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Finding that Elusive Title: The Many Names of The Great Divorce
Posted on March 9, 2015 by Brenton Dickieson
I am about 50/50 when it comes to titling my own work. Sometimes the title is patently obvious; other times it is a struggle to come up with a pithy phrase that captures what I've just written. I have one novel that I haven't been able to title for three years now.
Occasionally C.S. Lewis struggled with his titles. We know his very first book as Spirits in Bondage—now available free in the public domain. The original title, however, was Spirits in Prison, referencing 1 Peter 3:19. Lewis was disappointed when he realized that another author, Robert Hitchens, had written A Spirit in Prison a decade earlier. Lewis fussed over the problem:
"I don't know whether I shall be able to find another that expresses so aptly to the general scheme of the book…." (Sep 18, 1918 letter to his father).
He struggled with the title and it was his father that finally suggested "Spirits in Bondage," a phrase from Milton's Paradise Lost. He rejected it at first as straying too far from the 1 Peter reference, but eventually used it. Personally, I think Spirits in Bondage is a more precise title—evocative of different kinds of restrictions than "prison" draws to my mind, specifically the kind addressed into the materialistic and spiritual struggles of the poetry—but I'm not sure that he was ever satisfied.
The title of C.S. Lewis' first Christian book, The Pilgrim's Regress, was completely evident to him. It was an allegory patterned after Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress in which Lewis' return—or regress—is essential to the story. His title of his first academic book, the one that established his career as a careful scholar, was not as easily settled. He wanted to name it The Allegorical Love Poem, and referenced it as such in his correspondence. The publisher decided to change it to The Allegory of Love—a more poetic title, perhaps, but one that does not represent the book as well. I have the feeling that it was a point of contention, and the editor of Lewis' letters, Walter Hooper, notes that he was "eventually convinced" to make the change. I'm uncertain, again, if Lewis was fully content with the change, and he even signed a letter to Owen Barfield—to whom the book was dedicated—"Yours, The Alligator of Love," a parody of the title.
Perhaps the most fortuitous struggle for a title is the one that would become The Great Divorce. This long novella appeared originally as a serial in an Anglican newspaper, The Guardian. The editors at The Guardian had printed some of Lewis' essays, and so agreed to print The Screwtape Letters in 1941. The Letters were hugely popular, so when he had an idea for a weekly dream sequence about the choice between heaven and hell, they were pleased to publish it. Each week from November 10, 1944 to April 13, 1945, they printed a part of the story. We have been echoing some of that work since Fall 2014.
It must have been agonizing for the reader, as the chapters often remained unfinished for two or even three weeks, and the story hung in the imaginative air that entire time. The response, however, seemed good, and turned into what I think is one of Lewis' best books, and certainly the best of his theological fiction.
When I went through the original publication of The Great Divorce at the library of General Theological Seminary in New York, however, I was surprised to see that The Great Divorce once bore a different title—two, actually, with a subtitle. Here is an ad I photographed which appeared a week before the first insertion of the story began. Note that it is named both Who Goes Home? and The Grand Divorce. Throughout the entire run these two titles are left in the byline and the contents listing on the first page, each time with the subtitle, A New Fantasy by C.S. Lewis.
Certainly the title Who Goes Home? reorients our understanding of the entire story. As a title, it affects me in an entirely different way than The Great Divorce. Who Goes Home? strikes me as the title of a short story printed on the program at a Senior Citizen's Home chapel, or an American evangelical film from the 1980s with superbly bad special effects. It falls flat for me, an empty title for a full story.
Still, I wonder if the image of "home" could be an important idea in The Great Divorce. We see the theme of "home" pop up here and there throughout, though almost always with the same reference.
The "home" I imagined when I saw the original title was heaven—the great mountainous region far in the distance of the bright, real world in the novel. But that isn't the reference to home typical in the book. We hear the phrase, "they'd be far happier at home" echoed, as well as the threat "I'll go home." In both of these cases, the reference to "home" is the Grey Town, the misty, sallow, threadbare ghostly town where the story begins. "Home" for these people is ethereal and permeable, and yet so real in that it is the voluntary prison in which the spirits live (or, perhaps, where the spirits are in bondage). Most of the ghosts who take a vacation from the dreary, misty Grey Town to the expansive Bright Country simply want to leave, to go home to their hell. Many don't get off the bus. Heaven is far too real, so Hell has all the comforts of home.
There is one exception to the "home" image in The Great Divorce. It is the great goddess Sarah Smith, who tries to welcome the most narcissistic and manipulative of vacationers—this divided soul who demands of the great woman in the same abusive quality that was his standard on earth when she was his subjugated wife. Her response to her abuser is not to tower over him in her inherited greatness. Instead, she condescends to his ghostly substance and reduces herself to his level, bidding him to leave his mental games and follow her. He cannot, and as she rides away a cosmic entourage sings a hymn to the great, humble Lady:
The Happy Trinity is her home: nothing can trouble her joy….
He details immortal gods to attend her: upon every road where she must travel.
They take her hand at hard places: she will not stub her toes in the dark.
She may walk among Lions and rattlesnakes: among dinosaurs and nurseries of lionets.
He fills her brim full with immensity of life: he leads her to see the world's desire.
God is her home. It is neither the Grey Town of self-afflicted misery, nor the house on Earth where her husband held her in terror, nor the Bright Country where she calls the narcissist to follow—what we might call "The Sweet By and By." God, in God's fullest relational depth of the Trinity, is her home.
Clearly, the theme of "home" is not missing from the book. But neither is it central to the story. Perhaps "home" is a theme Lewis envisioned when he began the story, but it is not a fully developed idea. Quite apart from the flat or even saccharine quality of the title Who Goes Home?, it does not capture fully the central theme of the book.
The Grand Divorce as an alternate title comes as a response to William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. While Blake tries to bring together the either-or of the universe, Lewis thinks this to be a "disastrous error." In the preface to The Great Divorce he references Blake, arguing that:
"You cannot take all luggage with you on all journeys; on one journey even your right hand and your right eye may be among the things you have to leave behind. We are not living in a world where all roads are radii of a circle and where all, if followed long enough, will therefore draw gradually nearer and finally meet at the centre: rather in a world where every road, after a few miles, forks into two, and each of those into two again, and at each fork you must make a decision. Even on the biological level life is not like a pool but like a tree."
The "divorce" is the central theme of the book. And although it is not mentioned in the story—the metaphors of a fork in the road or an evolutionary tree are also absent—the idea of choice is everywhere. The divorce between heaven and hell is made of the simple choices of everyday life: a choice to build into self, or a choice to die to self. These choices set one on a path that moves ultimately to the Bright Country or disappears eventually into the Grey Town.
Why did Lewis change the title from The Grand Divorce to The Great Divorce? We don't have that conversation still extent in history—or at least I haven't found it, and the publisher destroyed all of his correspondence with Lewis before 1954, so we are unlikely to discover more. In a letter to Sr. Penelope, one of his literary companions and spiritual letter-mentors, Lewis says that Who Goes Home? was already taken, so the name had to change (May 28, 1945). The stolen title was, I believe, fortuitous. The result is The Great Divorce.
One suggestion, made by Inklings scholar Sørina Higgins, is that Lewis borrowed the phrase, perhaps unconsciously, from a poem by Charles Williams. By this point, Williams was a close personal friend of Lewis and one of his favourite poets. Williams used the phrase "the great divorce" to refer to death in a collection of poems entitled Divorce.
Even though the context of "divorce" in Charles Williams is different than in C.S. Lewis, I suspect an influence—whether conscious or not. There were other uses of the title "The Great Divorce." This was a media buzz phrase in the 1800s. In 1839, a Mrs. Sarah Jarvis petitioned the court for a divorce from her husband, a church minister, causing great controversy and public debate.
Perhaps the most infamous literal divorce in England was the case of Henry VIII, considered by Archbishop Wolsey. One of Lewis' favourite authors, G.K. Chesterton, actually uses the phrase "The Great Divorce" in his 1917 book, A Short History of England. By the early 20th century, the phrase "great divorce" was being used as a superlative metaphor, like "the great divorce between life and practice" or "the great divorce between public and private religion."
Whatever the influence, the book appears not as The Grand Divorce: A New Fantasy but as The Great Divorce: A Dream. Both "great" and "grand" have ironic meanings, but I think "great" captures better the cosmic choice offered in The Great Divorce. In the end, I think Lewis makes the best choice of title. I, however, have not even found the right title for this blog! Sometimes titles are elusive.
This post is part of a loose series on The Great Divorce, published in The Guardian in 1944-45. 70 years later we are echoing the publishing dates. The story of Sarah Smith occupies much of the last month of the series in March-April 1945. Other posts on the Great Divorce include:
An Unpublished Foreword to The Great Divorce (Nov 10, 2014)
3 Pop Culture References to The Great Divorce (Nov 17, 2014)
Week 3 in the Great Divorce Read-Along: A Handy Chart (Nov 24, 2014)
Simon Vance's Reading of "The Great Divorce" (an Audiobook Review) (Dec 1, 2014)
"I'd Rather be Damned than Go along With You!" The Big Man in The Great Divorce (Dec 8, 2014)
A Level of Hell that Dante Forgot: A Note from Discworld (Dec 15, 2014)
Guest Blog: C.S. Lewis Goes to Heaven: William O'Flaherty's Interview with David Clark (Jan 12, 2015)
Choosing Heaven: A Choice You Can Watch in the Making: A Guest Sermon by Doug Jackson (Feb 23, 2015)
Love That Isn't Love: The Character of Pam in The Great Divorce (Mar 2, 2015)
This entry was posted in Reflections and tagged C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, g k chesterton, Milton, Pilgrim's Regress, self-death, Sorina Higgins, Spirits in Bondage, The Great Divorce, The Screwtape Letters, William Blake, writing. Bookmark the permalink.
46 Responses to Finding that Elusive Title: The Many Names of The Great Divorce
Thanks for such a rich and thought-provoking post!
Interesting thought of Sørina Higgins's! Lewis seems not to have thought much of Williams's earliest poetry (if we may rely on his "Preface" in Essays Presented to Charles Williams), but I can imagine him liking the unusual, positive, if misunderstandable-on-first-meeting, use of 'Divorce'. (The known aiding back and forth of Lewis and Williams with titles is interesting: Lewis though of The Region of the Summer Stars for Williams's second Arthurian volume. And your quotation of "The Happy Trinity is her home" makes me wonder if Williams's play in that, and earlier, poetry with the "land of the Trinity" and "my true region" from the old Welsh Taliesinic poetry may have had its own contribution to this novel. By the way, what fun that hymn is! – do you know if it's much commented on? A lot of what you quote seems like a free paraphrase of Psalm 91.)
I wonder whether thoughts of a (general) MacDonaldian flavour went into 'Who Goes Home?' as title (though I have not yet read MacDonald's Home Again: A Tale (1887; republished as The Poet's Homecoming) myself, yet).
It makes me think of something a conductor might call out, but I don't know if that is relevant or irrelevant!
The ambiguities of what/Who 'Home' refers to make me think of the renegade dwarfs (and others) in The Last Battle and their experience of the "Stable" – another exploration of some of the same matter, seven or eight years later? ('Home is where the heart is' in a most earnest sense?)
I hope you will indulge my recalling Tolkien's references in his letters to Christopher to seeing Lewis and hearing "2 chapters of his 'Who Goes Home?' – a new allegory on Heaven and Hell" on 15 May 1944 (Letter 69) and among the "chief entertainment" at the "Inklings meeting" on 25 May hearing "some excerpts from C.S.L.'s 'Who Goes Home?' – a book about Hell which I suggested should have been called rather 'Hugo's Home' " (Letter 72), a playful barb at their friend Dyson's expense. Interesting here is the apparent bringing of the reference to Hell in particular, at least in the first instance.
Do we know enough about when Lewis first drafted it to make any reasonable conjecture as to which chapters and excerpts these might have been. It is interesting, in any case, to read the beginning and end of Letter 69 as published with the thought in mind that Tolkien may have already been hearing some of it before this reference. Is this a 'Who Goes Home?'-influenced letter?
Finally, allow me to affirm the perception of Henry VIII's doings while quibbling with its accuracy. To quote Stephen Neill in Anglicanism (Penguin, 1958), "What Henry wanted was not a divorce – that is a declaration that a marriage once made had now been broken – but a nullity, a declaration that, owing to a canonical impediment to marriage, no real marriage had ever taken place at all. Henry had a much better case than has often been admitted in modern times. This was, apparently, the first occasion in history on which a dispensation had been given by the Pope for the marriage of a man with his deceased brother's widow. Many eminent scholars sincerely doubted whether even the Pope could give such a dispensation" (p. 37). Neill goes on to suggest that "If the Pope had from the first moment told Henry plainly that the dissolution of his marriage could in no circumstances be considered, he might have restrained Henry from the step he was bent on taking". I don't have a sense of how Lewis himself tended to refer to Henry's ultimately getting a declaration of nullity in England with the exclusion of the Pope from any say in the matter.
On Williams: I don't know any greater influence for Lewis in this WWII era work. The Land of the Trinity is I'm sure evocative for Lewis. That little poem has that brilliant line of the Trinity being her home. And Psalm 91 could haunt in the background. But is it a very good poem? I'm not sure. It seems too colloquial (for me) for the kind of praise that it is.
I think David Clark's little book is the only one on Great Divorce. It is an ignored book in the scholarly world.
I haven't read the MacDonald Home book. Well spotted. It goes on the endless list!
We don't have conductors! We have no trains, not since my childhood, and no passenger trains since the 50s. We have a recorded voice in French and English telling us the ferry is about to disembark–as if that was a word!
I had thought of blogging on the funny exchange, but had not thought of connecting it to the source of the title (hell v. heaven). Well done. I may be unusual in even counting the home references, but few have seen the picture I took of the title. Most think of it (naturally) as The Great Divorce.
On JRRT's letters, with Carpenter as our chief light, we would say that Tolkien was not influenced by the conversation. With Diana Glyer lighting a different part of the same sky, the question you ask has some intrigue. I just don't know Tolkien enough to answer.
And when do we get the Collected Letters of Tolkien? An invaluable service to have what we have, but he is dead a generation ago.
As to Lewis' drafting, we have nothing. In fact, the book is a surprise. He wrote it quickly in early 1944 and immediately set it aside with almost no thought. He had ch. 9 done by 05/25/44 and the whole thing typed and to the publisher by 07/31/44. I don't think he cared for it much, but I think it is one of his best.
I don't know if Lewis talked about the Church of England break, Henry VIII and all the rest. Je ne sais pas. Chesterton does give the detail that it is an annulment. The way Chesterton writes, this is a knife's edge moment in history; it could have gone either way.
"But is it a very good poem? I'm not sure. It seems too colloquial (for me) for the kind of praise that it is." Good question and observations! I need to brood over it in context.
"We don't have conductors!" And I don't have a real sense of what various English buses had, in the 1940s: I wonder if old movies might help (but which – a tempting byway…)?
I'd certainly never properly attended to the 'home' references: thanks! (They still work without the title, but it would have helped the original readers – though others might, like I, not have twigged, even then!)
Very good question about Tolkien's letters, which I had only too vaguely asked myself! So many are excerpts, and what others are there, perhaps? (Compare, perhaps, the first and most recent editions of The Father Christmas Letters – what riches and delights yet await us?)
"He had ch. 9 done by 05/25/44", which was a bit more than half-way, then, when the Inklings were hearing "excerpts" on that date.
Tom Campbell says:
I grew up in Belfast in the fifties and all the buses had conductors. The conductor would go up and down the aisle collecting the money and dispensing tickets. Originally they had a square dispenser that would dispense various ticket denominations. Then they went to a gadget that had a dial in it like an old rotary phone. They were also the bus disciplinarians to keep us unruly schoolboys and later in the evening drunks in line. The entrance to the bus was in often the back and had no door, just a platform for the conductor to stand in. We would risk life and limb by hopping on and off as long as it wasn't going too fast. There were both single and double deckers. But I always surmised that Lewis had a single decker in mind. We also called some buses like that "charabancs", especially if they weren't city corporation buses, but were privately owned for use in bus tours. They could also be "heraldic" looking as Lewis mentions.
This link will take you to a page that has more information than you will need about Northern Ireland buses. But it does have some good photos of the conductors.
http://www.lisburn.com/books/historical_society/volume7/volume7-1.html
Fascinating – thank you!
Speaking of the omnibuses of Belfast: this link includes a photo with horse-drawn ones in the Royal Avenue from around the time of Lewis's birth:
http://mentalfloss.com/article/30263/fantastic-120-year-old-color-pictures-ireland
I don't know by heart where the Lewises visited around Ireland as boys and young men, but there are also photos from the south and a commenter links a site with old postcards from the 'teens and twenties.
That's an amazing link David. Gorgeous photos.
The hymn really does seem largely a 'version' of Psalm 91: comparing the Book of Common Prayer Psalter, lines 2-4 correspond to verses 3-5, lines 6-7 to verses 6-7, lines 8-10 to verses 11-13, and line 11 to verse 16. (Is its colloquialism explained by its being modernly to a BCP or KJV Psalm as That Hideous Strength is to a Grimm's FairyTale?) Striking in the context of your discussion of 'home' and the 'roads' imagery of the preface is line 7: "ten thousand choose the wrong turning: but she passes safely through" (which condition – though not exclusively – its first clause "A thousand fail to solve the problem" with an implicit 'of which fork to decide for'). Fascinating (in both the general and immediate contexts) are its present and future tenses, as if she still is and can look to be confronted with dangers and threats. How good a poem is it, and how apt, here?
Thanks for the link. Great pictures. I know Lewis travelled in Ulster even as an adult. If his family was anything like ours, he may have visited a lot of those places. Though I confess to not having seen some of them, and that is a loss. Royal Avenue looks the same except there are no horses. In my youth the horse drawn trolleys had been replaced with electric trolley buses. These are gone now too. But I do remember horse drawn carts still going in the early fifties. Our coal was delivered on one. I also saw the last of the cobblestone streets being dug up and the gas lamps (as in the Magician's Nephew) being replaced by electric ones. We would swing from the bars of the gas lamp like the one that Jadis broke off and planted in Narnia. I was fortunate enough to catch the last wisps of the Victorian era as I think Ireland was the place of its dénouement. Only the grand Victorian buildings are left. But nothing says Victorian like a true, cast iron gas lamp.
Tom, I think Lewis would call you a "dinosaur"–he meant it as a compliment.
"What riches await us?" That's the cleverest part of the Tolkien estate. They time this slow roll out of Tolkien things. I do think the letters are clearly overdue. We won't get a new generation of scholars (as Glyer, Jacobs, and McGrath for Lewis) until there are letters.
Yes, the Inklings heard GD very quickly over that spring. Sometimes that mood struck Lewis and he was off.
I have no considered picture of Tolkien publication planning: I see the sense of giving priority to having sorted out the History of Middle-earth series before the latest three books published (with Christopher always making good use of the published letters), and I can imagine various approaches to more letters – by way of comparison with the publication of Lewis's letters, for example (separate correspondences, revised selection, etc., while working toward comprehensiveness) – I have no idea what is where of Tolkien letters, in libraries, in private hands, or what might be involved in gathering them with an eye to being as complete as possible (or, again, what privacy aspects there may be). But he obviously put a lot of thought and energy into many of them, perhaps to the advantage of his pondering if to the disadvantage of actual rewriting, so there is likely to be inherent worth awaiting unveiling – which, as you say, can make an enormous difference to further scholarship.
You perhaps have more insight than me on all this. But the Lewis letters–a huge, almost thankless project by Hooper–have revolutionized access.
Uh-oh, I've got the bit between my teeth on this hymn-pondering! I don't have access to Moffatt to see what he did, or to the subsequently Lewis-aided Revised Psalter, but think the comparisons would be interesting while not expecting any of the amazing freedom seen here. (I ought to look up and compare the Perelandra 'Magnificat'-analogue, too.) Even the form is like that of a Psalm for liturgical use, with the colons inserted: I've had a certain amount of practice with Anglican and Gregorian Psalm/Canticle-chant (though not as any kind of initiator) – I wonder if anyone has tried chanting it (and if so, to what: would it need its own setting? – nothing of the sort on YouTube, that I can find…).
The only reference to Psalm 91 in Reflections on the Psalms is to verses 11-12 being applied to Christ in Matthew 4:6, with the observation "we may be sure the application was His own since only He could be the source of the temptation-story." Here, this hymn is clearly not directly Christological. One thing it reminds me of is the resonance of Psalm 91 in Williams's The Place of the Lion, when Anthony is unsuccessfully attacked by Foster and Wilmot. (Come to that, the Lizard and Horse of the preceding chapter remind me of the horse in The Place of the Lion, despite all their specific differences.) Perhaps we ought to call this something like 'theotic' or 'Christiculogical' with reference to the proper 'divinization' of Christians into "little Christs" (to quote Mere Christianity).
Now there's a $5 word!
I think you have a guest blog on the way here David–a look at Psalm 91 and the Sarah Smith anthem.
I argued somewhere that "The Place of the Lion" was the final energy/model CSL needed to turn to fiction, so a connection is not unexpected. We might also note that Sarah Smith is "christological" for the animals–in the sense that humans are saved in Christ, animals are saved in humans.
Thanks! A guest blog is a tempting suggestion. Your having said, "It seems too colloquial (for me) for the kind of praise that it is" has gotten me started to try to think about its diction and imagery and specific characteristics in relation to the novel as a whole, about 'Buses and Horses' (with at least two Narnia horses galloping into mind, as well), 'town' and 'country', Dante's Comedy and MacDonald's (children's) fiction (but how fuzzy I've gotten on MacDonald story details!). Whoa, boy! whoa! – this need reining in, or indeed dressage. But I'll keep brooding and see what emerges, or can be licked into shape.
Brood away! I am not a poetry expert, but I do know that Lewis packs as many references into a single image.
Taking your note that "He wrote it quickly in early 1944 and immediately set it aside with almost no thought. He had ch. 9 done by 05/25/44 and the whole thing typed and to the publisher by 07/31/44", some rereading lets me juxtapose the possibly interesting facts that Williams had sent The Figure of Beatrice to Eliot at Faber on 28 July 1942, it was published late in June 1943, and reprinted sometime in 1944: I don't know (by heart) what was or might have been read to the Inklings from it,when, but there might have been a heightened attention to Dante in the background which made its contribution to Who Goes Home?
Another possible contribution could have come from Williams switching from the "Noises That Weren't There" version of his current novel, apparently abandoned in that form in September 1943 to the All Hallows' Eve version eventually published. On 28 ctober 1943, Williams reported to a friend that Lewis "says of the opening of the new novel now that I have more in my little finger than all of them in their whole bodies". One can entertain the beginning of Lewis's novel as possibly partly response to the strange modern urban landscape and main characters who are both dead and capable of change in Williams's novel. (Might there even be elements of hommage?) Williams's novel appeared in January 1945.
(I might add that Dorothy Sayers could not, I think, have come immediately into the conversation before Who Goes Home? was finished – at least, not as Dantean – as she only wrote Williams about how The Figure of Beatrice had impressed her and gotten her reading Dante on 16 August 1944.)
Here I go again! The song of the "Nature or Arch-nature of that land" looks clearly a free version of or variation on Psalm 110:1-4 (taking the Psalter in the Book of Common Prayer as my starting point again): compare verse one with sentences one and two, verse 2 with sentence 3 (here come those colons, too), verse 3 with sentence 4, and verse 4 with sentence 5. It seems prosier to me (as pre-brooding-over impression) than the Sarah Smith hymn, but similar – if also going further – in its exuberance and luxuriance of imagery, rhetoric, rhythm. (How might that be functional rather than incidental? Partly "Nature or Arch-nature" (compare, too, the earlier waterfall) contrasted with "Bright Spirits", I suspect.)
And I think in some way this prepares for the other – which may be implicitly pointed by MacDonald's last words in the chapter: "if the risen body even of appetite is as grand a horse as ye saw, what would the risen body of maternal love or friendship be?"
(MacDonald's talking of lust "compared with that richness and energy of desire which will arise when lust has been killed" also makes me think generally of Williams's treatment of Lancelot and Galahad in the late poetry and his anatomical geography and zodiac, and particularly his note to Lewis about the poem "The Last Voyage" and the line "the hollow of Jerusalem was within the hollow of his shoulders".)
You Have to write this up David! Charts or graphs and everything! If you have nowhere else to put it…. here is great!
Was the lust the issue for Lancelot or Arthur in Williams? I thought it was using people/holy things in unpeople/unholy ways.
Thanks again! It's exciting to have something you thought you had a sense of, and suddenly start seeing more and more possible aspects that don't seem merely fanciful! I'd like to try writing something, though I'll have to see how I can resist my savoring sprawliness, and cast it in some focused form.
I think they way Williams works it out, clearly in the late poetry, is with Arthur succumbing to temptations (however partly hidden from himself) to "use" both Guinevere and the Grail in "unpeople/unholy ways" which somehow contributes to Guinevere and Lancelot doing the same with respect to each other. I think there is an implication that otherwise, something like what MacDonald says of Sarah Smith in chapter 12 might have been true of Guinevere : "Few men looked on her without becoming, in a certain fashion, her lovers. But it was a kind of love that made them not less true, but truer, to their own wives" – and, analogously, of Lancelot and women. And I suspect that Helayne would have been treated not only as the destined mother of Galahad, but the destined bride of Lancelot (had Arthur not 'fallen'). In his commentary, Lewis makes a point of noting Lancelot's concupiscence, as things actually work out. It is not only love of, but lust for, Guinevere, and a mad, murderous hate for Galahad, which I suspect may have its share of injured pride that the exclusivity of Lancelot's (adulterous) coupling has been subverted. (And Arthur's concupiscence takes, I think unconsciously, the form of incest because of Morgause's undefined resemblance to himself, begetting Mordred who grows up to open ambitions which may include cuckolding his father.)
Another possible bit of context struck me in pondering MacDonald's discourse on "Pity" in chapter 13. You noted above that Lewis "had ch. 9 done by 05/25/44 and the whole thing typed and to the publisher by 07/31/44." Rereading in Tolkien's letters, I see in Letter 57 of Thursday 30 March 1944 he says to Christopher of Lewis, the day before, "The indefatigable man read me part of a new story! But he is putting the screw on me to finish mine." Tolkien's story is The Lord of the Rings, about which, on Christmas Eve of the same year, he could observe (Letter 93), "Williams […] is reading it all". I take it Lewis's "new story" is Who Goes Home, to which Tolkien clearly refers on Saturday 15 April (Letter 60), writing of having on Thursday heard "the concluding chapter of C.S.L.'s new moral allegory or 'vision', based on the mediaeval fancy of the Refrigerium". Now, what struck me is, that the "Pity" theme of The Lord of the Rings might well have been in Lewis's mind, and indeed in his and Tolkien's or general Inklings's conversation, when he came to write chapter 13.
"savoring sprawliness" would be okay, if you do it well, so that the reader can peak over your shoulder in the research process. I've done that.
"Pity" is one of the themes highlighted in the films of LOTR, so I can no longer remember what balance or energy of "pity" there was in the books. I am rereading them now, so I can think about that. Lewis would have liked the wordplay of pity + piety, still linked in the medieval world but now separate. As you write, it seems to me the Williams Arthur is like Milton's Adam, a Lord whose moral centre determines all. If Arthur hadn't have fallen, none of the other sins would have had much consequence.
The "Pity" theme was introduced fairly early in drafting the first part of the story – see History of Middle-earth, volume 6, chapters 3, 15, 19, and 22 – unfortunately I don't have access to the later volumes to see how it was carried through in draft.
Having finally finished rereading The Great Divorce, it almost seems like a compendium of interaction with Williams novels: the chessmen and table with The Greater Trumps, the dawn imagery with Williams's use of it in Descent into Hell (among various elements in that novel, indeed), maybe even the Lady Julian and Archdeacon Julian Davenant's reading of her in War in Heaven – though I wonder if there is an interaction with Eliot's Little Gidding, here, as well (and in the siren which ends the book – and the encounter with MacDonald compared not only to Virgil and Beatrice but Eliot's "familiar compound ghost", for that matter) – assuming that by the time Lewis was writing Eliot's use had already given a new impulse and broadening to the interest in her work throughout the first third and more of the century.
Reading on through the 1964 edition of the Poems, I note the undated "The Saboteuse" about "Pity" which contrasts "Pity" and the misuse of "her own" name in waking "destruction / Against her".
And, somewhat analogously with the Psalm variants, I realized that the "Evolutionary Hymn" (first published on 230 November 1957) is an ironic parody of James Edmeston's 1821 Trinitarian hymn, "Lead us, Heavenly Father". I wonder if anyone has ever sung it to Dr. Filitz's 'Mannheim' or Samuel Webbe's 'Tantum Ergo'? – neither Mino Cho's nor David Newman's compositions posted on YouTube seem to exploit these possibilities. Probably any Anglican congregation could, while any choir familiar with Anglican chant could tackle the Psalm variants.
How about: "'The Great Divorce' – an amicable settlement."?
There's a subtitle for you!
WriteFitz says:
I wouldn't say the title is quite as important (in this day and age) as the cover, but it's neck and neck. My publisher is considering renaming my forthcoming book. When she mentioned it I sort of blacked out…or maybe just freaked out. Anyway, I think we are understanding each other better, but I still await the final decision! It's interesting to hear some of Lewis' angst in this department. Thank you!
I can picture the blackout! Was she right? I can both empathize and hope.
Actually just heard back last night…she agreed that the name of the book and the name of the trilogy can be the same (because readers will usually refer to the trilogy by the first book, regardless of the "official" name). This is what I hoped for 🙂
That's super awesome! I notice your blog is offline, but am glad it means big things to come.
Hmmm. Thanks for saying something. It shouldn't be offline! I'll check it out.
This is the site: https://heatherfitzgeraldwriter.wordpress.com/
You've been more than helpful and patient. I believe I corrected the problem (though I'm perplexed at how it cropped up in the first place). If I'm not out of blogging favors, would you mind checking from your end? Thank you!
Tis there, and now that I see it I realize it has appeared thus on my reader!
Bravo. Many thanks for the alert.
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The diction of Lewis's adaptation of Psalm 91:
Finally catching up on the BBC series, The Adventure of English, I was struck by Katherine Duncan-Jones' discussion in the fourth episode, "This Earth, This Realm, This England" (first broadcast 13 November 2003) of the diction and imagery of sonnet 20 of Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella, where Cupid is characterized as "that murthering boy",
Who like a thief, hid in dark bush doth lie,
Till bloody bullet get him wrongful prey –
rather than bow and arrow, very modern, contemporary imagry of ambush with firearm.
I can imagine Lewis being consciously playfully thinking of such Elizabethan 'modern' features – though I'm still not sure why and how he's using such-like, here.
That's a nice Sidney line. Don't tell anyone, but I detested the Arcadia and I think I mental slept through part of it. It was my first pastoral, and I haven't gone back. I did not see "bullet," but I probably would have wondered if it existed as a pre-tech word (like "track" or "machine" or "arm" or "plastic"). It almost sounds onomapoetic though, doesn't it? Here the bullet swishing through the air and hitting the wooden target: bullet!
Re-enjoying Dorothy L. Sayers' Clouds of Witness, I sat up with a jolt at re-encountering the title of the last chapter: "Who goes home".
So, this is some sort of fixed phrase! But where does it come from?
Well, a search apparently sufficiently 'advanced' led me to "Some Traditions and
Customs of the House" (of Commons), as revised in August 2010, and its discussion of the phrase!:
"Two Doorkeepers (one behind the Speaker's chair and one in Members' lobby) simultaneously
shout 'Who goes home?' when the House rises. This is often explained as an invitation to
Members to join together in bands to cross what in the past were the dangerous unlit fields
between Westminster and the City or to hire boats homeward on the Thames as a party in order
to save the individual fares (the same may apply to taxis nowadays)."
Here (p. 6):
Click to access g07.pdf
This makes sense in Sayers' last chapter, at the end of book and successful action, outside the Houses of Parliament at night.
What of Lewis's use? Something that immediately springs to mind is the sort of master imagery characteristic of Sir David Lyndsay's Satire of the Three Estates (from which Lewis soon took epigraph and title of That Hideous Strength), though of other works as well, a Parliament as an image of human life in the world together. Here, the invitation to the 'members' would be to share a bus rather than boat, walk, or taxi, escaping danger – to go 'Home', indeed.
I haven't read Dorothy L. Sayers' Clouds of Witness, and I didn't know that saying was a thing. It makes Lewis' first try at "Great Divorce" a little less lame, but not much!
Do you think Lewis knew of either the chapter/book or the parliamentary tradition? He never references that book of Sayers, though he respected her work (he didn't prefer mysteries).
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Time sure flies when you've been having fun hiking around. Hard to believe six years had already passed since our first visit on this mountain. That time pups and I approached from Thorp Creek described in some report, but later found out there was another approach via Knox Creek, which was how we went up this time.
After spending two Sundays hiking in Central Washington to avoid rain in the Cascades, we were more than ready to get back in the mountains. Forecast east of Snoqualmie Pass looked a lot better, so we paid the mountain a second visit.
French Cabin Creek Road (#4308) was mostly snow free until a quarter mile before the junction with Knox Creek Road (#120). When more snow showed up on the road, in fear of getting high-centered, I parked by the last road switchback before trailhead at 4,120′ and walked a quarter mile to starting point and put on snowshoes.
It looked as if no one had been here since recent snowfalls, so pups (ahem) and I took turns breaking trail. Only two to three inches of snow in the beginning going up the switchbacks, but more of it the higher we went. Toughest section to get through was at head of basin where trail contoured the basin counterclockwise before reaching the pass. Snow got knee deep in that section so we were all postholing like crazy. It started to get windy then.
From the pass to lowest point (5,200′) of Thorp Mountain's southeast ridge had less snow, so we were able to move faster, plus we were going downhill. When more snow appeared just as the elevation started to increase again, we began to polehole and moved slower than before. Views, if any, were minimal in late afternoon, and when we got to around 5,600′ we were in a complete whiteout.
Carefully we attained the ridge crest, and step by step made our way uphill in headwind. I periodically looked for the tower, but couldn't really see anything beyond 30 feet. But then, bam, all of a sudden like a ghost the tower appeared out of nowhere.
We took refuge north side of the tower to get out of the wind, and spent just enough time to eat and take some photos before heading back down.


text:
Q: Including PortableDevice.h causes a lot of errors I read this article and just created a cpp console project in VisualStudio 2017 including some headers.
stdafx.h:
#pragma once

#include "targetver.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <tchar.h>

#include <PortableDeviceApi.h>
#include <PortableDevice.h>

All I've done is this and I got a lots of errors.
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2143   구문 오류: ','이(가) '&' 앞에 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2803   'operator =='에는 클래스 형식의 정식 매개 변수가 적어도 하나는 있어야 합니다.  ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2805   이항 'operator =='에 매개 변수가 너무 적습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2065   'pkeyOne': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.  ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2228   '.pid' 왼쪽에는 클래스/구조체/공용 구조체가 있어야 합니다.    ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2065   'pkeyOther': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.    ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C2228   '.fmtid' 왼쪽에는 클래스/구조체/공용 구조체가 있어야 합니다.  ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C3861   'IsEqualIID': 식별자를 찾을 수 없습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 35
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 36
오류  C2143   구문 오류: ','이(가) '&' 앞에 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 36
오류  C2803   'operator !='에는 클래스 형식의 정식 매개 변수가 적어도 하나는 있어야 합니다.  ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 36
오류  C2805   이항 'operator !='에 매개 변수가 너무 적습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 36
오류  C2065   'pkeyOne': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.  ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 36
오류  C2065   'pkeyOther': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.    ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\propkeydef.h 36
오류  C2065   'GUID_DEVINTERFACE_WPD': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.    ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 18
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 18
오류  C2440   '초기화 중': 'initializer list'에서 'int'(으)로 변환할 수 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 18
오류  C2065   'GUID_DEVINTERFACE_WPD_PRIVATE': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.    ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 23
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 23
오류  C2374   'DEFINE_GUID': 재정의. 여러 번 초기화했습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 23
오류  C2440   '초기화 중': 'initializer list'에서 'int'(으)로 변환할 수 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 23
오류  C2065   'GUID_DEVINTERFACE_WPD_SERVICE': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.    ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 28
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 28
오류  C2374   'DEFINE_GUID': 재정의. 여러 번 초기화했습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 28
오류  C2440   '초기화 중': 'initializer list'에서 'int'(으)로 변환할 수 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 28
오류  C2065   'WPD_EVENT_NOTIFICATION': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 404
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 404
오류  C2374   'DEFINE_GUID': 재정의. 여러 번 초기화했습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 404
오류  C2440   '초기화 중': 'initializer list'에서 'int'(으)로 변환할 수 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 404
오류  C2065   'WPD_EVENT_OBJECT_ADDED': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 408
오류  C4430   형식 지정자가 없습니다. int로 가정합니다. 참고: C++에서는 기본 int를 지원하지 않습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 408
오류  C2374   'DEFINE_GUID': 재정의. 여러 번 초기화했습니다.   ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 408
오류  C2440   '초기화 중': 'initializer list'에서 'int'(으)로 변환할 수 없습니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 408
오류  C2065   'WPD_EVENT_OBJECT_REMOVED': 선언되지 않은 식별자입니다. ConsoleApplication1 c:\program files (x86)\windows kits\10\include\10.0.15063.0\um\portabledevice.h 412
...

I have no idea to handle this since I am not familiar with Windows development and this is first time to create an Windows app. How can I solve this problem or how can I get an information about this?

A: Update: I left the initial answer, but I think it's irrelevant. Are you positive that you included files in the following order as in your question?
#include <PortableDeviceApi.h>
#include <PortableDevice.h>

As this doesn't produce any errors in the empty console app, however, should you reverse the order as below, the list of errors matches your question:
#include <PortableDevice.h>
#include <PortableDeviceApi.h>

All above assuming you have SDK installed.
Initial answer (most likely irrelevant to the problem)
This is just a guess since your question is incomplete (as it doesn't have full code to reproduce the problem), but I think you might have forgotten to add proper main returning int which could result in C4430 to your console application or some other simple error as next one in your error list C2143. Some missing ; after a statement or int in definition or declaration.
Perform binary search in your source code by commenting parts of it to see what exactly causes the errors and if you can't find it yourself in a small code snippet, post your source code in your question.

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text:
Navigation: Main Page > Updates > An ESPN exec explains how the sports network is pitching advertisers in the absence of live sports like NBA and MLB games
An ESPN exec explains how the sports network is pitching advertisers in the absence of live sports like NBA and MLB games
Editor Business Insider	 April 24, 2020
The lack of live sports has hit TV networks hard as leagues delay games.
Without live sports, Disney's sports properties ESPN and ABC are filling air time with programs like the NFL Draft, documentaries, and replay games.
ESPN has signed on advertisers like State Farm, Verizon, and Pizza Hut that regularly sponsor live events to advertise in the interim.
One of the advertising industries hit hardest by the coronavirus are sports TV networks that banked on advertising tied to National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, and National Hockey Association programming.
According to data from TV ad-buying firm Tatari, during the week of April 13, viewership on sports networks fell 33% to 82% depending on the TV network compared to January and February.
Disney is particularly exposed to the lack of live sports, according to a note from Wall Street firm UBS. The firm estimates that sports accounts for 16% of Disney's total viewership, with sports making up about 45% of ESPN and ABC's programming.
ESPN is filling the gap from live sports with programs like a 10-part documentary about Michael Jordan's career titled "The Last Dance." The network says the first …continued .
[Source: Business Insider]
‹ Data shows exactly how much highway speeds in 25 major metropolitan areas have shot up since coronavirus lockdowns began	› Tests that can tell who's had the coronavirus are crucial to reopening the country. Here are the companies racing to bring them to the US healthcare system.

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text:
In the context of ISA 240 (The Auditor's Responsibility to Consider Fraud and Error in, an Audit of Financial Statements): Outline the respective responsibilities of an entity's management and the external auditor with respect to the prevention and detection of fraud and error
– The primary responsibility for prevention and detection of errors and irregularities rests with management
– This responsibility arises out of a contractual duty of care by directors and managers and also because directors and other managers act as stewards with regard to property entrusted to them by the shareholders.
– This duty may be discharged by them by instituting and maintaining a strong system of internal controls.
– The auditor is not required to assist the directors in the task the draft guideline does suggest that an auditor should remind the directors of their responsibility through an engagement letter or other means, and the need to have a system of internal controls as a deterrent to errors and irregularities.
– In regard to errors and irregularities, the auditor should have sufficient, relevant and reliable audit evidence to support his opinion or to conclude that no material errors and irregularities have occurred or if they have occurred, then they have either been corrected or properly disclosed in the financial statements.
In the context of ISA 240 (The Auditor's Responsibility to Consider Fraud and Error in, an Audit of Financial Statements): Define: -Fraud and Error
Why should the auditor be unwilling to take full responsibility for the detection of fraud during the annual audit? Explain
Clearly outline the statutory responsibilities of an external auditor in relation to the audit of a company's financial statements
It is often argued that: ―The external auditor adds credibility to the financial statements produced by a business entity.Briefly comment on this statement
An auditor is required to state whether, in his opinion proper books of account have been kept and whether the financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the financial affairs of the company being audited. What are the consequences, to the auditor, for giving an unqualified opinion, when he knows that there are material inaccuracies in financial statements
In the context of audit sampling, distinguish between the following terms: Sampling risk and non-sampling risk, Tolerable error and expected error and Audit risk and detection risk
Outline and briefly explain the procedures that the internal auditor can conduct on behalf of the external auditor
State the factors that the external auditor should consider before placing reliance on the work of the internal auditor
Suggest how the independence of an auditor may be strengthened
In carrying out an audit, the auditor appraises the tests and the system of internal control in order to ascertain that it is capable of processing transactions or determining the quantities and values completely and accurately. The auditorfurther carries out substantive tests in an attempt to ensure that the transactions, assets and liabilities recorded in the accounting records upon which the figures in the financial statements are based, are completely and accurately recorded.Required;List and briefly explain the substantive tests the auditor would carry out to verify the values attributed to: Trade and debtors in a company's financial statements and trade creditors in a company's financial statements
Explain the reliability of bank statements as audit evidence
Explain the importance of preparing regular bank reconciliation statements
You have received a request form XYZ Ltd. to accept an appointment as their auditor for the financial year ending 31 December 2001.Required:State why it is important for an incoming auditor to hold consultations with the outgoing auditor
Potential users of audited financial statements and their specific needs
List and briefly explain four objectives of an audit of financial statements
List the rights and duties of an independent auditor
Explain the assurances that an auditor seeks to obtain in the audit of tangible fixed assets
Under what circumstances is one ineligible for appointment as an auditor of a company?
Identify and briefly explain four situations under which an auditor would consider qualification of his audit report
Briefly explain the methods which an auditor might use to ascertain a client's internal control system
The auditor should prepare working papers which are sufficiently complete and detailed to provide an overall understanding of the audit..Required; State four benefits that an auditor would obtain from working papers that satisfy the above requirement
What are the responsibilities of the directors of a company in relation to a company's financial statements?
Audit working papers should always be sufficiently complete and detailed to enable an auditor with no previous connection with the audit to subsequently ascertain from them what work was performed and to support the conclusions reached by the auditor Required;List four benefits that the auditor would obtain from working papers that meet the above requirements
Outline the ways in which an auditor may be held criminally liable in the course of his audit duties
Identify six basic elements of the auditor's report containing an unqualified opinion on the financial statements
In the context of the Companies Act (Cap. 486), state the rights of an auditor
Outline the professional guidelines that would assist the external auditor in avoiding being unduly dependent on a single client
The auditor's operational standard states, ―The auditor should obtain relevant and reliable audit evidence sufficient to enable him to draw reasonable conclusions thereon‖. Required: What factors would influence the auditor to accept third party certificates as audit evidence?
You have received a request form XYZ Ltd. to accept an appointment as their auditor for the financial year ending 31 December 2001. Required: Why is it important for the auditor to hold discussions with the client's senior staff?
In the context of the Companies Act (Cap. 486), outline the procedure for the removal of an auditor
Identify and briefly explain the statutory and ethical matters you would consider before accepting appointment as an auditor of a company
Does the auditor require a codified definition of ―reasonable care and skill‖ or should this be left to professional judgment? Explain
The auditor must not only be independent, but must be seen to be independent.‖ Briefly comment on this statement.
Outline and explain four ways in which the objectives of an audit of financial statements have changed over the years
The auditor's operational standard states, ―The auditor should obtain relevant and reliable audit evidence sufficient to enable him to draw reasonable conclusions thereon‖. Required: What factors would influence the judgment of the auditor with regard to sufficiency of audit evidence?
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text:
Merits & demerits of computer. Merits 2019-02-13
Merits & demerits of computer Rating: 9,5/10 1159 reviews
Nevertheless, the use of merit-making by the Thai monarchy and government, to solidify their position and create unity in society, has continued until the late twentieth century. Other scholars have criticized this as making little sense, considering how the Buddha would normally emphasize ethics. In a less successful attempt, two Taiwanese Buddhists released crab and lobsters in the sea at , United Kingdom, to make merit. These ten actions are described as akusala 'unwholesome'; : akuśala , and when abstaining from them it is called kusala 'wholesome'; : kuśala. Merit-making and doing good deeds, developing good habits to become a Buddha were greatly emphasized in this festival, through the story about Prince Vessantara's generosity. In addition, merit is also shared with a deceased loved one, in order to help the deceased in their new existence.
Merit Synonyms, Merit Antonyms
In Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David. It is regarded as something which can be accumulated throughout different lifetimes in the process of attaining , and is also instrumental in attaining it. It is a beneficial and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts. Wealth, lifespan, and position are all contingent on merit. Because of these traditions, kings have had an important role in maintaining the Sangha, and publicly performed grand acts of merit, as is testified by evidence from South and South-East Asia. However, the practice has come under criticism by wildlife and scholars. In modern Thailand, businesses and politicians often make merit to improve their public image and increase confidence among customers or voters.
Greed is what keeps a person wandering in , instead of becoming liberated. With regard to the size of the gift, a larger gift is usually more meritorious than a smaller one, but purity of mind affects merit more than the gift's size. As for virtue, this comprises three out of eight aspects of the , the path central in the Buddhist teaching: , right action and. Another criticism often leveled at merit-making in modern times is that it prevents people from using their resources to help the poor and needy. Phu Mi Bun are people who are considered to have much merit from past lives, whose influence morally affects society at large. The fact that an enlightened person is neutral in terms of karma, does not mean he is ethically neutral.
The History of the Buddha's Relic Shrine: A Translation of the Sinhala Thupavamsa. When discussing the path to the attainment of Nirvana, in some passages in the Tipiṭaka merit is rejected. Internally, merit makes the mind happy and virtuous. The Journal of Asian Studies. Findly points out that in Buddhist ideals of merit-making, the earned value gained by doing good deeds is more important than the assigned value gained by social status at birth. In Singapore, to limit merit release on celebrations, people were fined. Your case merits careful consideration.
Merit (Buddhism)
Other scholars have pointed out that the doctrine of the transfer of merit can be found early in the Theravāda tradition. The most fruitful form of merit-making is those good deeds done with regard to the , that is, the , his teachings, the Sanskrit: Dharma , and the. Other kinds of occasions of merit-making are also uphold. Merit-making has thus created a relationship between laypeople and Sangha, and the Sangha is obligated to be accessible to laypeople, for them to make merit. In pre-modern Thailand, a great deal of the funds of temples were derived from the profits of land that were offered to temples by royalty and nobility. In the nineteenth century, during the rise of Buddhist modernism and the Communist regimes, Buddhists in South and Southeast Asia became more critical about merit-making when it became associated with magical practices, privileging, and waste of resources.
Merit is connected with the notions of purity and goodness. Besides these weekly observances, ceremonies and festivities are yearly held and are often occasions to make merit, and are sometimes believed to yield greater merits than other, ordinary days. Thus, merit transfer has developed to become a standard element in the basic of all main schools of Buddhism. Just like in the case of karma, some scholars believe that a belief in merit can cause social differences to stay unchanged. The Sangha is described as a field of merit, mostly because the members of the Sangha follow the eight-fold path. In Thailand and Laos, a yearly festival is held, focused on the , a story of a previous life of the Buddha which is held sacred.
In times of famine or other hardship, it was traditionally believed that the king was failing, and the king would typically perform meritorious activities on a grand scale. The relation between giving and wealth is ubiquitous in vernacular Pāli literature, and many stories of exemplary donors exist, such as the stories of and Jōtika. For example, in the Padhāna Sutta, the is tempted by to give up his practices to do meritorious acts instead. They were fined by the authorities for £15,000 for a wildlife offense that could have significant impact on native species. Phra Payutto does add that both need to be accumulated on the Buddhist path.
Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, National public and Science Foundation. Even the intention of going to heaven, though in itself not considered wrong, is not seen as lofty as the intention to want to develop and purify the mind. All these benefits of merit : ānisaṁsa; : ānuśaṁsa , whether internal or external, are the aim in merit-making, and are often subject of Dharma teachings and texts. Apart from these transfers of power, a second origin is found in. Merits is known for their innovative engineering, constant product development and adaptability. Buddhist monks or lay Buddhists earn merit through , meditation, chanting and other rituals.


Say hello to Harry Pink, a little piece of jewelry that makes it all different with the TR90. No more risk in damaging your glasses. You can play with it and discover all its amazing flexibility.
Extremely bendable, we cannot get enough of it !


text:
> Lean and configurable whitelist-oriented HTML sanitizer

Works well in browsers, as its footprint size is very small _(around **~2kb** gzipped)_. API inspired by [`sanitize-html`][1] _(which is around **100kb** gzipped)_.

<sub>**You would be insane not to use this!**</sub>

# Install

```shell
npm install insane --save
```

# Usage

```js
insane('<div>foo<span>bar</span></div>', { allowedTags: ['div'] })
// <- '<div>foo</div>'
```

Contrary to similar sanitizers, `insane` drops the whole tree of descendants for elements that aren't allowed tags.

# API

# `insane(html, options?, strict?)`

- `html` can be an arbitrary HTML string
- `options` are detailed below
- `strict` means that `options` won't be based off of [insane.defaults](#defaults) if set to `true`

The parser takes into account that some elements can be self-closing. For safety reasons the sanitizer will only accept a valid URL for `background`, `base`, `cite`, `href`, `longdesc`, `src`, and `usemap` elements. **"Valid URL"** means that it begins with either `#`, `/`, or any of `options.allowedSchemes` _(followed by `:`)_.

## `options`

[Sensible defaults](#defaults) are provided, but you can change these options.

#### `allowedSchemes`

Defaults to `['http', 'https', 'mailto']`.

#### `allowedTags`

An array of tags that you'll allow in the resulting HTML.

###### Example

> Only allow spans, discarding the rest of elements.

```js
insane('<div>foo</div><span>bar</span>', {
  allowedTags: ['span']
});
// <- '<span>bar</span>'
```

#### `allowedAttributes`

An object describing the attributes you'll allow for each individual tag name.

###### Example

> Only allow spans, and only allow those spans to have an `id` _(discarding the rest of their attributes)_.

```js
insane('<span id="bar" class="super">bar</span>', {
  allowedTags: ['span'],
  allowedAttributes: { span: ['id'] }
});
// <- '<span id="bar">bar</span>'
```

#### `allowedClasses`

If `'class'` is listed as an allowed attribute, every single class will be allowed. If you don't list `'class'` as an allowed attribute, you can provide a class whitelist per tag name.

###### Example

> Only allow spans to have `super` or `bad` class names, discarding the rest of them.

```js
insane('<span class="super mean and bad">bar</span>', {
  allowedTags: ['span'],
  allowedClasses: { span: ['super', 'bad'] }
});
// <- '<span class="super bad">bar</span>'
```

#### `filter`

Takes a `function(token)` that allows you to do additional validation beyond exact tag name and attribute matching. The `token` object passed to your filter contains the following properties.

- `tag` is the lowercase tag name of the element
- `attrs` is an object containing _every_ attribute in the element, **including** those that may not be in the whitelist

If you return a falsy value the element and all of its descendants will not be included in the output. Note that you are allowed to change the `attrs`, and even add new ones, transforming the output.

###### Example

> Require that `<span>` elements have an `aria-label` value.

```js
function filter (token) {
  return token.tag !== 'span' || attrs['aria-label'];
}
insane('<span aria-label="a foo">foo</span><span>bar</span>', {
  allowedTags: ['span'],
  allowedAttributes: { span: ['aria-label'] },
  filter: filter
});
// <- '<span aria-label="a foo">foo</span>'
```

#### `transformText`

Takes a `function(text)` that allows you to modify text content in HTML elements. Runs for every piece of text content. The returned value is used instead of the original text contents.

## Defaults

The default configuration is used if you don't provide any. This object is available at `insane.defaults`. You are free to manipulate the defaults themselves.

```json
{
  "allowedAttributes": {
    "a": ["href", "name", "target"],
    "iframe": ["allowfullscreen", "frameborder", "src"],
    "img": ["src"]
  },
  "allowedClasses": {},
  "allowedSchemes": ["http", "https", "mailto"],
  "allowedTags": [
    "a", "article", "b", "blockquote", "br", "caption", "code", "del", "details", "div", "em",
    "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6", "hr", "i", "img", "ins", "kbd", "li", "main", "ol",
    "p", "pre", "section", "span", "strike", "strong", "sub", "summary", "sup", "table",
    "tbody", "td", "th", "thead", "tr", "ul"
  ],
  "filter": null,
  "transformText": null
}
```

# License

MIT

[1]: https://github.com/punkave/sanitize-html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


HERE IS THE FACE OF THE MAN WHO IS BELIEVED TO BE THE BOMBER SUSPECT!
56 yr-old, Cesar Sayoc, was arrested this morning in Broward County, Fl at a auto store by authorities. Sayoc is believed to be the man who is to blame for sending several pipe bombs to political figures and authorities over the last several days. Sayoc has a criminal history of making terrorist threats against judges. Charges are pending against him to come. More details to come! THOUGHTS?


text:
Rachael Taylor (born 1984) is an Australian actress and model.

Rachael or Rachel Taylor may also refer to:

 Rachael Taylor (rower) (born 1976), Australian rower
 Rachael Taylor (academic) (born 1971), New Zealand childhood nutrition academic
 Rachel Taylor (rugby union) (born 1983), Welsh rugby union player
 Rachel Annand Taylor (1876–1960), Scottish poet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis (2011)
Server 01 Server 02 Server 03
Not Rated | IMDb 7.2/10 | 1 hr 56 min
With Jerry Lewis (1926-2017) as executive producer, this is in essence an autobiography. It follows his career chronologically from the 10-year partnership with Dean Martin to Lewis's career as writer, producer, director, and actor in a series of Paramount pictures. The chronology is told through archival clips, comments by family members and Hollywood friends, comments from Lewis himself, and clips of him in a contemporary nightclub appearance. Lewis vows to live longer than George Burns. I grew up looking forward to my weekends so that I could watch another Jerry Lewis film at the local movie theatre which always carried 3 feature matinees comprised of a western film starring either John Wayne or Clint Eastwood, an adventure or music film which starred either Tarzan or Elvis and of course a comedy film that starred either Jerry Lewis or Abbott and Costello. This page has method to the madness of jerry lewis 2011, watch online, method to the madness of jerry lewis 2011 free download, full movie hd.
What I have is nothing but such fond memories of the Jerry Lewis comedies that kept me entertained and glued to my seat as he went from one silly character to another silly character. The colorization technology was emerging and Jerry's dark blue hair was a reminder of another feature film star named Elvis Presley. For a young lad as myself I much preferred Jerry's slapstick brand of comedy to the other genre's of the 1960's and 1970's. So it is with much regret that I was subjected to the film Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis. Jerry, why did you think you had to produce such a self serving and narcissism based film about yourself while proceeding into your 80's? What a bunch of hooey Jerry. Was there not people in your life that you looked up to that you could have referred to with humility and abstain from trying to embarrass them? Your fall out with Dean Martin is well documented and you reflect on your relationship as nothing but loving, and it would appear (from your point of view) that the break up was all Dean's fault. Filmxy has Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis (2011) Online Full Movie, Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis (2011) free download HD Bluray 720p 1080p with English subtitle. Stars: Jerry Lewis, Alec Baldwin, Richard Belzer.
You may not realize it yet Jerry but your true genius is now overshadowed by your own narcissism and what you think your fans want to remember you for. I believe that had you allowed an independent producer produce your biography your millions of fans would have been provided with the true person Jerry Lewis really is. A movie star who married twice, lived a full life starring in film, producing and directing film, while raising a large family and hosting a charity telethon for the Muscular Dystrophy Association for decades. I hope one day to see another independent biography that explains who Jerry Lewis really was, the good, the bad, and the challenged life of Jerry Lewis. A self serving epitaph from an 80 year old movie star was not was I was expecting from the loving and funny Jerry Lewis that has kept me entertained for the past five decades. Jerry, I own almost all of your movies and have also repurchased them in high definition Blu Ray format because you mean so much to me personally and the happy childhood memories you provided to myself and my young friends who eagerly paid our weekly allowances to view you in Technicolor. I believe there is some humility in the real Jerry Lewis, so if you are ever in Toronto Canada and wish to share some of your personal challenges with one of your truest and loyal fans, please, please, please feel free to contact me and my wife and I will ensure you have a nice dinner and a quiet place to reveal who Jerry Lewis really is and what made him tick these past 80 plus years. I would much prefer not to be left with the image of Jerry Lewis in this biography, as I know the real Jerry Lewis gave a lot more to his fans, family, friends and to discovering the cure for Muscular Dystrophy than what we saw in Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis. With much love and unfortunately much regret, I rate this film a 4 out of 10. Jerry, if you do accept my invitation to come to Toronto and tell us about ALL your life experiences (the good, the bad and the real challenges) you will need to leave your ego at the door, as our entrance way is only 3 feet wide, not 3 miles long.
Stars : Jerry Lewis, Alec Baldwin, Richard Belzer
Genre : Biography, Documentary
Ganre : Documentary, Biography
File Size : 1.04 GB | 2.14 GB
Posted by: Bad Boy


This is a placeholder page for Holly Watson, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Holly Watson.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Holly Watson. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Holly Watson. We created this page automatically in hopes Holly Watson would find it. If you are not Holly Watson, but are an alumni of Eads High School, register on this site for free now.


text:
FOUNDATION_EXPORT double cmark_gfm_swiftVersionNumber;
FOUNDATION_EXPORT const unsigned char cmark_gfm_swiftVersionString[];


Afin d'assurer que vous obtenez bien l'objet, s'il vous plaît confirmer vos numéros OEM correspondent à l'un des numéros dans notre description. For Audi A3 1.9 TDI (8P/PA) ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Seat Altea 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Seat Leon 1.9 TDI ; BRU / BXF / BXJ ; 90 HP for Seat Toledo III 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Skoda Octavia II 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Skoda Superb II 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Volkswagen Caddy III 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Volkswagen Caddy III 1.9 TDI ; BRU / BXF / BXJ 90 HP for Volkswagen Golf V 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE / BXF / BRU ; 105 HP for Volkswagen Golf V 1.9 TDI ; BRU / BXF / BXJ ; 90 HP for Volkswagen Jetta V 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB/BKC/BXE ; 105 HP for Volkswagen Passat B6 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Volkswagen Touran 1.9 TDI ; BLS / BJB / BKC / BXE ; 105 HP for Volkswagen Touran 1.9 TDI ; AVQ / BKC / BRU ; 101 HP for Volkswagen Touran 1.9 TDI ; BRU / BXF / BXJ ; 90 HP for Volkswagen Transporter T5 1.9 TDI ; BLS ; 105 HP. Part Number & OEM Number.
Pour Seat Altea Leon Toledo III 1.9 TDI 751851 GT1646MV 77KW 105PS Turbo Turbine. Will this fit my car? Please make sure you have read through the whole listing and paid attention to note and notice. When will my order be dispatched? Can I amend my order?
What do I do if I have not received my order? What do I do if my product is faulty?
It will speed up the process if you could provide us some pictures or video to illustrate the issue details. The illustration below shows how to leave us the feedback. L'item "Pour Seat Altea Leon Toledo III 1.9 TDI 751851 GT1646MV 77KW 105PS Turbo Turbine" est en vente depuis le mercredi 11 avril 2018. Il est dans la catégorie "Auto, moto pièces, accessoires\Auto\ pièces détachées\Turbos, superchargeurs\Turbos".
Le vendeur est "tpg-autoteile" et est localisé à/en Bremen. Cet article peut être livré partout dans le monde.


User agrees that the use of the www.manustock.in (Manu Stock Broking Pvt Ltd, MSB) website is at the user's own risk. Neither MSB, nor its affiliates, officers, directors, employees, consultants or agents warrant that its site will be uninterrupted or error-free. Nor do they make any warranty as to the results that may be obtained from the use of the site, or as to the accuracy, reliability or currency of any information, content, service or merchandise provided.
THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED BY MSB ON AN "AS IS " BASIS. MSB MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE CONTENT, MATERIALS OR PRODUCTS INCLUDED ON THE WEBSITE, OR THE OPERATION OF THE WEBSITE. TO THE FULL EXTENT PERMISSIBLE BY APPLICABLE LAW, MSB EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY , FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL MSB BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF USE, LOST PROFITS OR LOST DATA) WITHOUT REGARD TO THE FORM OF ANY ACTION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, TORT OR OTHER LEGAL THEORY, ARISING FROM THE USE OF THIS WEBSITE.
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Except in connection with shopping, downloading software or placing an order, the contents may not be copied, reproduced, distributed, republished, downloaded, displayed, posted electronically or mechanically, transmitted, recorded, in any manner mirrored, photocopied, reproduced or "framed" without the prior written permission of MSB. The permission granted herein terminates automatically if any terms or conditions of the WEBSITE are breached.


As an artist, I have enjoyed interdisciplinary collaboration,. I have co-created and performed with visual artists, dancers, actors, circus artists, and improvisers of all sorts. I want to do more!
If you wish to collaborate together, please get in touch!


text:
Castle Salem
Top Fifteen West Cork Photographs of 2018
Photographs are vital to this blog, so we are always out and about with our cameras. This is a personal selection of images that pleased us in 2018. Some of these photographs have appeared in our posts, and some on our Facebook pages, but several are appearing here for the first time. Some of them remind us of places we've stumbled across, like the one above. It's a room in the 15th century Castle Salem, all done up for a movie – a wildly romantic one, I bet.
From there to the iconic Fastnet Rock Lighthouse. They changed the bulb this year, to LED. We can still see the light at night, but it doesn't sweep across the sky like it used to. On this trip, mostly photographed by my nephew, Hugo, the scaffolding was still up for the renovations.
We love the Beara and try to get over there as often as possible. It's famous for its colourful villages – this one is Ardgroom. And not too far away is a wonderful stone circle – Robert mentioned it in last week's post. This photograph is of the outlier and shows how it seems to mirror the shape of the landscape on the Iveragh Peninsula.
Coming back, or going, our route always takes us over the incredible Healy Pass. I've chosen the photograph below because the remoteness of the little farms take my breath away.
But if you look closely, this photograph also shows the old field patterns from tiny holdings long ago, including the lazy beds – ridges left from cultivating potatoes by hand.
Our own Mizen Peninsula is fertile ground for exploration. This enormous standing stone, for example, can be seen in Crookhaven Bay. But even though it seems to be set in the sand deliberately, some authorities feel it is a natural feature. There's what looks like an old stone field fence nearby, and lots of archaeology in the area.
We're looking down on that area from this vantage point (above), and across to Brow Head, always great for a wander – we included it in our West Cork Obscura list.
We love to bring our visitors out to the Mizen Head Visitor Centre too. It's a wonderful experience, with dramatic scenery and vertiginous cliffs. There are lots of remnants still to remind us of the active past of this lighthouse and signal station, including this derelict, if picturesque, shed.
Of course, the weather isn't always wonderful, even if it seems that way in a set of carefully-chosen images. But even when it's wild, it's worth taking the camera along – the photograph above was taken at the Altar in Toormore on a stormy day.
Robert, as our readers know by now, is a hare fanatic, and one of the highlights of his year (next to becoming a citizen!) was when little Berehert, a young hare, showed up on our lawn and hung around for a few days.
Meanwhile, nothing makes Finola happier than to wander around among the wildflowers. She runs a Facebook page on the Wildflowers of West Cork – so pop over there any time to see the amazing range of flowers that we get to enjoy here.
The other thing she loves is to drop into churches to study the stained glass. We've written about the fabulous George Walsh windows in Eyeries before, but there are lots of surprises wherever you go. She was quite taken with a wonderful three-light war memorial window in St Peter and Paul Church of Ireland in Bandon. Above is King David from that window, by the firm of Clayton and Bell. Gorgeous, isn't it?
From March to October West Cork hosts a huge number of festivals. Everybody goes to everything – from the Ballydehob Jazz Festival (above), to events celebrating country and traditional music, history, wooden boats, the arts, short films, knitting (really), stone carving, food and more.
Our own view is a never-ending source of delight. This is sunset over the Goat Islands, Greater and Lesser, which lie west of Long Island. There's a cleft down the middle, which is dangerous to try to navigate, and no place to land. As a result the islands are quite wild, with a herd of feral goats. For us, they have an air of profound mystery.
Our final photograph was taken yesterday – a traditional farmhouse on the slopes of Mount Gabriel. Lots more West Cork scenes in the months to come!
Posted in Irish Landscape, Photography, The Mizen Peninsula, West Cork, West Cork Blog	Tagged Ardgroom Outward Stone Circle, Ballydehob Jazz Festival, Castle Salem, Crookhaven, Fastnet Rock Lighthouse, Goat Island, Irish Hare, Mizen Head, Stained Glass in West Cork, West Cork Wildflowers, Wild Atlantic Way
Out in the Field
During the West Cork History Festival field trips, led by Roaringwater Journal last week, treats were in store. Many thanks to volunteers Jenny and Ray who worked hard to provide the refreshments (and who baked the scones!) on Friday's 'Art and The Great Famine' excursion, which arrived at Reen Farm in time for tea.
Artist John Kelly's cows are abundant at his home at Reen, and the experience of the connections with this unique place and Famine times were admirably and sensitively presented by Siobhan Burke of West Cork Experiences (she's on the left, facing the bronze tree, below).
The day included organised visits to the 110 Skibbereen Girls project at the old workhouse site in Skibbereen – where we were given a presentation by artist Toma McCullim – and a guided tour by West Cork Arts Centre's Zenda Williams of the Coming Home – Art and The Great Hunger exhibition at Uillinn, followed by a visit to the mass famine graves in Abbeystrewery, where Philip O'Reagan of the Skibbereen Heritage Centre explained the site's enormous significance. Just as well we had those scones to bolster us up!
On the previous day we began the 'West Cork Archaeology' tour at Knockdrum Fort, where – in benevolent weather – you get the most spectacular views (above). Finola talked about the Rock Art on the site, which takes it back in time perhaps 5,000 years, and she also explained about the alignment with the Bealtaine sunset discovered by Boyle Somerville, described here – and which we witnessed ourselves earlier this year (below).
Highlights of that day's expedition also included an entertaining time at Castletownshend hosted by George Salter-Townshend (below, he's leading us into the Castle which has been owned by his family since medieval times).
After more on archeoastronomy from Finola, at Drombeg Stone Circle (above), a further treat was in store at Castle Salem, near Rosscarbery, where we were given a tour and talk by its owner Peter Daly (below).
We were delighted to be given the opportunity to provide this 'lead-in' to the History Festival weekend itself which – as last year – was a roaring success. If you didn't go to it, take a look at the festival programme, and see what you missed!
Because our time has been taken up with the festival we haven't written any posts this weekend. Normal service will be resumed next week. I can't resist finishing off with another look at John Kelly's sculpture garden at Reen.
Posted in Archaeology, Castletownshend, Irish Art, Irish History, Irish Landscape, West Cork, West Cork Blog	Tagged 110 Skibbereen Girls, Castle Salem, Coming Home: Art and the Great Hunger, Drombeg Stone Circle, George Salter-Townshend, John Kelly, Knockdrum Fort, Peter Daly, Philip O'Reagan, Reen Farm, Skibbereen Heritage Centre, Toma McCullim, Uillinn, Vice Admiral Henry Boyle Somerville, Zenda Williams


Dakota Theriot, 21, formerly of Richmond County was arrested this morning by the Richmond County Sheriff's Office. He is suspected of killing 5 people in Louisiana on Saturday. According to law enforcement, Theriot is accused of murdering his 50-year-old parents Elizabeth and Keith Theriot. His father was able to identify the shooter as his son Dakota, before passing away. Theriot is also accused of murdering his girlfriend Summer Ernest, 20, her father Billy Ernest, 43, and her brother Tanner Ernest, 17.
It is believed that Theriot was living with his girlfriend's family in the Livingston Parish area of Louisiana after his parents allegedly kicked him out of their home. After the suspected shootings, Theriot then drove to his grandmother's Richmond County residence. His grandmother, a former Northern Neck News employee, allegedly stayed in a Tappahannock Motel Saturday night in case Theriot came to her home. On Sunday morning, when Theriot pulled into the residence, the Richmond County Sheriff's Office was waiting for him. He entered the driveway, pointing a gun out of the car window. The police told him to drop the weapon, which he then did, and was arrested without incident. Theriot will be booked on two counts of first-degree murder, home invasion, and illegal use of weapons, as well as three counts of first-degree murder and theft of a motor vehicle in Livingston Parish. He is currently being held without bond at Northern Neck Regional Jail, but will be transported to Ascension Parish at a later date.
Dakota Theriot is currently being held at Northern Neck Regional Jail.


text:
package eu.verdelhan.ta4j.indicators;

import static eu.verdelhan.ta4j.TATestsUtils.assertDecimalEquals;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;

import eu.verdelhan.ta4j.TimeSeries;
import eu.verdelhan.ta4j.indicators.helpers.ClosePriceIndicator;
import eu.verdelhan.ta4j.mocks.MockTimeSeries;

public class RAVIIndicatorTest {

    private TimeSeries data;

    @Before
    public void setUp() {

        data = new MockTimeSeries(
                110.00, 109.27, 104.69, 107.07, 107.92,
                107.95, 108.70, 107.97, 106.09, 106.03,
                108.65, 109.54, 112.26, 114.38, 117.94

        );
    }

    @Test
    public void ravi() {
        ClosePriceIndicator closePrice = new ClosePriceIndicator(data);
        RAVIIndicator ravi = new RAVIIndicator(closePrice, 3, 8);

        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(0), 0);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(1), 0);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(2), 0);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(3), -0.6937);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(4), -1.1411);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(5), -0.1577);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(6), 0.229);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(7), 0.2412);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(8), 0.1202);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(9), -0.3324);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(10), -0.5804);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(11), 0.2013);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(12), 1.6156);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(13), 2.6167);
        assertDecimalEquals(ravi.getValue(14), 4.0799);
    }
}


text:
Q: Sitecore FeedRenderer Issue when overriding RenderItem()! Hope you guys can help me.
I'm trying to override the RenderItem() method in FeedRenderer like so:
public class RendererTest : Sitecore.Web.UI.WebControls.FeedRenderer
{

    public override System.ServiceModel.Syndication.SyndicationItem RenderItem()
    {
        return base.RenderItem();
    }
}

this basic implementation is generating a compiling error that states that: return type must be 'System.ServiceModel.Syndication.SyndicationItem' to match overridden member 'Sitecore.Web.UI.WebControls.FeedRenderer.RenderItem()'
I'm returning the value from base, how can it not match the override
Thanks for your help

A: It appears that in .NET 4 this class was moved from the assembly System.ServiceModel.Web to System.ServiceModel. Try including both assemblies in your references -- this allowed me to successfully compile the code you include above.


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Chapter 1011 - The One Who's Going to Judge You
The light didn't just envelop the Heavenly Court. It also surrounded the eight Ghost Marshalls fighting in the Immortal Region, their newly summoned Ghost Kings, the Ghost Emperors invading the palace, the Fengdu Emperor of the North, and everyone currently fighting amongst themselves in the Immortal Region.
They couldn't resist in any way; the instant the light enveloped them, it swallowed them up.
They disappeared.
Pure, untarnished white.
Over and over again, the empty void of the sky flashed with clear, brilliant light.
One after the other, figures appeared in the space. At first, each and every one of them knit their brows and examined their surroundings in astonishment.
When they saw that their enemies from before were there as well……
When the Leopard Tail of the Twelve Yin Generals arrived in the space, he only hesitated briefly. When he saw Ox-head, he lunged at him, his eyes red with fury.
After their earlier battle, he was already overcome with murderous rage. He didn't give a damn about just where this place was, nor about just how exactly they'd gotten here.
His only goal was to kill Ox-head.
"Hmph." Ox-head snorted angrily as well. Just as he was about to retaliate…..
Smack!
The crisp sound of a slap resounded throughout the space. Then they saw Leopard Tail, still charging at Ox-head, stop, hack up a mouthful of blood, then spin around like a top.
Thud.
There was nothing at all in his way. Even so, they heard the muffled sound of a collision.
The collision left him a complete mess. Everyone was totally baffled.
"Who did that?!"
Leopard Tail was dizzy but managed to keep himself awake. He roared angrily, but furious as he was, he maintained his rationality. Instead of attacking randomly, he carefully reached out and felt his surroundings.
There was a barrier.
Before his hand got very far, he felt it hit an invisible wall.
His angry roar woke everyone else up. They looked around in surprise and saw people from every realm…..
After Leopard Tail's warning, they made no reckless moves, not even if they saw their enemies and their eyes reddened with fury. Instead, they reached out and examined their surroundings as well.
There were seals around every last one of them.
All of them, no matter who they were, had been sealed within tiny spatial cages. Their movements were restricted to about one square meter's worth of space.
Confusion lingered in all of their minds: just what was this space? And what were these restrictions? It's not that they didn't try breaking them, but when they did, they discovered that…..
Here, the spatial laws they were once so familiar with didn't respond to them at all.
"This looks a bit like the space where the Struggle for the Three Realms is held."
The Underworld's Fengdu Emperor of the North frowned. This sort of seal was familiar, and so was this pure white world. It was just like the Struggle for the Three Realms.
He looked around. As he examined his surroundings, he felt countless gazes directed right back at him.
Their gazes met briefly. Soon, those countless eyes' owners knew…...
The other two realms had also experienced similar misfortune.
"The demons were awfully generous," Suiren of the Immortal Region couldn't help but sneer. He squinted at the others around him. Given his experience, it took only seconds for him to determine just who had betrayed each of the other two realms.
"The Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity, the Ghost Emperors…….. I'm surprised that even existences on your level went down the wrong path."
As for those ghost marshalls and the mutinous Count of Wind and Lord of Rain, Suiren didn't consider them worth mentioning.
"Hmph, don't even think of trying to link me to those demons. I'm not like your subordinates. They were in search of profit, while all I sought the limitless Upper Realms."
After hearing his name, the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity snorted coldly. His proud and aloof temperament couldn't tolerate others' slander.
"At the end of the day, betrayal is betrayal. Is saying all that of any use?" sneered the Fengdu Emperor of the North.
"This emperor won't lower himself to waste words with a mere page boy of the Underworld."
What generation was the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity? He was the son of the Queen Mother. Although the Fengdu Emperor of the North was the Underworld's Second in Command, in the Heavenly Emperor's eyes, he was nothing but an ant.
"Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity, you're still just as proud as usual," said the Fengdu Emperor of the North, seemingly unperturbed by the other party's disdain. He simply smiled confidently, touched the barrier surrounding him, and said, "I just don't know if you'll be able to maintain that pride after this."
"What could possibly happen?" the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity laughed arrogantly.
"You lost."
The Fengdu Emperor of the North had already seen through everything. He calmly spat out one final sentence. However, before the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity could respond disdainfully…….
The piercing sound of footsteps, accompanied by a sense of extreme power, echoed throughout the crowd's ears.
The noise attracted everyone's attention. They followed the sound of footsteps to its source and saw Ye Zichen, his clothes stained with uncongealed blood, his hair burnt black, slowly walking out of the mists.
He could have flown. Even if he chose to walk, the sound of those light footsteps shouldn't have reached everyone's ears.
Why had everyone present heard his footsteps? It was because he wanted it that way.
His every step seemed to bear down on the hearts of the traitors. It was difficult for them to even breathe beneath the pressure.
"Emperor Ye." The people who knew Ye Zichen exclaimed, then smiled in relief.
They were free.
They didn't know why, but the instant they saw Ye Zichen, their tightly wound nerves instantly relaxed.
However, the traitors' gazes were suddenly apprehensive. Everyone but the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity knew that Ye Zichen ought to be tangling with the demons now.
For him to appear now…...
That meant...
The demons had lost!
Among them, Xia Yingqiu's expression was the most complicated. He'd been terrified from the moment he'd first appeared here. Now that he saw Ye Zichen, he was even more panicked than before.
All he could do was try his best to avoid Ye Zichen's line of sight. Or, rather, avoid looking ahead…..
In order to put himself at ease.
When he heard those around him cry out in alarm, the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity knit his brows and muttered, "Emperor Ye?" Then he squinted at Ye Zichen.
He'd never paid much attention to the outside world. He only knew those major powers who'd been famous for a long time.
He didn't even know about Empress Su Liu'er of the Beast Region, nevermind this "Ye Zichen."
As he said this, the Heavenly Emperor's gaze maintained its usual aloof pride.
The footsteps stopped
Ye Zichen ignored the Heavenly Emperor's questions and waved his hand. A throne appeared before him.
He sat down emotionlessly and lightly tapped the sky.
Countless heavy curtains appeared, each reflecting the battles of those present.
From start to finish, nothing was left out. Even the sound of their breath didn't escape the curtains' notice.
The Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity frowned. After watching Ye Zichen display this level of strength, he couldn't help but think a bit more highly of him.
However, given his wantonly arrogant personality, he still considered all others beneath him.
"Who are you? How dare you ignore my questions," the Heavenly Emperor roared pridefully. Finally, after watching everything play out on the curtains, Ye Zichen dispersed them and looked directly at the Heavenly Emperor of Supreme Polarity. Rather, he looked directly at everyone present, his gaze indifferent…...
"I….. am the one who's going to judge you!"