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Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn – Wengen & the Staubbach Falls
This is part of a series of posts dedicated to the exploration of Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn, a UNESCO World Heritage site covering an entire area of 82,400 ha. The next few paragraphs will be about the site's universal value (the reason why it is inscribed on the World Heritage list) and a brief introduction to various viewpoints, hiking trails and attractions in different regions in and around the inscribed area. If you have already read other posts related to the property, please click here to jump directly to the main content of this one.
As the UNESCO comments:
The extension of the natural World Heritage property of Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (first inscribed in 2001), expands the site to the east and west, bringing its surface area up to 82,400 ha., up from 53,900. The site provides an outstanding example of the formation of the High Alps, including the most glaciated part of the mountain range and the largest glacier in Eurasia. It features a wide diversity of ecosystems, including successional stages due particularly to the retreat of glaciers resulting from climate change. The site is of outstanding universal value both for its beauty and for the wealth of information it contains about the formation of mountains and glaciers, as well as ongoing climate change. It is also invaluable in terms of the ecological and biological processes it illustrates, notably through plant succession. Its impressive landscape has played an important role in European art, literature, mountaineering and alpine tourism.
自然世界遗产少女峰–阿雷奇冰河–毕奇霍恩峰(最早于2001年被列入)从东部扩展到西部,面积从53 900公顷扩展到82 400公顷。该遗址为阿尔卑斯高山——包括山脉最受冰河作用的部分和欧亚大陆山脉最大的冰川——的形成提供了一个杰出的实例。它以生态系统多样性为特点,包括特别受气候变化冰川融化而形成的演替阶段。该遗址因景色秀美、而且包含山脉和冰川形成以及正在发生的气候变化方面的丰富知识而具有突出的全球价值。在它尤其通过植物演替所阐释的生态和生物过程方面,该遗址的价值无法衡量。其令人难忘的景观在欧洲艺术、文化、登山和阿尔卑斯山旅游中起着重要作用。
In order to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one of the ten Criteria for Selection. Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn meets
Criterion (vii): to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance, because the impressive landscape within the property has played an important role in European art, literature, mountaineering and alpine tourism. What's the top 1 attraction in Switzerland? The Alps. What's the most famous part of the Alps? The Jungfrau region. The area around Jungfrau, Aletschhorn and Bietschhorn, which includes the imposing north wall of the High Alps featuring Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau and on the southern side many spectacular peaks and a valley system containing Europe's largest glacier, is globally recognized as one of the most spectacular mountain regions to visit;
Criterion (viii): to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features, because the property provides an outstanding record of the geological processes that formed the High Alps and is abundant in diverse geomorphological features such as U-shaped glacial valleys, cirques, horns, valley glaciers and moraines. 20 – 40 million years ago, through uplifting and compressing, the formation of the High Alps began. Ranging from 809 m to 4,274 m high, the mountains in the property show 400-million-year-old crystalline rocks thrust over younger carbonate rocks due to the northward drift of the African tectonic plate. As the most glaciated part of the Alps, the site contains the largest and longest glacier in Europe – the Aletsch Glacier, which shows a range of classic glacial features. Furthermore, the glacier provides vital information about glacial history and ongoing processes, in particular related to climate change.
and Criterion (ix): to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals, because within the property, diverse flora and fauna are represented in a range of habitats, and plant colonization in the wake of retreating glaciers provides an outstanding example of plant succession. Covering a wide range of altitudes and exposures (such as the dry southern side and wet northern side), the property includes diverse alpine and sub-alpine habitats. On the crystalline and carbonate rocks, a variety of ecosystems have evolved without significant human intervention. Particularly worth mentioning is the upper and lower tree-line of the Aletsch forest, a superb example of plant succession. The global phenomenon of climatic change, which is reflected in the varying retreating rates of the glaciers, is particularly well-illustrated in the region, providing new substrates for plant colonization.
© www.jungfraualetsch.ch
As you can see from the map above, the inscribed area is huge, so how can we explore it? Before giving you some suggestions based on my own experience and the information on www.jungfraualetsch.ch, let's first learn some facts about the property:
surface of the World Heritage area: 824 km2
Population of the World Heritage region: 40,000 inhabitants
23 municipalities in the cantons of Valais (15) and Bern (8) are involved
9 mountains within the area are over 4000 meters and Finsteraarhorn is the highest peak (4274 m)
around 50 mountains within the area are over 3500 meters
the glaciers cover a total area of 350 km2
the longest and largest glacier in the Alps, Aletsch Glacier (23 km) is located at the center of this protected area
88% of this area is without vegetation
the Bernese Alps (Wetterhorn – Schreckhorn – Eiger – Mönch – Jungfrau – Gletscherhorn – Breithorn – Blüemlisalp) are considered one of the most famous mountain ranges in the world
As you might have noticed, most of the inscribed area is not accessible to normal tourists as it's made up of either high mountains or glaciers. However, there are many viewpoints on the mountains around the property, most of which are conveniently connected to bus stops or train stations by cable cars. Personally, I strongly recommend the viewpoints within and around the Aletsch Arena, which provide amazing views of the Aletsch Glacier, Aletschhorn, Bietschhorn, Jungfrau, Mönch, Fiescherhorn and so on, and within the Jungfrau region including Grosse Scheidegg, First, Schynige Platte, Männlichen, Jungfraujoch, Schilthorn and so on, from which you can see clearly the northern wall of the High Alps featuring the signature Swiss skyline of Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau. If you are a hiker, you have many more options and can get a closer look at the World Heritage site. Besides the numerous hiking trails in Jungfrau and Aletsch regions, I recommend you checking out the Lötschental Valley, Kandertal Valley (Gasterntal Valley and Lake Oeschinensee), and Rosenlauital Valley (Rosenlaui Glacier Gorge).
Exploring the regions I mentioned above will probably take you a very long time because they offer numerous viewpoints, hiking trails and attractions, and after that, I believe you will have a very good understanding of the universal value of the property such as its unparalleled beauty, exceptional record of the formation of the Alps, excellent demonstration of diverse geomorphological features and remarkable representation of on-going ecological and biological processes. If you are still not satisfied and want to have a completer experience, try visiting the municipalities of Raron, Eggerberg, Guttanen (Grimselwelt), Innertkirchen and Meiringen, where you will find more activities closely or remotely related to the World Heritage site. I read from the official website that there's a long tour which allows you to hike around the property and discover and learn about it in 15 stages. The booklet providing relevant information regarding the routes and attractions is called «Key to the Alps», which is unfortunately only available in German. I think, even if you don't speak German or plan to take the complete tour, the booklet should shed some light on the planning of your own expedition. Alternatively, there is a fold-out map available in English with overview and tips regarding highlights of the World Heritage site. I can send the digital version to you upon request and I'm sure it will also give you some inspiration.
To find out the destinations and highlights recommended by jungfraualetsch.ch please click here.
To find out the destinations and hiking tours recommended by myswissalps.ch please click here.
As I mentioned above, most of the inscribed area is not easily accessible to normal visitors and some parts of it are not clearly visible from the surrounding viewpoints. How can we gain deeper insights into this mysterious world then? Last but not least, don't forget to visit the municipality of Naters, where the World Nature Forum Information and Visitor Center of the UNESCO World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch is located. In order to protect this extraordinary natural heritage and to promote sustainable development of this region, 23 municipalities within the cantons of Bern and Valais together with the Swiss Federation have agreed to work in collaboration. The World Nature Forum (WNF) is the base camp of this commission and its Information and Visitor Center provides us with necessary knowledge about this region and helps to raise our awareness of the importance of its protection. If it's inconvenient for you to reach the area, you can also learn about it at home. On the official website, 19 thematic brochures (more in German) giving insights into the uniqueness, diversity and beauty of the region are available and can be downloaded as pdf. The thematic brochures are about agriculture and settlement, tourism and traffic, fauna and flora, water, culture, glacier, climate, and mountains while the regional brochures are about Oberhasli, Naters, Lötschental, "Suonen", Raron – Niedergesteln, Grimselwelt, Kandertal, Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Aletsch Region, and Bellwald.
I hope my introduction above gives you a general idea of why the Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn region is so valuable and how to explore and learn about it. In a series of posts about the World Heritage site, I'll focus on the hikes, viewpoints and tours I experienced and provide you with practical information, tips as well as detailed introduction to the geological and ecological processes, geomorphological features and ecosystems which are related to the property.
1. Wengen – a fantastic viewpoint of the Lauterbrunnen Valley
1.1 The Lauterbrunnen Valley
1.2 Hiking between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen
2. Staubbach Falls
2.1 Staubbach Gallery
Wengen is a lovely town above the Lauterbrunnen Valley and it takes only about 15 mins to reach it by train from the Lauterbrunnen station. This train is actually the one going to Keine Scheidegg, the starting point of the rack railway to Jungfraujoch. If you plan to visit the highest train station in Europe, I strongly recommend you to get off here and have a walk around, during which you'll discover countless fantastic viewpoints. The reason why I visited the town was to gain a commanding view of the Lauterbrunnen Valley, which is one of the most spectacular valleys in Switzerland. Due to its U-shape, it's depicted in many school books as a classic example of trough valley. Where's the best viewpoint? Well, I was actually truly overwhelmed by its magnificence while hiking down from Wengen to Lauterbrunnen, which took only an hour. Below, I'll first introduce the Lauterbrunnen Valley and what you can do in and around it, and then I'll give you some tips about the hike between the two towns.
Please note, the train ride between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen is included in the Swiss Travel Pass (for tourists), GA and Tageskarte (Day Pass for Switzerland).
In the Bernese Oberland around 25,000 years ago, ice covered the mountainous landscape and the V-shaped notches that streams had previously dug into the rock. Only the highest peaks could be seen. Nothing seemed to move but under their enormous weight, the ice masses which were up to over 1000 meters thick were moving on the slopes of the Jungfrau massif. Its pressure heated the glacier bottom and consequently, the ice began to glide on the melting water, transporting huge amounts of rubble, which varied from small pebbles to huge boulders. Gravel at the bottom acted like sandpaper and kept rubbing, pushing, sanding and scraping the ground and flanks, changing the V-shaped valley slowly to a new shape. The force in the center was the strongest, which resulted in the flat valley floor bounded by hundred-meter-high cliffs, while the force at the edges was much weaker, which resulted in the terrasse-like, gently inclined plateaus, which mark the peak of the glacier. The explanation of the formation of the valley is based on what I read from the website of the Jungfrau region. If you want to know more about it, please click here.
The valley with its 72 waterfalls, gigantic rock faces, mountain peaks and alpine meadows has inspired many writers including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and J. R. R. Tolkien. As I read from Wikipedia, Goethe's poem "Gesang der Geister über den Wassern" ("Spirit Song over the Waters") was written while he stayed at the parish house near the Staubbachfälle (Staubbach Falls) in Lauterbrunnen, and after hiking from Interlaken to the Lauterbrunnental in 1911, the landscape of the valley provided Tolkien with the concept and pictorial model for his sketches and watercolours of the fictitious valley of Rivendell. What's more, Lauterbrunnen was featured in several scenes from the 1969 James Bond movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
If I remember correctly, I've been to Lauterbrunnen four times already. Once on my way to Jungfraujoch, twice on my way to Schilthorn – Piz Gloria and once on my way to Männlichen. I've been visiting the attractions around Lauterbrunnental but unfortunately I haven't really explored the valley itself yet. As I read from the website of the tourism office of Lauterbrunnen, there's a flat walk (distance: 7.97 km, difficulty level: easy-medium, time requirement: 2.5 h, highest point: 922 m, ascent: 120 m) through the valley from the village (Lauterbrunnen) to Stechelberg which offers deep insights into the 72 waterfalls including the famous Staubbach Falls and Mürrenbach Fall gushing down from the vertical cliff faces, some of which are several hundred meters high. As I read from the website of the tourism office of Stechelberg, the Rear Lauterbrunnen Valley, which is located inside the World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn, also has a wealth of scenic and cultural assets. Therefore, six World Heritage Themed Trails (alpine economy, mountain hotels, power spots (for meditators), waterfalls, history and fables, and flora and fauna) were created, each of which leads from the information panel in Stechelberg into the rear valley. Just follow the symbol of your chosen theme on the brown signs and on the way, you will see info boards linked to the specific theme. In the future, I'd love to walk through the valley (from the village to Stechelberg and then take one or two of the themed trails) and discover its waterfalls and traces of the retreat of glaciers.
Besides the hiking trails mentioned above, there are some more highlights in and around the valley and now I'll introduce them to you briefly. If you have a particular interest in any of them, please read the relevant detailed post.
Jungfraujoch (3454m) – the Jungfrau railway has been plying its way through a 7-km-long tunnel inside Eiger and Mönch to the highest station in Europe, the ultimate excursion destination in the Bernese Oberland, since 1912. If you come to Switzerland, this is an experience you shouldn't miss.
Kleine Scheidegg – as the starting point of the rack railway to Jungfraujoch, it provides an impressive view of the north face of Eiger and the four-thousand-meter peaks of Jungfrau and Mönch. It's also the starting point of the easy hike Kleine Scheidegg – Männlichen (distance: 4.3 km, duration: 1 h 15 m, ascent: 1 m, descent: 170 m).
Männlichen – starting point of the Royal Walk to the summit of Männlichen and of the easy hike Männlichen – Kleine Scheidegg (distance: 4.3 km, duration: 1 h 15 m, ascent: 1 m, descent: 170 m), both of which provide an amazing view of the High Alps.
Schilthorn – the panoramic revolving restaurant at the summit, Piz Gloria (2970 m), was featured in the 1969 James Bond movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service and provides an amazing view of 40 mountain peaks and 20 glaciers including Titlis, Eiger, Mönch, Jungfrau and even Mont Blanc. At Birg, the intermediate station between Mürren and Schilthorn, challenge yourself on the Trill Walk, a 200-meter cliff pathway under the cableway station.
Trümmelbach Falls – one of the wildest glacier ravines in Europe with 10 waterfalls of the Trümmelbach hidden amongst the rocks. In Europe, they are the only glacial waterfalls which are inside the mountain and still accessible to the public. A UNESCO World Natural Heritage.
Staubbach Falls – on the edge of the village of Lauterbrunnen, the water plunges almost 300 meters from an overhanging cliff face. It was the inspiration for Goethe's famous poem "Spirit Song Over The Waters". From the foot of the waterfall, a path leads up to the Staubbach Gallery, where the fall can be observed up close. After rain, and early in the season, the force of the stream above the fall is strong enough to carry the water clear of the precipice, and the whole mass descends in a condition of liquid dust, which sways to and fro with gentle breeze.
Isenfluh – one of the typical Swiss mountain villages and above it, you get an impressive view of Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau.
The so-called "Hohstäg", the trail between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen, is part of the classic Bernese Oberland tour, which from the 18th century has been attracting intellectuals and tourists in search of the grand nature experience of the alpine landscape. The hike from Lauterbrunnen begins with a wide trail to Zwirgi. From there it winds steeply up around many hairpin bends in a shady mountain forest to Wengen, set almost 500 meters higher on a sunny terrace. The reason for the steep ascent is the landscape fashioned by the hinteren Lauterbrunnental Glacier during the last Ice Age. The holiday resort of Wengen is a typical picturesque mountain village. It is still free of individual motorized traffic and thus a paradise for pedestrians.
The distance of the hike is 2.95 km and it takes around 1 – 1.5 hours to finish;
you can choose to hike up (Lauterbrunnen to Wengen) or hike down (Wengen to Lauterbrunnen). Combine the hike with a train ride (between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen) to make the whole trip easier;
if you choose to hike up, the ascent is 487 m and the descent is 9 m;
the difficulty level of the hike is easy;
if you choose to hike down, I strongly recommend using walking sticks. I forgot to take them and the downward hike hurt my knees quite badly;
highlight on the way is the unobstructed view of the High Alps such as the Jungfrau (4158 m), Silberhorn (3695 m), Grosshorn (3754 m), Breithorn (3785 m) and Tschingelhorn (3576 m), of the glaciers, the Lauterbrunnen Valley, and of the many waterfalls including the Staubbach Falls. Please note, the hike provides one of the best opportunities to overlook the impressive Lauterbrunnen Valley.
though the trail can be managed with normal sports shoes, hiking shoes are recommended. There are a few sections which are rather steep and a bit slippery due to dust. Just be careful if you choose to hike down;
several benches on the way facing the High Alps and the valley are ideal places for recharging yourself. Remember to take some snacks and enough water with you;
I took the trail in September, when the temperature was a bit low in the mountains. I was wearing a thin winter jacket and long pants when I arrived at Wengen but changed to t-shirt and shorts shortly because of the sun and exercise;
sun cream is a must for a sunny day and don't forget to protect the back of your neck as well;
the train ride between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen is included in the Swiss Travel Pass (for tourists), GA and Tageskarte (Day Pass for Switzerland);
from Wengen, you can take a cable car to reach Männlichen, starting point of the Royal Walk to the summit of Männlichen and of the easy hike Männlichen – Kleine Scheidegg (distance: 4.3 km, duration: 1 h 15 m, ascent: 1 m, descent: 170 m), both of which provide amazing views of the High Alps;
please note, the train ride from Wengen onwards towards Kleine Scheidegg is not included in the Swiss Travel Pass (for tourists), GA or Tageskarte (Day Pass for Switzerland) anymore.
Height: 297 m
Type: Single Drop
River Name: Staubbach
Drainage Area: 2.3 square kilometers
With a height of nearly 300 meters, Staubbach Falls is one of the 72 waterfalls of the Lauterbrunnen Valley and the third highest waterfall in Switzerland. In the summer, warm winds swirl the water around, so that the fall sprays in all directions. These droplets of water spray gave the brook and the waterfall its name ("Staub" means "dust" in English). Compared to some magnificent roaring waterfalls I've seen such as the Rhine Falls in Switzerland, the Niagara Falls in the USA, and the Iguazu Falls in Brazil, I found the Staubbach Falls particularly elegant. As I was approaching it, it looked like a satin waistband hanging over the edge of the cliff, swirling and shining in the sun. Before embarking on your journey to the Staubbach Gallery, you will see two panels offering historic and scientific background information on this natural phenomenon including its first measurement and accounts of the travels of Goethe and other famous people. It is written that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe toured the Lauterbrunnen Valley in 1779 with Duke Karl August von Weimar. The writer reports in the accounts of his travels how the sight of the Staubbach Waterfall delighted him, remarking that: "It is a very wonderful thing." During his visit to Lauterbrunnen, Goethe wrote his poem "Song of the Spirits over the Waters" in recollection of the Staubbach. Another writer, Lord Byron, wrote in his diary in September 1816, how the sun made a rainbow at the Staubbach Waterfall: "I have never seen anything like it. It looked just like a rainbow, which came down for a visit, and was so near that one could just step into it."
If you visit the Staubbach Falls in the summer, make sure not to miss the Staubbach Gallery, which can be accessed conveniently through a path from the foot of the waterfall. From the gallery, the fall can be observed up close, and because the whole mass descends in a condition of liquid dust, which sways to and fro with gentle breeze, it will probably give you a soft kiss.
The gallery is only open in the summer and can be visited free of charge;
it can be easily reached through a path within 10 mins from the foot of the fall;
the foot of the fall can be reached by foot from the town centre of Lauterbrunnen within 7 mins;
at the foot of the fall, there's a fountain for filling your bottle;
from the gallery, you can see the mist caused by the fall, the Silberhorn, the town of Lauterbrunnen and the Lauterbrunnen Valley;
you might get wet (only a little bit so don't worry too much) on the way or in the gallery but on a sunny summer day, that would feel super cool!
Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn – Wengen & the Staubbach Falls was last modified: August 1st, 2020 by Dong
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In her book "The Power of Display," Mary Anne Staniszewski frames the importance of exhibition design as a total whole that acknowledges the vitality, historicity, and the time-and-site-bound character of all aspects of culture. Historically, installation design as a medium and historic category remains a relatively overlooked consideration, holding in its place the significance of discrete objects of art. The fundamental impermanence of Mark Hagen's installation The Outdoor Type at JOAN is a multilayered manifestation of presence versus absence in perceptual experience to explore the ephemeral nature of exhibitions.The centerpiece of the installation is Ramada JOAN (2015), which is inspired by the temporary or permanent shelters called a ramada – derived from the Spanish word rama meaning "branch" – they were originally built with a roof without walls and constructed with branches or natural materials by aboriginal Americans living in the Southwestern United States. For his installation at JOAN and the fifth iteration of the structures he calls "space frames," Hagen liberates the architecture of the ramada from today's conventional civic and corporate zones (bus stops, etc.) and relocates them within their aspirational history, traditionally a means for achieving a democratized, architectural nomadism.
Hagen's Ramada JOAN, is a modular, reconfigurable, unfixed, and incomplete space that can easily expand and contract in time. By retaining the flexible nature of the space frame itself – a series of nodes, pins, and various sized brackets – Hagen potentialities future iterations, additions, subtractions, and/or enhancements by creating a structure with the ability to infinitely repeat itself or take on different forms based on its various locations.
In Ramada JOAN, Hagen's space frame is composed as a platform with columns, a thatch canopy roof made of metal scraps laid upon each other, contains sails (described later), and displays an unusual object. Rising near the center of the modular grid is a pedestal sprayed with layers of gray papercrete onto its surface. Presented on the top of this pedestal is a non-human cultural artifact, a Neanderthal stone tool that was found in a rock shelter – a shallow cave with protection from the sky but generally without walls – in Caen, France. Approximately dated about 60,000 years old, it predates homo sapiens' arrival to modern day Europe, or in other words, it predates the realm of what is considered to be the realm of homo sapiens' cultural production. The intervention of object/artifact into the installation of the space frame conjures the literal use-value of the tool from its original time but goes further to imply the physical, albeit conceptual, act of striking and puncturing the sculpture to build it up into a tactile structure/presence that suggests another democratization, that of the idea of culture. Outside of our current era, archeology and its physical, tangible, empirical evidence suggests a reality beyond the present moment.
As the viewer walks around the expanse of the space frame, there is the addition of two titanium anodized and etched panels, or sails, as the artist calls them, that contain opposing die-cut diagonal lines that with movement occasionally align to create additional shapes and patterns. The two sails are particularly striking for the intense rainbow effect created by Hagen's manipulation of oxidation processes and electricity which determine the formal qualities of his work. Both the sails and the final element of The Outdoor Type – the inclusion of a horizontal format pattern painting – are inspired by the accordion folding security screens found throughout Los Angeles's commercial and industrial spaces. These screens which are fabricated to block and protect yet retain accessibility are used by Hagen to enhance spacial and temporal specificity amongst the viewer. The intensive properties of voltage, acidity, heat, light, viscosity, and gravity drive generate continuums and gradations about vision and looking, but also about blindness and mystery.
Not only are these anodized titanium pieces are about vision and color, they integrate the phenomena of natural color while highlighting the limitations of perceptual experience. For example, the light at the blue end of the color spectrum does not travel the whole distance from the sun to us, making the sky blue. This can also be illustrated in considering the subjective visual perception of an individual viewer whose ability to perceive color may be limited to the various spectral colors – violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red – less than 1 % of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Rather than making the space frame Ramada JOAN a temporal structure or model for viewing an artifact, the impenetrable structure with its repetitive patterns made anachronistically, Hagen foregrounds the illusive singular subjectivity of all participants, from viewer to artist, in order to create a new, expanded vision. Hagen transforms Ramada JOAN into realm of possibility, perhaps even of something else which lacks specific terms or categories. But how do you change terms without creating new ones?
In the well-known parable "On Exactitude and Science" by Jorge Luis Borges, the author describes the story of cartographers asked to create a map of a nameless empire in an equal 1:1 scale. The map became so large that it coincided point by point with every area of the imaginary provinces and their vast landscapes. Though it was considered perfect in the field of Geography, the 1:1 scale of the two-dimensional map could never depict the cultural layers of being in a place or the disparate versions of that experience. Considering the Cartesian grids and mapping that influence Hagen, there is another aspect to be noted, the terra incognita, unmarked expanses which remain on old world maps – oceans never crossed, coastlines unexplored. Like the flint artifact displayed as a scientific or archaeological object in an installation method never to be found in a Natural History Museum, Hagen evokes content within the space frame and around the space of JOAN. Another space he creates is the completion of the parable. No representation is complete and every representation is partial, or else it would not be representation. It signifies also that the cartographers knew the limits of the map and awareness of ignorance is not just ignorance; it's awareness of knowledge's limits.
Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White. Installation and detail views of Mark Hagen, The Outdoor Type, 2015, JOAN, Los Angeles, photos by Joshua White.


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USDC gets its official blockchain in the Stellar Network
The Centre Consortium has announced that the USDC coin will now be officially available on Stellar Blockchain. USDC is expected to be on Stellar in Q1 2021 and it will be the third blockchain with native support for USDC. The new move follows after a steady and important growth figure was charted out. USDC did well with more than 500% growth experienced in the last 6 months. In terms of circulation also, USDC has grown to more than 2.8 billion USDC in circulation.
Growth witnessed by both
The Centre Consortium has been co-founded by Circle and Coinbase. The technology behind the concern has made it possible to exchange value between people, businesses, and financial institutions in the most convenient manner. Its service removes economic borders so that a more inclusive economy can be created. USD Coin is an ERC-20 stablecoin brought by Circle and Coinbase. It is issued by regulated as well as licensed financial institutions that maintain full reserves of the equivalent fiat currency.
The growth has not been registered only with USDC coin but also with the Stellar Network. It is an open-source network for currencies and payments. Stellar makes it possible to create, send, and trade digital representations of all forms of money including dollars and bitcoin. It has been designed in a manner so as to enable the functioning of all financial systems on a single network. The network is used by diverse financial institutions at a global level for borderless access to the financial ecosystem.
Over the years of its existence, it already has a whopping figure of more than 4.6 billion accounts. In terms of transaction processing, it has created new benchmarks with a ledger close time of 5 seconds, and ever since its inception, the Stellar network has processed more than 1 billion operations.
What the team says
The stakeholders of the system (the Stellar Network) including developers and the end-users have been able to leverage USDC so that transactions can be conducted on Stellar with efficacy. Denelle Dixon who is the CEO and Executive Director of the Stellar Development Foundation said:
"We look forward to bringing such a reputable and engaged USD asset to the Stellar network. At the Stellar Development Foundation, we are focused on creating equitable access to the financial system by building a global network that delivers services to users regardless of their geography. The addition of USDC to Stellar will allow us to continue to expand our global reach in pursuit of this mission while opening up new avenues for growth and innovation for the developers and businesses building on the network."
The Chief Financial officer at Coinbase believes that the launch represents a new step towards better scalability for USDC to expand and further build its utility in the global consumer payment stream. He added that Coinbase is looking forward to supporting USDC on the Stellar for retail as well as institutional customers in the future.
Jeremy Allaire, Chairman, and CEO of Circle said:
"We value the increased interoperability and wide range of developers that the Stellar network brings to the table, and look forward to seeing how adding a strong and stable USD anchor."
$1.76 TRILLION - PwC's incredible prediction for Blockchain
by Joseph Stone
Filecoin goes live 3 years after its launch

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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I feel like I literally say this every bus ride, but today's ride was the beautiful scenery I've ever seen in my entire life of the world! This is what Narnia really looks like. I felt like I was in the background of ten different movies. About an hour into our ride I could see we were really entering the sound of music territory. Most of the group felt the exact same way but we were having so much fun we all decided to sing a few songs from the movie. We were being absolutely ridiculous, but we had the best time. Driving through the Austrian Alps is one of the most incredible experiences I wish everyone could have. I feel so lucky and blessed to have the opportunity to be in so many beautiful places all at once. It's crazy to think a few days ago we were staying on the Mediterranean sea. Outside my bus window there were farms and vineyards everywhere. I could see tiny quiet villages tucked away in the steep hills of Austria. The most breathtaking view had to be the snow capped alps. It would be so cool to live here; I can't imagine waking up to this view every morning. All I have to say is thanks goodness we drive through and not up and down the mountains, America should think of doing that. My flatland tummy cannot handle any type of weaving and winding.
For lunch we stopped at a McDonalds, and it was actually really different from the US. It had a great cafe and it was lined with huge windows and had the most am amazing view of the alps. We also saw rivers, waterfalls, and mountains so tall that they touched the clouds. Once we arrived in Innsbruck my team did our presentation and it all went really smoothly. Everyone seemed to love our Sound of Music theme and we had fun doing it. Mr. Boekdrukker did a presentation on Innsbruck and I decided that now I really would like to come during Christmas time. It would be so much fun to be in the snow and see all the Christmas festivals here. For my extreme sport activity, I think I may do skiing. I think that would be better for my cold instead of being chilly in a canyoning wetsuit all day. Tonight I really wanted an authentic German/Austrian meal. We found this place called Theresian Brau and I ordered weinerschitzel. It was soooo good, it reminded me of chicken fried streak. I can tell that restaurant will be our favorite place this week.


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International Criminal Court Prosecutor Resists Palestinian End-Run (Forbes.com)	April 4, 2012
Posted by daviddavenport in Policy Articles & Papers.
Tags: International Law
For three years, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in the Hague has been trying to decide whether he had jurisdiction over Israel for alleged war crimes in Gaza. Even though the legal answer ("NO") seemed obvious from the start, both politics and the inevitable expansionist agendas of international courts kept the question alive and Israel potentially subject to the Court.
Finally this week the Prosecutor announced that he would not pursue the investigation of Israel "for acts committed on the territory of Palestine since 1 July 2002." For now, this closes off yet another legal front of attack on Israel, and also thwarts another end-run by Palestine around the path by which Palestinian statehood is supposed to be resolved; namely the Middle East peace process and the United Nations.
The interesting question is why it took so long for the Prosecutor to reach what seemed like a no-brainer outcome from the start. In January 2009, the Palestinian Minister of Government filed a submission with the ICC asking the Court to take jurisdiction over Israel's actions in Gaza. But the Court's own rules require that any matters submitted must come from a "State." Since Israel is not a party to the treaty creating the Court (nor is the U.S. and 70 or so other nations), and since Palestine is neither a party nor a State, it seemed obvious to most international lawyers that the ICC had no jurisdiction over the matter.
This is precisely what Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo concluded at first, that he had no jurisdiction. But a few weeks later, he reversed field and said he wanted to think further about whether Palestine might have sufficient earmarks of a State to submit a case to the Court. And so the hunt for those earmarks began. Some argued, for example, that because Palestine walks like a state and talks like a state, it therefore must be a state. Only in the vagaries of international law might one describe such a legal argument as "teleological" and therefore be taken seriously. Others said that because some states interact with Palestine as a state, it must be a state.
But when you look at the list of nation-states that belong to the United Nations, Palestine is not there. Instead it is listed as an "observer" at the U.N. And when you review those who attended the meetings creating the International Criminal Court itself, again Palestine is not listed as a state, but rather as one of the "other organizations" in attendance. Indeed, Palestinian officials themselves have long admitted that statehood is their objective, not something they have already attained.
Yet the ICC Office of the Prosecutor spent three years pursuing a lengthy and, for a prosecutor, almost bizarre process of consideration. First, prosecutors entertained "submissions", not only from parties but from anyone, really, who had something to say. Memoranda were filed by human rights organizations, NGO's, academics and countless others, with many of these posted on the Prosecutor's website. Then the Prosecutor invited eight international lawyers who had made submissions, to come to the Hague for a chat about the matter. If it's difficult to imagine your local prosecutor holding afternoon tea sessions to discuss whether to prosecute war criminals, again welcome to what passes as the world of "international law."
It is both interesting and important to understand why the Prosecutor took so long with this question. For one thing, the impulse of international organizations is inevitably to expand their jurisdiction. They want more power and influence, not less. Since the purpose of the ICC was to halt impunity for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity, the human rights organizations that were behind formation of the Court worry less about legal niceties such as jurisdictional rules and want broader jurisdiction. The Prosecutor himself may share those views but, at the very least, he feels pressure from those who founded this relatively new court in 2002, a court that only recently completed its first trial.
The Prosecutor also faces political pressures that he is only bringing cases against Africans and not those from other, more powerful countries. Indeed, virtually all of his early investigations have been against Africans and perhaps he needed to keep this case alive, if only to demonstrate some balance. Further, he may have been under pressure to keep his hand in the Middle Eastern peace process, holding the threat of prosecution over Israel's head. And, the ICC could have been one more ticket for Palestine to punch in its effort to receive recognition from international organizations and move along toward its goal of statehood.
But in the end, all those political pressures could not find a proper legal argument to carry the day, and the Prosecutor had to admit that the question of statehood, and therefore the ability to bring cases to the ICC, was really a decision for the United Nations, and not for the Court. Imagine, though, all the time, effort, frustration, and political leverage that were invested in a decision that could and should have been reached three years ago.
To view the article please click on the link: http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/04/04/international-criminal-court-prosecutor-resists-palestinian-end-run/


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The 3rd edition of the book is intended for a one-semester course on Power Electronics and has been designed for a wide spectrum of technical users, which includes undergraduate students of Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and allied Engineering courses.
The objectives of the book are to provide a clear explanation of the operations of all power semiconductor devices used to control the power systems and show how the devices are used in appropriate conversion circuit and electric drives. With the availability of these power switching devices, the applications of programmable processors and computers in synthesizing the control strategy to meet the conversion specifications widens the scope of power electronics.
The author has tried to cover as many applications as possible and to give sufficient information which can influence practitioners to move towards the design of programmable power systems.
Overview of Power Electronics: Introduction, Power Semiconductor Devices, Power Converters, Scope of Power Electronics
Power Semiconductor Devices: Introduction, Power Diodes, Power Transistors, Thyristor Family, Multilayer Bidirectional Devices, Parameters of Power Semiconductor Devices, Fabrication Processes, New Trends in Power Semiconductor Devices, Summary
Triggering Devices, Methods and Circuits: Introduction, Triggering Devices, Thyristor Turn-On Methods, Thyristor Gate Control Circuits, Triac Gate Control Circuits, GTO Gate Control Circuit, BJT Drive Circuits, MOSFET and IGBT Gate Control Circuits, Summary
Commutation and Protection: Introduction, Turn-Off Methods, Commutating Circuits, Protection of Power Semiconductor Devices, Summary
AC-DC Converters: Diode Rectifiers: Introduction, Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers, Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers, Phase Rectifiers, Summary
AC-DC Converters: Phase Controlled Rectifiers: Introduction, Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers, Full-Wave Controlled Rectifiers, Converter, Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers, Forced Commutated Controlled Rectifiers, Summary
AC-AC Converters: AC Voltage Controllers and Cycloconverters: Introduction, On-Off AC Voltage Controller, Phase-Angle AC Voltage Controllers, Cycloconverters, Cycloinverter, Summary
DC-DC Converters: Introduction, Step-Down Chopper, Step-Up Chopper, Step-Up and Step-Down Chopper, Classification, DC-DC Switch Mode Regulators, -DC Switch Mode Regulators with Isolation, Summary
DC-AC Converters: Introduction, Voltage-Driven Inverters, Current-Driven Inverters, Sine-Wave Inverters, Square-Wave Inverters, Control of Inverter Output Voltage, Multilevel Inverters, Current-Driven Inverters, Resonant Inverters, Summary
Electric Drives: Introduction, Comparison Between AC and DC Motor Drives, DC Motors, Induction Motors, Synchronous Motors, DC Motor Drives, Induction Motor Drives, Synchronous Motor Drives, Summary
Typical Power Electronics Applications: Introduction, Solid-State Switch, Light Dimmer, Electronic Timer, Electronic Alarm, Crowbar, Battery Charger, Sawtooth Generator, Applications in Industrial Process Control, Power Supply, Programmable Power Electronic Systems, Microcontroller Based Control, DSP Based Control, Fuzzy Logic Control, Summary
Appendices: Fourier Series, Control of Device Temperature and Heat Sink, Specifications of Power Semiconductor Devices, Safe Operating Area of Power Semiconductor Devices, Circuit Breakers, Device Testing
Objective Type Questions and Answers
Alok Jain is presently working as Professor and Head, Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha, MP, India
He received his Engineering Graduation from Bhopal University and his Post Graduation from University of Roorkee, during 1988 and 1992, respectively. He has more than two decades of teaching experience in the field of electronics. He was a recipient of Young Scientist Fellowship (Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal) to work at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1993.
He has reviewed papers for International Conferences and Journals Microprocessors and Micro-systems, Digital Signal Processing published by Elsevier Science. Dr. Jain has co-chaired the session in International conference SCI 2004 held at Orlando, USA. He has published a number of papers in Journals and Proceedings. He is a member of The Institution of Engineers (India), The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, Indian Society for Technical Education, Instrument Society of India, and The Institution of Electrical Engineers, UK.
His fields of interest are Power Electronics, Digital Signal Processing, and Fuzzy Logic.
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Chapters have been rearranged.
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