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Irena Sendler , de son nom de jeune fille Irena Stanisława Krzyżanowska, née le  à Varsovie et morte le  dans la même ville, est une catholique, résistante (sous le pseudonyme Jolanta) et une militante polonaise qui sauva  juifs du ghetto de Varsovie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Irena Sendler commença à sauver des vies bien avant la fondation de l'organisation Żegota. Elle est déclarée Juste parmi les nations en 1965.

Selon l'historienne américaine Debórah Dwork, Irena Sendler est « l'inspiration et le moteur de tout le réseau qui aurait sauvé ces  juifs. »

Biographie

Origine de sa famille et jeunesse
Son arrière grand-père possède une petite propriété près de la ville de Kalisz. Il participe au soulèvement de Janvier 1863. Il est arrêté et envoyé en Sibérie. Sa propriété est confisquée. Sa femme parvient à peine à survivre avec son bébé, le grand-père d'Irena.

Son père, Stanisław Krzyżanowski est membre du Parti socialiste polonais (PPS). Il participe à la révolution polonaise de 1905, ce qui l'empêche d'obtenir son diplôme de l'Université de médecine de Varsovie. Il l'obtient finalement à Kharkiv en 1908. Il se marie en 1909 avec Janina Karolina Grzybowska (1885–1944), et retourne à Varsovie, où il travaille à l' en tant que médecin et chercheur de maladies infectieuses.

Irena  Stanisława Krzyżanowska nait le  à l' où travaille son père. Enfant unique, elle contracte la coqueluche, ce qui incite la famille Krzyżanowski à emménager dans la station thermale d'Otwock où vivent son oncle Jan Karbowski et sa femme, qui les y accueillent dans leur maison. Là, son père commence une pratique privée et soigne principalement les pauvres et les paysans juifs. Il est très impliqué dans les actions sociales. Il affirme que les gens doivent être divisés en deux catégories : les bons et les méchants. Leur race, religion ou nationalité n'ont, d'après lui, aucune importance.  Stanisław Krzyżanowski gâte sa fille unique, et lorsqu'on le lui fait remarquer, il répond : .

Otwock est  une banlieue ouvrière de Varsovie, où se trouve une communauté juive importante. Jouant avec ses camarades juifs, Irena apprend le yiddish. Elle rend visite également à ses grands-parents paternels qui vivent à Tarczyn, à une trentaine de kilomètres au sud de Varsovie.

En 1916, une épidémie de typhus se déclenche à Otwock et son père refuse de ne pas . Dans l'hôpital où il exerce, il y a quatre médecins allemands, mais aucun d'entre eux n'accepte de soigner les plus pauvres. Malgré les risques, il traite les patients atteints jusqu'au premiers jours de l'automne 1916 où il commence à ressentir les premiers symptômes de la maladie. Après plusieurs mois de maladie, Stanisław Krzyżanowski meurt du typhus le , cinq jours avant les sept ans de sa fille.

La mère et la fille se retrouvent ruinées, Stanisław Krzyżanowski n'ayant pas été un bon gestionnaire. Apprenant ces difficultés, la communauté juive d'Otwock propose de payer pour les frais de scolarité d'Irena en remerciement de ce qu'a fait son père pour leurs familles, mais Janina refuse. En 1920, le cabinet doit fermer ses portes et la mère et la fille déménagent à Piotrków Trybunalski où vivent les parents de Janina. Au lycée, Irena est active dans le mouvement de scoutisme Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego (ZHP).

À Piotrków, elle rencontre son futur premier mari, Mieczysław 'Mietek' Sendler. À l'automne 1927, Irena est admise à l'université de Varsovie pour y faire des études de droit en vue de devenir avocate et sa mère décide de louer un appartement en ville pour aider financièrement sa fille. À cette époque, le droit est jugé inapproprié pour les femmes et après plusieurs mois de harcèlement de la part de ses professeurs, elle s'avoue vaincue et se tourne vers des études littéraires. En 1931, elle épouse Mietek Sendler et prend le nom d'Irena Sendlerowa. La même année, elle décide de continuer ses études et de se tourner vers la pédagogie et l'action sociale à l'université libre polonaise en tant qu'étudiante d'Helena Radlińska. Cette dernière fait partie d'un des cercles d'intellectuels progressistes les plus brillants des années 30 en Europe, groupe dont font également partie Ludwik Hirszfeld et Janusz Korczak. Ils militent pour l'égalité des droits civiques  et leurs programmes deviendront des modèles inspirant les démocraties d'après-guerre en matière de protection et d'aides sociales. Elle suit ensuite les cours de philologie à la faculté des sciences humaines et commence à enseigner à l'orphelinat Dom Sierot créé à Wawer par le médecin-pédiatre, Janusz Korczak, de son vrai nom Henryk Goldszmit.

Irena rejoint le Parti socialiste polonais dont faisait partie son père dès sa création et s'engage dans l'. Témoin de l'antisémitisme, elle participe à de nombreuses manifestations contre la discrimination à l'encontre des étudiants juifs à l'université de Varsovie et s'oppose au système des bancs ghetto qui oblige les étudiants juifs à s'assoir sur les bancs qui leur sont réservés. Elle devient la cible d'attaques des étudiants du Camp national-radical (). Révoltée par les différences faites entre étudiants Juifs et polonais, elle gratte la mention  inscrite sur sa carte d'étudiante, ce qui lui vaut d'être exclue de l'université par l'administration. On est alors en 1935 et le centre de protection maternelle et infantile  dans lequel elle travaille est fermé par le gouvernement par manque de fonds. À la même période, son époux Mietek obtient un poste de professeur à l'université de Poznań situé à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de Varsovie. Irena Sendler décide de ne pas le suivre et décroche avec l'aide d'Helena Radlińska un poste aux services sociaux de Varsovie.

Elle reste suspendue de l'université pendant trois ans . Irena Sendler est réintégrée en 1938 et soutient enfin sa thèse à l'été 1939 devant le Dr .

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Le , date de l'invasion de la Pologne par l'armée allemande et du début du bombardement de Varsovie, Irena Sendler et sa responsable aux services sociaux Irka Schultz décident de mettre en place des aides pour les personnes victimes des bombardements mais aussi pour les milliers de réfugiés qui affluent sur la capitale, fuyant les combats à l'ouest. Elle dirige la soupe populaire du bureau d'aide sociale et aide à la mise en place de dizaines de cantines et d'abris improvisés pour les réfugiés et les rescapés. Malgré la résistance des habitants de la ville, Varsovie tombe le  et est intégrée au Gouvernement général de Pologne géré par les Allemands et dirigé par le Reichsleiter Hans Frank. L'occupation à peine commencée, la Résistance polonaise se met en place. Alors que la Gestapo se lance à la recherche des opposants, elle accepte de devenir agent de liaison pour leur permettre de garder le contact et de recevoir des vivres.

Helena Radlińska  a l'idée de lancer un système de sécurité sociale parallèle à destination des Juifs ainsi qu'un programme d'entraide sociale pour les familles les plus démunies. La stratégie est de créer des cellules de résistances isolées les unes des autres  et Irena Sendler est désignée pour s'occuper de l'une d'entre elles. Pour réussir sa mission, elle s'entoure de quatre anciennes élèves de Radlińska : Irka Schultz, Jadwiga Deneka, Jadwiga 'Jaga' Piotrowska et Janka Grabowska. Elles ont pour mission de falsifier certains dossiers de leurs administrés pour permettre aux Juifs d'avoir accès à l'aide sociale qui leur est normalement interdite. Pour cela, les quatre femmes montent des dossiers factices pour solliciter des aides qui sont alors détournées pour venir en aide aux soupes populaires et centres de secours aux pauvres. Pour décourager les Allemands de vérifier l'authenticité de ses familles, elles prêtent à leurs faux administrés des maladies contagieuses comme le typhus. À l'automne 40, des milliers de familles ont pu ainsi recevoir l'aide.
Mi-, les Allemands placardent dans les rues de Varsovie un avis annonçant le rassemblement des Juifs dans une partie de la ville  établi sous forme de ghetto. C'est la création du ghetto de Varsovie. Tous les amis juifs d'Irena sont obligés de le rejoindre en novembre. Ils pensent alors, malgré l'édification dès octobre d'un mur de 3 m de haut allant de la rue Złota à la rue Sienna, que, comme dans les ghetto du Moyen Âge, les habitants pourront y entrer et en sortir à leur guise. Le , le ghetto est entièrement fermé et plus personne n'est autorisé à en sortir sous prétexte de prévenir d'un possible épidémie. Le docteur Juliusz Majkowski est responsable des autorités sanitaires. Sendler qui l'a fréquenté avant la guerre, lui demande à figurer ainsi que dix de ses amis, sur la liste des personnes autorisées à entrer et sortir du ghetto. Selon elle, Hitler avait créé un enfer pour tous les Polonais mais le genre d'enfer qu'il réservait aux Juifs était encore plus terrible. Et dans cet enfer, les enfants étaient tout particulièrement vulnérables. Elle utilise son laissez-passer pour faire entrer de la contrebande dans le ghetto, particulièrement des doses de vaccins contre le typhus . En tout, ses amies et elle feront entrer cinq milles doses de vaccins dans le ghetto ainsi que des rouleaux de billets et des médicaments.Ainsi, en coopération avec CENTOS, une célèbre institution de charité pour les orphelins juifs dont fait partie Janusz Korczak et Stefania Wilczyńska et dirigé par Adolf Berman, ses amis enfermés dans le ghetto commencent à venir en aide aux orphelins. Un jour Irena et ses collègues du côté « aryen »  décident de passer à la vitesse supérieure. Pour cela, elle décident  de faire appel à Jan Dobraczyński qui est alors directeur du bureau de protection maternelle et infantile. Celui-ci est déjà membre de la Résistance, mais aussi un antisémite et elle craint qu'il refuse d'aider des enfants Juifs. En , ce dernier est réquisitionné par l'occupant allemand pour vider les rues de la ville des enfants qui mendient du côté aryen. Parmi les centaines d'enfants raflés dans la rue et emmené dans le centre social où Irena Sendler et ses collègues sont chargées de les nettoyer et de les identifier, nombre sont ceux qui sont Juifs. Trente-deux enfants juifs sont identifiés, un chiffre trop élevé pour qu'elles envisagent de les cacher uniquement avec leurs propres moyens ;  les quatre femmes demandent l'aide de Dobraczyński. Celui-ci contacte l'officier allemand chargé de la mission et passe un accord avec ce dernier, celui de renvoyer les enfants dans le ghetto, ce qui la révolte. Toutes les lignes téléphoniques entre le côté aryen et le ghetto ne sont pas encore coupées à ce moment-là et Dobraczyński prend contact avec Korczak  pour lui demander s'il peut prendre en charge les enfants à leur retour et celui-ci accepte. Après cela, elle ne demandera plus l'aide de Dobraczyński et fera tout son possible pour ne plus avoir à laisser des enfants revenir dans le ghetto.

Au printemps 1942, elle aide des Juifs du ghetto à obtenir des papiers d'identité leur permettant de passer du côté aryen et de se cacher. Par exemple, un prêtre de Lvov dont l'église à brûlé avec tous ses registres baptismaux lui remet ses derniers exemplaires de certificats de naissance vierges. Parmi les premières personnes sauvées se trouve le Dr Władysław Witwicki et sa famille ainsi que les trente-deux enfants qu'elle avait du laisser être réinsérés dans le ghetto quelques mois plus tôt. Dans le même temps, l'équipe de Sendler commence alors à s'occuper des enfants envoyés hors du ghetto par leurs parents, dans l'espoir qu'ils soient pris en charge et cachés du côté aryen. Elle est informée de chaque cas d'enfant envoyé au foyer d'enfants catholiques du père Boduen. Avec l'aide d'Adam Celnikier, elle fait sortir des orphelins tuberculeux pour les envoyer dans les sanatoriums d'Otwock où elle a grandi ou dans des familles à la campagne lorsque leur toux n'est pas tuberculeuse. Lorsqu'elle entre dans le ghetto, elle porte l'étoile de David en signe de solidarité. Le nombre d'enfants augmentant et le lot de certificats vierges étant épuisé, Irena Sendler décide d'agrandir son équipe et de mettre Władysława 'Władka' Marynowska, chargée de la recherche de familles d'accueil du foyer, dans la confidence. Cette dernière tient un carnet dans lequel elle note les caractéristiques physiques des enfants qu'elle place clandestinement pour que leurs parents puissent les retrouver après la guerre . Pour que les aller-retours ne paraissent pas trop suspects aux yeux de la Gestapo, certains enfants sont amenés cachés dans des ballots de grosse toile et laissés devant l'entrée de service comme de simples ballots de linge ou de pommes de terre. Malgré ces précautions, la Gestapo est alertée et commence à scruter chaque entrée et sortie de pensionnaires pour vérifier la légalité de leurs papiers.

Des rumeurs atteignant Varsovie sur des massacres de Juifs à l'Est de la Pologne, la tension monte pour les familles du ghetto qui souhaitent sauver leurs enfants. Elle organise le passage clandestin des enfants hors du ghetto, parfois dans des ambulances et des tramways, parfois en les cachant dans des paquets, et en utilisant divers autres moyens. Le palais de Justice et l'Église de Tous-les-Saints  sont deux bâtiments possédant des entrées dans le ghetto mais aussi côté aryen et qui sont ainsi utilisés pour sortir du ghetto. Les nourrissons confiés par leurs familles reçoivent un léger sédatif pour s'assurer qu'ils ne pleurent pas lors du passage des points de contrôle. Parmi ces enfants se trouve , présidente de l' de 2002 à 2006, qui fut cachée dans une boîte en bois placée sur un chariot de briques et transportée hors du ghetto, alors qu'elle avait 6 mois. Les enfants sont ensuite placés dans des familles chrétiennes et des institutions de Varsovie, Turkowice et Chotomów (près de Varsovie). Elle travaille en étroite collaboration avec un groupe d'une trentaine de volontaires, principalement des femmes, dont Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, résistante et écrivaine, et Matylda Getter, mère provinciale des sœurs franciscaines de la famille de Marie. Les enfants reçoivent de faux noms chrétiens et on leur enseigne les prières chrétiennes au cas où ils seraient interrogés. La majorité d'entre eux sont placés dans des couvents, à Otwock, dans le foyer du père Boduen ou encore, au couvent des Petites Sœurs Servantes de la Bienheureuse Vierge Marie Immaculée à Turkowice. C'est entre l'été 1942 et janvier 1943 que le plus grand nombre d'enfants sera exfiltré du ghetto par le réseau de Sendler.

Irena Sendler tient une liste des enfants, liste qu'elle est la seule à posséder sur laquelle elle note leur nom de naissance, le lieu où ils ont été cachés ainsi que leur fausse identité pour être en mesure de les retrouver après-guerre. Au début, tenir le registre de cette façon n'est pas trop compliqué car seulement deux cents enfants sont cachés, mais lorsque leur nombre augmente, il devient difficile de tenir le fichier à jour. Pour le protéger, Sendler est la seule à disposer de la liste complète, liste qu'elle pose chaque soir sur la table près de sa fenêtre pour pouvoir la jeter en cas de descente de la Gestapo. Avec , à l'hiver 1944, elle enfouira sous le pommier du jardin de celle-ci, au 9 rue Lekarska, des bouteilles contenant la liste des enfants cachés. Cette liste contient alors le nom des  enfants qu'elle a sauvés.

Début 1942, les Allemands entament la construction de ce qui deviendra le centre d'extermination de Treblinka. Le , débute la Grande Action : la liquidation du ghetto de Varsovie et la déportation des Juifs vers Treblinka. Dès les premiers jours, Ala Gołąb-Grynberg, une des membres de l'organisation d'Irena enfermée dans le ghetto décide de se rendre sur lUmschlagplatz  pour y monter un dispensaire de fortune et offrir un sursis à certains déportés en les faisant hospitaliser. Avec l'aide du comédien Nachum Remba  et de Marek Edelman, le trio réussi à sauver deux à trois cents personnes de la déportation durant l'été 1942. Parmi les personnes qu'ils sauvent se trouve l'acteur Jonas Turkow. Elle se sert de ce stratagème pour sauver également des nourrissons confiés par leurs mères, qu'elle endort et glisse subrepticement dans les ambulances qui quittent le ghetto ou sous son ample manteau avant de les confier à Irena. Le 5 août, les deux femmes sont témoins de la procession des enfants de l'orphelinat menés par Janusz Korczak et Stefania Wilczyńska emmenés vers l'Umschlagplatz à travers le ghetto. Nachum Remba tente sans succès de convaincre le vieux médecin de rester à Varsovie mais Korczak refuse de quitter ses enfants. Sendler dira à propos de ce jour : .

En août 1942, Sendler reçoit la visite d'un certain Witold qui lui demande de le guider pour qu'il puisse révéler au monde entier la situation dans le ghetto de Varsovie. Elle découvrira plus tard que ce Witold se trouvait être Jan Karski, envoyé par le gouvernement polonais en exil pour leur faire un rapport sur l'état du pays et la situation des juifs sous l'occupation allemande. Lui et Irena Sendler entrent dans le ghetto par le tunnel construit sous les fondations de l'immeuble du 6 rue Muranowska. Après cette 'visite', elle rencontre Julian Grobelny (nom de guerre Trojan), chef du mouvement de Résistance polonais, qui lui demande d'intégrer ce qui deviendra Żegota. La commission Żegota ou la Commission d'aide aux Juifs, fondée par Zofia Kossak-Szczucka et Wanda Krahelska le , a pour but de venir en aide à la population juive persécutée. Pour ce faire, elle s'allie avec le réseau monté par Irena Sendler et lui alloue des fonds pour l'aider dans sa mission. Les fonds ainsi alloués lui permettent de continuer son action en contournant les contrôles entrepris par la mairie, alors que les Allemands commencent à regarder de plus près les dépenses du département de l'aide sociale. Ces fonds permettent également de projeter des opérations de plus grande ampleur et Irena Sendler loue deux maisons, une à Otwock et l'autre dans le hameau de Świder pour en faire des refuges pour les hommes juifs et les responsables de la Résistance.

Le , la Gestapo lance une opération de nettoyage du ghetto mais pour la première fois, ils font face à la résistance des juifs qui se battent pendant quatre jours mais les Allemands finissent par reprendre le dessus. Tous les rebelles seront arrêtés et déportés avec cinq mille autres occupants du ghetto. Après cette première révolte, les sauf-conduits sanitaires qu'utilisent Irena et ses amies pour entrer et sortir du ghetto sont supprimés. Le réseau va alors concentrer ses actions sur l'offre de refuge aux personnes ayant réussir à sortir par leurs propres moyens. Quatre mois plus tard, jour pour jour, est lancée la rumeur d'une nouvelle Aktion qui devrait démarrer le lendemain. Lorsqu'elle est lancée, la Résistance du ghetto  entre en action et oblige les Allemands à battre en retraite le premier jour. C'est le début du soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie. Le septième jour, les Allemands décident d'incendier les immeubles un à un et Irena Sendler se poste près des bouches d'égouts et des sorties de tunnel pour diriger les réfugiés.

En , la Gestapo fait une descente dans une blanchisserie située rue Bracka soupçonnée de servir de boîte aux lettres pour la Résistance ; elle en arrête la propriétaire. Envoyée à la prison de Pawiak, celle-ci craque sous la torture et donne trois noms dont celui d'Irena Sendler. Au milieu de la nuit du , la Gestapo fait une descente chez cette dernière. Vers trois heures du matin, de violents coups sont frappés à la porte de l'appartement où, en plus d'Irena et de sa mère Janina, il y a une de ses tantes et Janka Grabowska qui dorment sur place. Lorsque la porte vole en éclats, elle a juste le temps de confier la liste des enfants à Janka qui la cache dans son corsage. Les onze policiers qui entrent dans l'appartement mettent tout sens dessus dessous, cherchant des preuves mais alors qu'ils détruisent un matelas, ils cachent à leur propres yeux la preuve la plus compromettante en faisant tomber l'armature du lit dessus : un cartable contenant faux papiers d'identité et argent liquide. Elle est quand même arrêtée et emmenée au siège de la Gestapo située avenue Szucha. Torturée chaque jour pendant des semaines, elle est laissée infirme à vie lorsqu'on lui brise les jambes et les pieds, mais ne parle pas. Pendant son emprisonnement, Ala Gołąb-Grynberg est tuée lors de l'Aktion Erntefest dans le camp de Poniatowa et Jadwiga Deneka est passée par les armes dans les ruines du ghetto après avoir été arrêtée avec onze femmes juives qu'elle cachait.

Le , Irena Sendler est appelée parmi les détenus condamnés à être exécutés le jour même. Grâce aux contacts de  qui travaille avec Irena au département des soins et de la santé de la ville de Varsovie, la commission Żegota parvient à soudoyer un gardien de la prison qui l'aide à s'échapper. Quelques jours plus tard, elle peut lire dans les journaux qu'elle a été exécutée. Selon les archives de Żegota, sa rançon serait la plus élevée de l'histoire du mouvement, environ trente-cinq mille złotys (environ cent mille euros actuels). Elle passe quelques semaines dans l'appartement de sa mère, mais après une nouvelle descente de la Gestapo dans son immeuble, elle reçoit de nouveaux papiers au nom de Klara Dąbrowska et part se cacher à Otwock. Pendant un certain temps, elle demeure aussi chez son oncle à Nowy Sacz, puis retourne à Varsovie se cacher dans le zoo de Varsovie. Elle ne peut plus marcher, et, en attendant de récupérer l'usage de ses jambes, elle ,travaille dans les bureaux de Żegota. À cause du danger, elle doit rester cachée et ne peut prendre part aux funérailles de sa mère.

Vivant dans la clandestinité depuis son évasion en janvier 1944, Irena Sendler se trouve à Varsovie lorsqu'éclate l'insurrection de Varsovie le  suivant. L'Armia Krajowa lance l'insurrection en pensant pouvoir compter sur l'aide de l'Armée rouge massée de l'autre côté de la Vistule mais celle-ci refuse d'intervenir.  Soixante-cinq mille habitants de Varsovie seront exécutés par l'armée allemande durant les deux premières semaines d'août dont nombre d'enfants sauvés par Irena Sendler. Cette dernière travaille comme infirmière dans un hôpital de fortune en compagnie de Maria Palester et Adam Celnikier rue Fałata, dans le quartier de Mokotów. Un soir, elle a la jambe transpercée par la baïonnette d'un soldat allemand ivre pour l'avoir bousculé par mégarde et sa plaie s'infecte, l'empêchant de se tenir correctement debout. L'insurrection prend fin le , Varsovie a été rasée par les Allemands, deux cent mille habitants sont morts, cent cinquante mille ont été envoyés dans des camps de travail en Allemagne et cinquante mille déportés dans des camps de concentration. Moins de onze mille habitants Juifs ont survécu. Le , les Soviétiques entrent dans Varsovie.

Après la guerre, Irena Sendler reprend son poste au bureau d'aide sociale. Elle vient en aide aux orphelins et crée des maisons d'enfants. Elle aide aussi les personnes âgées qui n'ont plus de famille et crée des maisons de retraite.  Elle s'installe avec Adam Celnikier et adopte deux des petites filles juives qu'elle a sauvées pendant la guerre. Au printemps 1945, Irena et Janka Grabkowska tentent de retrouver la liste des enfants enterrée dans les ruines du jardin détruit pendant l'insurrection, sans succès. Les femmes de son équipe et elle-même vont tenter de la reconstituer de mémoire, la taper à la machine et confier cette liste à Adolf Berman devenu président du Comité central des Juifs en Pologne. Ce dernier l'emportera avec lui lorsqu'il émigrera en Palestine mandataire. La liste est aujourd'hui conservée aux archives israéliennes et est tenue secrète par respect pour les familles concernées.

Concernant son action, elle dira après la guerre :

Pologne communiste
Après la guerre, compte tenu de ses liens avec l'Armia Krajowa (AK), principale organisation de résistance polonaise et fidèle au gouvernement polonais en exil, Irena est emprisonnée de 1948 à 1949 et interrogée brutalement par la police secrète communiste. Conséquence de son mauvais traitement, son fils Andrzej ne survit pas à une naissance prématurée. Elle est finalement libérée et accepte de rejoindre le parti communiste polonais (PZPR), mais ses liens avec l'AK font que son action pendant la guerre n'est pas reconnue.

En 1965, lorsqu'après deux ans d'enquête Yad Vashem reconnait Irena  comme Juste parmi les nations, les autorités communistes de Pologne refusent qu'elle reçoive son prix en Israël. Ce n'est qu'en 1983 qu'elle peut le faire. Pendant son voyage, elle participe à une cérémonie au Mémorial de Yad Vashem, au cours de laquelle un arbre est planté et porte son nom. Mais son rôle durant la Seconde guerre mondiale reste largement méconnu jusqu'à la chute du régime communiste.

Irena Sendler meurt le  à Varsovie ; elle est alors âgée de 98 ans. Elle est inhumée au cimetière de Powązki.

Postérité

C'est en 1999 que son histoire a commencé à être connue grâce à quatre jeunes étudiantes et leur professeur Norman Conard, de la ville d'Uniontown au Kansas. Megan Stewart, Elisabeth Cambers, Jessica Shelton et Sabrina Coons travaillent sur un projet de fin d'études concernant les héros de la Shoah. Lors de leurs recherches, elles ne trouvèrent que peu d'éléments sur Irena, sinon cette information surprenante : elle avait sauvé la vie de . Les quatre étudiantes décidèrent de se rendre en Pologne pour rencontrer Irena Sendler qui était âgée de 89 ans. En souvenir des petits papiers sur lesquels Irena avait écrit les noms des enfants et de leurs familles d'accueil et qu'elle avait conservés dans le bocal de verre, les étudiants réalisèrent une pièce de théâtre intitulée Life in a jar. Cette pièce de théâtre a été présentée plus de 200 fois aux États-Unis, au Canada, en Pologne et finit par donner naissance à une fondation du même nom.

Bernard Dan lui rend hommage dans son roman Le Livre de Joseph, tandis qu'Anna Mieszkowska fait éditer en 2004 aux éditions Muza SA de Varsovie, Irena Sendlerowa : La mère des enfants de l'holocauste d'où sera tiré le film The courageous heart of Irena Sendler, réalisé par John Kent Harrison. Ce film sort aux États-Unis en 2009 avec Anna Paquin dans le rôle principal, et les acteurs Marcia Gay Harden et Nathaniel Parker.

À l'instigation du Comité central des Juifs de Pologne, conjointement avec l'association polonaise Enfants de l'Holocauste, est créé le prix Irena-Sendler . Ce prix, destiné aux enseignants et instituteurs qui enseignent le respect et la tolérance, est décerné chaque année à deux personnes, l'une aux États-Unis et l'autre en Pologne.

En 2018, Tilar J. Mazzeo publie une biographie nommée "Les milles vies d'Irena, la femme qui sauva 2 500 enfants juifs". Cette biographie est un véritable travail d'archive, dans lequel l'auteure associe les informations découvertes et le point de vue interne grâce auxquels on assiste aux sentiments d'Irena selon l'interprétation de Mazzeo.

Distinctions

En 1965, Irena Sendler a été honorée à Yad Vashem au titre de Juste parmi les nations. En 1991, elle devient Citoyenne d'Honneur de l'État d'Israël. En 2003, elle reçoit l'Ordre de l'Aigle blanc, la plus haute distinction civile polonaise. En 2007, elle est distinguée de l'Ordre du Sourire, attribuée chaque année à des personnalités œuvrant pour « Le bonheur et le sourire des enfants », prix décerné par des enfants du monde entier. En 2009, Irena Sendler reçoit, à titre posthume, le prix humanitaire Audrey-Hepburn. Ce prix, nommé ainsi en l'honneur de l'actrice et ambassadrice de l'Unicef, est remis à des personnes ou organisations reconnues pour avoir aidé des enfants de manière exceptionnelle.

En , le gouvernement polonais de Lech Kaczyński propose qu'Irena Sendler soit élevée au rang d'Héroïne nationale, ce que le Sénat vote à l'unanimité. En outre, le Sénat polonais recommande sa candidature au prix Nobel de la paix, candidature déjà soumise par d'anciens enfants sauvés en 2003. De santé fragile, Irena Sendler reste à l'écart des cérémonies qui lui rendirent hommage en 2007, mais elle  fait lire une lettre par une survivante, Elżbieta Ficowska, qu'elle avait sauvée en 1942 alors qu'elle était toute bébé . Elle avait écrit :  Elle disait aussi : .

Le Parlement polonais a déclaré l'année 2018 « Année Irena Sendler ».

Annexes

Bibliographie

En français
  ;
  ;
  ;

 Irena, bande dessinée en cinq volumes, scénario de Jean-David Morvan et Séverine Tréfouël, dessins de David Evrard, Glénat.

En anglais
  ;
  ;
  ;
 .

 (en) Tom Verhofstadt, Irena Sendler, for the love of children in the Warsaw Ghetto, 2019

En polonais
 Marek Arczyński, Wiesław Balcerak: Kryptonim "Żegota". Varsovie, Czytelnik, 1979. . ;
 Władysław Bartoszewski, Zofia Lewinówna: Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej. Polacy z pomocą Żydom 1939–1945. Cracovie, Wydawnictwo Znak, 2013. . ;
 Anna Chmielewska i in.: Miejska służba opieki społecznej Warszawy w latach wojny i okupacji 1939–1945, [w:] Warszawa lat wojny i okupacji 1939–1944. Zeszyt 4. Varsovie, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1975, s. 149–191 ;
 Jan Grabowski. Przyczynek do biografii Ireny Sendlerowej (z dokumentów warszawskiego Ratusza). "Zagłada Żydów. Tome II. Materiały". 10, p. 622–625, 2014. ;
 Halina Grubowska: Ta, która ratowała Żydów. Rzecz o Irenie Sendlerowej. Varsovie, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, 2014. . ;
 Krzysztof Komorowski (red.): Warszawa walczy 1939–1945. Leksykon. Varsovie, Fundacja Polska Walczy i Wydawnictwo Bellona, 2015, p. 680. . ;
 Księga Sprawiedliwych wśród Narodów Świata. Ratujący Żydów podczas Holokaustu. Polska. Tom II. Cracovie, Fundacja Instytut Studiów Strategicznych, 2009, p. 646–647.  ;
 Dariusz Libionka: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie. Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2017.  ;
 Anna Mieszkowska, Matka dzieci Holocaustu. Historia Ireny Sendlerowej, Muza, Varsovie, 2004, ; wyd. II: 2005 ;
 Anna Mieszkowska: Dzieci Ireny Sendlerowej. Varsovie, Warszawskie Wydawnictwo Literackie Muza, 2011.  ;
 Anna Mieszkowska: Prawdziwa historia Ireny Sendlerowej. Varsovie, Wydawnictwo Marginesy, 2014.  ;
 Teresa Prekerowa: Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942–1945. Varsovie, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1982.  ;
 Tomasz Szarota: Karuzela na placu Krasińskich. Studia i szkice z lat wojny i okupacji. Varsovie, Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rytm", 2007.  ;
 Tomasz Szarota. Ostatnia droga Doktora. Rozmowa z Ireną Sendlerową "Jolantą", kierowniczką referatu dziecięcego w "Żegocie", o ostatnich dniach Janusza Korczaka. "Polityka". 21 (2090), p. 94, 24 mai 1997 ;
 Feliks Tych, Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska (red. nauk.): Następstwa zagłady Żydów. Polska 1944–2010. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej i Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, 2012.  ;
 Jarosław Zieliński: Atlas dawnej architektury ulic i placów Warszawy. Tome 9. Langiewicza–Łukasińskiego. Varsovie, Biblioteka Towarzystwa Opieki nad Zabytkami, 2003. .

En néerlandais

Filmographie
 Irena Sendler (2009) de John Kent Harrison

Articles connexes
 Shoah en Pologne
 Żegota
 Andrée Geulen
 Yvonne Jospa et Hertz Jospa
 Juste parmi les nations

Liens externes

 Irena Sendler sur le site de Yad Vashem

  Irena Sendlerowa sur le site Enfants de la Shoah
   Entretien avec Irena Sendlerowa, 2005
  Biografia Ireny Sendlerowej Biographie d'Irena Sendler sur le site du musée de l'histoire des Juifs polonais
  Biographie et filmographie sur Webkef.com

Notes et références

Étudiant de l'université de Varsovie
Résistante polonaise
Ghetto de Varsovie
Juste parmi les nations polonais
Commandeur avec étoile de l'ordre Polonia Restituta
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle blanc
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du Sourire
Personnalité utilisant un pseudonyme
Histoire des Juifs en Pologne
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Powązki
Naissance en février 1910
Naissance à Varsovie
Naissance dans le gouvernement de Varsovie
Décès en mai 2008
Décès à Varsovie
Décès à 98 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
L'église Saint-Julien de Lavenay, également dédiée à Saint-Pierre, est une église catholique située à Loir en Vallée, en France.

Localisation
L'église est située dans le département français de le Sarthe à Loir en Vallée, sur la commune délégué de Lavenay.

Historique
L'église est d'origine romane datant du  et a été remaniée aux  et .

Les peintures murales des  et  siècles ont été découvertes en 1953, représentant Saint Martin bénissant Saint Julien et des personnages divers avec des vêtements de style Renaissance italienne.

L'édifice est inscrit en totalité au titre des monuments historiques le .

Description
Sur le mur, tout autour de l'église, est peinte une litre noir où sont passées diverses armoiries difficilement identifiables.

On peut voir un retable en bois orné d'un Saint Pierre en plâtre portant un trousseau de clefs en bois doré. L'autel est en pierre.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Sarthe
 Liste des églises de la Sarthe

Lien externe
 Loir-en-Vallée : l'église saint Julien sera restaurée

Saint-Julien Lavenay
Monument historique inscrit en 2020
Lavenay


At the offices of the Orchestra: Tel. +41 (0)22 807 00 00. Payment by credit card or order form (FR5 postal charge / payment to be done within 10 days). Tickets can be posted (FR5 postal charge).
Payment by credit card (secure booking). Tickets should be collected at the Internet point the evening of the concert, or can be posted (FR5 postal charge).
Victoria Hall, Bâtiment des Forces Motrices in Geneva, and at the Théâtre de Beaulieu in Lausanne.
The ticket offices open one hour before performance start time. For information please contact our Subscriptions and Ticket Office on: 022 807 00 00.
- The "20 year/20 francs": seats at Fr. 8.- as from Category 4.


text:
Q: Running java application on Amazon AWS I made an EC2 VPC RHEL instance and deployed a java application running embedded jetty web server. For a simple understanding, this web application is serving basic HTML request. For my initial test, I made a security group that allows all incoming and outgoing traffic (All  All 0.0.0.0/0, ::/0).
I was expecting to browse the web page from public IP address but somehow it's not working. I also verified that Jetty is listening on 0.0.0.0. So, jetty doesn't seem a problem. I spent half a day in figuring it out but it's not working and not able to figure out the cause.
I then made a very basic TCP server(https://systembash.com/a-simple-java-tcp-server-and-tcp-client/) and deployed on same AWS ec2 instance and then I tried to send the request from the client as a TCP client from my system and it doesn't work.
However, I am transferring files from WinSCP and running the commands from putty with this public IP only. This means that public IP is not a problem.
I can see the only difference with putty, WinSCP and my java client is that with putty, I am also providing the private key as part of authorization process(in auth) but wherein java or for the browser, I am accessing it directly.
Not able to understand where the problem can be. Is there a problem in DNS translation from public IP calls(ec2-xx-xx-xx-xxx.xx-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com) to private IP calls or this a problem of authorization?
Below is the Netstat trace of AWS(Web server running on 8080, I run jvm on IP4 stack with -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true)
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-xx-xxx ~]$ sudo netstat -plnt
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8080            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      9321/java
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1627/sshd
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1091/master
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      1627/sshd
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN      1091/master
Any help?

A: Sorry to bother readers. I did everything and still, the problem was occurring. Then I gave the client program to one of my colleague who is on his home network and there it works...
So, the problem was not in AWS but somehow in my corporate network security that is blocking the request.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Catalog is the interface for managing a metastore (aka metadata catalog) of relational entities (e.g. database(s), tables, functions, table columns and temporary views).
Catalog is available using SparkSession.catalog property.
Used for SQL's CACHE TABLE and AlterTableRenameCommand command.
CatalogImpl is the one and only known implementation of the Catalog Contract in Apache Spark.


(i) Answer to questions carrying 1 mark may be from one word to one sentence.
(ii) Answer to questions carrying 3 mark may be from 50-75 words.
(iii) Answer to questions carrying 4-5 mark may be about 150 words.
(iv) Answer to questions carrying 6 mark may be about 200 words.
(v) Attempt all parts of question together marks are given at the end of each question.
Q.1. A farmer produces wheat for his own consumption will it be a business activity?
Q.4. An NGO providing services of mobile school for slum dweller. Under which type of services will it come?
Q.5. Which transaction of e-business takes place between two business firms?
Q.6. The company is born on which date?
Q.7. Among the various sources of pollution, which is a major generator of waste in terms of both its quantity and toxicity?
Q.8. Write the full form of FCCB?
Q.9. State any three difference among business, profession and employment.
Q.10. "Registration of a partnership firm is not compulsory but beneficial." Do you agree? Give three reasons in support of your answer.
Q.11. What are different types of deposits which are maintained by a bank?
Q.12. State any three difference between e-business and traditional business.
Q.14. SEBI has provided regulatory guidelines to all the intermediaries of financial market to protect and promote the interest of investors and to create a healthy competitive financial market. Identify the values involved behind this objective.
Q.15. They have their Head Office in one country, but they carry on their business operations in other countries known as host countries. For e.g. Pepsi and Coca Cola companies are registered in USA, where as they operate across the world.
i. Identify the type of business organization highlighted above.
ii. How do they extend their industrial and marketing operations in several countries?
iii. Explain any four features of such enterprises.
Q.16. In the present age of e-business, e-banking has become very common throughout the world. Most of the large banks in India provide e-banking facilities to their customers like checking accounts, withdrawing cash, paying bills, etc. identify the values involved in the above action and write their effects.
Q.17. Explain any four responsibilities of business towards community.
Q.18. Rameshwar is a farmer having 10 acres of land on which grows crop. He has two sons Vijay and Ajay. Vijay after completing MBA is running a call center. Ajay after doing a diploma course in electrical, is working with Alfa Electricals Ltd. to gain more experience. Rameshwar wants his sons to use their skill learnt for the development of his village. To fulfil the dream of their father Vijay and Ajay decided to open a small enterprise producing ball-bearings in their village only which requires a capital investment of Rs. 5 lakhs Rameshwar has agreed to lend them Rs. 2 lakhs to solve the problem of finance Ajay and Vijay convinced two of their childhood friends to be the active members of their business by investing capital of Rs. 3 lakhs. They agreed and now Ajay, Vijay and two of their friends Anil and Udhay are successfully sharing the gains of the business in agreed ratio. Rameshwar is also happy as his wish is fulfilled.
i. Name the economic activity Rameshwar, Ajay and Vijay were involved in before. ii. Identify the form of organization Ajay and Vijay has established with his friends. Is Rameshwar also the owner of the enterprise? If not then what relation did he have with the organization?
iii. Comment on the liability of the owners of such form of organization.
iv. State any two values which are communicated by Ajay and Vijay be establishing the enterprise.
i. Identify the form of organization of IOC and state any two features of this form of organization to which IOC.
ii. Mention the type of social responsibility fulfilled by IOC belongs.
iii. Name the type of industry IOC is the example of.
iv. What is the process known as through which some shares of PSUs are sold to the private sector.
i. Identify and explain part of business activity warehouse belong to.
ii. State various hindrances which Anubha might have faced and explain how these hindrances can be removed.
Q.21. Make a comparative between the three forms of business organization found in public sector.
i. Name the plastic card which is discussed above.
iii. Who issue such cards to be used by the users? Why?
iv. State any two advantages of using such plastic cards.
Q.23. State the difference between MOA and AOA.
Q.24. What are the steps involved in online trading?
Q.25. Corporate social responsibility- originated in USA where Govt. Has passed Anti-trust Act against monopolistic practices so as to protect and improve the welfare of society. Business ethics which also originated in USA in 1970 highlighting social values and society"s concern in relation to business and forced the corporates in that country to obtain from policies and practices which were hostile to consumers and environmental protection.
Corporate Governance-It originated in the UK for purpose of improved accountability of directors to shareholders but we know that a business organization is established to carry on commercial and industrial activities and thereby to earn projects and it is irrelevant to talk of public good.
Despite different laws enacted by the Govt. many business houses are violating these concepts to maximize their projects. As a CEO of triumph Ltd., a manufacturing company Mr. Ram is trying to abide by these concepts changing the notion that a business can"t maximize is profits by ignoring social obligations.
i. Explain how business ethics are different from social responsibility in context to above information.
ii. Under Corporate Governance, enlist any four responsibility of the directors towards shareholders.
iii. As a CEO, how can Ram foster business ethics in his company?
Q.26. Distinguish between private company and public company.
ii. Which principle of insurance is violated by Rahul?
iii. Can bank insure the factory against fire? Why?
iv. How much amount Rahul can claim from the insurance?
v. How much compensation can the bank claim from insurance company?
vi. If the insurance company compensates for the loss to the insured, who has the right to sell the goods? Why?
ii. Sensitizing employees to respect other sentiments and religious belief.
iii. Use of good quality of raw material for production of goods.
iv. Opening a charitable hospital.
v. Payment of taxes honestly and timely.
vi. Producing goods and services as per consumer"s tastes and preference.
Identify the various kinds of social responsibility followed by "Welfare Ltd." byquoting the lines.
i. Enlist the different sources of owned capital and borrowed capital used by a company with the help of a chart.
ii. Give any four differences between the two.


This is the Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A) Monthly Report – September 2010 specific for Environmental Permit no. EP-364/2009/A, Further Environmental Permit nos. FEP-01/364/2009, FEP-02-364/2009 and FEP-03-364/2009. The EM&A report is prepared by the Environmental Team (ET) employed under Contract No. HK/2009/05 –Wanchai Development Phase II and Central Wanchai Bypass. This report presents the environmental monitoring findings and information recorded during the period 28th August 2010 to 27th September 2010. The cut-off date of reporting is at 27th of each reporting month.
· Mobilization and plant setup for site preparation work.
Noise monitoring during daytime was conducted at the International Finance Centre (eastern and western podium) on a weekly basis. No action and limit exceedances were recorded in the reporting period.
1-hour and 24-hour Total Suspended Particle (TSP) monitoring were conducted at International Finance Centre (eastern and western podium) on every six days basis. No action and limit level exceedance were recorded in the reporting period.
The Environmental Team (ET) conducted weekly site inspections for Contract nos. HY/2009/17 and 04/HY/2006 in this reporting period. Major observations and recommendations made during the audit sessions were rectified by the Contractors. No non-conformance was identified during the site inspections.
1.1.1. Lam Geotechnics Limited (LGL) has been appointed to work as the Environmental Team (ET) under Environmental Permit no. EP-364/2009A and Further Environmental permit nos. FEP-01/364/2009, FEP-02/364/2009 and FEP-03/364/2009 to implement the Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A) programme as stipulated in the EM&A Manual of the approved Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for Wan Chai Development phase II and Central-Wan Chai Bypass (Register No.: AEIAR-125/2008) and in the EM&A Manual of the approved EIA Report for Central-Wan Chai Bypass and Island Eastern Corridor Link (Register No. AEIAR-014/2001).
1.1.3. This report documents the finding of EM&A works for Environmental Permit (EP) no. EP-364/2009/A, Further Environmental Permit (FEP) nos. FEP-01-364/2009, FEP-02/364/2009 and FEP-03/364/2009 during the period 28th August to 27th September 2010. The cut-off date of reporting is at 27th of each reporting month.
2.3.2. In the reporting month, the construction works for Contracts no. 04/HY/2006 was commenced in mid-September 2010. Advance piling work at FEHD Whitfield Depot under Contract no. HY/2009/17 is anticipated to be commenced in early of October 2010. The details of individual contracts are summarized in Table2.2.
· Mobilization & Plant setup for site preparation work.
· Drilling, installation of steel H-Pile and grouting.
3.1.3. Summary of the current status on licences and/or permits on environmental protection pertinent and submission under FEP-03/364/2009 for contract no. HY/2009/17 are shown in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3.
3.1.4. Summary of the current status on licences and/or permits on environmental protection pertinent and submission under EP-364/2009/A for contract no. 04/HY/2006 are shown in Table 3.4 and Table 3.5.
3.1.5. Contractor is strongly reminded that the Notification of Works under Air Pollution Control Ordinance and other necessary submission shall be submitted to EPD and copied to the Engineer timely during the work preparation stage.
3.1.7. Summary of the current status on licences and/or permits on environmental protection pertinent and submission under FEP-01/364/2009 for contract no. HK/2009/02 are shown in Table 3.8 and Table 3.9.
3.1.8. Implementation status of the recommended mitigation measures during this reporting period is presented in Appendix 3.1.
4.1.1. The noise monitoring stations for the Project are listed and shown in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1. Appendix 4.1 shows the established Action/Limit Levels for the monitoring works.
4.1.5. If construction works are extended to include works during the hours of 1900 – 0700 as well as public holidays and Sundays, additional weekly impact monitoring shall be carried out during respective restricted hours periods. Applicable permits under NCO shall be obtained by the Contractor.
4.1.6. As referred to in the Technical Memorandum ™ issued under the NCO, sound level meters in compliance with the International Electrotechnical Commission Publications 651: 1979 (Type 1) and 804: 1985 (Type 1) specifications shall be used for carrying out the noise monitoring. Immediately prior to and following each noise measurement the accuracy of the sound level meter shall be checked using an acoustic calibrator generating a known sound pressure level at a known frequency. Measurements may be accepted as valid only if the calibration level from before and after the noise measurement agree to within 1.0 dB.
Ÿ Contract no. 04/HY/2006 –Reconstruction of Bus Terminus near Man Yiu Street and Man Kwong Street.
5.1.2. Since only site preparation works was undertaken during the reporting month, no noise monitoring was conducted.
5.1.4. Daytime noise monitoring at stations M7e and M7w were commenced on 30 August 2010. No exceedance was recorded in the reporting month. Noise monitoring results measured in this reporting period are reviewed and summarized. Details of noise monitoring results and graphical presentation can be referred in Appendix 5.2.
5.1.5. The commencement of construction works for Contract no. HK/2009/01 and HK/2009/02 under FEP-02/364/2009 and FEP-01/364/2009 respectively are pending. The proposed division of noise monitoring stations are summarized in Table 5.3 below.
5.2.1. The proposed division of air monitoring stations are summarized in Table 5.4 below. Air monitoring for the piling works under contract no. HY/2009/17 is anticipated to be commenced in the early of October 2010.
5.2.2. The proposed division of air monitoring stations are summarized in Table 5.5 below.
5.2.3. Air quality monitoring at MA1e and MA1w were commenced on 9 September 2010. No exceedance was recorded in the reporting month. Air quality monitoring results measured in this reporting period are reviewed and summarized. Details of air monitoring results and graphical presentation can be referred in Appendix 5.3.
5.2.4. Air quality monitoring will be commenced depending on the commencement of work for Contract no. HK/2009/01 under FEP-02/364/2009. The proposed division of air monitoring stations are summarized in Table 5.6 below.
5.2.5. Air quality monitoring will be commenced depending on the commencement of work for Contract no. HK/2009/02 under FEP-01/364/2009. The proposed division of air monitoring stations are summarized in Table 5.7 below.
5.3.1. No inert and non-inert C&D waste was disposed of for the site preparation works in the reporting month. Details of the waste flow table are summarized in Table 5.8.
5.3.2. Inert C&D waste was disposed of in this reporting month. Details of the waste flow table are summarized in Table 5.9.
5.3.3. No inert and non-inert C&D waste was disposed of in this reporting month. Details of the waste flow table are summarized in Table 5.10.
5.3.4. No inert and no-inert C&D waste was disposed of in this reporting month. Details of the waste flow table are summarized in Table 5.11.
6.1.1. No noise monitoring was undertaken in the reporting month.
6.1.2. Noise monitoring at M7e and M7w were commenced on 30 August 2010. No exceedance was recorded in the reporting month.
6.1.3. No noise monitoring was undertaken in the reporting month.
6.2.1. No air quality monitoring was undertaken in the reporting month.
6.2.2. Air quality monitoring at MA1e and MA1w were commenced on 9 September 2010. No exceedance was recorded in the reporting month.
6.2.3. No air quality monitoring was undertaken in the reporting month.
6.3.2. No project-related non-compliance from monitoring was recorded in the reporting month.
6.4.1. There was no particular action taken since no project-related non-compliance was recorded from the site audits and environmental monitoring in the reporting period.
7.0.1. According to Condition 3.4 of the EP-364/2009/A, this section addresses the relevant cumulative construction impact due to the concurrent activities of the current projects including the Central Reclamation Phase III (CRIII), Wan Chai Development Phase II (WWDII), Central-WanChai Bypass (CWB) and Island Eastern Corridor Link projects (IECL).
7.0.3. According to the construction programme of Wan Chai Development Phase II, Central-Wan Chai Bypass and Island Eastern Corridor Link projects, the major construction activity under Wan Chai Development Phase II was the dredging works at North Point Reclamation Stage 1(NPR1), Wan Chai Reclamation Stage 1(WCR1) and cross-harbour water mains in the reporting month. The major environmental impact was water quality impact at North Point and Wan Chai. Land-based construction activity was only the modification works of bus terminus near Man Yiu Street and Man Kwong Street under CWB in the reporting month.
7.0.4. The major environmental impacts generated from the Central Reclamation Phase III were located along the coastline of Central and Admiralty while only modification works of bus terminus near Man Yiu Street and Man Kwong Street under CWB was undertaken in the reporting month. Since the modification of bus terminus was still under initial stage, no significant air and noise impact were anticipated in the reporting month. Besides, no environmental monitoring exceedance was recorded from the Project in the reporting month. Thus, it is evaluated that the cumulative construction impact from the concurrent projects including Wan Chai Development Phase II and Central Reclamation Phase III was insignificant.
8.0.1. During this reporting month, weekly environmental site audits were conducted for Contracts no. HY/2009/17 and 04/HY/2009. No non-conformance was identified during the site audits.
8.0.2. Two site inspections for Contract no. HY/2009/17 were carried out during this reporting period. The results of these inspections and outcomes are summarized in Table 8.1.
Mud is observed in U-Channel. The contractor is reminded to clear it and place sand bags to prevent blocking.
Place EP on all exits.
8.0.3. Four site inspections for Contract no. 04/HY/2006 were carried out during this reporting period. The results of these inspections and outcomes are summarized in Table 8.2.
The contractor is reminded to provide of designated chemical waste storage area.
Cover all chemical waste containers.
9.0.1. No complaint, notification of summons and prosecution was received in the reporting month. The details of cumulative complaint log and updated summary of complaints are presented in Appendix 9.1.
9.0.2. Cumulative statistic on complaints and successful prosecutions are summarized in Table 9.1 and Table 9.2 respectively.


This stunning set of ten First Class stamps celebrates some of the most iconic Super Heroes in the Marvel Universe, including Spider-Man, Iron Man and Captain Marvel.
Each stamp features an original illustration by renowned Marvel comic artist Alan Davis and is exclusive to Royal Mail, making them a must-have for any Marvel fan.
Your stamps will arrive presented and protected in a specially designed Marvel-branded carrier pack featuring Iron Man on the front and Hulk on the reverse.
Ten First Class Stamps celebrating some of the most iconic Super Heroes in the Marvel Universe.
Each stamp features an original illustration by renowned Marvel comic artist Alan Davis.


New England expects even tougher task defending Kansas City's QB the second time around.
FOXBOROUGH, Mass. — In their first meeting with Kansas City, the Patriots had quarterback Patrick Mahomes figured out — at least for a half.


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Approved by Council: December 2012
Companion Resource: Advice to the Profession
Policies of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (the "College") set out expectations for the professional conduct of physicians practising in Ontario. Together with the Practice Guide and relevant legislation and case law, they will be used by the College and its Committees when considering physician practice or conduct.
Within policies, the terms 'must' and 'advised' are used to articulate the College's expectations. When 'advised' is used, it indicates that physicians can use reasonable discretion when applying this expectation to practice.
Medical Expert1: medical experts assist those involved in a legal proceeding to understand the medical evidence. A medical expert is typically requested to interpret and/or provide his or her opinion on clinical, scientific or technical issues that normally lie outside the knowledge and experience of the average person. Physicians acting as experts are different from witnesses of fact (testifying about events that they themselves have observed). Acting as a medical expert may involve providing a written and/or oral expert opinion.
When acting as medical experts, physicians must provide objective and impartial opinions on matters that fall within their scope of expertise
Physicians are advised to obtain legal advice if they are unsure of their obligations in specific circumstances.
Accepting a Request to Act as a Medical Expert
Obligation to Act as a Medical Expert
Physicians do not have an obligation to act as medical experts. Before agreeing to act as an expert, physicians must consider, among other things, whether they have the requisite expertise the matter requires, and whether any actual or potential conflicts of interest exist between them and the parties involved.3
Where physicians have any doubt as to whether acting as a medical expert is prudent, they are advised to obtain legal advice before proceeding.
To manage conflicts of interest effectively, physicians are advised to disclose the existence of the potential conflict before accepting requests to act as medical experts.
When disclosing potential conflicts of interest involving a patient or former patient, physicians must not disclose any personal health information about that patient without their consent, unless permitted or required by law.
Communication Regarding the Physician's Role
Where the physician finds it necessary to interact directly with the individual4 who is the subject of the legal proceeding, they must be clear about the nature of their role as medical expert.
Physicians must explain that their role is not to treat the individual, but to provide objective and impartial opinions to assist the adjudicative body (e.g., court) involved in the legal proceeding and that:
their role may involve obtaining, using and disclosing personal health information about the individual to the person instructing them (e.g., lawyer), in the context of providing an expert opinion;
this information or expert opinion may also be shared with others involved in the legal proceeding, if the lawyer decides to use it in the proceedings; and
where required, consent for obtaining, using and disclosing personal health information will be obtained.
Physicians are also advised to convey that the final outcome of the legal proceeding is not determined by them, but rather by the adjudicative body involved in the legal proceeding.
Consent5
Where physicians are asked to review the personal health information of a specific individual, they must ensure that proper consent has been obtained to use to use and disclose that information in their report and/or testimony, unless they are permitted or required by law to use and disclose that information.6
If physicians are asked to conduct a medical examination on a specific individual, consent for the examination must be obtained.
Physicians are advised to err on the side of caution and obtain legal advice if they are uncertain about their consent obligations for any reason.
Physicians must discuss fees for acting as medical experts with those who are instructing them.
Physicians must only charge fees that are reasonable for acting as medical experts.7,8
Presence of Observers and Audio/ Video Recording
If physicians are conducting a medical examination for the purposes of a legal proceeding and one or more parties wish to have an observer present and/or record the examination, physicians are advised to discuss the matter with the person instructing them, as specific rules may apply.9
Before providing expert opinions, physicians must ensure that they understand what they are being asked to do, and specifically, what questions they are being asked to answer.
If the instructions are unclear, inadequate or conflicting, physicians must seek clarification from those instructing them.
Acting as a Medical Expert
Objectivity & Impartiality
When physicians provide expert opinions, their duty to the adjudicative body prevails over any obligation to the person who is instructing or paying them.
Physicians acting as medical experts must:
assist the adjudicative body by providing objective and impartial opinions;10
be honest, objective and impartial;
provide opinions that are reasonable, fair, balanced, and substantiated by fact, scientific evidence11 or experience, and sound clinical judgment;
not advocate for any party involved in the legal proceeding;
not allow personal bias to prejudice the expert opinions they give;
not provide comments that are unrelated to the expert opinion; and
not make any unprofessional comments or criticisms regarding the other experts or individuals involved in the legal proceeding.12
Scope of Expertise
Physicians must accurately represent their scope of expertise and restrict their statements to areas in which they have expertise.
If a particular question or issue falls outside the physician's area of expertise, the physician must clearly state this and decline to answer.13
Comprehensiveness & Accuracy
Physicians must provide expert opinions that are comprehensive and accurate.14
Physicians must ensure that all relevant information has been considered,15 and that the information they rely on to form their expert opinions is accurate.16
Physicians must clearly express when they do not have enough information to arrive at a conclusion on a particular point, or where their opinions are otherwise qualified.
If physicians change their opinions, they must communicate this to the person instructing them in a timely manner.
Physicians must:
be transparent about the instructions they have been given, the process they use to form their opinions, and the information they rely upon in doing so17;
be clear about what has been requested of them (e.g., the questions they were asked to answer);
have a clear and comprehensible reasoning process, from the underlying data to the ultimate opinion; and
state all factual assumptions on which the expert opinions are based, and describe any research they conducted and any documents or records they relied upon in forming their opinions.
To allow for optimal clarity, physicians must use language and terminology that will be readily understood by lay persons. As part of this, physicians must explain any abbreviations and medical or other technical terminology used.
Physicians must provide written reports and/or testimony without unreasonable delay.18
Suspicious Findings
When examining an individual or reviewing the personal health information of an individual whom they are not treating, a physician may become aware of a suspicious finding where it is unclear whether it has been previously identified, including an unexpected significant clinical finding or condition that raises serious concerns or may require essential intervention.19 Given that the physician is conducting the examination or review in their role as medical expert, and not as treating physician, they may have different responsibilities concerning the disclosure of the suspicious finding to the individual, as specific legal obligations may apply.
In general, physicians who become aware of a suspicious finding must use their professional judgment to determine whether to seek legal advice, based on the circumstances of the particular case.
Where the suspicious finding does not suggest that the individual is at immediate risk of harm and that urgent medical intervention is required, physicians must seek independent legal advice regarding the disclosure of the suspicious finding to the individual.
Where the suspicious finding suggests the individual is at imminent risk of significant harm and immediate medical care is required, physicians must exercise their professional judgment to determine whether the patient's current clinical status is urgent enough to warrant immediate disclosure to the individual.
When physicians notify an individual of suspicious findings, physicians are advised to emphasize the importance of obtaining timely medical attention and to seek the individual's consent to share these findings with his or her primary care provider.
When consent is obtained, physicians are advised to convey the findings in written form to the primary care provider to facilitate appropriate medical follow-up.
If the suspicious finding is disclosed, physicians must only provide clinical information that is directly relevant to the finding.
Records Retention & Access
Generally speaking, physicians are required to retain records20 and provide access to that information with appropriate consent, where applicable.21 However, when acting as medical experts, their obligations may depend on the rules governing the legal proceeding and the specific circumstances of the case.
Physicians are advised to familiarize themselves with the legal requirements applicable to the specific context in which they are providing their expert opinions and/or obtain independent legal advice regarding their obligations to retain records and/or provide access to the information.
1. "Expert witness" is another term commonly used to describe a physician who acts as an expert.
2. This policy is not an exhaustive catalogue of the totality of requirements that may apply to experts who write reports and/or provide testimony. Specific requirements can include, but are not limited to, those found in the Rules of Civil Procedure or specific rules for various legal contexts or in the principles of solicitor-client and litigation privilege.
3. For more information on potential conflicts of interest, please see the Advice document.
4. For the purposes of the provisions of the Health Professions Procedural Code, Schedule 2 of the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991, S.O. 1991, c.18, concerning sexual abuse of a patient, the College will consider individuals to be patients.
5. For more information on consent obligations, see the Advice document.
6. Where personal health information is reviewed or obtained, physicians may only collect, use and disclose personal health information with the consent of the individual to whom the personal health information relates, or as permitted or required by law. Consent requirements for the disclosure of personal health information are contained in the Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004, S.O. 2004, c.3, Schedule A (hereinafter PHIPA), and/or the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, S.C. 2000, c.5
7. In addition to any attendance fees that may be set for specific proceedings, (for example, if a physician has been summoned to testify in court as a witness/medical expert, the daily attendance is set in the rules that regulate the procedures of that particular trial or hearing. This can include the Rules of Civil Procedure, the Family Law Rules, etc.) some organizations (e.g., the CMPA) have set fees for physicians who are retained as medical experts by that organization. Physicians can refer to the Ontario Medical Association Physician's Guide to Uninsured Services for guidelines, and/or other guidelines prepared by relevant organizations (e.g., Canadian Society of Medical Evaluators), as appropriate. For more information on fees see the Advice document.
8. Under Sections 1(1), paragraph 21 and 1(1), paragraph 22 of Professional Misconduct, O. Reg., 856/93, enacted under the Medicine Act, 1991, S.O. 1991, c. 30, it is an act of professional misconduct to charge a fee that is excessive in relation to the services provided, and to charge more than the current recommended fees in the Ontario Medical Association Guide without first notifying the patient of the excess amount that will be charged.
9. For example, for court-ordered examinations, Rules of Civil Procedure, O. Reg., 438/08, enacted under the Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43 (hereinafter Courts of Justice Act, Rules of Civil Procedure). Rule 33.05 states: "No person other than the person being examined, the examining health practitioner and such assistants as the practitioner requires for the purpose of the examination shall be present at the examination unless the court orders otherwise."
10. See for example the duties of experts set out in Section 4.1.01 of the Courts of Justice Act, Rules of Civil Procedure.
11. Scientific evidence includes scientific theory and technique. The trier of fact (i.e., judge, jury, etc.) must determine the reliability of the scientific evidence that the expert's opinion relies upon.
12. For additional information on professionalism, refer to the College's Practice Guide.
13. Canadian Medical Protective Association, Effective Testifying (CMPA, 2008).
14. Section 1(1), paragraph 18 of the Medicine Act, Professional Misconduct Regulation.
15. As articulated in the College's Third Party Reports policy, physicians must ensure that they have obtained and reviewed all available information that could impact their findings, opinion and/or recommendation.
16. As articulated in the Third Party Reports policy, if physicians rely on information which they cannot substantiate independently, physicians must note the source of the information and the fact that it has not been independently confirmed.
17. See for example Section 53.03(2.1) of the Courts of Justice Act, Rules of Civil Procedure.
19. This includes, but is not limited to, undiagnosed conditions and conditions for which immediate diagnostic intervention is required.
20. Sections 18 and 19 of the General, O. Reg., 114/94, enacted under the Medicine Act, 1991, S.O. 1991, c. 30.
21. For information on medical record-keeping requirements, refer to the College's Medical Records policy. For more information on the disclosure of personal health information, see PHIPA.
Medical Expert, Expert Witness, Expert Opinion, Expert Report, Expert Testimony, Written Opinion, Oral Opinion, Legal Proceeding, Communication, Consent, Fees, Objectivity, Scope of Expertise, Transparency, Records, Access to Information

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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You are here: Home / Flowers / Growing Flowers / How to Grow Pincushion Flower (Scabiosa Atropurpurea & Scabiosa Caucasica)
How to Grow Pincushion Flower (Scabiosa Atropurpurea & Scabiosa Caucasica)
by Matt Gibson
The pincushion flower (scabiosa atropurpurea and scabiosa caucasica) gets its name from the interesting geometric shape of its flowerheads and stamens. The flowerheads consist of tiny florets framed by petals that, when taken together as a whole, resemble a pincushion. The stamens that protrude from the center and spread out in every direction do look like pins sticking out of the spherical center. Overall, the pincushion bloom is a strange looking but beautiful natural gem, even if it looks a little alien. Similar to a sea anemone or jellyfish in appearance, as well as the pincushion from which it gets its name, of course, the pincushion flower comes in a wide range of colors. Blue, purple, and white are the the most common, with other colors available, but the most popular varieties (and those easiest to find) come in these three shades.
The pincushion plant grows up to one or two feet in height, and the spiny flowers bloom atop each plant on a lush and sturdy stem that's thickly covered in dark greenish-grey to blue-green foliage. This flower's popularity has grown among gardeners due to its versatility in different growing environments, making it a great choice for beds and containers across much of the world. Pincushion flowers are available in both annual and perennial varieties.
The pincushion plant has also become a common choice for gardeners due to its hardiness and hands-off quality, because once established, pincushion flowers require very little care to keep them healthy. Pincushion is a noninvasive flower that works well planted in just about any garden plot location, as well as in containers, and it is also generally exempt from struggles with pests and diseases. While it doesn't have struggles with troublesome insects, the pincushion flower's blooms will attract beneficial pollinators. For example, the pincushion blossom is a beacon for butterflies, a pleasant guest in every garden.
Every garden needs a showstopper—a big, boastful bloomer that steals the attention of everyone who passes. These showy flowers are the crown jewel of the garden, so to speak. While smaller flowers like the pincushion may not often be recognized by gardeners as the stars of the show in their flower beds, these blooms are bound to change your mind. From a distance, pincushion plants won't steal the show from your other focal point flowers, but they will add a lasting beauty, and the uniquely shaded foliage will provide a nice backdrop for the larger blossoms of your other plants. When examined in detail, your pincushion flowers will leave a lasting impression on viewers who take the time to move up close.
Varieties of Pincushion Flower
Scabiosa Atropurpurea—The Annual Pincushion:
In some areas, the annual pincushion flower, or scabiosa atropurpurea, will reseed. However, in most conditions, you will have to replant them each year. The annual pincushion flower is slightly smaller than its perennial cousins, and it is also available in a wider range of colors. This pincushion flower variety offers extra shades, including burgundy, rosy pink, and blue-tinged lavender, along with the standard blue, purple, and white. The many varieties of annual pincushion flowers exist thanks to the breeding efforts of horticulturists, who have produced more dwarf-sized cultivars as well as more choices for gardeners when it comes to color options. Unlike the perennial variety of the pincushion flower, which has true green leaves that stay green, the foliage of the annual pincushion comes in many hues as well, and a few types are bred especially for their foliage, which changes color throughout the blooming season.
Scabiosa Caucasica —The Perennial Pincushion:
Scabiosa caucasica is most often found in blue and white, but you can also find this breed of pincushion flower in a perennial pink. These plants have an extended blooming period that will make your beds explode with dashes of brilliant color that sticks around after other flowers would have faded. If deadheaded often, the unique blossoms will keep on coming—from late spring throughout the entire summer and on into the fall, until the first few frosts of winter finally quell the blooming. Unlike its annual cousin, the perennial pincushion flower is hardy enough to survive most winters. It will come back strong after the winter thaws to yield colorful blooms year after year. The perennial pincushion flower also produces a larger and more showy bloom than its annual counterpart, with flowerheads that usually measure up to two and a half to three inches.
LEARN MORE: How to Grow Japanese Holly
Growing Conditions for Pincushion Flower
The pincushion flower is hardy in USDA growing zones 3-7, but these plants can be adapted to flourish in most temperate conditions. As long as you keep these plants in an area where they will not be exposed to extreme heat or cold and plant them in a spot that's free from overly wet or humid conditions, they will perform beautifully. Pincushion flower enjoys full sunlight in most areas, but when it's planted in warmer climate areas, it benefits from partial shade in the afternoons. These flowers prefer a well-draining and organic-rich soil. Prior to planting, treat the soil with moss, manure or compost. In the second year after you start your pincushion flowers outdoors, begin treating them once per year, always in early spring, with a time-release granular fertilizer for flowering plants. Each time you feed the soil for your pincushion flowers, you will want to take special care to work the fertilizer thoroughly into the surrounding ground as well.
How to Plant Pincushion Flower
Start pincushion seeds indoors during early spring, or sow seeds directly into your garden beds after the threat of frost has passed, when spring breaks on the horizon and the soil begins to warm to the touch. The seeds typically germinate in two weeks and should be spaced at least 10 to 12 inches apart. Perennial pincushion flowers can be planted in either spring or fall. Water the young plants thoroughly after planting to help them adjust to their new homes. Once the pincushion flowers start to mature, mulch around the base of the plants to keep weeds and other invasive species from growing too close to them.
Care of Pincushion Flower
Care needed for the pincushion flower is minimal, as very little attention from the gardener is needed to keep the pincushion plants thriving. Other than supplementary watering during dry periods, the only help these flowers need to thrive is a bit of deadheading of spent blooms and a fertilizer boost once per year. Deadheading is the act of cutting down the flowerheads as they start to fade or wilt so that new blossoms can grow in their places. Deadheading pincushion flowers is especially important if you are growing the perennial version of the plant, as doing so can really extend the blooming period and help you get the maximum possible enjoyment out of these flowers each year.
Garden Pests and Diseases of Pincushion Flower
The pincushion flower has no significant issues with diseases or pests. This worry-free aspect is one of the many reasons why people keep picking pincushions for their garden plots and containers. Pincushion flowers seem to be resistant to insects that plague other plants, and they stand strong against diseases—even when their neighbors are having symptoms. If a infestation or illness does occur in your pincushion flowers, treat it as early as possible with an insecticidal soap and/or a fungicide.
Pincushion Flower for Indoor Bouquets
Pincushion flowers were not created by Mother Nature to work well indoors, especially not after being cut for arrangements, but that didn't stop flower breeding specialists from cultivating new versions of the pincushion flower to do just that and more. Just do a little research before purchasing seeds or seedlings, and look specifically for varieties that were made for cutting gardens. These special alterations of the original pincushion genus were specifically engineered for gardeners to cut the blooms and enjoy them indoors for seven to 10 days. Be sure to feed the bouquet and change the water frequently to extend your time of enjoyment.
Videos About Growing Pincushion Flower
Watch this video for grow and care tips for pincushion flower:
Check out this video to learn how to save seeds when propagating pincushion flower:
This video is filled with interesting facts about the pincushion flower:
Want to Learn More About Growing Pincushion Flower?
Better Homes & Gardens covers Pincushion Flower
Gardener's Network covers How to Grow Saciosa: Pincushion Flower
Gardening Know How covers Growing Conditions for Pincushion Flowers
The Garden Helper covers How to Grow and Care for Pincushion Flowers
The Spruce covers Growing Pincushion Flowers
Filed Under: Growing Flowers Tagged With: caring for pincushion flowers, growing pincushion flowers, growing scabiosa flowers
Aysha Quinn says
I bought two scabiosa last year for south facing window boxes. They both came back but didn't bloom. Leaves look healthy. Should I keep them another year or . . . ?


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The New Rolex Watches In 2021 That You Must Not Miss Out On!
Jun 20, 2021Dia SmithJewellery0Like
There are several options available in the market for you to choose from, but the task is to select the best in the crowd. A watch is an elegant element, something that makes your outfit more appealing. Rolex released a total of 16 new timepieces this year. Here are some of the latest and the new Rolex watches (นาฬิกา โร เล็ก ซ์ รุ่น ใหม่, which is the term in Thai) collection that just launched this year. Their unique watchmaking expertise puts this time collection to a height.
Check It Out The New Rolex Explorer II
It is one of the most selling products, completing its 50th birthday this year. People were expecting something grand, but instead of materializing the celebration, an upgraded version of Explorer II gets launched. It is just honestly the youth generation having all the new Rolex watch technology and features.
All around refinement is done in the Explorer II, one being the movement, and others may entail using the brand's design. Chroma light illumination helps in the low-light discernibility of the dial offered in the current new format. The watch has an imperceptibly more tenuous case and the most nocturnal cool look Rolex oyster ornament. It is the only better version of the eye.
OG Rolex Explorer Another Best edition in 2021
Rolex likes to focus on a single collection of watches for their significant updates. Both the explorer edition are very different pieces of watches. At the same time, Explorer will be completing its 70 years in 2023; significant changes are expected in its model. The current model shrinks 39mm – 36mm, making a massive variation in the top classic mountaineering appearance.
The most advanced automatic change – the new Rolex watch 3230, and its unique dial is created in black lacquer. A Tremendous variation exists in the new model, i.e., Explorer, and it is available in two-tone steel and gold (or "Rolesor") for the first time. This feature is the main center of attraction of the model.
One can say this is the "exotic" variation of an existing watch. In 2021 the brand has repeatedly transmuted to the meteorite, previously including the dial treatment of the – GMT Master II. Many other watches were made from this material, but the Daytona was in the hot seat this year. The 3 versions of Daytona are released this year featuring meteorite dials, paired with 18k yellow, white, and the Eve rose lovely gold cases.
Cost varies from $34,050 to $43,700.
These are some of the new Rolex watches for this year, varying in material, looks, and lightning, making the latest versions much more exciting and efficient than previous versions. Check it out!
Previous PostWhat Makes Rolex Watches So Special? Next PostFake Engagement Rings That Look Real Are Great For The Picky Choosers
Dia Smith


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Cute necklace for 3 year old to wear to church only. Love the monogram, but the ""connector"" between the monogram and chain is not secure. One pull and the monogram will be lost. I'll replace it with a ring - if the monogram will lay flat. Any suggestions? Also, offer shorter chains for young kids.
Really beautiful and stunning, feels very sturdy and looks like it will last a long time, great product, very happy with my purchase.


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va ser un actor, director de cinema i de televisió, escriptor i guionista nord-americà.

Primers anys
Henry era fill de l'actriu de cinema mut Ruth Taylor (1908-1984) i de Paul Stuart Zuckerman (1899-1965), exgeneral de la Força Aèria i corredor de borsa.

Buck Henry va anar a l'Escola Choate (ara Choate Rosemary Hall) i al Dartmouth College, on va conèixer a Bob Rafelson. També va treballar en la revista d'humor, Jack-O-Lantern, de Dartmouth. De 1959 a 1962 va participar d'una broma elaborada pel comediant Alan Abel, en la qual pretenia ser G. Clifford Prout, el sòbriament indignat president de la Society for Indecency to Naked Animals ('societat per a la indecència dels animals nus'), que es presentava en programes d'entrevistes per parlar sobre els seus punts de vista.

Carrera en televisió
El sec humor de Buck Henry va atreure l'atenció de la indústria de l'entreteniment. Es va convertir en membre de l'elenc en programes de televisió com The New Steve Allen Show (1961): i That Was the Week that Was (1964-1965). Amb Mel Brooks (1926-) va ser cocreador i guionista de la comèdia televisiva Get Smart (El superagent 86, entre 1965 i 1970). Dos dels seus projectes per a televisió van tenir vida curta, però són recordats amb afecte pels afeccionats: Captain Nice (1967), amb William Daniels com un poc inclinat superheroi, i Quark (1978), amb Richard Benjamin al comandament d'una nau espacial escombriaire a l'espai exterior.

El 2005 va aparèixer en la sèrie de televisió Will i Grace. El 2007 va fer dues aparicions en The Daily Show com a col·laborador. En la comèdia televisiva 30 Rock ha aparegut com el pare de Liz Lemon, Dick Lemon, en els episodis «Ludachristmas» (13 de desembre de 2007) i «Intermission del Senyor» (4 de novembre de 2010). El 2011 va aparèixer en diversos episodis de Hot in Cleveland com el promès d'Elka.

Saturday Night Live
Entre 1976 i 1980, Buck Henry va ser presentador de Saturday Night Live en viu deu vegades. En aquests quatre anys es va convertir en una tradició que fos amfitrió de l'última funció de cada temporada. Buck Henry també va presentar l'únic intent de Saturday Night Live de realitzar una transmissió en viu des del Dijous Gras a Nova Orleans. El rècord de Buck Henry va ser trencat per Steve Martin quan aquest va presentar el final de la 14a temporada, el 1989.

Personatges recurrents a «Saturday Night Live»
 Howard, un sàdic coordinador de dobles de risc.
 Marshall di LaMuca, pare del personatge Todd (representat per Bill Murray) en el esquetx dels nerds.
 Oncle Roy, un cuidador pedòfil de nens que disfressa com a jocs els seus intents d'abusar sexualment de les nenes que està cuidant (interpretades per Gilda Radner i Laraine Newman).
 El Sr. Dantley, l'honorable client freqüent de les moltes empreses del samurai Futaba (representat per l'actor John Belushi).
En l'episodi del 30 d'octubre de 1976, quan Buck Henry realitzava el esquetx del samurai Futaba, John Belushi va
brandar el seu katana i involuntàriament li va fer un tall en el front. La ferida va començar a sagnar a dojo, i durant la resta del programa Buck Henry va haver de portar un gran embenatge en el front. Com a broma, cadascun dels altres membres de Saturday Night Live es van cobrir el front amb una bena.

Imitacions de famosos en «Saturday Night Live»
 Charles Lindbergh
 John Dean
 Ron Nessen

Cinema i teatre
Henry ha aparegut en més de 40 pel·lícules. Amb Warren Beatty va codirigir El cel pot esperar, la remake de 1978 de Here Comes Mr. Jordan, i va aparèixer en la pel·lícula com un àngel oficiós, reprenent el personatge interpretat originalment per Edward Everett Horton.

Els seus nombrosos crèdits com a guionista inclouen Candy, El mussol i la gateta, Què em passa, doctor?, Catch-22, El dia del dofí, Protocol i un somni. Va compartir una nominació al premi Oscar pel seu guió de El graduat, pel·lícula en la qual va fer un cameo. El 1997, Buck Henry va guanyar el premi Distinguished Screenwriter en el Festival de Cinema d'Austin.

Els seus crèdits a Broadway inclouen el revival de Morning's at Seven (2002). Al juliol de 2009 va protagonitzar Mother, una obra de Lisa Ebersole. en un teatre off-Broadway al costat de Holland Taylor.

Filmografia

Com a actor
filmografia com a actor
 1959: El pont
 1961: The New Steve Allen Show (sèrie de televisió), com Regular
 1964: The troublemaker, com a T. R. Kingston
 1967: El graduat, com a empleat a l'habitació de l'hotel
 1968: The secret war of Harry Frigg, com Stockade Commandant
 1968: Candy, com a pacient psiquiàtric
 1970: Catch-22, com el tinent Korn
 1970: El mussol i la gateta, com l'home que mira a través de la llibreria de Doubleday (sense acreditar).
 1971: Taking off, com Larry Tyne
 1971: Is there sex after death?, com a Dr. Louise Mans
 1973: El dia del dofí, com l'home fora del club de dames (sense acreditar).
 1976: The man who fell to Earth, com Oliver Farnsworth
 1977: The absent-minded waiter (curtmetratge), com Bernie Catis
 1977: Quark (sèrie de televisió), com dignatari
 1978: El cel pot esperar, com l'escorta
 1979: Old boyfriends, com Art Kopple
 1980: Gloria, com Jack Dawn
 1980: First family, com el pare Sandstone
 1981: Strong medicine
 1982: Menjant-se a Raúl, com Mr. Leech
 1984: The new show (sèrie de televisió), com diversos personatges
 1985: Alfred Hitchcock presents (sèrie de televisió), com a Walter Lang
 1987: Ària, com Preston (segment "Rigoletto").
 1987-1988: Falcon Crest (sèrie de televisió), com a Foster Glenn
 1989: Murphy Brown (sèrie de televisió), com a Victor Rudman
 1989: Rude awakening, com Lloyd Stool
 1989: Trying Times (sèrie de televisió), com a l'home en la televisió
 1990: Tune in tomorrow..., com el pare Serafim
 1991: Shakespeare's Plan 12 from outer space, com el sacerdot
 1991: Defending your life, com Dick Stanley
 1991: The linguini incident, com Cecil
 1992: The lounge people, com Lewis Louis
 1992: Keep the change (telefilm), com Smitty
 1992: Contes de la cripta (sèrie de televisió), com George
 1992: Eek! the Cat (sèrie de televisió), com Cupid
 1992: Mastergate (telefilm), com Clay Fielder
 1993: Ciutat d'àngels, com Gordon Johnson
 1993: Les dones també es posen tristes, com a Dr. Dreyfus
 1993: Dos vells rondinaires (Grumpy Old Men), com Snyder
 1995: Tot per un somni, com Mr. H. Finlaysson
 1995: Harrison Bergeron (telefilm), com a productor de TV
 1997: The real blonde, com a Dr. Leuter
 1998: The man who counted (curtmetratge), com George Postlewait
 1998: 1999, com Mr. Goldman
 1998: I'm losing you, com Phillip Dagrom
 1998: Crida a escena (Curtain Call), com Charles Van Allsburg
 1999: Breakfast of champions, com Fred T. Barry
 1999: Dilbert (sèrie de televisió), com Dadbert
 2000: Famous, com Buck Henry
 2001: Rics, casats i infidels, com Suttler
 2004: The last shot, com Lonnie Bosco
 2005: Will & Grace (sèrie de televisió), com Leonard
 2007-2010: 30 Rock (sèrie de televisió), com Dick Lemon
 2011: Hot in Cleveland (sèrie de televisió), com Fred
 2011: A bird of the air, com Duncan Weber
 2012: On Story (sèrie de televisió), com Buck Henry
 2012: La llei i l'ordre: Unitat de víctimes especials (sèrie de televisió), com Mr. Morton
 2013: Franklin & Bash (sèrie de televisió), com el jutge Henry Dinsdale
 2013: Streetcar (curtmetratge), en postproducció, com a xèrif.

Com a guionista
 1964: The Troublemaker (amb Theodore J. Flicker).
 1967: Captain Nice (telefilm).
 1967: The Graduate (amb Calder Willingham); també representa un petit paper com a empleat d'un hotel
 1968: Candy
 1965-1970: Get smart (sèrie de televisió; cocreador).
 1970: The Owl and the Pussycat
 1970: Catch-22
 1972: What's Up, Doc? (amb Peter Bogdanovich, Robert Benton i David Newman).
 1973: The Day of the Dolphin
 1975: Quark (sèrie de televisió).
 1978: Heaven Can Wait (codirector).
 1980: First Family (també director).
 1980: Gloria
 1984: The New Show (sèrie de televisió).
 1984: Protocol
 1985: Alfred Hitchcock Presents
 1989: Trying Times (sèrie de televisió), director
 1995: To Die For
 1996: Great Railway Journeys
 2001: Town and Country

Referències

Actors de cinema novaiorquesos
Guionistes de cinema novaiorquesos
Alumnes de la Universitat de Dartmouth
Alumnes del Choate Rosemary Hall
Premis Emmy
Morts a Los Angeles
Actors de sèries de televisió novaiorquesos
Morts d'infart de miocardi
Escriptors novaiorquesos