Electrolux or the Electrolux Group as they are also known is a very popular electronics appliance manufacturer. Their products include vacuuming cleaners, cookers, dishwashers and much more. So, there is a good chance many people in the UK have some form of Electrolux appliance in their home.
Their kitchen appliances, for example, are very popular! But no manufacturer has been able to build a completely error-proof, invincible appliance yet, have they? Which means you could one day find yourself with an Electrolux appliance that doesn't work. But don't worry this where the Repair Aid service can help.
Repair Aid is your local appliance repair specialists and we can help you with all kinds of Electrolux appliances. Whatever the issue or problem our team will be able to get to work quickly to find out the cause and if a repair is possible you can count on our team to get it done.
Electrolux is a Swedish electronics manufacturer that will be celebrating a century of business in 2019. Electrolux has expanded greatly since their inception and they own many other brands across many different countries. The Electrolux Group had bought several companies – AEG, Zanussi, Tricity Bendix and more. So, even if you haven't heard of the Electrolux name you have likely heard of one of the brands they own.
What originally started as a merger between two Swedish businesses is now one of the largest electronic businesses in the world and will likely keep expanding in the years to come. So, if you own an Electrolux appliance and need professional repairs read on to find out how we can help.
With so many different appliances (not to mention brands) under the Electrolux name, it should be no surprise that there is a large scope when it comes to possible faults. Some notable faults to watch out for are Electrolux ovens not heating, dishwashers not draining or filling and of course there is always the chance of damaged parts and other common electrical issues.
Nailing down all the possible faults you need to know about will take too long and there really is to many possibilities. However, if you have an Electrolux appliance that isn't working as it should we can help you get it fixed.
Repair Aid are your local appliance repair professionals and we can help with all kinds of appliances! Whether it's a washing machine, cooker, tumble dryer or any other electrical appliance we can help you get it repaired.
One of the main benefits of using the Repair Aid service is that we are locally based professionals this means we can offer the always valuable same and next-day appointment service. At Repair Aid, we understand no one wants to be left without an electrical appliance for long, which is why we pride ourselves on a fast and efficient, high-quality service.
Our technicians also receive regular training to ensure they are kept up to date on all the latest repair developments and our repairmen also carry all the spare parts they could need with them. This means the vast majority of repairs we carry out can all be completed onsite!


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Lindsey Vonn will test knee on snow this week (TODAY video)
By Nick ZaccardiNov 27, 2013, 8:04 AM EST
Olympic downhill champion Lindsey Vonn is "very hopeful" about coming back from last week's training crash but will have a better gauge on when she can return to competition later this week.
"I've been doing rehab, and I've been progressing every day, but in the next couple of days I'm going to start to get on snow here at Vail [Colo.] and see how it feels and hopefully get a couple of days of training before I head up to Canada," Vonn told TODAY. "If things go well, I'll be racing next week. If they don't, then I'm going to have to reassess and kind of see where I stand and if I can make a comeback for this season."
Vonn partially tore her right ACL in a training crash in Copper Mountain, Colo., on Nov. 19. It's the same ACL she blew out in a crash at the World Championships in Schladming, Austria, in February.
"It was kind of a tricky course," Vonn said of last week's crash. "I caught my edge, flipped over my skis and went head first into the fence."
A statement from her publicist last week said Vonn has "an eye at racing in Lake Louise," which is next week's World Cup stop in Alberta at a course she's been known to dominate. The next World Cup speed events after that are in St. Moritz, Switzerland (Dec. 14, super-G) and Val d'Isere, France (Dec. 21-22, downhill, super-G).
"The fall caused my knee to give out," she said. "If I hadn't had my brace on, I definitely would not have had anything left in my knee. … I'm still confident. I still feel like I have a lot left to achieve this season, I just have to kind of take it day by day right now, but I still have time before Sochi."
A photo was posted on Vonn's social media accounts of her working out with tape on her right knee Tuesday.
"I just need to feel stable when I'm on my skis," she said. "It's one thing to feel stable while you're doing squats. It's another thing to feel stable while you're actually racing at 90 miles an hour. There definitely is a long ways to go there, but I'm confident that it's going to be OK. At this point, that's all I can do — is stay positive. I'm kind of out of options at this point. I'm hoping that it's going to be stable, and I'm hoping that I continue racing."
U.S. Ski Team coach describes Vonn's crash

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In order to try and change the growing controversy in the field of NCAA collegiate athletics, I, Khalil Graham, have started this petition in order to gain acceptance of the Douglas Looney reform policy. The signers of this petition believe that the current system is wrong in the way college athletes are treated, yet we don't think it is necessary to pay college athletes in order to create a fair system that in conducive to the well being of all parties involved. Once signed, this petition will be given to Jim Miller, the athletic director at the University of Richmond.
Please consider making a small donation today. This will allow us to keep How to Save College Athletics alive and available to a wide audience.


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15.00 : Golfers in Action: 1
Bernard Darwin interviews C. A. Whitcombe.
This is the first of a new series of golfing broadcasts in which Bernard Darwin, the well-known amateur golfer and writer on golf, will introduce famous professionals. The 'pros' will demonstrate a variety of shots on the miniature golf links in Alexandra Park.
The first professional to appear in this series, C.A. Whitcombe of Crews Hill Golf Club, is the second of the remarkable trio of golfer brothers. He has won the West of England Professional Championship three times, the Northern Professional Championship once, the News of the World Tournament twice, was third in the Open Championship in 1935, and has played for Great Britain on a number of occasions.
Interviewer: Bernard Darwin
Interviewee/golfer: C.A. Whitcombe
15.30 : Scenes from: Round and Round
Charles B. Cochran's Supper Show from the Trocadero Grill Room
Mr. Cochran's Young Ladies
Bob Robinson and Virginia Martin the glamorous ballroom dancers
Paul Berny French Juggler
and Ben Jade, with Rodney and Brady Taps and Twists
Stage production: Charles B. Cochran
Performers: Mr. Cochran's Young Ladies
Dancer: Bob Robinson
Dancer: Virginia Martin
Juggler: Paul Berny
Dancer: Ben Jade
Dancer: Rodney and Brady
Presentation: D.H. Munro
21.00 : St. David's Day: Clara Novello-Davies's Royal Welsh Ladies Choir
This famous choir, which is to give a special St. David's Day programme, has won the highest honours at the World Fair in Chicago and the Paris Exhibition. As far back as 1894, when Queen Victoria was on the throne, it was taken under royal patronage. The singers usually perform in traditional Welsh costume.
Its founder and conductor, Madame Clara Novello-Davies, is now seventy-five years of age. She has specialised for many years in voice-building and breath control, and has written several books on these subjects. And like her son, Ivor Novello, she has composed a good deal of music.
Singers: Royal Welsh Ladies Choir
Conductor: Madame Clara Novello-Davies
21.05 : Variety
[Starring] The London Marionette Theatre
Introducing Puppets made and manipulated by H. W. Whanslaw, Mrs. E. Lanchester, Victor Hotchkiss, Doris Bickerdike
Puppets made and manipulated by: H. W. Whanslaw
Puppets made and manipulated by: Mrs. E. Lanchester
Puppets made and manipulated by: Victor Hotchkiss
Puppets made and manipulated by: Doris Bickerdike
Presentation: Eric Crozier
Dancers: Rodney and Brady


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Industry-Academic Alliance
TA Center
STC Capstone Orientation
Applied Research Symposium (ARS)
C4CYI
Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence – Draft
Bachelor of Science in AI
All Quarters
Online, Mixed Mode, On-Site (Seattle)
Total Credits
Protect Organizations' Technical Infrastructures
The Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity (BSCY) at CityU – Seattle is specifically designed for students seeking to enter the highly in-demand field of cybersecurity. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects the demand for employment in cybersecurity will grow 32 percent from 2018 to 2028. The BSCY provides you with the skills, knowledge, and abilities to assess and investigate the misuse of data and information systems and defend organizations' intellectual property.
The BSCY offers flexible learning options, including on-site, mixed mode, and online courses. The curriculum follows the Body of Knowledge of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Cybersecurity and aligns with ABET standards. The BSCY designated as a Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) by the National Security Agency/Department of Homeland Security (NSA/DHS).
The Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity program integrates an interdisciplinary study involving technology, people, information, and processes to enable assured operations in the context of adversaries. It involves the creation, operation, analysis, and testing of secure computer systems. It is an interdisciplinary course of study, including aspects of policy and law, human factors, ethics, and risk management. This degree prepares graduates for a myriad of opportunities to work in and advance their cybersecurity careers within the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) Workforce Framework.
The Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity  will prepare students to:
Integrate a foundational knowledge of all areas of  cybersecurity through general computing knowledge
Apply fundamental principles and practices of cybersecurity
Apply critical and ethical thinking to solve problems in cybersecurity
Evaluate data to inform decisions and solve problems in cybersecurity
Create the ability to develop and express ideas while applying a variety of delivery models, genres, and communication styles
Collaborate effectively on diverse teams to accomplish a common goal
Total Required Credits: 180
Preparatory Courses (15 Credits)
CS 132 Computer Science I
CS 251 Statistical Computing (QSR)
IS 201 Fundamentals of Computing
Core Requirements (45 Credits)
CS 302 Human-Computer Interaction
CS 330 Network Communications
CS 351 Discrete Mathematics in Computing (NS)
IS 312 Web Design
IS 340 Operating Systems
IS 345 Cybersecurity
IS 350 Systems Analysis and Design
IS 360 Database Technologies
IS 471 Cyber Ethics (SS)
Depth Study (30 Credits )
Depth of Study: Cybersecurity
CS 467 Systems Security
CS 481 Network Security
CS 487 Data Security
CS 488 Software Security
CS 489 Component Security
IS 464 Policy and Audits
Choice (10 Credits)
IS 470 IT Service management
IS 472 IT Compliance
IS 456 Database Systems Management
IS 457 Enterprise Systems
CS 476 Data Analysis and Presentation
CS 479 Data Mining and Machine Learning
CS 493 Technology and Computing Internship (Repeatable)
Capstone (5 Credits)
CS 497 Technology and Computing Capstone
Mr. Farzin Bahadori
bahadorifarzin@cityu.edu
BSCY is designed to meet the needs employers require of applicants pursuing jobs in cybersecurity. Students completing the BSCY acquire lifelong learning skills and the ability to adapt to technological changes and be successful professionals today and into the future. STC's integrated approach to learning cybersecurity blends active learning methods with technical hands-on skills, enhancing ability, knowledge, and critical thinking skills. BSCY graduates are prepared with the technical skills, communication skills, and cultural competencies necessary to work in corporate or government settings as cybersecurity professionals.
BSCY prepares graduates to fill cybersecurity positions in multiple settings. Cybersecurity is a growing profession. Globally the demand for cyber talent will exceed 3.5M by 2022. Visit www.cyberseek.org for updated data and cybersecurity job openings.
Click HERE for admissions and tuition information.
Click here for complete program catalog.
© 2023 Center for Cybersecurity Innovation. Created for free using WordPress and Colibri


J. SAKIYA SANDIFER: Largely recognized as the co-author of Kanye West's THANK YOU AND YOU'RE WELCOME which sold 500K self-published copies, as well as his strategic partnerships that range from J.P. Morgan Chase, to 20th Century Fox Studios, to Bally Total Fitness, and to Bovis Lend Lease.
BRYANT "PREACHER� MOSS: Owner and Creative Director of EHP Transition Services and Concept Development Consultant to TV personalities such as Damon Wayans (My Wife and Kids), George Lopez (The George Lopez Show), and Jamal Mashburn (Former NBA All-Star, and currently ESPN personality).
CARMELO G. GARCIA, MSIS, IM, PHM: Executive Director of the Hoboken Housing Authority, State Director for Young Elected Officials Network, Trainer for The Front Line Leaders Academy C.E.O. of 21st Century Consulting Group and founder of Hoboken's Save the Youth Academy for at risk students.


Make a style statement with the ECCO Classic Moc 2.0. Featuring a moccasin-inspired design, this shoe adds a fashionable touch to your outfit. The slip-on style of this pair makes it easy to wear. It has a cemented rubber outsole. The leather-lining ensures a breathable atmosphere and keeps your foot fresh all day long. It is equipped with a removable leather-covered insole with ECFS™ technology that provides ventilation and optimizes comfort.


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import { loader } from 'pixi.js';

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The founder of Boxpark on making a modern Covent Garden out of a shed
For an industrial-looking shed, theres something strangely inviting about this giant black and white box next to Wembley Stadium.
Having opened its doors in December last year, this is Boxparks third site, and its also the largest, taking up 20,000 square feet of space.
Its essentially a stripped-back leisure centre – long tables are lined up in the centre of a huge hall, there is a massive TV screen at one end, and 23 food outlets occupy recycled shipping containers around the edge.
Hello Wembley
I follow instructions left by founder and chief executive Roger Wade, who I find in a corner of the huge steel construction.
Wade is the definition of relaxed. He gives me a grand tour of the site, which it turns out is equipped with several bars, a cinema room, and a shared workspace.
He also tells me about some of the events that Boxpark has hosted here, turning the food court into a drum and bass boxercise class, or holding boozy bingo sessions with former Radio 1 DJ Tim Westwood.
Stormzy even performed at the venue on the day it launched.
The three Boxpark sites are essentially pop-up street markets. While the original site in Shoreditch is both a retail and food outlet, the newer units in Croydon and Wembley (where I am) are entirely focused on food.
It might be a Thursday afternoon, but a handful of customers are already dotted around, eating, drinking, playing pool.
Cannot be contained
When the south London-born founder came up with the idea behind the first Boxpark in Shoreditch, he wanted to create a refreshed version of a conventional shopping centre. When it was built in 2011, it was heralded as the worlds first pop-up mall.
"Back then, we were envisaging the death of the high street," says Wade, pointing out that – with more or less the same stores – theres very little to set most British high streets apart.
"We set out to recreate a modern high street, with small independent stores."
Wade tells me that he wanted the Croydon site to be like a twenty-first century Covent Garden. And given the high, clear ceiling and small outlets, you can see what he means. Its a simple concept, taking the traditional idea of a street market and tweaking it, creating indoor spaces where people can spend time together.
"Each of the three venues is different, we dont want to use a cookie-cutter approach," he explains.
Of course, being a stones throw from the stadium means that the Wembley site has become a bit of a fanzone for people going to watch gigs and games. So unlike the Shoreditch and Croydon sites, which have steady crowds of customers, Boxpark Wembley is prone to peaks and troughs as sport and music fans fill and empty the stadium in the evenings and at weekends.
In fact, Wade is keen to switch up the experience for fans, by providing tasty food before gigs, and giving them a place to hang out afterwards.
Fashionable food
Wade founded streetwear brand Boxfresh 30 years ago, which he sold to JD Sports in 2005, and you can see parallels between that business and Boxpark. "The idea around Boxfresh was that it was the complete antithesis of designer wear, the products were meant to be accessible," he explains.
The same could be said for Boxpark, which centres around good quality, unpretentious food.
Just as streetwear has become fashionable over the years, so has street food – and London has rapidly become a population of foodies.
Recognising this, Wade signed up Michelin star chefs Rohit Ghai and Abhishake Sangwan to run the Koolcha restaurant, or "unit 21", in order to offer top quality dishes at street food prices. "Thats the sort of culinary experience we want our customers to have."
It seems daring for Wade to have entered the food and beverage sector at a time when many restauranRead More – Source
Which Game of Thrones leader are you?
Parisians sing in heartwrenching tribute as fire destroys top of Notre Dame cathedral
The Mustang that out-muscles McLaren
The Greatest Showman airbrushes the sordid history of the freak show
By admin January 2, 2018
Ticket to Write: Mojave Desert oasis teems with wildlife worth seeing


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Full Issue Download
Original Research and Contributions
Weight Loss and the Prevention of Weight Regain: Evaluation of a Treatment Model of Exercise Self-Regulation Generalizing to Controlled Eating
James J Annesi, PhD, FAAHB, FTOS, FAPA; Ping H Johnson, PhD;
Gisèle A Tennant, PhD; Kandice J Porter, PhD; Kristin L McEwen
Perm J 2016 Summer;20(3):Feb 1, 2016 [Full Citation]
https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/15-146
Context: For decades, behavioral weight-loss treatments have been unsuccessful beyond the short term. Development and testing of innovative, theoretically based methods that depart from current failed practices is a priority for behavioral medicine.
Objective: To evaluate a new, theory-based protocol in which exercise support methods are employed to facilitate improvements in psychosocial predictors of controlled eating and sustained weight loss.
Methods: Women with obesity were randomized into either a comparison treatment that incorporated a print manual plus telephone follow-ups (n = 55) or an experimental treatment of The Coach Approach exercise-support protocol followed after 2 months by group nutrition sessions focused on generalizing self-regulatory skills from an exercise support to a controlled eating context (n = 55). Repeated-measures analysis of variance contrasted group changes in weight, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, mood, and exercise- and eating-related self-regulation and self-efficacy over 24 months. Regression analyses determined salient interrelations of change scores over both the weight-loss phase (baseline-month 6) and weight-loss maintenance phase (month 6-month 24).
Results: Improvements in all psychological measures, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable intake were significantly greater in the experimental group where a mean weight loss of 5.7 kg (6.1% of initial body weight) occurred at month 6, and was largely maintained at a loss of 5.1 kg (5.4%) through the full 24 months of the study. After establishing temporal intervals for changes in self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood that best predicted improvements in physical activity and eating, a consolidated multiple mediation model suggested that change in self-regulation best predicted weight loss, whereas change in self-efficacy best predicted maintenance of lost weight.
Conclusions: Because for most participants loss of weight remained greater than that required for health benefits, and costs for treatment administration were comparatively low, the experimental protocol was considered successful. After sufficient replication, physician referral and applications within health promotion and wellness settings should be considered.
Approximately 69% of US adults are at a weight high enough to be considered unhealthy (body mass index [BMI], calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, ≥ 25 kg/m2).1 Approximately 36% of US women are obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2).1 As degree of overweight increases, so do health risks such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, and certain cancers.2 Although improving one's dietary behaviors (eg, increasing intake of fruits and vegetables; reducing the consumption of fats and sweets) and increasing physical activity will reliably reduce weight by at least the 5% required to obtain clinically important health benefits,3 maintenance of those behaviors has been very difficult for almost all individuals.4,5 It can reliably be predicted that weight lost over the first approximately 6 months will mostly (if not all) be regained within 1 to 3 years.4,5 Even a more modest weight loss of at least 3% of original body weight sustained for 2 years, sometimes considered to be a marker of both weight-loss maintenance and some health-risk reductions,6 has been difficult to attain.7 Repeating the pattern of weight loss and regain may have adverse effects on both health risks and subsequent attempts at weight loss.8,9
Previous Behavioral Treatments
Interventions based on educating individuals on the need to lose weight by eating more healthfully and by being more physically active are the most common but have been ineffective.4 Their absence of foundation in established behavior-change theories and research is a proposed reason for this lack of success.10 Cognitive-behavioral methods consistent with Bandura's social cognitive11 and self-efficacy12 theories (eg, goal setting, cognitive restructuring) have occasionally had more favorable
effects13,14 and are presently considered to be state-of-the-art by many researchers. Several reviews, however, suggest that even those types of interventions simply defer weight regain.4,5,15 Summaries of research also suggest that longer treatments (eg, 6 to 12 months, or longer) have had somewhat better effects than shorter treatments; but initial weight loss, energy-intake requirements, financial incentives, and focusing on fat vs kilocalories (kcal) do not affect the rate of weight regain after approximately 6 months.5 Research has rarely sought to determine the psychosocial factors that predict weight-loss outcomes.16
A group of behavioral researchers from Oxford University recently incorporated the extant theory and research to develop a highly structured Cognitive Behavioural Therapy protocol (Oxford CBT) in which maintenance of lost weight was targeted from the start.17 Their intervention model is instructive because it embodies much of the current thinking on both obtaining and sustaining weight loss through evidence-based behavioral methods such as self-monitoring the time, location, kcal, and type of foods and drinks consumed;18 regular self-weighing;19 and actively countering lifestyle barriers.20 Components of the Oxford CBT, which were administered by mostly clinical psychologists during individual 50-minute consultations, included "the role of body image in weight loss," "addressing barriers to weight loss," "encouraging acceptance," "common primary goals," and "developing long-term weight maintenance skills."17 Tracking of foods, initially limiting to a 1500 kcal intake per day, and weighing and graphing weight changes were key elements of the modular protocol. The 24 sessions over 44 weeks designated the initial 24 to 30 weeks as a weight-loss phase, with the remainder devoted to weight maintenance. More in common with the available treatments, though, was that exercise was not emphasized. The treatment developers suggested that its minor impact on kcal totals render physical activity as being of minor concern for weight loss, and could possibly interfere with dietary compliance. Thus, initiating physical activity could be deferred by up to 6 months.17 Although the Oxford CBT was expensive at an estimated professional cost of between US$3000 and US$4500 per participant, it proved to be no more effective than standard behavioral treatment.21 With its sample of 49 women with obesity (ie, BMI of 30-40 kg/m2) who were tested, approximately 68% of lost weight was regained at the 2-year point, and 91% was regained 3 years past treatment initiation. Possibly because even this strongly evidence-based and well-administered approach was judged by its developers to be ineffective at sustaining weight loss, they stated that it might be "ethically questionable to claim that psychological [behavioral] treatments for obesity 'work' in the absence of [favorable] data on their longer-term outcome."21p712 In further consideration of their findings and the entire body of research on intervention outcomes, they pessimistically, yet possibly realistically, concluded their report by questioning whether continuing behavioral research in the area of weight management is even warranted any longer.21
Suggested Treatment Improvements
Other researchers disagreed with the above conclusions, but it was acknowledged that many of the presently held assumptions and methods around behavioral weight-loss treatments are ineffective and "fresh ideas are needed for attacking the problem."5p14 Following from this suggestion, the National Institutes of Health commissioned a multidisciplinary working group on "Innovative Research to Improve Maintenance of Weight Loss" in 2014.22 Its final report summarized that 1) although adherence issues need to be addressed first, exercise has promising implications for maintaining weight loss that go well beyond its obvious expenditure of energy; and 2) learning behavioral skills before starting on weight loss might be beneficial for weight-loss maintenance.22 In an unrelated review of treatment results, Mann and her colleagues4 also recommended further research on exercise as possibly being the "potent factor" (for long-term weight loss), in lieu of any additional work on dieting or composition of the diet.
Although a program of regular exercise has been shown to be the strongest predictor of success with maintaining weight loss for some time,23-25 it remains difficult to maintain with an expected dropout rate of 50% to 65% within 3 to 6 months of its initiation.26,27 On the basis of accelerometer data from both the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys, less than 4% of US women complete the equivalent of at least 5 moderate-intensity walks per week,28,29 which is considered to be the minimum threshold for health benefits.30 Pilot research indicates that even when dropout from exercise is successfully countered, typical frequencies for formerly sedentary participants with obesity are only 2 to 3 sessions per week, with an estimated energy expenditure of less than 150 kcal per session (which amounts to only approximately 0.5 kg of weight loss every 9 to 10 weeks31). Although there have been advances in improving adherence to exercise through standardized cognitive-behavioral methods (eg, The Coach Approach protocol32), it was proposed that the relationship of exercise with maintained weight loss is more because of its association with improvements in psychological predictors of controlled eating than associated energy expenditures.33 For example, if self-regulatory skills (eg, thought-stopping) could first be internalized within an intervention component designed to facilitate regular exercise, possibly treatment elements could be constructed to promote generalization of such behavioral skills to controlled eating.33 This, however, runs in opposition to treatments such as the Oxford CBT17 and some basic research34 that suggests that self-regulation used for one behavior (here exercise) might deplete an individual's limited capacity of self-regulation for success with a second behavior (here reduced kcal eating). It was also proposed that self-efficacy, or one's feelings of ability and mastery, could be increased by demonstrating to one's self a better control of exercise behaviors through the use of newly learned self-regulatory skills to counter barriers.33 Improved self-efficacy to control exercise might, in turn, also generalize to controlled eating, the other critical weight-loss behavior of interest.33,35 Improvements in mood, a well-established by-product of initiating even manageable amounts of exercise,33,36 might serve to counter the common problem (especially for women) of emotional eating,37 and "… lead to a healthier psychological climate in which individuals have more cognitive and emotional resources, as well as motivation and energy, to sustain a long-term commitment to a weight-loss program."35p320 Adherence to just 2 to 3 sessions per week of behaviorally supported exercise has been associated with significant improvements in self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood,38 which were found to be the most critical psychological predictors of improvements in eating and weight over 6 months, even when previously suggested factors such as self-concept and body image35 were considered.39 Additional studies are, however, required to determine psychological predictors of longer-term weight-loss maintenance that might inform both theory and the architecture of improved behavioral treatments. Although exercise is frequently incorporated into weight-loss interventions, we have found no longer-term research where its primary focus was on improving psychological predictors of controlled healthy eating.
Thus, as an extension to earlier research on short-term psychological, behavioral, and weight-loss effects,33,40-42 the present study was conducted. It incorporated 1) an experimental treatment that initiated supported exercise 2 months before any changes in nutrition in attempts to improve targeted psychological and behavioral correlates of improved eating and weight loss, and 2) a comparison treatment of participants' use of a manual that simultaneously encouraged healthy eating, physical activity, and reasonable expectations, which was supplemented by telephone follow-ups. Both treatments were based on accepted behavioral theory, yet there were substantial differences. On the basis of a research consensus indicating that the initial approximately 6 months after treatment start is a time of weight loss, whereas beyond 6 months weight regain (often complete regain) can be reliably predicted,4,5 the present study investigated 1) treatment-associated weight change, 2) behavioral predictors of weight change (ie, changes in healthy eating and physical activity), and 3) hypothesized psychological predictors of the behavioral changes (ie, self-regulation, self-efficacy, mood) during those 2 time frames. Data were measured at baseline and months 3, 6, 12, and 24. This allowed contrasts of dynamic changes in targeted variables by group, and analyses of which of the possible temporal intervals best predicted weight change and weight change-related behavioral improvements. Such findings could be instrumental for determining when, and to what degree, corresponding treatment processes should be emphasized. To enhance clarity, this report is expressed in 3 parts corresponding to the aforementioned 3 areas. Hypotheses and research questions are as follows.
1. Reduction in weight from baseline-month 6 (weight-loss phase) will be greater, and regain in weight from month 6-month 24 (weight-loss maintenance phase) will be less, in the experimental group when contrasted with the comparison group.
2. Improvements in the targeted behaviors of physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake will be greater during both the weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance phases in the experimental group when contrasted with the comparison group.
3. Improvements in the targeted psychological variables of mood, self-regulation, and self-efficacy—related to both exercise and eating—will be greater during both the weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance phases in the experimental group when contrasted with the comparison group.
1. Was change in physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake from baseline-month 3, baseline-month 6, or month 3-month 6 the better predictor of weight change during the weight-loss phase? What temporal interval of change in physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake best predicted weight change during the weight-loss maintenance phase?
2. Was change in each psychological variable from baseline-month 3, baseline-month 6, or month 3-month 6 the better predictor of physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake change during the weight-loss phase? What temporal interval of change in each psychological variable best-predicted behavioral changes during the weight-loss maintenance phase?
3. Did changes in mood and/or aggregated (exercise- and eating-related) measures of self-regulation and self-efficacy significantly mediate relationships between treatment type (comparison and experimental) and changes in weight during the weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance phases?
Because participant characteristics, initial weight, cognitive-behavioral treatment orientation, and focus on weight-loss maintenance were designed to be similar to those of the previously published Oxford CBT study,21 the present weight-change data were also contrasted with the Oxford CBT findings.
Participant recruitment was through local print and electronic media. Inclusion criteria were 1) women of at least 21 years of age, 2) BMI ≥ 30 and < 40 kg/m2, and 3) a self-reported goal of weight loss. Exclusion criteria based on self-report were 1) present or soon-planned pregnancy; 2) present use of medications for weight loss or a psychological/psychiatric condition; 3) current participation in a medical, commercial, or self-help weight-loss program; and 4) participation in a program of regular physical activity/exercise that averaged at least 20 minutes per week during the year before the start of the study. Treatments were administered at small, community-based wellness/fitness centers in the Eastern US. Because the chance of cross-contamination of participants through intergroup interactions within the same facility would have been high, randomization to either the comparison (COM) treatment (n = 55) or the experimental (EXP) treatment (n = 55) was by site (3 sites each). Institutional review board approval and written informed consent from each participant were received. The research was conducted in accordance with requirements of the Helsinki Declaration.
Independent t- and c2 tests indicated no significant group difference in age (meanoverall ± standard deviation (SD) = 48.2 ± 7.8 years), BMI (35.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2), or racial/ethnic make-up (overall 83% white, 11% African American, and 6% of other racial/ethnic groups). On the basis of self-reported family income, most participants were middle class (overall 11% below $24,999, 21% = $25,000-$49,999, 41% = $50,000-$99,999, and 27% = $100,000 or greater). Attrition from initial study acceptance to actual treatment participation was minimal at 7% and also did not significantly differ by group. This attrition was associated with either a reported illness, a newly arisen orthopedic issue, transportation issues, or an inability of study staff to make further contact after 3 attempts. There was no cost or financial compensation for participation.
The self-report measures used in this study were 1) physical activity (PA) through weekly energy expenditure, 2) healthy eating through daily fruit and vegetable intake (FV), 3) self-regulation for exercise (SR-exercise), 4) self-regulation for controlled eating (SR-eating), 5) self-efficacy for exercise (SE-exercise), 6) overall negative mood (Mood), and 7) self-efficacy for controlling eating (SE-eating). Descriptions of each of these measures, along with data on their reliability and validity, are presented below (Table 1). Body weight was measured in kilograms through the use of a recently calibrated scale (800KL; Healthometer, Buffalo Grove, IL).
Participants initially received a group orientation to their assigned EXP or COM protocol. Wellness counselors administering treatments were trained in only one of the protocols and masked to the treatment differences and the study's research goals. Both the EXP and COM treatments were based on the social cognitive11 and self-efficacy12 theories of behavior where individuals are viewed as 1) directing their own actions through self-organization, 2) being able to manage their environments, and 3) possessing capabilities to be self-reflective of their internal abilities. Both the EXP and COM curricula incorporated cognitive-behavioral methods designed to empower participants with self-regulatory skills and abilities to deal with barriers to managing their weight effectively, while increasing their feelings of mastery and competence (ie, self-efficacy). Both treatment protocols informed participants of the recommended volume of weekly exercise to gain health benefits,30 but also suggested that any amount was also likely to be beneficial. However, the administration formats and the proposed role of physical activity/exercise in facilitating changes in eating behaviors differed substantially between the EXP and COM treatments.
The EXP treatment incorporated The Coach Approach exercise-support protocol32 paired with a nutrition behavior-change component developed for this research. It was based on 1) results from previous behavioral weight-management treatments,14,17,33,62-64 2) exploratory studies of psychosocial predictors of weight-loss behaviors,33,39,57 3) findings suggesting that behavioral mechanisms required to foster weight loss differ from those required to maintain lost weight,16,65 and 4) the suggested benefits of targeting specific and measurable behaviors for change (eg, increasing FV rather than addressing numerous and detailed elements of the diet).66 Beginning at baseline, The Coach Approach protocol32 supported adherence to newly initiated exercise through six 45-minute meetings with a trained wellness counselor possessing at least 1 national certification (eg, American College of Sports Medicine). These were conducted in a private office over 6.5 months. Each participant's exercise plan, both initially and in revisions during subsequent meetings, was based on the participant's preferred type of physical activity and tolerance. Most of the meeting time was, however, spent on the development of specific self-regulatory skills such as long- and short-term goal setting paired with progress monitoring, dissociation from discomfort, cognitive restructuring, stimulus control, behavioral contracting, controlling behavioral prompts and triggers, and relapse prevention. Exercise-induced changes in mood (eg, anxiety, energy level) were assessed both in response to a single bout of physical activity and for 1 to 2 months, and displayed through responses to items embedded in the supporting computer application.
After 8 weeks of concentration exclusively on maintaining regular exercise, the components for eating behavior change were sequentially added. First, guidance and practice on methods for kcal tracking was individually provided in two 30-minute meetings over 2 weeks. Energy-intake goals were based on each participant's weight (eg, 1500 kcal/day for a weight range of 79-99 kg), and various methods for recording food and corresponding kcal intake were made available (eg, through an approved Web site, an approved application for hand-held devices, or a provided paper form and use of an approved "calorie counter" book). Next, 10 nutrition sessions of 60 minutes each focused on weight reduction were administered by trained wellness counselors (supported by a manual) at 2-week intervals in groups of 8-15 participants. Their primary aim was to generalize, adapt, and extend self-regulatory skills developed during The Coach Approach exercise-support protocol,32 to self-regulating eating behaviors (eg, dissociating from exercise-induced discomfort was generalized to dissociating from feelings of hunger; recovering from and rescheduling a missed exercise session was generalized to recovering from a day of excess kcal intake and immediately recommitting to the appropriate limit for the next day). There was a combination of brief lectures, individual tasks, and group activities within each session. The next component, now 28 weeks after baseline, was 4 group sessions in which self-regulatory skills were addressed in the context of maintaining lost weight. The final 10 sessions of the EXP treatment covered skills of self-regulation in both weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance contexts (Figure 1). Treatment content related to the diet was primarily concentrated on increasing FV intake, although there was a limited focus on minimizing the consumption of fat and sugar. Because meeting time was primarily centered on the development of self-regulatory skills and the ability to increase self-efficacy for controlling overeating, participants were referred to the ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site67 for access to detailed, evidence-based information on nutrition.
The COM treatment replicated methods used previously in studies,21,42 and consisted of participants reviewing 1 of the 12 "lessons" of a 265-page print manual entitled The LEARN (lifestyle, exercise, attitudes, relationships, nutrition) Program for Weight Management (10th edition)68 every 2 weeks. Sections related to behavior change included "Dealing with Pressures to Eat," "Preventing Lapse, Relapse, and Collapse," "Interpreting Your Progress," and "Making Physical Activity Count." Sections related to diet included "Fast Foods," "Rating Your Diet," "Vegetables in Your Diet," and "Breads, Cereals, Rice, and Pasta in Your Diet." Each lesson was followed by a 15-minute phone conversation initiated by a wellness counselor to clarify chapter contents, review each participant's plans for carrying out behavioral changes, and answer the participant's questions. The process of participants reading chapters and obtaining telephone follow-ups started at baseline and lasted 24 weeks (Figure 1). The LEARN manual68 suggested that women limit their energy intake to 1200 kcal per day. A paper monitoring form was provided for participants to record foods and drinks consumed, the amount consumed and their associated kcal, their corresponding food group categorization, and optional comments.
Fidelity checks were completed on approximately 15% of treatment components by study staff. Minor protocol violations were primarily related to adherence to required time frames within sessions and were easily rectified through study staff-instructor interactions. Surveys and weight measurements were completed in a private area.
Data Analyses
To avoid inappropriately inflated effect sizes such as those reported in the many studies where data from only weight-loss program "completers" were included, the conservative intention-to-treat approach was used, as suggested.13 Thus, data were retained from all participants who engaged in treatment processes. The expectation-maximization algorithm69 was used to impute data for the 14% of missing scores. The required criteria of missing at random (no systematic bias) was indicated because participants who were missing data at any assessment time did not significantly differ from the sample as a whole on demographic characteristics or any other study measure. On the basis of the planned multiple regression equations incorporating 3 predictor variables, and to detect the moderate effect of f2 = 0.15 that was indicated in pilot research33 at the statistical power of 0.90 (a = 0.05), a minimum of 98 total participants was required.70 In tests during the weight-loss phase, tolerances (0.60-0.82) and variance inflation factors (1.23-1.67) indicated a low degree of multicollinearity. During the weight-loss maintenance phase, tolerances (0.22-0.86) and variance inflation factors (1.16-4.58) indicated a low-moderate degree of multicollinearity.71 Inspection of residual scatterplots indicated homogeneity of variances and linearity in the data. Both skewness and kurtosis values were < 2 standard errors. Consistent with previous suggestions for research within the present context, change scores were unadjusted for baseline values.72 Statistical significance was set at a = 0.05 (2-tailed) unless otherwise noted. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 22 (IBM, Armonk, NY).
For all study measures, general linear model mixed-model repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were computed to determine whether there were significant score changes across the 5 measurement times (baseline; months 3, 6, 12, and 24), and whether those changes differed between the EXP and COM groups. These were followed up by planned t tests to assess and contrast within-group changes during the weight-loss phase (using 1-tailed tests) and the weight-loss maintenance phase. Their associated effect sizes were computed as Cohen's d ([meanpost - meanpre]/SDpre). Effect sizes for ANOVA models were calculated using partial h-squared (h2p = SSeffect/[SSeffect + SSerror]). For d and h2p, 0.20, 0.50, 0.80; and 0.01, 0.06, 0.14 denote small, moderate, and large effects, respectively.
Part 1: Weight Change
After completing planned ANOVAs and follow-up tests on weight, and on the basis of research suggesting that ≥ 5% weight loss is the threshold for health benefits,3 the percentage of participants attaining this criterion was reported for month 6 (end of the weight-loss phase) and month 24 (end of the study), by group. Because ≥ 3% loss has been the suggested criterion for maintained weight loss,6 attainment of this change was also reported at month 24. Weight-change data previously published on the Oxford CBT21 were also adapted for additional contrasting.
Part 2: Behavioral Predictors of Weight Changes
After completing planned ANOVAs and follow-up tests on PA and FV, data were aggregated across groups. The strengths of bivariate relationships between changes in PA and FV from baseline-month 3, baseline-month 6, and month 3-month 6, for the prediction of change in weight over the weight-loss phase, were then contrasted. Given the data collected, all possible temporal intervals of changes in PA and FV during the course of the 24-month investigation were similarly contrasted for predicting change in weight during the weight-loss maintenance phase. As was previously suggested,73 wherever possible, behavioral changes occurring during the weight-loss phase were statistically controlled for.
Part 3: Psychological Predictors of Behavioral Changes
After completing planned ANOVAs and follow-up tests on the five psychological variables, data were aggregated across groups. Analyses of relationships of changes in the psychological variables using temporal intervals and methods identical to Part 2 were then completed. Data from the temporal intervals found to have the strongest relationships served as the predictors of PA and FV changes in multiple regression equations.
Because 1) the EXP treatment focus was on the carry-over of exercise-related self-regulation and self-efficacy to eating-related self-regulation and self-efficacy, 2) their strong interrelations had previously been supported,33 and 3) previous theory suggested their interactions,35,65 after normalizing (centering and standardizing) scores and confirming expected interrelations, the exercise- and eating-related self-regulation and self-efficacy measures were merged for further analyses. Multiple mediation models incorporating 20,000 bootstrapped resamples74 were specified where the predictor variable was treatment type (0 = COM; 1 = EXP), the outcome variable was weight change during the weight-loss or weight-loss maintenance phase, and the possible mediators were changes in mood and the merged self-regulation and self-efficacy measures. In a multiple mediation model, significance of a mediator is identified when its corresponding 95% confidence interval for an indirect effect does not include 0. A graphical representation of mediation models is given in Figure 2.
If a significant mediator was found in the above analysis over the weight-loss phase, follow-up simple mediation models (eg, models with only a single mediator) were then specified to determine whether change in that psychological variable and weight demonstrated a reciprocal relationship. A reciprocal relationship is identified if, after reversing the position of the original outcome and mediator variable within a complementary mediation model, both equations demonstrate significant mediation.42 Because the presence of a reciprocal relationship may not be assessed directly through multiple mediation, or with covariates, these analyses were possible during only the weight-loss phase.
There was no significant difference at baseline between the EXP and COM groups on any study measure. Table 2a provides descriptive statistics of data at baseline and at months 3, 6, 12, and 24. For all variables, there was a significant overall effect and a significant time × group interaction during the 24-month study (Table 2a). Results of follow-up, within-group t-tests, are given in Table 2b.
During the weight-loss phase, although within-group reductions in weight in the EXP group (-5.73 kg) and COM group (-2.09 kg) were both significant, the EXP group had a significantly greater between-group reduction in weight, t(108) = 5.56, p < 0.001, d = 1.07. During the weight-loss maintenance phase, within-group weight regain in the EXP group (0.63 kg) was not significant, whereas it was significant in the COM group (0.84 kg). During the full 24-month duration of the study, reduction of weight was significant in the EXP group (-5.11 kg), but not significant in the COM group (-1.25 kg). Between-group reduction in weight was significantly greater over 24 months in the EXP group, t(108) = 2.95, p = 0.004, d = 0.58.
At month 6, ≥ 5% weight loss was found in 65.5% of EXP and 18.2% of COM participants. At month 24, ≥ 5% weight loss was found in 52.7% of EXP and 16.4% of COM participants. At month 24, ≥ 3% weight loss was found in 63.6% of EXP and 38.2% of COM participants. Figure 3 provides a graphic representation of percentages of weight change for 24 months, including data adapted from research on the Oxford CBT.21
During the weight-loss phase, although within-group increases in PA in the EXP group and the COM group were both significant, the EXP group had a significantly greater between-group increase, t(108) = 4.86, p < 0.001, d = 0.94. There was a significant between-group difference in PA change during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = -3.93, p < 0.001, d = 0.77, with the EXP group demonstrating a significant within-group reduction and the COM group showing no significant change.
During the weight-loss phase, within-group increases in FV in the EXP group and the COM group were both significant, and significantly greater in the EXP group, t(108) = 2.97, p = 0.002, d = 0.57. There was a significant between-group difference in FV change during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = -3.20, p = 0.002, d = 0.64, with the EXP group having a significant within-group reduction and the COM group exhibiting no significant change.
Prediction of Weight Change
The temporal interval that was the strongest predictor of weight change during the weight-loss phase was baseline-month 6 for both PA and FV. b(standard error)-values were -0.38(0.05) and -0.30(0.33), respectively; p values < 0.001. The temporal interval that was the strongest predictor of weight change during the weight-loss maintenance phase was month 6-month 24 for both PA and FV. b(standard error)-values were -0.45(0.11) and -0.28(0.87), respectively; p values < 0.001 and 0.018, respectively.
Part 3: Psychological Predictors
of Behavioral Changes
Self-Regulation for Exercise
During the weight-loss phase, within-group increases in SR-exercise in the EXP group and the COM group were both significant, and significantly greater in the EXP group, t(108) = 5.64, p < 0.001, d = 1.09. There was a significant between-group difference in SR-exercise reduction during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = -3.51, p = 0.001, d = 0.67, with the EXP group demonstrating a significant within-group reduction and the COM group showing no significant change.
Self-Efficacy for Exercise
During the weight-loss phase, within-group increases in SE-exercise in the EXP group and the COM group were both significant, and significantly greater in the EXP group, t(108) = 2.94, p = 0.007, d = 0.52. There was a significant between-group difference in SE-exercise change during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = -3.39, p = 0.001, d = 0.65, with the EXP group showing a significant within-group reduction and the COM group having no significant change.
During the weight-loss phase, within-group reductions in Mood score in both the EXP group and the COM group were significant, and significantly greater in the EXP group, t(108) = -4.98, p = 0.002, d = 0.98. There was a significant between-group difference in Mood change during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = 2.70, p = 0.008, d = 0.54, with the EXP group demonstrating a significant within-group score increase and the COM group exhibiting no significant change.
Self-Regulation for Controlled Eating
During the weight-loss phase, within-group increases in SR-eating in the EXP group and the COM group were both significant, and significantly greater in the EXP group, t(108) = 3.64, p < 0.001, d = 1.08. There was a significant between-group difference in SR-eating reduction during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = -2.57, p = 0.012, d = 0.52, with the EXP group having a significant within-group reduction and the COM group showing no significant change.
Self-Efficacy for Controlled Eating
During the weight-loss phase, within-group increases in SE-eating in the EXP group and the COM group were significant, and significantly greater in the EXP group, t(108) = 2.88, p = 0.005, d = 0.55. There was no significant between-group difference in SE-eating change during the weight-loss maintenance phase, t(108) = -0.48, p = 0.635, d = 0.10, with neither the EXP or COM group demonstrating a significant within-group change.
Prediction of Physical Activity Change
The temporal interval that was the strongest predictor of change in PA during the weight-loss phase was from baseline-month 6 for SR-exercise,
SE-exercise, and Mood. b(standard error)-values were 0.58(0.15), 0.50(0.10), and -0.46(0.08), respectively; all p values < 0.001. The temporal interval that was the strongest predictor of change in PA during the weight-loss maintenance phase was baseline-month 24 for SR-exercise, SE-exercise, and Mood. b(standard error)-values were 0.65(0.24), 0.57(0.14), and -0.52(0.17), respectively; all p values < 0.001.
After incorporating the above temporal intervals into the following two models, the multiple regression equation predicting PA change during the weight-loss phase was significant. Changes in SR-exercise, SE-exercise, and Mood were each significant independent predictors (after controlling for one another). The prediction of PA change during the weight-loss maintenance phase was significant. Changes in SR-exercise and SE-exercise, but not Mood, were significant independent predictors (Table 3).
Prediction of Eating Change
The temporal interval that was the strongest predictor of change in FV during the weight-loss phase was the same for baseline-month 3 and baseline-month 6 for SR-eating, and was baseline-month 6 for both SE-eating and Mood. b(standard error)-values were 0.41(0.03), 0.45(0.01), and -0.37(0.08), respectively; all p values < 0.001. The temporal interval that was the strongest predictor of change in FV during the weight-loss maintenance phase was month 12-month 24 for SR-eating, and baseline-month 24 for both SE-eating and Mood. b(standard error)-values were 0.19(0.04), 0.47(0.01), and -0.31(0.02), respectively; all p values < 0.050.
After incorporating the above temporal intervals, the multiple regression equation predicting FV change during the weight-loss phase was significant. Changes in SR-eating, SE-eating, and Mood were each significant independent predictors (after controlling for one another) (Table 3). The prediction of FV change over the weight-loss maintenance phase was significant. Neither changes in SR-eating, SE-eating, nor Mood were significant independent predictors (Table 3).
Consolidated Model for Weight-Loss Effects
As expected, correlations of baseline, baseline-month 6, and month 6-month 24 scores between the exercise- and eating-related self-regulation measures (r-values = 0.61-0.66), and exercise- and eating-related self-efficacy measures (r-values = 0.40-0.48) were significant (all p values < 0.001). This further supported merging the exercise- and eating-related self-regulation (ie, SR-merged) and self-efficacy (ie, SE-merged) measures for the planned mediation analyses. The same Mood scale was used in both exercise and eating contexts so no such merger was needed.
In a consolidated model, the SR-merged, SE-merged, and Mood measures (changes from baseline-month 6) were entered as possible mediators of the relationship between treatment type (COM or EXP) and weight change during the weight-loss phase. The overall model was significant, R2 = 0.35, F(4, 105) = 14.23, p < 0.001. Only change in SR-merged was a significant mediator within the equation (Table 4, Analysis I). In the planned simple mediation follow-ups, change in SR-merged significantly mediated the relationship between treatment type and weight change; and weight change significantly mediated the relationship between treatment type and change in SR-merged. This indicated a reciprocal relationship between increases in self-regulation and lost weight during the weight-loss phase (Table 4, Analysis I-a).
The SR-merged, SE-merged, and Mood measures (changes from month 6 to month 24) were entered as possible mediators of the relationship between treatment type and weight change during the weight-loss maintenance phase. The overall model was significant, R2 = 0.20, F(7, 102) = 3.61, p = 0.002. Only change in SE-merged was a significant mediator within the equation (Table 4, Analysis II).
Post Hoc Tests
In post hoc analyses of only the EXP group, a significant quadratic (inverted-U) effect was found during the 24 months of the study in each of the psychological variables, which suggested a reduction in gains acquired during the initial 6 to12 months. Effect sizes (h2p) associated with those significant ANOVA models (all p values < 0.001) were stronger than for the corresponding linear relationship for SR-exercise (0.611), SE-exercise (0.417), Mood (0.504), and SR-eating (0.600); but not SE-eating (0.374).
Overall, findings associated with the EXP treatment were promising. The absence of significant regain of that group's weight loss of more than 6% was atypical, and represented a notable success (Figure 3).4,5 The experimental format not only elucidated psychological correlates of behavioral prerequisites to weight reduction, it highlighted temporal implications for their application within both weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance phases. Innovative treatment components and administrative formats were successfully incorporated within a practical setting that suggests potential for widespread application. The cost associated with implementation of the EXP treatment approximated US$400 per participant. This was about 10% to 15% of the cost estimated for both the Oxford CBT and an average of the 3 commercial weight-loss programs currently having the strongest market share.75
Specific Findings
Part 1 clearly demonstrated the superiority of the EXP treatment over the COM treatment for weight loss at all measured time points. Regain of weight in the EXP group was only a nonsignificant 0.7% of participants' original weight, which has not been observed in the great majority of treatment studies of individuals with obesity where a climb toward baseline weight (or higher) almost always occurred after about 6 months of loss.4,5 When contrasted with the Oxford CBT (Figure 1), the EXP treatment had a far less acute slope of weight regain and a much larger proportion of participants who maintained ≥ 5% weight loss at month 24 (52.7% vs 38.8%) (Figure 3).21 This suggested substantial improvements in health risks within the EXP group. In Part 2, effect sizes for increases in both PA and FV during the weight-loss phase were about twice as large in the EXP group. Those large behavioral improvements demonstrated a partial reversal during the second year. In Part 3, within the weight-loss phase, effect sizes of improvements on the psychosocial predictors of PA and FV within the EXP group were also double those in the COM group (all large effects with d-values of 0.96-1.66). However, an inversion of some of those gains appeared between month 12 and month 24. Because these trajectories could adversely impact participants' weight-management behaviors and weight in subsequent years, extensions of this research are presently evaluating noninvasive methods to lessen such "slippage" through periodic telephone and/or e-mail follow-ups after in-person treatment components conclude. These follow-up contacts will aim to bolster the use of previously addressed self-regulatory skills and feelings of control over behaviors associated with weight management. Part 3 of this study determined that changes in self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood during the full 6 months of the weight-loss phase best-predicted increased PA and FV. Findings also suggested that changes in self-regulation applied to eating changes might be particularly important within the first several months of treatment. Changes in those 3 psychological factors over the entire weight-maintenance phase (months 6-24) best predicted a favorable direction for PA and FV. However, findings suggested that self-regulation for controlled eating is especially important during the second year. When the above results were consolidated, important findings also emerged. Data suggested that an emphasis on self-regulation during the weight-loss phase, and an emphasis on self-efficacy during the weight-loss maintenance phase, will optimize weight-management outcomes. During the weight-loss phase, changes in self-regulation and weight appeared to reinforce one another mutually. Overall, results supported the EXP treatment's ability to improve mood and increase self-regulation and self-efficacy related to both physical activity and healthy eating behaviors.
Fit with Previous Research
Although most weight-loss treatments employ an educational approach that focuses upon restricting energy intake, the use of cognitive-behavioral methods and exercise within weight-loss interventions is not novel. However, comprehensive reviews suggest that even the most state-of-the-art, theory-based approaches primarily targeting eating changes have been unsuccessful beyond the very short term.4 Within this report, findings from a previously described17 and tested21 weight-loss/weight-loss maintenance protocol (Oxford CBT) was contrasted with the EXP treatment because of its theoretical similarity, similar research design, and seemingly strong cognitive-behavioral approach. As has been typical, however, exercise was treated as a favorable adjunct to nutritional change rather than a key component of that protocol, and its maintenance of weight loss was unsuccessful.21 Guided by suggestions of the consistent relationship between exercise and maintained weight loss,23-25 previous experimental research on (modifiable) psychosocial correlates of weight loss,40-42,76 our own program of research on the generalization of exercise-induced psychological changes to eating changes during the short term,33,77-85 and recommendations from the National Institutes of Health to address adherence to exercise and establish relevant behavioral skills before attempting weight loss,22 we substantially modified and extended previous approaches. We incorporated assumptions that cognitive-behaviorally supported exercise can facilitate changes in eating and weight through associated psychological changes. Although the present data cannot determine precisely what treatment component(s) or implementation methods were most associated with the present positive results, future research designs might facilitate a more comprehensive decomposition of findings to determine the most salient treatment components and, thus, further enhance effects. We encourage future related research to also study weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance phases separately through behavioral changes and their psychological predictors, because processes within these phases appear to differ from one another. Continued evaluation of temporal aspects might facilitate a more precise process that further refines the benefits of emphasizing specific treatment components at specific times, which might also vary by personal characteristics (eg, initial weight, psychological profile). The present determination that weight loss might most benefit from a concentration on self-regulation, whereas weight-loss maintenance might most benefit from a concentration on self-efficacy, is a start in that direction. Although this research based the architecture of the EXP treatment and the selection and measurement of behavioral and psychological constructs on social cognitive and self-efficacy theory and the many studies following from those paradigms, additional theories (eg, self-determination theory, theory of planned behavior) might also serve as a basis in extensions of this research. The contrast of those results with the present findings will undoubtedly be instructive.
To increase confidence in findings and assess their generalizability for application, present limitations such as the use of a homogeneous sample of primarily white and middle-class women who were motivated enough to volunteer for treatment require attention. Thus, replications with men, with other racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups, and possibly with participants who were strongly referred by medical practitioners (to minimize effects of volunteerism) will be beneficial. Replications are also required with overweight participants and participants with a more severe degree of obesity (ie, class 3/morbid obesity). Other limitations of this research indicate a need for better controls for social support and expectation effects that are likely to bias results when interventions differ in length and amount of in-person contact, as was the case here.86 Thus, the use of an attention-matched, or a wait-list, control group might also be useful in replications of this research. Although the repeated-measures design of this study was a strength, multiple administrations of the same self-report instrument increases its measurement error.87 Although it is difficult to accomplish in field settings (that benefit the applicability of findings88,89), the use of more objective and comprehensive measures of exercise (eg, accelerometry) and dietary intake (eg, more extensive nutrition recall instruments) would increase accuracy of the behavioral outcomes. Within the present study, however, because of the length of time required for completion of the seven self-report surveys, any additional time burden placed on participants might have challenged the quality of their responses.90
Although the above limitations should be acknowledged, and replications are needed, the EXP treatment has considerable possibilities for dissemination. Its format allows for low-cost implementation in community-based health-promotion settings by staff members with general wellness credentials. It also has a strong potential for physician referral. Whereas pharmacologic and surgical interventions for obesity are available, improving physical activity and eating behaviors will effectively address obesity and their associated health risks for most affected individuals. Despite the fact that sustained improvements in eating and exercise have been difficult for behavioral medicine to effectuate, the present research introduced innovative behavior-change methods that empowered individuals to effectively deal with day-to-day barriers that consistently served as impediments to maintaining clinically important losses in body weight. The use of manageable amounts of exercise to build the self-regulatory skills and improvements in mood that promote a newfound sense of control over eating behaviors might prove to be one of the most viable solutions to the longstanding epidemic of obesity.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Mary Corrado, ELS, provided editorial assistance.
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8. Amigo I, Fernández C. Effects of diets and their role in weight control. Psychol Health Med 2007 May;12(3):321-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500600621545.
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text:
About Jack Howard: Jack Howard first picked up an SLR camera as a teenager years ago and has been exploring the photographic process ever since. Starting in the wet darkroom and now exploring cutting-edge digital imaging techniques, he's thoroughly embraced the evolution of the photographic process.
Jack is Sigma Corporation of America's New Media Specialist, where he blogs, builds community, and shares his passion for photography with loyal and future Sigma customers every day.
The Sigma 50mm F1.4 DG HSM | A sets the new benchmark for fast standard prime lenses for full-frame DSLRs, and is offered at a very fair price for its total performance. And the Sigma 50mm F1.4 EX DG HSM, originally introduced in 2008, is still in production; and it remains an exceptional fast fifty designed for both the performance and build expectations of professional photographers at a price that puts it well within reach of enthusiasts looking for both fantastic optics, and a pro build quality. Choosing either one of these full-frame Sigma 50mm F1.4 stablemates over an OEM lens is a wise choice. Choosing which one is exactly right for your bag really is basically a matter of budget, plus weight and size considerations. But either way, adding one of these Sigma 50mm F1.4s to your kit is a great idea.
To repeat, the Sigma 50mm F1.4 EX DG HSM is still in production, and ships for a pretty fantastic street price, especially right now with $100 Instant Savings through February 28th.
The original high-performance 50mm F1.4
At 3.3" x 2.7" and weighing in at 17.8 ounces, this lens is heavy and stocky. Packing eight elements in six groups, it close focuses to 17.7 inches at 1:7.4 magnification. Nine rounded aperture blades and an aspherical element make for pleasing defocused and focused image elements, while a full-time manual-focus ring allows for on-the-fly adjustments.
The Sigma 50mm F1.4 DG HSM | A was announced last year and has been the talk of the photography world ever since.
The Sigma 50mm F1.4 SG HSM Art Lens
Pairing world-beating optics and imaging performance with a hypersonic motor for fast, quiet AF, along with four zone microtuning, wrist-flick Manual focus override and firmware updates via the USB Dock, this lens has already gained a number of prestigious awards, and earned tons of positive reviews from the most demanding photographers around the world. Physically, it is a very large standard lens, at 3.4" x 3.9 inches and weighing in at 28.7 ounces. Much of that weight comes form the 13 elements in 8 groups, so it is a more complex optical design. Super low dispersion glass and super multi-layer lens coatings, along with nine round aperture blades renders photographs with extraordinary image quality. Field distortion is virtually non-existent. Demand is still incredibly high, and supplies are still very limited thanks to its very fair street price but both the Nikon and Canon mounts are in stock at SuperDigitalCity and ready to ship!
So, really, what it comes down to is total performance, budget, physical size considerations, and availability to determine which Sigma 50mm F1.4 is right for you. Especially when offered with Instant Savings, like it is right now*, the 50mm EX DG HSM is an incredible bargain for a lens of this caliber. And it is ten ounces lighter, and overall noticeably smaller, both in the hand and when hauling a camera bag. The 50mm F1.4 DG HSM | A lens is larger and heavier, as it is designed with an eye first and foremost at performance above all else. It is heavy, but it is balanced, and even though it is priced significantly more than the 50mm F1.4 EX DG HSM, it is still more economical than the OEM lenses it leaves in the dust in terms of overall performance and value.
This is a world-class lens. Worldwide demand remains incredibly high, because photographers and videographers have truly fallen for all this lens offers. Whether you choose the original high-performance 50mm EX or the incredible new Art 50mm, you'll be adding a fantastic fast F1.4 standard prime to your kit, and both ship with a four-year Sigma USA warranty when you buy from SuperDigitalCity!
At F4 here both lenses show great focal plane sharpness on the flowers in the foreground and lovely background rendering. But when going wide open to F1.4, the Art lens definitely outperforms the EX version.
The Art 50 has the edge in close-focusing
over the original EX 50mm.
The same scene captured
with the EX 50mm.
Jack's book, Practical HDRI, 2nd Edition, High Dynamic Range Imaging Using Photoshop CS5 and Other Tools is now available through many bookstores and online book sites.
Posted by Super Digital City at 9:44 AM 6 comments
Labels: Photography, photography equipment, Prime Lenses, SIGMA 50mm f/1.4 Art Lens, Sigma lenses
The Sigma 50mm EX DG HSM vs the Sigma 50mm F1.4 Ar...


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Fidel Desir
WUSTL student, graduate Rhodes Scholar finalists
WUSTL senior Ashley D. Brosius and Fidel Desir, a 2010 graduate of WUSTL, were finalists for Rhodes Scholarships. Brosius and Desir were among 210 finalists from across the United States for the scholarship for graduate study at the University of Oxford in England. Rhodes Scholars are selected on the basis of their undergraduate academic achievements, personal integrity, leadership potential and physical vigor.
Stalker Prize goes to Desir
Fidel Desir is the winner of the 2010 Stalker Award. The prize is named in the honor of the late Harrison D. Stalker, PhD, who was professor of biology; a leading evolutionary biologist, geneticist and inspired teacher; and a true enthusiast of the fine arts.


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La Fédération norvégienne de basket-ball ou NBBF, (Norges Basketballforbund) est une association, fondée en 1968, chargée d'organiser, de diriger et de développer le basket-ball en Norvège.

La NBBF représente le basket-ball auprès des pouvoirs publics ainsi qu'auprès des organismes sportifs nationaux et internationaux et, à ce titre, la Norvège dans les compétitions internationales. Elle défend également les intérêts moraux et matériels du basket-ball norvégien. Elle est affiliée à la FIBA depuis 1968, ainsi qu'à la FIBA Europe.

La NBBF organise également le championnat national.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Équipe de Norvège de basket-ball
 Équipe de Norvège de basket-ball féminin

Liens externes
 Site officiel de la fédération

Norvégienne
Basket
Basket-ball en Norvège
Organisme fondé en 1968

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home » Topics » Cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) » Research » Anatomic Response to Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant and Baseline Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels in Diabetic Macular Edema.
Summary of "Anatomic Response to Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant and Baseline Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels in Diabetic Macular Edema."
To determine whether baseline cytokine aqueous humor (AH) levels are associated with diabetic macular edema (DME) anatomic response to dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX) injection.
DEXAMETHASONE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT FOR X-LINKED (JUVENILE) RETINOSCHISIS.
XEN Gel Stent to Treat Intraocular Hypertension after Dexamethasone-implant Intravitreal Injections: 5 Cases.
Intravitreal injections (IVI) of slow-release dexamethasone (DEX) are generally well tolerated. Ocular hypertension (OHT) and cataracts are the most common adverse effects of DEX-implant (DEX-I).
Effectiveness and Safety of Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex) in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema: A Real-World Experience.
Long-term probability of intraocular pressure elevation with the intravitreal dexamethasone implant in the real-world.
Secondary Ocular Hypertension and the Risk of Glaucoma Surgery After Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Routine Clinical Practice.