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Division and Division Chairs
Past Board Presidents
Association members
EFL Congresses
19th Euro Fed Lipid Congress
4th International Symposium on Lipid Oxidation
EJLST
European Science Award
European Lipid Technology Award
Fellow of Euro Fed Lipid (FEFL) Award
European Young Lipid Scientist Award
European Lipid Science Award
List of All winners
Walter Wahli
University of Lausanne, Switzerland
For his outstanding contributions to the cell biology and molecular biology of lipids.
Martijn B. Katan
University of Wageningen, the Netherlands
For his outstanding contributions to nutrition, lipid metabolism and health.
Johnathan A. Napier
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
For his outstanding contributions to plant lipid research.
Edward A. Dennis
University of California, La Jolla, USA
In recognition of his outstanding discoveries in the fields of phospholipases and eicosanoids, and in appreciation of his world-wide engagement and collaborative efforts in the area of lipidomics.
Konrad Sandhoff
University of Bonn, Germany
In recognition of his outstanding discoveries in the fields of analysis and pathobiochemistry of lysosomal storage diseases, and in appreciation of the deep insights and advances he has provided for our understanding of sphingolipid metabolism as a whole.
Rudolf Zechner
Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Austria
In recognition of the hallmark discovery of adipocyte triglyceride lipase and subsequent investigations on the biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of this enzyme in the cellular and organismic context, including human disease.
Bart Staels
University of Lille, France
For his excellent research on the role of lipid-modulation of nuclear receptors, in particular PPARs, with respect to the control of lipid and glucose homeostasis.
Ole G. Mouritsen
University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
For his outstanding contributions in the field of membrane biophysics, especially the interactions between membrane phospholipids and proteins.
Daniele Piomelli
University of California, Irvine, USA
For his outstanding contributions in the field of lipid mediators, especially endogenous cannabinoids.
Barbara Cannon
University of Stockholm, Sweden
For her outstanding contributions in the field of metabolism and obesity, by targeting brown adipose tissue in humans.
INSERM, Paris, France
For his outstanding contributions in the investigation of blood plasma lipoproteins and their role in atherosclerosis.
Yusuf A. Hannun
Stony Brook University, USA
For his landmark contributions to lipid biochemistry and medicine related aspects.
INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, Fance
For his outstanding contribution to the progress of Lipid Science knowledge, in the area of lipid mediators and lipoxygenase products from various polyunsaturated fatty acids of nutritional value.
Friedrich Spener
FEFL, Graz, Austria
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of Lipids Science, especially his dedicated work on the study of regulation of genes by lipids and his decisive contributions to the functional understanding of the intracellular fatty acid binding proteins, fatty acid transport and signaling to lipid-activated nuclear receptors.
Markus R. Wenk
National University of Singapore, Singapore
For his distinguished contributions and achievements in the field of Lipid Science, in particular for his outstanding contributions to the development of lipidomic methods based on mass spectrometry. These methods form a novel and independent approach for the systems level scale analysis of biological systems.
Ramón Aparicio López
Instituto de la Grasa - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of characterization, authentication and quality of edible oils. With this award, Euro Fed Lipid honours a distinguished colleague who has significantly contributed to the fundamental understanding of the quality of olive oil. by his research and chairing the Euro Fed Lipid division for olive oil.
Prof. Philip C. Calder
University of Southampton, UK
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of human nutrition and the role of lipids in a healthy diet. With this award, Euro Fed Lipid honours a distinguished colleague who has significantly contributed to the fundamental understanding of the metabolism and functionality of fatty acids and the role of diet and nutrients on the immune and inflammatory responses.
Albert J. Dijkstra
St.-Eutrope-de Born, France
For his outstanding contributions and improvements of the processing of edible oils, especially the refining process and the modification of fats.
Ralph Timms
Britannia Food Ingredients Ltd, Lincoln, UK
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in edible oils, fats and chocolate industries, especially in fat crystallisation, confectionery fats, and fractionation of oils and fats technology.
Sefa Köseoglu
Filtration and Membrane World LLC, College Station/TX, USA
For his outstanding achievements in Oilseed Processing, Edible Oil Refining and Membrane Technology.
Marc Kellens
DeSmet Ballestra, Zaventem, Belgium
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the oils and fats processing and refining industries, especially in the areas of fat modification and deodorisation.
Hans Christian Holm
Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the oils and fats processing and refining industries, especially in the development and commercialisation of enzymes based oil processing technology.
Gary R. List
Peoria/IL, USA
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the oil processing and refining industries, especially the analysis, utilisation and processing of soybean oil.
Fereidoon Shahidi
University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the chemistry of food lipids, functional foods, neutraceuticals, and natural antioxidants.
Roland Verhé
University of Gent, Belgium
For his major contributions to the development of lipid technology obtained during an impressive career in organic chemistry.
Frank Veldkamp
Mahle Industrial Filtration, Lochem, the Netherlands
For his major contributions to the development of the oil processing technology by developing and leading an edible oil filtration business.
Kyotaka Sato
University of Hiroshima, Japan
For his major contribution in the field of crystallization of biological soft materials and the physical chemistry of fats and lipids.
Jan-Kees Vis
Unilever, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
For his dedication and leadership regarding the RSPO (Round table Sustainable Palm Oil). He has been president of this organization for a period of almost 10 years. During which he has been driving for the development of principles and criteria of sustainable palm oil production resulting in the acceptation by all stakeholders of RSPO certified sustainable palm oil as a new product in the market.
Martin Mittelbach
University of Graz, Austria
For his contribution to the progress of oleochemistry and biofuels, by means of teaching and high level research activity.
Klaus-Peter Eickhoff
GEA Westfalia Separator Process GmbH, Oelde, Germany
For his contribution to the progress of oils and fats processing technologies, especially in the area of separation technologies.
Xu Xuebing
Wilmar Biotechnology R&D, Shanghai, China
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the oils and fats processing and refining technologies, especially his dedicated work on use of enzymes for production of margarine, structured lipids and biodiesel.
Eric A. Decker
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of lipid oxidation and its control in the food- nad the oils and fats industry. With this award, Euro Fed Lipid honours a distinguished colleague, who has significantly contributed to the fundamental understanding of the machanisms of lipid oxidation and the development of innovative strategies to control it and increase the shelf-life of food products.
Alejandro G. Marangoni
University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
For his outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of structuring of fats and oils and its application in the food industry. With this award, Euro Fed Lipid honours a distinguished colleague who has significantly contributed to the fundamental understanding of fat crystallization and the development of innovative strategies towards the reduction of saturated fats and trans fats from food products.
Prof. Dr. Uwe T. Bornscheuer
University of Greifswald, Germany
For his major and innovative contributions in biocatalysis, enzyme technology and protein engineering. With this award, Euro Fed Lipid honours a distinguished colleague who has significantly contributed to a better understanding of the enzyme engineering and technology needed for fats and oils modifications that are of high relevance today and in the future.
Awards: Criteria And Procedure
To honour distinguished persons in the fields of Lipid Science and Technology, Euro Fed Lipid hasdecided to sponsor the "European Lipid Science Award" and the "European Lipid Technology Award"
1. Rules of Eligibility
A nominee must have given outstanding contribution to the development of science or technology in the fields of lipids, fats and oils and must be recognised for such distinguished achievements in the community. The prospective recipient must agree to be present for acceptance of the award and to deliver an award address at the designated time and place.
2. Nomination and Selection of Awardees
A Search and Nomination Committee (SNC) consisting of 5 renowned experts (including chairperson) is installed by the Council of Management.
Nominations can be made up to end of March to the Euro Fed Lipid office by Euro Fed Lipid members, members of the SNC, societies in membership and former recipients of the Award. Self-nomination is not accepted
Nominations must include a summary of each nominee's accomplishments, his/her resume and a list of publications and/or other achievements.
Privacy Policy Registration
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When going on vacation, some people want activities and non-stop adventure. In fact, that's usually me: I usually want to experience everything a destination has to offer and there's never quite enough time in the day to pack it all in! But there's a whole separate kind of vacationer who just wants to relax.
For these travelers, a vacation rental is ideal because of spaciousness and privacy: it's the central place where a group can hang together, but still have enough room to themselves — you know, not step on each others toes. It's the complete opposite of huddling around a hotel bedroom or jam packing a mini fridge. And when I arrived in Carolina Beach, I had been traveling non-stop for 4 weeks, and I'll be the first to admit: I was in need of some down-time with my team. Fortunately, Carolina Beach Realty specializes in this kind of vacation. And fortunately, its proprietors Jim and Jennifer Kits read between the lines.
To record this video, we've used the Logitech c920 webcam, the Blue Snowball microphone, and Camtasia screen recording software.
The vacation rental industry isn't for everyone. And it's certainly not as easy or stress-free as it might appear. So when Jim walks us through the journey his family took to get here, it serves as a nice reminder that serendipity, combined with persistence through some of the harder times can be a recipe for great success.
Jim and Jennifer love to give back. From hiring local to finding causes near and dear to their hearts, Jim shares two kinds of ways any vacation rental business can contribute to their local community.
Strengthening one's brand can be done all the time, and Jim is quick to point that out. But in terms of growing other elements of the business, Carolina Beach Realty recognizes the sweet spot it's in: by tightening the bolts on the current variables, the Kitt's create a more predictable and sustainable future.
Many hospitality enterprises are in the business of making people smile. And by finding some of the other operations in your area that do it too, unique partnerships can emerge.


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6/26/17 – What Type is rookie sensation Aaron Judge?
by admin2 | Jun 27, 2017 | Articles - FCIR, Insider Blog | 0 comments
MLB fans, and particularly Yankee fans, are thrilled about new rookie sensation Aaron Judge. Just a few days ago, "Judge continued his torrid rookie season with his 25th home run of the season Thursday night. The blast gave the Yankees a 5-1 lead, but it was not enough as they faltered and fell 10-5 to the Angels, their eighth loss in nine games." Yes, the Yankees are not having their best year, but Judge certainly is. He's hit 25 home runs in 70 team games, being the second-fastest to 25 home runs in the past eight years. If he stays on pace, Judge will be on track to hit 58 home runs this season, which could "threaten Mark McGwire's rookie single-season home run record of 49 in 1987." Not only that, he is one of six players in Yankees history to hit at least 25 home runs through 70 team games, joining Babe Ruth (#13 FCIR), Lou Gehrig (#6 BEIR), Mickey Mantle (#5 FEIR), Roger Maris (#6 BEIR) and Alex Rodriguez (#5 FEIR).
To be sure, Mr. Judge gave us a few different looks that initially made us hesitant to confirm his inborn design. Yet, after careful analysis, we are here to tell you that Aaron is indeed a #13 FCIR. At first glance, he somewhat appears #1 FEAR in nature, but his motor skills clearly give him away. As a right-handed batter, he has developed some excellent batting techniques and movements for his #13 design, enabling him to be as solid as he is. Judge has worked hard on his swing mechanics, and uses the gross motors rather well (most FCIRs who have excelled at the plate have batted from the left side, enabling them to better utilize the gross motor muscles).
Some are saying Aaron is a comer and goer, a rookie who shines shortly but won't last in the long run. To be sure, there are many #13s who have followed this unfortuante path in baseball, yet there are also those who have left a lasting legacy at the plate (Babe Ruth, Ichiro Suzuki, Todd Helton, Mike Trout). Though few #13 righties have excelled at the plate, Mr. Trout has turned heads lately; of course, it doesn't hurt that he's also a freak athlete.
The #13 has certainly made his name famous on the mound more than the batters box, but if Judge can continue to play within himself, hitting to the opposite field when slumping and thereby utilizing the gross motors above his dominant fine motors, he certainly has the potential to find success for years to come.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Hangman is a word game puzzle in which you are given a limited number of guesses to figure out a hidden word.
Word game like HANGMAN is good for elderly people who like to play and enhance brain.
With spring sunshine comes spring rain. This expression is used to ease the pain of rainy April days and remind one that the rain is necessary to allow the plants to come back to life after winter!
I think it's important to play also in the class and have fun!


Europe's leading e-infrastructures, EGI, EUDAT, GÉANT, OpenAIRE, PRACE and RDA Europe, invite all researchers, developers and service providers for two days of brainstorming and discussions at the Digital Infrastructures for Research 2017 event (30 November – 1 December 2017).
Under the theme "Connecting the building blocks for Open Science", the 2017 edition of the DI4R conference will showcase the policies, processes, best practices, data and services that, leveraging today's initiatives – national, regional, European and international – are the building blocks of the European Open Science Cloud and European Data Infrastructure. The overarching goal is to demonstrate how open science, higher education and innovators can benefit from these building blocks, and ultimately to advance integration and cooperation between initiatives.
The event is collocated with the EOSCpilot 1st Stakeholder Engagement Event taking place on the 28 & 29 November 2017.


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Q: Some questions about pointers in C++ Primer 5th Edition I'm new to C++ and is trying to learn the concept of pointer. The example below is from C++ Primer 5th Edition. I have a few questions regarding to the statement:
1) What happens if pi3 is defined OUTSIDE a block?
2) What is a block in C++?
3) What kind of behavior does the uninitialized pi3 exhibit?
int *pi3; // if pi3 is defined inside a block, pi3 is uninitialized

A: If you define a variable (like pi3) outside any blocks, it will be a global variable.
In C++, a block delimits a static scope.  Any variables declared in the block are available only within that block; they will not be available outside of the block.
An uninitialized variable will have an indeterminate value -- it could be anything!  In the case of a pointer, it could point anywhere...
Stereotypically, the data in an uninitialized variable is "whatever data happened to be written to that space beforehand, because we were too lazy to wipe it."  It turns out there is a reason for being that lazy:  if you define a large local variable (such as long array), automatically wiping the data could be a real performance hit.  So, the default is to leave it uninitialized.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Rihanna's vocal producer Kuk Harrell on making 'Talk That Talk'
Less than two months, 25-plus cities, late-night recording sessions: Rihanna's vocal producer Kuk Harrell reveals how the singer's latest disc "Talk That Talk" quickly came together.
When Rihanna announced she was readying a new album for the fall, the news came as a bit of a head-scratcher. The 23-year-old singer was still issuing singles, and touring extensively, for her fifth album, "Loud," which she had released only 10 months before.
The aggressive turnaround of the new record, her sixth in as many years, followed the model she set with "Loud," when she was still in an album cycle (in this case 2009's "Rated R") and already issuing new material.
Long-rumored to be prepping a repackage of "Loud," which debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart and logged 1.5 million copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan, the singer instead opted to piece together the naughty, dance-fueled "Talk That Talk," which hit stores on Monday.
The album — led by the rave-friendly "We Found Love," her hit collaboration with Scottish producer Calvin Harris — was completed in just under two months during the current European leg of her Loud Tour.
Rihanna's vocal producer, Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, recalls the swift, but arduous, process of crafting her latest batch of Top 40 hits.
As part of a songwriting–producing team with his cousin Christopher "Tricky" Stewart and The-Dream, the Grammy winner has been sought after by many including Beyonce, Kelly Rowland, Mariah Carey, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Chris Brown, Jennifer Lopez and Justin Bieber.
Harrell, who produced all of the vocals for "Talk That Talk," began working with the singer on her smash hit "Umbrella." He also produced all the vocals for "Loud."
"The show was the priority, and then the album. That's how the day was broken up. Rihanna would do her show every night, get done at about 11, go do her meet-and-greet and be done by maybe 1 a.m. Then she'd get to the studio by 2 or 3 a.m., have some rest time and figure out what records to start with," Harrell said. "I'd make the decision based off where I felt her voice was. Knowing she just did two hours of a show and meet-and-greets, I would suggest capturing the stuff that was easier to get like the lower-range stuff so we wouldn't hurt or damage her voice."
The singer would record late into the morning, sometimes until noon, before riding her bus to the next city. Working on the album's raunchy club bangers took Rihanna's collaborators on an international escapade through Paris, London, Norway, Denmark and Germany. Harrell estimates the album was cut in more than 25 cities.
"I was listening to 'You Da One,' and we actually cut that in Paris," he recalled. "Every time I hear the ad-libs that she does on the second chorus, it just reminds me of that moment. It was probably 9 a.m., and we're just powering through to get the album done. You're tired, but you're there because you know you have to get it done. Take one, she just nailed it … at 9 a.m."
When pressed if the turnaround was too much, too soon for Rihanna — she was recently hospitalized and forced to cancel a set of shows in Sweden due to exhaustion — Harrell said she didn't take on too much. Rihanna, he said, approaches her albums much differently from other artists he's worked with.
"Here's the thing that really impresses me about Rihanna: A lot of artists when they go in to cut their album, they will cut like 30-40 records. Rihanna and her camp, they are very smart. She's really focused on her brand and she's smart. She doesn't put her voice on anything she doesn't believe isn't her record."
"She only cut 16, or 17 records for this album. Which is a huge difference," he continued. "She goes into the record knowing. It dictates the performance that we get out of her. It's a genuine performance rather than cutting a bunch of records and not being sure if it's going to make the album. It's sharpshooting. I know how it is to be hungry like that. When I was 23 I had that same hunger coming up in the industry."
Album review: Rihanna's 'Talk That Talk'
Rihanna gets 'Loud' with new disc, returns to dance roots on album's first single
Rihanna's 'Man Down' video lands gunslinging singer, BET in hot water with advocacy groups
— Gerrick D. Kennedy
twitter.com/GerrickKennedy
Photos: At top, Rihanna checks off the track list for "Talk That Talk." Bottom, Kuk Harrell, left, Rihanna and Marcos Tovar toast the completed album. Credit: Rihanna's Facebook page


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Q: Is EPPlus.Core Safe? I decided to use EPPlus.Core to create excel documents on my .Net Core API project. I have just realised that if I click the "EPPlus library" url on the following web site Google gives a critical warning.
https://github.com/VahidN/EPPlus.Core

And I see this message on the Show Details section:
"Warnings are shown for websites where harmful software has been detected. You can check the status of "archive.codeplex.com" on the Google Safe Browsing diagnostic page."
So is EPPlus.Core safe? Does it steal info from server? Anyone currently using it had any issues?


Did you know there are over 222 law schools certified by the American Bar Association? Out of those schools, Yale, Harvard, and Stanford Law are ranked as the top three law schools. Their programs are in high demand and earning a place in one of them can be very hard without high GPA and LSAT scores, language proficiency, and impressive experience and connections.
When sifting through 200+ law schools, the first thing you should consider is whether the school offers the type of degree you are seeking to achieve your professional goal.
Master of Legal Studies (MLS) or Master of Jurisprudence (MJ) - helps those without a law degree to gain more knowledge about the law field, but does not allow them to practice. Professionals in fields such as law enforcement, healthcare, non-profit, and entrepreneurship may benefit from having this degree.
Juris Doctor (JD) - This traditional three-year degree is pursued after completion of a bachelor's degree. This program prepares students to practice law in a courtroom and sit for the bar exam in any U.S. jurisdiction. There is also an accelerated or two-year JD option for foreign trained lawyers at some institutions including Stetson Law.
Master of Laws (LL.M.) - is for those with a JD or a foreign law degree that wish to gain more knowledge about a specific topic, or for those pursuing a career as a professor or judge. Some LL.M. degree programs are designed to prepare students for the bar exam but be aware LL.M. graduates may only sit for exams offered in specific states.
Doctor of Science of Law (SJD) - is a good fit for those wishing to become law scholars, professors, and judges. To apply for a SJD, you must already have a law degree and an LL.M.
Once you know the type of degree you want, it is time to narrow down your options. The Law School Admissions Council (LSAC) lists JD and LL.M. programs accredited by the American Bar Association. Schools can be searched by geography or keyword. There are a few search engines and resources that can help filter through hundreds of schools to a manageable list of 5-10 law schools based on specialization, admission criteria, and the success of their students.
Research which schools offer specialized programs for the area of law you are interested in and check where they rank in that specific topic. You can review a list of programs by areas of emphasis through the National Jurist or the U.S. News and World Report's online university rankings by field. You can also use your favorite search engine to find degrees related to your area of interest, especially for very specific law fields such as space and aviation law.
LL.M. and JD prospective students can sign up for the LSAC's Candidate Referral Service (CRS), which allows law schools to contact the prospective student based on the information provided in their profile including areas of interest and test scores. LSAC also offers a tool that predicts the likelihood of admission by having JD program seekers provide their GPA and LSAT score to their integrated search engine. If you are seeking a MJ/MLS or SJD program, search for the type of degree in keywords on the LSAC website to find schools that offer those courses.
If you are required to provide proof of language proficiency, check the program's TOEFL or IELTS requirements. JD and SJD programs will require a TOEFL score of 100+ or a IELTS score of 7+. LL.M. and MJ programs will fall within a range of 55-100 for TOEFL scores or 5.5-7 for IELTS scores.
If you still have a long list, you can further differentiate programs by checking their bar passage rate (if you plan to sit for the bar), employment rate, and reach out to alumni to learn more about the student experience.
If you are concerned with passing the bar, the bar passage rate will help determine how effective classes are in preparing JD students for the bar exam. You can normally find this in the "about" section of the university's website.
Note: If you pursued an LL.M. and want to sit for the bar exam, make sure the program is designed to prepare students for the bar exam and do research on which state exam you can sit for as only a few states will allow LL.M. graduates to take the exam. Knowing where you can sit and familiarizing yourself with the bar examiner's requirements will allow you to plan your classes and get any pro bono requirements completed during your studies.
The employment rate of the law schools should be listed in the same area as the bar passage rate. This rate is a good indicator of employment opportunities offered to students after graduation. A school with an effective career development office and connections with potential employers in the community should have a higher rate of employability for their students.
Research on what the school's alumni are doing after graduation to have an idea of the kind of network you could gain. Request to speak to alumni of the program you are interested in to gain student insight into the program and if it is the right fit for you. You could also learn a few tips from alumni to make the most of your experience on that particular campus.
At the end of all law school experiences, successful students always receive a law diploma. By doing research and eliminating those that lack the criteria most important to you, you will be able to get the best experience to prepare you for your future career in any law field you choose.
Megan Crowley is the International Law LL.M. Program Coordinator at Stetson University College of Law in Tampa Bay, Florida. She manages recruiting and admissions for the International Law LL.M. Program and assists in the processing of student visas for international students. She is the Treasurer of the Florida Association of International Educators and has been in the field of international education for the past 10 years.
SOURCE: WES Advisor is an initiative of World Education Services (WES), a non-profit with over 40 years of experience in international education.


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Breaking NewsEntertainment and Sport
Keys Retires from Third-Round Match with Neck Injury
Seventh seed Madison Keys retired from her third-round clash with France's Alize Cornet early in the second set on Saturday with a neck injury.
Keys was trailing 7-6(4) 3-2 when she shook her head and told the Frenchwoman and the umpire she could not continue.
The 25-year-old American, a 2017 finalist at Flushing Meadows, had a medical timeout between sets.
She called for assistance again during the second, where the trainer massaged her neck and shoulder.
Keys struggled to raise her arms above her shoulder during the second set and grimaced every time she hit the ball, calling it quits after Cornet held serve to take a 3-2 lead.
Cornet said she could see Keys was hurting.
"I could see at the start of the second set that she was in real pain and she is not the type of girl who retires easily so she must have been in real pain," she added.
"I am sorry for her."
Cornet added that when she saw Keys tighten up she knew that she had an opportunity to advance to the fourth round for the first time in New York and had to control her emotions.
"It was awful," Cornet said. "I got so tight because I could see that she could not serve normally … (and) that I had a chance to break her and I shouldn't let the opportunity pass."
Cornet faces Tsvetana Pironkova in the fourth round after the Bulgarian recorded a 6-4 6-1 win over Croatia's 18th-seed Donna Vekic. (Reuters/NAN)
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How to Upload Songs to SoundCloud from your iPhone
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This is a comprehensive stepwise guide detailing how to upload songs to SoundCloud from your iPhone. The same guide is also applicable and usable exactly as it is if you are using an iPad. You must have the audio files or songs uploaded to Google Drive ready before you can upload them to SoundCloud. You are perhaps aware that SoundCloud only permits the upload of audio files from Google Drive when you are using a mobile browser. You cannot access local files and upload directly. Other than this you do not need any other prep but of course the audio files that need to be uploaded.
Unlock your iPhone and look for the Safari icon. Open the app or browser. If this is your first time using Safari, an iPad or an iPhone and you are unaware of the icon, simply go for the blue compass. You may also use Firefox or Chrome. SoundCloud can be accessed using any popular mobile browser.
You must already have an account on SoundCloud to upload songs. If not, then you can create one by going to the site and following the instructions. If you are using a browser other than Safari, you must ensure you can access the desktop version of the SoundCloud page. You have to log in to your account.
You can directly type in www.soundcloud.com/upload in the address bar of Safari or other mobile browsers. If you are using Safari, you can use the Go option displayed as a blue button. You may tap on the image and you will get the popup menu. You must swipe left at the bottom and then choose the desktop site. This option is between Find on Page and Print buttons. It looks like a traditional monitor. The page will reload and you will get access to the desktop version of SoundCloud on your iPhone or iPad.
On Firefox or Chrome, you can tap on the three dots vertically lined up on the top right. You can choose the desktop version from the menu that appears. As you get the desktop version, you may want to change the layout to landscape. The view is a tad better since it is the desktop site. An upload can be initiated by tapping the orange button placed on the upper left corner. Sign in using your credentials or you may link the login with a social media account.
There is a standard option that lets users choose a particular file for upload. The orange button will lead to a popup menu. You can choose the location of the audio file. You need to choose Google Drive. You are perhaps aware of the icon of Google Drive. It is a yellow and green triangle with blue edges. You will be redirected to Google Drive where you can access all the uploaded or stored files.
You should be automatically logged into Google Drive if you are already accessing email or signed in to Chrome on the iPhone. Else, you must use your Google id and password, usually the email as the username. Choose the audio file and tap on it to initiate the upload. You can browse as many files as you want and upload them to SoundCloud. Once you tap on an audio file, you will be redirected to the upload page on the desktop version of SoundCloud, which is basically where you were prior to getting to Google Drive.
You can choose a title. There is a permissions form where you can enter the text you want. You can also choose genre, provide a description and mention tags. Save the song and it will be uploaded to your SoundCloud profile. Repeat this process when you want to upload another audio file.
SoundCloud is also available as an app. There are plenty of user-friendly features aimed at simplifying the experience of both artists and the audience. You can sync your account on the app and the desktop version of course but try to avoid using third-party apps that claim to work seamlessly with the platform or with your iPhone. It is unnecessary to use an app to upload songs to SoundCloud.
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In the mid-1970s (probably 1976), Arthur Linfoot produced a typescript transcription of the daily entries for 16 June to 23 August 1916 inclusive, together with a more continuous typescript narrative headed "Battle of the Somme" covering the period 16 June to 8 August.
Arthur Linfoot's free transcription is shown on this side interleaved with my literal transcription. There are therefore two posts for each day between 16 June and 23 August 1916.


The utility of outcrops to geoscientists working the subsurface is typically limited by provincial nomenclature, outcrop-based lithostratigraphic subdivisions, which commonly differ in name and numbers among researchers, and often a basic indifference to the subsurface stratigraphy. In the subsurface of South Texas, the Eagle Ford Group is commonly divided into an organic-rich Lower Eagle Formation and a carbonate-rich Upper Eagle Ford Formation. In contrast, coeval strata that crop out nearby in West Texas are traditionally referred to as the Boquillas Formation. Adding further complexity to the outcrop stratigraphy is that previous workers divided the Boquillas into two to five informal lithostratigraphic units whose names and boundaries differ among researchers. By convolving information from a handheld gamma ray spectrometer, outcrop geochemical data and sequence stratigraphy, the Lower and Upper Eagle formations, as defined in the subsurface of South Texas, can now be defined in the coeval Eagle Ford Group outcrops of West Texas. Integrating basic geochemical and petrophysical data to the updated stratigraphy on these outcrops was transformative. By doing this, these West Texas exposures became portals to examine, as well as explain and predict, the distribution and thickness variations of specific chronostratigraphic units that are critical to the economic success of exploiting the Eagle Group across the unconventional source rock play fairway in South Texas.
The Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford Group is a prolific source rock in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain and an unconventional source rock reservoir in the subsurface of South Texas (Fig. 1). In Lozier Canyon, located in Terrell County (West Texas), the Eagle Ford Group crops out in numerous spectacular cut-bank exposures, each thousands of feet long and hundreds of feet high (Fig. 2). These Eagle Ford exposures provide a unique opportunity to study an unconventional source rock reservoir in outcrop.
Major structural and physiographic features of Texas. Please note location of outcrop belt (green), cross-section, key cores, Lozier Canyon, Type Well in South Texas, and Eagle Ford play fairway (grey).
(a) Uninterpreted image of the cut-bank exposure of Upper Cretaceous strata on the Scott Ranch in Lozier Canyon. Note location of BP/SLB Lozier Canyon #1 research borehole from rig position on outcrop. (b) Interpretation of the strata exposed along the south flank of the Scott Ranch outcrop.
Even with the best of exposures, certain challenges exist when trying to tie established subsurface stratigraphy with traditional outcrop stratigraphy. These challenges include (1) different and/or regionally changing provincial outcrop nomenclature, (2) regional facies changes, (3) the fundamentally different way stratigraphic units are commonly defined in the subsurface (by surfaces, cycles, and log patterns) v. outcrops (by simple lithology) and (4) variations in the lithostratigraphic boundaries and/or terminology used by different researchers. Fortunately, with the advent of handheld radiation detection units, geoscientists working on outcrops now have the ability to generate total gamma ray profiles of outcrops, as well as collecting spectral gamma ray data providing basic chemo-stratigraphic information. This information, coupled with more traditional geochemical and biostratigraphic data from laboratory analysis of outcrop samples, along with utilizing basic sequence stratigraphic concepts, facilitates identifying the subsurface stratigraphic units in outcrop.
In the subsurface of South Texas, the Eagle Ford Group is commonly divided into an organic-rich Lower Eagle Formation and a carbonate-rich Upper Eagle Ford Formation (Fig. 3). In contrast, coeval strata that crop out nearby in West Texas are traditionally referred to as the Boquillas Formation. Adding further complexity to the outcrop stratigraphy is that previous workers divided the Boquillas into two to five informal lithostratigraphic subunits whose names and boundaries differ among researchers (Fig. 4). By convolving information from a handheld gamma ray spectrometer, outcrop geochemical data, biostratigraphic information and sequence stratigraphic concepts, the Lower and Upper Eagle formations, as defined in the subsurface of South Texas, can now be defined in the outcrops of West Texas. Integrating basic geochemical and petrophysical data to the updated stratigraphy on these outcrops was transformative. By doing this, these West Texas exposures became portals to examine, as well as explain and predict, the distribution and thickness variations, of specific chronostratigraphic units that are critical to the economic success to exploiting the Eagle Group across the unconventional source rock play fairway in South Texas.
Eagle Ford type well from Webb County in South Texas. Please note petrophysical, geochemical and biostratigraphic characteristics of formations, members and sequence stratigraphic surfaces proposed in this study. The base of the Upper Eagle Ford is marked by a distinct sharp GR decrease driven a drop in U and Th content at this boundary. A distinct positive δ13C isotope excursion also occurs at the base of the Upper Eagle Ford. The peak inflection point of this excursion is the interpreted proxy for Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundary. Geochemical and petro-physical data presented courtesy of Core Laboratory and Swift Energy. Well location on Figure 1.
Summary of the various lithostratigraphic subdivisions proposed for the Eagle Ford/Boquillas strata in west Texas, all from the base up: (1/5) Lower, Middle and Upper (Hazzard 1959; Ruppel et al. 2012); (2) Lower, Middle and Upper (Lock & Peschier 2006; Lock et al. 2010); (3) Pinch and Swell, Flagstone, Ledgy, and Laminated (Freeman 1961, 1968); (4) Rock Pens and Langtry (Pessagno 1969); (6) A–E (Donovan & Staerker 2010); and (7) Lower Eagle Ford Formation and Upper Eagle Ford Formation (Donovan et al. 2012).
The major structural features affecting the Coastal Plain succession of Texas consist from east to west of the Sabine Uplift, East Texas Basin, San Marcos Arch and Rio Grande Embayment (Fig. 1). Other key physiographic features affecting coastal plain deposition across Texas include the shelf margins of the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Sligo Group and younger (Albian) Edwards Group (Fig. 1). Within the lower portions of the Upper Cretaceous succession in the South Texas Coastal Plain, the vertical succession of units from the base up consists of the Del Rio Formation, the Buda Formation, the Eagle Ford Group and the Austin Chalk (Fig. 5). Within this succession the Eagle Ford is a major source rock, as well as unconventional source rock play, south of the San Marcos Arch in South Texas. Along the eastern flank of the East Texas Basin, Woodbine strata are the primary reservoirs in East Texas Field sourced by hydrocarbons migrated out of the overlying Eagle Ford from deeper portions of the basin (Halbouty 1991). Classic Eagle Ford exposures are present around Dallas, Waco and Austin along the western flank of the East Texas Basin, and in the Lozier Canyon region in West Texas (Fig. 1). In terms of the Eagle Ford, a regional palaeogeographic map is offered as Figure 6. This map illustrates a change from more proximal organic-rich argillaceous offshore mudstones in East Texas to more distal organic-rich offshore carbonate mudstones in south and west Texas.
Chronostratigraphy of the Cenomanian through Coniacian stratigraphic succession from West Texas to the East Texas Basin based on published molluscan and nannofossil data (after Donovan et al. 2015).
Regional palaeogeographic reconstruction of Late Cenomanian of Texas. Overall change from more organic-rich argillaceous offshore mudstones in the East Texas to organic-rich carbonates offshore mudstones in south and west Texas.
The focus of our efforts has been to demonstrate how the outcrops of the Eagle Ford Group in West Texas could be most effectively used to better understand the distribution and thickness patterns of the Eagle Ford Group unconventional reservoirs in the subsurface of South Texas (Fig. 1).
A key aspect of the research was to collect spectral gamma ray (SGR) profiles of the measured sections using a handheld gamma ray spectrometer. SGR information was sampled at the stratigraphic vertical spacing of 1 foot. The SGR data was used to generate a gamma ray profile that could be directly tied to Eagle Ford wells in the subsurface. The data also provided key chemo-stratigraphic information on the vertical variability in uranium (U), thorium (Th) and potassium (K) within the succession. U, Th and K content are commonly used respectively as generalized proxies for organic matter, bentonite and clay content.
A handheld XRF (X-ray fluorescence) tool, calibrated with XRD (X-ray diffraction) data, was used to provide compositional information. This calibration offers low-cost, easy-to-collect XRF data to provide elemental information. The XRD data were then used to semi-quantitatively measure mineral content; this was critical for calibrating XRF-based mineral models.
Samples for total organic carbon and biostratigraphy (foraminifera and calcareous nanno-fossils) were also collected and analysed for the Lozier Canyon outcrops in West Texas and the cored well in South Texas. Carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis, for comparison with the geochemical signature at the Cenomanian–Turonian global strata-type section and point located near Pueblo, Colorado, was also conducted. This stage boundary is unique in having a distinct positive δ13C excursion, interpreted as Ocean Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2), which is associated with this boundary. The maximum peak of the positive δ13C excursion associated with this event is taken as the geochemical proxy for the base of the Turonian (Ogg & Hinnov 2012).
Another key aspect of our research was a borehole located a few hundred feet behind the measured outcrop section in Lozier Canyon (Fig. 1). This well was cored and a full suite of modern geophysical logs collected with the help of our research partner, Schlumberger. Detailed description of this work is beyond the scope of this paper. It included a platform express, CMR log, elemental capture spectroscopy log, sonic scanner and formation micro-image log, together with other advanced logging data.
The following terminology is used throughout this paper. In terms of the geophysical logs, the term 'bell-shaped' log pattern refers to intervals of upwardly decreasing gamma log values, while 'funnel-shaped' log pattern refers to intervals of upwardly increasing gamma log values. For defining and mapping regional surfaces, this paper utilizes an alphanumeric scheme that starts with an abbreviation for each geological period (K for Cretaceous) and then goes from 0 to 99 from the base up. The modifiers sb (sequence boundary), ts (transgressive surface) and mfs (maximum flooding surface) are also added to provide clarity to the surface type. In terms of the Eagle Ford Group, it is bounded by the K63sb at its base and the K72sb at its top. Throughout this paper the following abbreviations are also used: U (uranium), K (potassium), Th (thorium), TOC (total organic carbon), GR (gamma ray), SGR (spectral gamma ray), LST (lowstand systems tract), TST (transgressive systems tract) and HST (highstand systems tract). This paper follows the bed classification scheme of Campbell (1967) of lamina, laminaset, bed and bedset; here very thin beds are those less than 3 cm thick, thin beds are 3–10 cm thick, medium beds are 10–30 cm thick, thick beds 30–100 cm thick and very thick beds are those greater than 100 cm thick.
In terms of the chrono-stratigraphic diagram depicted in Figure 5, this chart, in general, follows the times, fossil zonations and stage boundaries outlined in the Cretaceous section (Ogg & Hinnov 2012) of the 2012 Geological Time Scale (Gradstein et al. 2012). However, on the 2012 time scale a proposed (non-approved) placement for the Turonian/Coniacian stage boundary was used. In Texas, the new proposed criteria, the lowest occurrence of the inoceramid Cremnoceramus deformas erectus, occurs well into the Austin Group. Because this proposed boundary placement offers no clear lithological or petro-physical proxies, it was rejected for our work. In contrast, the traditional macro-faunal boundary for the base of the Turonian, the first occurrence of the ammonite Prionocyclus germani or inoceramid M. incertus, coincides with the base of the Austin Group in the outcrops of West (Cobban et al. 2008) and Central (Kennedy & Cobban 1990) Texas. Unfortunately, this macro-faunal criterion is less useful in the subsurface and as such the micro-flora CC12/13 boundary, which occurs at or near the interpreted mfs of the upper member of the Upper Eagle Ford, was used as a close mid-Upper Turonian proxy. This biostratigraphic proxy can also be readily defined in outcrop and subsurface samples by industry biostratigraphers, and has an associated well log signature that most geoscientists can readily define and map as well (Fig. 3).
Between the cities of Austin in Central Texas and Del Rio in South Texas outcrops of the Austin and underlying Eagle Ford Group are rare and most of our knowledge comes from the subsurface. In the subsurface of South Texas, the classic work is Grabowski (1995), who was the first to introduce the concept of an organic-rich, Cenomanian-aged, Lower Eagle Ford, and a carbonate-rich, generallyTuronian-aged, Upper Eagle Ford (Fig. 3). As illustrated on Figure 3, the base of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation is marked by an abrupt GR decrease, driven by a distinct drop in U and Th content. TOC content also drops at the base of the Upper Eagle Ford, while sonic and density logs record velocity and density increases. Another characteristic of the base of the Upper Eagle Ford is the presence of a distinct positive δ13C excursion, whose peak inflection point is taken as the geochemical proxy for the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary.
The Devils River, which enters the Rio Grande just northwest of Del Rio, marks the classic geographic and geological boundary between South and West Texas (Fig. 1). In West Texas, the strata situated between the Buda Formation and Austin Group have typically been referred to as Boquillas Formation (Udden 1907; Freeman 1961, 1968; Lock & Peschier 2006; Ruppel et al. 2012). Based on utility, as well as nomenclature precedence, Donovan et al. (2012) proposed use of the term Eagle Ford Group for these strata, and it is this nomenclature that we will follow in this paper.
In the Lozier Canyon region in Terrell County (Fig. 4), Hazzard (1959) outlined a three-fold division for the Eagle Ford: (1) a lower shaly member; (2) middle interbedded calcareous mudstones and limestone member; and (3) an upper shaly member. Freeman (1961, 1968) outlined a four-fold division for these strata which from the base he named: (1) pinch and swell; (2) flagstone; (3) ledgy; and (4) laminated. Freeman's upper two members were equivalent to Hazzard's middle and upper members, while his lower two units represented a simple subdivision of Hazarrd's lower shaly member (Fig. 4). Based mainly on biostratigraphic criteria, Pessagno (1969) proposed a two-member subdivision (Rock Pens & Langtry) for the Eagle Ford Group in West Texas. Pessagno's lower Rock Pens Member contained Freeman's three lowermost units, while his upper Langtry Member equated to Freeman's uppermost (laminated) unit (Fig. 4). Pessagno's Rock Pens and Langtry terms were also used in subsequent USGS work in this area (Smith 1981). More recently the terms lower, middle and upper Eagle Ford (Boquillas) were used by Lock & Peschier (2006) and Lock et al. (2010) as well as Ruppel et al. (2012). However, what was defined as lower, middle and upper by each was different (Fig. 4). In order to more easily convey superposition of the various lithostratigraphic subunits defined by previous researchers, Donovan & Staerker (2010) introduced a simple A–E designation from the base up (Fig. 4). Their lower three units (A–C) were identical to Freeman's lower three, while their upper two units were simply a division of Freeman's uppermost (laminated) member into a lower mudstone-prone (unit D), and an upper very thinly interbedded (unit E).
With the collection of spectral gamma ray and geochemical data for a type section in Lozier Canyon, Donovan et al. (2012) were finally able to port the traditional subsurface stratigraphy of South Texas into the outcrops of West Texas, and defined a Lower Eagle Ford Formation and Upper Eagle Ford Formation (Figs 4 & 7). As illustrated on Figure 7, the same distinct GR drop, driven by decreases in U and Th content, marks the base of the Upper Eagle Ford in outcrop. A drop off in TOC content, along with the presence of the distinct positive δ13C excursion, whose peak inflection point is taken as the geochemical proxy for the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, also marks the base of the Upper Eagle Ford in outcrop.
Summary of the lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and geochemical data collected at the first measured section in Lozier Canyon at the Scott Ranch. Please note the distinct GR decrease at the base of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation driven by drop in U and Th content. Similar to the subsurface of South Texas, please note the positive δ13C isotope excursion that occurs at the base of the Upper Eagle Ford. The peak inflection point of this excursion is the interpreted proxy for Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundary. Please note the four depositional sequences and their geochemical characteristics defined within the Eagle Ford Group of West Texas. The basal Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation (1) contains the most organic-rich mudstones. This chronostratigraphic unit is primary unconventional source rock reservoir interval in the subsurface of South Texas.
Donovan et al. (2012) also identified four genetically related depositional sequences (allostratigraphic members), two within the Lower Eagle Ford Formation and two within the Upper Eagle Ford Formation in the outcrops of West Texas (Fig. 5). From the base up, Donovan et al. (2013) named these units the K63 (Lozier Canyon) member, the K64 (Antonio Creek) member, the K65 (Scott Ranch) member and the K70 (Langtry) member. Each of these depositional sequences has distinct petrophysical and geochemical characteristics, as well as chronostratigraphic properties, which make them particularly useful for regional correlations. In order to more easily convey superposition and stratigraphic relationships, as well as to gain regional terminology portability, Donovan et al. (2015) introduced the terms Lower and Upper Members of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation and Lower and Upper Members of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation for these four depositional sequences (allo-members). This updated nomenclature is used in this paper.
The Lower (Lozier Canyon) Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation in West Texas is an organic-rich (typically >4%), bentonite-poor, mudstone-dominated depositional sequence (Figs 7, 8 & 9a). It is characterized by a bell-shaped GR profile in its lower portions and funnel-shaped GR profile in its upper portions (Figs 7 & 8). Geophysical logs from the research borehole illustrate that this member (depositional sequence) is characterized by an overall high resistivity. A thin (2.5 feet) clay-rich low-resistivity marker zone denotes its base (Figs 7 & 8).
Summary of the lithologic, petro-physical and geochemical data, as well as the sequence stratigraphic units and surfaces identified in the BP/SLB Lozier Canyon #1 test well. Well location on Figure 1. Please note the high resistivity log signature of the organic-rich Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation, as well as the U increase, TOC decrease and resistivity drop-off at the K64sb which marks the top of this unit. Also note the GR decrease driven by U and Th content, as well as the onset of the positive δ13C isotope excursion, at the base of the Upper Eagle Ford.
Lozier Canyon region outcrop images of the (a) organic-rich Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation; (b) bentonite-rich Upper Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation; (c) interbedded and U-poor Lower Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation; and (d) mudstone-prone and bentonite-bearing Upper Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation. B, Bentonite Bed.
The K63sb at the base of this depositional sequence is marked by a change from (Buda) wackstones with low GR values, along with low U and TOC content (below) to a mudstone-dominated unit (above) with elevated U and TOC content and higher GR values. The K64sb at the top is marked by a change from high-resistivity TOC-rich mudstones with moderate U content (below) to U- and Th- (bentonite) rich mudstones with more moderate TOC content, higher GR and decreasing resistivity values (Figs 7 & 8). An interpreted mfs, labelled the K63mfs, is placed at the maximum GR inflection, which also marks the change from a bell-shaped GR profile (below) to an overall funnel-shaped GR profile (above). This interpreted surface also corresponds to the most mudstone-prone portion of this sequence in both outcrop and core (Figs 7 & 8). Transgressive deposits are interpreted below the mfs and highstand deposits above (Figs 7 & 8).
Work by Corbett et al. (2014) on calcareous nanno-flora for this interval were indeterminate. However, Cobban et al. (2008) reported ammonites of the late middle Cenomanian Acanthoceras amphibolum Zone from unit A at Lozier Canyon (Figs 5 & 7). Thus based on the present biostratigraphic control, the Lower (Lozier Canyon) Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation is interpreted to be late middle Cenomanian in age.
The Upper (Antonio Creek) Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation in West Texas is a uranium-, thorium- and bentonite-rich, high-GR mudstone-dominated depositional sequence with moderate (1–2%) TOC content (Figs 7, 8 & 9b). The distinctive high GR signature of this sequence is clearly driven by its high uranium and bentonite (Th) content (Figs 7 & 8). The high abundance of bentonite beds is the most distinctive aspect of this depositional sequence in outcrop and core, and their unique abundance provides a distinct chronostratigraphic aspect to this unit. Geophysical logs from a research borehole illustrate that this member is also characterized by an overall resistivity decrease, at least across the basal portions of this sequence, as well as more subtle changes on the neutron, density and sonic logs (Fig. 8).
The K64sb at the base of this depositional sequence (allomember) is marked by a change from TOC-rich, high-resistivity mudstones with an overall funnel-shaped GR profile (below), to U- and Th- (bentonite) rich mudstones with high GR values and decreasing resistivity values from the base up (Figs 7 & 8). The K65sb at its top (Figs 7 & 8) is marked by a change from U- and Th- (bentonite) rich, high-GR mudstones below to U- and TOC-poor, low-GR thickly interbedded bioturbated packstones and mudstones (above). An interpreted mfs, labelled the K64mfs (Figs 7 & 8), is placed at the maximum GR inflection which also marks the change from a bell-shaped GR profile (below) to an overall funnel-shaped (decreasing) GR profile (above). Transgressive deposits are interpreted below the mfs and highstand deposits above (Figs 7 & 8). Superposition, as well as work by Corbett et al. (2014) on calcareous micro-flora, suggests a late Cenomanian age for this sequence (Fig. 5). Presently, however, there is no molluscan age control for this sequence (allo-member) from Lozier Canyon.
The Lower (Scott Ranch) Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation in West Texas is a uranium-poor (low-GR) depositional sequence made up of thickly inter-bedded bioturbated white packstones and grey mudstones (Figs 7, 8 & 9c). Besides its overall blocky GR profile, one of the most diagnostic aspects of this member is the presence of a positive δ13C isotope excursion, the peak of which is the interpreted proxy for the Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundary, in the basal (±30 feet) of this depositional sequence in outcrop and core (Figs 7 & 8). A distinctive thin (±10 feet) clay-rich, low-TOC, low-resistivity zone also marks the base of this sequence on geophysical logs (Fig. 8). The K70sb at its top is marked by a change from thickly interbedded packstones and carbonate mudstones below to bioturbated mudstones above. A slight increase in U and Th content, as well as a change to more bell-shaped log GR and resistivity patterns, occurs above this surface. At Lozier Canyon, the positive δ13C isotope excursion is restricted to this member, and the excursion also ends at the K70sb (Fig. 7).
In terms of age control in the Lozier Canyon outcrops, Cobban et al. (2008) report middle late Cenomanian Euomphaloceras septemseriatum fauna in unit C1 at the base of this member and Early Turonian Mammites fauna from unit C3 at the top of this member. Corbett and others also identified latest Cenomanian calcareous micro-flora from subunits C1 and C2 and earliest Turonian micro-flora from subunit C3 (Fig. 7). This is consistent with the associated positive δ13C isotope excursion profile in this member representing the OAE2, and the maximum positive excursion of this profile being the geochemical proxy for the base of the Turonian (Figs 7 & 8). Thus in Lozier Canyon the Upper Member of the Lower Eagle Ford is interpreted as Latest Cenomanian to Earliest Turonian in age.
The Upper (Langtry) Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation is a bentonite-bearing depositional sequence that in West Texas consists of bioturbated mudstones in its lower half and thinly bedded mudstones and grainstones in its upper half (Figs 7, 8 & 9d). Not surprisingly, its GR profile is bell shaped in its lower half and funnel shaped in its upper half (Figs 7 & 8). The interpreted K70 mfs occurs within a clay-rich low-resistivity and low-velocity marker zone within this depositional sequence. The micro-flora CC12/13 boundary also occurs at or near the K70mfs. Cobban et al. (2008) report Inoceramus cf. dimidius in the lower half of this depositional sequence and Inoceramus perplexus fauna in the upper half. This is consistent with the micro-flora findings of Corbett et al. (2014), making the interpreted transgressive deposits of this depositional sequence early late Turonian in age and the highstand latest Turonian in age.
In terms of bounding surfaces, Donovan et al. (2015) reported rip-up clast lags of underlying strata along the basal K70sb, as well as overlying K72sb. The K70sb at the base is also marked by a change from thickly interbedded packstones and carbonate mudstones below to bioturbated mudstones above. A slight increase in U and Th content, as well as a change to more bell-shaped log GR and resistivity patterns, occurs above this surface (Figs 7 & 8). The K72sb at the top, which also marks the contact with the overlying Austin Group, is marked by a distinct drop in U and Th content and change to an overall blocky GR and resistivity pattern above the K72sb (Figs 7 & 8).
A type well for the Eagle Ford Group in South Texas (Webb County) is presented as Figure 3. Based the petrophysical and geochemical data provided for this well, the same basic allo-members (depositional sequences) defined in the outcrops in West Texas can also be readily defined in this well (Fig. 3). A quick look at the sonic and TOC columns on this well plot highlights the TOC-rich Lower Eagle Ford Formation and the carbonate-rich Upper Eagle Ford Formation. Distinct low-resistivity marker zones denote the base of both formations as well (Fig. 3). High-GR (U-enriched) zones at the top of both formations define their upper members. Furthermore, the CC12/13 micro-flora boundary occurs at or near the interpreted mfs within the Upper Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation. In the Lower Eagle Ford Formation, organic-rich, high-resistivity carbonate mudstones define the Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation, while in the Upper Eagle Ford Formation, an overall blocky (low) GR interval, related to low U content, marks the Lower Member of the Upper Eagle Ford (Fig. 3). The basal portion of the Lower Member of the Upper Eagle Ford is also marked by the presence of the distinct positive δ13C isotope excursion, the peak of which is the interpreted proxy for the base of the Turonian (Fig. 3).
Figure 10 is a two-well cross-section, datumed on the base of the Upper Eagle Ford, tying the research borehole in West Texas to the type well in South Texas (Fig. 1). The sequence boundaries (red lines) and maximum flooding surfaces (blue lines) of all four sequences (allo-members) are correlated between these two wells (Fig. 10). In each depositional sequence (allo-member), strata between the basal sequence boundary and mfs represent the transgressive deposits, while the strata between the mfs and overlying sequence boundary represent highstand deposits. In both of these wells, the thicknesses of the Upper Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation (light grey), as well as the Upper Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation (light purple), are similar (Fig. 10). In contrast, the Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation (dark grey), as well as the Lower Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation (light blue), are both thicker in the well in South Texas than in the borehole in West Texas (Fig. 10). For both sequences, it is the thickness of the preserved highstands that varies between the two areas.
Correlation of the key surfaces and depositional sequences between the test well in West Texas and the type well in South Texas. The well locations are noted on Figure 1. Thickness variations occur mainly within the interpreted highstand systems tracks of the K63 and K65 depositional sequences, essentially the lower members of the Lower and Upper Eagle Ford.
Figure 11 is a more complete well-log cross-section from West Texas to South Texas. It reveals how the Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation, the primary source rock reservoir in the subsurface, thins: (1) onto the Central Platform to the west; (2) across the Edwards Margin; and (3) to the Sligo Margin to the east. The thinning of this depositional sequence towards the Central Platform, as well as across the Edwards Margin, can be attributed to primary inherited accommodation variations. However, the thinning to the east most likely represents the easterly depositional limit of this sequence, and an off-lapping relationship with the overlying K64 sequence, the Upper Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation. In contrast, thickness variations within the Upper Eagle Ford are probably related to tectonically enhanced truncation by the K70sb at the base of the Upper Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation.
Well–log cross-section illustrating the thickness variations of the four proposed Eagle Ford Members from West Texas to South Texas. Please note the thickness variations of the Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford towards the Central Platform region to the west, across the Edwards Margin, and towards the Sligo Margin to the east. This unit is the primary source rock reservoir zone in the subsurface of South Texas.
With the aid of spectral gamma ray information, as well as geochemical and biostratigraphic data, collected on the outcrops in Lozier Canyon in West Texas, the Lower Eagle Ford Formation and Upper Eagle Ford Formation as traditionally defined in the subsurface of South Texas can now be identified in the outcrops of West Texas. Integrating basic geochemical and petrophysical data to the updated stratigraphy on these outcrops was transformative. By doing this, these West Texas exposures became portals to examine, as well as explain and predict, the distribution and thickness variations, of specific chronostratigraphic units that are critical to the economic success to exploiting the Eagle Group across the unconventional source rock play fairway in South Texas.
In these West Texas outcrops, four surface-bounded allostratigraphic members (depositional sequences) were defined within the outcrops of Eagle Ford Group of West Texas. These depositional sequences were then correlated back into the subsurface of South Texas, to get an improved understanding of the distribution and thickness variations of each chronostratigraphic unit. For nomenclature simplicity the four depositional sequences (allostratigraphic units) were simply named the Lower and Upper Members of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation, and the Lower and Upper Members of the Upper Eagle Formation.
The Lower Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation is an organic-rich (3–5%TOC), high-resistivity sequence with a clay rich, low resistivity marker zone at its base. This interval is the primary unconventional source rock reservoir in the subsurface of South Texas. The thickness and distribution of this key sequence appears to be controlled by inherited accommodation patterns across the Central Platform and Edwards Margin, but thinning towards the Sligo Margin to the east, probably marks the eastward depositional limit of this sequence. The Upper Member of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation is a uranium- and thorium-rich high-GR mudstone-dominated sequence with more moderate (1–3%) TOC values. On geophysical logs it is marked by an overall upward decreasing resistivity values, as well as higher density and velocity values. While the bentonite abundance within this sequence makes it a distinct chronostratigraphic unit, this characteristic probably reduces the effectiveness of this sequence as an unconventional source-rock reservoir in the subsurface of South Texas.
The Lower Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation is low- to moderate-TOC, uranium-poor sequence with a more blocky GR log profile, which is characterized by the presence of a distinct positive δ13C excursion in the basal 30 feet of the unit. A clay-rich low resistivity zone marks its base. The lower overall TOC values in this sequence diminishes its value as a primary exploitation target. The Upper Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation is a TOC-poor and a thorium- and bentonite-rich sequence containing a clay-rich high-GR, low-velocity and -resistivity zone located at or near the interpreted mfs of this sequence. The K70sb at the base of the Upper Member of the Upper Eagle Ford appears to be a tectonically enhanced sequence boundary that can affect the distribution and thickness variations of underlying Eagle Ford strata, in particular the Lower Member of the Upper Eagle Ford Formation.
The author would like to thank the BP Exploration (Global Unconventionals) for permission to publish this work, as well as their support of this research. The author is indebted to the Crane, Goebel, Foster and Scott families for access to the spectacular Eagle Ford outcrops on their properties in West Texas. The cooperation of Swift Energy and Core Laboratory for their use of core data and laboratory results in support of the graduate student research is also most appreciated. Schlumberger was the strategic partner for the research borehole at Lozier Canyon and their support for this aspect of the research is also acknowledged. The data summarized in this paper is also the result of the research efforts of many of my colleagues from BP (Scott Staerker, Rand Gardner, Aris Pramudito, Matt Corbett) and TAMU (Mike Pope, Matthew Wehner) whose hard work made this topical summary paper possible. The author is also indebted to the manuscript reviewers whose comments and suggestions made vast improvements to the content and flow of the final product.
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