text:
Level: University Degree
Should the court challenges program be re-instated
Free essay example:
Name: Yalini Vasanthakumar
Student Number: 996112157
"Should the Courts Challenges Program be Re-Instated?"
Due Date: Thursday, July 16, 2009
Course: POLA51H3 Y
TA: Sams, Scott
Tutorial: TUT 3002
Canada has been a country that has opened it's boarders to minorities for many years now and help accommodate those with great disadvantages. Democracy, collectivism, equality of results, tolerance, negotiation not confrontation are all terms that can be largely intertwined with Canada at one point, but in certain cases this fact has been proven otherwise. In this essay I will argue that the Court Challenges Program should be re-instated. I will prove that this program should be re-instated by examining the history of this program, those that have benefited through this, the opposing sides, What Canada and its values and look into depth at our Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. "We would go so far as to assert that the program cancellation significantly detracts from one of Canada's core values- the pursuit of a more egalitarian society" (Mackay, McGruder, & Jennings, 2009)
Courts Challenges Program was formed in 1977 by Pierre Trudeau of the Liberal government. The Quebec government formed bill 101 to increase their protection of the French language in the province while limiting English. They intent was not only to protect their language from diminishing but also their right to practise their culture and allow that to grow towards further growing generations. Pierre Trudeau decided to enforce the Courts Challenges Program instead of testing the bill directly. The main goal of this program was to help minority groups challenge those laws that infringed on their rights towards their minority languages under the Constitution act. In the year of 1982 when the Charter of Rights and Freedoms was introduced the Courts Challenges Program was expanded. Throughout the years this program has faced many threats that aimed to eliminate it. On 2006 of September, Stephen Harper of the Conservative minority government came into power and decided to take out this program in its first government budget. Bertha Wilson a former Supreme Court of Canada Justice stated, "under the Canadian Charter of rights and freedom the courts have become mediators between the state and the individual." (Brodie, 2001) This does not mean that the individual decisions are taken away but that in many situations people have different perspectives and a mediator like this is required to get equal results. Those that have it all are not the ones that are going to challenge the courts but those that have close to nothing and in a position like that without help from a government funding it tells them that this is their like and no one can do anything about it.
Section 15 under our Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees us equality rights, Section 23guarauntees minority language education rights, and section 7 of the constitutions outlines our legal rights. "Section 15(1) of the Charter prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex age or mental disability. Section 27 declares that the Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians. Section 28 guarantees Charter rights equally to men and women." (Smithey, 2001) With all these rights being enforced by law everyone should have equal opportunity to challenge these laws if there rights are being infringed upon. With the Courts Challenges Program those that are of the minority groups, who are most of the population in Canada today are unable to challenge the courts which undermines democracy in Canada. Every person should be equal under the law, but if those from the minority groups are unable to receive fundamental rights then the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms would be only benefit the majority of citizens while undermining the rights of minorities which was not its intent. "Without the Courts Challenges Program Canada's constitutional rights are real only for the wealthy-this is unfair, and it does not comply with the rule of law, which is also a fundamental principle of Canadian society and our Constitution. (Mackay, McGruder, & Jennings, 2009)
Canada was known for its collectivism, and equality, but as years go by Canada seems to be adopting an Americanized style. With the Courts Challenges Program removed, Canada's equality of result is replaced with equality of opportunity and instead of collectivism it takes a individualistic form. "Michael Adams's data reveal that over the past decade both Canadians and Americans have been shifting in their attitudes away from support for traditional authorities towards greater individualism" (Nesbitt-Larking, 2009). If this kind of style continues then what's next? Healthcare or welfare?
With the Courts Challenges Program reinstated it does not only allow those in minority groups but even the rest by bringing new cases to the foreground that can help many others in the same situation. Furthermore, there are many different programs that are unnecessary that are being funded by the government, but something that requires the government funding to help those in need is being cut towards saving the budget.
In the debate article, "The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Is Antidemocratic and Un-Canadian" Robert Martin argues that Canada says it's so multicultural and democratic but in truth it is on the contrary. With the Courts Challenges Program is in favour of a more Canadian culture, which is in favour of helping those in need, but with this program cut to save money it takes a more Un-Canadian view.
Example of cases are Canadian Newspapers Co. v. Canada (attorney General), this was a sexual attack victim who was at the threat of having her name published in the paper. With the funding of the Courts Challenges Program she was able to challenge the courts to get back her rights to chose if she wanted her name published or not. Another case was Egan V. Canada and with the help of this program they were able to establish that discrimination based on sexual orientation constitutes a form of discrimination. (Mackay, McGruder, & Jennings, 2009)
As Lenard mentions that, " Ideally, political participation is about an attempt to find what is in the best collective interest of the community. This involves identifying shared values, norms, participating in the creation and maintenance of a shared public culture.." (Lenard, 2006) If our society is about getting everyone involved and their values then the cancellation of the Court Challenges program was not in the best interest of the collective society. This is in favour of a more individualistic view and in a country like Canada this is not acceptable.
On the contradicting side of this argument Crosbie states that the only reason that the conservative government expanded the Courts Challenge Program was because if they were to eliminate this program they would have got "very bad publicity". (Kheiriddin, 2009). Therefore, this just goes to show that this program was in favour by a majority of the population because Crosbie was able to secure the position he was fighting for by fabricating support for the program which ultimately won him votes. Kheiriddin suggests that after the emergence of section 15 of the charter, interest groups began to "demand direct government funding of minority rights litigations of all kinds, not just linguistic." Language rights were a major issue and that was resolved, but that is not the only kind of discrimination that is being violated in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. There are many infringements that minorities face that goes beyond language and require the financial funding to challenge courts. If even one fundamental right is being infringed upon they should be able to challenge that in court with no limitations, any support needed should be available. If we continue to pride ourselves on being protectors of equality and freedom, then we can not discriminate on the type of equality and the type of freedoms we protect.
In conclusion Canada is portrayed as a democratic country where it is a more collectivistic society not an individualistic society like America. Canada gives chances to those that need and opportunities to further grow their language and culture. Canada does not put aside those that need help and lend a hand to those that are already in a good position. By allowing the Courts Challenges Program to be reinstated it would help those that are unable to question the law that is being unfair to them. Till 1920 women was not given the privilege to vote only after 1960 could women have the chance to vote, Japanese Canadians were imprisoned in Canada just because they were of Japanese decent, Children of Aboriginal background were pushed against their will to go to residential schools where their entire background including culture and language was taken away from them. These people of minority disserve to practise their own language and be given the same rights everyone else does therefore with the Court Challenges Program re-instated it would further strengthen the states support for these minorities to live a non-discriminatory lifestyle. This would lend a hand to those that think they cannot do anything to take a stance and allow them to challenge the courts. Therefore, the Court Challenges program should be re-instated to further strengthen the Charter of rights and freedom and the society overall.
Anthoney, A. (2009). Socialism as Nationalism: Why the Alleged Americanization of Canadian Political Culture is a Fraud in Issues in Canadian Democracy. Toronto: Nelson.
Ian, B. (2001). Interest Group Litigation and the Embedded State: Canada's Court Challenges Program. Canadian Journal of Political Science. pp. 357-376
Kenneth J., Danial M., Wayne M. (2009). Why the Government Was Wrong to Cancel the Court Challenges in Issues in Canadian Democracy. Toronto: Nelson.
Tasha, K. (2009). Why the Government Was Right to Cancel the Court Challenges Program in Issues in Canadian Democracy. Toronto: Nelson.
Patti, T. L. (2006). Belonging, political participation and ethno-cultural minorities. Canadian Forieng Policy, Research Library . PG. 53
Robert, M. (2009). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is Antidemocratic and Un-Canadian in Issues in Canadian Democracy. Toronto: Nelson.
Paul, N. (2009) Canadian Political Culture: The Problem of Americanization in Issues in Canadian Democracy. Toronto: Nelson.
Shannon, I. S. (2001). Religious Freedom and Equality concerns under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 34(1), pg. 85-107
Rights: Your Rights to Equality. Retrieved on July 10, 2009, from http://www.ccppcj.ca/e/rights/rights.shtml
STUDENTS NAME: ___________________________________
GRADED BY: _________________________________________
Quality of Evidence (Research)
Use of quotations, citations, bibliography
This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree International Politics section.
Related University Degree Social studies Skills and Knowledge Essays
Wyoming: A Center for Women's Equality?
Why is ethnic politics more violent in Russia than in Canada?
What are the major challenges facing the 21st Century?
Industrial Labor Policy in Canada and Australia: A Comparative Approach.
Should the United States Get Involved with Problems in the Middle East?
International Perspectives
How Egalitarian was Jacksonian Democracy?
See our best essays
Related University Degree International Politics essays
of the Centre, the rules of procedure for the institution of conciliation and arbitration proceedings and the rules of procedure for conciliation and arbitration proceedings.5 The Secretariat shall consist of a Secretary-General, one or more Deputy Secretaries-General and staff. The Secretary-General and any Deputy Secretary-General shall be elected by the
Jackson did not go back on his decision, which shows how determined he was to achieve his ideological egalitarian society. He was constantly trying to make things more equal and in 1832, Jackson passed a law that said imprisonment should not occur for those who had debt due to "misfortune
The Korean War started because of the division of Korea, the country had a well organized ancient integrity. It had a long history as an independent kingdom but was annexed by Japan in 1910 by force. Japan had controlled Korea until the end of World War Two, but just when
Some critics in the Middle East excuse "the American people," while castigating our government. In their eyes, our official policy could not really reflect grassroots opinion. Others misinformed spin elaborate conspiracy theories involving the power of joint Mossad-CIA plots, Old Testament fundamentalists, international bankers, and Jewish control of Hollywood, the media, and the U.S.
Politically, Canada has a two-party system. For the past 60 years the Liberal Party has dominated federal politics, occasionally forming a minority government of yielding power to the conservatives. The New Democratic Party (NDP) with a social-democratic philosophy and strong union support has about 11% of the popular vote.
Thus with this framework in mind it shall enable analysis into the political, economic, environmental and sociological factors that demand to be the major challenges facing the 21st century. June 1945 saw the signing of the UN Charter, which essentially promoted the concept of self-determination of which the League of Nations had failed to realise as a legal principle.
The history of Canadian ethnic conflict dates back to 1759. The British army defeated the French in New France's capital city Quebec. The Catholic, French-speaking New France was handed over to the Protestant, English-speaking British crown (Esman, 1994:148). Quebec was allowed to retain its religious and civil code and Canada was made a confederation in 1867.
Since 1944, Wyoming has only voted for 2 Democratic Presidential candidates.8 Currently 62.9% of registered voters are Republican and only 27.7% are Democrats. 88.9% of the state is white and only 6.4% of the state is Hispanic. The homogeny of the state is apparent when one looks at those numbers.9
Read the whole essay offline on your computer, tablet or smartphone. Download the PDF today.


text:
305 Electronics Engineer jobs
Browse for Electronics Engineer Jobs. Find the job of your dreams on IEEE today!
Previous◀
Assistant/Associate/Professor
University of Utah, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of ...
Next▶
MULTIPLE FACULTY POSITIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Oregon State University, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
MULTIPLE FACULTY POSITIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Oregon State University | College of Engineering The School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) at OregonState University invites applications for multiple tenure-track facultypositions in the areas of novel electronic devices, s...
MULTIPLE FACULTY POSITIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Oregon State University | College of Engineering The School of Electrical Engineering and...
Arlington , Virginia
Areté Associates, an employee-owned company, is a growing research and development firm recognized for contributing to national security objectives by supplying innovative solutions to challenging technical problems faced by the United States. Our Arlington, VA office has an immediate opening for an...
Areté Associates, an employee-owned company, is a growing research and development firm recognized for contributing to national security...
System Planning Engineer
Hoosier Energy
Pay Grade: M7, M8 POSITION SUMMARY Analyzes short and long range system plans for the Hoosier Energy power system that emphasizes economy, reliability and compatibility. Acts as Hoosier Energy's interface with member system staff in the coordination of system plans and studies. Coordinates with inte...
Pay Grade: M7, M8 POSITION SUMMARY Analyzes short and long range system plans for the Hoosier Energy power system that emphasizes economy,...
Micron Endowed Professor in Microelectronics
Moscow, Idaho
University of Idaho Micron Endowed Professor in Microelectronics Location: MoscowDivision/College: College of EngineeringEmployee Category: FacultyPay Range: Commensurate with ExperienceFull/Part Time: Full TimePosition Summary: The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) in the Coll...
University of Idaho Micron Endowed Professor in Microelectronics Location: MoscowDivision/College: College of EngineeringEmployee Category:...
Senior Electrical Engineer - FPGA Verification
Working knowledge/course work of signal & image processing, digital communications and/or control theoriesWhat We Offer:Whether youre just starting out on your career journey or are an experienced professional, we offer a robust total rewards package that goes above and beyond with compensation; hea...
Working knowledge/course work of signal & image processing, digital communications and/or control theoriesWhat We Offer:Whether youre just...
Principal Electrical Engineer - FPGA Verification
Technical Trainer, Texas
QSC LLC
Overview The Training Manager works under the supervision and direction of the Senior Training Manager, but operates autonomously to develop a constant stream of innovative training curriculum for QSC, primarily for the Q-SYS audio, video and control (AV&C) platform with the potential to expa...
Overview The Training Manager works under the supervision and direction of the Senior Training Manager, but operates autonomously to develop a...
Embedded Systems Electronics Engineer
The Alternative Computing Group in the Physical Measurement Laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland is currently seeking suitable candidates for a possible electronics engineer position with expertise in embedded systems. The Alternative Computing Group conducts ground-breaking experimental and...
The Alternative Computing Group in the Physical Measurement Laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland is currently seeking suitable candidates...
Dallas Area Rapid Transit
GENERAL SUMMARY:Provide engineering technical support, assist with development of product specifications, statements of work, code investigations, failure analysis, and needs assessments for all applicable systems and/or applicable infrastructure upgrading, modifications or repairs of the Light Rail...
GENERAL SUMMARY:Provide engineering technical support, assist with development of product specifications, statements of work, code investigations,...
Distribution Grid Engineer - Analysis and Controls Lead
We have an opening for an experienced Engineer. You will lead system research on electronic power grid infrastructure analysis with a focus on restoration and resilience and participate in business development for the Cyber and Infrastructure Resilience (CIR) program in the Global Security (GS) Prin...
We have an opening for an experienced Engineer. You will lead system research on electronic power grid infrastructure analysis with a focus on...
Electronics Technologist - NIF Power Conditioning Systems
We have multiple openings for Electronics Technologists to support the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Power Conditioning Systems operations and maintenance. NIF is the world's most powerful laser system, capable of producing over 1.8 MJ of optical energy. You will operate the Power Conditioning Sy...
We have multiple openings for Electronics Technologists to support the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Power Conditioning Systems operations and...
Electronics Assembler and Network Installer
We have multiple openings for Senior Electronics Fabrication Technician(s)/Electronics Fabrication Technician Specialist(s). You will fabricate and install electro-mechanical components, systems and network infrastructure for new and on-going experiments in multiple facilities. The scope of the work...
We have multiple openings for Senior Electronics Fabrication Technician(s)/Electronics Fabrication Technician Specialist(s). You will fabricate...
Computer Control Systems Operator for NIF&PS
We have an opening for an Electronics Technologist to serve as the Computer Control Systems Operator responsible for the operational support of control systems software, databases, networks, and hardware required to perform successful laser shots at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). NIF is the ...
We have an opening for an Electronics Technologist to serve as the Computer Control Systems Operator responsible for the operational support of...
Program Manager for Security & Protection - Active Clearance Required
We have an opening for a Program Manager (PM) for the Security and Protection (S&P) Program within the Security Organization (SO). The S&P Program Manager is responsible for oversight and personnel management in the research and development (R&D), manufacturing, quality and assurance (QA), order com...
We have an opening for a Program Manager (PM) for the Security and Protection (S&P) Program within the Security Organization (SO). The S&P Program...
Division Chief - ACL
Project/Unit Description The Advanced Concepts Laboratory (ACL) of the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) seeks qualified individuals for the position of Chief, Signals and Systems Division (SASD). The SASD Division Chief is responsible for oversight of all Division activities, including managem...
Project/Unit Description The Advanced Concepts Laboratory (ACL) of the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) seeks qualified individuals for the...
W3 PROFESSORSHIP FOR HUMAN-CENTERED SENSING
Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen Germany
Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) is one of Germany's leading research universities, addressing the whole range of academic disciplines. A highly dynamic setting enables researchers and students to work across the traditional boundaries of academic subjects and faculties. To create knowledge networks wi...
Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) is one of Germany's leading research universities, addressing the whole range of academic disciplines. A highly...
Device Engineer
Student Aide
AC3E - Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria
Purdue University, School Of Engineering Technology
Department Of Electronic Systems, Technical Faculty Of IT And Design, Aalborg University
Karlsruher Institut Für Technologie (KIT) Campus Süd
Membrane Technology & Research, Inc
Miami University - ECE Dept
QSC LCC
State University Construction Fund
Tokyo City University
Vicor Corporation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I started tinkering with PHP around the year 2000. At my first job as a Web Developer at Netlog I already worked together with Maarten. After some detours involving administrative work and Business Intelligence (god forbid!), I re-focused on web development and gradually evolved towards the function of Development Manager and Product Owner.
As the least-devvy guy of the bunch and a father of three boys, I'm prepared to deal with the occasional mockery and laughter ;-).
In the little spare time I have left besides the misses and the kids, I enjoy running, hanging out with friends, watching sci-fi movies and trying to maintain a relevant taste in music. When it comes to software code only two things are important to me: does it work and is it extendable?