through a desert is more common than going through an ocean. A desert is more like a simple bounded space, with few object properties.
The graph of the prepositions is especially helpful in this sort of exercise. Looking broadly, one can determine where along the x-axis a certain object best fits.
This raises the question: are we categorizing prepositions or prepositional objects here? We are categorizing prepositions based on whether they encode motion or position, and whether they are primarily used with points, spaces, or objects as their prepositional objects. The category of the prepositions is determined by the nature of their acceptable objects.
So what have we achieved through this process of categorizing spatial prepositions? We have created a structure that sheds some light on the nature of these prepositions, and what sorts of prepositional objects can be used with each. However, upon deeper examination, it is found that this structure is rife with problems. The categories tell us only a couple aspects of English spatial prepositions. The application of the findings is restricted by the extremely fuzzy boundaries between categories, by the context of any particular application, and by the metonymy of the prepositional objects. Some of these deficiencies could be minimized through further research.
The goal of this study, from which we wandered a bit, was to gain a better understanding the space frame itself. It is now rather unclear whether some prior, relatively unconscious notion of the frame has prompted the categories generated here, or whether the categories have inductively revealed, through prepositions, the real elements of the frame.
Further empirical study would reveal whether these spatial preposition categories are widely shared. This would support the notion that they tell us much about the space frame. Also, there may be a way to study the frame more directly. However, because it is so basic, abstract, and widespread, I imagine any study of it will be plagued by similar ambiguities and contexts.
Here are some of the elements of the space frame revealed by this endeavor:
Space is composed of points.
Locations can be points, spaces, or objects (This may be a case of metonymy, where the thing/substance in that location stands for the location point).
Spaces with boundaries (which may not be exactly physical) have a unique identity of their own.
Some bounded spaces have additional features relevant to language, such as its dimensions or the nature of its composing medium.
Spaces with features are very similar to objects. Objects have more features (like, frequently, a 3rd dimension).
A location is frequently stated in terms of a direction relative to some other location.
Sometimes direction (top, bottom, front, back, "belly") is relative to the object's perceived nature. This depends on us being able to recognize different sides of an object.
Sometimes direction is relative to a human observer, which may or may not be the speaker. Understanding requires that we realize the speaker's intended viewpoint.
Sometimes direction is absolute (north, south, east, west). This implies an absolute coordinate system.
Sometimes directions are given in terms of our bodies' position (left, right, up, down). This depends on us have bodies with different sides, and being able to perceive gravity or other vertical orientation.
Bergen, Ben. Class lecture. Linguistics 640G. University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI. 24 Sept 2002.
Bergen, Ben. Conversation with Zach Tomaszewski. Moore Hall 581 (Office), University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI. 12 December 2002.
"Cats Family - Grammar - English - Prepositions." <http://www.cats-family.com/grammar/english/english/Prepos.shtml> Accessed: 4 Dec 2002.
Coventry, Kenny R. and Gayna Mather. "The Real Story of 'Over'?" Spatial Language. Eds. Kenny R. Coventry and Patrick Olivier. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Guralnik, David B., ed. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. Second College Edition. USA: William Collins Publishers, 1980.
J�rding, Tanja, and Ipke Wachsmuth. "An Anthropomorphic Agent for the Use of Spatial Language." Spatial Language. Eds. Kenny R. Coventry and Patrick Olivier. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
"A list of the most important prepositions in English." <http://www.selfstudybooks.com/preposition_tip1.shtml> Accessed: 4 Dec 2002.
Manning, Christina, Maria D. Sera, & Herbert L. Pick, Jr. "Understanding How We Think about Space." Spatial Language. Eds. Kenny R. Coventry and Patrick Olivier. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
"Preposition List." <http://grammar.englishclub.com/prepositions-list.htm> Accessed: 4 Dec 2002.
"Prepositions." <http://gold.rajabhat.edu/learn/1500103/ Grammar/preposition/Mainpreposition.htm> Accessed: 4 Dec 2002.
Regier, Terry. The Human Semantic Potential: Spatial Language and Constrained Connectionism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
Tomaszewski, Zach. "Assignment 2: Radial Categories and Frames." <http://www2.hawaii.edu/~ztomasze/ling640/assign2.html> 04 Oct 2002.
~ztomasze Index: CIS: Project -- Spatial Frames


text:
Daru's Transformation
Daru's Transformation in "The Guest"
Throughout the story "The Guest" by Albert Camus, Daru's challenges and responsibilities, put on him by society, allow him to change from a man of great respect to his society, to a man who relies on his own choices to bring out his true character. Daru's transformation was influenced by the choices he made throughout the story and his moral decisions on how to take on the responsibility of the Arab.
In the beginning of the story, Balducci comes and gives Daru the responsibility to take the Arab in and bring him to jail. Daru took on this responsibility with great respect to his society and the French Government. It was his duty to bring the Arab into justice. Daru's relationship with Balducci was one major transformation that occurred in the story. Balducci said that if he brought the prisoner to justice that "all will be over; you'll come back to your pupils and your comfortable life." Daru respected Balducci a lot, but he was not going to let Balducci influence his descisions. Balducci began to feel that Daru was being disloyal to him, and this made him angry. All the decisions that Daru decided to take on later in the story, was his own decisions and not those influenced by those made prior, such as Balduccis.
Daru's attachment to the place he lived, and the people that surrounded him was another thing that changed during the story. The Arabs that surrounded him in his society were counting on him to bring the prisoner to justice. However, Daru went against his respect and duties to his society, and was very kind to the Arab. He treated him civil and provided him with a place to sleep, food to eat, and a home where he could be comfortable. Daru knew it was wrong. The Arab had commited a very serious crime. Daru knew that result this could have on him. He could have died for not handing the prisoner over; however, he took the risk anyways.
Daru has always been an independent person. He felt uncomfortable at first sharing a room with the Arab, however, he never let it show. Daru was very kind to the Arab, even though the Arab never seemed to give him the time of day. When Daru would ask the Arab questions, he would respond by looking away. Daru never asked once about what he did or the murder of his cousin. This is a transformation because Daru went from an independent man, with a duty to bring this Arab to justice, to a respectable man to the Arab who brought him in and treated him like a "brother".
Daru would have been doing the society he lived in a favor by handing in the Arab because with a responsibility to the French government, this was his duty. The decisions he made between what is right and what is wrong influenced his change of character. Daru has always lived his life with utmost respect for the society he lives in, and his fellow Frenchman. He was looked upon by the Arabs around him as a school teacher, and a man with power to bring justice. However, we see Daru change, and his true character come out, when he makes the decision to treat the Arab with respect, as others have usually done to him.
"This will certify that the above work is completely original" Rebecca Smyth
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallow
By Celine Li SILVER
New City, New York
Celine Li SILVER, New City, New York
The Last Chance Texaco


text:
package com.ychstudio.screens;

import box2dLight.RayHandler;
import com.badlogic.ashley.core.Engine;
import com.badlogic.gdx.Gdx;
import com.badlogic.gdx.Input;
import com.badlogic.gdx.Screen;
import com.badlogic.gdx.audio.Sound;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.Color;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.GL20;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.OrthographicCamera;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.BitmapFont;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.Sprite;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.SpriteBatch;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.TextureAtlas;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.TextureRegion;
import com.badlogic.gdx.maps.tiled.TiledMap;
import com.badlogic.gdx.maps.tiled.TmxMapLoader;
import com.badlogic.gdx.maps.tiled.renderers.OrthogonalTiledMapRenderer;
import com.badlogic.gdx.math.MathUtils;
import com.badlogic.gdx.math.Vector2;
import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.Box2DDebugRenderer;
import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.World;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.Stage;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.ui.Label;
import com.badlogic.gdx.utils.viewport.FitViewport;
import com.ychstudio.PacMan;
import com.ychstudio.b2dworldutils.WorldContactListener;
import com.ychstudio.builders.WorldBuilder;
import com.ychstudio.gamesys.GameManager;
import com.ychstudio.systems.AnimationSystem;
import com.ychstudio.systems.GhostSystem;
import com.ychstudio.systems.MovementSystem;
import com.ychstudio.systems.PillSystem;
import com.ychstudio.systems.PlayerSystem;
import com.ychstudio.systems.RenderSystem;
import com.ychstudio.systems.StateSystem;

public class PlayScreen implements Screen {

    private final float WIDTH = 19.0f;
    private final float HEIGHT = 23.0f;

    private final PacMan game;
    private SpriteBatch batch;

    private FitViewport viewport;
    private OrthographicCamera camera;

    private Engine engine;

    private AnimationSystem animationSystem;
    private GhostSystem ghostSystem;
    private MovementSystem movementSystem;
    private PillSystem pillSystem;
    private PlayerSystem playerSystem;
    private RenderSystem renderSystem;
    private StateSystem stateSystem;

    private TiledMap tiledMap;
    private OrthogonalTiledMapRenderer tiledMapRenderer;

    private BitmapFont font;
    private FitViewport stageViewport;
    private Stage stage;

    private Label scoreLabel;
    private Label highScoreLabel;

    private Label gameOverLabel;

    private StringBuilder stringBuilder;

    private World world;
    private Box2DDebugRenderer box2DDebugRenderer;
    private boolean showBox2DDebuggerRenderer;

    private Sprite pacmanSprite;

    private RayHandler rayHandler;

    private float ambientLight = 0.5f;

    private boolean changeScreen;
    private float changeScreenCountDown = 2.0f;

    public PlayScreen(PacMan game) {
        this.game = game;
        this.batch = game.batch;
    }

    @Override
    public void show() {
        camera = new OrthographicCamera();
        viewport = new FitViewport(WIDTH, HEIGHT, camera);
        camera.translate(WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2);
        camera.update();

        batch = new SpriteBatch();

        playerSystem = new PlayerSystem();
        ghostSystem = new GhostSystem();
        movementSystem = new MovementSystem();
        pillSystem = new PillSystem();
        animationSystem = new AnimationSystem();
        renderSystem = new RenderSystem(batch);
        stateSystem = new StateSystem();

        engine = new Engine();
        engine.addSystem(playerSystem);
        engine.addSystem(ghostSystem);
        engine.addSystem(pillSystem);
        engine.addSystem(movementSystem);
        engine.addSystem(stateSystem);
        engine.addSystem(animationSystem);
        engine.addSystem(renderSystem);

        // box2d
        world = new World(Vector2.Zero, true);
        world.setContactListener(new WorldContactListener());
        box2DDebugRenderer = new Box2DDebugRenderer();
        showBox2DDebuggerRenderer = false;

        // box2d light
        rayHandler = new RayHandler(world);
        rayHandler.setAmbientLight(ambientLight);

        // load map
        tiledMap = new TmxMapLoader().load("map/map.tmx");
        tiledMapRenderer = new OrthogonalTiledMapRenderer(tiledMap, 1 / 16f, batch);

        new WorldBuilder(tiledMap, engine, world, rayHandler).buildAll();

        stageViewport = new FitViewport(WIDTH * 20, HEIGHT * 20);
        stage = new Stage(stageViewport, batch);

        font = new BitmapFont(Gdx.files.internal("fonts/army_stencil.fnt"));
        Label.LabelStyle labelStyle = new Label.LabelStyle(font, Color.WHITE);

        Label scoreTextLabel = new Label("SCORE", labelStyle);
        scoreTextLabel.setPosition(WIDTH * 1, HEIGHT * 19);
        stage.addActor(scoreTextLabel);

        Label hightScoreTextLabel = new Label("High Score", labelStyle);
        hightScoreTextLabel.setPosition(WIDTH * 14, HEIGHT * 19);
        stage.addActor(hightScoreTextLabel);

        scoreLabel = new Label("0", labelStyle);
        scoreLabel.setPosition(WIDTH * 1.5f, HEIGHT * 18.2f);
        stage.addActor(scoreLabel);

        highScoreLabel = new Label("0", labelStyle);
        highScoreLabel.setPosition(WIDTH * 16.5f, HEIGHT * 18.2f);
        stage.addActor(highScoreLabel);

        gameOverLabel = new Label("              - Game Over -\n Press Enter to continue", labelStyle);
        gameOverLabel.setPosition(WIDTH * 4.3f, HEIGHT * 9f);
        gameOverLabel.setVisible(false);
        stage.addActor(gameOverLabel);

        TextureAtlas textureAtlas = GameManager.instance.assetManager.get("images/actors.pack", TextureAtlas.class);
        pacmanSprite = new Sprite(new TextureRegion(textureAtlas.findRegion("Pacman"), 16, 0, 16, 16));
        pacmanSprite.setBounds(8f, 21.5f, 16 / GameManager.PPM, 16 / GameManager.PPM);

        stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();

        changeScreen = false;
    }

    private void handleInput() {
        if (Gdx.input.isKeyJustPressed(Input.Keys.B)) {
            showBox2DDebuggerRenderer = !showBox2DDebuggerRenderer;
        }

        if (GameManager.instance.isGameOver() && Gdx.input.isKeyJustPressed(Input.Keys.ENTER)) {
            changeScreen = true;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void render(float delta) {
        handleInput();

        Gdx.gl.glClearColor(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
        Gdx.gl.glClear(GL20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

        tiledMapRenderer.setView(camera);
        tiledMapRenderer.render();

        batch.setProjectionMatrix(camera.combined);
        if (changeScreen) {
            playerSystem.setProcessing(false);
            ghostSystem.setProcessing(false);
            movementSystem.setProcessing(false);
        } else {
            world.step(1 / 60f, 8, 3);
        }
        engine.update(delta);

        rayHandler.setCombinedMatrix(camera);
        rayHandler.updateAndRender();

        batch.begin();
        for (int i = 0; i < GameManager.instance.playerLives - 1; i++) {
            pacmanSprite.setPosition(8 + i, 21.5f);
            pacmanSprite.draw(batch);
        }
        batch.end();

        if (showBox2DDebuggerRenderer) {
            box2DDebugRenderer.render(world, camera.combined);
        }

        // update score
        stringBuilder.setLength(0);
        if (GameManager.instance.displayScore < GameManager.instance.score) {
            GameManager.instance.displayScore = Math.min(GameManager.instance.score, GameManager.instance.displayScore + (int) (600 * delta));
        }
        scoreLabel.setText(stringBuilder.append(GameManager.instance.displayScore));
        stringBuilder.setLength(0);
        if (GameManager.instance.displayHighScore < GameManager.instance.highScore) {
            GameManager.instance.displayHighScore = Math.min(GameManager.instance.highScore, GameManager.instance.displayHighScore + (int) (600 * delta));
        }
        highScoreLabel.setText(stringBuilder.append(GameManager.instance.displayHighScore));
        if (GameManager.instance.isGameOver() && !changeScreen) {
            gameOverLabel.setVisible(true);
        } else {
            gameOverLabel.setVisible(false);
        }
        stage.draw();

        if (GameManager.instance.totalPills <= 0 && !changeScreen) {
            GameManager.instance.assetManager.get("sounds/clear.ogg", Sound.class).play();
            changeScreen = true;
        }

        if (changeScreen) {
            changeScreenCountDown -= delta;
            if (changeScreenCountDown <= 1) {
                // fade out effect
                ambientLight -= delta;
                rayHandler.setAmbientLight(MathUtils.clamp(ambientLight, 0f, 1f));
                rayHandler.removeAll();
            }

            if (changeScreenCountDown <= 0) {
                GameManager.instance.resetGame(GameManager.instance.playerLives <= 0);
                game.setScreen(new PlayScreen(game));
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void resize(int width, int height) {
        viewport.update(width, height);
        stageViewport.update(width, height);
    }

    @Override
    public void pause() {
    }

    @Override
    public void resume() {
    }

    @Override
    public void hide() {
        dispose();
    }

    @Override
    public void dispose() {
        font.dispose();
        stage.dispose();
        rayHandler.dispose();
        tiledMap.dispose();
        tiledMapRenderer.dispose();
        world.dispose();
        box2DDebugRenderer.dispose();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Category Archives: First Nations
Finding a Voice
Posted on September 13, 2022 by Content in Context
Australia's Prime Minister recently announced his Government's plans to hold a national referendum on the "Indigenous Voice to Parliament". The Voice is a key outcome from the Uluru Statement from the Heart, and the path towards Treaty and Truth. It will require amendments to the Australian Constitution. The inevitable debate about the detail, purpose and scope to be enshrined in the Voice has now been heightened by the death of Queen Elizabeth II, and related issues of Australia's pre- and post-colonial history, the experience of Federation and the fate of the Republican movement.
NAIDOC guide to Indigenous place names in Australia (image sourced from SBS)
One of the first comments in the wake of the Prime Minister's announcement came from the Green Party, who indicated that their support for the Voice would be conditional on there being a Treaty first. Indeed, Greens Senator Lidia Thorpe called the proposed referendum "a waste of money", indicating that she wanted to see a Treaty with Indigenous Australians before any talk of a Republic. Since the Queen's death, it seems the Senator has changed her mind, and is now calling for both a Treaty and a Republic. But the Prime Minister has determined that the first order of business for his Government is the Voice, and that the Republican debate is not for his first term in office.
The question to be presented in the Referendum will be:
"Do you support an alteration to the Constitution that establishes an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice?"
And the proposed additions to the Constitution would read something like this:
1.There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
2.The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to Parliament and the Executive Government on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.
3.The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to the composition, functions, powers and procedures of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
While refusing to be drawn on the precise details of the Voice, the Prime Minister has defined what it is NOT going to be: "Not a third chamber, not a rolling veto, not a blank cheque." Meanwhile, two bodies have been appointed to prepare for the Referendum proposal and implementation: the Referendum Working Group, and the Referendum Engagement Group, whose terms of reference are not entirely clear – and Senator Thorpe complained that the appointees "did not represent First Nations voices".
Given the history of Referendums in Australia (most notably the failure of the Republican Movement to secure a "Yes" vote in 1999), it's understandable that people are either wary about the form of the question and/or the Constitutional amendments, or are concerned about the apparent lack of detail that the Government has so far provided on the remit of the Voice. There is a possibility that the electorate votes "Yes" in the Referendum, but that agreement cannot be reached on the changes to the Constitution, or the structure of the Voice. So it's understandable that some people are seeking more detail, or at least more clarity.
Whatever the sequence of events (Voice, Treaty, Republic?), it's going to be a complicated process. For example, putting the Republic before the Voice may mean that the latter becomes redundant, assuming the Republican Constitution embeds principles such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. And Treaty before Republic would mean that the agreement(s) would be between the First Nations people and the Australian Constitutional Monarchy, whose Head of State is now King Charles III.
Perhaps that is the point – the formal process of healing, reconciliation and reparation cannot be meaningfully done without some involvement by the British Crown, in whose name Indigenous lands were appropriated in 1788. But does that potentially "absolve" Australia's post-Federation Governments and Administrations from any responsibility for the act of British colonisation? Since Federation in 1901, Australia has had ample opportunity to make amends. It is no longer possible to suggest that any change to the Australian Constitution would require Royal Assent by the King or Queen in person – the purely ceremonial role of the British Monarchy in respect to Australia's domestic affairs has always been predicated on the advice from both the Governor General (who serves as the Monarch's local representative, and who gives Royal Assent to Australian Acts of Parliament), and Australia's own government ministers and civil servants. In any event, it's long been understood that the Crown would not prevent Australia becoming a Republic; in effect, the Crown could not intervene in any Constitutional amendment. Such a change is entirely a matter for the Australian Parliament.
The Westminster Act of 1931 confirmed that Australia is an independent state able to form its own foreign policy and defence free from British control; and the Australia Act 1986 formally severed all remaining legal ties between Australia and the United Kingdom except for the Monarchy. So a Treaty with Indigenous peoples could have been possible since 1901 when the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act came into force, heralding Federation. (Interestingly, King Charles III has had to be proclaimed by the Federal Government, and by each State – which might suggest the need for multiple Treaties?)
Another argument against embodying the Voice within the framework of the current Australian Constitutional Monarchy is because it would appear to "ratify" colonisation, and thereby imply Sovereignty had been granted (retrospectively?) to the Crown, which would therefore negate the need for Treaty. Indeed, the whole point of Treaty is to re-assert that Indigenous Sovereignty was never ceded, and that unlike other British colonies such as Canada and New Zealand, the British Crown has never attempted to negotiate any form of direct agreement with the Indigenous Nations of Australia.
Alternatively, Associate Professor Hannah McGlade has stated that a national Treaty needs a national body to negotiate (hence a key purpose of the Voice). Further, she argues that Aboriginal Sovereignty relates to the "right to shape the national dialogue" on issues of primary concern to the Indigenous population. While not quite equating to full self-determination, it does provide a persuasive argument in favour of establishing the Voice to Parliament.
Finally, some other factors to consider as we move through this multi-faceted debate on Treaty, the Republic, and defining Australia's post-colonial, post-Federation and post-Monarchy identity:
1. A Republic is no guarantee of getting Treaty right – indeed, look at the number of republics that have ridden rough-shod over their own indigenous and minority peoples – oppression and dictatorship is not the preserve of monarchs and emperors.
2. There is the question of how Crown land in Australia will be resolved, both in relation to Treaty, and the Republic. This would include the commercial arrangements for agriculture, mining and tourism, as well as land development and construction.
3. Inconsistencies in how Indigenous people are acknowledged at public events, meetings and in other similar settings. Here in Victoria, we are very used to some statement of recognition towards Indigenous nations and the traditional custodians of the land, along with their elders past, present and emerging. On my recent trip the Kimberley, I was surprised that no such formal statements were made when visiting culturally significant landmarks, usually under the direction of official tour guides, including National Parks. Not that there was an absence of awareness, knowledge or public signage, but I had expected there might have been a more vocal expression from some of our hosts.
4. Despite the need for a cohesive approach to the Voice and Treaty, it would be a mistake to view the Indigenous populations and their respective Nations as an homogenous entity. Even within Indigenous communities, as in any society, there are differences and inconsistencies. So there will be different demands placed on those charged with navigating the Voice, and negotiating Treaty. But a speedy outcome should not preclude the establishment of a solid consensus. After all, what's 240 years compared to 50,000?
Next time: Recap…
Posted in Change Management, Constitution, Current Affairs, Democracy, First Nations, Government, Indigenous, Politics, Society | Tagged #Australia, #constitution, #Content in Context, #Indigenous Voice to Parliament, #Referendum, #republic, #Treaty | Leave a reply


With the listed property sector having grown from a market capitalisation of R5-billion in 2001 to approximately R230-billion in just 13 years, contributing approximately 6% of the country's GDP according to the Bureau of Economic Research, it's clear that the commercial property market (including office, retail and industrial properties) is big business.
Estienne de Klerk, group executive of Growthpoint, president of the South African Property Owners' Association (Sapoa) and chairman of the South African Real Estate Investment Trust (Sareit) Association's tax and regulations committee, says that the sector is strong despite the economy's sluggish 1.9% growth rate. Closely involved with creating the new real estate investment trust (Reit) recently adopted by the JSE, De Klerk adds that one of the biggest challenges that the industry faces is a raft of proposed new legislation — more than 90 bills that will directly or indirectly affect South Africa's commercial property industry were reviewed last year by Sapoa.
"The good news is that the Reit legislation recognises property as a separate asset class, which will help to boost local and foreign investment in South African real estate," De Klerk says.
Although the office market has some massive projects coming on line in the next five years, De Klerk believes that the retail sector is likely to be slow as it comes under increasing pressure from interest rate growth — which he expects to be up to 250 basis points in the next three years.
"South Africa is quite well serviced in the retail space, and is urbanising at a remarkable pace, but there are a few large developments currently under construction in Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth. Apart from these, the sector is likely to consolidate for a while, rather than seeing the rapid growth that it has enjoyed in recent years," he says.
The industrial sector — warehousing, manufacturing and logistics sites — is the best-performing sector, according to De Klerk, with national vacancy rates below 5% at present. Although the manufacturing sector is slowing, logistics and warehousing are experiencing significant demand (even though supply has not kept pace), not least due to South Africa's status as a hub for distribution within sub-Saharan Africa. "An interesting dynamic is the move towards online retail in South Africa, which may be putting limited pressure on the retail environment, but it is in turn creating demand in the industrial sector," De Klerk says.
Other factors that continue to impact the commercial property market negatively are the increases in municipal rates, with recent legislation determining rates based on a valuation of the building, multiplied by a rate in the rand that has escalated annually. With multiple compounding from the rate in the rand and the revaluations over the years, these increases are felt directly by tenants. However, De Klerk says that Sapoa has engaged with city mayors to "find ways to discuss international best practice, with a view to reducing the impact of rates expenses" on the commercial property sector.
According to a report issued by Jones Lang Lasalle, a global real estate services firm, optimism in the market due to projected global growth is expected to lift the mood in the South African commercial real estate sector. The impact of such a recovery is expected later this year, as both business and consumers struggle in the current high cost environment.
The report highlights that 59% of developments currently under development in the Johannesburg office market are non-speculative, reinforcing the trend of consolidation into new quality developments to curb the costs of occupying secondary buildings. It notes an upward trend in vacancies, resting at 11.2% nationally at the end of 2014, and expects this to be further exacerbated by additional new stock under construction.
A drive through the likes of Sandton might make one think that the area is an apocalyptic destruction site rather than the richest square mile in Africa, but the focus is on destroying old, wasteful buildings and replacing them with new, more efficient buildings that have a greater earning potential.
Businesses are breaking down walls and insisting on open plan environments to save space, while at the same time choosing buildings that have been created with energy efficient principles in mind, to reduce utility costs. Any new building is subject to recent legislation governing the overall energy efficiency of the building, but tenants are mostly looking for four or five Green Star rated buildings, says Fran Teagle, director of the commercial broking division at Broll Property Group.
She adds that in Sandton, the council is actively encouraging high-rise buildings and is gaining high bulk rates. Building owners can achieve two or three times the income by developing taller buildings on their sites. Teagle points out, however, that one of the challenges of putting more people into spaces is that a high parking ratio of five to six bays per 100m2 is required — and developers have to take this into account.
With heavy hitters like Sasol, Alexander Forbes, Norton Rose and Webber Wentzel dominating the changing Sandton skyline, what choices are there for smaller companies who still seek premium office space within easy access to the commercial hubs of Johannesburg? "Parktown offers good value for money as it has a number of older buildings which have been refurbished rather than redeveloped, and therefore prices are lower.
Other areas offering attractive rentals are Bedfordview, Midrand and Randburg," she says. Bonolo Gueye, property executive at Growthpoint, says that the Gautrain has had a remarkable impact on the property sector in Johannesburg, with demand being driven along the train's route, particularly in Rosebank and Sandton. In Cape Town, ever under pressure from increased demand and a shortage of space in premium areas due to restricted land, the V&A Waterfront remains one of the most exciting areas in the city, with significant investment in the precinct expected in coming years.
The city's CBD is experiencing a rise in the co-working phenomenon, a trend that sees consultants, freelancers and entrepreneurs clubbing together to share office space in arguably one of the most inspiring locations in the world. Similarly, several small businesses are clubbing together to gain the efficiencies of larger organisations, while maintaining their own identities, according to Rob Kane, the chairperson of the Central City Improvement District, quoted in a recent article.
This article was made possible by the Mail & Guardian's advertisers. Content was sourced independently by the M&G's Supplements editorial team.


text:
Q: почему в методе Compare object со знаком вопроса? public Int32 CompareTo(object? value)

Что означает вопрос?

A: В C# 8 ввели, а в C# 9 закрепили Nullable Reference Types, которые нужны по сути для статического анализа кода. На концептуальном уровне, значение null для некоторых классов просто не имеет смысла в некотором контексте и хотелось бы этот момент выявить на этапе компиляции.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Hyun Bin to Lead Woo Minho's HARBIN
INSIDE MEN Director and CRASH LANDING ON YOU Star Band for Period Epic
Inside Men (2015) director Woo Minho has settled on Harbin (literal title), a historical epic, as his next project, and joining him as a leading man will be Crash Landing on You star Hyun Bin.
Set in the early 1900s the film will tell the story of Korean independence fighters who were active in Harbin in northeastern China during the Japanese Colonial Occupation Era of Korea (1910-1945).
Director Woo debuted with Man of Vendetta in 2010 and scored a huge hit with his third film Inside Men, starring Lee Byunghun, which attracted over nine million viewers in late 2015. He went on to make the crime saga The Drug King (2018) with Song Kangho before re-teaming with Lee for the political drama The Man Standing Next last year, which was selected as Korea's submission to this year's Academy Awards.
A star for almost 20 years in Korea, Hyun is known for hit films such as A Millionaire's First Love (2006), The Fatal Encounter (2014), Confidential Assignment (2017) and The Swindlers (2018), as well as TV dramas like Secret Garden and the aforementioned Crash Landing on You from last year. He will next be seen in the kidnap action-drama The Point Men and Confidential Assignment 2: International.
Also joining the production will be Hong Kyoungpyo, the celebrated cinematographer of The Wailing (2016), Burning (2018) and Parasite (2019). The film, which goes into production early next year, will be produced by Hive Media Corp., the company behind Director Woo's last two films and DELIVER US FROM EVIL (2020).
HYUN Bin
HONG Kyeong-pyo
WOO Min-ho
Man Of Vendetta
The Fatal Encounter
THE WAILING
Inside Men
Confidential Assignment
The Man Standing Next
DELIVER US FROM EVIL


January 14 Info Session. Rising 10th Graders. And Financial Aid.
Next Parent Info Session is Almost Here – RSVP Today!
It's not too late to sign up for our next Parent Information Session, which we're having next Wednesday, January 14th, from 6:30-7:30 pm.
Come check out our new school space, adjacent to Inman Park United Methodist Church, and learn more about The New School, meet our founders, ask questions, and explore the process for application.
Space is limited. To RSVP, drop us an e-mail at peter@newschool2016.wpengine.com.
The New School – Now Also for Rising Sophomores!
Good news for your currently dissatisfied, underwhelmed, unmotivated, or just plain bored high school freshman. The New School independent high school is accepting applications from students who will be entering their sophomore year in August 2014.
We have had a lot of interest from 9th grade parents, and after being assured by SACS-SAIS (our regional accrediting agencies) that we could meet their accreditation requirements in time for these students' graduation in 2017, we decided to open The New School this fall with a limited 10th grade class as well as our previously planned 9th graders.
At The New School, we are committed to economic diversity and to opening up a new kind of education to families who can't afford to pay the going rate for private school tuition in Atlanta. That's one reason we decided to set our tuition rate for next year at $10,000. We also have a limited amount of tuition assistance available to qualifying families. For more information, e-mail Peter at peter@newschool2016.wpengine.com.


text:
Marriage and Family Therapists—Informed Consent for In-Person and Telehealth Services
No Additional Dates in 2022–2023 Dates to be announced soon.
C.J. Quick, LPCC-S, LMFT, RPT-S holds a Masters of Arts in Education with emphasis in Professional Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy. She has practiced as a mental health therapist for over 14 years and currently co-owns a private practice in Elizabethtown, Kentucky that specializes in working with children and families. Ms. Quick is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor-Supervisor, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, and a Registered Play Therapist-Supervisor. She specializes in working with children who have experienced trauma, children who have attachment concerns, and with families. She has worked with at risk children including over two years full time experience at a Children's Crisis Unit working with children at risk of harming themselves or others. She has continued to work closely with community partners and schools to assess at risk children and adolescents and help coordinate care. Ms. Quick is also an autonomously licensed Batterer's Intervention Provider who has worked extensively with perpetrators and victims of domestic violence as well as children who have been exposed to violence.
Ms. Quick presents locally and throughout the state on a multitude of child mental health topics including but not limited to: Early Childhood Mental Health, the Effects of Trauma on Brain Development, and Trauma Informed Education. She also provides Kentucky board approved trainings for mental health professionals on Understanding and Treating Suicide, Domestic Violence, and Laws and Ethics as they apply to Professional Counselors and Marriage and Family Therapists.
Marriage and Family Therapists—Informed Consent for In-Person and Telehealth Services" will review the AAMFT Code of Ethics as well as 201 KAR 32:050 as they relate to the practice of Marriage and Family Therapy—specifically addressing components related to informed consent. Participants will review both codes and discuss the importance of having a Framework for Ethical Decision Making to include understanding the inter-relationship between ethics and laws and always choosing the higher standard. Participants will develop their own ethical decision making framework during the course. Participants will further discuss how then to deliver ethically and legally sound informed consent discussions and documentation to their clients-for both in-person service and telehealth services.
The importance of consultation and ongoing collaboration with Professional Peers will be stressed as well as self-care.
Dates: 2023 Dates to be announced soon
Location: Webinar Via Zoom (In-Person once Pandemic Issues are Resolved)
Time: The training will run from 9:00 AM EST until 12:15 PM EST.
Cancellation Policy can be viewed here.
Board Approved by the Kentucky Board of Licensure for Marriage and Family Therapists (Approved 02/17/2022)
This training does not qualify for NBCC credit.
Food Options