This collection of documents on the creation of the Constitution attempts to accomplish five objectives.
First, it draws attention to the American colonial experience. Why study the colonial past? Beginning with the French Revolution (1789–99), which ended in a dictatorship, revolutions have tended to ignore the past as a source of authority for the present and as a guide to the future. Americans, while acknowledging the importance of 1776 as the start of something new, showed a decent respect for the opinions and actions of their forefathers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In particular, they showed a concern for the forms of government under which they had lived. To secure these forms, charters were created and then signed by their creators. Two colonial charters (Documents 1 and 2) highlight the connection between the colonial experience of developing forms of government and the Constitution written in 1787, which continues to structure our government and laws today.
Second, this collection draws attention to the problems Americans confronted during the 1780s. Between 1776 and 1780 (Documents 3 and 6), Americans created a new kind of republicanism at the state level after due deliberation by elected representatives. Each of these republican forms had its own peculiarity, but all shared the premise that there should be a separation of powers, with the legislative branch being dominant, the executive branch dependent on the legislative, and the judicial branch practically nonexistent. (Massachusetts was a notable exception: its executive was elected by the people and the judiciary could issue advisory opinions.) These republican governments existed alongside a federal government of limited powers, established in 1781 (Document 6), whose legislative sessions were irregularly attended by state delegates. The documents thus highlight the problem of active and powerful state governments operating within a league with limited ability to direct the mutual affairs of its members. Document 7 is James Madison's account in 1787 of the vices of this political system.
Third, the collection addresses how the delegates to the Constitutional Convention responded to the problems in the American political system. What should be done to correct them? Should the powers of the Confederation be increased and the structure kept the same? Was there an intrinsic problem – a systemic deficiency – or a problem that could be settled with a few improvements here and there? And who should authorize changes and by what authority should these alterations be adopted? Thus the collection introduces the reader to the several alternative plans discussed over 88 days at the Convention by up to 55 delegates (for example, Documents 10, 13, 15).
Fourth, the collection allows the reader to grasp the personal dynamics at work during the Convention. Some delegates were eloquent and thoughtful; others petulant and shortsighted. Some stayed until the end, revising their views as the debates continued; others stuck to their original positions, leaving early in frustration. Still others rode out the entire convention, announcing only at the last minute the scruples that prevented them from signing the agreed-upon plan. Put differently, for the first time in the history of the world, a genuine democratic conversation took place over an attempt to secure a regime dedicated to liberty and justice. All previous regimes had been founded by one or a few persons and eventually collapsed because of the violence of faction. And none of these previous regimes had sought liberty as a defining principle. To reveal the personal dynamics and what was at stake, the collection covers the debates during several crucial days in the life of the Convention as well as the difficulty involved over the creation of the presidency and the meaning of the necessary and proper clause. Is the case for executive independence the same as the case for judicial independence? Is the necessary and proper clause an enabling or a restraining clause?
Fifth, the collection addresses the clauses of the Constitution that refer to slavery, which provoked controversy at the Convention and have continued to do so ever since. The collection traces the origin and development of the three slavery clauses of the Constitution: the Three-Fifths Clause; the Slave Trade Clause; and the Fugitive Slave Clause. When and why did these three clauses appear during the constitutional debates? How does the language used when the clauses were introduced change before their insertion in the Constitution? How do these changes affect the interpretation of the slavery clauses?
Thirty-nine delegates signed their names to the Constitution on the "Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of Our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth." The conscious attempt to join together the old and the new represents an example of the American mind at work. We wonder whether the colonists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries would have recognized and applauded the work of the Founding Fathers? To be sure, even though several of the Framers of the Constitution had different ideas about what should be done to secure the blessings of liberty – see the variety of plans – 39 reached sufficient agreement through a mixture of principle and compromise to sign the document. Aristotle might well call that prudent statesmanship. Others might well criticize their compromising as unacceptable and embarrassing.
But we need to remember that, unlike previous foundings in history that were the work of powerful individuals who could enforce their will, the American founding occurred through the civil deliberations of citizens from a variety of backgrounds, representing a variety of regional interests and philosophical positions. Never before had such a task been accomplished.
We have modernized spelling and some punctuation but not capitalization. On occasion we have divided longer speeches into paragraphs.
In recording the debates at the Convention, Madison uses the terms "house" and "branch" interchangeably with reference to what would become the House of Representatives and the Senate. To modern ears, "branch" connotes the three divisions of our government (legislative, executive, and judicial). However, to respect the language used by Madison and the delegates, in this volume we generally use the term "legislative branches" when speaking of the two houses of Congress.
A. On what authority does the Connecticut Orders rely? What structure of government, if any, did the Orders create? Are oaths an important part of enforcing the content of the Orders?
B. Compare and contrast the Orders with other plans of government included in this volume. See Documents 2, 3, 5, 10, 13, 15, and 25.
A. Is there something "constitutional" that is recognizable in this document? Should the 1701 Pennsylvania Charter retain its status through the ages?
B. How is this constitution similar to and different from the "constitutionalism" of other colonial and early state documents? See Documents 1, 3, 5, and 6.
A. Does it seem curious that (1) the Virginia Declaration and the Virginia Constitution were written two weeks apart and that (2) both preceded the passage of the Declaration of Independence? According to these two documents, what is the purpose of government? What is the role of the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary in the newly adopted Virginia Constitution? What sort of "republicanism" do these two documents express? Is it surprising that the Bill of Rights precedes the Constitution?
B. By what authority was the Virginia Declaration of Rights and Constitution initiated and adopted? Compare and contrast the Virginia authorization with other authorizations during this period. See Documents 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, and 26.
A. Does Jefferson's draft convey a substantially different meaning from that of the Declaration of Independence the Continental Congress signed (Appendix D)? Would the less moderate tone of the draft have communicated a different message to the audience outside of America? To American loyalists and those uncertain whether to join the Revolution? Is it likely that the explicit condemnation of slavery would have changed the conversation about slavery at the Founding or during the next 80 years?
B. Is there a parallel between the complaints listed in the draft and the rights to be secured by the Virginia Declaration of Rights (Document 3)? Are there parallels between the complaints it lists and the rights secured by the Constitution and its first ten amendments (Appendix E)?
A. How do the Massachusetts Bill of Rights and Constitution provide for religious liberty, economic liberty, and political liberty? What are the roles of the Executive and Judicial branches? How is the Constitution to be ratified?
B. How is the Massachusetts version of republicanism similar to and different from that found in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and Constitution (Document 3), as well as in the earlier colonial documents (Documents 1 and 2)?
A. Is there a central contradiction at the heart of the Articles, given that the union is supposed to be perpetual, "a firm league of friendship," yet the powers of the union are "expressly delegated"? Is there a separation of powers under the Articles? Why is it significant that the delegates should sign the document? What is the status of the states under the Articles? How is the union to operate under the Articles? What is the difference between a confederation/federation and a national government with respect to: (1) the structure of the institutions and (2) the powers of the union?
B. Compare the Articles to the Virginia Plan (Document 10), the New Jersey Plan (Document 13), and the solution proposed in Document 16.
A. Why does Madison argue that the very structure of the Articles of Confederation needs to be altered? What is Madison's case against the traditional small republic, and how does that argument assist in his critique of the inadequacies of the Confederation?
B. Madison's critique of the Articles does not assume that republican government will necessarily be supported by the virtue of the governed. How does this critique anticipate the Virginia Plan (Document 10) and the Hamilton Plan (Document 15)? How does it anticipate Madison's argument in Federalist 10 (see The American Founding: Core Documents, Document 20)?
A. Are the two authorizations compatible? If not, which authorization should prevail? Did the Congress limit the Convention to the discussion of specific and particular matters, or did the Congress empower the Convention to propose whatever alterations the delegates deemed necessary to preserve the principles of the Revolution? Must any plan devised by the Convention require not only the approval of Congress, but approval by all the state legislatures to become law? Is there room in the Congressional endorsement of the Convention for ratification by the consent of the governed?
B. How did the two authorizations enter the debate at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? See for example Documents 13, 16, and 17. Do you see a significant relation between, on the one hand, supporters of the Virginia Plan and those delegates selected according to the Annapolis authorization; and, on the other hand, supporters of the New Jersey Plan and those delegates selected according to the Confederation Congress mandate?
A. How and why is the laying down of rules important for encouraging the subsequent discussion of potentially divisive issues? Do you agree with Jefferson or Madison concerning the adoption of the rule of secrecy? Do you think that consideration of the other rules has been overwhelmed by the secrecy rule?
B. Did these rules have an impact on the nature of the discussion process that took place during the 88 days at the Constitutional Convention? Did the rules inhibit the free exchange of ideas? Compare and contrast with the rules articulated in other documents. See Documents 1, 2, and 6.
A. Do the states have any significant role under the Virginia Plan? The Virginia Plan seems to place significant authority in the national legislature, yet at the same the Council of Revision seems to tilt the balance of power toward the Executive and the Judiciary. Is there a tension at the heart of the Virginia Plan?
B. In what way is the Virginia Plan a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation (Document 6)? Is the vision of republicanism similar to or different from earlier statements of representative government? See Documents 1, 2, 3, and 5.
A. Why does Sherman think that people are happier in smaller communities? Why does Madison disagree?
B. Compare Madison's argument here against majority faction with the argument he presented in Document 7. Why does the intent and success of the Virginia Plan turn so much on the case for the extended commercial republic? What does Madison include in his list of items as examples of majority faction? See Documents 7 and 10.
A. What were the arguments in favor of including the Three-Fifths Clause in the scheme of representation in the first branch? Why was there resistance to including the clause in the second branch? What role did Madison and Sherman play in response to the introduction of the Three-Fifths Clause?
B. How did the introduction of the Three-Fifths Clause alter the conversation over representation of the people or representation of the states? Compare this model with the Articles of Confederation, the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the final Constitution (Documents 6, 10, 13, and Appendix E).
A. How is the New Jersey Plan a rejection of the Revised Virginia Plan? How are we to interpret Dickinson's remark that it was Madison's unwillingness to compromise that brought about this breakdown in negotiations. Where does the Three-Fifths Clause fit in to the two documents? Can we say that these two documents show it is pretty clear that the key debate is between the small states and the large states?
B. Is the Revised Virginia Plan pretty much the same as the original Virginia Plan (Document 10)? Is the New Jersey Plan pretty much the same as the Articles of Confederation (Document 6)?
A. What is the main defense of the New Jersey Plan? How do the supporters of the Revised Virginia Plan respond? Who, if any, of the delegates are acting like statesmen in this exchange? Are we witnessing an exchange that pits advocates of the rule of man made law against delegates who appeal to a higher law?
B. How do the documents in the two authorizations play a part in discussions over the support for or rejection of the New Jersey Plan and the very legality and propriety of the Convention itself? See Document 8.
A. Hamilton suggests that his plan is still within the proper sphere of both republicanism and federalism, rather than being a reformulation of monarchy and nationalism. Does his plan support his claim? Do the states have any role under his plan? Has he elevated the presidency to a position of greater importance than the governors of the states?
B. Compare and contrast Hamilton's position on the separation of powers with that found in the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Committee of Detail Report (Documents 10, 13, and 19).
A. When Ellsworth argues on behalf of equal representation of the states in the Senate, is he offering a principled compromise? Is Madison's argument that the great divide in American politics is the issue of slavery persuasive? How does the Three-Fifths Clause become part of the discussion of representation? What role did Madison and Sherman play in response to the introduction of the Three-Fifths Clause?
B. How is this discussion over the "partly national, partly federal" character of the union similar to and different from earlier and later discussions of the issue of federal representation? When Sherman previously argued on behalf of equal representation of the states in the Senate (see Document 13), was he arguing from principle? How does the debate on June 29 and 30 influence the later discussion of the Three-Fifths Clause (Document 18)?
A. Students of the American Founding are usually introduced to the partly national, partly federal nature of the Constitution through reading Federalist 39. In that essay, it is not completely clear where Madison (writing as Publius) stands on the five tests of federalism and nationalism to which he subjects the Constitution. At the Convention, Madison argues that the partly national, partly federal solution is unprincipled; what is his argument? Who at the Constitutional Convention understood the partly national, partly federal solution to rise to the level of principle, albeit a newly discovered principle? What kind of compromise is a 5–4–1 vote with three absent?
B. Reflect on the "dynamics" of the Convention between May 28 and the Report of the Gerry Committee. Who has "won," and who has "lost" – or has everyone actually won by the time we get to July 16?
A. Is it surprising that the South Carolina delegates want to count slaves as "five-fifths" of a person? Do they offer any logical grounds for this position? Why is the Three-Fifths Clause embedded in a discussion about the "scheme of representation" appropriate for a federal republic?
B. Do the arguments between July 11 and 16 on the representation of people, states, and wealth mirror and flesh out the discussions on June 11, June 29, and June 30, or do they break new ground (Documents 12 and 16)?
A. From which states were the five delegates chosen? Does this matter? What strikes you as novel and what as traditional in this draft of the Constitution? Were there any changes made to the Connecticut Compromise that settled the structural, or representative, question? How does the Committee of Detail propose that the Constitution be adopted and altered?
B. Compare and contrast the powers of Congress listed in the Committee of Detail Report with the powers of Congress found in the Articles of Confederation (Document 6), the Virginia Plan (Document 10), the Revised Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan (Document 13), and the final Constitution (Appendix E).
A. In what way did the Committee of 11 alter the Report of the Committee of Detail concerning the slave trade? Who was on that committee who was not on the Committee of Detail? Did the delegates who voted against the 1808 compromise want a date of "never" or of 1800?
B. Why did it take until the end of August to consider the slave trade clause? Does this clause resolve issues raised by Sections 4, 5 and 6 of Article VII of the Committee of Detail Report (Document 19)? How does the Fugitive Slave Clause (Document 24) temper our understanding of the Founders' expectation that the institution of slavery would end?
A. The phrase "judicial review" does not appear in the Constitution. Can a reasonable case nevertheless be made that the Framers wanted to secure "subsequent review" of public policy but not "prior review" of public policy? What clause in the Constitution might reasonably be interpreted to grant judicial review to the Supreme Court? Is it surprising that Madison initially wanted a robust role for the judiciary but then expressed reservation at Johnson's proposition about the role of the judiciary. How does the discussion over the Council of Revision fit into the debate over the reach of the judiciary and the power of the executive?
B. The creation of the Judiciary went through several "enhancements" during the debates of the Convention. What were the critical developments that were and were not made concerning the status of the Judiciary from the Articles of Confederation to the state constitutions through the various plans presented to the Convention (Documents 5, 6, 10, and 13)?
A. What role did Madison and Sherman play in the final construction of the Electoral College? What evidence is there to support the claim that the Electoral College reflects an opposition to the role of the people in directly electing the president? Does the Connecticut Compromise play a role in the compromise over the election of the president?
B. Compare and contrast the Electoral College with earlier proposals for the election of the president (Documents 10, 13, and 15).
A. Do Randolph, Gerry, and Mason have similar reasons for declining to sign the Constitution? Do they share a central concern about the Constitution? Other delegates had reservations, yet they still signed; do Randolph, Gerry, and Mason expect a kind of perfection that would have been impossible? Or does their dissent demonstrate an admirable feature of the American experiment?
B. Prior to this point, other delegates have dissented to decisions made during the 88 days of the Constitutional Convention. See, for example, Patterson's introduction of the New Jersey Plan (Document 13), Sherman's objection to the Virginia Plan for representation in the Senate (Document 13), Hamilton's introduction of his own plan (Document 15), and Madison's refusal to vote for the Connecticut Compromise (Documents 16 and 17). Does it strike you as odd that Randolph, who introduced and defended the Virginia Plan, objected to signing the Constitution? What is so different about these three dissents from other objections?
A. What is the significance of the change in language from "justly" to "legally" to "under the laws thereof"? Why is the Fugitive Slave Clause located right under the Extradition Clause in the Constitution? Is there a significant difference between the language of the Fugitive Slave Clause and the Extradition Clause?
B. Do the Fugitive Slave Clause and the Three-Fifths Clause (Document 18) contradict the claim in the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal? How do the discussions of these provisions in the Constitutional Convention address that question? What do the inclusion of these clauses and the inclusion of the ban on the slave trade (Document 20) tell us about the relationship between the Declaration and the Constitution?
A. Should the inclusion of the general welfare and common defense clauses in both the Preamble and Article I, Section 8, have an influence on how to read the "necessary and proper" clause? Based on the exchange between the delegates on September 14, is the "necessary and proper" clause, in their opinion, an elastic clause or a confining clause?
B. Is the "necessary and proper" clause a constitutional compromise, one somewhere between the Virginia Plan disposition not to enumerate any congressional powers at all and the concern of the New Jersey Plan to limit the reach of Congress to those items expressly itemized? On August 6, the Committee of Detail presented the first draft of the Constitution. How are the enumerated powers similar and different in the Committee of Detail Report (Document 19) and the Committee of Style Report (Document 25)? Is the general welfare clause in both documents? Is it in the Articles of Confederation (Document 6)?
A. Is it disappointing or a relief that the Framers signed a "more perfect" Constitution rather than a perfect Constitution? Do you agree with Franklin that with the closure of the debates there are serious reasons for optimism rather than pessimism regarding the future of the country? Why did Washington attempt to reconcile Randolph? What are we to make of the phenomenon of "signing" that permeates the American experience?
B. What would (1) Madison, (2) Randolph, (3) Patterson, and (4) Hamilton consider to be an even more perfect union than the Constitution? See Documents 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 13, and 15.


As the weather was reasonable and we had spent the weekend indoors completing our Inn Way report (yes it's finished! - click here to read all 9 days and recommended B&B's in the Lake District) we decided to get outside and find a few geocaches.
Looking on the website there were a few new caches set up that we hadn't been too, and we could also combine visiting them with checking up on some caches that a friend of mine owns.
First we headed to Ixworth Thorpe and had a short walk along a farm track and through some woods to get to the site. This seemed a popular path with runners, several times we were passed as we hunted for the cache container just off the footpath. Eventually I found it and we filled in the log book.
Next stop was Ampton Water where we did our first check on my friend's cache. It was still well hidden and the container was full of things to swap.
The cacher who set this one up likes creating unusual hiding places. Another later in the day wasn't anywhere near so obvious as a bright red door in a tree! Again the name contained a clue - 'Not Mush Room' - therewas only space in the 'container' for a slip of paper to sign.
We then enjoyed a good walk around Knettishall Heath, performing another maintenance check there. This cache hasn't been found for 6 months as it requires some work to find out where it is hidden.
Finally we dashed over to Brandon Country Park and had a very quick walk around a route there to check on the third of my friend's caches. The log book in this one was full as it's a very popular spot, so we put in a new one.
According to the GPS we totalled up a little over 7 miles in all of our short walks, so not bad for an afternoon.
I lover the gnome cache!!
I had no idea such a hobby existed - what fun!


text:
by Abby Streu
Sarah Palin's departure from Fox News provided some more tabloid-esque coverage for those who derived pleasure by mocking her colorful public persona. When Roger Ailes declared in a 2011 AP interview that Palin earned her keep "because she was hot and got ratings," the decision to reduce the terms of her contract implied one of two things: either she had stopped looking attractive, or she wasn't getting the ratings any longer.
Discounting the first as being a corollary of the second leads one to wonder exactly what happened—did the public grow tired of Palin?
The limited evidence suggests otherwise, with 2012 being the eleventh consecutive year that Fox News was the most watched cable news network, according to "TV By the Numbers."
Is Fox then predicting that Palin will lose her following over the next four years? Or is Fox cutting her out in favor of more establishment voices? Considerations of a political nature seem integral to this move, especially when it is noted that Karl Rove's contract has been renewed through 2016.
Given the conservative uproar over Mr. Rove's new PAC, this development may prove interesting when it comes to Fox's role in future GOP struggles for power. It also bodes a new chapter in the public life of Sarah Palin, who in a recent interview with Breitbart, shared some interesting clues as to her future:
"We can't just preach to the choir; the message of liberty and true hope must be understood by a larger audience. …
"We're not going to be able to advance the cause of limited constitutional government unless we deal with these big government enablers on our side. And this all ties into the problem of crony capitalism and the permanent political class in the Beltway. We need to consistently take them on election after election – ever vigilant …
"I know the country needs more truth-telling in the media, and I'm willing to do that. So, we shall see…
"I was raised to never retreat and to pick battles wisely, and all in due season. When it comes to defending our republic, we haven't begun to fight! But we delight in those who underestimate us."
Whatever the future portends, it is very likely that we will be hearing from Mrs. P again.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Articles, Marvel Comics/MCU, Movies
Is Scott Derrickson's Departure a Death Sentence for the 'Doctor Strange' Sequel?
January 20, 2020 Annlyel James	Leave a comment
Annlyel explores whether Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness will be postponed after Derrickson's departure
The Marvel Cinematic Universe has been a part of my life for nearly half of my existence on this Earth. The first Marvel movie I went to see in the movie theaters was Thor in 2011 at Universal Studios. It's a fond memory I will always cherish. The first Marvel movie, however, that would make me a fan of the franchise was The Avengers which utterly BLEW. My. Mind! After that, I've barely missed seeing any of the films in the movie theaters and I have seen every movie in the MCU at least once.
One such film that shattered my expectations was Doctor Strange. Several years ago at the end of 2015, I received an issue of Entertainment Weekly featuring the newest edition to the MCU, Benedict Cumberbatch's Doctor Strange. I wasn't a fan. In fact, the odd concept art and the idea of Benedict Cumberbatch being a superhero was a bit offputting. But, as the trailers and commercials continued to paint a picture that I was starting to like, my family and I went to see the film in the fall of 2016.
I was blown away. The psychedelic visuals, the unique world of realms and magic, Doctor Strange and his cape, nearly everything about Doctor Strange made me happy. Fast forward a couple of years and Doctor Strange gets a chance to shine even more in Avengers: Infinity War, solidifying him as my favorite Marvel superhero.
We've had a lot of chances to enjoy the Sorcerer Supreme over the years but he hasn't had a standalone film since 2016! Yes, I said it. 2016! Four years ago! Every major superhero has had a sequel within two-three years since their first movie, but Doctor Strange won't have a standalone film until 2021, five years after his debut movie. That's kind of shocking.
And now, after the equally shocking announcement that Scott Derrickson, the creative whiz behind the success of the first film, has stepped away from the MCU due to "creative differences" is this a sign that the Doctor Strange sequel, like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, will be delayed? Think about it. Marvel Studios could easily slide Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness into a slot in 2022, bumping another film to 2023.
Next year we will get, for the first time, four movies in the MCU; Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, Spider-Man 3, and Thor: Love and Thunder. With filming for the Doctor Strange sequel slated to begin in May, a new director is going to have to be hired quickly or I can only foresee a downward spiral for this film in the near future.
The Future of the Force. The future of pop culture writing.
Annlyel James is a prolific Staff Writer for Future of the Force. She is passionate about Star Wars and Marvel but loves a wide variety of movie genres. Aside from her role with Future of the Force she also writes for her own blog: annlyelonline. Follow her on Twitter @annlyeljames where she channels the Force frequently!
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Hello everyone. My name is Annlyel James. I'm a young woman who loves movies of all genres (specifically 'Star Wars' and Marvel movies.) I am also a Senior Correspondent for The Future of the Force.
Benedict CumberbatchDoctor StrangeDoctor Strange In The Multiverse of MadnessMarvel Cinematic UniverseMarvel StudiosScott Derrickson
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The New Cost of Preventing Prematurity: Will KV Back Off the High Price of Makena?
By Maia Szalavitz @maiaszMarch 21, 2011
KV Pharmaceutical's Makena, a new brand of an old drug to prevent premature birth, went on sale last week at an exponentially increased price — going from about $10-$20 per dose to $1,500, and inviting widespread criticism and scrutiny.
The price hike resulted from the FDA's Feb. 4 approval of the branded version of the medication; now, pharmacies that have long made the less costly version of the hormone specially for doctors can no longer do so without risking FDA action. On March 16, an article in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) tallied up the overall costs of the new drug to the health-care system. (More on TIME.com: Can Patients Get Around the Exorbitant Price of a Pregnancy Drug?)
The NEJM article estimated that the synthetic hormone (17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, or 17OHP) could prevent about 10,000 premature births each year, resulting in savings of $519 million in medical costs. The prevention of 10,000 premature births using the old, non-branded drug would cost about $41.7 million (that's for weekly injections of the drug, at $15 per injection for 20 weeks, for the 139,000 women who are candidates for the treatment).
Using the newly approved Makena, however, the drug costs reach $4 BILLION.
Writes Dr. Joanne Armstrong in the NEJM:
Rather than representing a good investment of increasingly scarce health care resources, Makena will force patients, physicians, and those responsible for financing care to make hard choices. K-V Pharmaceutical has announced a copayment-assistance program, but no program providing short-term financial assistance to some patients will mitigate the harm that this new cost will cause to publicly funded programs, including Medicaid, and the women who rely on them.
Nor will it mitigate the cost to employers and individuals who purchase insurance coverage and therefore directly bear all increases in health care costs. This tremendous cost increase and the likely decrease in access to an effective medicine are sizable unintended consequences of the FDA approval of 17OHP. They demand reconsideration and corrective action.
Senators Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) and Amy Klobuchar (D-Minnesota) sent a letter to the Federal Trade Commission last week calling for an investigation and price reduction.
As I noted previously, at the same time as the drug's price was making headlines, KV's former CEO was being sentenced to prison and fines for his company's mislabeling of oversized morphine tablets — an ironic turn, considering that the main advantage of branded drugs over compounded products is consistent dosing and labeling. (More on TIME.com: KV Backlash: Senator Condemns Price Hike As Former CEO Sentenced to Prison)
Maia Szalavitz @maiasz
Maia Szalavitz is a neuroscience journalist for TIME.com and co-author of Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential — and Endangered.
Szalavitz's latest book is Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential — and Endangered. It is co-written with Dr. Bruce Perry, a leading expert in the neuroscience of child trauma and recovery.


This winner of the Newbery Medal and the National Book Award features Stanley Yelnats, a kid who is under a curse. A curse that began with his no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing-great-great-grandfather and has since followed generations of Yelnats.
Now Stanley has been unjustly sent to a boys' detention center, Camp Green Lake, where the warden makes the boys "build character" by spending all day, every day, digging holes five feet wide and five feet deep. It doesn't take long for Stanley to realize there's more than character improvement going on at Camp Green Lake: the warden is looking for something. Stanley tries to dig up the truth in this inventive and darkly humorous tale of crime, punishment, and redemption.
Stanley Yelnats isn't a criminal; he didn't steal a car or rob a bank. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. Doing something he thought would benefit his father, the inventor, and his mother.
Stanley, or 'Caveman' as the boys at Camp Green Lake call him, is a juvenile with a disturbing secret. He is the stereotypical bullied child, because he is overweight. He never knew what real friends were, until he met the colourfully named 'Armpit', 'X-ray', 'Zero', 'Zig-Zag' and 'Squid'.
You may ask what this book is about; well, it is true to the title. You never know what might turn up when you dig holes in the middle of a desert. Stanley and his new-found friends can only hope not to discover anything too awful… Getting to know the other inmates and getting used to the grueling routine is only part of the story, though. There's a mystery behind this strange punishment that is related to a treasure and the supposed curse on Stanley's family dating back to his "dirty-rotten-pig-stealing" great grandfather. The keys to the mystery are scattered among a boy named Zero, a warden with rattlesnake venom nail polish, and a boat that is named after an onion-eating mule and sits in the middle of a dry lake bed.
This book is inspiring to myself and hopefully many others, because it teaches you about loyalty, true friendship and not judging others by their looks – or their unfortunate mistakes in life.
I would recommend this book to children above the age of 9, as those of a weak-hearted disposition may not appreciate Louis Sachar's amazing descriptive skills and the occasional poetry.
Thoughtful and studious read. I can't say anything bad about the book, since every chapter made perfect sense. It just didn't bring out any emotion in me. Also, I found myself a bit bored throughout the flashbacks. Mostly, I think the biggest problem is that I'm too old for this book, even though I know it sounds a little pretentious.
The content really isn't appropriate for young children. It is quite violent and, at times, sadistic. While the overall themes are friendship, loyalty, and redemption (all positive), the book contains a planned racially motivated lynching, murder by gunshot to the head, sexual harassment, torture by rattlesnake venom, child abuse, child abandonment, and one reference to being drunk on whiskey. All of these items, in one book, make it pretty dark and potentially scary for kids younger than middle school. Age appropriate readers will likely enjoy the book for its more positive messages and humor, although the ending is a bit hokey.


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Did any computers use the Z80B?
The Z80 was one of the most popular CPUs of the seventies and eighties. In almost all cases that I know of, the version used was the Z80A, rated for 4 MHz, sometimes clocked a little slower in order to match display hardware.
The Z80B, rated for 6 MHz, was available quite early; Byte, December 1981 page 541, lists the Z80A for $7.25 and the Z80B for $19. Intuitively it seems like the extra twelve dollars should be well worth paying for a fifty percent performance improvement, but I don't remember any computers using it.
Did any computers use the Z80B? If not, why not?
history z80
rwallacerwallace
I speculate 3 reasons we didn't hear much about Z80B. The first was that the IBM PC hit the market in 1981, making Z80s and 6502s outgoing tech. The second is price consciousness; if the manufacturer pays $19 for a component, that might well be amplified by 2 to 3 times in the suggested retail price of the computer. Finally, other components, such as memory, would have to be upgraded as well to support the higher CPU speed. This would further increase retail price. – RichF Jan 10 '18 at 5:13
@RichF - while this price amplification is definitely true, note that the prices quoted in the question are retail prices for chips being sold in single units to homebrewers. The manufacturers would have been paying substantially less than $19 each for a Z80B -- but availability of affordable RAM that could keep it running with zero wait states is likely the reason we didn't see many "standard" computers using it until later on. – Jules Jan 10 '18 at 17:03
You see $12, I see 162% price increase for less than 50% speed gain. So no, price to performance wise alone, it was not even remotely worth it. You would need a marketable use case that the extra clock makes possible to justify the cost. Or pay the cost without justification and flop, just what some did. – Agent_L Jan 11 '18 at 9:13
—▶ oldcomputers.net/lobomax80.html – yeti Jan 11 '18 at 10:50
The TI-85 graphing calculator uses a 6Mhz Z80... Does that count at all? – JPhi1618 Jan 11 '18 at 16:49
One reason you didn't see many Z80B machines is that not much was available in the way of affordable support chips for it. For example, look at the advert you cite: it has prices for PIO, CTC, DMA, and SIO chips to work with either Z80 or Z80A, but for the Z80B there are no DMA or SIO chips listed, and the PIO and CTC chips are much more expensive. You could also use a Z80A with one of Intel's DMA chips, but those only went up to 5MHz, so if you needed DMA, you were only looking at a 25% increase in performance at most, not 50%.
Memory was a problem, too: for a Z80B at 6MHz to run with no wait states, it would need memory with a cycle time of 1.5x the clock rate, which unless you were using page mode (and consequently more expensive support chips) meant you'd need fast RAM chips too (a 4164-120 should do the job, but they were quite a bit more money than the 4164-150s that most computers were using at the time). And you'd still need logic to generate the RAS and CAS lines, which needs to be able to run faster than the CPU clock in order to produce the signals correctly. For example, the Sinclair Spectrum generates these using its ULA, which runs internally at 4 times the CPU's clock rate. So to make a Spectrum-like computer run a Z80B at full speed would need its ULA to run at 24MHz, which was pushing the capabilities of programmable logic at the time, so would likely have required a full custom ASIC, pushing it beyond the capabilities of many manufacturers. It could have been done with TTL logic chips, but would have made the resulting boards quite large, and expensive to produce.
Now, there were manufacturers who had the capabilities to do this, but in reality they had no real desire to: Commodore could have done it, but were completely invested in the 6502 series of CPUs due to their ownership of MOS Technologies. Acorn could, but then by the time the need for a faster mainstream microcomputer became apparent, Acorn were already thinking along the lines that would lead to the ARM processor.
JulesJules
I wonder whether the DMA, PIO,CTC ... could be "overclocked" and still work in some cases? – rackandboneman Apr 11 '18 at 23:51
A number of computers shipped with the Z80B, including:
Brascom BR1000M
IPTVT TIM-S (Romanian ZX Spectrum clone)
M.G.T. Sam Coupé
Osborne Executive
Panasonic FS A1 WX (MSX)
Sharp MZ-2500 (SuperMZ) series
Vector Graphics Vector-3 (VIP)
Upgrades to the Z80B were available for some computers:
Acorn Z80 Second Processor for the BBC Micro
traal
The Enterprise was apparently originally planned to use the Z80B, then downgraded for cost reasons. Some of the Australian Microbees apparently used Z80Bs as well – tofro Jan 10 '18 at 13:41
I assume the OP is asking about computers that were manufactured with the Z80B in the first place, but of course, many hackers upgraded their Z80- and Z80A-based systems to Z80B on their own. – Dave Tweed Jan 10 '18 at 15:21
Props to the Enterprise for being particularly easy to retrofit a different CPU too because it's one of the few memory-mapped display micros of its era in which video output and processor timing are completely decoupled. Contention is achieving by holding the processor clock for as many transitions as it takes to get into the proper window, but it's a completely separate crystal with a non-integral relationship to that of the video. – Tommy Jul 24 '18 at 13:36
@Tommy One reason no computer tried connecting the same memory to signals on different clocks: any attempt to arbitrate between two signals that might arrive at nearly the same time could cause metastability, and no physical circuit can prevent that completely. – Davislor Aug 19 '18 at 10:17
@Davislor your link is region blocked, but enterprise.iko.hu/schematics/EP64-1~1.jpg works for the Enterprise 64kb (and I can find only one crystal on it, in the lower left); in my defence I defer to enterpriseforever.com/programming/once-more-on-timing/msg71565/… which is a long-time Enterprise hacker responding affirmatively [to my stupid questions] that video and CPU clocks are decoupled albeit with no discussion of whether they're separately sourced. – Tommy Aug 19 '18 at 15:38
I had a homebuilt S100 Z80A system overclocked to 6MHz. It worked very well although I did find it necessary to heat sink the processor. So using a Z80B was not really necessary, and I was able to use standard Z80 family parts.
It is worth considering that $12 around 1980 was worth rather more than $12 today, so that cost comparison is not so simple.
There was also a Z80H which was rated at 8MHz, although I believe that came later.
ntremblentremble
Of course, while $12 was worth more in 1980 than now, computers in general cost a lot more in 1980 than now. When you wouldn't generally expect to be able to buy anything but the cheapest of computers for much under $1,000, and if you wanted something respectable could plan on spending an easy $2,000, $12 looks somewhat less of an issue. And that, I guess, is where the real difference between the home built systems of the era and the mass market ones: the home builders knew the component pricing, and realised how much money the mass market system builders were making out of each box sold. – Jules Jan 11 '18 at 13:18
There were much better things around in the old days of mine, even while not official releases.
In the early 80s I owned a TRS80 Model 1 clone (that Z80-based thing looking like a silver C64, but years before the C64 was even thought of ...), built from a modified ECB-Bus industry computer CPU card originally meant for CP/M.
That thing ran on the original ROMs and FDD OSes, featured 4 FDD drives in DS/DD with 80 tracks and a hand woven (!) graphics logic board, all sitting in a nice ECB-Bus aluminium case.
Its heart was a Z80H, as far as I remember, and it ran at 8MHz (instead of the original 1.77 MHz, which was still available on that box for games ... but switching over usually required a reboot). Was quite quick, that thing. But I sold it to an enthusiast long ago ...
Seems that actually an eZ80 CPU is still around with 50MHz clock ... would be fun to build such a box with that and play "Arcade Bomber Scramble" or "Outhouse" on it ;-)
Tipa RiordanTipa Riordan
You typed Z80H. Was that a typo? If not, this doesn't really answer the question. – wizzwizz4♦ Jul 24 '18 at 6:28
Wow..someone else played Outhouse? – Bill K Feb 20 at 23:24
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged history z80 or ask your own question.
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Z80 and video chip contending for random access
Why did Commodore sell CPUs to its competitors?
How much faster is the Z80H?
MITS to Dell: the mail order gap?
Part-bad chips other than RAM
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Wider tower cases
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Inclusive church torched in southern Ohio
The Logan Daily News writes a story on a small Ohio church that was destroyed by fire:
All that remains of South Bloomingville's last historic landmark are smoldering embers and the bell that once could be heard throughout the community. Residents woke early Friday morning saddened to find that the South Bloomingville Christian Church was burned nearly to the ground.
Laurelville and Washington Township volunteer firefighters were called to the scene at approximately 2:55 a.m., but were unable to save the structure. No injuries were reported.
Arson is suspected in the blaze, but it stands to reason that the Liberty Institute and the Family Research Council won't update their report documenting what they call "more than 600 alarming attacks on religious faith". (Thanks to Box Turtle Bulletin for covering the church story and this parallel).
Returning to the Logan Daily News:
The Rev. Scott Davis bought the church in 2010 and opened it to the community for services in 2011. Davis said he suspects arson because he has received many death threats in the past. "It's because this is a gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender church, and people around here don't agree with it." Davis said he welcomes all people to the church, regardless of faith, sexual orientation or race. There are approximately 30 locals who attend on a regular basis.
Davis said the residents of the small, quaint town are very upset with the orientation of the church, but doesn't understand why someone would destroy the last historic building other than for revenge.
Built in 1854, the building originally was a school housing eight grades with two teachers. When the community built a new school in 1923, the building was converted into the Methodist Church. The church closed in 1986 and the building stood empty for many years. In 2000, a local resident bought the building for $20,000 and used it for storage until the time it was sold to Davis.
The reverend won't let this tragedy keep him from conducting regular services. Davis said church services will be held on the back lawn until the church is rebuilt. His plan is to rebuild the church to be an exact replica of the original building. "I plan on rebuilding as soon as possible," Davis said. "As soon as the money for the insurance comes through and this is all cleaned up, there will be a new church."
David Allen
You will find if you do some research that there are a lot of these episcopi vagantes (vagrant bishops) in the US leading self-styled small groups of pseudo-catholic, pseudo-anglican and pseudo-orthodox followers. They often trace their Apostolic Succession to some episcopus vagans from Europe who emigrated to the US in the 19th or early 20th Century, often who can trace some apostolic connection to the Old Catholic churches in Europe. They have a tendency to ordain one another and then have a falling out and run off and create their own autocephalic "church". The bishops and their clergy are often lacking in any formal religious training or education. They often accrue to themselves outlandish titles and use of extravagant vestments. And embarrassingly, I admit, they often have a tendency to be or attract gay men who can not hack it in real, established denominations or are unwilling to do the real, hard work of obtaining proper accredited education and training on an ordination track in traditional denominations.
This guy sounds to be one of them.
Bro David
Bill Dilworth
Actually, the pastor isn't "the Rev." anything – according to the church website, he's the Most Rev. Dr. Scott Davis OSB, the 20-something bishop in charge of the "Parish of South Bloomingville Christian Church of the Old Catholic Orthodox Rite to wit; Eastern Orthodox." http://southbloomingvillepa.wix.com/the-parish-of#!
There is something distinctly hinky about the whole set-up. It's a shame that the church burned, and I hope that they catch the person who did it soon. Maybe homophobes torched it to oppose the inclusive Gospel. Or maybe something else happened. I don't think we should press this particular incident to our collective bosom as a hate crime just yet, though.
Jonathon Moyers
I'd be careful about believing that this church was "inclusive." I have a string of Facebook messages from this church's pastor/bishop in which he condemns homosexuality.


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From Breakdown to Breakthrough
A site for those who want to change their mental health. I spent many years suffering with depression. After many years of attempting to find a way, God helped me breakthrough.
Owner: dthomasbruner
Latest Blog Posts for From Breakdown to Breakthrough
The Mind of a Champion (Day 1)
WORK ETHIC People don't understand that when I grew up, I was never the most talented. I was never the biggest. I was never the fastest. I certainly was never the strongest. The only thing I had was my work ethic, and that's been what has gotten m...
How to Build Character (Day 2)
People Character is, in the long run, the decisive factor in the life of individuals and of nations alike. Theodore Roosevelt The quickest way to build strong character in your life is to surround yourself with outstanding people. You are who y...
How to Build Your Character (Day 1)
Character "Good character is more to be praised than outstanding talent. Most talents are to some extent a gift. Good character, by contrast, is not given to us. We have to build it piece by piece by thought, choice, courage and determination...
The Definition of Success "Success is stumbling from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm." Winston Churchill The definition of success is given as the achievement of something planned or attempted. I do not fully agree with that d...
5 Things You Need to Make it Through the Day. (Day 5)
HOPE Hope deferred makes the heart sick. Proverbs When I say that depression is the feeling of having no hope, I speak from experience. It was a little more than 20 years ago that I admitted myself into a psychiatric hospital for depression. The w...
5 Things You Need to Make it Through the Day (Day 4)
Motivation Do you have a reason to be in business other than to make money? Do you have something else that drives you other than meeting overhead every month? What is your "why"? Why are you doing this? Studies have showed that business owner...
Will Power Will is character in action. William McDougall The will to be your best is an innate ability that cannot be learned. One my athletic idols is a prime example. Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team as...
GOALS I don't focus on what I'm up against. I focus on my goals and I try to ignore the rest. Venus Williams If you don't know where you want to go then how are you going to get there? Profound but true! I don't believe most people have...
When you're surrounded by all these people, it can be lonelier than when you're by yourself. You can be in a huge crowd, but if you don't feel like you can trust anyone or talk to anybody, you feel like you're really alone. Fiona Apple PE...
What would it be like to have the faith that David felt on the battlefield as he faced Goliath? Can you imagine being a young teen, fresh from delivering some baked goods to his brothers, going one on one with a nine foot giant? Appearanc...
Weight loss : Easy way out
Thin Girl Diet
Secret Body Building
Como Quitar Las Varices Rapido


Aon has been officially certified by the Top Employers Institute as a Top Employer 2019 for excellence in people practices for the second consecutive year.
Organisations certified as Top Employers dedicate themselves to providing the very best working environment for employees through their progressive 'people-first' HR practices. This global Certification Programme has certified and recognised more than 1 500 Top Employers in more than 118 countries across five continents.
"We are incredibly proud to be recognised as a Top Employer for the second year running. Excellent talent is a rare find in the insurance industry due to significant skills shortages. The war for top talent is intense, which is why we need a progressive approach with a distinctive employee value proposition. One of the initiatives undertaken recently was the introduction of an executive millennial board at Aon, underpinning our ethos of employee inclusion, diversity and the development of young leadership talent from within the business. We believe in creating opportunities for personal and professional growth to the benefit of the company, our clients, our people and the insurance industry – and that means putting people at the heart of the business and being intentional about growing them," explains Zanele Dintwa, Head: Employee Engagement & HR Business Partner at Aon South Africa.
The auditing process utilised in the Top Employer entry process for 2019 is not only rigorous, but also provides important benchmarking insights. "Aon was able to take the findings from the 2018 awards in which we were also nominated as a top employer to assess what can be done differently. It provides an important benchmark of what other top employers are doing in this space, and what the trends are in a changing world of work that top talent is looking for. It's an invaluable learning process," concludes Zanele.


An award given to a distinguished member of the Team Fortress 2 Division that is friendly, a team player, and contributes to the community.
Issue Reason: You have been an incredible asset to the TF2 division. Your positive presence in the community as well as your work on events and on the freak fortress server have improved this division immensely. Congratulations.
Awarded for being an exceptional member of the Event Coordination team, going above and beyond to ensure that events are engaging and exciting.
Awarded to any member who attends at least 3 CS:GO scrims.
Awarded to any member who spends ample time making sure servers are filled/idles in them.


Player health is one of the most important aspects of the Fort Hunt Rugby program.
First of all, no player may participate in Fort Hunt Rugby practices or matches unless they are registered through FHYAA. This is not about money; this is a requirement of the FHYAA liability insurance policy.
Second, all Fort Hunt Rugby players must register with USA Rugby, to be covered under their liability program. This includes a physically signed copy of the USA Rugby waiver, turned in to coaches.
All players must be healthy enough to take part in training, and in matches. This determination lies solely with the coach. Inputs from players and parents are crucial, but the final decision will always rest with the coach. Despite a player's protestation that he/she is ready to train or play, and despite a parent's assertion that the player is ready to take part, the coach has the ultimate responsibility for the decision.
All high school players are strongly encouraged to have a valid physical exam.
The Minute Clinic in the CVS pharmacy at the Belle View shopping center offers walk-in physicals for approximately $50. Individuals must bring the blank VHSL physical form and full ID for the parent and child. Brining the child's shot record is a good idea.
Doctors Express on Route 1 near Dunkin Donuts does sports physicals for $30. Parents must bring the blank VHSL form and the child's shot record: Doctors Express of Mt. Vernon, 7609B Richmond Highway, 703-347-9440.
For all players, for all seasons, and for all situations, both players and parents must inform the Fort Hunt Rugby coaching staff of existing physical/medical conditions, player restrictions, allergies, medications, and all other issues that could affect the health or performance of their Fort Hunt Rugby player. This includes discussion/disclosure of medications and prior injuries, and any changes to a player's health which occurs during the season.
Fitness: The best way to avoid injury is to be fit to begin with.
A fit player is less likely to be injured.
A fit player is a leader.
A fit player will play longer and more usefully, in training and in matches.
A fit player is a better asset to his/her team, and enhances the team's chances of success.
A fit player will be more engaged in practices, and therefore will learn more, and more quickly.
A fit player will be more engaged in matches, and therefore will be more effective, play longer, and have more fun.
A fit player increases his/her team's chances of success.
A fit player is much more likely to be seen by select side coaches, and is more likely to be chosen for select side teams.
Part of the Fort Hunt Rugby player's, coach's and parent/spectator's codes of conduct is the pledge not to use tobacco, alcohol, or illegal drugs while engaged in Fort Hunt Rugby activities. This includes both practices and matches. Use of any of these will adversely affect one's health.
This alcohol/tobacco/drug policy includes parents/spectators. Specifically, no parent/spectator may use tobacco or alcohol at or near training or playing areas. If you need to smoke or dip, you need to find another location to do so, away from the field.
Rugby is a highly taxing physical sport, whether touch or tackle.
Player hydration for practices is the responsibility of the player--bring water! Player hydration for matches will be handled by the team.
Hydration and prevention of heat injuries is very important during our summer season.
Players are the first line of defense, responsible to properly prepare themselves for practicing and playing, and are responsible for monitoring themselves as they participate.
Parents also must monitor all participants for signs of heat injury.
Coaches will actively monitor all players, and will adjust workout times/playing periods and breaks to account for heat and the need for hydration and rest.


Members of the Riverhead Youth Coalition (RYC) recently met with Suffolk County lawmakers to discuss concerns about the growing issue of teen vaping. Legislators Al Krupski and Bridget Fleming met with 15 high school and middle school students at Riverhead Middle School on Wednesday, April 3rd to gain insight into teen vaping and share what actions the county is taking to reduce youth access to vape products and ENDS (electronic nicotine delivery systems).
RYC members talked about the popularity of flavored vape products among their peers and their concern about the increasing number of vape shops in the community. Environmental scans performed by youth reveal an alarming amount of advertising on store windows promoting vaping, which they feel normalizes this behavior. They suggested legislation limiting vape advertisements and signage on storefronts.
Suffolk County is currently considering legislation to increase penalties for retailers who sell ENDS products to individuals under 21. Students pointed out that most teens who vape get the products from their friends or online with debit and gift cards. Previous legislation, which has since been tabled, considered limiting liquid nicotine flavors to tobacco, mint and menthol because fruit and candy flavorings are enticing to teens.
U.S. Surgeon General Jerome Adams called youth vaping an epidemic in his December 2018 e-cigarette advisory, with 1 in 5 high school students and 1 in 20 middle school students reporting e-cigarette use in the U.S. According to a youth survey conducted by Riverhead CAP in 2018, approximately 1 in 5 eighth grade students and 1 in 3 high school students reported vaping in the past 30 days. The number of eighth graders who vaped in 2018 was more than double the number in 2016.
RYC members record radio PSAs at Beach 101.7 that warn about the harmful chemicals in ENDS products and the risk of addiction for young users. The popular JUUL cartridge or "pod" contains about as much nicotine as a pack of 20 regular cigarettes. According to the Surgeon General, JUUL has the greatest market share of any e-cigarette in the U.S., with a 600% surge in sales in 2016-2017.
The mission of the Riverhead Community Coalition for Safe and Drug-Free Youth and the Riverhead Youth Coalition is to engage collaborative partners in the planning, implementation and evaluation of strategies that prevent youth substance use. In 2013 and 2018, the coalition was awarded 5-year Drug-Free Communities (DFC) Support Grants through the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP).
Created by the Drug-Free Communities Act of 1997, the DFC Support Program is the nation's leading effort to mobilize communities to prevent youth substance use and provides grants to community coalitions to strengthen the infrastructure among local partners to create and sustain a reduction in local youth substance use. For more information about the coalition, or to participate, please call Riverhead CAP at (631) 727-3722 or click here.


$18 per child Reservations is required, space is limited.
Wood Kingdom West is hosting its annual indoor egg hunts. Kids also have 90 minutes of open play in Wood Kingdom's 3,400-square-foot open play area.
The Easter Bunny will also be there, as well as some surprise characters! There will be pizza, box juice dessert, coffee and tea. Email woodkingdomwest@gmail.com with full name and number of children attending to reserve your spot. Reservations only.
Ages 6 and under: 1-3pm. Ages 4 and under: 10am-12pm.


The list of failed data warehouse projects is long. Even operational warehouses often leave end-users, data analysts and data scientists frustrated with long lead times for changes and bug fixes. This case study will illustrate how to make changes to the data warehouse and dashboards quickly and with high quality.
Gil Benghiat is one of three founders of DataKitchen, a company on a mission to enable analytic teams to deliver value quickly and with high quality. Gil's career has always been data oriented, starting with collecting and displaying network data at AT&T Bell Laboratories (now Alcatel-Lucent), managing data at Sybase (purchased by SAP), collecting and cleaning clinical trial data at PhaseForward (IPO then purchased by Oracle), integrating pharmaceutical sales data at LeapFrogRx (purchased by Model N), and liberating data at Solid Oak Consulting.
Gil has a Master of Science in Computer Science from Stanford University and a Bachelor of Science in Applied Mathematics/Biology from Brown University. He completed hiking all 48 of New Hampshire's 4,000 peaks and is now working on the New England's 67.
Christopher Bergh is Founder and Head Chef at DataKitchen. Chris has more than 25 years of research, engineering, analytics, and executive management experience. Previously, Chris was Regional Vice President at Model N. Before Model N, Chris was COO of LeapFrogRx, a descriptive and predictive analytics software and service provider. Prior to LeapFrogRx, Chris was CTO and VP of Product Management of MarketSoft (now part of IBM). Prior to that, Chris developed Microsoft Passport, the predecessor to Windows Live ID, a distributed authentication system used by 100s of Millions of users today.
Chris began his career at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and NASA Ames Research Center. Chris served as a Peace Corps Volunteer Math Teacher in Botswana, Africa. Chris has an M.S. from Columbia University and a B.S. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is an avid cyclist, hiker, reader, and father of two teenagers.


text:
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Here's Why We Struggle To Make Connections With Our Physicians -- And Why It Matters
Here's Why We Struggle To Make Connections With Our Doctors -- And Why That Needs To Change ASAP
Mar 31, 2016, 12:00 AM EDT | Updated Dec 6, 2017
Americans don't always trust their doctors, and here's the proof: a 2012 survey found that just 34 percent of U.S. adults said they had "great confidence in the leaders of the medical profession" -- a significant drop from 76 percent in 1966.
A 2015 study from ZocDoc confirms this widening distrust of medical professionals. According to the study, 30 percent of women and 23 percent of men have lied to their doctors through omission, or by telling "white lies" -- most often in response questions relating to diet and fitness routines and smoking and alcohol use -- due to embarrassment or time constraints.
The state of the doctor-patient relationship seems perplexing, until we closely examine what's happening in the exam room.
Thirty percent of women and 23 percent of men have lied to their doctors. Image Credit: Anchor Point
Doctors and patients struggle to make authentic connections between one another. Both parties feel rushed during the typical 15 minutes of "appointment time," which is inadequate for real relationships to form. A 2001 study at the University of South Carolina found that primary care patients had only 12 seconds to speak before being interrupted by their physician, which doesn't bode well for anyone -- especially a shy person who's a little nervous or embarrassed about his or her, ahem, situation … whatever it may be.
The Hard Questions: How Can Doctors Earn (And Keep) Patient Trust?
Tess* made an appointment with Dr. James Doty, clinical professor in the Department of Neurosurgery at Stanford University and the Director of the Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARE) at Stanford University School of Medicine, to address her chronic back pain. After visiting several other doctors, Tess wanted another opinion regarding a recommendation she'd gotten from a previous doctor to undergo spine surgery. But after their initial meeting, Doty was convinced there was more to the story.
"She was overweight, she was stressed, and the bangs hanging in her eyes made it easy for her to avoid eye contact," Doty says. "As I spoke with her, I could tell there was more going on than simply her back. She had something called dyspareunia, which is pain with intercourse. I also noticed she had scars on her wrist."
Instead of sticking with routine protocol, like, "throwing her X-rays [up on] the wall," Doty says, he prodded further. In their conversation he learned she had a long history of unhappiness and sexual abuse -- Tess had been raped by her stepfather at age 12. Doty came to the conclusion the 28-year-old woman wasn't just suffering from back pain. She was chronically unhappy, struggling with weight management, and was unable to have satisfying intercourse.
"Not a single doctor had sat down and asked any of the important questions," Doty explains. Of course, Tess hadn't necessarily volunteered this information, either, making it even more important for Doty to establish his trust. Instead of scheduling the surgery, Doty referred her to a psychiatrist.
After six months of psychiatric treatment, Tess had lost weight and was back-pain-free.
"This is the difference between really listening, and doing it the easy way," Doty says. "If your patient feels rushed, if they feel you're not really with them, or that they're just another number, you won't establish that trust you need to create a connection where your patient feels you truly care, and vice versa."
The Doctor-Patient Relationship Begins In Medical School
"When patients are in a difficult spot and struggling, they want some kind of affective or emotional presence," Post says. "There needs to be some dimension of -- if you will -- heart." Image Credit: Anchor Point
In the case of medicine, it's a disservice not to offer courses that focus on empathy, communication and relationships, according to Emiliana Simon-Thomas, science director at the Greater Good Science Center. "Imagine telling someone they were going to compete in the Olympics as a runner, but rely on life experience to prepare them," Simon-Thomas says. "Here we are putting [new doctors] in a position where they are confronted with pain and suffering all day. To not prepare them for that is unfair."
Educators in the medical field agree, and more and more medical schools have started to incorporate the doctor-patient relationship into the curriculum. Emory University Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center and Stony Brook University School of Medicine offer training in "medical humanism." Oncotalk, a course required of Duke's oncology fellows, and Empathetics, a series of online courses for physicians, are part of a larger effort to teach doctors clinical empathy and improve the relationship between patients and their doctors.
At Stony Brook, a mandatory course guides future clinicians, doctors and nurses to pay more attention to the fine details of a patient experience. Students learn how to build a better connection with patients, express empathy and learn the art of attentive listening, Stephen G. Post, Ph.D., director of the medical school's Center for Medical Humanities, Compassionate Care and Bioethics, says.
"We teach students how to respond empathically to patients; ask questions not just about their history of disease, but how they are coping with their diagnosis and what they're most fearful of," Post says.
Students run through real-life simulations with actors playing patients, which require them to use their new listening and sympathy skills, and feedback is provided.
Post admits that in reality, these "scripts" can be purely cognitive, or recited mechanically -- but that's not enough to cut it as a trusted professional in the medical world. "When patients are in a difficult spot and struggling, they want some kind of affective or emotional presence," Post says. "There needs to be some dimension of -- if you will -- heart."
The Science Behind Compassionate Care
The proof is in the medical reports: Adding empathy and compassion to the equation improves patient outcomes. Studies show that a positive doctor-patient relationship can have significant effects on health outcomes like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, pulmonary infections and osteoarthritis pain. Research also shows that when health care workers treat patients with compassion, they often have lower blood pressure, have less pain and anxiety, and even heal faster.
Related studies in 2011 and 2012 found that diabetes patients of doctors who scored higher on a test of empathy were less likely to have complications associated with their condition than patients of doctors who scored lower on the test. The results further confirmed how physician empathy can positively impact patient outcomes.
As in Doty's example, a doctor's ability to connect with his or her patient can also make identifying the real problem easier.
"When clinicians make these kinds of empathic connections with their patients, when they don't interrupt them, when they are comfortable with moments of silence, when they can pause a little bit when they see their patient is getting emotional, you see much better diagnostic accuracy," Post says. "When patients feel that kind of security in a relationship, they are able to say things about themselves that are diagnostically relevant that you never would have come up in a more formal-type questionnaire."
The New Focus On The Patient Helps, But Let's Not Forget About Physicians
With initiatives like those at the university level in place and growing, there is reason to believe the future of medical care can only improve. The problem? Physician burnout is trending.
"There's an incredible problem of physician burnout and depression," Post says. "Last year, 500 to 600 doctors in America killed themselves. Forty to 60 percent of physicians are unhappy with their professional lives." (While no hard data exists, it's reliably estimated that at least 400 physicians commit suicide every year.)
According to Post, most doctors who report unhappiness with their professions chalk it up to the fact that they can no longer connect meaningfully with their patients. Several workplace pressures, including health care systems' protocols such as HCAHPS (a survey instrument and data collection methodology that's basically a 'Yelp' for hospitals), loads of billing paperwork and financial obligations, often push doctors to rush through their patient load, leading to dissatisfaction. In short, physicians need some TLC, as well.
"When you're deprived the time to connect with your patient and hear what they have to say, that's intrinsically frustrating," Simon-Thomas explains. "It's a dismissal of one's agency, and can erode a doctor's sense of efficiency. It can also set them up for failure."
Ultimately, the system needs to change, Doty explains. As it stands, the medical system doesn't allow true human connection.
"We have the most expensive health care in the world," Doty continues, "with the highest level of patient dissatisfaction …. we spend lots of money on useless tests, inordinate amounts of money to do things that are clearly not beneficial, but no one will say, 'Let's give this doctor 20 minutes more for each patient so they can take the time to ensure that we nurture our healthcare providers by having programs that are supportive and improve resilience.' Now that would be cost-effective."
What Everyone Can Do To Improve Outcomes
Since we can't override America's health care system, the best thing we as patients can do is return the favor.
By attempting to understand the stresses doctors are under -- like taking into the account the heavy paperwork and endless swinging door of patients they have to deal with on a daily basis -- we can act more compassionately toward our health care providers.
"No one likes to feel discarded or rushed, whether they're a patient or a physician," Doty says. "To improve the lives of everyone around us, we all need to be empathetic."
Dignity Health would like to extend their thanks to the Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARE) at the Stanford University School of Medicine for their partnership. Dignity Health is on a mission to infuse more compassion into health care, and throughout our daily lives. When heart and health go hand-in-hand, amazing outcomes are possible.
*name has been changed to respect patient confidentiality
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"PLANT SCIENCE SEMINARS", A new session for a new impact
"PLANT SCIENCE SEMINARS", A new…
A new session of Plant Sciences Seminar has been organized on this day 9th January 2019 in the conference room of the Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Science (GBioS). This section has involved the participation of most of the lecturers of the School of Sciences and Techniques of Crop Production of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Abomey-Calavi (FSA / UAC) and has been led by the Pro-Dean of the school, the Professor Ahoton Leonard.
Like the previous sessions, this session has started by the shorter presentations called "My thesis in 5 minutes" which have been made by two speakers.
The first speaker was Mr. Hervé DEGBEY, PhD student at Ebonyi State University, in Nigeria and Associated Researcher in the GBioS laboratory. He has presented within 5 minutes his PhD research proposal focused on "integrated strategies for efficient management of BBTD and the enhancement of banana and plantain production in Benin and Nigeria". Through the presentation the speaker has shared with the auditory the usefulness of integrating entomology and phytopathology approaches, for efficient screening of accessions of Musa spp., with the application of genomic techniques for detection of candidate genes to identify resistant genotypes against banana viral disease named Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) and the implementation of Participatory Plant Breeding approach for efficient sharing of cultivars among farmers' networks in Benin and Nigeria.
The second speaker, Dr. Bernice Bankole, has just graduated her PhD in December 2018 at University of Kwa Zulu Natal, in South-Africa. She has presented us her PhD outcomes focused on "screening strains of the Beauveria bassiana fungus for endophytic behaviour in sorghum, and biocontrol activity against the spotted stalk borer (Chilo partellus) and African pink stem borer (Sesamia calamistis)." The main issue she has tackled through her PhD researches is related to the devastating ability of the stalk borers feeding on two African staple food crops, rice and sorghum and on sugar cane and cause devastating crop losses of between 40% and 70%. Then she has sought for biological control of these stalk borers using the entomopathogen fungus. Her study has led to discover a number of strains of the fungus that live in the stem tissues for at least 60 days, and therefore have the potential to control stalk borers of cereal crops in Africa.
The main topic of the session has been led by the research team of Professor Adam Ahanchede mainly focused on "scientific progresses performed and prospects in weeds' science in Benin". This principal presentation has been made by the Professor and his assistants and has covered many aspects as following:
Background knowledge in weeds' science, understanding the establishment steps of Comelina bengalensis in local fields and find-out the strategy to reduce its propagation in major food crops in Benin. Through this presentation we have learnt that C. bengalensis has modified and dominated for long time the weeds' population in Benin and has affected many crops yield. It deals well in the fallows where its population increases rapidly while in the cultivated field its population decreases.
Understanding interaction between Rhamphicarpa fistulosa and its host plants: this weed is one of hemi-parasite that can adopt a latent form and can survive up to 50 years in the field when environmental conditions are poor. It affects many rice fields and can cause up to 80% of rice yield destruction. Its favor zones in Benin are the municipalities of Savè, Glazoué and Dassa.
Understanding farmers' perception and their knowledge on weeds in farming system in Benin: during this presentation, Professor Vissoh has shown us that in the most of case, farmers consider the damages caused by the weeds as the second constraint to their production due to their severity in farming system in Benin. However they have their own practices to manage and reduce those damages in their production system.
Inventory of weeds associated to the onion production: we have learnt through this presentation the list and the ranking of the weeds found in the onion's field and the evaluation of their severity. Afterward there was the last presentation on the research prospects on the weeds and the on-way research activities that are currently conducting in the laboratory.
After the presentations, Professor Ahoton who was leading the session has registered the questions which were answered by the presenters and some comments have been made.
Professor Ahoton has informed the auditory on the next session which will held on the 23rd January 2019 and the principal speaker will come from the "World Vegetable Center" institute.
Catégories : Actualités, EventsPar Belmira MOUSTAPHA 10 janvier 2019 Laisser un commentaire
Auteur : Belmira MOUSTAPHA
Précédent Article précédent :Modern melon cultivars go back to two lineages in Asia and in Africa.SuivantArticle suivant :Molecular Biology Training & Open Labware Building Workshop at GBioS


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