text:
Regulation and Guidance
Discussion Paper on OSFI's Regulatory and Supervisory Approach to Reinsurance
Reinsurance Policy Review
Type of Publication: Discussion Paper
A. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE
B. OSFI MANDATE AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES
C. REGULATORY AND SUPERVISORY APPROACH TO REINSURANCE
1. Unregistered Reinsurance
a.) Collateral Requirements for Unregistered Reinsurance
b.) 25 Per cent Limit on Risks Ceded to Unregistered Reinsurers
c.) Letters of Credit as Collateral
d.) Mutual Recognition for Reinsurance Supervision
e.) Approvals for Unregistered Reinsurance with Related Parties
2. Registered Reinsurance
a.) Capital Requirements
b.) 75 Per cent Fronting Limit
c.) Approvals for Registered Reinsurance Transactions
3. Governance
a.) Guideline on Corporate Governance
b.) Guideline on Sound Reinsurance Practices and Procedures (B-3)
c.) Guideline on Reinsurance Agreements (B-13)
d.) Insolvency and Other Contract Clauses
D. MOVING FORWARD
Reinsurance is a key risk-mitigating tool that can provide business and economic benefits for primary insurers (and their policyholders) through risk diversification and the more efficient use of capital. It can reduce insurers' insolvency risk by stabilizing loss experience, increasing capacity, limiting exposure on specific risks, and/or protecting against catastrophes.
The majority of world reinsurance capacity is provided by a relatively small number of large global reinsurance enterprises operating out of select countriesFootnote 1. The Canadian reinsurance landscape reflects this trend and comprises mostly foreign-based enterprises, with only a limited number operating through a subsidiary and the majority conducting business in Canada through a branch. In some instances, business activities are performed directly from abroad.
Standards and practice in reinsurance regulation and supervision vary considerably around the world. Until recently, for example, reinsurers were not regulated at all in certain jurisdictionsFootnote 2. Given its international and increasingly complex nature, however, there is an acknowledgment on the part of regulators worldwide that the regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance needs to adapt to allow reinsurance companies to operate more effectively at the global level, while at the same time maintaining strong prudential safeguards to protect the financial system and policyholders.
The benefits of reinsurance are balanced with a need to address counterparty risk and the ability of the reinsurer to cover its obligations on a timely basis. Past experience has shown that unenforceable reinsurance contracts can contribute to the ultimate failure of an insurer. In particular, it is imperative for reinsurance contracts to be clear, and for the ceding insurer to adequately assess the strength of the reinsurer to whom it pays a premium, as well as the adequacy of the capital provision and/or vested assets associated with its assumed counterparty risk.
From the perspective of insurance supervision, regulators need to be cognizant of the accounting and actuarial treatment of reinsurance arrangements by all parties involved – i.e., that it is fair and consistentFootnote 3. Regulators also need to be wary that reinsurance can be used by insurers to avoid (or arbitrage) domestic valuation or capital requirements.
As well, regulators and ceding insurers should have some level of comfort that home regulators of reinsurers operating from abroad have robust regulatory and supervisory regimes, and can be relatively assured that the foreign reinsurers are in a position to cover their potential obligations to domestic insurers.
Recent developments in global markets have served as a stern reminder that insurers can face severe financial difficulties resulting from the business risks they assume. It has become increasingly clear that the regulation and supervision of insurers and reinsurers – whether operating in Canada directly or underwriting Canadian risks from abroad – should be balanced to reflect these risks.
The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) recently published a paper that initiated the discussion on possible mutual recognition arrangements for reinsurance supervisionFootnote 4. The IAIS aims to provide further guidance in this area in the near future.
In tandem with the IAIS initiative, the National Association of Insurance Commissions (NAIC), which represents the fifty state insurance regulators of the United States (US), is currently examining proposals for revising its reinsurance regulatory and supervisory framework. Similarly, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) has finalized its position on possible refinements to general insurance (and reinsurance) regulation and supervision in AustraliaFootnote 5. As well, the European Union (EU) implemented in 2007 its Reinsurance Directive, which harmonized reinsurance rules for EU member states.
With these international developments in mind, OSFI is of the view that it is appropriate to assess our own regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance. The purpose of this paper is to:
Outline, in general terms, OSFI's current regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance;
Identify, and provide an update on, a number of OSFI initiatives relating to reinsurance currently underway; and
Consult on the overall policy direction of reinsurance regulation and supervision in Canada.
Although OSFI has conducted various consultations with individual companies (or sectors) on more specific issues, this review represents an effort to assess the reinsurance regulatory and supervisory regime at a broader level and to consult more widely. All interested stakeholders are invited to provide their views throughout this process.
Created in 1987 by an Act of Parliament, OSFI is the primary regulator and supervisor of federally registered deposit-taking institutions, insurance companies, and private pension plans. Its mandate is to:
Determine whether federally regulated financial institutions (FRFIs) and private pension plans are in sound financial condition and are meeting minimum plan funding requirements respectively, and are complying with their governing law and supervisory requirements;
Promptly advise institutions and plans in the event there are material deficiencies and take, or require management, boards or plan administrators to take, necessary corrective measures expeditiously;
Advance and administer a regulatory framework that promotes the adoption of policies and procedures designed to control and manage risk; and
Protect depositors and policyholders by monitoring and evaluating system-wide or sectoral issues that may impact institutions negatively.
Consistent with this mandate, there are five guiding principles underlying OSFI's regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance. They are:
Policyholders of FRFIs must be adequately protected – This is a fundamental and explicit element of OSFI's mandate. Although OSFI's mandate recognizes that FRFIs can fail, OSFI administers a regulatory framework that requires FRFIs to maintain adequate financial resources that are available to absorb unexpected losses and to cover liabilities in the event of a failure, thus safeguarding the rights and interests of policyholders.
Regulation and supervision should be proportionate to risk – In its regulatory and supervisory functions, OSFI must provide flexibility for insurance and reinsurance companies to take on reasonable risks and to compete domestically and internationally. However, it must also encourage companies to focus on prudently managing the increasingly complex risks of the insurance and reinsurance sectors. In particular, OSFI takes a risk-based approach to supervision that emphasizes the need for adequate risk management practices in FRFIs, and provides principles-based guidance and specific rules, where appropriate.
OSFI must have the ability to effectively assess those risks – In order to fulfil its mandate, OSFI must have the right supervisory "tools" at its disposal. OSFI's approach depends on sound internal controls, reporting, auditing, accounting and actuarial standards.
A level playing field among financial sector players should be maintained where appropriate – It is important to maintain a relative consistency, according to the risks addressed, in the development and application of regulatory guidance, standards and rules between lines of business, sectors, and for domestic and foreign players. Gaps in the regulatory framework, which can inadvertently create opportunities for regulatory arbitrage, should be avoided.
Effective coordination with other insurance regulators is critical – OSFI is not alone in regulating and supervising insurance and reinsurance activities. Effective coordination with provincial and international counterparts is crucial to ensuring a focused and efficient regulatory system.
In addition to the legal framework governing federally-regulated insurance and reinsurance companies – i.e., the Insurance Companies Act (ICA) and associated regulations – these five general principles guide OSFI's regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance. They emphasize prudent capital allocation, sound risk management, and strong FRFI governance. Any proposed changes to OSFI's regulatory and supervisory framework must also be assessed against these guiding principles.
OSFI's regulatory approach to reinsurance is based on rules regarding the adequacy of capital or assets available in Canada to cover the claims of policyholders/creditors in the event of an insurer or reinsurer failure.
When a federally regulated insurance company (i.e., FRFI) obtains reinsurance, it receives relief from OSFI's capital or required vested asset requirements to recognize that there is no need for both the insurer and reinsurer to maintain a financial "cushion" to cover the same underlying risk. The FRFI's overall (net) liability is therefore reduced as a result of the reinsurer's liability to the ceding company.
The manner in which this regulatory "transfer" of capital or vested asset requirements takes place depends on whether the reinsurer is operating in Canada as a company or branch under the ICA (a "registered" reinsurer) or is a foreign entity that does not have a presence in Canada (an "unregistered" reinsurer).
A FRFI that reinsures with a registered reinsurer is able to obtain capital/vested asset relief because it has reduced or removed its overall insurance risk. At the same time, the registered reinsurer, which is regulated and supervised by OSFI, must increase its capital or vested assets held in Canada because it is exposed to more insurance risks and has increased its potential insurance liability. The net result of this "balancing out" is that where the risk of being "out of pocket" in respect of an underlying risk is hedged, capital and vested asset requirements are also transferred.
Unregistered reinsurers, however, are not subject to OSFI regulation and supervision and, hence, cessions by FRFIs to unregistered reinsurers are treated differently, but follow the same fundamental principle.
Some FRFIs may cede some of their risks to unregistered reinsurers for risk-management and other purposes. An unregistered reinsurer may be able to limit the potential liability of the insurer to specific or regional risks that cannot otherwise be reinsured domestically. In some cases, jurisdictional arbitrage can be a main driver for insurers to cede business to unregistered reinsurers.
Given that unregistered reinsurers are not subject to OSFI oversight, OSFI's regulatory and supervisory approach for unregistered reinsurance is based on collateral requirements, a prudential limit for business ceded to unregistered reinsurers, and a regulatory approval associated with related-party transactions.
OSFI's regulatory approach for unregistered reinsurance in Canada is premised on collateral requirements (versus counterparty credit risk charges in the case of registered reinsurance). If a federally-regulated insurer chooses to cede its business to an unregistered reinsurer, it can enter into a contract with that reinsurer to maintain enough collateral to cover 100 per cent of the ceded liabilities and the associated capital requirement for the ceding company. By entering into such a contract, the ceding insurer can avoid or reduce the regulatory capital/asset requirements associated with unregistered cessions.
Rationale for Collateral Requirements
The collateral requirement is, in essence, an alternative to OSFI's capital or vested asset requirements for FRFIs. Since unregistered reinsurers do not have a presence in Canada, they are not subject to the same regulation and supervision, or to asset or capital requirements applied to FRFIs. Therefore, in order to obtain the "balancing out" referred to above, OSFI requires unregistered reinsurers to post collateral in Canada. This ensures that, if the unregistered reinsurer fails to honour its obligations, there are funds available in Canada to protect the FRFI and its policyholders.
The collateral requirement is a critical safeguard for policyholders of the ceding company, who would not otherwise have the same legal recourse or access to capital of a potentially insolvent reinsurer abroad. Further, the legal claims of ceding companies would only form part of a global "pool" of claims in the event of liquidation of an unregistered reinsurer.
The intent of the collateral requirement, which is also common practice in the US, is neither to encourage nor discourage reinsurance with registered or unregistered reinsurers, but rather that the capital/collateral in the system is sufficient to protect the ultimate policyholder who has a claimFootnote 6.
Coupled with collateral requirements for unregistered reinsurance business, a 25 per cent limit is currently applied on property and casualty insurance (P&C) premiums ceded to unregistered reinsurers. The 25 per cent limit is not imposed on the life insurance ("Life") sector. Historically, life insurers have not reinsured as much business as have P&C insurers. However, this trend appears to be changing, as increasingly more mortality risk of the Canadian Life sector is being reinsured.
The 25 per cent limit was imposed on the P&C sector as it was observed that imprudent reliance on unregistered reinsurers was a contributing factor in the failure of many P&C insurers in the 1980s. Some reinsurers, in certain instances related parties, refused to pay claims as a result of either disagreements regarding the coverage stipulated by the contract (stemming from loose wording and/or faulty documentation) or the non-existence of a written contract altogether. As well, although it appears that collateral may have been required to obtain capital credit for reinsurance, no standard form collateral agreements were in existence at the time.
The limit was also intended to address concentration risk to unregistered (and potentially unenforceable) reinsurance. It serves to mitigate the risk of relying on reinsurers operating in other jurisdictions, which may have supervisory and legal regimes that are substantially different from those in Canada. This may ultimately lead to difficulties for the Canadian insurer gaining access to the capital of distressed reinsurers based in these jurisdictions.
It has been argued, however, that the 25 per cent limit on unregistered reinsurance is inconsistent with the international nature of reinsurance business, and constrains some insurers from appropriately managing their risks through diversification and from having full access to very strong reinsurers.
As well, a premiums-based limit may not be appropriate in all circumstances, as it is not necessarily calibrated to the level of risk underwritten in the reinsurance policy. For example, a proportional reinsurance program involving a relatively large amount of premiums ceded may transfer less risk than an excess of loss reinsurance program with a relatively low level of premiums ceded.
One option that has been suggested is to replace the limit with a general principle in a guideline (Guideline B-3 is discussed in a later section) requiring companies to adopt adequate reinsurance cession practices and procedures. This can be further bolstered with guidance on clear wording and the inclusion of specific clauses in reinsurance contracts (Guideline B-13 and insolvency and other clauses are also discussed in a later section).
We welcome the views of the industry on the 25 per cent limit, and whether alternatives exist for addressing concentration and other risks. Following the consultation process, OSFI intends to finalize its position on this issue.
As discussed above, unregistered reinsurers that provide coverage to ceding insurers in Canada must provide collateral (in the form of a reinsurance trust/security agreement) to each ceding company that intends to claim a reinsurance credit. OSFI prescribes the types of assets that can be used for this purpose. Letters of credit ("LOCs") are currently permitted as acceptable collateral, but their use is limited to 15 per cent of the risks ceded to unregistered reinsurers.
The regulatory limit on the use of LOCs as collateral currently exists in order to mitigate the ceding company's reliance on a third party, other than the reinsurer, to provide funds to cover claims in the event of insolvency. Some reinsurers, however, claim that such a cap on the use of LOCs as collateral is unjustified, given that LOCs are generally safe. As well, they argue that increasing or abolishing the cap would grant more flexibility to ceding companies to conduct business with unregistered reinsurers.
OSFI will review its current policy on limiting the use of LOCs that are maintained as collateral for the benefit of a ceding insurer. Comments from the industry are welcome in this respect.
Various commentators argue that collateral requirements can potentially restrict the effective use of capital thereby increasing the cost, and decreasing the availability, of reinsurance. They argue that collateral requirements and other prudential rules respecting risks ceded to unregistered reinsurers (e.g., 25 per cent limit on unregistered reinsurance cessions; 15 per cent cap on the use of LOCs as collateral) would not be necessary if there was an effective global regime of "mutual recognition" for reinsurance.
Mutual recognition is generally understood to mean that reinsurers registered in certain countries, and subject to the mutual recognition agreement, may write business in all other countries in the agreement without collateral or restrictions, subject to the following:
An agreement by two or more regulators that their solvency requirements and regulations are mutually acceptable (but, not necessarily equivalent);
Reliance on the home jurisdiction for the regulation and supervision of the foreign (or, in Canada, "unregistered") reinsurer; and
Information sharing by the home country to the host country of all significant information regarding the relevant reinsurers.
In essence, mutual recognition entails a set of guiding principles to assist supervisors in working together to identify key areas on which they need to agree that equivalent outcomes must be achieved. The intention is for them to work out the details for themselves through formalized memoranda of understanding or similar agreements.
While the above description of mutual recognition is considered to be the "ideal", there are other forms of mutual recognition which can be effective or serve as intermediate steps to the ideal (including reduced/risk-based collateral requirements, as discussed later in this section).
As a member of the IAIS Reinsurance Subcommittee, as well as the Executive and Technical Committees, OSFI is working with its counterparts at the IAIS to study the issues associated with a possible international system of mutual recognition for reinsurance supervision in the long-run.
However, one should note that there are some significant challenges to the implementation of a global mutual recognition regime for reinsurance on a global, or even bilateral, basis. In contrast to banking regulation/supervisionFootnote 7, there is a wide variation in the regulatory and capital requirements for reinsurance across several jurisdictions, including Canada, the US, EU, Switzerland, Japan and Bermuda, among others. Reinsurance supervision is also highly technical and complex, given its institutional nature and targeted risks.
OSFI's regulation of reinsurers is generally more extensive than that of most countries. OSFI would need to be satisfied that the regulatory and capital requirements for reinsurers operating in other countries provide sufficient protection for Canadian policyholders before eliminating the collateral requirement for unregistered reinsurers.
OSFI is closely monitoring the developments in the EU in regards to the creation of common capital rules for insurance companies (referred to as "Solvency II"), which could lay the groundwork for a mutual recognition regime in reinsurance within the EU. Such rules, however, are not expected to be implemented across the EU until 2012.
Factors for OSFI to Consider
OSFI would need to, at a minimum, take into account the following basic elements prior to entering into any potential mutual recognition agreement (even on a bilateral basis):
The counterparty jurisdiction's supervisory practices and adherence to IAIS standards on supervision, and how they compare to Canadian requirements;
An assessment of the counterparty supervisor's:
Legal protection and financial resources to exercise its functions and powers;
Operational independence;
Maintenance of sufficient staff; and
Appropriate treatment of confidential information;
The legal framework in the counterparty jurisdiction, particularly as it relates to insolvencies and the rights of policyholders;
The taxation framework in the counterparty jurisdiction, especially in regards to withholding taxes applied to policyholders; and
The terms of any existing arrangements and/or memorandums of understanding with that jurisdiction.
As well, in order to eliminate or reduce collateral requirements for unregistered reinsurance through a mutual recognition regime, risk-based capital requirements for ceding federally-regulated insurers would need to be developed in order to reflect the additional risk of conducting business directly with a company that is based in a specific jurisdiction. These capital requirements for ceding insurers could potentially be higher than the collateral requirements now imposed for unregistered reinsurance in order to reflect both jurisdictional and counterparty risk.
Further, given provincial jurisdiction over market conduct regulation, and in some cases solvency regulation for insurance, effective coordination with provincial regulators through the Canadian Council of Insurance Regulators would be required in order to put into effect a workable mutual recognition agreement with a foreign jurisdiction. It would be impossible to move ahead with such an agreement without carefully considering the impact on provincial regulatory regimes.
Given the factors noted above, moving to a system of mutual recognition would be very complex and there are significant challenges. The IAIS process will take time, and OSFI will need to conduct its own work in this area. Although the IAIS initiative is still in the very early stages, representatives from OSFI will be present and active in these discussions.
Risk-Based Collateral Requirements: An Alternative Approach
Though there has been an increase of those championing a global system of mutual recognition for reinsurance supervision, it appears that some form of collateral requirements is being maintained in the US and being introduced in Australia. There is broad consensus among regulators that, in the absence of an effective system of mutual recognition that protects domestic policyholders, some form of collateral requirements is unavoidable.
Both the US and Australia are currently proposing a more graduated approach in the application of collateral requirements. In the current US and Australian proposals, for example, reinsurers in the home country that meet certain requirements would qualify for reduced (or no) collateralFootnote 8. In a variation to this model, reinsurers would post collateral – again, based on the assessed risk of that reinsurer – on a consolidated basis, rather than on an individual contractual basis.
Such approaches could be contemplated for Canada. Although they are consistent with OSFI's risk-based regulatory approach, there are a number of factors to consider, including:
The reduced collateral requirement would need to be developed and appropriately calibrated to maintain adequate protection for policyholders. This would depend largely on the regulatory, legal and insolvency frameworks of other jurisdictions, and the degree of certainty provided to policyholders about the availability of collateral to satisfy claims in the event of insolvency;
Reduced collateral requirements would need to be balanced with potentially enhanced regulatory and supervisory controls. Examples of possible controls include: adjusted capital requirements for insurers ceding risks to unregistered reinsurers; increased supervisory oversight of reinsurance practices; and higher accountability standards for management;
A competitive and level playing field would need to be maintained between registered and unregistered reinsurers, i.e., the intent would be to avoid creating a competitive advantage for unregistered reinsurers;
It may require expanded information-sharing arrangements with regulators in other jurisdictions; and
Enhanced coordination with the provinces would be required.
OSFI welcomes comments and insights from the industry on Canada's current capital/collateral regime for unregistered reinsurance activities. In the meantime, OSFI will continue to closely monitor developments in other countries.
Insurance companies often enter into reinsurance arrangements with an unregistered reinsurer that is a related party. Such transactions, which require the Superintendent's approval under the ICA, can be part of a large insurance conglomerate's strategy to pool similar risks from across its corporate structure.
In 2007, these approvals represented more than half of all reinsurance-related approvals administered by OSFI. Yet, the transactions falling under this approval requirement are often insignificant relative to the overall risk profile of the applicant insurer, and are subject to other OSFI controls, including collateral requirements and governance guidelines for ceding companies (discussed in later sections).
OSFI welcomes the industry's views on what changes could be made (e.g., development of materiality criteria) to streamline approval requirements without putting policyholders at risk.
Mirroring OSFI's approach to unregistered reinsurance business, the regulatory framework for registered reinsurance is based on capital/asset requirements for insurers, prudential limits on risks ceded and regulatory approvals.
Similar to other FRFIs, insurers and reinsurers are subject to various regulatory capital requirementsFootnote 9. However, OSFI alters its approach to reflect the varying size and nature of the risks undertaken between the P&C and Life sectors. P&C companies do not engage in financial intermediation and underwrite insurance contracts that are generally short- and fixed-term, and entirely dependent on the occurrence of a specified event of loss.
Although the P&C and Life sectors undertake different business risks, they face similar counterparty and operational risks as they relate to reinsurance. Therefore, it is the view of OSFI that there currently exist a few disparities in the capital requirements between the P&C and Life sectors that are applied for risks ceded to registered reinsurers.
Counterparty Credit Risk Capital Charge
OSFI imposes a fixed capital/asset charge on P&C insurers ceding risks to registered reinsurers in order to protect policyholders and to ensure the safety and soundness of those ceding companies. The capital charge covers the risk that the registered reinsurer will not honour its obligations in the event of failure (i.e., counterparty risk) and the risk that ceded liabilities are improperly estimated.
This charge, which is in place in all other major jurisdictions, is essentially the domestic alternative to collateral requirements. Such a charge, therefore, is not applied to insurers that cede risks to unregistered reinsurers (the collateral posted is deemed adequate to cover the risks).
However, unlike the P&C sector, this fixed capital/asset charge currently does not apply to Canadian life insurers which cede their risks to registered reinsurers. OSFI will implement a capital charge on the Life sector in the next round of major changes to the credit risk component in the Minimum Continuing Capital and Surplus Ratio (MCCSR) to account for counterparty credit risk.
Operational Risk Minimum Requirement
Aside from counterparty credit risk, when insurers cede a significant portion of their insurance risks to a reinsurer, they are also exposed to operational risk; that is, the risk that losses could materialize as a result of deficiencies in information systems or internal controls. At this time, life insurers have a 20 per cent flat capital charge on business embedded in their 120 per cent MCCSR to account for this risk.
However, as the Life sector is not subject to any ceding limit, it is possible that the 20 per cent flat charge could be inappropriately reduced to zero when an insurer cedes all of its business. To overcome such a scenario, OSFI will implement a minimum capital charge of 25 per cent of MCCSR gross capital requirements for life insurers to account for operational risk. This approach will be temporary until an explicit capital charge for operational risk is developed.
Coupled with capital requirements for insurers ceding risks to domestic reinsurers, a P&C insurer cannot cede more than 75 per cent of its gross premiums, and cannot cede more than 25 per cent of its gross premiums to unregistered reinsurers (as discussed in a previous section).
The 75 per cent "fronting" limit was implemented on the basis that where a direct writer's capital is not exposed to loss, it has little incentive to carefully underwrite business. This risk can be amplified as insurers receive commissions on business reinsured. Some insurers have in the past been inclined to write large volumes of business and to charge lower premiums to attract more business. Due to poor underwriting, some reinsurers have not honoured their obligations. In certain cases, they have claimed fraud or misrepresentation by the insurer.
However, this prudential limit, which is essentially intended to mitigate moral hazard, may not be effective, as certain lines of business may be fully fronted if they represent less than 75 per cent of total premiums. Some insurers may front lines for unregistered reinsurers for cost-efficiency purposes, as the latter do not have to set up a subsidiary or branch in Canada. While the fronting limit applicable to the company as a whole may be met, poor underwriting could nevertheless occur for fronted lines.
As well, there are currently other OSFI tools and mitigating factors that encourage prudent underwriting and sound risk control standards. For example, under OSFI's risk-based framework, reinsurance risks are examined thoroughly. OSFI expects insurance and reinsurance companies to have policies and procedures in place to properly underwrite and assume risk respectively (see section on Governance below). Also, since 1992, actuaries have opined on the adequacy of actuarial reserves of P&C insurers and, more recently, these reports have been subject to peer reviews. Consistent with this diligence and scrutiny, insurers are now required to consider reinsurance risks as part of their Dynamic Capital Adequacy Testing (DCAT).
As a result of the relative ineffectiveness of the fronting limit in addressing prudent underwriting standards and because of existing risk controls in the current regulatory and oversight framework, it has been suggested that this limit be replaced with an explicit operational risk capital charge on P&C insurers (similar to what is proposed for the Life sector in a previous section). In addition, general principles could be formulated in a guideline (See Guideline B-3 in the section on Governance) requiring companies to carry out adequate due diligence regarding their reinsurance risks. Such a guideline would apply to both the P&C and Life sectors.
OSFI welcomes the views of the industry on the future of the 75 per cent fronting limit. Following the consultation process, OSFI intends to finalize its position on this issue.
A prudentially effective, balanced and responsive approvals process is critical. OSFI values the strong relationship it has with institutions, and strives to continuously assess and improve the approvals process. It is also conscious of not placing unnecessary or duplicative regulatory burden on its regulated institutions.
The approvals regime for reinsurance transactions was significantly changed during the last legislative review period. The new reinsurance approval framework for Canadian companies was brought into force on April 20, 2007, and similar changes for foreign companies are expected to be brought into force on January 1, 2010.
Under the ICA, Canadian insurers are required to seek the Minister's approval when they cede, on an assumption basis, all or substantially all of their insurance risks. Canadian insurers are also required to seek the Superintendent's approval when they cede, on an assumption basis, less than substantially all of their insurance risks. On January 1, 2010, foreign companies will require the approval of the Superintendent (rather than the Minister, as is currently the case) when they cede on an assumption basis any risks tied to their insurance business in Canada.
As well, approval requirements related to indemnity reinsurance and transfers of policies were eliminated. From OSFI's perspective, these changes were justified given supervisory innovations in the areas of risk-based capital rules and other prudential tools.
The reinsurance approval regime will continue to be a key element of OSFI's overall regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance. Nevertheless, any changes to the broader regulatory and supervisory framework (e.g., capital requirements, monitoring, etc.), as discussed in earlier sections, can have implications for OSFI's approval and administrative requirements. OSFI would appreciate any views on the reinsurance approval regime that stakeholders may have in light of the issues raised elsewhere in this paper.
Regulation and supervision are not substitutes for sound business practice and controls. Responsibility for managing reinsurance risks lies with those operating/managing the FRFI. As such, effective senior management and boards are an essential element in the safe and sound functioning of financial institutions. It is not the practice of OSFI to manage the business affairs of financial institutions. However, OSFI fulfils its prudential mandate by promoting the adoption by management and boards of directors of policies and procedures designed to control and manage risk.
OSFI's Guideline on Corporate Governance provides information to boards and management of financial institutions about the expectations of OSFI on corporate governance. Although good governance is fundamental for any corporation, the guideline draws attention to certain areas that are especially important for financial institutions, owing to the nature and circumstances of business conducted and risks assumed.
The Guideline points to a need for an independent, responsive and effective board of directors, the development of sound risk management practices and adequate internal controls. As well, it stresses strong independent oversight by internal audit and compliance officers, as well as appointed actuaries and external auditors.
Ultimately, Canadian financial institutions, including insurers and reinsurers, will succeed (or fail) on the merits of their business and their ability to control and manage their own risks. OSFI's Guideline on Corporate Governance serves as a starting point, and applies to all FRFI's, including insurance and reinsurance companiesFootnote 10.
With respect to reinsurance activities specifically, it is especially important that directors and management enter into contracts with reinsurers that are financially sound and able to meet any future claims obligations. An OSFI guideline on sound reinsurance practices and procedures in this regard (Guideline B-3) is currently being updated and will apply to all reinsurance cessions by federally-regulated insurersFootnote 11.
The guideline will underscore OSFI's expectation that insurers establish and implement sound reinsurance cession practices and procedures as part of their enterprise-wide risk management programs. It is proposed that these practices and procedures will encompass the following fundamental elements:
A reinsurance management strategy (e.g., circumstances for which reinsurance is required);
Criteria for assessing the suitability of a reinsurer;
Appropriate risk concentration limits;
Parameters for delegation of certain responsibilities (e.g., officer limits on executing reinsurance cession arrangements);
Adequate internal systems for monitoring reinsurance transactions; and
Sound risk management and compliance mechanisms.
While OSFI strives to provide guidance to FRFIs on its expectations regarding sound reinsurance practices and procedures through general principles, history has shown that certain rules have been needed to address specific risks (e.g., the 25 per cent limit on unregistered reinsurance and the 75 per cent fronting limit). OSFI welcomes the views of the industry on whether the above principles, along with other current OSFI regulatory and supervisory tools, are adequate to effectively control reinsurance risks and whether such rules can be replaced.
An updated Guideline B-3 will be released to the industry for consultation in the coming months.
As a complement to Guideline B-3, which is general in nature, more specific guidance will be forthcoming in areas such as the implementation of reinsurance agreements.
There is often a time lag between the initiation of a reinsurance arrangement, the execution of a summary document, and the execution by the parties of the full agreement. If an event were to occur during these gaps, there could potentially be uncertainty relating to coverage. Experience, both in Canada and abroad, suggests that disputes regarding reinsurance coverage can be central to instances of insurer insolvency.
OSFI is currently analyzing the business practices of the industry with regards to the use of cover notes and formal treaties, and will incorporate this analysis into guidance to the industry.
OSFI's Guideline B-13 will set out prudential considerations relating to time lags in reinsurance arrangements. It will also address issues relating to wording within a reinsurance agreement. OSFI has completed preliminary consultations with the industry and will finalize Guideline B-13 in the coming months.
Explicit in Guideline B-13 will be the notion that a ceding company and a reinsurer enter into a written contract. However, even written contracts can contain poor language and lack appropriate protection clauses for ceding companies.
For example, an "insolvency clause" in a reinsurance contract clarifies that a reinsurer must continue to make full payments to an insolvent insurer without reduction resulting from the ceding company's insolvency. Under such a clause, reinsurance receivables remain within the overall general estate rather than being allocated toward the payment of specific policyholder claims.
As a result of past failures of insurers and associated litigation stemming from disputes concerning coverage, the inclusion of insolvency clauses in reinsurance agreements have become common practice in the US, United Kingdom and Australia. Many state insurance statutes in the US, in particular, require an insolvency clause in the reinsurance contract if the ceding company intends to recognize reinsurance receivables as an asset on its balance sheet (and take advantage of the corresponding regulatory capital relief).
In Canada, while most reinsurance contracts have contained an insolvency clause since the adoption of recommended wording by the Reinsurance Research Council of Canada in 1991, it is not a requirement for the reinsurance receivables to be recognized as an asset for regulatory capital purposes.
In contrast to insolvency clauses, other types of reinsurance clauses can limit, rather than enhance, a failed insurer's ability to enforce the claims obligations of a reinsurer and to cover the claims of its own policyholders. "Offset" and "cut-through" clauses, for example, may effectively place any reinsurer claims (i.e., mutual debts and credits), or the claims of a specific creditor/policyholder of the cedant, ahead of the statutory claims against the estate under the Winding-Up and Restructuring Act. In essence, such clauses may allow certain creditors/policyholders to have preferential treatment over other creditors/policyholders of the ceding company in the event of insolvency.
OSFI proposes to issue guidance, or to amend existing guidelinesFootnote 12, on its expectations regarding good business practice associated with reinsurance contracts, including its expectations regarding insolvency and other clauses contained in such contracts.
Financial institutions are facing rapid change, and the regulatory environment is evolving accordingly throughout the world. OSFI attempts to maintain a relevant regulatory and supervisory framework of guidance and rules for reinsurance that is adaptable to the changing landscape and that meets or exceeds international standards. Given recent international developments, an assessment of this framework is timely and appropriate.
Further, as a member of the IAIS, which is currently examining the issues associated with mutual recognition in reinsurance supervision, OSFI will need to be in a position to bring the right issues and concerns to the table in future discussions and negotiations at the international level. This discussion paper, therefore, along with critical input from the Canadian industry, will serve to equip OSFI to fully engage in this process.
This paper outlines, in general terms, OSFI's regulatory and supervisory approach to reinsurance, as well as provides a summary of various OSFI initiatives currently underway. It also serves to continue (and for some issues, initiate) discussion with the industry on a number of specified areas and on the overall policy direction of OSFI's approach.
A position will be finalized in the coming months on areas where OSFI is already consulting, or has consulted, the industry (e.g., capital requirements for the Life sector). OSFI recognizes that such a discussion paper cannot possibly address all of the technical complexities and nuances of the reinsurance business. However, the views of all stakeholders on these issues and others related to reinsurance, whether addressed or not addressed in this paper, would be appreciated.
OSFI looks forward to receiving comments of interested stakeholders on this discussion paper. Written comments should be forwarded to:
Philipe-A. Sarrazin
Director,Legislation and Policy Initiatives
Regulation Sector
255 Albert Street, 15th Floor
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H2
Written comments may also be sent by facsimile to (613) 998-6716 or via email to philipe.sarrazin@osfi-bsif.gc.ca.
According to the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS), reinsurance companies in Bermuda, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States provide approximately 90 per cent of world reinsurance capacity.
The IAIS, through various initiatives, and the European Union (EU), through the process to create common capital rules for insurance companies in the EU (i.e., "Solvency II"), have encouraged the adoption of regulatory and supervisory standards for reinsurance.
It is particularly important that the appropriate parties are maintaining adequate financial resources commensurate with the risk of potential losses, and that the appropriate parties are benefiting from the corresponding capital relief as a result of the reinsurance.
Discussion Paper on the Mutual Recognition of Reinsurance Supervision (IAIS, October 2007).
Response Paper: Refinements to the General Insurance Prudential Framework – Final Response to the Industry (APRA, June 2008).
It is important to note that collateral posted is generally based on known claim liabilities. Given the long-tail exposures and latent claims development in property and casualty insurance, such collateral can at times still be insufficient to cover claims in the event of a failure of an unregistered reinsurer.
The Basel Committee for Banking Supervision has established common international standards regarding prudential banking regulation (Basel Principles and "Basel II" capital standards).
The riskiest rated reinsurers would still be required to post collateral that covers 100 per cent of the ceding company's liabilities.
The overall capital framework for federally regulated insurers and reinsurers - the main capital tests being the Minimum Capital Test (MCT) and Minimum Continuing Capital and Surplus Ratio (MCCSR) for P&C and Life insurers/reinsurers respectively - is extensive and complex, and is, therefore, not the subject of this paper.
Branches do not have boards of directors. As such, OSFI looks to the Chief Agent of a branch to oversee the management of the branch and to be aware of OSFI's Guideline on Corporate Governance (See Guideline E-4A on the Role of the Chief Agent and Record Keeping Requirements).
The current Guideline B-3 only applies to unregistered life reinsurance.
Consideration will be given to amending existing capital guidelines regarding contract clause requirements if a ceding company intends to seek regulatory capital relief as a result of the reinsurance arrangement.
Table of Guidelines
Table of Advisories
Approvals and Precedents
Application and Approval Guides
Regulatory and Legislative Advisories
Legislative Rulings
Capital Rulings
Name Request
Risk Assessment and Intervention
Supervisory Practices
Guide to Intervention
Filing Corporate Returns
Filing Financial Returns
Viewing Financial Data
Anti-money Laundering and Compliance
Anti-terrorism Financing
Industry Notices


The Division of Athletics at SUNY Buffalo is hiring both Lifeguards and Instructors for our aquatic facilities on North Campus and South Campus.
Additionally, we are also looking for candidates who may also be interested in teaching swimming lessons. Swim Instructors are responsible for instructing all swim lesson participants. We offer private and group swim lessons. Must have knowledge of and the ability to demonstrate skills as required for class content and use teaching aids such as kickboards, diving rings, life jackets, etc. Must have the ability to positively interact with the general public. Previous aquatic experience is preferred. American Red Cross Water Safety Instructor (WSI) Certification is required to teach classes. Current pay rate is $14.50 for group lessons and $16.50 for private lesson instruction.
Visit the Employment Opportunities section of our website to see current application information.


While a student at Pinecrest High School, Jamilah Malik-Ismail took classes at Sandhills. Because of that, she was able to take advantage of two years free tuition at the college through the Sandhills Promise. She was unsure about what she wanted to major in, so coming to Sandhills for her freshman year was ideal.
Now she's working toward an Associates in Arts degree and was selected to be a Student Ambassador.
In addition to her studies at Sandhills, Jamilah loves music. She plays guitar, sings, and wants to get involved in theater. She also works at Sandhills Cinema 10.
If she looks familiar, you may have seen her before. Jamilah was featured on an SCC billboard during October and November of this year.


text:
Incorrect Answer
1 Coined in the 1970s, what nine-letter term indicates the phenomenon in which the moon appears to be unusually large in the sky? Super moon
You get a set of bonuses on patience, Trinity.
1 "One of the most notable examples of what can be achieved "by patience without much in the way of genius," these words of Bertrand Russell refer to which German astronomer born 1571? OK. Herschel No, it was Kepler
1 "Patience and time are my warriors, my champions." In which novel of the late 1860s does General Kutuzov make that observation? War And Peace
1 "She sat like patience on a monument, smiling at grief. "Was not this love indeed?" In which of Shakespeare's plays does Viola say those words? Twelfth Night
2 Called by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in the mid-19th century, what term...? What term is defined as the disinterested or selfless concern for the wellbeing of others, especially as a principle of action and as opposed...? Altruism
You get a set of bonuses on an American organisation.
2 In 1871, the Union veterans Colonel William C Church and George Wingate founded which association? The NRA
2 In 2000, which Oscar-winning actor and NRA president taunted opposing organisations with his declaration that they could have his gun when they prised it, "from my cold, dead hands"? Clint Eastwood No, it's Charlton Heston
2 And finally, which film-maker became a lifetime member of the NRA in order to run against Heston as the organisation's president? Michael Moore
3 Andrea Wulf's 2016 work, The Invention Of Nature, concerns the life of which naturalist and explorer born in Berlin in 1769? Alexander von Humboldt
Right, your bonuses are on recipients of the Royal Society's Hughs Medal, awarded in recognition of original discoveries in the physical sciences. In each case, identify the recipient from the citation.
3 Firstly, the 1942 recipient for his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the electrical structure of matter, his work in quantum theory and his experimental studies of the neutron. Chadwick No, it's Enrico Fermi
3 Secondly, the 1929 recipient for his invention and development of methods of counting alpha and beta particles. Hans Geiger is right
3 And finally, the 1913 recipient for his share in the invention of the telephone and more especially the construction of the telephone receiver. Graham Bell
4 In which ancient land of Western Anatolia were the first coins thought to have been created in the 7th century BC? The same word is the given name of Miss Languish in Sheridan's The Rivals and of a sister of Elizabeth... Lydia is correct
These bonuses are on an allegorical poem, Trinity.
4 John Dryden's verse satire Absalom And Achitophel represents contemporary public figures under biblical names. In the poem, King David is generally held to represent which royal figure? Charles I No, it's Charles II
4 Secondly, the character of Cora represents which renegade priest, the fabricator of the 1678 Popish plot? John Fisher No, it's Titus Oates
4 And finally, the title figure Absalom represents which of Charles's illegitimate sons? Four years after the poem's publication, he was executed, following a failed rebellion. The Earl of Richmond No, it was the Duke of Monmouth
5 For your picture starter, you'll see a map showing the distribution of rocks from a particular geological period. Ten points if you can name the period. Cambrian No, it's Carboniferous, so we'll take the picture bonuses in a moment or two
6 "Sculpture to me is primitive, religious, passionate and magical." These are the words of which 20th-century British artist? A fellow student of Henry Moore at Leeds College of Art, her home at St Ives is now... Barbara Hepworth
We follow on from that map of carboniferous rocks which you failed to identify with picture bonuses - three more outline maps showing the distribution of rocks of a particular geological period. Again, I simply need the period in each case.
6 Firstly, this. Ordovician No, that's Devonian
6 And secondly, this period. Permian No, that's Jurassic
6 And finally this period. Cretaceous
7 The discovery of what particle in 1936 prompted the physicist Isidor Isaac Rabi to say, "Who ordered that?" It has a half life of about two microseconds and a mass of about 200 times that of the electron, with the same charge and spin as the electron. The anti-proton No, it's the muon
8 What is the original language of the literary works known by the English titles The Book Of Disquiet, The Elephant's Journey, The Posthumous Memoirs Of Bras Cubas, and The Lusiads? Venetian? Sanskrit No, it's Portuguese
9 Referring to a human activity, what general name is given to fish of the order Lophiiformes, which include several species in which males live as permanent parasites on their mates? Anglerfish is right, yes
Your bonuses this time, Trinity, are on a fruit.
9 Which tropical fruit is the most widely cultivated food crop of the plants in the bromeliad family? Mango No, it's pineapple
9 Secondly, which park near Stirling contains an elaborately sculpted giant stone pineapple, constructed in the 18th century? Pass It's Dunmore Park
9 And finally, later arranged by Charles Mackerras, the music to the ballet Pineapple Poll was written by which English composer, born 1842? Elgar No, it's Arthur Sullivan
10 The American Alfred G Badger is particularly associated with the manufacture in the 19th century of which musical instrument, helping to popularise the new system of keying developed by the German musician Theobald Boehm? Trumpet? Saxophone No, it's the flute
11 What adjective links a 1919 work by HL Mencken, a painting of 1930 by Grant Wood, a novel of 1997 by Philip Roth, a film of 1999... American is correct, yes
Right, your bonuses are on Ireland this time, UCL. In each case, name the Irish county that shares its name with the following.
11 Firstly, a Cambridge college founded in 1326 and named after a granddaughter of Edward I and a follower of St Francis of Assisi who founded The Order Of Poor Ladies and was canonised in 1255? That's in Wales, I think No, it's Clare
11 Secondly, a major Australian film director of the silent era and a British peer noted for championing penal reform and causes celebres? Donegal No, it's Longford
11 And finally, a flavour of quark found in the neutron and a physician noted for his description of the genetic disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21? Down
12 Bruttium, or "Aga Brutius", was the name given in antiquity to the area roughly corresponding to which present-day Italian region? Having coastlines on both the Ionian and Tyrrhenian seas, it occupies the so-called toe of the country. Calabria
Trinity, you get a set of bonuses on matrices.
12 Firstly, from the name of a French mathematician born in 1822, what term is applied to a square matrix, the elements of which are complex numbers, and which is unchanged by taking the transpose of its complex conjugate? Cauchy No, it's a Hermitian matrix
12 Secondly, what name is given to a matrix with complex elements whose inverse is equal to the transpose of its complex conjugate? Unitary
12 What term is commonly applied to the special case of a unitary matrix, all of whose elements are real numbers? Correct
13 An excerpt from a musical, ten points if you can give me the title of the musical. # Your hero in... # Hamilton is correct
It's based on the life of the founding father and first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. For your music bonuses, three more excerpts from that musical. This time, in each case, I want you to tell me the name of the historical character you can hear.
13 Firstly... # France is following us to revolution... # That is Thomas Jefferson
13 Secondly name the soloist here. # Seven # Confession time Here's what I've got... # Aaron Burr
13 And finally... # You'll be back... # George III
14 Which King of England defeated his older brother in the Battle of Tinchebray in Normandy? The defeated brother, Robert Curthose, was imprisoned until his death... Henry I is correct
You get a set of bonuses on an animal, UCL.
14 "With monstrous head and sickening cry "And ears like errant wings "The devil's walking parody On all four-footed things." These words from a poem by GK Chesterton refer to which animal? Elephant No, it's the donkey
14 Secondly, which 14th-century French philosopher gives his name to the dilemma of free will exemplified by an ass unable to decide between two identical haystacks from which to feed? 14th-century French philosopher? Rabelais No, it's Jean Buridan
14 And finally the pons asinorum, or ass's bridge, is a name given to a proposition related to the angles of an isosceles triangle in the works of which mathematician? Euclid is correct, yes
15 Quote, "A significant provincial adjective, "descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station "is exposed in stormy weather." What word is described in these terms in a novel of 1847 by Emily Bronte? Wuthering
Your bonuses, Trinity, are on female politicians in the Americas.
15 Firstly, for five, from 1990, Eugenia Charles served as Prime Minister of which island country, situated between Martinique and Guadeloupe? St Lucia No, it's Dominica
15 Secondly, born in Chicago in 1920, Janet Jagan was the first female president in South America. Peru No, it's Guyana
15 Since 2006, Portia Simpson-Miller has twice served as Prime Minister of which Caribbean island nation? Jamaica
16 What Latin preposition appears in two-word expressions meaning enduring forever, intended only for a specific purpose, and argument that criticises a person rather than... Ad
Right, you get a set of bonuses this time on the Roman Empire, UCL.
16 Which client kingdom became a Roman province in AD 46? Thrace
16 Established by Augustus in Anatolia in 25 BC, which Roman province is thought to have given its name to the ninth book of the New Testament? No, we don't know It's Galatia
16 And Camulodunum was the first capital of which province, established as a result of Claudius's invasion in AD 43? Britain
17 For your picture starter, you're going to see a painting. 10 points if you can name the artist. Van Dyck
That is part of the collection at Holkham Hall, UCL, the seat of the Earls of Leicester in Norfolk. Your picture bonuses are three more paintings from that collection, with five points for each artist you can name.
17 Firstly, for five.... Poussin No, that's by Claude
17 And secondly... That is Gainsborough - Thomas William Coke
17 And finally... Canaletto
18 "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings "The soul from Purgatory springs." In the 16th century, this couplet was attributed to the German friar Johann Tetzel and referred to what form of religious payment? Indulgences
Trinity, your bonuses are on pairs of words separated only by the prefixes pro and con - for example, profuse and confuse. In each case, give both words from the definitions.
18 Firstly, the byname of the King of England from 1042 and the title held by Challenger and Moriarty in the stories by Conan Doyle. Confessor and Professor
18 Secondly, the political party led by Gandhi and Nehru, and an official term made by a monarch or a high dignitary. Progress and Congress
18 And finally, the fundamental principles according to which a body politic is governed, and an activity associated with Zola's Nana and Hugo's Fantine. Constitution and prostitution
19 Named after a pre-Columbian people, the Lucayan Archipelago comprises the Turks and Caicos Islands and which island nation lying to the north of the Greater Antilles? Bahamas
These bonuses, UCL, are on physiology. In each case, give the generic descriptor letter for the following vitamins. No numbers are required.
19 Firstly, for five points, tocopherol. E
19 Secondly, cholecalciferol. D
19 And finally, phylloquinone. B
20 "If God exists, why write literature? "And if he doesn't, why write literature?" These are the words of which French dramatist, whose works include The Bald Soprano and Rhinoceros? Eugene Ionesco
These bonuses are on Russia, UCL.
20 About the size of Scotland, what is Russia's largest island? Sakhalin
20 Secondly, which Russian literary figure travelled to Sakhalin in 1890 and later wrote a research thesis about the penal colony there? Dostoyevsky No, it was Chekhov
20 And the Sakhalin oblast, or province, includes the Kuril Islands. Which country disputes sovereignty of the southernmost islands of that group? Japan
21 Which decisive battle is the subject of the novelist Bernard Cornwell's first non-fiction work? Its subtitle is The History Of Four Days... Waterloo
Your bonuses are on the Victorian company promoter Albert Grant.
21 Grant is often said to have been the model for the bogus financier Augustus Melmotte in The Way We Live Now, a novel of 1875 by which author? Hardy No, it's Trollope
21 In 1868, Grant was created a baron of the Kingdom of Italy in recognition of his services in the building of the Victor Emmanuel Gallery, a large commercial arcade in which city? Milan
21 And finally, in 1874, Grant restored the gardens of which London square, donating a statue of William Shakespeare which still stands there? Leicester Square
22 Described heraldically as saltire gules in a field argent, the cross associated with which saint was added to the union flag in 18...? ..In 1801. St Patrick
If you get these bonuses, it'll be level pegging. They're on politics and social science. In each case, give the single word that completes these titles. All three answers end in the letters -ism.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you're one of the many people who's taken to urban living, then this superb apartment feature might be just the décor inspiration you're looking for! There's something so ultra chic and stylish about a modern home with elegant detail, contemporary features and brilliant lighting, you're sure to be inspired to add some creativity to your home interior. The brilliant team of interior designers ensured that the apartment is not only amazing in décor, but also includes some personality and character, making it unbelievably charming.
This amazing apartment enjoys excellent panoramic views, and is blessed with large windows and lots of light. The floor plan and layout of this modern apartment allows the homeowners to enjoy the comfortable fresh air and sunlight in all rooms, a must-have feature for an open and spacious home.
The sensational kitchen is filled with fantastic natural light. The use of simple neutral colours enhances the spacious atmosphere of the kitchen, and the minimalist cabinets and uncluttered appearance are a perfect choice for this stylish layout and design. The generous storage allows all items and accessories to be neatly housed in cabinets, leaving the counters free and tidy.
The office of this home is unique and funky. It's a striking source of inspiration for a creative mind who works from home. The wall is vibrant and cheeky, with the sofa adding an extra sleeping space for those unexpected guests. If you look closely, you'll see that the colourful wall is actually filled with photographs, almost like a memory wall, paying homage to the family and their good times. The room also features an abundance of natural light to add chic drama to the room.
The home includes a comfortable and adorable child's bedroom. The furniture and décor is fun and cosy, creating an interesting and comfortable space in which to relax, sleep and enjoy a playdate with other kids. The room is surprisingly spacious for an apartment, while the colour scheme is perfect for a soothing environment. The natural wooden flooring is a sensational feature too, creating a classic warm look.
The master bedroom is relaxing and serene, with a palette of neutral tones adding chic style and elegance to the space. The lovely lighting, attractive accent colours and white bed linen are an amazing choice to decorate this bedroom, creating an escape from the working world and bustling city streets.
The bathroom is the part of the home that often requires the most attention. Here, this tranquil space is filled with a simple colour palette that is neutral yet versatile, while the blue accent colour can be adapted as the seasons progress. The excellent lighting and large mirror enhance the size of the bathroom, while the fresh flowers are an elegant touch too.
If this apartment has inspired you with ideas, then you'll love: The tiny modern apartment with all you need.
What did you like most about this family apartment?


The 2013 report details findings relating to overweight and obesity from Hull's Adult Health and Lifestyle Survey 2011-12 and the National Child Measurement Programme, but additional information relating to hospital hospital admissions is included as well as information on Hull's obesity strategy. The total number of adults (aged 16+ years) in Hull who are overweight or obese is also estimated, based on population estimates and the prevalence of the risk factor in the surveys.
The 2007 report details the findings relating to overweight and obesity from the Hull's Adult Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007. The 'risk' of overweight or obesity is also examined in statistical modelling to determine which other factors are associated with overweight and obesity with the aim of targeting those individuals in order to reduce their weight.
The definitions used to define overweight and obesity are given in the individual reports, but also within the JSNA Toolkit and Glossary.
The strategy must emphasise that services are insufficient on their own to ensure a reduction in obesity rates. An assets based approach should be utilised to complement existing service provision and inform future development. Some of the most powerful influences on behaviour change are family and neighbours, people seen as part of the local community. Using Health Trainers and Health Champions recruited from within the communities themselves can help to support people who want to make changes to their lives to improve levels of exercise and improve their diet. Through becoming more empowered as individuals these people then become more engaged in their community and build better social networks. People can help each other and act together to make healthy choices easier for the whole community, making activities self sustaining, such as happened with the local 'Looking Good, Feeling Good' project.
Information about the attitudes to health which included obesity are summarised in the JSNA Toolkit. The information comes from the reflector / focus groups undertaken after the Health and Lifestyle Surveys of adults and young people.
Further information is available in the Attitudes to Health Survey 2007 completed among adults aged 40-60 years.
Further information on whether adults feel as if reducing their weight would improve their health is given in the JSNA Toolkit as well as the Social Capital Survey 2009 Main Report.
The local weight loss programmes were evaluated using the SF-36v2TM, details of which are given within the JSNA Toolkit. Further details of the SF36 questionnaire which measures physical and emotional health are given in the Glossary.
Factors which predict overweight and obesity are given in the Obesity and Exercise Report 2007.
The number and rate of hospital admissions for obesity is given in the JSNA, JSNA Toolkit and the Overweight and Obesity Report 2013. For further information about inpatient admissions, see the Glossary.
Details of commissioned services to help reduce their weight are given in the Overweight and Obesity Report 2013 and the JSNA Toolkit.
The Projecting Older People Population Information (POPPI) System provides population projections for people aged 65+ years for 2011, 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030. It provides estimates of the number of people aged 65+ years in Hull are predicted to be obese. These estimates are available in the JSNA Toolkit.
The prevalence in relation to age and gender is given in the JSNA and JSNA Toolkit with the latter also examining overweight and obesity in relation to deprivation and employment status.
In Hull, the measuring of children's height and weight was started much earlier compared to other geographical areas, so useful trend information exists. The following reports are available from NCMP data.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 4-5 and 10-11 year olds are indicators within the Public Health Outcomes Framework and further analysis is given within the Public Health Outcomes Framework Main Report (to open this report on a particular PHOF indicator, click here) and Public Health Outcomes Framework Summary. This information is also displayed within the JSNA Hull Atlas.
Information relating to obesity as a risk factor is given in the JSNA Toolkit and the Overweight and Obesity Report 2013.


Looking for Bello at Digi Plus in Queens County, NY?
Digi Plus in Queens County, NY is an authorized dealer of Bello Products. Bell'O International is an award-winning designer and manufacturer of premium audio/video furniture and consumer electronic accessories. Consumers have come to trust and depend on Bell'O for its unparalleled quality and attention to detail in aesthetics, technology and functionality.
So if you are looking for Bello products in Queens County, Bayside, Littleneck, Beechhurst, Whitestone, College Point, Douglaston, Flushing, Fresh Meadows, East Elmhurst and Kew Garden Hills, or if you have any questions about Bello products, please feel free to call us at (718) 353-6516 or simply stop by Digi Plus at any time and we would be glad to help you.


Home/How it Works/What Makes Us Unique?
What makes Patent-Pilot so unique?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mould's 13th solo album Sunshine Rock is out February 8 2019 via Merge Records.
The legendary progenitor of alternative rock Bob Mould, of Husker Du fame, has returned with the second track to be released from his upcoming 13th album, Sunshine Rock. Titled 'What Do You Want Me To Do', the song is typical barnstorming, fuzzy and melodic Mould fare. But, who's complaining? The man knows how to write a short alt rock blast of infectiousness.
He also recently released the title track from the album. Fuzzy major chords are the order of the day. Oh hey! There's strings. Nice. Noice.


text:
Federal wood burning rule prompts rural backlash
By DAVID A. LIEB - Associated Press - Sunday, February 23, 2014
JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. (AP) - A federal proposal to clean up the smoke wafting from wood-burning stoves has sparked a backlash from some rural residents, lawmakers and manufacturers who fear it could close the damper on one of the oldest ways of warming homes on cold winter days.
Proposed regulations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency would significantly reduce the amount of particle pollution allowed from the smokestacks of new residential wood-powered heaters.
Wood-burning stoves are a staple in rural homes in many states, a cheap heating source for low-income residents and others wanting to lessen their reliance on gas or electric furnaces. Outdoor models often cost several thousand dollars, but indoor stoves can cost as little as a few hundred dollars and sometimes double as fashionable centerpieces in homes.
Senate Republicans call for delay in Trump impeachment trial
Some manufacturers contend the EPA's proposed standards are so stringent that the higher production costs would either force them out of business or raise prices so high that many consumers could no longer afford their products.
"There's not a stove in the United States that can pass the test right now - this is the death knoll of any wood burning," Reg Kelly, the founder of Earth Outdoor Furnaces in Mountain Grove, told Missouri lawmakers during a recent hearing.
More than three dozen Missouri lawmakers have co-sponsored a bill that would symbolically fight back against the EPA by declaring that "All Missourians have a right to heat their homes and businesses using wood-burning furnaces, stoves, fireplaces and heaters."
This past week, a Missouri House committee endorsed a revised measure that proposes to ban state environmental officials from regulating residential wood heaters unless authorized by the Legislature.
Missouri appears to be one the first states to introduce legislation in response to the proposed EPA regulations. But concerns over wood-stove pollution and regulations also have been simmering in other states, including Utah and Alaska.
States such as Washington and New York already have adopted stricter emission rules. And last fall, New York's attorney general led a coalition of seven states in a federal lawsuit seeking to compel to the EPA to adopt new emission limits on wood-fired boilers, which heat water that is piped into a home's radiator system.
The EPA's existing regulations date to 1988 and don't apply to all of the different kinds of wood-burning devices now in use. Under a proposed rule change released last month, the EPA would give manufacturers five years to meet standards that would reduce emissions by an estimated 80 percent.
The EPA has scheduled a public hearing next Wednesday in Boston, and the sponsor of the Missouri legislation plans to travel there to make his case.
"What they're doing is unnecessary, and it comes against our American values and our traditions," said Rep. Tim Remole, a Republican who has a wood stove at his rural Missouri home.
There are about 12 million wood stoves in U.S. homes, including about 9 million that are less than half as efficient as the newer stoves, according to the EPA. The agency's proposed rules would not affect stoves already in homes.
Most people who own wood stoves have other means of heat, such as electric or gas furnaces. But about 2 percent U.S. homes rely on wood as their primary heating source - a figure that has been rising over the past decade.
Darwin Woods, who owns a farm near the small central Missouri town of Clark, said his 12-year-old outdoor wood stove heats both his home and water. Though he wouldn't be forced to upgrade the stove, Woods views the proposed EPA rule as an intrusion.
"It's just another way for them to control my life and lifestyle and basically force me to pay more for just survival," Woods said.
Others point to the negative health effects from burning wood. The fine particles can worsen asthma and cardiovascular problems, ultimately leading to earlier deaths, according to the American Lung Association.
In Utah, Republican Gov. Gary Herbert has called for a winter ban on wood-burning in an attempt to improve air quality. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation has also proposed its own emission requirements.
But some homeowners "want to keep their fireplaces to have a way to heat homes and cook food in the event an earthquake cuts gas lines and power," said Erin Mendenhall, a Salt Lake City council member and executive director of Breathe Utah, which is offering to replace wood stoves with gas units.
The National Firewood Association, based in Duluth, Minn., says some of the pollution from wood-burning stoves could be reduced if people would burn only aged wood rather than wood with too much wet sap.
"A properly burning wood fire - there's virtually no smoke or smell," said Executive Director Scott Salveson.
Associated Press writer Paul Foy in Salt Lake City contributed to this report.
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Otedola Gives Christian Chukwu $50,000 Cheque
wikinaija April 24, 2019 April 24, 2019 No Comments on Otedola Gives Christian Chukwu $50,000 Cheque
Billionaire businessman Femi Otedola has paid the medical bill of former coach of the Super Eagles and one of Nigeria's greatest footballers ever, Christian Chukwu.
Naija News had reported that Otedola offered to foot the bill of the former captain of the national team following reports that he was battling with prostate cancer.
A cheque of $50,000 was presented to Chukwu on Wednesday morning in Enugu by Philip Akinola, the COO of Zenon Petroleum and Gas Ltd, one of Otedola's companies.
Also present were Governor Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi of Enugu state, the chairman of the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF), Amaju Pinnick and Onochie Anibeze, the renowned sports journalist.
"The governor just called to thank me immensely and I spoke with Christian Chukwu too.
"He will be flown abroad next week. I told him he will be fine and I will make sure he is provided with the best health services," Otedola told TheCable on phone.
Chukwu, with support from the Enugu state government, has already done an initial surgery in Nigeria and has been recuperating.
Aside from captaining Nigeria to its first Africa Cup of Nations success in 1980, Chukwu also led the Enugu Rangers FC team that won the Africa Cup Winners Cup in 1977.
He was nicknamed 'Chairman' for his authority on the field as a central defender.
Chukwu also served as assistant coach of the first team to win a FIFA World Cup trophy for Nigeria – the Golden Eaglets that triumphed at the FIFA U16 World Cup in China in 1985.
He was also assistant coach of the team tagged the Golden Generation – the 1994 class of Super Eagles that qualified Nigeria for its first FIFA World Cup finals.
As an assistant coach, he helped Nigeria win the Africa Cup of Nations title and reached the round of 16 at the FIFA World Cup in the US.
Between 2002 and 2005, Chukwu was the head coach of the Super Eagles, leading the team to a bronze medal at the 2004 Africa Cup of Nations in Tunisia.
"What's Wrong With These End-time Governors?" – Reuben Abati
Victoria Kimani Reveals The Type Of Man She Wants


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DÄ internationalArchive42/2021Willingness to be Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2 in the German Population During the Second Wave of the Pandemic
Willingness to be Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2 in the German Population During the Second Wave of the Pandemic
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021; 118: 720-1. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0350
Hettich, N; Krakau, L; Rückert, K; Brähler, E; Zahn, D; Yilmaz, S; Münzel, T; Gianicolo, E; Schmidtmann, I; Schulz, A; Wild, P S; Lackner, K J; Schuster, A K; Beutel, M E
With the increasing number of persons vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, the willingness of the unvaccinated to be vaccinated is becoming more and more important. The identification of barriers to vaccination is critical to the development of targeted interventions (1). Though up-to-date surveys of unvaccinated persons are desirable, they are hardly achievable at present. However, a population-based survey conducted earlier this year is available and can be used to derive relevant influencing factors. The studied factors influencing the willingness to be vaccinated include sociodemographic characteristics, time of survey, conspiracy-related views, individual exposition to SARS-CoV-2, as well as pre-existing mental and physical conditions. The non-representative studies which have been conducted so far have shown an increased willingness to be vaccinated among women, older persons, persons with higher education (2), persons considering themselves as a risk group, and persons who have experienced infections either themselves or among family and friends (3).
The Gutenberg COVID-19 study investigates 8121 persons from the cohort of the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS—since 2007) as well as 2129 newly included younger persons. The total random sample is stratified by age (25–88 years), gender (m/f) and place of residence (city/county). Given the participation rate of 61%, it cannot be ruled out that persons skeptical of the pandemic did not participate in the survey. The sample will be further evaluated in GHS follow-ups und surveys. Data of the first survey conducted under pandemic conditions were analyzed (October 2020 to April 2021).
The willingness to be vaccinated was indicated for the question "If a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 would be available for you, would you get vaccinated?" using a scale ranging from "very unlikely" = 0 to "highly likely" = 6. Data on conspiracy-related views were collected using the statements "The real background of the Corona disease will never come to the public light" and "The Corona crisis was talked up so much so that a few can benefit from it". Exposure to COVID-19 was recorded dichotomously for behavior (travel, gatherings, testing) and infection (self, environment). Pre-existing mental and physical conditions were identified based on current and previous findings. Taking into account relevant vaccine decisions, four time intervals were defined: prior to vaccine approval (12 October to 20 December 2020), approval of mRNA vaccines (21 December 2020 to 28 January 2021), approval of vector vaccines (29 January to 14 March 2021), suspension of vector vaccines in persons aged under 60 years (15 March to 9 April 2021). Statistical analysis was performed using multiple linear regression analysis in R (version 4.0.5).
Altogether, 9794 persons were included in the analysis. Five persons with missing data and 451 persons (4.4%) who were vaccinated and whose willingness to be vaccinated was not recorded were excluded. The mean age of the participants was 56.4 (standard deviation 15.3) years; 50.2% of the participants were female and 21.5% had a migration background; a SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in 3.7%. Conspiracy assumptions were held by 7% ("benefit") and 35.8% ("background of the pandemic"). The willingness to be likely vaccinated was 83.6%, 10.3% were undecided, and 6.1% considered it unlikely. The Figure shows the willingness of men and women to be vaccinated across the four time intervals. The willingness to be vaccinated was higher among men. After the approval of the first mRNA vaccine, the willingness to be vaccinated significantly increased both in men and women and subsequently remained at a high level.
Willingness to be vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among men and women in four time intervals with 95% confidence intervals
Enlarge All figures
The Table shows the multiple linear regression analysis. The willingness to be vaccinated was higher in men, older persons, persons with high socioeconomic status and persons without migration background. The willingness to be vaccinated was higher during the later time intervals compared to the time interval before vaccine approval. Persons who were more likely to agree with conspiracy views, smokers and persons who had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection stated a lower willingness to be vaccinated, while persons with arterial hypertension, cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) stated a higher willingness to be vaccinated. The most powerful influencing factors were gender, belief that only a few individuals benefit, time course and socioeconomic status.
Multiple linear regression analysis of willingness to be vaccinated (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) for sociodemographics, time interval, conspiracy-related views, exposure to COVID-19, and pre-existing medical conditions (N=9327)
The willingness to be vaccinated is influenced by sociodemographic factors, views of the pandemic, time course and medical findings. In contrast to other studies where self-assignment to a risk group was associated with an increased willingness to be vaccinated (for example [3]), our data of pre-existing conditions identified in the medical history showed an increased willingness to be vaccinated only for patients with cancer, COPD and arterial hypertension. Severe cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and mental diseases had no impact. Personal risk assessment-related hesitancy (4) means that potentially at-risk groups and those infected with COVID-19 may not seek adequate protection. Especially among these persons, vaccination communication should try to establish trust in the vaccination by providing transparency of the procedure and detailed information (5). In addition, it is necessary to specifically address younger persons, socially disadvantaged persons and persons with a family history of migration. For these person groups, information that is easy to understand and made available in different languages as well as low-threshold vaccination offerings are relevant (1). In order to address persons with a tendency to conspiracy ideas, discussions in social media should be co-created and measures to establish trust in governmental institutions should be developed (4).
The following limitations should be taken into account: The explained variation is 19%, indicating that only some of the influencing factors were covered. Cross-sectional data were collected; the age distribution varies between time intervals; the items for conspiracy-related views were not validated and do not reflect explicit conspiracy narratives. The survey was conducted at a time when vaccine capacities were limited; consequently, the question on willingness to be vaccinated had to be hypothetically answered in most cases.
Nora Hettich, Lina Krakau, Kamiar Rückert, Emar Brähler, Daniela Zahn, Simge Yilmaz, Thomas Münzel, Emilio Gianicolo, Irene Schmidtmann, Andreas Schulz, Philipp S. Wild, Karl J. Lackner, Alexander K. Schuster, Manfred E. Beutel
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz (Hettich, Krakau, Rückert, Brähler, Beutel) nora.hettich@unimedizin-mainz.de
Preventive Cardiology and Medical Prevention, Center for Cardiology (Zahn, Yilmaz, Schulz, Wild)
General Cardiology, Interventional Cardiology, Angiology, and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiology (Münzel)
Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (Gianicolo, Schmidtmann)
Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (Wild)
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (Lackner)
Center for Ophthalmological Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Department of Ophthalmology (Schuster)
Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy (Gianicolo)
We would like to thank all participants in the Gutenberg COVID-19 study and the study staff for their contributions. The study was financially supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the Ministry of Science and Health of Rhineland-Palatinate, the ReALity Initiative of the Life Sciences of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, and the National Research Network of University Medicine.
Irene Schmidtmann owns shares in Biontech and Curevac.
The remaining authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.
Manuscript received on 5 August 2021, revised version accepted on 29 September 2021.
Translated from the original German by Ralf Thoene, MD.
Cite this as:
Hettich N, Krakau L, Rückert K, Brähler E, Zahn D, Yilmaz S, Münzel T, Gianicolo E, Schmidtmann I, Schulz A, Wild PS, Lackner KJ, Schuster AK, Beutel ME:
Willingness to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 in the German population during the second wave of the pandemic. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021; 118: 720–1.
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0350
Habersaat KB, Jackson C: Understanding vaccine acceptance and demand—and ways to increase them. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63: 32–9 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central
Lazarus JV, Wyka K, Rauh L, et al.: Hesitant or not? The association of age, gender, and education with potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: a country-level analysis. J Health Commun 2020; 25: 799–807 CrossRef MEDLINE
Haug S, Schnell R, Weber K: Impfbereitschaft mit einem COVID-19-Vakzin und Einflussfaktoren. Ergebnisse einer telefonischen Bevölkerungsbefragung 2021. Gesundheitswesen 2021. DOI: 10.1055/a-1538–6069, epub ahead of print CrossRef MEDLINE
COSMO COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring: Zusammenfassung und Empfehlungen Wellen 48 bis 51 COSMO 2021. https://projekte.uni-erfurt.de/cosmo2020/web/summary/48-51/ (last accessed on 22 September 2021).
Reibling N, Spura A, Dietrich M, Reckendrees B, Seefeld L, de Bock F: Attitudes to vaccination after the first wave of COVID-19—findings of a representative population survey. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021; 118: 365–6 VOLLTEXT
Multiple linear regression analysis of willingness to be vaccinated (0–6) for sociodemographics, time interval, conspiracy-related views, exposure to COVID-19, and pre-existing medical conditions (N=9327)
1. Habersaat KB, Jackson C: Understanding vaccine acceptance and demand—and ways to increase them. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63: 32–9 CrossRef MEDLINE PubMed Central
2. Lazarus JV, Wyka K, Rauh L, et al.: Hesitant or not? The association of age, gender, and education with potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: a country-level analysis. J Health Commun 2020; 25: 799–807 CrossRef MEDLINE
3. Haug S, Schnell R, Weber K: Impfbereitschaft mit einem COVID-19-Vakzin und Einflussfaktoren. Ergebnisse einer telefonischen Bevölkerungsbefragung 2021. Gesundheitswesen 2021. DOI: 10.1055/a-1538–6069, epub ahead of print CrossRef MEDLINE
4. COSMO COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring: Zusammenfassung und Empfehlungen Wellen 48 bis 51 COSMO 2021. https://projekte.uni-erfurt.de/cosmo2020/web/summary/48-51/ (last accessed on 22 September 2021).
5. Reibling N, Spura A, Dietrich M, Reckendrees B, Seefeld L, de Bock F: Attitudes to vaccination after the first wave of COVID-19—findings of a representative population survey. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021; 118: 365–6 VOLLTEXT
Willingness to be Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2 in the...
Microbiology / Virology / Infection Epidemiology