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HOME > JAPAN > KI-43 ARMAMENT
Nakajima Ki 43-I Armament, a Reassessment
A research study by Richard L. Dunn © 2002, 2004
Popular works on World War Two history, such as Dr. Rene J. Francillon's Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, generally state that the Japanese Nakajima Type 1 Model 1 fighter (Ki 43-I), Hayabusa, was produced successively in three versions ko, otsu, and hei (Ki 43-IA, -IB, and -IC) armed, respectively with 2x7.7 mm machine guns; 1x7.7.mm machine gun and 1x12.7mm machine cannon; and 2x12.7 mm machine cannon. It is generally reported that the version with two 12.7 mm machine cannon (Ki 43-IC) was the major production version.
This paper presents evidence that while the twin 7.7mm version and twin 12.7mm version were introduced prior to the mixed armament version, the latter was introduced very early in the production run (prior to the outbreak of the Pacific War), was undoubtedly the major version of this aircraft to see action, and examples of operational aircraft with the alternative armaments are both relatively rare and may well have been retrofits. However, due to the ready inter-changeability of the two weapons types and absent direct evidence, the exact number of production types and retrofits could not be determined.
[Actually, I found retrofitting to be the usual case, at least for the Hayabusa fighters that fought the AVG in Burma. The pilots weren't happy with the performance of the 12.7 machinegun. See the discussion here. As noted elsewhere, I also find Mr Dunn's use of "regiment" to be misleading, suggesting as it does a vastly larger unit than the JAAF Sentai, which typically fielded about 30 aircraft. -- DF]
The Nakajima Company manufactured something over seven hundred Type 1 Model 1 fighters (Ki 43-I) for the Japanese Army Air Force [1]. This type was the predominant equipment of two Hiko Sentai (Flying Regiments hereafter abbreviated FR or Regiment) operating from Indo-China in the Malayan campaign during December 1941 [2]. During 1942 several additional Regiments formerly armed with the Type 97 fighter equipped with the Type 1 fighter. At the end of 1942 it was the predominant JAAF fighter. It was active in New Guinea, China, Burma, and the Netherlands East Indies. Flying against the British Commonwealth forces in Malaya, the RAF and American Volunteer Group in Burma, and the RAF, Dutch and Americans in the East Indies it was often identified as the "Zero." Later it was recognized as a separate type and given the Allied code name "Oscar."
Several publications on the Nakajima Ki 43-1 (or Oscar Mark 1) state that this aircraft came in three sub-types, which differed in their armament. These were the types ko, otsu, and hei, the Ki 43-IA (2x7.7mm), Ki 43-IB (1x7.7mm and 1x12.7mm), and Ki 43-IC (2x12.7mm). These same publications generally state that these models followed one another in serial fashion on the production line and that the twin 12.7mm version was the major production variant [3]. My reading of primary source documents made me suspicious that commonly held notions or the "received history" concerning this aircraft's armament found in many publications were wrong.
This paper presents research results which may substantially alter the common perception of the Ki 43-I's armament. However, the aircraft was flown in all the versions described. Furthermore comment will be reserved on whether the designations (a,b,c or ko, otsu, and hei) attributed to the various armament combinations were actually used during the service life of the aircraft (the author has found no evidence that this was the case). The direct and circumstantial evidence presented here is thought to be definitive. To the extent deemed otherwise, it should at least stimulate additional research and a new assessment of the popular version of this issue.
THE ORIGINAL ARMAMENT
Both primary source documents and the general literature agree that the prototype and pre-production Ki 43-1's featured two armament combinations namely two 7.7mm machine guns or two 12.7mm "machine cannon " (in Japanese army parlance). The number 10 and 13 pre-production aircraft (serial numbers 4310 and 4313) carried two 12.7mm guns. The other prototype and pre-production aircraft carried two 7.7 mm guns [4].
After the capture of the Japanese airfield at Lae, New Guinea, Allied technical intelligence teams were quick to begin examination of the treasure trove of aircraft and documents found there. Among the papers captured there was a maintenance manual on the Ki 43, which, though undated, obviously applied to the earliest aircraft in the series. It stated:
"In this aircraft the type 89 fixed machine gun A, B, one each is installed in front of the pilot at the upper part of the fuselage. According to the situation the 12.7 mm aircraft machine cannon A, B, one each, can be installed in the position occupied by the MG" [5].
The notations A and B relate to the left and right ammunition feeds for the guns. The manual goes on to explain the relatively minor adjustments needed to install the machine cannon in lieu of the machine gun.
ARMAMENT IN INITIAL OPERATIONS
The manual captured at Lae and referred to in the preceding section establishes that early in its development the Ki 43-I came in two armament configurations (2x7.7mm and 2x12.7mm) and could easily be converted between the two configurations. An armorer's manual from the middle of 1942 describes "armament for airplanes used at the present time" [6]. For the Type 1 fighter only one armament configuration is mentioned - one "type 89 fixed machine gun" and one "Ho 103" (that is, 1x7.7mm and 1x12.7mm). This begs the question of how early the mixed armament was introduced. The answer seems to be from the time the very first unit was equipped with the aircraft.
One of the first two units equipped with the Ki 43-I was the 64th FR, which re-armed with the new aircraft from August to November 1941. Dr. Yasuho Izawa, a noted and respected aviation historian, has detailed the history of the 64th during this period in a rather detailed article. Dr. Izawa reports the early Ki 43's assigned to the 64th were equipped with one 7.7mm gun and one 12.7mm gun. He mentions no other armament configuration for Ki 43-Is of the 64ths from late 1941 to early 1943. This omission may be significant [7].
Dr. Izawa's report of mixed armament and early use of the 12.7mm machine cannon is bolstered by circumstantial evidence in post-war Japanese monographs which, while not primary sources themselves, were obviously written by authors with direct knowledge or access to primary sources. The first is the following comment in obvious reference to the Ki 43 equipped units:
"The stock-piles of the No.1 drop tanks and machine cannon ammunition were very small; therefore, it was feared that the long range fighters would not be able to accomplish their missions." [8].
The second set of data are two charts detailing the JAAF fuel and ammunition stocks in Indo-China at the outbreak of the war. Machine cannon (M.A.) ammunition was stockpiled at Duong Dong and Kompong Trach. These were the bases of the 64th and 59th FR, the only two units equipped with Ki 43s. None of the other aircraft at those bases was equipped with machine cannon and there were no such stockpiles at any other bases. As would be expected the bases also stockpiled 91 octane aviation gasoline and machine gun ammunition suitable for the Ki 43 [9].
Finally, records of ammunition expenditures for the 59th and 64th from December 8, 1941 to February 15, 1942, show that both units were expending both calibers of ammunition. In the case of the 59th their relative expenditure of both types was consistent with data from other units and logistics plans to be discussed later and indicative of the mixed armament. In the case of the 64th a higher proportion of 12.7mm ammunition was expended. A more detailed break down of ammunition expenditure, however, shows a higher use of machine cannon ammunition by both units in December 1941 followed by a decline [10]. This suggests these units may have had a number of twin 12.7mm armed fighters on strength at the beginning of the war with the numbers of such aircraft declining in succeeding months.
If the commonly accepted view described in the Introduction is correct, the "Ki 43-IC" with the twin 12.7mm armament was introduced sometime after the early phase of the war to which Dr. Izawa's comments and the data given above refer. The evidence is, however, to the contrary. In the units mentioned above the twin 12.7mm aircraft were present at the beginning of the war and then apparently declined in number. In late October 1942 the 50th and 64th FR, both equipped with Ki 43-I's, flew escort and strafing missions against Allied airfields in eastern India from Burma. After these raids the wrecks of four Ki 43's were discovered. The 64th FR reportedly lost one Ki 43 on October 25th and the other three losses were from the 50th FR on October 28th.
An Allied intelligence report in mid-November 1942 stated that four "Army 01 S/e fighters" had been located on the ground as a result of enemy raids on the Dinjan area at the end of October. No other type of fighter had been found. The report went on to state that despite reports to the contrary "the armament of this type has been found to be still only one 12.7mm cannon and one 7.7mm machine gun firing through the airscrew..." Ammunition belting for the 12.7mm cannon was described as almost entirely explosive and from reports of hits on Allied armor its penetrative power seemed poor [11].
One of the aircraft examined bore serial number 437 close to halfway through the Ki 43-I production run. Another Ki 43-I found in Assam after the October attacks bore serial number 618 (or roughly 2/3s through the production run).
From the comment in the intelligence report: "...the armament of this type has been found to be still only 1x12.7mm cannon and 1x7.7mm machine gun..." (emphasis supplied) it can be inferred that the intelligence officer considered this to be the previously encountered and expected armament of the Ki 43-I and thus exhibits a continuing state of affairs. The mixed armament thus appears to be the standard armament of the Oscar Mk. 1 in Southeast Asia as far as Allied intelligence is concerned.
ARMAMENT IN THE SOUTHEAST AREA
In the autumn of 1942 things were not going well for the Japanese in their Southeast Area - primarily the Solomons and New Guinea. It was decided to send JAAF units to the area to bolster Japanese Navy air units already there. Among these was the 12th Hiko Dan (Flying Brigade, hereafter Brigade or FB) consisting of the 1st and 11th FR equipped with Ki 43-I's. Before leaving these units were brought up to above normal strength in both aircraft and pilots [12].
The 11th FR transferred from Soerabaja to Truk by aircraft carrier in December 1942. Fifty-seven Ki 43-I's were flown from Truk to Rabaul on December 18th. As of December 31st the 11th had sixty-one aircraft in the Southeast Area including three unserviceable aircraft on Truk. The 1st FR followed a month later with fifty-nine Ki 43-I's [13]. These units are of particular interest since they are not only examples of Ki 43's in the Southeast Area but brought with them aircraft formerly with other units in other areas.
In addition to the 120 Ki 43-I's the 1st and 11th FRs brought with them, replacement aircraft accumulated at Truk by mid-March 1943 amounted to an additional seventy Type 1 fighters [14].
These 190 Ki 43-I's represent over 25 percent of total production and with some thirty additional replacements previously forwarded from Truk constitute nearly thirty per cent of total production. Only relatively few of these aircraft were new. The 1st and 11th had initially received the Ki 43 in mid-1942. As already noted they had received hand-me-downs from other units prior to transfer. Of the seventy Ki 43's on Truk in March 1943 only thirteen were new. Others had previously been used by combat units and some had come from the Akeno training center. A number were damaged and had to be repaired on Truk or returned to Japan. All in all the equipment of these units was a good representative sample of Ki 43-I aircraft.
Without detailed records of the armament of each aircraft of the 1st and 11th FR we can still establish by strong circumstantial evidence that the mixed armament was in use. First, the Japanese 6th Air Division logistics plan for supplying ordnance to these units was based on about twice as many 7.7 rounds as 12.7 rounds. This proportion was exactly the same as for the Ki 61 but with one half the quantity. The Ki 61 was then armed with two 7.7mm guns and two 12.7mm guns or double the Ki 43-I's armament. Second, all four Ki 43-I's captured at Munda in mid-1943 were so equipped [15]. Finally, we have a record of the ammunition expenditure of the 1st and 11th FRs during their first months of operations. The 11th expended 28,111 rounds of machine gun ammunition and 18,895 rounds of cannon shells. Figures for the 1st are 4,023 and 3,067 respectively [16]. Actual expenditure of 12.7mm ammunition was about 40 per cent of the total for the two units. This compares to 30 per cent planned and compares closely to the 39 per cent for the 59th FR in early 1942.
To return to the Ki 43-I's captured at Munda. Their armament was described as "one fixed 7.7 mm machine gun, type 89 improvement B, mounted on the top right side of cowling and synchronized. One fixed 12.7 mm machine gun, B, mounted on the top left of the cowling. Ammunition was described as standard ball and tracer for the 7.7mm with approximate capacity 500 rounds. A.P., H.E., and H.E. tracer for 12.7 mm with approximate capacity of 300 rounds. It was noted that it is possible to install two 12.7 mm without change in mounts [17].
These aircraft bore serial numbers 493, 685, 695, and 725. Their production dates range from June to mid-October 1942. These aircraft represent the 393d to 625th production aircraft out a little over 700 produced.
A representative list of 11th FR aircraft is found in the status report for No. 2 Chutai aircraft of that Regiment as of December 31, 1942 [18]. Serial numbers range from No. 283 to 670 with 283 being an anomaly as no other serial numbers in the 200's or 300's are included. Other aircraft serial numbers were 414, 424, 450, 474, 579, 586, 634, 641, 649, 653, 658, 664, and 670. Number 646 had washed out in a force landing on December 29th (N.B. this was one of the Lae wrecks).
Ki 43-I wrecks catalogued by Allied intelligence at Lae after its capture included: Nos. 239, 328, 397, 400, 426, 466, 520, 622, 646, 674, 805, and 810 [19]. Many of these aircraft were completely wrecked and stripped. Available evidence does nothing to suggest other than that these aircraft had the "standard" mixed armament of one 7.7mm and one 12.7 mm. One of the last comments on the Oscar Mark I appearing in a Southwest Pacific intelligence report stated: "The armament of Oscar always consists of two synchronized guns...Normally one 7.7mm Vickers type gun is mounted in the left blast tube and one 12.7mm Browning type is mounted in the right blast tube."[19a]
THE OTHER VARIATIONS
The twin 12.7mm version of the Ki 43-I did get into field service. The Chinese captured one. This aircraft was captured on May 1, 1942 at Leizhou Bandao. In the Summer of 1942 both the 10th Independent Air Squadron and 24th FR operated the Ki 43 in China and the Flying Tigers had apparently first observed the type in operations over China early in July, however, neither unit was equipped with the Type 1 fighter as early as May 1st and this particular aircraft belonged to the 1st Field Replacement Unit [20]. A crash intelligence report specifically states this aircraft was armed with two guns of approximately 13mm caliber [21]. The aircraft was repaired and tested by the Chinese who assigned it serial number "P-5017."
Given that two pre-production Ki 43-I's were fitted with these weapons it does not seem surprising to confirm that this variant was flown in the combat theater. However in light of several published reports that this variant with two 12.7 mm guns (ostensibly the Ki 43-IC) was the major production type, it seems surprising to find so little evidence of its operational use.
More surprising than the existence of one (possibly more) twin 12.7mm versions in an operational theater is evidence of late production versions equipped with twin 7.7mm guns. The wrecks of three Ki 43-I's (s/ns 776, 804 and 808) were found at Cape Gloucester, New Britain in December 1943 [22]. Two were equipped with two 7.7mm machine guns and the third was in a demolished condition and its armament could not be determined.
It seems highly unlikely that late in its production life the Ki 43-I reverted back to its prototype armament configuration. A more likely explanation is that these aircraft were retrofitted in the field. As noted from earlier comments in this paper the conversion could be done rather simply without structural changes. Such an explanation begs the question, why?
While some Ki43-I's from the 1st and 11th FR may have been repatriated to Japan for use as trainers or as a source of parts, a number were left behind in the Southeast Area. At least one was used by the 14th Field Air Repair Depot for liaison purposes [23]. Others probably went to the 13th FR that partially converted to the Ki 43 in addition to its Ki 45's after suffering heavy losses at Wewak in August 1943. Some of the Ki 43-I's may have been used as trainers. The two twin 7.7mm armed aircraft captured at Cape Gloucester were painted blue. A similarly painted aircraft was later captured at Alexishafen, New Guinea. This unusual paint scheme may suggest that these aircraft were used for other than normal operational purposes. The 13th apparently received its first Ki 43-I's in August and its first Ki 43-II's in September [24].
If, as seems likely from the evidence, Ki 43-I's were used for liaison and training purposes from August 1943, it would not be surprising to find their 12.7mm guns salvaged as spares or for use on other operational aircraft. Speculation? Yes, but more plausible than the production line turning out these lightly armed aircraft when 12.7mm cannon were more available than earlier [25].
EXPLANATION AND CONCLUSION
One nagging question remains. If the twin 12.7mm version was actually tested during the Ki 43's prototype phase and the 59th and 64th FR's were supplied with some of these aircraft early in the war, why did the vast majority of production models receive a mixed armament rather than two 12.7mm guns?
The explanation is suggested by information provided by Hiroshi Ichimura based on conversations with former 64th FR pilot Yoshita Yasuda. The early versions of the 12.7mm Ho-103 were simply not reliable and were subject to jamming. On occasion a shell would detonate in the barrel damaging the engine. The 64th may have lost as many as three aircraft to this cause during the Malayan campaign. The fix for this problem before more reliable versions of the gun were available was to mount iron plates on the blast tubes. These plates were in fact found on captured aircraft. The mixed armament was a compromise. The power of the relatively unreliable 12.7mm machine cannon was combined with the great reliability of the less powerful type 99 machine gun [26].
The "received" version of the history of Ki 43-I as discussed in the Introduction is almost certainly wrong. If the Ki 43-I was originally placed in production with two 7.7mm machine guns, these early aircraft either did not go into action or were modified with one 12.7mm machine cannon prior to doing so. In early combat operations the 59th and 64th FR almost certainly operated some aircraft with the twin 12.7 gun armament but not to the exclusion of the mixed gun version. The ammunition expenditure data indicates these units progressively increased their 7.7mm ammunition consumption to levels consistent with exclusive use of the mixed gun type. That this progression took place rapidly is enforced by the assertions of Dr. Izawa and 64th veterans that do not even mention the twin 12.7mm version being used. Three Japanese Monographs in addition to the one providing ammunition expenditure data provide general support for the mixed armament being used in early operations.
Crash intelligence regarding aircraft of the 50th and 64th FR indicates this armament was still in use by these units in Burma in October 1942.
The 1st and 11th FR took the Ki 43-I to the Southeast Area in late 1942 and early 1943. The evidence strongly indicates that their aircraft (which represented a significant portion of the Ki 43-I fleet) were fitted with the mixed armament.
Limited examples of other versions of the Ki 43-I were found. However, even if these aircraft were produced with two 7.7mm or two 12.7mm guns and not modified in the field, their serial numbers are out of sequence with the commonly accepted history of this aircraft. The production sequence: A (2x7.7) -B (1x7.7 and 1x12.7) - C (2x12.7) clearly did not occur.
Based on the evidence marshaled in this study (which admittedly does not take into account all units equipped with this aircraft much less present direct evidence as to each aircraft) the main operational version of the Ki 43-I was equipped with one 7.7mm machine gun and one 12.7mm machine cannon. This version was in operation in Indo-China and Malaya early in the War; in Burma in late 1942; and, in the Southeast Area from late 1942 to mid-1943. A captured aircraft in China confirms the version with two 12.7mm machine cannon but reinforces the impression that this configuration was limited to a small number of early production aircraft. While versions with two 7.7mm machine guns existed, they were likely retrofitted aircraft relegated to non-combat roles.
1. Production data for the Ki 43-I cited in this report will follow those given by Long (RESEARCH REPORT, Japanese Army Type 1 Fighter (Ki 43) Record of Production, 1995) kindly provided by Mr. James I. Long. These are consistent with, but more detailed than, material collected by the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS Report, Pacific War, No. 17, pp.40-41) and figures published in Windrow and Francillon, "The Ki 43 Hayabusa" in Aircraft in Profile, vol. 2 (p.264).
2. The 59th and 64th FRs were equipped with this aircraft on December 8, 1941. The 59th at Konpong Trach, Indo-China, had an operational strength of 21 Type 1 fighters and three Type 97 fighters. The 64th at Duong Dong had 35 Type 1 fighters and six Type 97 fighters according to Japanese Monograph No. 55, Southwest Area Air Operations, Phase 1, (November 1941-February 1942), and p.6. A relatively recent book (1992) Shores, Cull and Izawa, Bloody Shambles vol.1, p.52, generally agrees with these figures but credits the 59th with 24 Type 1 fighters and does not mention any Type 97 fighters. The author of this paper suspects the monograph is correct, with all due respect to Messers. Shore, Cull and Izawa. Long (note 1) gives production to the end of November 1941 as 114 aircraft (Nos. 114-227) so fifty-six operational aircraft would equate to almost exactly one half of total production to that point. Since several aircraft had been lost in accidents (notably wing failures) this represented an even greater proportion of existing aircraft. The 64th began to receive the type in August 1941 when less than forty had been produced.
3. See for example, "The Nakajima Hayabusa", in Green, Famous Fighters of the Second World War pp.77-78 where it is stated "...receiving the designation Type 1 Fighter, Model 1A (Ki. 43-1a)*** The Model 1A variant of the Hayabusa carried an armament of two 7.7mm machine guns...The Model 1A was rapidly supplanted on the assembly line at Ota by the Model 1B (Ki 43-1b) in which a 12.7mm Ho 103 machine gun similar to the Colt-Browning, supplanted one of the 7.7mm weapons, while the Model 1C, the first large-scale production version of the Hayabusa, carried an armament of two 12.7mm guns." This was repeated in Green, War Planes of the Second World War-Fighters, vol. 3. Windrow and Francillon (note 1, op. cit.) are to the same effect and state, "The first mass production version was the Ki.43-1c with two 12.7mm guns..."(p.256). The same thing is stated in Taylor, Combat Aircraft of the World, p. 261. These were all published in the early to late 1960's. No sources are cited but they may be following information contained in General View of Japanese Military Aircraft in the Pacific War, p.17 (first published in Japanese in 1953 and English in 1956). Similar information is found in more recent books. Sakaida in the 1997, Japanese Army Air Force Aces 1937-1945, apparently adopts this view (pp.18 and 53) and specifically states that the 11th FR in New Guinea was equipped with the Ki 43-1hei (p.53). For a current internet website which apparently adopts this convention see Joe Baugher's Hayabusa Files (visited August 15, 2001, originally posted 1995). One recent author who does not follow the convention (but is clearly wrong) is Bergerud, Fire in the Sky, p.221, where the Oscar is described as going from two 7.7mm guns to two 13mm guns with no mention of the mixed armament!
4. "Type 1 Fighter" undated handbook containing a description of the construction, assembly, maintenance and method of operation. Captured at Lae, New Guinea, September 1943. Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Enemy Publication No.91, pp.33-35, 67.
5. ibid., p.5
6. "Armorers' Manual: Reconnaissance Planes, Fighters, Light Bombers", undated mimeographed booklet issue by 8th Air Training Unit. Item 4 (No. 15568), ATIS Bulletin 1561 (though undated, internal evidence establishes its date as mid-1942).
7. Izawa, "64th Flying Sentai, pt.2", Aero Album (Fall 1971), p.2, reissued as "Combat Diary of the 64th Sentai", Air Classics (August 1972), p.38. The only aircraft serial number I have identified with these units is Ki 43 No. 206 (production date November 1941). The wreck of this aircraft was found near Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. Likely it is the aircraft of Lt. Tadao Takayama, a chutai leader in the 64th FR (see Shores, et al, note 2 at p.114).
8. Japanese Monograph No. 31, Southern Area Air Operations Record, December 1941-August 1945 (Army) (unpublished), p.5
9. Southwest Area Air Operations (note 1), chart 1, following p.104.
10. Japanese Monograph No. 69, Java-Sumatra Area Air Operations Record, December 1941-March 1942, p.102. The figures for machine gun and cannon ammunition for the 59th (39%) slightly exceeds the ratio of the ammunition load of the aircraft of the aircraft when fitted with mixed armament, which was 500 rounds 7.7mm and 270 rounds 12.7mm (note 4) or a 35% ratio. The ratio for the 64th shows they used nearly twice as much machine cannon ammunition as machine gun ammunition. Moreover, Japanese Monograph No. 65, Southeast Area Air Operations, Phase III, July 1944-August 1945, discussing ammunition shortages makes this statement: "In the early stage of the war the airplanes were equipped mainly with 7.7mm and 7.9mm machine guns and only the Hayabusa fighter planes were equipped with one 12.7mm gun." p.46. Hiroshi Ichimura (relying on information from 64th FR pilot Yoshita Yasuda) directly states that the 64th FR's aircraft mounted one 7.7mm and one 12.7mm gun. See footnote 26. Since the first version of this article (posted on the j-aircraft.com website) additional data on ammunition expenditure has come to light. This shows the 64th expended seven times as much machine cannon ammunition as machine gun ammunition in the first month of the war while the 59th expended only slightly more machine gun ammunition than machine cannon ammunition during the same period. Comparing this data with expenditures for the longer period clearly suggests a number of twin 12.7mm armed fighters were in use by both units during the first month of the war but that number rapidly declined in the succeeding two months either by aircraft being replaced or re-armed. Table C, Airplanes Used and Expenditures of Fuel and Ammunition, Selected Materials on Line of Communication Staff Duties (PACMIRS Special Translation No. 3).
11. Air Headquarters India, Weekly Intelligence Summary No.43, Nov. 11, 1942, p.4. According to Izawa, the 64th had sent pilots to Japan during the rainy season (June-October) to re-equip with new aircraft. The new aircraft arrived at Singapore during September and, despite losses en route, raised the Regiment's operational strength from 15 to 30 aircraft (note 7, p.6). Wrecks recovered in Bengal in December 1942 include Ki 43s No. 422 (April 1942) and 721 (October 1942).
12. Examples of this include the 64th contributing eight pilots to the Southeast Area (note 7, p.6) and 24th FR markings that were found painted over on 12th FB aircraft captured at Munda ("Munda Ki 43's PIC " posted by James F. Lansdale, at http://j-aircraft.com/, visited April 11, 2001, citing captured Enemy Aircraft Report No. 17, with an illustration of a sketch of tail markings of Ki 43 No.493). [I cannot locate this file --DF] The author has since obtained the same information from documents in the National Archives.
13. Situation Report, 12th FB Headquarters, as of 31 December 1942; and notes found with operational reports for January 1943 (digest of translation), Fourteenth Air Force Language Officer.
14. Letter from Technician Yamanaka to Commanding Officer Funayama (14th Field Air Repair Depot), dated March 12, 1943. Item 1 (No. 11974) ATIS Bulletin No. 1174. The Akitsu Maru delivered thirty replacement Ki 43s to Truk on 31 December 1942 (Training Flying Brigade Operations Order No. 8, item 2, (No. 13531) ATIS Bulletin No. 1329). These had apparently already been delivered to Rabaul in a "first transportation" referred to in Yamanaka's letter as already having occurred. The remaining aircraft had been delivered by two aircraft carriers and by a second trip by Akitsu Maru on 23 February 1943.
15. With regard to ammunition supply see Japanese Monograph No. 127, Southeast Area Operations Record, Part IV, appended sheet 5. Regarding the Munda Oscars see Headquarters, U.S. Army Air Forces, Directorate of Intelligence, Technical Intelligence Report No. 169, 21 August 1943.
16. List of Airfields Used and Ammunition and Fuel Expended (note 13).
17. Note 15, T.I.R. No.169, p.3.
18. "Inspection Report of Fuselage, Engine, and Propellor", No. 2 Chutai, 31 December 1942, ATIS Bulletin No. 311.
19. Captured Enemy Aircraft Report, No.17
19a. HQ AAF, SWPA Intelligence Summary No. 184.
20. Prior to July 1942 the only Ki 43 equipped unit in China was the 10th Independent Air Squadron based at Hankou, Japanese Monograph No. 76, Air Operations in the China Area July 1937-August 1945, p.110. Apparently this unit only received its Ki 43's in May 1942 while temporarily in Japan. Molesworth, Sharks Over China, p.35 reports a Ki 43 captured near Kweilin but dates the incident about August 1st. A SWPA intelligence report (note 21, A.I.B. no.23) states such an aircraft was captured on May 1st. W.O. Tadashi Kawazoe who was attached to the 1st Yasen Hoju Hikotai flew this aircraft. Kawazoe became a prisoner of war (information from Hiroshi Ichimura but also stated in the Japanese language edition of Hata&Izawa, Japanese Army Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces, Eng. Ed., Grubb Street, 2002). Ford, The Flying Tigers, p.364 suggests Ki 43's of the 10th were not encountered by the A.V.G. until July 1942. (It is interesting to note here that Ford also says that the 64th re-equipped with Ki 43-II's after the Java campaign and flew against the A.V.G. with them. He also states that the two 12.7mm guns were exchanged for the mixed armament at Chiang Mai, Thailand because "they were so slow."(p.282). What Ford suggests about the Type 1 fighter model II is not only not supported by Izawa but also impossible. Only four experimental Ki 43-II's had been completed by April 1942). Most likely P-5017 is the single Ki. 43-1 captured intact in 1942. Its production date was determined to be December 16th, 1941 (Pro Forma "C" [crash report], Fourteenth Air Force May 16, 1943) this would place it among the first one hundred fifty production Type 1 fighters. Finally, with regard to Ford's stated rationale for the change from two 12.7mm guns to the mixed armament see the text-accompanying footnote 26.
21. Pro Forma "C" foot note 20. Similar information is found in HQ USAFISPA, Air Information Bulletin No.23, 12 August 1943, reproducing information found in HQ AAF, SWPA Intelligence Summary No. 126.
22. Pro Forma Reports, 30 December 1943, regarding Oscars Nos. 776. 804 and 808 (in Technical Intelligence Report No. 220, Allied Air Forces SWPA). Remarking on the twin 7.7mm armament, an intelligence report says: "...this combination is the exception rather than the rule." HQ AAF, SWPA Intelligence Summary No. 176.
23. Operations Orders and documents related to the 14th Field Air Repair Depot, item 2 (No. 12521), ATIS Bulletin No. 1194 (chart 5 shows flight records for August 1943 indicating Type 1 fighter No. 793 engaged in test and liaison flights during the month). Ki 43 No. 750 was found damaged but potentially flyable after the War. It was reportedly in use long after 12th FB left the area (Wallis, "The Story of Nakajima Ki. 43-I No. 750 (Oscar)", (website no longer available).
24. Hata & Izawa (note 20), p. 114. The 11th FR returned to Japan in June 1943 and the 1st FR returned in August 1943. (Japanese Monograph No. 32, Southeast Area Air Operations, Chart 2.) Their remaining aircraft would then have been available for the purposes indicated. The crash reports on the Cape Gloucester aircraft (note 22) are far from complete as indicated in the author's "Tuluvu's Air War" (posted as a research article on the j-aircraft.com website) and the report on the Madang aircraft is a brief (but specific) reference in an intelligence summary. Photographic evidence of a Type 1 model 1 fighter (two bladed prop) at Wewak exists as late as October 1943 and as indicated in note 23 one remained in relatively good condition at Rabaul until the end of the war. The author does not claim certainty in this matter but suggests this as a likely explanation of an otherwise anomalous situation.
25. Figures for production of the 12.7mm fixed machine cannon (if accurate) show a rapid acceleration from fiscal 1942 to fiscal 1943, Table 13, USSBS Reports, Pacific War, No. 45. The same table shows production of the 7.7mm fixed machine gun declined from fiscal 1942 to fiscal 1943.
26. Hiroshi Ichimura messages of 11 and 12 December 2001, Warbirds Forum (no longer available). In addition to the unreliability of the early versions of the 12.7mm gun, it may also be that they were initially not available in sufficient quantity to equip all aircraft coming off the production lines. However, available data (see footnote 25) is not sufficiently detailed to support this conclusion (the table cited shows no 12.7mm machine cannon production in fiscal year 1941, April 41-April 43, suggesting the table is in error or the weapons fabricated at that time were still considered experimental and not "production" models.
Question? Comment? Newsletter? Send me an email. Blue skies! -- Dan Ford
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Other sites: Flying Tigers: the book | Daniel Ford's blog | Daniel Ford's books | Facebook | Piper Cub Forum | Raintree County | Reading Proust | Expedition Yacht Seal
Posted June 2019. Websites © 1997-2019 Daniel Ford; all rights reserved.


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Home >Politics >Policy >Oommen Chandy resigns, attributes "false propaganda" to election loss
Chandy said he had faced lot of challenges and the Congress and the front gave him full support. Photo: Vivek Nair/Mint
Oommen Chandy resigns, attributes "false propaganda" to election loss
2 min read . Updated: 20 May 2016, 04:07 PM IST PTI
Chandy drove to the Raj Bhavan on Friday morning and submitted his resignation letter to governor P Sathasivam
Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala chief minister Oommen Chandy on Friday submitted his resignation following the defeat of the ruling Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) in the assembly election and attributed "false propaganda" against his government among the reasons that led to the debacle.
Chandy, who drove up to Raj Bhavan, handed over the resignation letter to governor P Sathasivam.
Later talking to reporters, Chandy said the governor had asked him to continue until alternative arrangements are put in place.
In the last five years, Chandy said he had faced lot of challenges and the Congress and the front gave him full support.
He also enjoyed the people's support, he said.
About media reports that he would not be taking over as the opposition leader in the assembly, Chandy said he had clear views on the matter which he would convey to the party high command.
There was a lot of false propaganda against the government, which the party failed to overcome, he said.
He said it was due to the people's support the United Democratic Front (UDF) enjoyed, that 14 ministers and he were elected in the polls.
But the media was projecting only the defeat of four ministers, he said.
"False propaganda against the government, divisive forces at work and strong undercurrents led to the UDF's debacle," Chandy said.
But, he said he was not blaming the people.
Besides, there was a lapse in conveying the government's achievements to people, he added.
"The party and UDF faced the polls unitedly, but due to some undercurrents, leaders, including me, failed to counter it," he said, adding such a setback was completely unexpected.
He said in the last five years, the UDF had set an agenda in Kerala—development, new programmes for a section of the people which should be continued.
It should be further improved and the UDF will provide all the support, Chandy said.
"At the earliest, let the new government come and the UDF will give all the constructive help," Chandy said.
He also took a dig at the media, saying, "you should give all the support to the new government, but not the way you have lent your support to me," he said, amid laughter.
On the liquor policy failing to have any impact on the electorate, he claimed Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPM, was trying to torpedo the policy which envisages total prohibition in the next 10 years.
"They have officially stated so in their advertisement." Pointing fingers at some organisations who stood for prohibition, Chandy said, "Those who were supposed to react, failed to do so."

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Home Terrorism How imminent is the terrorist threat to Jews in India?
How imminent is the terrorist threat to Jews in India?
Suicide bombers are undeniably lethal, but their lethality depends on the successful discharge of an explosive, what's inside the explosive device, and how many people are caught within the range of the blast.
Source: The Jerusalem Post, By J.M. PHELPS, NOVEMBER 30, 2019
Last week, Israel's Channel 12 warned Israel that terrorists are planning to target Jewish institutions and Jewish tourists in India. Indian intelligence agencies received specific information about the threat, pinpointing locations where there is potential to find a high concentration of Israeli tourists, including places like the synagogues in Kerala and Chabad houses around the country.
Indian concern has increased significantly, as evidenced by security organizations having taken steps to increase security around Jewish institutions and tourist areas. The threat is a stark reminder of 2008 Mumbai attacks, when over the stretch of four days, the Islamist terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba carried out a series of attacks, including one on the Mumbai Chabad House. The attacks left 166 people dead.
Intelligence reports continue to indicate Islamic terrorist groups, including Lashkar-e-Taiba and other Deobandi-linked organizations, are preparing to execute large-scale attacks in India. History tells India, as well as Israel, that these kinds of threats simply cannot be ignored.
Suicide bombers are undeniably lethal, but their lethality depends on the successful discharge of an explosive, what's inside the explosive device, and how many people are caught within the range of the blast. Incendiaries, nails, nuts, bolts and ball bearings are the deadly implements most commonly used.
Suicide bombings are also some of the most precise and deadly attacks in the terrorists' arsenal. Even the best deterrence is only partially effective, since a suicide bomber is able to control both the timing and location of an attack, and either of these two variables can be changed in an instant as the bomber prepares to attack.
Even if suicide bombers miss their planned targets, they still have the capability to kill anyone in the vicinity or anyone who tries to stop them by simply detonating the explosive they're wearing or transporting. This creates quite a security dilemma for security organizations and counter-terrorism specialists who are tasked with preventing such atrocities.
The question of whether an attack against Jews is imminent in the region depends on whether or not a terrorist organization has both the motivation and the operational capability to conduct a successful attack. The likelihood of an attack dwindles when one of these two variables is missing. But when motivation is high and the attacker has the operational capability, one can almost rest assured there will be an attack.
THUS IT falls into the hands of counter-terrorists, intelligence agencies and law enforcement personnel to find a means to lower at least one of these factors. But keep in mind, lowering either motivation or operational capability is typically a temporary solution to thwart a given attack. A long-term solution is only possible when both the desire and the ability to attack is taken away from the terrorist.
While offensive measures to terminate or arrest a terrorist can certainly subdue his or her operational capability, it's the Islamic ideology behind the terrorist's motivation that leaves the counter-terrorist in a tough spot.
From a Western perspective, suicide seems unconscionable and irrational. But from the Islamist's perspective, he's not committing suicide. The bomber is convinced that blowing himself up is an altruistic step for a terrorist organization and/or his family and community, as if he's sacrificing his life for Islam and on behalf of others.
Thus, in his mind, the benefits outweigh the costs. Despite what mainstream media wish to say, this religious connection plays a pivotal role in every Islamic suicide attack. Why else does an Islamist scream Allahu akbar ("Allah is the greatest") before attacking?
The paradox of offensive measures taken against the terrorist organization is that decision-makers often become satisfied with the results of something like an airstrike to a training camp, which certainly reduces operation capability. However, an effective counter-terrorism strategy cannot turn a blind eye to a counter-motivation campaign in counter-terrorism planning.
As seen time and time again, ugly heads of the Islamic hydra are quick to rise up from the ashes once their capabilities have been restored. Until the world recognizes the gravity of Islamic ideology and finds a way to curb it, we will continue to witness suicide attacks taking innocent lives. Indian intelligence and Israeli tourists must remain alert and watchful during this time, as the terrorist threat has become quite routine for Jews in the region.
The writer is a counter-terrorism specialist and freelance journalist focusing on national security for OneNewsNow.com. In 2018, he received certification for an intensive online self-study program through the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism in Herzliya, Israel.
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Q: How to specify custom Istio ingress gateway in Kubernetes ingress I deployed Istio using the operator and added a custom ingress gateway which is only accessible from a certain source range (our VPN).
apiVersion: install.istio.io/v1alpha1
kind: IstioOperator
metadata:
  namespace: istio-system
  name: ground-zero-ingressgateway
spec:
  profile: empty
  components:
    ingressGateways:
      - name: istio-ingressgateway
        enabled: true
      - name: istio-vpn-ingressgateway
        label:
          app: istio-vpn-ingressgateway
          istio: vpn-ingressgateway
        enabled: true
        k8s:
          serviceAnnotations:
            ...
          service:
            loadBalancerSourceRanges:
              - "x.x.x.x/x"

Now I want to configure Istio to expose a service outside of the service mesh cluster, using the Kubernetes Ingress resource. I use the kubernetes.io/ingress.class annotation to tell the Istio gateway controller that it should handle this Ingress.
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: my-ingress
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: istio
spec:
   ...

*

*Kubernetes version (EKS): 1.19

*Istio version: 1.10.3

Which ingress gateway controller is now used (istio-ingressgateway or istio-vpn-ingressgateway)? Is there a way to specify which one should be used?
P.S. I know that I could create a VirtualService and specify the correct gateway but we want to write a manifest that also works without Istio by specifying the correct ingress controller with an annotation.

A: You can create an ingress class that references the ingress controller that is deployed by default in the istio-system namespace. This configuration with ingress will work, however to my current knowledge, this is only used for backwards compatibility. If you want to use istio ingress controller functionality, you should use istio gateway and virtual service instead:

Using the Istio Gateway, rather than Ingress, is recommended to make use of the full feature set that Istio offers, such as rich traffic management and security features.

If this solution is not optimal for you, you should use e.g. nginx ingress controller and you can still bind it with annotations (deprecated) or using IngressClass. To my present knowledge it is not possible to bind this ingress class with an additional ingress controller. If you need an explanation, documentation, you should create an issue on github.
Summary: The recommended option is to use the gateway with virtual service. Another possibility is to use nginx alone ingress with different classes and an ingress resource for them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Exceptionality Education International
Home > EEI > Vol. 29 > Iss. 1 (2019)
Parental Differential Treatment in Families with a Child with a Developmental Disability
Marie-Michele Truchon, Concordia UniversityFollow
Nina Howe, Concordia UniversityFollow
Using distributive justice theory as a framework, the purpose of the present mixed methods study was to determine whether parental differential treatment was present and if so, to what degree, in families of children with a developmental disability. Moreover, if present, we examined to what extent parental differential treatment impacted family dynamics. One bilingual (i.e., French-English) family and eight French-speaking families, which were all middle-class families, participated. Mothers, fathers, and siblings who are typically developing were individually questioned during semi-structured interviews and completed the Sibling Inventory of Differential Experiences—Revised questionnaire. Children also completed the Perceived Fairness of Parental Differential Treatment measure. All quantitative data generated by the questionnaires were analyzed descriptively using the SPSS program, whereas interviews were coded using qualitative methods. Specifically, in vivo and axial-thematic coding of the interview data revealed that, according to both parents and children, the degree of parental differential treatment varied across families of children with developmental disabilities; yet, differential treatment was often justified and perceived as necessary by parents and children. These findings provided an overview of struggles and blissful moments that families of children with developmental disabilities may encounter on a daily basis. Implications for practitioners and policy are discussed.
Truchon, M., & Howe, N. (2019) Parental Differential Treatment in Families with a Child with a Developmental Disability. Exceptionality Education International, 29, 54-71. Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/eei/vol29/iss1/4
All Issues Vol. 29, Iss. 3 Vol. 29, Iss. 2 Vol. 29, Iss. 1 Vol. 28, Iss. 3 Vol. 28, Iss. 2 Vol. 28, Iss. 1 Vol. 27, Iss. 2 Vol. 27, Iss. 1 Vol. 26, Iss. 2 Vol. 26, Iss. 1 Vol. 25, Iss. 3 Vol. 25, Iss. 2 Vol. 25, Iss. 1 Vol. 24, Iss. 2 Vol. 24, Iss. 1 Vol. 23, Iss. 1 Vol. 22, Iss. 2 Vol. 22, Iss. 1 Vol. 21, Iss. 3 Vol. 21, Iss. 2 Vol. 21, Iss. 1 Vol. 20, Iss. 2 Vol. 20, Iss. 1 Vol. 19, Iss. 3 Vol. 19, Iss. 2 Vol. 19, Iss. 1 Vol. 18, Iss. 3 Vol. 18, Iss. 2 Vol. 18, Iss. 1 Vol. 17, Iss. 3 Vol. 17, Iss. 2


A riotous hybrid of alien mayhem and cabin-in-the-woods horror, this movie has a playful tone that makes it thoroughly entertaining. So even if the big emotional beats don't quite work and the plot seems to shift gears a few to many times, the film is still scary and gleefully yucky. The Vicious Brothers (aka Stuart Ortiz and Colin Minihan) clearly know their way around the various genres, and have a great time mashing them up into something inventive and involving.
It starts with plans for a romantic weekend in an isolated family cabin that's about to be sold off. April (Brittany Allen) is looking forward to time with her boyfriend Kyle (Freddie Stroma), and is more than a little annoyed that he invites his chucklehead pal Seth (Jesse Moss) and his friends Melanie and Lex (Melanie Papalia and Anja Savcic) along. Even before they connect with pot-growing neighbour Travis (Michael Ironside), their high-spirited antics have attracted the attention of Sheriff Murphy (Gil Bellows). But he's a bit preoccupied by reports of strange attacks and disappearances that are being blamed on invading aliens. Clearly there's something bigger going on here, and while Travis is sure it's a government conspiracy, Murphy's deputy Mitchell (Sean Rogerson) thinks it has more to do with a cabin full of drug-tripping teens.
The film looks terrific, with above-average effects that never take over the action. Designs reference most of the classic alien movies, but with a horror twist that makes everything a bit more menacing. And as the filmmakers deploy every cliche in the book, they also manage to keep us on our toes by constantly undermining expectations. This includes the introductory section in which April and Kyle get to develop a bit of emotional momentum in their relationship, which carries right through to the final moments of the film. Although once the craziness breaks loose, Allen and Stroma are rather a lot more limited in the subtext they can add to the characters. It's hard to add texture when you're running and screaming, although Bellows makes his skeptical, stoic cop intriguingly haunted.
'The Overnighters' follows a 'Steinbeckian' story of people flocking to North Dakota during the current oil boom. The documentary focuses on the lives of the people living in squalor, desperate for work, and a local pastor who is trying to help them. Directed by Jesse Moss, the film has been called a 'modern day Grapes of Wrath' by critics for its shocking insight into the lives of everyday American citizens, scraping by in the oil industry. It explores, in vivid detail, the effects of the pressures of modern life and those of the communities effected - both pre-existing and brand new. It leads to the overwhelming question of 'what is a community?' in this beautiful snapshot of a period in American history.
Flipping the backwoods horror genre on its head, this horror-comedy is riotously entertaining mainly because we never have a clue what's going to happen next. And even if it gets a bit cartoonish and overly grisly, it's thoroughly good fun right.
Nice-guy Tucker (Tudyk) is fixing up his run-down holiday cabin in the woods with his shy pal Dale (Labine), while nine university students are camping nearby. Around the campfire Chad (Moss) recounts a incident two decades earlier in which a group of kids were massacred right here. So when Allison (Bowden) goes missing, the gang becomes convinced that Tucker and Dale are hillbilly cannibals who have kidnapped their friend. But Tucker and Dale only rescued her when she was injured swimming., and now they can't figure out why these kids are attacking them.
The potential for wartime satire is almost unbearably high in the setting for Tony Gerber and Jesse Moss's documentary Full Battle Rattle, a fact which unfortunately may have left them unable to do much more to capitalize on their subject, assuming that it would provide the context and satire for itself. This can happen sometimes to the best of filmmakers, where they become almost paralyzed by the full weight of what they're beholding. The better ones learn how to dig deeper, those on the lower end of the scale skate along the surface. Gerber and Moss are the latter.
After basic training but before they are deployed to Iraq, many fresh-minted American soldiers have another stop to make. Somewhere in the Mojave desert, the Army runs an Iraqi Potemkin village where trainees are sent to take part in three weeks of simulated missions, complete with Arabic-speaking villagers and insurgents who like to stir up trouble. Looking like a knocked-together film set, the collection of dun-colored buildings called Medina Wasl also serves as a home to the people who are "playing" the villagers. That many of the villagers are Iraqi exiles, and probably making a better and safer living than most of their countrymen, brings a bittersweet tang to their scenes, which provide some of the only elements of humanity in this otherwise colorless and dull film.
Documentary filmmaker Jesse Moss was in the presence of greatness when he attended high school in Palo Alto, California some 15 years ago. One of his classmates was a track star of seemingly unending talents, a dynamic young man with a mysterious past and a sparkling future. Unknown to Moss and everyone else, that kid was actually an exceptional impostor in his mid-20s.
Moss's Con Man attempts to track the false and confusing life of this man, a chronic and elaborate liar by the name of James Hogue. While Hogue's exploits -- and motives -- become more intriguing with time, Moss's efforts to chronicle them can leave a curious audience generally unsatisfied.
Ed Jager is "Speedo," a loser of a demolition derby driver who's impossible not to love.
Speedo is a Long Island hick, a gas station mechanic who loves his kids only slightly more than he loves winning the big $1,000 prize at the weekend demo derby. He's a truly devoted father: Ed hasn't slept in the same room as his wife for 10 years, but he won't get a divorce because he doesn't want his parents to come from a broken home. Meanwhile, Ed spends every free moment working on his junker cars down at the garage, reinforcing them and bending them back into shape in the hopes that he'll be the last car standing come the next derby.


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Home > Services > Business Continuity & Risk Management
Business Continuity & Risk Management
Managing risk is central to every business decision, especially when it comes to commercial real estate. Property owners and operators need to fully understand those factors that pose a potential hazard to operations at their properties in order to take appropriate measures to mitigate unacceptable risks.
Cushman & Wakefield's Global Business Continuity and Risk Management Group is unique in the commercial real estate industry because of our ability to identify and categorize property-specific risk, and to specify mitigation options to reduce risk to an acceptable level.
Owners and operators who want to safeguard their entire real estate investments, including IP and brand reputation, can benefit from our in-depth analysis of location-specific risks, threat vectors, and mitigation options.
All-hazards risk assessments
Our experts evaluate any property or portfolio, in any part of the world, to identify location-specific factors that pose a risk to the property, its operations or the people who use it. Our assessments focus on natural hazards, man-made hazards (such as terrorism, crime, political instability and civil unrest), and proximity risks.
Site suitability
We identify factors that you should bear in mind as you begin the site selection process, and especially those that pose an unacceptable level of risk to the property.
Terrorism assessments
Our uniquely skilled and experienced counterterrorism experts can evaluate your property from the terrorist's standpoint, identify its vulnerabilities and outline specific ways to mitigate terrorism risks.
Comprehensive security
We can evaluate your existing security program's technical security systems and physical security protocols in light of the risk environment in which your property or portolio operates and specify options to better protect your critical assets as well as potentially reduce costs.
A workable business continuity plan is critical -your occupants rely on business continuity even in the most dire of exigent circumstances. Our experts can evaluate or develop your plan against the risk environment in which your properties operate to ensure that they are up to the challenges that they face.
Contact our Global Business Consulting Group to learn how we may be able to help you in meeting your business continuity, security and risk management needs.
Debra Moritz
Executive Managing Director, Strategic Consulting East Region Leader
Phone +1 312 470-2307
Rapid Response for Critical Properties
Cushman & Wakefield represented Georgia Tech in the execution of its 300,000 sf office lease at Coda Tech Square (including financing and project management for build-out), which was the largest office transaction in the Atlanta market in 2016.
Unilever retained Cushman & Wakefield to address challenges facing its North American headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, NJ. The building suffered from aging infrastructure, and its layout was inefficient given the company's current workforce makeup and utilization needs.
Inventory and appraisal project to inventory the furniture, fixtures and equipment (FF&E) on site, establish the remarketability of the FF&E, and estimate the liquidation value of the FF&E as part of an orderly disposition of all assets.
Covestro turned to Cushman & Wakefield's Project & Development Services for support in developing the first building in Brazil which produces 100% of its own power.
Cushman & Wakefield Joins Well Living Lab as a Founding Alliance Member
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Real Estate Risks are Increasing in Emerging Markets
Cybersecurity: A Major Capital Opportunity
Each day the world creates 2.5 quintillion bytes of data, with 90% of all existing data created over the past two years alone. With more of our business and personal lives being stored and logged online, the need for cybersecurity has never been more urgent.
Manufacturing Risk Index 2018
The Manufacturing Risk Index 2018 highlights the many factors that manufacturing companies must consider when expanding their business or relocating existing operations. These complex variables present a series of risks and opportunities that differ from country to country and may also change from city to city.
The Winter Olympics of Commercial Real Estate
The Winter Olympics of Commercial Real Estate will explore the impact that hosting the games has on the host cities and countries - from a commercial real estate angle.
Sydney v Melbourne - Office Leasing
The rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne is one that is both spirited and long-standing, with competition between the cities predating federation. Now over a century later these two cities continue their competitive spirit, and from an office leasing perspective, the gap is beginning to narrow.
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The future workplace will look radically different as employers respond to a growing requirement for a work-health balance. The Well Workplace report considers the global phenomenon of the wellbeing industry.
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Home Israel Government Israel Prize Awarded to Dead Sea Scroll Expert
On Campus / Education
Israel Prize Awarded to Dead Sea Scroll Expert
Hana Levi Julian
9 Shevat 5778 – January 25, 2018
Photo Credit: Flash 90
A worker of the Israel Antiquities Authority sews fragments of the Dead Sea scrolls, in a preservation laboratory at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
Professor Elisha Qimron has won the Israel Prize for Research in Jewish Studies, it was announced Wednesday.
Education Minister Naftali Bennett made the announcement, noting that Qimron is one of the world's leading experts on the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Qimron's works are considered ground-breaking, both in the Hebrew grammar of the scrolls, and in the publication of the three volumes that deal with the ancient texts.
The three volumes are studied and used as reference works by all scholars who devote themselves to the fields of language, Biblical interpretation and ancient Halacha (Torah law) in the Second Temple period.
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Hana Levi Julian is a Middle East news analyst with a degree in Mass Communication and Journalism from Southern Connecticut State University. A past columnist with The Jewish Press and senior editor at Arutz 7, Ms. Julian has written for Babble.com, Chabad.org and other media outlets, in addition to her years working in broadcast journalism.
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Exile & Redemption: What can we Learn from Yosef & Moshe (Joseph & Moses)? – The Science of Kabbalah [audio]
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Home » PSE UK » Key Findings » Falling below minimum standards
Falling below minimum standards
Going backwards: 1983 - 2012
What do we think we need?
Northern Ireland: faring badly
Legacies of the Troubles
PSE: UK 2012 is the most comprehensive survey of poverty and social exclusion ever undertaken in the UK. The research finds that about a third of households in the UK today face significant difficulties, specifically:
Around 4 million people are not properly fed by today's standards.
Around 2.5 million children live in homes that are damp.
Around 2.3 million households cannot afford to heat the living areas of their homes.
Over 30 million people suffer from financial insecurity.
The public sets the minimum living standard
Sharing beds
G.Kent/PSE 2011
The Poverty and Social Exclusion (PSE) research measures the numbers of people who fall below what the population as a whole think should be a minimum standard of living.
This is the only measure looking at both: what the majority think are necessities for life in the UK today, and actual living standards (rather than just income).
The two PSE surveys
Find out about the two PSE surveys
The PSE 2012 survey builds on similar surveys carried out in 1983, 1990 and 1999 in Britain and 2002/3 in Northern Ireland.
This first PSE Facts and Findings looks at the numbers lacking necessities in 2012. PSE Facts and Findings 2: Going backwards, looks at what has changed over 30 years.
How many lack the basics?
2-5million-damp
of children live in homes that are damp
that's nearly one in five
The top two necessities for all households are heating and a damp-free home. Nearly everyone agrees on this. Yet in the UK today:
2.3 million households, in which 1.5 million children live, cannot afford to heat the living areas of their home
2.7 million households, with 2.5 million children, live in a damp home
600,000 children live in a home that is both damp and which the household cannot afford to heat: one in 20 children
In addition: a fifth of adults don't have enough money to keep their home in a decent state of decoration.
Many children are growing up in overcrowded conditions with no place to play outdoors:
11% of children aged 10 or over live in households which don't have enough bedrooms for every child aged 10 or over of a different sex to have their own room: 600,000 children
5% of children don't have a safe place to play outside: 600,000 children
Renée and her family describe how hard it is, living in a damp, overcrowded flat.
There is very widespread agreement on what we need to eat properly.
go without
I do without for the children so they have proper meals. I can live on one meal a day.
Jennie (lone parent)
For children, over 90% agree it means: three meals a day; fresh fruit and vegetables; and meat, fish or a vegetarian equivalent at least once a day.
For adults, over 75% agree this includes: two meals a day; fresh fruit and vegetables every day; and meat, fish or a vegetarian equivalent every other day.
Yet, significant numbers lack at least one of these items:
Well over half a million children live in families who cannot afford to feed them properly
Over 3.5 million adults cannot afford to eat properly
In nearly all of the households where there are children going without one or more of the food items, adults in the household are cutting back on their own food: in 93% of these households at least one adult 'skimps' either often or sometimes on their own food.
97% of people agree that children need a warm winter coat, with new, properly fitting shoes close behind (93%). Most also agree that children need some new (not secondhand) clothes and at least four pairs of trousers, leggings, jeans or jogging bottoms. Yet at least 1 million children go without one or more basic clothing necessities.
There are three essential clothing items for adults: a warm, waterproof coat, two pairs of all-weather shoes and appropriate clothes for job interviews, yet:
5.5 million adults go without one or more basic clothing necessities
12% of young people aged 18 to 25 and 21% of the unemployed cannot afford appropriate clothes for a job interview
interviw clothes
I've still got my prom suit upstairs from school and it still fits me, that's the only way I've got job interview clothes.
Marc, (young job seeker, Redcar)
How many go without other necessities?
Views of what we need don't just cover basic essentials like food. Necessities also include maintaining the home, education and leisure activities, and taking part in social activities.
household basics
adults can't afford to purchase or repair household basics
For adults, household goods seen as necessities include a washing machine, phone, curtains or window blinds, table and chairs. Fewer people lack these one-off purchases than other necessities. Some who are currently struggling will have been able to afford these items in the past.
Even so, 7% of households (1.9 million) cannot afford at least one of these four items. More problematic are things that require regular or significant spending: 26% of adults (11.7 million) cannot afford to replace or repair broken electrical goods.Looking at all these household items, 14 million people can't afford them.
Children's education and development
Many children are missing out on items the public believe are necessities for education and development. Of school-age children:
of children miss out on school trips
Around 700,000 can't go on school trips once a term
Around 500,000 have no place to study
Around 500,000 are forced to cope with homework without a computer
Other items considered essential for children's development include books, indoor games and construction toys. Looking at all six child development items: around 1.6 million school-age children (18%) miss out on important development items and activities.
What necessities are most out of reach?
The necessities most likely to be out of reach are those requiring either ready cash or regular amounts of money for longer term financial planning:
33% of adults (16.5 million) can't pay unexpected costs of £500
31% of adults (14 million) cannot afford to save at least £20 each month for rainy days
30% of working age people aged 18-65 years (11 million) can't afford regular payments to a pension
In addition: 12% of households (3 million adults) cannot afford household insurance.
Overall, levels of insecurity are extremely high: over 30 million people, nearly half the population, suffer from financial insecurity.
Social and family activities
In the 2012 survey the social activities seen to be necessities by the majority are a hobby, celebrations on special occasions, attending wedding and funerals and similar occasions, being able to make hospital or other such visits, and being able to take part in sport and exercise. Almost 12 million people are too poor to engage in these common social activities considered necessary by the majority of the population.
Families are also cutting out on key family activities (see Table 1.1). As with adults, meeting these necessities requires money to spare after the weekly bills have been met. Children are also most likely to go without items related to financial independence, now or in the future.
Table 1.1: Millions of children miss out on financial independence and family activities
% of children
numbers of children
No money to save 32% (aged 5 or over) 2.8 million (aged 5 or over)
No pocket money 16% (aged 5 or over) 1.4 million (aged 5 or over)
No holiday away from home for a week a year 26% 3.3million
No family day trips 20% 2.6 million
Holidays and trips
children have neither holidays nor day trips with their families
Overall multiple deprivation
children lack at least two necessities
The overall multiple deprivation count identifies how many households cannot afford these necessities to a point that affects their whole way of life. Looking at those who cannot afford these necessities:
33% of households lack three or more necessities
31% of children go without at least two necessities, that's almost 4 million children
Looking directly at those who can't afford necessities provides a picture of what people miss out on and the impact this has on their lives. Because it is based on the 'consensual' approach, what we agree people should have, it also tells us who falls below what is acceptable in our society. Millions of adults and children in the UK today face significant difficulties with living standards that are unacceptable low.
I feel bad as a parent you know, that I should be providing for my children and at times I can't because I just don't have the money to.
Unemployed lone parent, Belfast
The first PSE UK tables of data are available in the 'Explore the data' section.
Detailed PSE UK papers on the lack of necessities will also be published soon. These papers will also explore if money is the only reason for going without. The PSE survey also finds out about people who lack items and activities because they 'don't want' them and those who want to take part but can't for other reasons than lack of money. There will be further analyses of the barriers to participation later in the year.
About the surveys
The PSE:UK 2012 research draws on two surveys both carried out by the National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) in Britain and by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) in Northern Ireland.
The 'living standards' survey was carried out between March and December 2012 and covered 5,193 households (4,205 in Britain and 988 in Northern Ireland) in which 12,097 people were living (9,786 in Britain and 2,311 in Northern Ireland).
The 'Necessities of Life' survey was carried out between May and June 2012 and is based on a sample of 1,447 adults aged 16 or over in the Britain and 1,015 in Northern Ireland.
Read more about the research approach here.
See also the PSE: UK team's first report 'The impoverishment of the UK'.
PSE Team
Download as PDF 395.04 KB


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Vince Vaughn is attached to star in The Politician, a Columbia comedy that counts Seth Rogen among its producers.
At the same time, Michael Dowse, who helmed the current Daniel Radcliffe-Zoe Kazan romantic comedy What If, has signed on to direct the project.
Columbia picked up the script, which was on the 2013 Black List and is written by Matthew Bass and Theodore Bressman, in a bidding war late last year.
It tells of a politician in Washington, D.C., who is caught in a scandal with some hookers. The man and his underachieving accomplice go on the run from the FBI, U.S. Marshals and a gang of drug dealers.
Rogen is producing with his Point Grey partners Evan Goldberg and James Weaver. Veteran producer Mark Gordon is also producing.
Drew Simon and Michele Wolkoff will be overseeing for the Mark Gordon Company. Hannah Minghella and Andrea Giannetti are overseeing for Sony.
Vaughn recently wrapped Term Life, an action comedy directed by Peter Billingsley that will be released by Universal. The actor is also due to be part of the cast of the highly anticipated second season of HBO's True Detective. He is repped by CAA and Jackoway Tyerman.
Dowse is a Canadian director who previously helmed the cult hockey comedy Goon, which starred Seann William Scott, Jay Baruchel and Liev Schreiber. His breakthrough feature was It's All Gone Pete Tong, about a DJ who goes deaf. The movie won several awards at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival and the Gen Art Festival.
He is repped by UTA, Principato Young Entertainment and Loeb & Loeb.


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2018: The Year In Sports
We set aside our Christmas presents to take a walk down 2018's memory lane of sports on social media. Before we say "See ya later to 2018" to the year that was, we've put together some of the best moments in sports and their impact across social media.
The first Super Bowl for Philadelphia Eagles
Over 100 million people watched the Eagles win their first Super Bowl (after losing in their first two appearances). On February 5, the Eagles, led by Quarterback and Super Bowl MVP Nick Foles posted their most engaging social media post of the year on Instagram, earning more than 390,000 engagements.
The New England Patriots also published their most popular post of the year following the game. The post earned nearly 415,000 engagements — where the Patriots give thanks to fans for the support throughout the season.
Real Madrid and Champions League, the perfect bundle
It was the perfect story line: No team had managed to win the UEFA Champions League two years in a row and Real Madrid did it for the third consecutive season. It's no surprise that this score graphic post by the Spanish club was the most valuable branded post from a team (with exposure for Emirates, in this case) during the past 12 months.
Cristiano Ronaldo's unexpected move
One of the stars of Real Madrid's successful season, Cristiano Ronaldo, suddenly decided to transfer to Serie A Juventus. His move was one of the biggest stories of the summer — in both traditional media companies and across social networks. 433, one of the largest sports social communities, posted this Instagram image following Cristiano's signing was the most engaged post of the year from one of the hundreds of media companies Blinkfire tracks. Jeep and Adidas received more than $1 million in social exposure thanks to this post.
LA has a new king
Cristiano Ronaldo's signing with Juve rocked the world of soccer, but LeBron James leaving Cleveland to head to the Lakers had the same effect on basketball. Number 23 is in 9 of the 10 most engaging posts by the Lakers in 2018. With more than 950,000 engagements, the below post was published to announce King James' signing.
The game of 2018
While it might not be on the same level as Cristiano or Lebron, but Fortnite was one of the stars of 2018. The game is now a part of pop culture. The video game's success has spanned from esports, celebrities, and Coachella to social media. Four posts from Fortnite's Instagram account earned more than $1 million in media value, and they grew their social channel to more than 18 million new social followers, with 8 million just on Instagram.
Nadal in Paris
Yes, another year, another Roland Garros victory for Rafa Nadal. It was the eleventh time the Spanish tennis player made history in Paris and social networks were flooded with congratulatory messages. We've picked three from some world famous athletes: Iker Casillas, Paulo Dybala, and Pau Gasol.
First Female Ballon d'Or Winner
Paris not only crowned Rafa Nadal this year. The City of Lights was also center stage to the Ballon d'Or awards — and for the first time ever, the best female soccer player of the year was awarded. Olympique Lyonnais' Ada Hegerberg won the inaugural women's Ballon d'Or — she's a three-time Women's Champion League winner with the French club and scored a tournament-record 15 times last season.
Russia 2018: the greatest sports event of the year
One month of competition, 32 participants, 167 goals…The greatness of the World Cup in just four posts. Trust us: it wasn't easy.
Argentina's drama
This Instagram post by Leo Messi earned more than 10 million engagements. The FC Barcelona star shared this post with his then 95 million followers on Instagram (over 103 million as of December 27, 2018) showcasing his excitement after scoring the first goal of the game and reaching the knockout phase of the tournament.
Neymar's tears
Brazil desperately needed to beat Costa Rica. That victory took more effort than expected, but Coutinho and Neymar became the heroes of the canarinha with their late game goals. The tears of the PSG striker at the end of the game were shared with his legion of followers. This Instagram post earned more than 7.7 million engagements and gave Nike valuable exposure.
Kylian Mbappé becomes a star
Among the hundreds of players that played in the World Cup, a 19-year-old managed to steal the spotlight: Kylian Mbappé. His performance during the tournament confirmed that he's no longer just a promising youngster, but a full-fledged star. Nike, the brand that sponsors Mbappé as well as PSG and France's national team, shared this post on the day of the final announcing that a star was born. It earned more than 1.4 million engagements for the brand.
Luka Modrić, best player of the tournament
Luka Modrić led Croatia to the big final of the World Cup and was selected as the best player of the tournament. The Real Madrid midfielder was selected three times as Man of the Match. Budweiser's Man of the Match campaign throughout the World Cup earned the millions of engagements through the month-long event.
And here ends our review of 2018. Here's to more magical sports moments in 2019!
Written by	Rocío Valls - December 27, 2018 - 1259 Views
Tags | basketball, Cristiano Ronaldo, esports, football, Lebron James, NFL, soccer, World Cup
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"You have to decide what your goals are." That's what the Democratic staffer who wrote the marriage penalty into Obama's Health Control Law told a Wall Street Journal reporter. Indeed, the Democrats and their feminist allies have decided on one of their major goals. It is to increase the number of single moms by increasing the flow of taxpayer-paid incentives that subsidize the non-marriage lifestyle.
The Democrats know that 70 percent of unmarried women voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 election. It's obviously part their political game plan to reward that group and keep it in the Obama column.
The Podesta opus sets the stage for the Democrats' legislative proposals by asserting that our definition of family is "outdated, stuck in the 1950s notion of a nuclear family that excludes too many of today's nontraditional families." Redefining the word family has been a feminist goal ever since Gloria Steinem persuaded President Jimmy Carter to change the name of his White House Conference on "the Family" to "Families."
The Earned Income Tax Credit is already worth up to $5,657 for a single parent with custody of three children. The Podesta report failed to mention that the Government Accountability Office reported that the IRS estimates that between 27 and 32 percent of EITC dollars are collected fraudulently.
The Democratic Congress repealed the essence of Republican welfare reform last year by providing bonuses to states that increase their spending on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Single moms make up 90 percent of TANF recipients.


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Home - News - Commitment by Eko Harden: new method of sea bottom remediation tested in Töölö Bay
Commitment by Eko Harden: new method of sea bottom remediation tested in Töölö Bay
The sea bottom near cities is often damaged by harmful substances introduced through human activity. The same environments also often suffer from eutrophication. Eko Harden Technologies' Commitment looks for a way to remediate contaminated sediments and help control eutrophication. A research project is being carried out in Töölö Bay in co-operation with the Finnish Environment Institute and the City of Helsinki.
Eko Harden Technologies has patented EKOGRID® technology which is used to treat contaminated soil and ground water world-wide. The company's Baltic Sea Commitment is to test the method in an aquatic environment.
"The method has been in use in land areas, and with its help it has been possible to improve spoiled areas. The equipment produces a weak electric field in the area, which has been shown to accelerate the decay of harmful substances in soil. We set the equipment in Töölö Bay, in the center of Helsinki to study the breaking of the harmful substances, such as oil and PAH compunds in the sediment", says Iisak Lusua of Eko Harden Technologies Oy.
Preliminary investigations carried out in an aquatic environment have suggested that the equipment could have an inhibiting effect on the internal nutrient input which maintains eutrophication. Treating or removing polluted and/or nutrient rich sediments could in future, be a potential way to improve the state of the Baltic Sea. More than half of the current phosphorus load to the Baltic Sea comes from internal load and new innovative ways to tackle this problem on local level are needed.
"The active field work, when three rafts will be anchored in Töölö Bay, will take about a year. Conducting the research will not disturb the environment and when the study is over the rafts and the equipment will be removed from the bay", tells Iisak Lusua from Eko Harden.
The City of Helsinki will monitor the long-term effects of the method. Eko Harden's Commitment's runs till the end of the research project when the new possibilities are mapped based on the research results.


Well Shane Davis I believe is off of Earth One: Superman, which means I'm even more curious to see what he's working on. Enter Epochalypse, novelist Jonathan Hennessey's first comic work. Colored me interested!
In a world where the future is a thing of the past, the battle for the present has begun.
Legendary Comics turns history on its head with the sci-fi adventure Epochalypse, a mind-bending new series from historical author Jonathan Hennessey (The United States Constitution: A Graphic Adaptation; The Gettysburg Address: A Graphic Adaptation) and acclaimed artist Shane Davis (Superman: Earth One, Shadow Walk). The first issue will be available in comic shops and online.