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The Sacred Law of Andania: a New Text with Commentary. Sozomena, 11
Laura Gawlinski, The Sacred Law of Andania: a New Text with Commentary. Sozomena, 11. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xi, 285. ISBN 9783110267570 $154.00.
Hugh Bowden, King's College London. hugh.bowden@kcl.ac.uk
The Mysteries of the Great Gods of Andania are one of the better documented mystery cults in the Greek world, leaving aside the Eleusinian Mysteries. Pausanias has a number of things to say about the cult in his book on Messenia (esp. 4.26.6-8, 33.4-5), and an inscription relating to the first celebration (or the restoration) of the festival, discovered in 1858, survives, cut in two and built into the doorway of the church in Konstantinoi in Messenia, where the front face is still easily readable. The text has been republished many times since the initial discovery, as Gawlinski outlines in the introduction to the text and translation (pp. 61-2), and a complete translation is included in Marvin Meyer's sourcebook ( preview online).1 The inscription, which is probably part of a longer original text, gives detailed instructions about the organization of the festival, including oath-taking, the order of the procession, the provision of camping facilities, the financing and provision of sacrificial victims, and other practicalities. Inevitably it reveals nothing about the performance of the mysteries themselves, beyond requiring silence from the participants in the festival who are not being initiated while the rites take place somewhere out of sight.
Laura Gawlinski's contribution to the scholarship on the inscription and the mysteries is an excellent new edition of the text, based on careful autopsy as well as previous editions, and following current epigraphic conventions, accompanied by parallel translation and followed by a detailed commentary.
The first chapter addresses 'The Text and its Context' (pp. 1-32). The usual date for the inscription is 91 BC (year 55 of the Achaean era), but Petros Themelis has argued that it should be redated to AD 24 (year 55 of the Aktian era). 2 Gawlinski offers a full and balanced discussion of the competing proposals, concluding that she is 'not fully persuaded' by Themelis' arguments (pp. 3-11). On the other major matter of debate, whether the inscription marks the creation of a new festival or the revival of an existing one, she comes down firmly in favour of the latter point of view (pp. 12-16).
The second chapter (pp. 33-59) discusses the topography of the sanctuary as described in the inscription, and of the area near Konstantinoi, where the festival is presumed to have taken place, and its relationship to the city of Messene. This includes a careful analysis of Pausanias' account of his travels in the area, which benefits from Gawlinski's own exploration of the area on foot.
Text and translation come in Chapter Three. The text itself is presented on left-hand pages, with a full critical apparatus below, and a detailed epigraphic description below that. Since the stone is fairly well preserved, the final text is not significantly different from earlier editions, although Gawlinski offers a new and preferable restoration for the second part of line 55 (lost when the stone was cut in half) that makes more sense of the funding arrangements. She also restores the word μέρη in a space at the start of 96. The differences between Gawlinski's text and that printed by Nadine Deshours, in the most recent monograph on the Andanian mysteries,3 have no implications for the interpretation of the inscription, but Gawlinski's edition is now clearly to be preferred to all its predecessors.
The facing translation keeps closely to the text but is very clear. Words for which there is no clear English equivalent are generally transliterated, and then given a full discussion in the commentary. Meyer, who did not have the luxury of providing detailed notes, let alone a commentary, offers translations which do not always enlighten ('Egyptian tunic' is not a great improvement on kalasiris), but sometimes might seem preferable. In line 29, describing the order of the procession at the festival, Meyer has '… then the director of the games, the priests of the sacrifices, and the flute players'; Gawlinski offers us '… then the agonothetes, the hierothytai, and the auletai'. She does explain the meaning of the first two terms in the commentary (pp. 138-9), but the discussion of οἱ αὐληταί would leave those unfamiliar with the word no clearer about what these 'players' played. For the intended readership of this volume however, this is probably not important.
Chapter Four (pp. 97-246) is the commentary. Obscure words are helpfully discussed. Since the inscription has detailed regulations about women's dress, the commentary is an excellent place to go for cosmetic vocabulary. On p. 127, for example, Gawlinski discusses φῦκος ('a rouge made from seaweed') ψιμίθιον ('a white, lead-based make- up') and ἀνάδεμα ('a ribbon-like band used to tie up the hair') with references to (mainly classical) texts. Not all the problems of what the terms might mean are resolvable, and Gawlinski indicates clearly the limits of current knowledge. When it comes to discussing ritual, there are frequent references to parallels, most often drawn from Sokolowski's volumes of Leges Sacrae and Clinton's edition of Eleusinian inscriptions. The bibliography on which the discussion is based is up-to-date, with several items dating from 2010 and at least one from 2011.
The commentary is followed a by a one-page appendix giving the text of Syll. 3 735, which includes an oracle about the Mysteries requested by Mnasistratos. Unfortunately, the text in line 17 is a mess.
There are three indexes. Somewhat confusingly, and without indication, the first of these, the Index Verborum, gives references to the lines of the inscription, while the other two, Ancient Sources and the rather brief General Index, refer to page numbers. It is not a bad idea to do this with an Index Verborum since it allows quick access to the relevant places in the commentary as well as the text, but it has its downside. References in the text to protomustai play a role in the discussion of the nature of the document in Chapter One, but there is no way to use the index to find one's way to this discussion. And at the very least, if neighbouring indexes are using different referencing systems, the reader deserves to be told.
Inevitably not everything in Gawlinski's text will convince every scholar. Since they first became the subject of serious academic study a bit more than a century ago, 'mystery cults' have tended to attract more than their fair share of speculation, and hypotheses for which there is relatively little firm evidence have sometimes been accepted as hard fact. One looks to commentaries on texts to anchor discussion firmly to what can be said with confidence. In general this volume does this task well, but there are places where it might be seen to be extending speculation rather than resolving it. For example the inscription calls for the supply of three piglets, 'when one purifies in the theatre' (l. 68). Gawlinski comments (p. 169), 'the involvement of a theatral space in a purification calls to mind thronosis… This was used as a preliminary purification ( myesis) in the Samothracian Mysteries.' The latter claim is backed up by a reference to Kevin Clinton's discussion of myesis at Eleusis and Samothrace,4 with a note that Clinton 'tentatively suggests the circular Theatral Area … as a possible location for the rite at Samothrace'. But Clinton is only repeating a hypothesis of A.D. Nock, based on a references in Plato to thronosis in the cult of the Corybants in Athens, and a passage of Strabo (10.3.19) that connects the Corybantes with the Kabeiroi and the Kabeiroi with Samothrace (elsewhere Strabo is scathing about those who make such confident connections: Strab. 7 fr. 50): there is no actual evidence for thronosis at Samothrace, and therefore no basis for drawing parallels between the Samothracian Theatral Area (not, it should be noted, the actual theatre in the Samothracian sanctuary) and the theatre (of uncertain location) mentioned in the inscription.
A more fundamental issue relates to the identity of the Great Gods and of 'the gods for whom the Mysteries are celebrated' (so described in ll. 2-3 and 28-9). Gawlinski has a discussion of 'deities' in the first chapter (pp. 17-22), where she presents 'the prevailing trend', which follows Pausanias in seeing the mysteries as belonging to Demeter and Kore, and 'recent scholarship', which emphasizes the role of the Great Gods themselves. She notes that the masculine form τοὺς θεούς can refer to a group of mixed gender, and therefore suggests that 'the gods for whom the Mysteries are celebrated' could have included goddesses, and in particular Demeter. As for the Great Gods themselves, she states after a brief discussion (p. 21) that 'The Great Gods should be identified as the Dioskouroi, perhaps as a result of syncretism between two separate cults'. Line 24 refers to women who are to be dressed εἰς θεῶν διάθεσιν. The word θεῶν here is usually translated as 'gods' (thus Meyer; Deshours translates it 'dieux'), but Gawlinski argues that since the people dressing up are women, the word should be understood as 'goddesses', and that it refers to Demeter and Kore, even though Kore is never mentioned in the inscription. Neither in the discussion of 'deities' nor in the translation or commentary does she refer to the more usual translation. The whole discussion assumes that phrases like 'Great Gods' or 'the gods for whom the Mysteries are celebrated' were simply convenient ways of referring to groups of gods whose identity was otherwise known. This seems a questionable assumption, especially in mysteries, where the opportunity to discuss any aspects of cult was restricted. The worshipers at Andania may simply not have known who the gods were to whom they were offering cult.
The issues are important for making sense of Greek religion, but they are only a small part of what is in the inscription. It is unlikely that there will ever be scholarly agreement about the precise nature of the Andanian Mysteries, but from now on the debate will be grounded in a fully reliable text, and a commentary that puts it into its widest context.
1. Marvin W. Meyer, The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook: Sacred Texts of the Mystery Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean World, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, 49-59.
2. Petros Themelis, 'Τα Κάρνεια καὶ ἠ Ἀνδανία' in E. Simantoni-Bournia et al. (edd.) Ἀμύμονα ἔργα. Τιμητικὸς τόμος γιὰ τὸν καθηγητὴ Βασιλη Κ.Λαμπρινουδάκη, Athens, 2007, 509-28.
3. Nadine Deshours, Les mystères d'Andania: Étude d'épigraphie et d'histoire religieuse, Paris: De Boccard, 2006.
4. Kevin Clinton, 'Stages of initiation in the Eleusinian and Samothracian mysteries', in Michael B. Cosmopoulos, M.B. (ed.), Greek mysteries: the archaeology and ritual of ancient Greek secret cults, London and New York: Routledge, 50-78.
One thought on "The Sacred Law of Andania: a New Text with Commentary. Sozomena, 11"
Paraskevi Martzavou says:
Just to respond to Hugh Bowden's point on the new edition of the inscription, I would simply like to emphasise that Nadine Deshours' edition and her translation of the text are extremely careful and simply very good. To say that Deshours' translation is superseded by Laura Gawlinski's edition is perhaps an overstatement. At any rate we should be grateful to have both editions in different languages that also represent two traditions.


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Video: Chair Jerry McCall holds court during International Elastomer Conference
LOUISVILLE, Ky.—For every chair of the ACS Rubber Division, all the years of moving up through the ranks culminates by playing host during the fall International Elastomer Conference and Rubber Expo.
This week in Louisville, the honor goes to Jerry McCall, vice president of R.D. Abbott Co. Inc.'s Integrated Solutions Business Unit. McCall said he's enjoying the week, though he acknowledged that it's a bit "bittersweet," knowing that the long years of commitment going through the series of offices leading to chair are about to end, but that the experience will be missed nonetheless.
The theme for McCall's year as the leader of the technical association has been "Investing in the Future," something that he said was demonstrated this summer when the Rubber Division moved into its new headquarters facility in Akron. He said the site, taking the association off the campus of the University of Akron, will help secure the long-term sustainability of the division.
The term officially goes through the end of the year, when McCall will be replaced by Chair-Elect Michael Morrow of MBG Associates L.L.C. Morrow will preside over the spring technical meeting April 30-May 2 in Independence, Ohio, and the fall International Elastomer Conference and Rubber Expo Oct. 8-10, 2019, in Cleveland.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


They say that time heals all wounds, but losing Parley, his one true love, left Zach with a hole in his heart that no one else can fill. After forty-eight blissful hours alone together as teens in an abandoned house, Parley disappeared. Parley is what he is, and the pray-away-the-gay camp his parents ship him to won't change that. However, finding the balance between accepting his true nature and not losing his family means tough sacrifices.
Sixteen years later, Zach is thunderstruck when Parley stands on the front doorstep of his house―the house that had been their refuge, which Zach restored. But Parley isn't alone, and Zach wonders if he's found Parley only to lose him a second time. If they can overcome the terrors of the past and the situation of the present, maybe they can build a new relationship just as Zach rebuilt the house―brick by brick.
This story is like the most delicious dessert for the brain! How beautifully written it was and what a great romance between these two so likeable men! This is for sure a well deserved ten across the board. Nothing less will do for this beautiful story. It's such a delight when one comes across a story so well written, a story that wraps you up in the softest wool cotton keeping you warm way after 'The End'. More stories like this one need to come out. So, I suggest to these two wonderful Authors to Get Going! I Want More!!!


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Kevin Timpe is the William H. Jellema Chair in Christian Philosophy at Calvin College. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Saint Louis University in 2004. His primary research interests range across the metaphysics of free will, philosophy of disability, virtue theory, and philosophical theology. He has published nine books, including Disability and Inclusive Community (Calvin Press, 2018), the Routledge Companion to Free Will (Routledge, 2017), Virtues and their Vices (Oxford University Press, 2014), and Free Will in Philosophical Theology (Bloomsbury, 2013). In addition, he's published over 50 journal articles and book chapters.
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Ascot Underwriting pulled out of Kinnect months before the £70m system was shut down, the Lloyd's managing agent has revealed.
The insurer gave notice of its intention to stop using the system last year.
Ascot business development manager Torquil McLusky said last week's decision to pull the plug on the connectivity platform was the right one, adding: "It has been a huge amount of money that quite frankly has been wasted."
McLusky said it was now time for the market to "move on" and develop more peer-to-peer systems "smaller in scope and ambition".
This is a view shared by Hiscox chief executive Bronek Masojada. He said: "It is now up to the managing agents to figure out how they are going to crack this problem.
"There are various talks going on between agents and brokers on how this should happen. The time has come for some individual initiatives."
A Lloyd's spokeswoman said the decision to close the electronic platform was not in reaction to the actions of any one business ,but it was in response to the lack of market-wide appetite for a centrally built electronic hub.


Sales promotions can range from simple 'buy one get one free' offers to multi-stage competitions with online votes and judging panels. Section 8 of the Advertising Code deals with the mechanics and requirements of sales promotions in detail and our AdviceOnline database has further advice on specific issues.
If you follow us on Twitter you'll know we've recently done a wholesale review of the Promotions with Prizes Help Note to make more it more user friendly and update it in light of key ASA decisions on interpreting the Code. It's now two pages shorter and includes information on the interpretation of rule 8.21.1. Readers familiar with the previous Help Note might like to know that the information previously set out in Section 2 of the Help Note is now in Sales Promotions: Lotteries.
As part of the review the entries on Free-entry routes, Prize draws, Gifts vs Prizes and Scratchcards were also updated.
Consumers should be able to make the decision as to whether they want to participate, and are eligible to, from the initial advertising copy. Ensure you don't trip up by inadequately explaining the conditions of the sales promotion by reading our article Sales Promotions: Terms and Conditions. Promoters need to take care that appropriate measures are in place to ensure that the structure, or mechanic, of their promotion is not open to abuse. For more information see Sales Promotions: Abuse.
So that's eight handy bits of sales promo guidance to be getting on with, follow us on twitter @CAP_UK to hear about other updates as they happen.


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Prism module manufacturing method, prism module and projection device
FA-CHIH CHEN
Coretronic Corporation
G02B5/045 - Prism arrays
G02B5/003 - Light absorbing elements
G03B21/2066 - Reflectors in illumination beam
G03B21/20
A prism module manufacturing method includes the following steps of: adjusting a first prism and a second prism to have a predetermined temperature difference; using an adhesive layer to be partially connected between the first prism and the second prism so that there is a gap between the first prism and the second prism, wherein the adhesive layer includes a glue material and a plurality of spacers arranged in the glue material. The invention further provides a prism module and a projection device having the prism module. The prism module and the manufacturing method thereof of the invention avoid the interference problem in the prism module so that the image quality and reliability of the projection device can be improved.
This application claims the priority benefit of China application (202110555394.7), filed on May 21, 2021. The entirety of the above-mentioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an optical element and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particular to a prism module, a manufacturing method thereof, and a projection device having the prism module.
A projection device mainly includes an illuminating system, a light valve, and a projection lens. The illuminating system is configured to provide an illumination beam. The light valve is configured to convert the illumination beam into an image beam. The projection lens is configured to project the image beam onto a screen to produce an image on the screen.
In the prior art, some of the projection devices are provided with a prism module among the illumination system, the light valve and the projection lens so that the illumination beam generated by the illumination system is reflected to the light valve, and then the image beam generated by the light valve can pass through the prism module and is transmitted to the projection lens. The prism module is mainly composed of a first prism and a second prism adhered by an adhesive layer, and there is an air gap between the first prism and the second prism. However, during an operation period of a projection device using this type of prism module, the image beam is likely to change the interference in the prism module due to the change of the air gap, which causes the quality of the image projected by the projection device to deteriorate.
The information disclosed in this "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION" section is only for enhancement understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, the information disclosed in this "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION" section does not mean that one or more problems to be solved by one or more embodiments of the invention were acknowledged by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
The invention provides a prism module manufacturing method to avoid the interference problem in the prism module.
The invention provides a prism module to avoid the interference problem.
The invention provides a projection device to provide an improved image quality.
Other purposes and advantages of the invention can be further understood from the technical features disclosed in the invention.
In order to achieve one or part or all of the above purposes or other purposes, the prism module manufacturing method provided by the invention includes the following steps: adjusting a first prism and a second prism to have a predetermined temperature difference; using an adhesive layer to be partially connected between the first prism and the second prism so that there is a gap between the first prism and the second prism. The adhesive layer includes a glue material and a plurality of spacers arranged in the glue material.
In order to achieve one or part or all of the above purposes or other purposes, the prism module provided by the invention includes a first prism, a second prism and an adhesive layer. The first prism has a first surface. The second prism has a second surface opposite to the first surface. The adhesive layer is partially connected between the first surface and the second surface so that there is a gap between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the adhesive layer includes a glue material and a plurality of spacers arranged in the glue material.
In order to achieve one or part or all of the above purposes or other purposes, the projection device provided by the invention includes an illumination system, a light valve, a projection lens, and the aforementioned prism module. The illumination system is configured to provide illumination beams. The light valve is located on a transmission path of the illumination beam, and the light valve is configured to convert the illumination beam into an image beam. The projection lens is located on a transmission path of the image beam, and the projection lens is configured to project the image beam. The prism module is arranged among the illumination system, the light valve and the projection lens. The first surface of the first prism of the prism module can reflect the illumination beam to the light valve, and the image beam passes through the first surface and the second surface and is transmitted to the projection lens.
In the prism module and the manufacturing method thereof of the invention, because an adhesive layer with spacers is used, the gap between the first prism and the second prism can be easily kept consistent, thereby avoiding the interference problem in the prism module. In addition, the projection device of the invention uses the prism module, so the projection device can have improved image quality.
In order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the invention easier to understand, preferred embodiments is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prism module according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a prism module manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for illustrating the step S2 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a schematic enlarged diagram of the adhesive layer in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged schematic diagram of an adhesive layer of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a projection device using the prism module of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The foregoing and other technical content, features and effects of the invention will be clearly presented in the following detailed description of preferred embodiments with reference to the drawings. The directional terminology mentioned in the following embodiments, such as "top", "bottom", "front", "back", etc., is used with reference to the orientation of the Figure(s) being described. As such, the directional terminology is used for purposes of illustration and is in no way limiting.
In order to reduce the interference variation produced by the prism module, the inventor(s) of the invention has conducted in-depth research and found that the interference variation is related to the change in the distance between the first prism and the second prism of the prism module. Furthermore, the temperatures of the first prism and the second prism rise when in the operation state. The above-mentioned temperature is higher than the manufacturing temperature of the prism module, and the inconsistency of temperatures generates stress and therefore causing the image to have fringes. In addition, the temperature difference between the first prism and the second prism causes the two prisms to have different degrees of the expansion, the difference causes the distance between the first prism and the second prism inconsistent. The invention provides an improvement plan for this problem and will describe it in detail below. In addition, the operation state is defined as when the projection device is activated and when the beam irradiates the prism module.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prism module according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a projection device using the prism module of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention. Please refer to FIGS. 1 and 7. The prism module 100 can be used in a projection device and includes a first prism 110, a second prism 120 and an adhesive layer 130. The first prism 110 has a first surface 111. The second prism 120 has a second surface 121 opposite to the first surface 111. The adhesive layer 130 is partially connected between the first surface 111 and the second surface 121 so that there is a gap G between the first surface 111 and the second surface 121. The adhesive layer 130 includes a glue material 131 and a plurality of spacers 132 arranged in the glue material 131. There is air in the gap G.
The first prism 110 and the second prism 120 are, for example, triangular prisms, the first surface 111 may be a rectangular surface of the first prism 110, and the second surface 121 may be a rectangular surface of the second prism 120. In addition, the second prism 120 of this embodiment may further have a third surface 122 adjacent to the second surface 121, and the third surface 122 is provided with a light-absorbing layer A. The light-absorbing layer A is configured to absorb the stray beam generated by the light valve of the projection device. Therefore, the temperature of the second prism 120 will be higher than the temperature of the first prism 110 when the projection device is in an operation state. The light-absorbing layer A includes, for example, a black-coated layer (not shown), but the embodiment is not limited thereto. In addition, the third surface 122 may be a rectangular surface of the second prism 120, but the embodiment is not limited thereto. According to another embodiment of the invention, the first surface 111, the second surface 121, and the third surface 122 may be, for example, polished surfaces. According to still another embodiment of the invention, the first surface 111, the second surface 121, and the third surface 122 may include, for example, an optical film, such as an anti-reflection film.
The spacers 132 are arranged between the first surface 111 and the second surface 121 so that the gap G between the first surface 111 and the second surface 121 can maintain a uniform distance. The relationship between the spacers 132 and the adhesive layer 130 will be further described in the following. The supporting force of the adhesive layer 130 will be insufficient if the volume ratio of the spacers 132 to the adhesive layer 130 is too small. On the contrary, the adhesive force of the adhesive layer 130 will be insufficient if the volume ratio of the spacers 132 to the adhesive layer 130 is too large. Therefore, the spacers 132 of the present embodiment may account for about 0.7% to 11.3% of the volume of the adhesive layer 130, so as to take into account the support strength and the adhesive strength of the adhesive layer 130. The shape of the spacer 132 is, for example, a granular shape, and the diameter D of each spacer 132 is, for example, between 3.5-12.0 μm, but the invention is not limited thereto. In addition, the material of the spacer 132 may include silicon dioxide, high molecular polymer, metal, or a combination thereof, but the invention is not limited thereto. Incidentally, in this embodiment, the glue material 131 of the adhesive layer 130 may include ultraviolet curing glue (UV glue), thermosetting glue, or thermosetting ultraviolet curing glue (thermosetting UV glue), but other embodiments are not limited to this. The minimum width of the gap G between the first surface 111 and the second surface 121 is equal to the diameter D of the spacer 132, for example, between 3.5-12.0 μm.
The prism module 100 of this embodiment adopts the adhesive layer 130 with the spacers 132. Thus, even if the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 have different degrees of expansion due to having different temperatures when the projection device is in the operation state, the gap G between the first surface 111 and the second surface 121 can still maintain the same width without causing the variation of air gap, so the interference problem can be avoided.
In addition, the inventor(s) of the invention also found that stress is generated by the different degrees of thermal expansion between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120, and the stress may cause the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 to break. Moreover, the adhesive force of the adhesive layer 130 will decrease when the adhesive layer 130 is in a high temperature state. Therefore, when the adhesive layer 130 are pulled by the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 due to the different degrees of expansion, the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 are at risk of being separated from each other. In regard to this problem, the invention also provides a prism module manufacturing method.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a prism module manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for illustrating the step S2 in FIG. 2. Please refer to FIGS. 2 and 3. The prism module manufacturing method includes the following steps. Step S1: adjusting a first prism 110 and a second prism 120 to have a predetermined temperature difference. In detail, the temperature of the second prism 120 is adjusted to be higher than the temperature of the first prism 110. Furthermore, the step S1 can be completed by heating the second prism 120 and/or cooling the first prism 110, wherein the aforementioned heating treatment can be performed by an oven, but the embodiment is not limited thereto. The aforementioned predetermined temperature difference may be determined by the temperature difference between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 in the operation state, and the predetermined temperature difference in this embodiment is, for example, between 2° C. to 80° C., but other embodiments are not limited thereto. According to another embodiment of the invention, the aforementioned predetermined temperature difference is preferably equal to the temperature difference between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 in the operation state.
Next, step S2: using an adhesive layer 130 to be partially connected between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 so that there is a gap G between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120. In detail, the adhesive layer 130 includes a glue material 131 and a plurality of spacers 132 arranged in the glue material 131. The specific setting position of the adhesive layer 130 can be adjusted according to the light transmission path, and the invention is not limited to the position shown in the figures, wherein the position of the adhesive layer 130 does not block the transmission path of the beam.
In the step S2, the adhesive layer 130 is adhered to the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 in the situation that the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 have a predetermined temperature difference. Therefore, the adhesive layer 130 is not easily pulled by the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 when the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 have a temperature difference, and the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 are not at risk of rupture caused by the stress. In this way, the problem of the prism rupture caused by the stress generated by the temperature difference between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 in the operation state can be solved. When the prism module 100a manufactured by the prism module manufacturing method of this embodiment is in the operation state, the stress received by the adhesive layer 130 can be less than 2200 kPa, or even less than 1100 kPa, so the problem of mutual separation of the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 can be avoided.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for illustrating the step S3 in FIG. 2. FIG. 5 is a schematic enlarged diagram of the adhesive layer in FIG. 4. Please refer to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5. After the step S2, the prism module manufacturing method may further include the step S3: returning the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 to an ambient temperature. The ambient temperature is lower than the temperature when the prism module 100a is in the operation state. For example, the ambient temperature is about 20° C., and the temperature in the operation state may be between 60° C. and 150° C. If the second prism 120 is heated in the step S1, the second prism 120 shrinks due to the temperature drop in the step of returning to the ambient temperature. If the first prism 110 is cooled in the step S1, the first prism 110 expands due to the increase in temperature in the step of returning to the ambient temperature. Therefore, in the step S3, the adhesion layer 130 is pulled and deformed due to the expansion of the first prism 110 and/or the contraction of the second prism 120. For example, the shape of the adhesion layer 130 shown in FIG. 4 is caused by the contraction of the second prism 120. However, because the ambient temperature is lower than the temperature in the operation state, the adhesive layer 130 at the ambient temperature has better adhesive force than the adhesive layer 130 at the temperature in the operation state. That is, even though the adhesive layer 130 tilts due to the stress as shown in FIG. 5, the risk of mutual separation of the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 will not happen.
Please refer to FIGS. 2 and 5. The adhesive layer 130 shown in FIG. 5 may have a first adhesive surface A1 and a second adhesive surface A2, wherein the first adhesive surface A1 contacts the first surface 111, and the second adhesive surface A2 contacts the second surface 121. The overlapping ratios of the first adhesive surface A1 and the second adhesive surface A2 in the steps S2 and S3 of FIG. 2 are different. The overlapping ratio is defined as the ratio of the overlapping area of the first adhesive surface A1 and the second adhesive surface A2 of the adhesive layer 130 along the normal direction of the first surface 111 of the first prism 110. Specifically, in the step S3, the adhesive layer 130 is pulled and deformed due to the expansion of the first prism 110 and/or the contraction of the second prism 120, and the overlapping ratio between the first adhesive surface A1 and the second adhesive surface A2 is P1 at this time. In addition, please refer to FIGS. 2 and 6. In the step S2 of FIG. 2, the adhesive layer 130 is not pulled by the first prism 110 and the second prism 120, and the overlapping ratio between the first adhesive surface A1 and the second adhesive surface A2 is P2 at this time, wherein P2 is greater than P1. The difference between P2 and P1 is, for example, about 0.1%, but other embodiments are not limited thereto. In addition, the degree of deformation of the adhesive layer 130 caused by being pulled due to the temperature difference between the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 in the operation state is less than the degree of deformation in the step of returning to the ambient temperature. Therefore, the overlapping ratio between the first adhesive surface A1 and the second adhesive surface A2 is also greater than P1 so that the first prism 110 and the second prism 120 can effectively avoid the interference problem.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a projection device according to an embodiment of the invention. Please refer to FIG. 7. The projection device 200 includes an illumination system 210, a light valve 220, a projection lens 230, and the aforementioned prism module 100, wherein the prism module 100 can be replaced by the aforementioned prism module 100a (shown in FIGS. 3 and 4). The illumination system 210 is configured to provide an illumination beam L1. The light valve 220 is located on the transmission path of the illumination beam L1, and the light valve 220 is configured to convert the illumination beam L1 into an image beam Li. The projection lens 230 is located on the transmission path of the image beam Li, and the projection lens 230 is configured to project the image beam Li away from the projection device 200. The prism module 100 is disposed among the illumination system 210, the light valve 220 and the projection lens 230. The first surface 111 of the first prism 110 of the prism module 100 can reflect the illumination beam L1 to the light valve 220, and the image beam Li passes through the first surface 111 and the second surface 121 and is transmitted to the projection lens 230. In addition, the prism module 100 is located on the transmission path of the image beam Li and disposed between the light valve 220 and the projection lens 230.
The illumination system 210 may include a light source (not shown). The aforementioned light source may include an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp (UHP lamp), a xenon lamp, a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser diode (LD). Furthermore, the number of the aforementioned ultra-high pressure mercury lamp and xenon lamp is, for example, one. On the other hand, the number of the aforementioned light-emitting diodes or laser diodes can be one or more. For example, the light emitting diodes (or laser diodes) may be arranged in a matrix when the number of the light emitting diodes (or laser diodes) is plural. In addition, in an embodiment where the light source includes a light emitting diode or a laser diode, the illumination system 210 may further include a wavelength conversion element (for example, a phosphor wheel). The wavelength conversion element can receive the excitation beam provided by the laser diode, and convert the excitation beam into a colored light with a different wavelength from the excitation beam, so as to further constitute an image picture.
The light valve 220 of this embodiment is, for example, a digital micromirror device (DMD) to generate an image beam Li and an off-state beam Ls (that is, the stray beam in the foregoing). In detail, the image beam Li may first enter the first prism 110, and passes through the first surface 111 and the second surface 121, and then is emitted from the fourth surface 123 of the second prism 120 to the projection lens 230. On the other hand, the off-state beam Ls can emit to the light absorption layer A of the third surface 122 of the second prism 120. Incidentally, the position of the adhesive layer 130 of the prism module 100 can be staggered with light to prevent the adhesive layer 130 from cracking due to the excessive temperature. In other embodiments, the light valve 220 may be a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) or a liquid crystal display (LCD). In addition, this embodiment does not limit the number of light valves 220. For example, other embodiments may use a single-chip liquid crystal display panel or a three-chip liquid crystal display panel structure, but the invention is not limited to this. In addition, the transmission path of the image beam Li and the off-state beam Ls also vary according to different types of the light valve 220.
The projection lens 230 includes, for example, one or more optical lenses, and the diopter of the optical lenses may be the same or different from each other. For example, the optical lens may include various non-planar lenses such as biconcave lenses, biconvex lenses, concavo-convex lenses, convexo-concave lens, plano-convex lenses, and plano-concave lenses, or any combination of the aforementioned non-planar lenses. On the other hand, the projection lens 230 may also include a flat optical lens. The invention does not limit the specific structure of the projection lens 230.
Because the adopted prism module 100 or 100a can effectively avoid the interference problem, the projection device of this embodiment has improved image quality.
In summary, the invention has at least the following advantages:
1. In the prism module and the manufacturing method thereof of the invention, because an adhesive layer with spacers is used, the gap between the first prism and the second prism can be easily kept consistent to avoid the interference problem in the prism module, thereby improving the image quality of the projection device of the invention.
2. In the prism module manufacturing method of the invention, the first prism and the second prism are adhered with the adhesive layer when the first prism and the second prism have a predetermined temperature difference, which can prevent the risk of rupture or mutual separation of the first prism and the second prism in the operation state so that the reliability of the projection device of the invention can be improved.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form or to exemplary embodiments disclosed. Accordingly, the foregoing description should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. The embodiments are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its best mode practical application, thereby to enable persons skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use or implementation contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents in which all terms are meant in their broadest reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated. Therefore, the term "the invention", "The invention" or the like is not necessary limited the claim scope to a specific embodiment, and the reference to particularly preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention does not imply a limitation on the invention, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The invention is limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Moreover, these claims may refer to use "first", "second", etc. following with noun or element. Such terms should be understood as a nomenclature and should not be construed as giving the limitation on the number of the elements modified by such nomenclature unless specific number has been given. The abstract of the disclosure is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract, which will allow a searcher to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure of any patent issued from this disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Any advantages and benefits described may not apply to all embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated that variations may be made in the embodiments described by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Moreover, no element and component in the disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element or component is explicitly recited in the following claims. Furthermore, the terms such as the first prism, the second prism, the first surface, the second surface and the third surface are only used for distinguishing various elements and do not limit the number of the elements.
1. A prism module manufacturing method, comprising steps of: adjusting a first prism and a second prism to have a predetermined temperature difference; andusing an adhesive layer to be partially connected between the first prism and the second prism so that there is a gap between the first prism and the second prism, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a glue material and a plurality of spacers arranged in the glue material.
2. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the step of adjusting the first prism and the second prism to have the predetermined temperature difference comprises a step of: heating the second prism and/or cooling the first prism.
3. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein the first prism has a first surface, the second prism has a second surface opposite to the first surface, the adhesive layer is partially connected between the first surface and the second surface, the second prism further has a third surface adjacent to the second surface, and the third surface is provided with a light-absorbing layer.
4. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined temperature difference is between 2° C. and 80° C.
5. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein after the step of using the adhesive layer to be partially connected between the first prism and the second prism, the prism module manufacturing method further comprises a step of: returning the first prism and the second prism to an ambient temperature.
6. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the glue material comprises UV glue, thermosetting glue or thermosetting UV glue.
7. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of spacers account for 0.7% to 11.3% of a volume of the adhesive layer.
8. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein a material of the plurality of spacers comprises silicon dioxide, high molecular polymer, metal or a combination thereof.
9. The prism module manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a diameter between 3.5 μm to 12.0 μm.
10. A prism module, comprising a first prism, a second prism and an adhesive layer, wherein: the first prism has a first surface;the second prism has a second surface opposite to the first surface; andthe adhesive layer is partially connected between the first surface and the second surface so that there is a gap between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a glue material and a plurality of spacers arranged in the glue material.
11. The prism module according to claim 10, wherein the adhesive layer has a first adhesive surface and a second adhesive surface, the first adhesive surface contacts the first surface and the second adhesive surface contacts the second surface, wherein when there is no temperature difference between the first prism and the second prism, an overlapping ratio between the first adhesive surface and the second adhesive surface is P1, wherein when there is a temperature difference between the first prism and the second prism, the overlapping ratio between the first adhesive surface and the second adhesive surface is P2, wherein P2 is greater than P1.
12. The prism module according to claim 10, wherein when the prism module is applied to a projection device and in an operation state, a stress received by the adhesive layer is less than 2200 kPa.
14. The prism module according to claim 10, wherein a material of the plurality of spacers comprises silicon dioxide, high molecular polymer, metal or a combination thereof.
15. The prism module according to claim 10, wherein the plurality of spacers account for 0.7% to 11.3% of a volume of the adhesive layer.
16. The prism module according to claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a diameter between 3.5 μm to 12.0 μm.
17. The prism module according to claim 10, wherein the second prism further has a third surface adjacent to the second surface, and the third surface is provided with a light-absorbing layer.
18. A projection device, comprising an illumination system, a light valve, a projection lens, and a prism module, wherein the illumination system is configured to provide an illumination beam, the light valve is located on a transmission path of the illumination beam, the light valve is configured to convert the illumination beam into an image beam, the projection lens is located on a transmission path of the image beam, the projection lens is configured to project the image beam, the prism module is disposed among the illumination system, the light valve and the projection lens, and the prism module comprises a first prism, a second prism and an adhesive layer, wherein: the first prism has a first surface;the second prism has a second surface opposite to the first surface; andthe adhesive layer is partially connected between the first surface and the second surface so that there is a gap between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a glue material and a plurality of spacers arranged in the glue material;wherein the first surface is configured to reflect the illumination beam to the light valve, and the image beam passes through the first surface and the second surface and is transmitted to the projection lens.
202110555394.7 May 2021 CN national


May 4, 2017 – Rockwell Collins has delivered its first Iridium ICS-300 SATCOM units to Boeing for the B737 MAX aircraft. This line-fit option is the only approved Iridium SATCOM system for Boeing platforms, and provides long-range voice capabilities as well as data link communications that improve operational efficiency.
The ICS-300 system operates over the Iridium satellite network, which has global coverage so reliable communications can be established between the ground and the aircraft, enabling improved routing and enhanced coordination between the flight crew and operations.
"This solution offers B737 MAX customers a highly reliable and cost-effective platform for all their aircraft operational communications needs wherever they may fly," said Brian Pemberton, vice president and general manager of aviation for Iridium.
The Iridium constellation consists of 66 low-Earth orbit satellites, enabling real-time communications anywhere on the planet and extends coverage to include polar and all remote airspaces.


Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to just as Benetton, was a Formula A single constructor that participated coming from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned because of the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores from the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton with the 2000 and 2001 months. In 2002 the team became Renault F1.The Benetton Group entered Formula One being a sponsor company for Tyrrell within 1983, then Alfa Romeo with 1984 and 1985 and then Toleman in 1985. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the conclusion of 1985 when this Toleman team was sold towards Benetton family. The team began with BMW engines then later switched to Ford then Renault and then Playlife.
The team was managed by Flavio Briatore from 1990 right up until 1997. In about 1991, TWR acquired a one-third stake inside team, bringing in Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn to perform the engineering operations. Rocco Benetton, the youngest son regarding Luciano Benetton joined the team as Leader in 1998 and terminated Briatore. He replaced him using Prodrive boss David Richards, who lasted only for a year when he far too was fired, due to a disagreement while using the Benetton family about potential strategy. Following Richards' departure, Rocco Benetton managed the team for three years until its sale for you to Renault.The Benetton team is better known for its success with Michael Schumacher, who accounts for 19 from the team's 27 career wins and their 2 drivers' titles. After switching to Renault search engines, they also won the actual constructor's championship in 1995 with Schumacher and Johnny Herbert. After 1995, Schumacher moved to Ferrari in conjunction with Ross Brawn, Rory Byrne and 11 other key figures from the two championship winning periods with Benetton.
About March 16, 2000, the team was sold to Renault for $120 mil US. As part of their restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore because team manager. The team still applied the Playlife engines (while descended from Renault motors) they had been using going back two years. The drivers were Giancarlo Fisichella as well as Alexander Wurz. The team scored 20 points, as well as 3 podium surface finishes in 2000 at Brazil, Monaco and Canada.During their final season in 2001 the people, Jenson Button and Giancarlo Fisichella, were often on the trunk two rows of the particular grid. This was in part attributed to the new 111-degree large angle engine. But continued development helped Benetton to leave Method 1 on something of your high, and the cars' performance lifted. Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for that team, including a podium finish off for Fisichella in Belgium.
During the 1994 season, some rival teams said Benetton had found a method to violate the FIA-imposed suspend on electronic aids, including traction control along with launch control. On investigation, the FIA discovered "start sequence" (kick off control) software inside the Benetton B194 cars, and a variety of illegal software in rival teams' cars as well. FIA had no evidence the software was ever used, so teams found while using software received little to no punishment. No traction control software was found to be in the Benetton cars, however. Flavio Briatore, Benetton's chief in 1994, said in 2001 that will "Our only mistake was that right at that moment we were too young and the ones were suspicious".
Over the 1994 season Benetton removed a fuel filter from the refueling rig used throughout pit stops. This may have triggered a fire that happened during Jos Verstappen's initial pitstop at Hockenheim. This resulted in further inquiries with the FIA, during which, the refuelling rig manufacturer made clear that in their opinion the modification would have resulted in 10% higher flow rates versus rules allowed. Again the team gone without substantial punishment.


text:
Latest NFL Leads
It's Really Hard to Win a Super Bowl
By Kyle Koster
Jamie Squire/Getty Images
The four remaining quarterbacks in the NFL playoffs have all been fantastic this year. Aaron Rodgers and Patrick Mahomes will finish 1-2 in MVP voting. Tom Brady has played like a 33-year-old version of himself. Josh Allen has taken a gigantic leap and at times possesses the most lethal big-play ability through the air and on the ground. Only one can win the Super Bowl. It hardly seems fair, yet it is instructive.
Winning the Super Bowl is hard. The best team doesn't do it half the time. Quarterback performance is only part of the equation and luck plays a tremendous factor in who raises the trophy. And yet the prevailing conversation centers around which one of these gunslingers will prove themselves to be a worthy champion, their teams receding into the background almost as an afterthought.
Such is the power and responsibility of playing the most glamorous and fetishized position in all of sports.
Consider this. With two more victories, Brady will have his seventh Super Bowl, further cementing his place as the all-time greatest to ever audible. The door would shut on Rodgers' quest for a career-affirming second and a better chance may never materialize. Mahomes would be a year older with his skill position cast also a year older. Allen, well, it wouldn't be a shock if he emerges as a three-time champion or is forever chasing this magical season.
Mahomes' ceiling at this stage of his career seems higher than Rodgers', which is an incredible, yet fair, thing to say. Yet, there is nothing guaranteed. Last year's triumph may emerge as his only trip to the parade. He could continue to play at his otherworldly level but never collect another ring, meaning he and Rodgers could be on the Mount Rushmore of QB skill and have all of two titles between them.
Because, it bears repeating: Life is an unpredictable and largely fickle journey. Brady's six rings have been aided and abetted by incredible fortune, new rule implication, opposing teams melting down at the right time, clutch kicking on his side, and so many more intangibles that get amped up when fueling an athlete of that caliber.
Perhaps this is just screaming into an unplugged microphone, but a situation like this lays bare how hollow and incomplete centering a player's worth solely on championships won can be. There are 32 teams and only one can hoist the Lombardi. Meaning nearly 97 percent of franchises go home empty-handed. This is not indicative of a failure, it's indicative of exclusivity.
Some combination of Brady-Mahomes-Rodgers will yield two defeated quarterbacks. And if Buffalo wins it all, Allen will reign supreme. If the Chiefs repeat, a huge part of that repeat will be due to Chad Henne's poise.
Not a single person had that on their Bingo card.
Our discourse is going to look vastly different in a few weeks based on the outcomes of three games. It'll be worth exploring deeper the idea of whether Quarterback A or B failed — or if the system forces them all to.


As I shared in my last post, I had two premature babies. My first was in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for 43 days. My second was only there for 13 days, but that was still 13 days too many. Tim and I learned a lot of things in the NICU, so I thought I'd share 6 ways to help a NICU family.
We had a friend come over to finish a load of laundry that we had wet in our washer when Brannon was born. We had multiple friends mow our lawn for the 6 weeks he was in the NICU. It was such a weight off of our minds to not have to think about some of the mundanities of everyday life while we were devoting some much of our mental energy to learning new medical terms and conditions.
Hospital Kleenexes are not that soft or absorbent, and as a NICU mom, I did a lot of crying! So having nice Kleenexes around was so helpful.
If you know what type of books they like, get them one or two. Winnie the Pooh is always a good one that just about everyone likes, and it's a good read aloud, even for babies! Or bring a book of crossword puzzles of Sudoku if they like that.
Nursing moms can eat at the hospital and insurance pays for it, but dads need to eat, too. We spent so much money on food because I wasn't home to cook. Tim would come straight from work to the hospital and often ate at the hospital cafeteria or got takeout. Look into a gift card for your local hospital's cafeteria, or else get one for a nearby restaurant with a drive-through.
Everyone loves to talk about their children, but NICU parents get tired of answering this question! Frankly, there usually isn't a good answer. People would ask if Brannon needed to weigh a certain amount before he could come home. It doesn't work that way. He had a list of things he had to accomplish. He had to keep his body temperature up, eat on his own (not through a feeding tube), be off of oxygen support, and maintain a positive growth curve. All of those things use up calories, so he had to develop enough to do all of those things at once and still have extra calories to grow. He wasn't able to do it all until he was 5 pounds 8 ounces. Our daughter, on the other hand, was born only 5 weeks early, and she was able to come home at 4 pounds 3 ounces. She was able to meet all of the requirements when she was a lot smaller because she was more developed. So do a NICU parent a favor and don't ask when their little one is coming home!
Above all, be kind and sensitive. People process premature birth differently, so watch your friend for cues as to how she wants you to respond.


The Keysight N4433A Microwave electronic calibration (ECal) module makes calibration of vector network analyzers fast, easy, and accurate. ECal is a precision, single-connection calibration technique for your vector network analyzer. Performing a full three or four port calibration takes less than half the time and number of connections using ECal versus mechanical cal kits. Furthermore, the accuracy of the calibration is comparable to mechanical methods. Traditional mechanical calibrations require intensive operator interaction, which is prone to errors. With ECal, the operator simply connects the ECal module to the network analyzer and the software controls the rest.
ECal modules are transfer standards capable of transferring the factory calibration accuracy to your network analyzer. The PNA and ENA series of network analyzers controls the N4433A module directly through a USB interface. PNA Series network analyzers require firmware revision 2.5 or higher.


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on March 22, Beijing, & other; The national security cheng & throughout; The name of the phenomenon on the Internet. Its dowdy clothes, by picking up the bottle to buy go to watch the Beijing guoan match. Reporters learned that to him, he in 13 years ago because of football, with his family, moved out of located at the west side of the home, wandering to pick up the bottle to earn a living.
& other; The national security cheng & throughout; Real name is Zhou Xu, he says, he like football since I was a child, when I was a child almost all day in the training of the workers stadium watching guoan. Due to his family against its so crazy to watch, he left the home of xicheng district of Beijing in 1999. Zhou Xu said: & other; Also want to home at ordinary times, from time to time to see the old man home. Mom told me to go back to live, I want to, when I watch the game, when I go home. Throughout the &; Zhou Xu said now their main daily pick up bottles sold live near xidan book building, slept in the station or fast food restaurant in the evening. & other; Mainly to freedom, I am a big fan of the security, throughout every game & left behind; .
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in addition to football, Zhou Xu also like to surf the net. & other; You see, this is my weibo, & lsquo; Beijing guoan fan cheng & rsquo; . My mobile phone every month throughout dozens of flow is not enough use &; .
this, some netizens feel its to the national security and football is persistent. But more netizens think such behavior is not desirable. A net friend say, & other; Football, for those who love it is very important, but it is not indispensable. So abandon family and normal life practice is not desirable. Throughout the &;
on March 20, 2012 afc champions league, Beijing guoan vs Brisbane animal roars at fellow players and the fans version & other; Brother sharp & throughout; A strong display the national security. Bi ma3 wen taken photo: Osports all sports news
Goujian forced early marriage encourages free nurse baby triplets
"Fetish" woman in love with beautiful male sculpture: speech kiss diners (FIG.)


The trend toward urban living in America is one that is continuing to fundamentally impact our cities. Perhaps the area where there has been the most change in the last ten years is in urban mobility. With transit improvements, young people especially have begun to move away from single occupancy cars to get around, seeking other mobility options. Los Angeles, has made tremendous strides both in terms of its rail and bus network. Still, it's a long way from a City like New York where a transit stop is always nearby for easy access. If you are a transit user, you will have the challenge of that last leg of the journey. If you have means you can take a taxi or rideshare, but that gets expensive. And of course there is the additional time it takes to get from origin to destination. One of the areas of most significant commercial innovation is in the transportation space called "micro mobility".
Loosely defined, micro mobility consists of the ways in which we get around in the 'first and last mile' of trips. The concept began with public transit agencies like Metro and cities like Santa Monica who took it upon themselves to provide bike share programs adjacent to transit stations. Bike share systems such as Santa Monica's Breeze system and that used by Metro are effective micro mobility networks; both have enjoyed significant growth in popularity since inception. A City official informed me that the City has increased ridership by roughly 10% year over year. The Metro system relies on docks to return the bikes after the ride, but often the docks are not convenient for point to point trips. An interesting innovation is the Santa Monica Breeze System's "dockless" option in that you can rent the bike and return it to a docking station or simply park it where you finished your ride. The City will charge you two dollars for the convenience, but their network can accommodate the various needs of an array of users. The dockless concept addresses one key challenge of micro mobility – the ever-present need for flexibility. In cities such as Washington DC and Seattle, there have been pilot programs for dockless bikes that have been popular.
In September 2017, two wheeled 'rides' were introduced into the marketplace (the company prefers them to be called 'rides' and not 'scooters' in an effort to disassociate the apparatus from a kids' toy) built by the company Bird Rides, Inc. The company is based in Santa Monica, CA and was started by a former UBER employee Travis VanderZanden. It's an app-based mobility network of scooters that you can unlock with a QR code. They are "dockless", meaning they can be left anywhere when you are done riding them. They charge a dollar for each ride plus 15 cents per minute.
With the demographic mix of techies and tourists of Silicon Beach, Bird Rides has been an instant success from a business perspective. The rides are being used constantly throughout the day and into the night, and with the traffic and parking issues of the beach, they offer a relatively low cost, extremely nimble and fun way to get around when travelling a few miles. Bird Rides also offers local entrepreneurs a way to make money in servicing the rides, offering $5 per charge for up to 20 Birds / $100 a night.
In San Francisco, a startup mobility company called Popwheel is getting ready to launch this May. The technology is more similar to a segway, where you balance on a two wheel mobility platform that is activated by internal gyroscopes measuring and reacting to your subtle movements leaning forward, backward, left and right. Despite the challenges of this technology as opposed to the simplicity of Bird Rides, the founders similarly saw a niche they could exploit in the mobility space; that is, tech workers within urban centers who commute only a few miles. For example, Airbnb gives each employee a $700 UBER credit for mobility. Popwheel is targeting corporate users, offering $50 monthly memberships with unlimited rides, which includes insurance. Their docking stations are on the backs of cars, which gets around the need to get approvals or build docks in the public right of way. Another interesting feature is the "follow me" mode. After you load up the Segway (they can easily handle up to 200 lbs.), you take the remote control, put it in your pocket, and the segway follows you around.
The Popwheel folks hope you will take one to the grocery store and have it follow you with your groceries on your run home. Regarding contraptions that simply carry stuff, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) Convention in Las Vegas, Segway introduced the Loomo Go, another robot which can carry things for you. And the Piaggio Gita is another version of this technology which appears to be sidewalk-ready.
Experts including Santa Monica's Mobility Manager Francie Stefan believe that the transportation ecosystem should now be thought of in terms of diversity like a biological ecosystem; and that over-reliance on cars is like over-planting a single species of plant. "The healthiest way is to offer a diversity of options that coexist for the long term, that provide options for needs today and provide flexibility for when needs change," she notes.
A 2016 study showed 53 percent of trips by residents were less than 3 miles, and 18 percent were less than one mile. While walking is a great option for the shortest trips, there are myriad other kinds of trips that can utilize a short-range vehicle.
But Are We Ready for This?
So much of our current dialogue regarding mobility in cities is being taken up with how to accommodate autonomous vehicles as replacements to cars, but as Ben and I talked we started to consider the profound impact of micro mobility technology on the use of all of our public streets and sidewalks, transit systems, airports, and most other public places. Not enough thinking has been done about this fast-approaching reality. I pored over the newest National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Standards for Autonomy and found little to nothing about any of these new technologies being accommodated in street design.
The image above is from Shanghai last year, where numerous bike share companies competed so fiercely for business it created a massive oversupply and the resulting dumping by the side of the road. Its wasteful and ultimately, a human safety issue.
Secure proper City business licenses and work with the City's Business License Division to ensure compliance with local business licensing regulations.
Pay previously issued Administrative Citation fines totaling $6,115.63.
Pay additional fines and investigative costs totaling $300,000.
Run a weeklong public safety education campaign on the Big Blue Bus.
Accept responsibility for Bird's prior conduct, plead "No Contest" to an infraction and pay additional criminal fines of $200 plus statutory penalty assessments.
Allow usage only along designated routes (perhaps in designated lanes w bikes) provide publicly accessible docking areas.
Require an autonomous feature or commit to a signaling system that moves rides to neutral locations after completed use if not docked correctly.
Reward "good" behaviors with incentives such as discounted rates, penalize "bad" behaviors with fines or ceasing of operations.
Micro mobility systems are a great way to address the changing needs of society and clearly the public is eager to use them. If our goal as a society is to reduce emissions, encourage transit usage, and support more healthy lifestyles we must find a way to accommodate innovations in mobility while retaining the public trust in keeping our streets reasonably safe and obstruction-free. It appears that we are at a tipping point in terms of how well we can accommodate micro mobility options within our current configuration of streets and sidewalks. It's only going to get worse if left unaddressed. Who ultimately decides how we should parcel out the public right of way? It should be a collaboration between government, the private sector, and the community at large. Let's hope we can work together to solve such intertwined issues quickly and effectively!


Omelet is a simple, yet filling breakfast. I love that you can create any filling you want and use leftover vegetables in the fridge.
Today I added cooked ground sausage from our local farmer, chopped red sweet peppers, onion, and shredded Swiss cheese.
I will be adding more omelet variations.
Wash and cut onion and red bell peppers. Heat 1 Tbsp olive oil in a skillet over medium-high heat. Add the vegetables, add a pinch of salt and saute for about 3 minutes. Remove from skillet and set aside.
Cook the ground sausage in the skillet until cooked through, about 5 -7 minutes. Transfer to the plate with the onion and bell peppers.
In a bowl whisk 2 eggs and add a dash of salt and pepper. Heat over medium-high heat 1 Tbsp olive oil in the skillet you cooked the vegetables. Add egg mixture to hot skillet and cook while the eggs sit undisturbed for about a minute until egg mixture is set. With a spatula flip the omelet on the other side and cook for about 30 seconds.
Transfer to a plate, add filling & cheese and fold omelet in half. Now you can ring the breakfast bell!
While making the remaining omelets, cover with foil to keep warm.
Transfer to a plate, add filling and fold omelet in half. While making the remaining omelets, cover with foil to keep warm.
Making an assumption that the ground sausage should be cooked before adding to cooked omelet..
Omeletes are a great way to start the day. This recipe sounds delicious! I do love a good omeletes and i'm loving the italian flavors you used.
We love omelettes! So versatile and they're great for breakfast, lunch or dinner!
Such a great way to use up what you have in the fridge while allowing everyone to customize it to their liking! Great way to start the day!
LOVE omelettes and this flavor combination sounds scrumptious.
I love a good omelet — they're like healthy ice cream sundae's — you can fill them with anything! This one with sausage is right up my alley.
Oh yum! I love peppers, sausage, and onions in my omelets! This looks like a great way to start the day!
Such a great breakfast! I even add a bit of salsa to mine.
What a lovely looking omelet. I can't wait to make this for the kids.
I love omelets and just had one today. You can't go wrong with sausage, peppers and cheese! Yum!


Description: Place zombies on the right places to infect all humans. There are 24 levels in the game. Place each zombie block onto a human block and watch the subsequent human become infected. Poison all of the men on the puzzle board to complete the level.
Controls: Dragging zombie with the mouse on the people.


text:
March 02, 2011 Screen » Film
Nicky Paycheck: Once again Cage is the odd man out in Drive Angry
If you like over-the-top action films, go see Drive Angry; Cage cannot single handedly destroy a movie this good, try as he might.
By Morgan P Salvo
Wild at Heart, Raising Arizona, Birdy... these are films that come to mind when I think back to when Nicolas Cage was good. Maybe it all started with Captain Corelli's Mandolin. That's when I realized that maybe Cage wasn't cut out for "mood pieces." Now all he does are somber monotone performances in flicks that put me in a bad mood.
Sure he's had some money problems, but when you're one of the biggest box office stars, why make crap after crap after crap? Now, strictly appearing in "paycheck movies" there seems to always be a Nicolas Cage film happening somewhere. There's always one in theaters, on cable, coming soon on DVD, being shot right now or in post-production. Leaving Las Vegas gave him a well-deserved Academy Award, but after that, the only movies that come to mind nearing redemption are Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman's Adaptation and (just barely) Matchstick Men. There's always an actor who works too hard, like Michael Caine or Samuel L Jackson. They are bound to show up in a bad movie once in a while. With Cage, they're all bad. But in Caine and Jackson's case, you can see the glint in their eyes, an acknowledgement that, "Yes, I am doing schlock." With Cage, the eyes have gone dead.
Which brings me to Drive Angry, which is actually pretty good. Everyone (Billy Burke, William Fichtner and Amber Heard) is having a field day hamming it up and being super cartooney - everyone but Cage. His take on the somber monotone serious dude does not jibe with the rest of the movie. If the filmmakers had chosen anyone else (with the exception of Justin Timberlake) this would have been a four-star movie. Over the top action, titillating gore, violence, sex, nudity and one scene that incorporates intercourse and gunplay at the same time... very original and very funny.
Director Patrick Lussier (My Bloody Valentine) has taken all the things I've been bitching about that was wrong with 3D and made them inventive, imaginative and visually stunning. Everything flies at you: bullets, axes, car parts, body parts, flames, blood. You name it, it whizzes right at you. There's one scene in particular that is true genius. It involves a bullet hole in a windshield, the reflection of the moon and Cage's glaring face all rolled up in a dream sequence - pure brilliance. And, like My Bloody Valentine, when you're in the diner, you feel like you're in the freaking diner. Angry is a painstakingly hilarious cheesy homage to '70s movies, complete with muscle cars and a satanic cult. The throwaway plot is beyond stupid, but that's what makes it so much fun. And it would be an all-out blast if buzz-kill Cage weren't in it, sauntering around striking poses and acting like, well, Nick Cage.
I have gone on record saying that every movie I see Cage in is just more proof that it's virtually impossible for him to act anymore. My theory as to why/how Cage turned bad is that he goes into certain contraptions before going in front of a camera. One is a "personality extractor" that leaves him befuddled and forlorn. Another device is a "charisma vacuum" that sucks the life out of any feeling he might emote. Last is a "laser-beam talent eradicator." One theory I have is that, like Samson, he lost his power when he lost his hair, or hairline. Now relying on insanely weird hair hats, he pushes onward.
In the last couple of years, we've been treated or devastated by Cage's long list of films, not to mention the hideous acting. Long ago, his wacky hangdog spiel and weird take on things worked (Peggy Sue Got Married or Vampire's Kiss), but now Cage churns out B-movie disasters like Bangkok Dangerous, Season of the Witch, two National Treasure movies, Knowing, The Wicker Man, Ghost Rider and Next - the last being possibly the worst movie ever made with his performance ranking as the worst of all time.
That said, if you like over-the-top action films, go see Drive Angry; Cage cannot single handedly destroy a movie this good, try as he might.
★★★✩✩
Starring Nicolas Cage, William Fichtner, Amber Heard,
Billy Burke
Morgan P Salvo
The Hunt For B-Movie Perfection
They Still Release Movies, Don't They?
Rest in Paradise
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Tarantino weaves a wondrous fairy tale
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Locally produced documentary, "7 Hills," shows peace at the skatepark
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I miss the communal experience of bad movies...maybe more than the communal experience of good ones. So, because I'm me, I went on a hunt for a brand new, January 2021 release on VOD that looked so bad that I might hopefully be able to recapture that lost feeling. More »
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text:
Lorenzo Arenas es un barrio de la ciudad chilena de Concepción.

Historia

El nombre proviene del sastre y masón Lorenzo Arenas Olivos. Este sector comenzó su desarrollo durante principios del siglo XX, cerca del camino hacia el Cementerio General de Concepción, con la instalación de la Población Lorenzo Arenas Nº 1, entre las calles Del Solar, Jorge Montt, Valenzuela y 21 de Mayo. Luego, durante el segundo cuarto del siglo XX, se construye la Población Prieto Cruz, expandiéndose entre las calles Valenzuela, Briceño y Miraflores. Luego se sumó el conjunto entre Nicolás Maruri, Arias, del Soto, y 21 de Mayo.

A mediados del siglo XX, se construye la Población Lorenzo Arenas Nº 2, entre las calles Diego de Almagro, Pedro de Oña y 21 de Mayo. Se expande al norte y al frente del Cementerio.

Tras ello, en los antiguos terrenos del Club de Golf de Concepción, se construye la Población Laguna Redonda.

Límites

Los límites aproximados del sector son:

 Al norte con la comuna de Hualpén, por medio de la Avenida Jorge Alessandri.
 Al este con el Valle de Paicaví y el sector de Tucapel Bajo, por medio de la Calle Aníbal Pinto.
 Al sur con la Laguna Redonda, la Avenida 21 de Mayo, la Avenida Arturo Prat, calle Rosamel del Solar y el Cerro Chepe.
 Al oeste con la Avenida Costanera y el Río Biobío.

Economía y Comercio

En Lorenzo Arenas, el comercio está distribuido principalmente en la Avenida 21 de Mayo, la calle Miraflores, y sectores aledaños.
Dentro de los rubros del comercio establecido, hay varias empresas de servicios, librerías y paqueterías, fuentes de soda, minimercados, verdulerías, pastelerías y botillerías. También cuenta con algunas bodegas, ferreterías y bombas de combustible. Posee un supermercado (Santa Isabel) y el mercado Vega Monumental.

Transporte y Vialidad

Transporte ferroviario

La Estación Lorenzo Arenas, emplazada en el sector, es el principal referente ferroviario de los habitantes de Lorenzo Arenas.

Transporte público

En Avenida 21 de Mayo, una de las principales arterias viales de Concepción, existe locomoción colectiva, la que se dirige en su mayoría al centro de Concepción. También a Hualpén y Talcahuano, Coronel, Lota, penco, lirquen, Santa Juana, Chiguayante, Hualqui y a la Provincia de Arauco.

El transporte público dentro del sector se desarrolla principalmente en las calles Jorge Montt, Argomedo, Rosamel del Solar, Dr. Santa Cruz, Oliver, Aníbal Pinto y Almirante Riveros.

La Estación de Buses Vega Monumental dispone de algunos recorridos rurales a Cerro Negro, Florida, Cabrero, Quillón y otras localidades.

Calles Principales

Las principales arterias del sector son:

 Avenida 21 de Mayo
 Avenida Arturo Prat
 Calle Arturo Prat
 Calle Arturo Fernández Vial
 Calle Jorge Montt
 Calle Independencia
 Calle Rosamel del Solar
 Calle José Gregorio Argomedo
 Calle Miraflores
 Calle Aníbal Pinto
 Calle Doctor Santa Cruz
 Camino Los Carros o Antiguo Camino a Talcahuano
 Calle Briceño

Durante el terremoto del año 2010, en febrero y durante varios meses toda la locomoción colectiva, transporte público y particulares, fueron redirigidos hacia la Avenida Valenzuela, por reparaciones en la vía pública posterremoto.

Referencias

Barrios de Concepción

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Clipiola® silver round paper clips - only $7.95! Not just your ordinary paper clip, but a tidy, spiral "clipiola". Easily fastens a small stack of paper with fashionable flair. Make a statement... ideal for attaching business cards to presentations, resumes or other important documents. Each tin contains appx. 125 clips.
Note: Due to the heavy weight of this item, large quantities are subject to additional shipping. We will contact you if this is the case.


text:
Southern Kordofan ready for elections
UNMIS
29 April 2011 – All was set for the Southern Kordofan elections from 2 to 4 May, and steps had been taken to ensure that they would be smooth and fair, senior election officials said today.
"We are ready to receive the people to cast their votes," said State Elections High Committee (SHC) chairperson Adam Abdin. "We have 642,555 registered voters."
He added that all polling staff were trained and expected to handle their centres competently.
Mr. Abdin also noted that the security committee of the SHC had worked hard to put in place measures to ensure no incidents occurred that could disrupt the process.
Delivery of polling materials to centres all over the state has been ongoing since the start of last week, according to National Elections Committee (NEC) Logistics Officer Mahdi Mohamed Mukhtar.
"Materials were delivered by air to five localities – Muglad, Babanusa, Rashad, Ab Kashole and Alvasiyr – with logistical assistance from the UN Integrated Referendum and Elections Division (UNIRED)," he said.
The last two consignments of polling materials will be delivered to polling centres within the Kadugli locality on 30 April.
Voters have also received education on the polling processes and their rights and responsibilities, said NEC Media Advisor Abubakr Waziri.
"The voter education campaign started very early, even before the start of the registration and the media campaigns for the parties," Mr. Waziri. "It proved to be very good because now the people are very aware of all the systems and what they are supposed to do."
In the last month, intensive voter education throughout the state has been carried out by local civil society organizations with grants from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and overseen by the UNIRED state team.
Voters will be asked to cast four ballots, including one for the state-wide contest for governor, which has three contenders -- Ahmed Mohamed Haroun of the National Congress Party (NCP), Abdulaziz Adam al-Hilu of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and Telefon Kuku Abu Jalha, who is running as an independent candidate.
The other three votes will be for the state assembly. The state is divided into 32 geographical constituencies which will make up 60% of assembly seats, with an additional 14 seats (25%) reserved for women and eight seats (15%) for political parties.
Referring to reports in the media that some parties had threatened to boycott the elections, the SHC chairperson said this would not affect the committee's work.
"All registered nominees are already on the ballot papers," he said. "It is up to the voters."
He said that more than 10,000 accreditation cards have been issued to both local and international observers, and urged them to diligent.
"We have observers from the national political parties and other organizations, and also from the Carter Center, the U.S. Embassy and the Netherlands Embassy," he said. "We invite them to stay in the polling centres at all times until the polling ends."
The Southern Kordofan elections, due to have taken place concurrently with national elections in April 2010, were postponed over disputes arising from the 2008 census.
"All the parties are now convinced by the amended census figures and we don't expect any disputes about results of this election based on that," said Mr. Abdin.
The Southern Kordofan elections will be the last electoral event required by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA).
The legislature elected will oversee the state's popular consultation process, which is intended to determine whether the CPA has met the aspirations of citizens of Southern Kordofan and resolve any outstanding concerns related to the agreement's implementation.
UN Mission in Sudan
WFP Sudan Country Brief, November 2021
Sudan: Humanitarian Snapshot - November 2021 (as of 23 December 2021)
Sudan: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 (December 2021)
UNICEF Sudan Humanitarian Situation Report - Q3 (July-September 2021)


The Cupcake Coven by Ashlyn Chase has the perfect blend of humor and romance that kept me turning the pages. I loved the quirky but sensitive Rebecca she isn't your typical heroine and that made me love her more. When she gets into trouble the world's most unlikely hero steps up to help her.
Dru, a cowboy with Wiccan roots. He needs a job and place to stay Rebecca needs cheap help. It all works out. When Rebecca is threatened Dru will do whatever it takes to protect the woman he is starting to fall for. I liked his heart and soul; he is a hero right now to his leather boots. Heart of gold that he will deny he has.
Ms Chase brings me a great story set in New England that I didn't want to end. I hope to hear more about this great town and those that live there in the future. I fell in love with everyone in this book. This book kept a smile on face as I read it.
Thank you so much, Redz! I really appreciate your wonderful review and can't wait to display the pretty icon on my website. Thank you, thank you!
Very welcome!! Love your work.


text:
Q: Difference between installing an app from eclipse, adb shell and app store (google play / Samsung app store) I have an application in which I also create a home screen shortcut. My app supports multiple languages. I am testing if I change the phone language, the home screen shortcut name is updating automatically or not.
If I install the app through eclipse, it works fine and home screen short name updates fine to new language automatically on device language change. But if I install the app through adb (using adb install), the home screen shortcut name does not update automatically on device language change.
So, is their any difference in the way we install app by following ways:

*

*Installing through eclipse

*Installing through adb shell

*Installing through app store.

I try to install signed application in all cases. please help

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


we will provide the room availability, prices and all additional information.
Hostel Poolside is a newly opened, modernly decorated hostel in the center of Zagreb. It is located in an urban forest, in a place full of sunlight, shades and recreational area, only a few minutes walk from the main square. Public transportation, shops and medical facilities are located near the hostel, and for anything else you might need – our staff is at your disposal 24/7.
Amazing Bar with amazing staff to cater to all your possible and impossible desires.
We know our city and its surroundings like the back of our palm. So, go ahead. Ask us!
We shall store your luggage with outmost care and professionalism, like it was our own.
We take yours and ours seriously! Safe deposit box at the reception and dormitories lockers.
Hairdryer, Baby Cot (best dreams for the best people – we don't mind adults but we take special care of Kids), Free city Maps, Fax/Photocopying.
There are additional great stuff that only we can offer but according to commercial prices.
Throughout the year, our guests can use Gym and Tennis courts (with available instructions and rental gear).
During Summer season (opening June till 15. September), our guests can use three open swimming pools, Olympic-size pool, 25m long pool with warm water and a baby pool is available.
During Winter season (opening November till 15. March), our guests can use Open Under the Skies Ice Skating arena with available rental.
Departing guests must remove all their belongings from their room, and check out by 11 am.
If you need to store your luggage on the day of your departure please arrange it with reception.
If you need to cancel your stay at Hostel Poolside please do it at least 24 hours before your arrival date.
If you don't/can't let us know in time that you are cancelling, or if you just don't turn up on your arrival date, Hostel Poolside reserves the right to charge you for the amount of the first night.
Make sure to book your stay on time!
Contact us with a list of your preferences and we will provide the room availability, prices and all additional information.


text:
Con il termine cinema astratto o film astratto ci si riferisce ad una tendenza del cinema sperimentale che ebbe fra i primi luoghi di riflessione e definizione le avanguardie del cinema tedesco degli anni Venti del XX secolo, indirizzandosi verso l'obiettivo di creare un "cinema puro", svincolato da qualsiasi soggetto riconoscibile o storia.

Storia

Contesto artistico

Il padre dell'Astrattismo è solitamente indicato nella figura di Vasilij Kandinskij, che scrisse il testo Lo spirituale nell'arte (1912) e diresse la rivista Der blaue Reiter ("Il cavaliere azzurro", Monaco 1912). I suoi disegni evitavano le sfumature e creavano forme piatte con contorni tesi, tendenti alla grafica. Un ispiratore del movimento era stato già il francese Maurice Denis che nel 1890 scrisse come la pittura non era altro che una superficie con colori, prima di essere un paesaggio, un ritratto o qualcos'altro. Ne conseguiva che fosse possibile dipingere senza essere vincolati alle forme del soggetto, cercando di cogliere solo le forze dinamiche, le luci e le ombre pure.

A questi principi aderirono alcuni dei futuristi italiani come Boccioni e Carra, i russi come Malevič, il francese Picabia o l'olandese Mondrian.

Avanguardie e cinema astratto

Le idee dell'astrattismo si trasferirono presto anche al cinema, creando un ritmo visivo senza immagini, alla ricerca di un cinema puro composto solo da linee e figure geometriche. Già nel 1911 in Italia i fratelli Corradini, soprannominati in arte Ginna e Corra, girarono quello che forse fu il primo film sperimentale, oggi perduto, composto da una serie di quattro pellicole colorate a mano (cinepitture), con macchie di colore sparse e confuse. Nel 1913 poi il pittore Leopold Survage aveva proposto l'idea di un "cinema puro", composto di sole figure geometriche senza narrazione, ma ciò si era rivelato, dopo l'iniziale stupore, terribilmente ripetitivo.

Più tardi il pittore Viking Eggeling creò film con giochi geometrici del tutto astratti, come Diagonale Symphomie (1921-1923) o Horizontale-Verticale Orchestra (1921). Questi esperimenti erano però viziati da una certa incertezza e confusione, tra musica, pittura e cinema.

Hans Richter fece un film con un titolo del tutto generico, per evitare qualsiasi significato: Rhytmus 21 ('21 era l'anno di produzione). Nel 1925 Marcel Duchamp diresse il film Anémic Cinéma, composto da dischi ottici rotanti, che sta a metà strada tra dadaismo, surrealismo e astrattismo. Walter Ruttmann invece intitolò le sue opere Opus I, Opus II, Opus III, Opus IV (1921-1925) sottolineando la loro impersonalità, fatta di sole luci in movimento.

Una critica a queste sperimentazioni venne più tardi da Jean Mitry, che ribadì come l'essenza del cinema fosse la fotografia in movimento e non la pittura astratta, per cui le forme senza senso non erano sufficienti a creare un film, il contenuto era fondamentale.

Una via di mezzo tra cinema astratto e cinema "concreto" fu il poema visivo di Walter Ruttmann, Berlino - Sinfonia di una grande città (1927), composto interamente dal montaggio, senza narrazione di alcuna storia. Al posto delle luci e dei colori degli astrattisti il regista usò gli uomini, gli oggetti e i luoghi della città, composti secondo un ritmo musicale. Il montaggio e la geometria (di luci e ombre) assumono quindi una dimensione più profonda e suggestiva grazie al contenuto della narrazione di un'intera città.Da pochi conosciuto il regista ligure Elio Piccon fa uscire nel 1951 Tre tempi di cinema astratto. Per la prima volta in Italia assistiamo alla realizzazione di un documentario astratto.  Il film si avvale di un nuovo processo tecnico mai usato in Iitalia. Si tratta di una fusione di ritmi plastici e musicali in perfetto sincrono con le musiche di Roman Vlad. Piccon ha impiegato due mesi per fondere , ritmicamente al montaggio , immagini e musica

Eredità

Cinema astratto e cinema "puro" hanno avuto una notevole influenza sul cinema successivo, anche quello narrativo e commerciale, soprattutto in quelle occasioni in cui si è cercato di raccontare il non-raccontabile. Si pensi al segmento poetico di 2001: Odissea nello spazio del viaggio finale dell'astronauta "oltre l'infinito", oppure la sequenza di cifre e lettere di Matrix quando viene scoperto il codice segreto del mondo virtuale. Ma sono debitori dell'astrattismo anche tante creazioni di grafica luminosa, effetti speciali o titoli di testa di numerosi film (si pensi all'opera di Saul Bass)

Note

Bibliografia
 David Bordwell e Kristin Thompson, Storia del cinema e dei film. Dal dopoguerra a oggi, Editrice Il Castoro, 1998, ISBN 88-8033-112-4
Notiziario cinematografico 16 gennaio 1951
 Sandro Bernardi, L'avventura del cinematografo , Marsilio Editori, Venezia 2007. ISBN 978-88-317-9297-4

Voci correlate

 Cinema tedesco d'avanguardia
 Astrattismo
 Cinema futurista

Collegamenti esterni

astratto
Cinema muto
astratto
Astrattismo