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Bill Perry March 26, 2017
US CHINA TRADE WAR–TRUMP TRADE AGENDA, INTERNAL TRADE BATTLES, LIGHTHIZER, BORDER ADJUSTMENT TAXES, AGRICULTURE, NAFTA, TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE, CFIUS, ZTE AND SECTION 337
US CHINA TRADE WAR UPDATE APRIL 21, 2017—MANY NEW TRADE CASES BEING FILED
The Trump trade war has escalated big time with new antidumping and countervailing duty cases against Mechanical Tubing, Tool Chests and a new Section 232 National Security case against all Steel imports. Many importers simply do not realize how fast these trade cases move and how fast they can find themselves liable for antidumping and countervailing duties and other trade sanctions. With a sympathetic Trump Administration and a very sympathetic Wilbur Ross as the new Secretary of Commerce, more cases are going to be filed against China and numerous other countries.
In addition to the new trade cases, two section 337 patent cases has been filed against China on sockets for mobile electronic devices and robotic vacuum cleaning devices.
COLD-DRAWN MECHANICAL TUBING FROM CHINA, GERMANY, INDIA, ITALY, KOREA AND SWITZERLAND
On April 19, 2017, ArcelorMittal Tubular Products, Michigan Seamless Tube, LLC, PTC Alliance Corp., Webco Industries, Inc., and Zekelman Industries, Inc. filed major Antidumping and Countervailing Duty cases against hundreds of millions of dollars of cold-drawn mechanical tubing from the six countries in 2016. The petition alleges antidumping duties ranging as follows:
China: 88.2% – 188.88%
India: 25.48%
Italy: 37.23% – 69.13%
Germany: 70.53% – 148.32%
Republic of Korea: 12.14% – 48.61%
Switzerland: 40.53% – 115.21%
The cold-drawn mechanical tubing covered by the complaint is used to produce numerous different products in the United States, including auto parts and machinery.
As stated above, these trade cases move very quickly and many importers are blindsided because of the speed of the investigations. In the Mechanical Tubing case, as indicated in the attached notice, ITC PRELIM MECHANICAL TUBING NOTICE, the ITC will conduct its preliminary injury hearing on May 10, 2017. US importers' liability for countervailing duties on imports from China and India will start on September 16, 2017, 150 days after the petition was filed, and for Antidumping Duties will start on November 15, 2017, 210 days after the petition was filed.
The entire investigation will take one year and antidumping and countervailing duty orders can last for 5 to 30 years.
If Importers want to fight the case, they must move quickly. The first ITC hearing in the case will be on May 10, 2017, which is the part of the proceeding where importers can have a real impact.
Atttached is a copy of the relevant parts of the AD and CVD complaints along with a list of the targeted Indian, Chinese, Korean, German, Swiss and Italian exporters/producers and US importers, please feel free to contact me. INJURY EXCERPT SCOPE IMPORTERS EXERPT MECHANICAL TUBING FOREIGN PRODUCERS EXCERPT MECHANICAL TUBING
TOOL CHESTS FROM CHINA AND VIETNAM
On April 11, 2017, Waterloo Industries Inc. filed major Antidumping and Countervailing Duty cases against hundreds of millions of dollars of imports of certain tool chests and cabinets from China and Vietnam.
As indicated in the attached notice, ITC PRELIM MECHANICAL TUBING NOTICE, in the Tool Chests case, the ITC will conduct its preliminary injury hearing on May 2, 2017. US importers' liability for countervailing duties on imports from China will start on September 8, 2017, 150 days after the petition was filed, and for Antidumping Duties from China and Vietnam will start on November 7, 2017, 210 days after the petition was filed.
If Importers want to fight the case, they must move quickly. The first ITC hearing in the case will be on May 2, 2017, which is the part of the proceeding where importers can have a real impact.
Attached is a copy of the relevant parts of the AD and CVD complaints along with a list of the targeted Chinese and Vietnamese exporters/producers and US importers, Tool chests CHN VNM petition vol 1 narrative. If anyone has any questions, please feel free to contact me.
With a sympathetic Trump Administration in power, there will be a sharp rise in AD and CVD cases against China and other countries.
NEW NATIONAL SECURITY SECTION 232 CASE AGAINST STEEL IMPORTS FROM NUMEROUS COUNTRIES, INCLUDING CHINA
On April 20, 2017, as indicated in the attached documents, Presidential Memorandum Prioritizes Commerce Steel Investigation _ Department of Commerce Section 232 Investigation on the Effect of Imports of Steel on U.S, President Trump announced a new trade investigation of steel imports under section 232 to determine if the tariffs should be imposed because the increased steel imports pose a threat to national security. The trade action will be conducted under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act since 2001.
If the Commerce Department determines that the steel imports are a threat to national security, President Trump will be empowered to levy high tariffs and quotas on imports of steel products from various countries.
Under Section 232, the Commerce Department will conduct an investigation into the potential national security threat posed by the entry of foreign steel into the U.S. market. Commerce must issue its findings to the White House within 270 days, along with recommendations on what steps to take.
Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross has stated, however, that the investigation may move along a faster track. Once Commerce's review is completed, the President has 90 days to decide whether to accept or reject its recommendations and to impose trade restraints, including tariffs or quotas on steel imports.
This may be the first attack, not just against China, but all steel imports from every country. The problems with Commerce self-initiating antidumping and countervailing duty cases is the International Trade Commission. The Administration does not control the ITC, but it does control Commerce. By bringing a section 232 case, the Administration skips the injury test by the ITC and assuming the Commerce Department reaches an affirmative determination, the President is empowered to impose import relief in the form of tariffs and quotas. From the Administration's point of view, there is more than one way to solve the import problem.
NEW SECTION 337 CASES AGAINST CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES
COLLAPSIBLE SOCKETS FROM MOBILE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
On April 10, 2017, in the attached ITC notice, SOCKETS MARINE, PopSockets LLC filed a section 337 patent case against imports of Collapsible Sockets for Mobile Electronic Devices from the following Chinese companies:
Agomax Group Ltd., Hong Kong; Guangzhou Xi Xun Electronics Co., Ltd., China; Shenzhen Chuanghui Industry Co., Ltd., China; Shenzhen VVI Electronic Limited, China; Shenzhen Yright Technology Co., Ltd., China; Hangzhou Hangkai Technology Co., Ltd., China; Shenzhen Kinsen Technology Co., Limited, China; Shenzhen Enruize Technology Co., Ltd., China; Shenzhen Showerstar Industrial Co., Ltd., China; Shenzhen Lamye Technology Co., Ltd., China; Jiangmen Besnovo Electronics Co., Ltd., China; Shenzhen Belking Electronic Co., Ltd., China; Yiwu Wentou Import & Export Co., Ltd., China; and Shenzhen CEX Electronic Co., Limited, China.
ROBOTIC VACUUM CLEANING DEVICES
On April 18, 2017, in the attached ITC notice, ROBOTIC VACUM CLEANERS, iRobot Corporation filed a section 337 patent case against imports of Robotic Vacuum Cleaning Devices from the following US and Chinese companies:
Bissell Homecare, Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan; Hoover Inc., Glenwillow, Ohio; Royal Appliance Manufacturing Co., Inc. d/b/a TTI Floor Care North America, Inc., Glenwillow, Ohio; Bobsweep, Inc., Canada; Bobsweep USA, Henderson, Nevada; The Black & Decker Corporation, Towson, Maryland; Black & Decker (U.S) Inc., Towson, Maryland; Shenzhen ZhiYi Technology Co., Ltd., d/b/a iLife, China; Matsutek Enterprises Co., Ltd., Taiwan; Suzhou Real Power Electric Appliance Co., Ltd., China; and Shenzhen Silver Star Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., China.
If you have any questions about these cases or about the antidumping and countervailing duty cases, Section 232 Steel case, Trump and Trade, US trade policy, or 337 IP/patent law, please feel free to contact me.
US CHINA TRADE WAR MARCH 26, 2017
Although politicians in Washington DC have been focused on Obamacare and Russian involvement in the election, trade issues lurk beneath the surface. Trade was stirred up with the release of Trump's Trade Agenda, Lighthizer Confirmation Hearings, rumors of internal fights in the Trump trade team and meetings with foreign leaders, including Angela Merkel of Germany. In fact, the amount of material on trade is mountainous.
One of the pillars for Trump's objective of hitting a 3 percent annual growth rate (Obama never got over 2%,), is increased US exports, but as indicated above, trade is a two-way street. As Democratic Congressman Rick Larson of Washington stated recently at the Washington Council on International Trade Meeting on March 13, the Trump Administration has to choose between a trade policy of Trade Agreements or Border Adjustment Taxes. If the Trump Administration intends to hit imports with increased Border Adjustment Taxes, it will be very difficult to negotiate trade agreements with the many countries on Trump's list.
On March 21st, in pushing the Republicans in the House of Representatives to push for the Obamacare repeal bill, President Trump stated that without the Obamacare repeal, the Republicans cannot take up the Tax Bill. But with the collapse of the Obamacare repeal on March 24th, Congress is pivoting to Tax Reform. That means tax reform, including the Border Adjustment Taxes, will be front and center. The target of Trump and the Republican Congress is to pass a tax reform bill by August.
Thus the Trump Administration will be soon at a crossroads—increased taxes/tariffs on imports or trade agreements. It will be very difficult, if not impossible, to have both.
Meanwhile, the decision of Senate Democrats to stall on the Confirmation of Robert Lighthizer has hurt the trade debate in the Administration. Lighthizer knows trade law. Many of the officials, such as Steve Bannon and Peter Navarro, in the Administration, do not know trade law and the Democratic decision to stall the confirmation truly has hurt the United States.
In addition to Border Adjustment taxes, this newsletter contains several articles about Trump and Trade or the Trump Trade Report. There are growing arguments between Administration officials and by Republican Senators and Representatives outside the Administration on the Trump Trade Policy as officials and Senators and Congressmen understand the ramifications of a protectionist trade policy on the constituents in their States and Districts.
Agriculture is waking up. During the recent March 14 Confirmation Hearing of Robert Lighthizer, one could see the concerns of Senators from Agricultural States as they realize that agricultural exports, their ox will be the one gored by the new Trump trade policy.
Meanwhile, NAFTA will be renegotiated; CFIUS may include reciprocity: China is taking a divide and conquer strategy on the Non-Market Economy Issue in Antidumping Cases; and new trade cases have been filed on Aluminum Foil and Silicon Metal.
ZTE has agreed to pay record fines because of its export control violations; and a recent section 337 patent case stated that the US production of the patent lessee can be used to meet the domestic industry requirement.
In addition, hopefully Trade Adjustment Assistance for Companies, which is the only effective US trade remedy that saves companies and the jobs that go with them without curtailing imports, will expand.
If anyone has any questions or wants additional information, please feel free to contact me at my e-mail address bill@harrisbricken.com.
TRUMP TRADE REPORT
TRUMP ADMINISTRATION ISSUES ITS 2017 TRADE POLICY AGENDA AND IT CREATES CONCERNS
On March 1, 2017, the Trump Administration issued its attached National Trade Policy Agenda for 2017 pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 2213(a)(l)(B), 2017 TRUMP Trade Agenda. In the short summary, which was released on March 1st, Trump stated in part:
"The overarching purpose of our trade policy – the guiding principle behind all of our actions in this key area – will be to expand trade in a way that is freer and fairer for all Americans. Every action we take with respect to trade will be designed to increase our economic growth, promote job creation in the United States, promote reciprocity with our trading partners, strengthen our manufacturing base and our ability to defend ourselves, and expand our agricultural and other exports.
As a general matter, we believe that these goals can be best accomplished by focusing on bilateral negotiations rather than multilateral negotiations – and by renegotiating and revising trade deals when our goals are not being met. Finally, we reject the notion that the United States can strengthen its geopolitical position by adopting trade measures that make American workers, farmers, ranchers, and businesses less competitive in global markets."
In other words, the Trump Administration will take a much stronger position on trade agreements and trade policy.
The most controversial part of the Trade Policy Agenda is the strict approach to the WTO. Thus, one of the key objectives of the Agenda is"
"Resisting efforts by other countries – or international bodies like the World Trade Organization ("WTO") – to weaken the rights and benefits of, or increase the obligations under, the various trade agreements to which the United States is a party."
The Agenda then states under the section "Defending Our National Sovereignty Over Trade Policy":
"it has been a basic principle of our country that American citizens are subject only to laws and regulations made by the U.S. government – not rulings made by foreign governments or international bodies. This principle remains true today. Accordingly, the Trump Administration will aggressively defend American sovereignty over matters of trade policy."
One of the key objectives, just like other Administrations, will be to reduce and eliminate foreign barriers to US exports, but the Agenda then goes on to state:
"It is time for a more aggressive approach. The Trump Administration will use all possible leverage – including, if necessary, applying the principle of reciprocity to countries that refuse to open their markets – to encourage other countries to give U.S. producers fair access to their markets. The purpose of this effort is to ensure that more markets are truly open to American goods and services and to enhance, rather than restrict, global trade and competition."
One key principle the administration said it plans to apply is a form of trade quid pro quo called "reciprocity" to countries that refuse to open up their markets. Lawmakers and the Trump administration are considering toughening up national-security reviews of foreign investments into the U.S. to leverage better trade terms with China. If Beijing does not open up its markets to U.S. investors or exports, for example, the administration could use its powers to block Chinese deals to buy U.S. assets, or threaten higher tariffs on Chinese imports.
The Agenda also expresses an interest in using Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 to open up restraints in foreign countries to US exports. But 301 has not been used since the WTO's 1995 inception. The Agenda states
"Properly used, Section 301 can be a powerful lever to encourage foreign countries to adopt more market-friendly policies. The Trump administration believes that it is essential to both the United States and the world trading system that all U.S. trade laws be strictly and effectively enforced."
The Agenda also singles out trade deficits with China, Mexico, Canada and Korea and calls for a renegotiation of trade agreements and a more aggressive approach to trade enforcement. Although these policies are very aggressive on paper, the question is how will the new Trump Administration apply these policies.
In conclusion, the Agenda states:
"For more than 20 years, the United States government has been committed to trade policies that emphasized multilateral agreements and international dispute settlement mechanisms. The hope was that by giving up some of our willingness to act independently, we could obtain better treatment for U.S. workers, farmers, ranchers, and businesses, Instead, we find that in too many instances, Americans have been put at an unfair disadvantage in global markets. Under these circumstances, it is time for a new trade policy that defends American sovereignty, enforces U.S. trade laws, uses American leverage to open markets abroad, and negotiates new trade agreements that are fairer and more effective both for the United States and for the world trading system, particularly those countries committed to a market-based economy."
The Trump Administration also stated that it intends to update the document when Congress confirms Robert Lighthizer as the next US Trade Representative.
Parts of the policy document contain arguments similar to those in a widely attached circulated memorandum Mr. Lighthizer wrote in 2010 to the US China Commission, LIGHTHIZER 2010 STATEMENT US CHINA ECONOMIC SECURITY COMMISSION. At the time, Mr. Lighthizer told a congressionally mandated China commission that the U.S. could put its WTO commitments on hold, restricting imports from China until the country changes its behavior in key areas.
When the Trump Trade Agenda came out, the Press reported that the Trump Administration will ignore adverse decisions from the WTO. During the Obama Administration, however, although WTO decisions were not ignored, they were slow walked, especially in the antidumping and countervailing duty area, with only small changes made in response to the WTO decision.
The Trump Administration will probably follow the same procedures. The rubber will only meet the road when in response to adverse WTO decisions, foreign countries work up retaliation lists. Then the Administration will have to decide whether to ignore the WTO decision or not.
In fact, after the Agenda was released, Presidential spokesman Sean Spicer stated that noncompliance with the WTO was not the formal policy of the administration.
In addition, many trade experts believe that the Trade Agenda was just rhetoric and we will need to see whether in the future there truly will be a fundamental shift in actual trade policy. As one trade expert told me, it will take years for this policy to actually work out.
Moreover, as indicated below, Agriculture is waking up. Now that Agricultural Senators and Congressmen realize that if there is a trade war, their ox is the one that will get gored, agriculture exports will be seriously hurt, the Trump Administration will probably slow up its aggressive trade policy as the hot protectionist rhetoric meets the realities of the international trade system where trade is a two way street.
If the United States truly signals it will not comply with WTO decisions, and other countries impose retaliatory penalties against U.S. imports, it could usher in an era of economic protectionism worldwide, which could trigger a global trade war that could disrupt international business and growth. But that also would mean that the Trump Administration will not meet its 3% GDP growth target for the entire economy.
The real issue that the Trump Administration simply does not understand is that even though there may be trade deficits, free trade rises all boats. The US now has over $1 trillion in exports, but the Trump Administration is focused on trade deficits with countries, such as China, Mexico and Germany. The Trump Administration ignores the trade surpluses with other countries. More importantly, free trade agreements have caused all boats to rise, increasing economic activity in the United States and creating jobs. Because of NAFTA, US exports have quintupled creating millions of new jobs, but the Trump Administration appears to focus only on the trade deficit, which is relatively small in comparison to the surge in US exports.
At the same time that the White House issued its trade agenda on March 1, John Brinkley of Forbes, in an article entitled, "Trump's Trade Ideas As Bad As Ever," responded to on President Trump's first "State of the Union" address to the Congress where Trump stated:
"I believe strongly in free trade, but it also has to be fair trade.
Fine, but how do you achieve fair trade? Is it to punish other countries whose trade policies aren't advantageous to the United States? Or is it to work with them collegially to get them to change those policies?
The latter course is the one that all presidents since World War II have chosen. They have negotiated 14 free trade agreements with 20 countries – agreements that require parties to eliminate tariffs and give fair and equitable treatment to one another.
Previous presidents helped set up the GATT and then the World Trade Organization as a forum for ensuring that countries play by the rules of global trade. Since the WTO was created in 1994, the United States has quietly resolved hundreds of trade disputes in its favor through WTO-sponsored consultations.
When consultations don't solve the problem, the government can file a formal complaint in the WTO's Dispute Resolution Body. If it rules in our favor, we can impose temporary, retaliatory tariffs or demand compensation.
That is fair trade. Accusing other countries of taking advantage of us, threatening them with exorbitant tariffs, and declaring that the United States is not beholden to WTO rules, as the Trump administration did today, is not fair trade. It's more like anarchy.
On March 8, 2017 after the Trade Policy Agenda was issued, John Brinkley of Forbes published another article entitled, "Trump's Disdain For WTO Portends Only Trouble" stating:
After the World Trade Organization was established in 1995, the Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations made good use of its dispute settlement system. The United States is batting about .500 in cases that proceeded to a final ruling; most of them don't. Barack Obama had a perfect record in the WTO when he left office, but some of the complaints his administration filed are still pending.
None of the three presidents said the system was unfair or tried to make an end run around it.
Then came Donald Trump. He has nothing but disdain for the WTO and for the very idea of an international organization making and enforcing rules that the United States has to obey. So, in keeping with Trump's "America First" ideology, the White House declared last week that America doesn't have to follow those rules.
When one country accuses another of a trade rule violation, such as dumping a product in the host country at below-market value or unfairly subsidizing a domestic industry, the first step toward resolving it is a WTO-sponsored consultation between the two governments. If that fails, the accuser can request a hearing by a dispute settlement panel. The loser of that proceeding can take its case to the WTO's Appellate Body.
Between 1995 and 2015, the United States filed 109 complaints to the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body and had 124 filed against it. The U.S. government has settled about two-thirds of them through consultations, thus making recourse to a hearing unnecessary. Like most diplomatic initiatives, these results are achieved out of the public eye and without fanfare.
It's hard to know what the Trump administration finds objectionable about this system, or why he considers the WTO "a disaster." None of the WTO's 163 other members seem to have a problem with it.
But Trump and his merry band of protectionists think they know a better way: to ignore the WTO if it issues a ruling they don't like.
The President's Trade Policy Agenda for 2017 says legislation enacted in 1994 lets the administration decide arbitrarily whether to comply with a WTO dispute settlement ruling that goes against the United States.
"If a WTO dispute settlement report is adverse to the United States, [the U.S. Trade Representative shall] consult with the appropriate Congressional committees concerning whether to implement the report's recommendation, and, if so, the manner of such implementation and the period of time needed for such implementation," the Trade Policy Agenda says.
In other words, the United States will comply with WTO decisions – decisions based on rules that the United States helped write – if it feels like it. Incredibly, Trump, et al, seem to think this approach would have no negative consequences.
If the U.S. government refuses to comply with a dispute settlement ruling against it, the WTO can authorize retaliation by the aggrieved party. That is likely to be a tariff increase targeted at the industry whose trade practices led to the adverse ruling. If a targeted tariff increase isn't feasible, the aggrieved country can raise tariffs against some other industry.
Presumably, Trump would then retaliate against the retaliator and off we'd go into a destructive trade war.
It's important to understand that the United States was intimately involved in the creation of the WTO and the drafting of its rules. During previous administrations, the U.S. ambassador to the WTO was in Geneva almost every day protecting the interests of the American industries and workers. Contrary to what Trump says, the WTO is not a foreign body accountable to no one. It's a democratic institution, accountable to its members.
As former U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman said in the President's Trade Agenda for 2014:
"A robust international trading system offers the greatest economic benefits when all trading partners abide by their commitments and play by the same rules."
LIGHTHIZER CONFIRMATION HEARING
On March 14, 2017, the Senate Finance Committee held its confirmation hearing on Robert Lighthizer as United States Trade Representative. One can see the confirmation hearing in its entirety at https://www.c-span.org/video/?425333-1/us-trade-representative-nominee-testifies-confirmation-hearing
But as of March 23, 2017, Lighthizer's confirmation vote is being held up in the Committee and on the Senate floor because his status as an advocate more than 30 years ago for the Brazilian government in a 1985 trade case, prior to the time when I was an associate at Skadden, Arps, appears to require a waiver in order for him to assume his role at USTR. Unfortunately, this decision has left Lighthizer, the best trade lawyer on Trump's team, out of the internal discussions on trade policy.
The White House has itself pushed to make the waiver vote unnecessary. White House counsel Donald F. McGahn wrote to Hatch and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., on March 3 citing a Clinton-era Office of Legal Counsel opinion as a challenge to the waiver rule.
A week after the March 21st confirmation hearing, Senator Pat Roberts of Kansas stated:
"I think we made it clear, I think [Finance Chairman] Orrin Hatch made it very clear that it's not needed. But I don't know what mood our friends across the aisle are in, and I have no idea what they're going to do."
Senator Ron Wyden ranking Democrat on the Senate Finance Committee, however, stated:
"We've made it clear we're going to insist on the waiver. There's this quaint idea that the law should actually matter, and the law says a person in his position has got to get a waiver."
Thus Lighthizer's nomination has been held up "for what feels like eons" according to Wyden, but at this point in time it is still not moving.
Meanwhile on March 22, 2017, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in the attached letter, chamber_letter, pushed for a quick vote Lighthizer for USTR stating:
"Mr. Lighthizer has led a distinguished career as a trade policy practitioner and has a reputation as a staunch advocate for American industry. The Chamber believes he will represent the nation's interests well as he works with international partners and addresses trade challenges at the negotiating table and before the World Trade Organization. The Chamber encourages a swift vote on his nomination and looks forward to working with him as the next U.S. Trade Representative."
During the Confirmation hearing, Lighthizer had bipartisan support with many Democratic and Republican Senators vouching support for his candidacy. One of the two issues of primary importance was the decision to break mega deals, such as the TPP, into bilateral deals with individual countries.
The problem, however, is that trade deals take a lot of time to negotiate. The TPP took almost 10 years to negotiate with the 12 countries involved. But by abandoning the TPP, with an objective of creating individual trade deals with the TPP member companies, the US Government has probably quintupled its work load, if not increased it twelve fold.
Although Lighthizer indicated that USTR would use the TPP draft agreement as a basis to negotiate a number of bilateral agreements, negotiating that many trade deals will take an enormous amount of work by a very small agency – USTR—with only just over 200 employees at offices in Brussels Belgium, Geneva Switzerland and Washington DC. Trump's budget is not clear whether USTR will get an increase in budget or whether its budget will be cut.
The second point is the importance of Trade Deals to US Agriculture exports. In the Lighthizer confirmation hearing, all of a sudden Senators from agriculture states started to wake up. If the TPP had passed, the biggest winner would have been US agriculture exports with tariffs dropping on more than 18,000 different products, many being agricultural products. Now the TPP is gone and countries are racing into those overseas markets to replace US agricultural products.
Agriculture Senators and Congressmen want trade deals now because the United States is exporting billions of dollars in agricultural products to the rest of the World. Mexican government officials recently declared that since Trump wants to be tough on trade with Mexico, they will cut $2.4 billion in imports of corn from the United States and replace the US corn with corn from Brazil and Argentina. Congressman Newhouse at a recent Washington Council on International Trade stated that after the Korea FTA, exports of Washington State cherries doubled and Washington State French fries increased by 52%. Increased exports means more jobs.
With a decision not to do the TPP, Senators and Congressmen from agricultural states fear that other countries will replace the United States and get those benefits. As indicated below, that is a real and justified fear.
TRUMP TRADE AGENDA—OPPOSITION TO THE TRUMP TRADE POLICY IN THE ADMINISTRATION AND IN CONGRESS
Part of the Trump trade problem is the perception by Trump and many on his internal trade staff, such as Peter Navarro, that trade is a one-way street. The Administration apparently believes it can simply issue an executive order raising tariffs, taxes or barriers to imports with no reaction by foreign countries.
But the Trump Administration is now in the international arena. Although Trump won the Presidency, he has no political power over foreign countries. Trade is a two-way street and as stated in several past newsletters, Mexico, Canada, China, and Germany have all threatened retaliation if the US imposes trade restraints, including Border Adjustment Taxes. Deals have to be negotiated, but most countries, including the US, will not negotiate a deal when a gun is pointed at their head.
INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION TRADE FIGHTS—NAVARRO CREATES AN INTERNAL TRADE WAR
On March 10th the Financial Times reported that a trade war had broken out in White House in what was called "a fiery meeting" in the Oval Office pitting economic nationalists close to Donald Trump against protrade moderates in Treasury and the Economic Council from Wall Street.
Navarro is the ultra-nationalist economist who has angered Berlin and other European allies by accusing Germany of currency manipulation and exploiting a "grossly undervalued" euro and calling for bilateral discussions with Angela Merkel's government over ways to reduce the US trade deficit with Germany.
The fight was between trade hardliners, such as Steve Bannon and Peter Narvarro, against the free trade economic faction led by Gary Cohn, the executive from Goldman Sachs, who heads the National Economic Council. Note that since Lighthizer has not been confirmed, he could not be part of the discussion. Bannon and Navarro support the Border Adjustment Tax while Cohn and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin oppose it.
During the last several weeks, Navarro appeared to be losing influence. But during the recent Oval Office fight, Mr Trump appeared to side with the economic nationalists.
Mr Navarro's case has angered Republicans in Congress because he was criticized for being illprepared and vague at a closeddoor briefing he held with Senators in February.
Reports have been made that Mr Navarro is becoming increasingly isolated in the administration. He has been operating with a very small staff out of an office in the Old Executive Office Building adjacent to the White House, while Mr Cohn has been adding staff to his NEC base inside the West Wing of the White House.
On March 5th, Navarro published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal on why trade deficits matter:
Do trade deficits matter? The question is important because America's trade deficit in goods is large and persistent, about $2 billion every day. . . .
Reducing a trade deficit through tough, smart negotiations is a way to increase net exports—and boost the rate of economic growth. . . .
Similarly, if the U.S. uses its leverage as the world's largest market to persuade India to reduce its notoriously high tariffs and Japan to lower its formidable nontariff barriers, America will surely sell more Washington apples, Florida oranges, California wine, Wisconsin cheese and Harley-Davidson motorcycles. Just as surely, the U.S. trade deficit would fall, economic growth would increase, and real wages would rise from Seattle and Orlando to Sonoma and Milwaukee. . . .
But running large and persistent trade deficits also facilitates a pattern of wealth transfers offshore. . .
Might we lose a broader hot war because America has sent its defense-industrial base abroad on the wings of a persistent trade deficit?
Today, after decades of trade deficits and a mass migration of factories offshore, there is only one American company that can repair Navy submarine propellers—and not a single company that can make flat-panel displays for military aircraft or night-vision goggles. Meanwhile, America's steel industry is on the ropes, its aluminum industry is flat on its back, and its shipbuilding industry is gathering barnacles. The U.S. has begun to lose control of its food-supply chain, and foreign firms are eager to purchase large swaths of Silicon Valley's treasures.
Much of Wall Street and most economists simply don't care. But to paraphrase Mike Pence on the 2016 campaign trail, the people of Fort Wayne know better. The analysts at the Pentagon know better, too. That's why, for both economic and national-security reasons, it is important to bring America's trade back into balance—through free, fair and reciprocal trade.
As indicated below, however, do trade deficits justify increased US barriers to imports? Wouldn't a policy of making companies more competitive with imports, such as Trade Adjustment Assistance for Companies, explained below be a better option. TAA does not risk retaliation from other countries.
Moreover, as stated above, focusing on trade deficits ignores the enormous increase in US exports to those countries. Navarro focuses on a trade deficit and ignores the fact that US exports are over $1 trillion and support millions of jobs. A trade war will cut those exports and jobs in half. That will not make America great again.
Recently Navarro attempted to intervene in an antidumping duty case at the Commerce Department on Oil Country Tubular Goods from Korea sparking outrage from the trade lawyers representing the Korean steel mills. Navarro should keep in mind that the Commerce Department in antidumping cases makes its decision based on the facts on the administrative record and the Commerce Department's determinations are subject to Court review by the Court of International Trade and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In the past, Courts have made clear that when a Government agency, such as the Commerce Department, makes a decision based on politics, that is a reason for depositions of the government official. Navarro might be deposed in any appeal of the OCTG case to the Court.
On March 13, John Brinkley of Forbes in an article entitled, "Commerce Secretary Ross Thinks U.S. Is In A Trade War", which also addressed Navarro's thinking, stated:
Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, responding to concerns that the Trump administration is pushing the United States toward a trade war, said we were already in one.
"We've been in a trade war for decades," he said last week in an interview with Bloomberg News. "That's why we have the (trade) deficits."
But not to worry, Ross said. "It's not going to be a shooting war. If people know you have the big bazooka, you probably don't have to use it."
That's the Luca Brasi negotiating method: bend to our will or we'll blow you to smithereens. Peter Navarro, the head of the White House National Trade Council, recently suggested that future trade agreements include a rule stating that they can be renegotiated any time the U.S. runs a trade deficit with the partner country. That is, to put it mildly, a non-starter.
Ross's and Navarro's remarks are symptomatic of the Trump administration's singular obsession with trade deficits. However, the fact that the United States has a global trade deficit does not mean we're in a trade war. It doesn't mean our trading partners are cheating us any more than that we're cheating Canada and the United Kingdom by running trade surpluses with them. It means we import more than we export. One of the reasons for that is the strength of the dollar in foreign exchange markets. A strong dollar makes imports less expensive and exports more expensive. That, in turn, leads to more choices and lower prices for American consumers.
Navarro said in a recent speech that trade surpluses were synonymous with economic growth. History suggests otherwise. The U.S. economy added 235,000 jobs in February and the unemployment rate fell to 4.7%. The trade deficit in January (February not available yet) was $48.5 billion, the highest it's been since March 2012.
The trade deficit decreased during the recession of 2008-09. The United States ran a trade surplus through most of the Great Depression.
Ross didn't say who the enemy was in this supposed trade war, but President Trump has made it clear that he has it in for China and Mexico, our second and third largest trading partners, respectively. Our largest bilateral trade deficits are with those countries.
So, Trump intends to renegotiate NAFTA. And, he has threatened China with punitive tariffs. He has said doing these things would erase the U.S. trade deficit, cause a renaissance of American manufacturing jobs and bring the 3% GDP growth he promised.
They would do none of those things.
"Withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, and launching trade actions against China ensure political headlines, but they will not make much difference to the global U.S. trade deficit. Nor will they bring more jobs and higher wages to U.S. workers," said Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Euijin Jung of the Peterson Institute of International Economics in an article published in February.
They also noted that the trade deficit is financed in part by foreign direct investment, which is unquestionably beneficial to the U.S. economy. Foreign-owned companies operating in the United States directly employ 6.1 million Americans, according to the U.S. Commerce Department. FDI stock in the U.S. stands at almost $3 trillion.
One way to reduce the trade deficit would be to devalue the dollar against the Chinese yuan and other currencies. That would be politically difficult because it's what Trump (wrongly) accuses China of doing on a regular basis. It would also raise the prices of imported food and manufactured goods and, possibly, cause inflation. That would hurt low-income Americans the most.
A better idea would be for the Trump trade triumvirate to calculate America's balance of trade with its 20 free trade agreement partners. They would find that we have an aggregate trade surplus with them. Maybe then they'd reconsider their plans to renegotiate or withdraw from those agreements.
If Ross thinks we're in a trade war now, let him propose raising tariffs against Mexico and China over and above the World Trade Organization's Most Favored Nation rates. Then, we'd be in a trade war for real.
NAVARRO'S STANDING WITH CONGRESS DROPS
On March 16th, senior trade officials from the administration, minus Robert Lighthizer, headed up to Capitol Hill to talk with members of the House Ways and Means Committee about NAFTA, among other trade topics – marking the latest step in what one administration official described as a series of ongoing consultations between the administration and Congress before the White House formally moves to reopen the agreement.
The next step will be for the administration to formally notify Congress that its NAFTA plans to begin talks, triggering a congressionally mandated 90-day consultation period before the renegotiation can start.
Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross stated that the White House hopes to send that notification letter "sometime in the next couple of weeks," meaning formal talks are likely to begin around early summer. Ross is expected attended the March 16th meeting, as did senior members of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative including general counsel and acting USTR Stephen Vaughn, and deputy general counsel Maria Pagan.
Peter Navarro, however, did not go to the Capital Hill meeting. After a meeting with the Senate Finance Committee in February – which was described as "a disaster" – Navarro made such a poor impression that Senators viewed it as a reason for why they need to get USTR nominee Robert Lighthizer confirmed as soon as possible. That meeting also spurred additional questions about who is really in charge on trade and led to strong reminders that USTR holds the statutory authority.
G-20 BECOMES MORE PROTECTIONIST
On March 18th, the trade protectionist rhetoric increased as it was reported that the G-20 member states dropped the no-protectionism pledge, which indicates more trade storms to come. The G20 is an informal forum on economic cooperation made up of 19 countries plus the European Union. Finance ministers from the Group of 20 countries met in the southern German town of BadenBaden and issued a statement saying only that countries "are working to strengthen the contribution of trade" to their economies. In last yearʹs meeting under the Obama Administration, called on countries to resist "all forms" of protectionism, which can include border tariffs and rules that keep out imports to shield domestic companies from competition.
During the press conference, I was told that U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, was peppered with questions about the border adjustment tax. Munchin did state that trade deals need to offer a win-win scenario and went on to state:
"We believe in free trade: we are one of the largest markets in the world, we are one of the largest trading partners in the world. Having said that, we want to reexamine certain agreements… And to the extent that agreements are old agreements and need to be renegotiated weʹll consider that as well."
AGRICULTURE WAKES UP BECAUSE IT REALIZES HOW MUCH IT WILL LOSE WITH A PROTECTIONIST ANTI TRADE POLICY
In the past, many reporters have asked me what could China or other countries retaliate against. The United States does not export much. US exports are simply too small. In the face of large trade deficits with China, Mexico and other countries in the manufacturing area, what is the US exporting that can be a retaliation target?
US trade data indicate that US exports for 2016 were over $1 trillion. In the Robert Lighthizer confirmation hearings, you could hear the real concern of many Senators, especially from the agriculture states, that products from their states could be retaliation targets. Their worry is certainly justified.
As Senator Pat Roberts stated at the Lighthizer Confirmation hearings:
"I'm going to try and demonstrate that we are going through a pretty rough patch in agriculture. If Trump makes good on his promises to turn U.S. trade policy into a war against imports, "we are going to get into a very difficult situation."
During the Confirmation Hearing, Roberts, Grassley and other Agriculture Senators extracted a pledge from Lighthizer that in negotiating trade agreements he would push agriculture interests to the top of the list. Senators and Congressmen from Agriculture states fear that if no new trade agreements are negotiated, US agriculture will lose market share and will become the retaliation target of other countries.
Mexico, in fact, is one of the largest buyers of US corn, much of which comes from Kansas and Iowa. US exports about $2.4 billion in corn to Mexico. Now Mexico is talking about retaliation and buying its corn from Brazil and Argentina. What goes around comes around.
U.S. Senators and Congressmen noticed when a Mexican lawmaker introduced legislation favoring Latin American products over American- exported corn, a key winner in Nafta. That move followed warnings from Mr. Trump that Nafta would be renegotiated and Mexico would have to pay for a new border wall. In response, Republican Senator Joni Ernst of Iowa stated:
"I have been worried because other countries have pushed back: 'You want us to build a wall, well we're not going to take your corn.' If we're talking about renegotiating Nafta, we actually stand to lose ground in agriculture—so we would really have to work that very, very carefully."
On March 6th, leaders of the US Dairy industry were in Mexico to attempt and protect their exports from uncertainty over the future of NAFTA. After NAFTA was signed in 1994, American dairy exports to Mexico more than quadrupled to $1.2 billion, accounting for nearly one-fourth of all U.S. dairy exports last year. Because of Trump's attacks on Mexico, it has encouraged Mexican importers to find other suppliers in the European Union and New Zealand, which are eager to get into the market, and in New Zealand's case are part of the TPP.
In response to the criticism that Trump is putting his trade focus on the plight of the U.S. manufacturing sector at the expense of the export-dependent agriculture sector, on March 21st Trump pivoted to agriculture. Sean Spicer, the President's press secretary stated:
"While our farmers are the most efficient in the world, margins have been tightening, regulations have been multiplying, and exports, which has historically counted for over one- fifth of the U.S. farm production, have been declining due to unwise trade policies. The President promised the many people in the agriculture industry and throughout rural America that he would not allow this to continue and he will continue to pursue policy changes that will reverse this disturbing trend."
John Bode, president and CEO of the Corn Refiners Association praised the statement saying that Trump's proclamation recognizes that "improved trade balances and a successful agriculture sector are inextricably linked." He further stated:
"Our industry's exports not only deliver jobs at home, they are among America's fundamental strengths abroad. We are heartened to know that this White House agrees and that they will seek to increase agricultural exports as they examine existing and future trade agreements."
Ray Starling, special assistant to the president for agriculture on the National Economic Council, recently stated at a National Ag Day event in Washington:
"The President has talked a lot about our manufacturing imbalance on trade, but that is not meant to neglect ag. That is essentially to say we know ag is doing a good job, we are making strides there, we need to do more."
Now we have to wait and see if Trump truly means what he says or whether he wants a trade war, which will hurt US exports, especially in the agriculture area.
SENATORS AND CONGRESSMEN WANT MORE TRADE DEALS–BILATERAL VERSUS MULTILATERAL DEALS
Back on January 26, 2017 in an interview with Sean Hannity on Fox News, Trump explained that he did not like multilateral trade deals, such as the TPP, because they are a mosh pit and fall to the lowest common denominator.
During his confirmation hearing, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross stated that it easy to negotiate bilateral deals than multilateral deals. But the question is, will it be easier to negotiate 12 bilateral deals with 12 different countries when one deal, the TPP, would have done it. More importantly, although the US will renegotiate NAFTA and start trade deals with Japan and eventually Britain, is it truly realistic for the very small USTR to have continual negotiations with dozens of countries at the same time. The TPP took 10 years to negotiate. Maybe Ross is just playing a game and does not want more trade deals.
At a recent trade conference on March 13th here in Seattle held by the Washington Council on International Trade, however, it was very apparent that Washington State Congressmen, both Democrats and Republicans, want more trade deals.
At the Conference Congressman Dave Reichert, WA Republican, and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Trade, House Ways and Means, stated that the Trump Administration intends to do more bilateral deals. He also stated that since NAFTA is a trilateral agreement, all three countries, Mexico, Canada and the US need to be at the table.
Reichert also stated that we cannot give up trade agreements because the cost would be too high. China will benefit. He also stated that the United States needs to set the international trade standards through trade agreements or China will do so and 95% of the World's population and markets are outside US.
Reichert stated that the longer we wait to do trade deals, the more market shares we lose. He pointed to the FTA with Korea, which dramatically reduced the 24% Korean tariff on cherries, and Washington State cheery exports doubled and Washington French Fries went up 53%.
When NAFTA took place US exports to Mexico doubled reaching $180 billion. There is now over $500 billion in trade between US and Mexico
Following Reichert, Republican Congressman Dan Newhouse, who represents large Agricultural interests in the Center of Washington stated, "We cannot afford to waste any time as we create opportunities for local producers and exporters to gain access to new markets."
Congressman Rick Larsen stated that the Administration has to decide whether it will do Border Adjustment taxes or trade deals. Larsen went on to state that trade is much bigger than just agreements. It is soft power. Asian countries see the US leading with military power, but the US relationship with the other Asian countries is less secure if the only relationship is military and not trade.
Democratic Congressman Denny Heck stated that TPP went too far too fast and was not politically possible. Echoing Donald Trump, Heck stated that the white working man has seen no increase in income in 40 years.
But Newhouse stated that after the Korea FTA, Washington State potato growers saw an increase in exports of 670,000 tons of French Fries to Korea. That is jobs.
On March 22nd, John Brinkley in an article entitled, Trump's "Trade Policies Would Take From the Many and Give To a Few" points out the problem of relying only on bilateral agreements as compared to multilateral agreements:
"Politics can be defined as taking something from someone and giving it to someone else. Done right, the winners outnumber the losers and the sacrifice will have been worthwhile.
This seems lost on the Trump administration, whose trade proposals are likely to create a lot more losers than winners.
Let's start with his plan to eschew multilateral trade agreements and negotiate only bilateral ones. With a multilateral agreement, like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, all parties play by the same rules. That means exporters don't have to figure out what the rules of origin are country-by- country. They're all the same.
Deciphering and complying with rules of origin under a free trade agreement are among the most difficult and time-consuming chores that exporting companies have to perform. If the rule says 70 percent of a truck's parts have to have been made in the United States, the company has to go to its suppliers and say, where did the door handles come from? Where did the tires come from?
A lot of smaller companies find it isn't worth the time and expense, so they ship the product and pay the tariff. Or they don't export at all.
Having a series of bilateral agreements makes it even harder, because each agreement would have its own rules of origin. American manufacturers were looking forward to ratification of the TPP, because it was to be a 12-country trading bloc with one set of rules. But Trump withdrew the United States from it.
Renegotiating NAFTA is another idea that would take from the many for the benefit of a few.
Breaking up NAFTA and negotiating separate bilateral agreements with Mexico and Canada would be even worse. U.S. Trade Representative nominee Robert Lighthizer said during his Senate confirmation hearing that the administration might take that course.
NAFTA has been in effect for 23 years. Whatever impacts it had on American employment and economic growth are well in the past. If you look under NAFTA's hood, you see a complex network of supply chains crossing the three countries' borders. They make it easy and cost-effective for American manufacturers to buy parts from Mexico or Canada and have them delivered quickly and duty-free.
About half of Mexico's exports to the United States are parts for products that are built here – car parts, electronic components and so on.
Making those parts more expensive would make the products they go into more expensive and would reduce the importing companies' revenues, leading to lay-offs or worse. That is basic economics.
Trump said yesterday that renegotiating NAFTA was "going to be an easy one." Everyone who has ever been a trade negotiator probably got a chuckle out of that. . .. .
"The United States has been treated very, very unfairly by many countries over the years, and that's going to stop," he said last week during a joint press conference with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
Poor little us. We're being pushed around by those mean bullies from South Korea and Mexico.
Nonetheless, the U.S. and global economies have been growing at a healthy pace. The U.S. unemployment rate is 4.7 percent, about as low as it can go, and median wages have finally started to increase for the first time since the recession of 2008.
This seems to call for an economic policy of caution and restraint to keep the recovery going rather than taking a machete to our trade agreements and punishing our trading partners for transgressions they have not committed.
That would harm vastly more Americans than it would help.
On February 28th, however, it was reported that the EU expects the Trump Administration to negotiate with the entire block as EU countries pushed back on Trump's bilateral dreams. European countries in the EU bloc have been unified against the Trump administration's reported attempts to bring individual EU countries into direct, bilateral trade deals with the U.S. The EU ambassador at a recent National Press Club meeting stated that bilateral deals are "nonsense". David O' Sullivan stated:
"It's nonsense to talk about bilateral deals with countries that are part of a single market. Would American companies really want 28 separate FTAs?"
In Germany, Martin Schäfer, spokesperson for the German foreign ministry, stated:
"The [European] Commission carries out trade negotiations and concludes trade agreements for Europe and for us. This is the legal status, about which we have nothing critical to say. The new political constellation in the U.S. and elsewhere should not tempt anybody to take up a different position."
European Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom also stated recently:
"The U.S. administration seems to favor bilateral relations over multilateralism. And some of the proposals we have seen floated, such as a border adjustment tax, could be at odds with WTO rules. Countries should be able to protect themselves from distortions and unfair trade practices. But that has to be done within the framework of the WTO. Global rules mean everyone playing fair, by a consistent, predictable and transparent rulebook.
In an age when some want to rebuild walls, re-impose barriers, restrict people's freedom to move … we stand open to progressive trade with the world."
On March 6th, a top European official stated that U.S. President Donald Trump's protectionist stance may propel Asian, Middle Eastern and Latin American economic powers into market-opening alliances with the European Union. Jyrki Katainen, a vice president of the European Commission, the EU's executive arm, said Trump's rejection of multilateral commercial deals and border-tax threat are giving impetus to the 28-nation bloc's push for free- trade or investment pacts with countries including Japan, China, India, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina.
Katainen stated that:
"When there has been some signals to raise protectionism, especially from the U.S. side, the rest of the world seems to be fighting back and saying that this is not our line, this is something which we don't want. This is music to our ears."
The comments signal that Trump's "America First" approach that seeks to reduce the U.S.'s $502 billion trade deficit may be as much an opportunity as a threat to the EU.
Recently, the US equipment manufacturing industry, which supports more than 1.3 million jobs, expressed its concern about exports. A report by the Association of Equipment Manufacturers stated that about 30 percent of the construction equipment and about 30 percent of the agricultural equipment manufactured in the United States is designated for export – and would therefore be hit hardest by any slowdown in global trade:
"Slow international growth combined with uncertainty about trading rules under the Trump administration could act as a drag on the equipment manufacturing industry's overall performance. Any steps the Trump administration might take to revisit or exit existing trade agreements could further complicate the challenging economic environment outside the United States.
It is difficult to precisely forecast how the Trump administration might rewrite existing trading rules, but any steps that make it more difficult for manufacturers to export their products could hinder growth in the industry."
TPP CONTINUES WITHOUT THE US
On March 14th Government officials from the 12 Trans-Pacific Partnership nations minus the United States held a two-day summit in Chile to discuss a path forward on trade following the US decision to withdraw from the TPP.
New Zealand Trade Minister Todd McClay stated:
"I have recently visited Australia, Japan, Singapore and Mexico, met with ministers from Brunei and Malaysia and talked directly with trade ministers from all other TPP countries. It is clear our partners remain committed to the benefits high quality trade agreements provide."
Even though the TPP requires that at least six countries composing at least 85 percent of the entire TPP's collective economic production, with the US withdrawal, the other 11 countries have decided to move forward with the TPP. As Wendy Cutler, a former trade negotiator at USTR, stated:
"A TPP agreement without the U.S. is still relevant and would have significant economic value. You'd still have four of the world's 20 largest economies — Japan, Canada, Australia, and Mexico — alongside significant emerging economies, like Vietnam and Malaysia."
In other words, other countries will replace US exports in those markets because they will have the benefit of the TPP.
After the meeting in Chile, Australian Trade Minister Steven Ciobo stated:
"I was particularly pleased there was continuing movement on the TPP. Countries remain committed to exploring all the avenues and opportunities in relation to the TPP. There was broad agreement on the high level of ambition in the TPP being a benchmark and something we shouldn't just let slip away."
Japanese State Minister Takao Ochi stated:
"As long as Japan is concerned we don't want to exclude any possible ways and we would like to take initiative in discussing with each of the member countries."
The 11 countries will now work to preserve the trade deal's innovations, which included new rules on digital trade, disciplines for state-owned companies and what have been touted as the toughest labor and environment protections of any modern trade agreement. The innovations also include new market access that countries negotiated on everything from milk powder to insurance services.
BORDER ADJUSTMENT TAXES
As stated in my last newsletters, the big issue in the trade area right now is border adjustment taxes and tax reform. New Treasury Secretary Mnuchin says tax reform will take place in August 2017 and it is a priority for the Trump Administration. Part of that reform is Border Adjustment Taxes ("BAT"). See http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2017/02/23/treasury-secretary-mnuchin-lays-out-aggressive-timeline-for-tax-reform.html. As Mnuchin states, a US deficit of $20 trillion, which was doubled by President Obama, is a concern, but more important is economic growth, which will result in more tax revenue. To get economic growth, taxes and regulations have to be cut.
But with the failure of Obamacare in the House, taxes, including border adjustment taxes, move to the front of the Congressional calendar. Trump and Republicans in the Congress, especially the House, appear to be moving ahead with an alternative to tariffs to spur US manufacturing and that is taxes. There is now an attempt in Congress to give American-made products a big tax advantage over their foreign competitors through border adjustment taxes, and, in effect, counter the value added taxes used in other countries to deter imports. As Kevin Brady, Chairman of House Ways and Means, argues, almost 80% of countries border adjust their taxes. That includes Mexico, Canada, China, and the European countries, putting US exports at a substantial disadvantage. For Brady's argument, see videos at the following links, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yYHGoFmNEk&feature=youtu.be and
https://waysandmeans.house.gov/icymi-chairman-brady-cnbc-makes-case-ending-made-america-export-tax/.
Under a border adjustment tax ("BAT"), a 20% tax would be applied against all domestic products and imported products. But the domestic producer would be allowed to deduct all the domestic costs associated with producing that product. Thus if a $100 product was produced in the US, the domestic producer could deduct $70 in costs, resulting in a 20% tax on $30 or a $6 tax. But there would be no deduction of domestic costs for a $100 import resulting in a 20% tax on the full $100 or a $20 tax, giving the domestic product a 14% tax advantage. The BAT would not apply to exports.
This proposal has welled up from the House of Representatives and is strongly supported by House Speaker Paul Ryan and the Chairman of House Ways and Means, Kevin Brady. Their argument is that border adjustment tax is needed to offset value added taxes in other countries. Brady argues that the BAT is the only way to end the "Made in America" tax.
One example given is that if an automobile is produced in the US and exported to Mexico, a 35% corporate tax is levied on the profits of the US automaker and then the US automobile is hit with a 16% value added tax when it comes into Mexico. On the other hand, when an automobile is produced in Mexico for shipment to the US, there is no corporate tax on the export and no corresponding tax in the US on the Mexican export to the US. In effect, Ryan and Brady argue that this is a tremendous incentive to move manufacturing out of the United States to countries with value added taxes, such as Mexico, China, Canada, EU and many other countries.
Border adjustments serve as a way to level the playing field and alter value-added consumption taxes many countries, including European countries, Mexico, Canada and China, impose on each stage of production, as products are sold internationally. Proponents argue that the BAT is not trade policy and does not favor exports over imports. To see the companies that have VAT taxes in place, see the Ways and Means website at https://waysandmeans.house.gov/ending-made-america-tax-three-major- wins-american-people/.
The Trade War in the Administration on border adjustment taxes has become clear as Bannon, Navarro and others are in favor, but Cohn and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin are opposed. Wilbur Ross is on the fence. Trump himself has not taken a position.
On March 25th During a morning interview, Mnuchin said he had been overseeing work on the administration's tax bill over the past two months and it would be introduced soon. He said the goal was still to win Congressional approval of the tax measure by August. But if the timeline is delayed, he said he expected the proposal to pass by the fall. Mnuchin did not reveal whether the administration will include the Border Adjustment tax.
On March 9th Bloomberg reported that the BAT is in deep trouble. The BAT is important because it is expected to raise more than $1 trillion in revenue, which would offset the cut to corporate tax rates:
Companies that rely heavily on exports, such as Boeing Co. and Oracle Corp., love the plan—for obvious reasons. Beyond profits, they also say a BAT would make American manufacturers more competitive by putting them on equal footing with foreign competitors around the world.
Importers hate the BAT. Big retailers such as Walmart Stores Inc. and Best Buy Co. contend that border adjustments will dent profit margins and force them to raise prices on everything from avocados and furniture to Nike shoes and French cheese. In a Feb. 28 letter to congressional leaders, the Americans for Affordable Products coalition said the tax would raise consumer costs "by as much as $1,700" in the first year. . . .
Companies are taking their message to consumers. In late February the National Retail Federation, which opposes the BAT, started airing TV commercials that parody an OxiClean infomercial, telling shoppers that "the all-new BAT tax is specially designed to make your disposable income—disappear!" Proponents, through the American Made Coalition that includes Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer Inc., launched a Twitter feed to support the tax. Both sides have created Facebook pages and websites with auto-form letters that viewers can send to Congress. Both, too, routinely pepper media outlets with press releases citing prominent people in the private sector and academia who either love or hate it.
As Bloomberg further states in Congress the BAT is running into opposition from Republicans:
A core group of House Republicans has come out in recent weeks against the BAT, citing the higher prices they'd inflict on consumers. Republican Senate support is in doubt, too. Tom Cotton, a Republican from Walmart's home state of Arkansas, told a Senate floor session on Feb. 15 that border adjustments are "a theory wrapped in speculation inside a guess." The next day, Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn, a Texas Republican, said, "The hard reality is the border tax is on life support."
But as Bloomberg further states:
"Ryan and Brady aren't backing down. Without border adjustments, they say, their plan to rewrite the tax code can't happen. That $1.1 trillion in revenue is crucial to the politics of the BAT, since it helps keep it deficit- neutral, a prerequisite for passing a tax bill through the Senate without Democratic votes. "What it boils down to is that it's a way to pay for the rest of the tax plan," says Veronique de Rugy, an economist at George Mason University. "Only revenue comes from this feature—economic growth doesn't." That $1 trillion is also crucial to how the BAT might affect the economy. Says Ross, "That is way too big a number to get wrong."
EUROPE, THE WTO AND CHINA
Meanwhile, other countries are lining up to retaliate if the BAT is passed. On February 28th, it was reported that the EU is preparing a legal challenge against Donald Trump's US border tax plan in what could be biggest trade dispute in a century. Jyrki Katainen, the European Commission's Vice President, told the newspaper: "If someone is behaving against our interests or against international rules in trade then we have our own mechanisms to react." He said the EU was seeking to avoid a potential trade war with the US as it would be "disastrous" for the world economy.
"We have all the legal arrangements within the EU but we are also part of global arrangements like the WTO and we want to respect the global rule base when it comes to trade."
One WTO trade dispute expert estimated that a defeat in such a case could see around $385bn a year in trade retaliation against the US. Volker Kauder, parliamentary floor leader of Merkel's conservatives, also recently stated:
"If Donald Trump imposes punitive tariffs on German and European products, then Europe should also impose punitive tariffs on U.S. products."
Meanwhile, the Chinese government has been seeking advice from think tanks and policy advisers on how to retaliate against trade penalties imposed by the US. China's strongest responses would likely include finding alternative suppliers of agricultural products, machinery and manufactured goods, and reducing the number of consumer goods like cellphones and laptops that it exports to the United States. Other possibilities could include levying a tax or other penalty on major U.S. companies that do business in China or restricting access to the country's services sector.
NAFTA RENEGOTIATION
The first trade agreement, which the Trump Administration will negotiate is NAFTA. President Trump has already formally notified both Canada and Mexico that he intends to renegotiate NAFTA. The negotiations will probably start sometime this summer.
On March 12, 2017, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross stated that the Trump administration has yet to determine what the trade agreement replacing NAFTA will look like. As Ross stated:
"One size doesn't fit all. The issues of automotive are not the same as the issues of agriculture; they're not the same as the issues of electronics, or steel. It's a very, very complicated situation. So it's very hard to paint just with one big broad brush."
On March 16, 2017, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau stated:
"NAFTA's been … improved a dozen times over the past 20 years. There's always opportunities to talk about how we can make it better. It has led to a lot of great jobs for a whole lot of people on both sides of the border and I very much take him [Trump] at his word when he talks about just making a few tweaks. Because that's what we're always happy to do.
"We've got auto parts crisscrossing the border six times before they end up in a finished product. You've got over $2 billion a day going back and forth. So, making sure that the border is … secure but also smooth in its flow of goods and people is essential to good jobs on both sides of the border."
Meanwhile, there are a number of meetings between US, Canadian and Mexican officials preparing for the NAFTA negotiations.
On March 21st, the Trump administration created the attached list, KEY ELEMENTS, of more than 20 foreign trade practices it would like to address in a renegotiation of NAFTA and in any bilateral trade deal it might pursue. The list includes relatively new areas like foreign currency manipulation, where achieving agreement could be difficult, but also a host of others like intellectual protection that have long been mainstays in U.S. trade agreements. Payne Griffin, deputy chief of staff at the Office of U.S. Trade Representative, stated:
"These are market problems that the administration has identified either through vigorous consultations with Congress or their own internal research. It is a non-exhaustive list of things that may be addressed in these bilateral trade agreements."
CHINA NONMARKET ECONOMY
China has initiated a mandatory 60-day consultation period with both economies before deciding to request a dispute settlement panel to hear its complaint. China has now decided to only target the EU, which is in the process of trying to change antidumping methodology. Brussels is trying to come up with a new way of treating China under its trade remedy law while still recognizing that Beijing intervenes heavily in its economy.
The United States has said it would only consider a change in response to a formal request from China to be treated as a market economy, something it has not done since 2006.
Apparently, China is trying a strategy of 'divide and conquer'. Take on the EU first, because it is already revising its law and they might get a good WTO decision, then face the tougher battle against the U.S."
MORE TRADE CASES COMING
A law firm that specializes in bringing antidumping ("AD") and countervailing duty ("CVD") trade cases recently told me that they are in the process of preparing a number of new cases against China and other countries. With a sympathetic Trump Administration and a very sympathetic Wilbur Ross as the new Secretary of Commerce, more cases are going to be filed.
ALUMINUM FOIL FROM CHINA
On March 9, 2017, the US Aluminum Foil Trade Enforcement Working Group, including Aleris Inc., Alpha Aluminum, Golden Aluminum, Granges Americas Inc., JW Aluminum Company, Novelis Corporation, Republic Foil Inc., Reynolds Consumer Products, and United Aluminum Corporation, filed major AD and CVD cases against more than $658 million of aluminum foil imports from China in 2016.
The petition alleges duties ranging from at a minimum of 38 percent to a high of 134 percent and targets 232 Chinese exporters and producers of aluminum foil. The aluminum foil covered by the complaint covers household aluminum foil as well as aluminum foil used in cookware, product packaging and heat exchangers found in cars and HVAC systems.
US importers can be liable for CVD duties on aluminum foil imports from China as soon as August 6, 2017 and AD duties on October 5, 2017.
Attached are the relevant parts of the AD and CVD complaints along with a list of the targeted Chinese exporters/producers and US importers, 2017.03.08 CHN-ALUMINUM FOIL Petition Vol I 1Narrative IMPORTERNAMES. If anyone has any questions, please feel free to contact me.
SILICON METAL FROM AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL, KAZAKHSTAN AND NORWAY
Although the US industry may believe AD and CVD petitions will move the Chinese imports share to the US industry, that is not necessarily the case. Case in point, on March 8, 2016, Globe Specialty Metals Inc. filed major AD and CVD cases against imports of Silicon Metal from Australia, Brazil, Kazakhstan and Norway. Chinese silicon metal has been under an AD order with shut out rates since 1991.
Attached are the relevant parts of the AD and CVD complaints along with a list of the targeted foreign exporters/producers and US importers, SMALL SILICON METAL PETITION.
The first hearing at the ITC is March 29th. Commerce will issue questionnaires probably in the first week of April. Commerce Department preliminary determinations in the Countervailing Duty cases, which is when liability for importers begins, can happen as soon as August.
If anyone has any questions, please feel free to contact me.
TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE FOR FIRMS/COMPANIES – A BETTER ALTERNATIVE TRADE REMEDY WHICH ACTUALLY WORKS
Previous newsletters stated Wilbur Ross has made it very clear to reach the 3% plus growth rate, the US must increase exports. Yet, at the same time, the Trump Administrations keeps concentrating on deficits and accusing foreign governments of treating US companies unfairly. Trump and his Administration do not look internally and try to find ways to make the US companies more competitive, which will not create a trade war.
The Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms/Companies program does not put up barriers to imports. Instead the TAA for Companies program works with US companies injured by imports to make them more competitive. The objective of TAA for Companies is to save the company and by saving the company it saves the jobs that go with that company.
In contrast to TAA for workers, TAAF or TAA for Companies is provided by the Economic Development Administration at the Commerce Department to help companies adjust to import competition before there is a massive lay-off or closure. Yet the program does not interfere in the market or restrict imports in any way.
Right now the total cost to the US Taxpayer for this nationwide program is $12.5 million dollars—truthfully peanuts in the Federal budget. Moreover, the Federal government saves money because if the company is saved, the jobs are saved and there are fewer workers to retrain and the saved company and workers end up paying taxes at all levels of government rather than being a drain on the Treasury.
As stated in my last blog post, TAA for Firms/Companies works. In the Northwest, where I am located, the Northwest Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, http://www.nwtaac.org/, has been able to save 80% of the companies that entered the program since 1984. The Mid-Atlantic Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, http://www.mataac.org, uses a video, http://mataac.org/howitworks/, to show in detail how the program resulted in significant turnarounds for four companies. The reason the TAA for Firms/Companies is so successful—Its flexibility in working with companies on an individual basis to come up with a specific adjustment plan to make them competitive once again in the US market as it exists today. For a sample recovery plan, see http://mataac.org/documents/2014/06/sample-adjustment-plan.pdf, which has been developed specific to the strengths, weaknesses and threats each company faces.
But as also stated in my last blog post, in this environment with so many injured companies, funding for TAA for Firms/Companies has to be increased so it can do its job. Moreover, with the threats of a massive trade war in the air, which will injure all US companies and destroy US jobs, the US government needs to look at an alternative—TAA for Firms/Companies is that alternative.
FOREIGN ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTY LAW AND CASES
UNIVERSAL TRADE WAR CONTINUES
With the election of Donald Trump, as stated in my last blog post, the Universal Trade War will continue. In addition to the US bringing AD and CVD cases, countries around the World, such as EC, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, India, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Thailand, South Africa, and Vietnam, all are filing antidumping and countervailing duty cases against each other and the United States. These countries have adopted the US law which finds dumping in 90% of the cases. The US and the EC have created a Frankenstein in the antidumping law and the whole World has adopted it.
Compromise is the best way to settle trade disputes, but it is very difficult, if not impossible, to settle US antidumping and other trade cases. What is "fair" trade for the United States is "fair" trade for every other country. Many countries want to make their industries Great again.
Because of this situation, this part of the newsletter will concentrate on trade cases in other countries and how other countries see the trade problem with the United States. It will also discuss potential US exports that can be retaliation targets.
On March 6, 2017, Alexandro N. Gomez-Stozzi, a Mexican trade lawyer, at the Gardere firm in Mexico City sent me the following summary of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations in Mexico:
Mexican Antidumping and Countervailing (AD/CVD) Investigation Procedures Factsheet
AD/CVD investigations in Mexico may take from 12 to 18 months as of the publication in the Diario Oficial regarding the initiation of investigation. Terms within the investigative process may be extended with cause, at the discretion of the authority. Investigations are generally conducted as follows (variation of a chart created by Mexican authorities):
There is a single investigating authority, the Ministry of Economy´s International Trade Practices Unit (known by its Spanish acronym UPCI, for Unidad de Prácticas Comerciales Internacionales). UPCI makes all relevant findings: (i) dumping or countervailing, (ii) material injury or threat thereof and (iii) causation. Final AD/CVD orders are signed by the Minister of Economy; although informally, trade policy considerations in other sectors come into play before deciding to issue an AD/CVD order. UPCI is also in charge of safeguard investigations.
Investigations are usually requested by Mexican producers representing at least 25% of the total production, although UPCI may initiate investigations if it deems so appropriate.
Exporters and importers of affected goods are strongly encouraged to retain Mexican counsel, as all appearances have to be made in Spanish and a domestic service address has to be designated.
When issuing a preliminary determination, the authority may: (1) impose a preliminary AD/CVD duty and continue with investigation, (2) continue the investigation without an AD/CVD duty, or (3) terminate the investigation on insufficient evidence grounds.
In its final determination, the authority may (i) confirm or modify its preliminary determination to impose an AD/CVD duty, or (2) declare the investigation concluded without imposing an AD/CVD duty. Under stringent circumstances, final determinations may impose retroactive duties for up to three months from date of publication of the preliminary determination.
During the course of an investigation, Mexican law allows for interested parties to ask UPCI to convene conciliatory meetings, at which proposals may be presented to resolve the case and terminate the investigation. These proceedings coexist with Antidumping Agreement´s price undertakings.
AD/CVD orders remain in effect for 5 years. They may be renewed for similar periods when warranted after a sunset review which covers both dumping (or countervailing) and injury. Circumvention, actual coverage of AD/CVD orders, and similar proceedings can also be initiated as long as orders are in effect.
World Trade Organization (WTO)´s Antidumping and Subsidies Agreements are applied as is in Mexican investigation proceedings. Mexican trade-remedy law and regulations may sometimes be contradictory with WTO agreements; in case of conflict, the WTO Agreements would prevail in court.
CHINA AD/CVD NEWSLETTERS
Attached are newsletters from Chinese lawyer Roland Zhu and his trade group at the Allbright Law Office about Chinese trade law, Team's newsletter-EN Vol.2017.09.
CFIUS—WILL INVESTMENT RECIPROCITY BE A NEW REQUIREMENT??
There is movement within the United States to establish investment reciprocity as a criteria in investigations by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States into its national security reviews of inbound transactions, a policy shift that would weigh the heaviest on Chinese buyers if enacted.
Investment reciprocity — the idea that the U.S. should block a foreign entity's investment in a particular industry when a U.S. buyer would be similarly blocked in that entity's country — has been on politicians' radar since before Donald Trump took office.
Trump made no secret of his leanings on the campaign trail, criticizing in particular a Chinese investment group's acquisition of the 130-year-old Chicago Stock Exchange, a deal that has since been cleared by CFIUS.
If the U.S. does decide to go this route, there are at least a couple ways the government could go about it. The President could direct CFIUS to focus more heavily on particular industries or use a broader definition of national security, as long as those directives don't stray too far from the regulations dictated by the Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, or FINSA. Congress can also amend FINSA to expand either the range of industries susceptible to national security review, or even expand the review itself from one focused solely on national security to a review that more broadly considers foreign investments in the U.S.
CHINESE MILITARY BUILDUP TO PROTECT ITS TRADE INTERESTS???
As mentioned in prior blog posts, there is a close relationship between defense/security and trade. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was created, in part, by the US naval embargo of Japan.
One of the strongest arguments for the Trans Pacific Partnership was the geo-political argument that the TPP would bring us closer to the Asian countries. Former defense secretary Ash Carter stated at one point that the TPP was equivalent to another US aircraft carrier.
On March 15, 2017, Malia Zimmerman for Fox News in an article entitled "China next US threat? Beijing beefs up military to protect trade", stated:
With a laser-like focus on protecting its lifeblood – trade – China is dramatically altering its military operations, creating specialized teams that can protect its maritime resources, routes and territorial expansion plans. . . .
Harry Kazianis, director of the Washington, D.C.-based Defense Studies for The Center for the National Interest, stated:
"The great Achilles heel of China is trade—especially natural resources that come via sea and into its ports—and a big reason it will inevitably become a globally deployed military power. Beijing's armed forces are working to slowly but surely reinforce and protect its overseas hubs as well as trade routes that move from Europe, the Middle East and Africa and into China's territorial waters."
ZTE HIT WITH SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATING EXPORT CONTROLS ACT
On March 7, 2007, in a notice and judgement, which will be attached to my blog, judgment 3-22, ZTE Corporation Agrees to Plead Guilty and Pay Over $430, the US Justice Department announced that ZTE Corp, has agreed to plead guilty and pay a combined a penalty of $1.1.9 billion for violating U.S. sanctions by sending U.S.-origin items to Iran. As the Justice Department notice states:
ZTE Corporation has agreed to enter a guilty plea and to pay a $430,488,798 penalty to the U.S. for conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) by illegally shipping U.S.-origin items to Iran, obstructing justice and making a material false statement. ZTE simultaneously reached settlement agreements with the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) and the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). In total ZTE has agreed to pay the U.S. Government $892,360,064. The BIS has suspended an additional $300,000,000, which ZTE will pay if it violates its settlement agreement with the BIS. . . .
"ZTE Corporation not only violated export controls that keep sensitive American technology out of the hands of hostile regimes like Iran's – they lied to federal investigators and even deceived their own counsel and internal investigators about their illegal acts," said Attorney General Sessions. "This plea agreement holds them accountable, and makes clear that our government will use every tool we have to punish companies who would violate our laws, obstruct justice and jeopardize our national security. . . ."
"ZTE engaged in an elaborate scheme to acquire U.S.-origin items, send the items to Iran and mask its involvement in those exports. The plea agreement alleges that the highest levels of management within the company approved the scheme. ZTE then repeatedly lied to and misled federal investigators, its own attorneys and internal investigators. Its actions were egregious and warranted a significant penalty," said Acting Assistant Attorney General McCord. "The enforcement of U.S. export control and sanctions laws is a major component of the National Security Division's commitment to protecting the national security of the United States. Companies that violate these laws – including foreign companies – will be investigated and held to answer for their actions."
"ZTE Corporation not only violated our export control laws but, once caught, shockingly resumed illegal shipments to Iran during the course of our investigation," said U.S. Attorney Parker. "ZTE Corporation then went to great lengths to devise elaborate, corporate-wide schemes to hide its illegal conduct, including lying to its own lawyers."
"The plea agreement in this case shows ZTE repeatedly violated export controls and illegally shipped U.S. technology to Iran," said Assistant Director Priestap. "The company also took extensive measures to hide what it was doing from U.S. authorities. This case is an excellent example of cooperation among multiple
U.S. agencies to uncover illegal technology transfers and make those responsible pay for their actions."
The plea agreement, which is contingent on the court's approval, also requires ZTE to submit to a three- year period of corporate probation, during which time an independent corporate compliance monitor will review and report on ZTE's export compliance program. ZTE is also required to cooperate fully with the Department of Justice (DOJ) regarding any criminal investigation by U.S. law enforcement authorities. . . ."
According to David Laufman, chief of the counterintelligence and export control section at the DOJ's National Security Division, it was "extraordinarily difficult" to obtain key documents and witnesses located in China until on March 7, 2016, the Commerce decision to add ZTE to the so-called Entity List. According to Laufman, "The game-changing event in this case, was the Commerce Department's decision to pursue an entity listing of ZTE, demonstrating the efficacy of the whole-of- government approach" to national security.
Companies end up on the Entity List after Commerce determines they are tied to illicit weapons programs, terrorism or other national security threats, and thereafter can't trade with U.S. companies without a special dispensation from the agency.
This may be the first case in which the Commerce Department has used an Entity List designation to force a foreign company to cooperate in a probe. Commerce will probably start using this strategy in future investigations.
SECTION 337 AND IP CASES
DOMESTIC INDUSTRY FROM PATENT LICENSEE
On March 8, 2017, the US International Trade Commission ("ITC") issued the attached interesting decision, 2 PAGE ONE PAGE DI, in the Section 337 case Certain Silicon-On-Insulator Wafers. In that decision, the ITC Administrative Law Judge determined that it could find a domestic industry in a Section 337 if the US patent licensee's activities show domestic activity. Even though the patent holder was a non-practicing entity, the ALJ determined:
Silicon Genesis Corporation ("SiGen"), has established contingently a domestic industry in the United States through the activities of its licensee, SunEdison Semiconductor Limited ("SunEdison") . . . through its licensee, SunEdison, SiGen has proven by a preponderance of evidence that it has made a significant domestic investment in plant and equipment, in capital and labor, and a substantial investment in research and development to produce certain silicon-on-insulator ("SOI") products at issue in this Investigation.
The decision did not break new ground, but it reminds nonpracticing entities, ("NPEs") that one way to meet the domestic industry requirement under Section 337 is through the actions of patent licensee in the United States.
NEW 337 CASES AGAINST CHINA
On March 10, 2017, in the attached ITC notice, Intravascular Sets, Curlin Medical, Inc., Moog, Inc., and Zevex, Inc. filed a section 337 case against imports of Intravascular Administration Sets from Yangzhou WeiDeLi Trade Co., Ltd., China.
If you have any questions about these cases or about Trump and Trade, border adjustment taxes, US trade policy, the antidumping or countervailing duty law, trade adjustment assistance, customs, False Claims Act or 337 IP/patent law, please feel free to contact me.
Filed Under: 337, Agriculture, Aluminum antidumping, Aluminum Foil, antidumping duty, Border Adjustment Taxes, CAFC, CFIUS, China Aluminum, China Trade Policy, China Trade Politics, Chinese Antidumping Case, CIT, Committee on Foreign Investment United States, Congress, countervailing duty, Court of Appeals Federal Circuit, currency manipulation, currency manipulation agreement, Dave Reichert, DOJ, domestic industry, Donald Trump, Export Controls, Fraud, Free Trade, General, House of Representatives, House Ways and Means Committee, intellectual property/337, International Trade Commission, ITC, Justice Department, Lighthizer, Market Economy China, Mexican Antidumping, Mexico, NAFTA, NAFTA Termination, national security, Navarro, NME, Non Practicing Entity, NPE, OCTG, OFAC, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Oil Country Tubular Goods, Patent, Politics, President, Presidential Trade Politics, Protectionism, Reagan, retaliation, Rick Larsen, Senate, Senate Finance Committee, TAAC, TAAF, Tariffs, Taxes, TPP, Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, Trade Adjustment Assistance Center for Firms, trade law, Trade Legislation, Trade Policy, Trans Pacific Partnership, Trump Appointments, Trump Trade Agenda, Trump Transistion, United States Trade Representative, US China Economic and Security Commission, US China Trade War, US Commerce Department, US Court of International Trade, US Investment, US Sanctions, ustr, Washington State, Wilbur Ross, World Trade Organization, WTO Tagged With: 337, agriculture, Aluminum Foil, antidumping, BAT, Bilateral Agreements, Border Adjustment Taxes, CFIUS, china, China NME, CIT, Commerce, Commerce Department, Congessman Dan Newhouse, Congress, Congressman Dave Reichert, Congressman Denny Heck, Congressman Rick Larson, countervailing duty, DOJ, export controls, House of Representatives, House Ways and Means, intellectual property, ITC, Justice Department, Lighthizer, Mexico Antidumping, Multilateral Agreements, NAFTA, nonmarket economy country, patent, politics, retaliation, Silicon Metal, subsidy, TPP, Trade Agreements, trade law, Trade Legislation, trade negotiations, trade war, Trump Trade Agenda, us china trade war, US Court of International Trade, US politics, ustr, wto, zte
Bill Perry January 3, 2014
US CHINA TRADE WAR–REAGAN PREDICTED IT, TRADE, CUSTOMS, 337/PATENTS, US CHINA ANTITRUST, AND SECURITIES
PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN , JUNE 28, 1986
There have been some major developments in the trade, Customs, patents, US/Chinese antitrust, and securities areas.
In looking at the first posts I wrote on my blog, they were relatively short, but with the US litigation against Chinese companies in the US and the Chinese litigation against US companies growing, the Posts will grow even larger.
As mentioned before, the US China Trade War is expanding into many different areas. Trade and Customs were simply the first areas of attack.
PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN PREDICTED TRADE WAR WITH CHINA
My intention was to upload this post to my blog by the end of December. Unfortunately, did not make it, but while on Christmas break I was at the Ronald Reagan Center in Santa Barbara, California.
In October 1980, I joined the US International Trade Commission ("ITC") as a staff attorney in the Office of General Counsel and later in the Chief Counsel's office in the Commerce Department. During that entire time, Ronald Reagan was President. During that period, the ITC was also the most free trade Commission in its history as Reagan appointed Commissioner after Commissioner with strong free trade ideologies, such as Susan Liebeler, Anne Brunsdale, and Robert Cass. From my observation, Ronald Reagan was the most free trade president in my lifetime. Congress, however, does not like free traders.
While at the Santa Barbara Center, I listened to the attached speech by President Ronald Reagan on international trade and was amazed because he predicted with absolute accuracy the present state of trade relations with China. REAGAN IT SPEECH On June 28, 1986 from his California Ranch, President Reagan stated as follows:
"Now, I know that if I were to ask most of you how you like to spend your Saturdays in the summertime, sitting down for a nice, long discussion of international trade wouldn't be at the top of the list. But believe me, none of us can or should be bored with this issue. Our nation's economic health, your well-being and that of your family's really is at stake.
That's because international trade is one of those issues that politicians find an unending source of temptation. Like a 5-cent cigar or a chicken in every pot, demanding high tariffs or import restrictions is a familiar bit of flimflammery in American politics.
But cliches and demagoguery aside, the truth is these trade restrictions badly hurt economic growth. You see, trade barriers and protectionism only put off the inevitable. Sooner or later, economic reality intrudes, and industries protected by the Government face a new and unexpected form of competition. It may be a better product, a more efficient manufacturing technique, or a new foreign or domestic competitor.
By this time, of course, the protected industry is so listless and its competitive instincts so atrophied that it can't stand up to the competition. And that, my friends, is when the factories shut down and the unemployment lines start.
We had an excellent example of this in our own history during the Great Depression. Most of you are too young to remember this, but not long after the stock market crash of 1929, the Congress passed something called the Smoot-Hawley tariff. Many economists believe it was one of the worst blows ever to our economy. By crippling free and fair trade with other nations, it internationalized the Depression. It also helped shut off America's export market, eliminating many jobs here at home and driving the Depression even deeper.
Well, since World War II, the nations of the world showed they learned at least part of their lesson. They organized the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT, to promote free trade. It hasn't all been easy going, however. Sometimes foreign governments adopt unfair tariffs or quotas and subsidize their own industries or take other actions that give firms an unfair competitive edge over our own businesses. On those occasions, it's been very important for the United States to respond effectively, and our administration hasn't hesitated to act quickly and decisively.
And in September, with more GATT talks coining up once again, it's going to be very important for the United States to make clear our commitment that unfair foreign competition cannot be allowed to put American workers in businesses at an unfair disadvantage. But I think you all know the inherent danger here. A foreign government raises an unfair barrier; the United States Government is forced to respond. Then the foreign government retaliates; then we respond, and so on. The pattern is exactly the one you see in those pie fights in the old Hollywood comedies: Everything and everybody just gets messier and messier. The difference here is that it's not funny. It's tragic. Protectionism becomes destructionism; it costs jobs."
Several thoughts come to mind when reading this speech. When President Reagan speaks of a "protected industry" that "is so listless and its competitive instincts so atrophied that it can't stand up to the competition", think the US Steel Industry, which has had antidumping and countervailing duty orders in place against steel imports for more than 40 years. Is Bethlehem Steel alive today? No, the orders did not work.
Second, President Reagan mentions the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. The real name of that law is the Tariff Act of 1930, and where are the US antidumping and countervailing duty laws to be found—The Tariff Act of 1930. Yes, many parts of the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act are alive today.
Finally President Reagan truly predicted the Trade War with China, including the Chinese reaction to the Solar Cells antidumping and countervailing duty cases and the other trade cases against China. The Solar Cells cases against China has led to the Polysilicon antidumping and countervailing duty cases against the US, wiping out $2 billion in US exports to China. The Section 421 Tires case described below led to Chinese antidumping and countervailing duty cases against automobiles and chicken from the US.
The Trade War with China truly has become a pie fight in the old Hollywood comedies– "Everything and everybody just gets messier and messier," but the sad part is that it costs jobs.
SOLAR CELLS—NEW ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTY CASE TO CLOSE THIRD COUNTRY LOOPHOLE AND AGAINST CHINA AND TAIWAN
On December 31, 2013, Solar World filed another antidumping and countervailing duty petition to close the third country loophole against China and Taiwan with alleged antidumping rates of 298%.
The antidumping and countervailing duty petition covers crystalline silicon photovoltaic products, including solar cells, modules and panels, from China and Taiwan. The specific products covered by the new antidumping and countervailing duty investigations are:
"The merchandise covered by this investigation is crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates and/or panels consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including building integrated materials. For purposes of this investigation, subject merchandise also includes modules, laminates and/or panels consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells completed or partially manufactured within a customs territory other than that subject country, using ingots, wafers, or partially manufactured cells sourced from the subject country. . . ."
"Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are any products covered by the existing antidumping and countervailing duty orders on crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the People's Republic of China- case numbers A-570-979 and C-570-980."
Attached is a copy of the injury petition. AD CVD CASE SOLAR WORLD TAIWAN AND CHINA
If Chinese companies are exporting and US importers are importing Chinese modules and panels with Taiwan or other solar cells in them, this option will be closed in 150 to 210 days. Chinese companies also must be prepared to submit separate rate applications in this new antidumping case to get the average rate.
On January 3, 2014, the US International Trade Commission issued the attached notice regarding the preliminary injury investigation in the new Solar Cells, Modules and Panels case against China and Taiwan. USITC Solar Panels PRELIMNARY NOTICE The ITC's preliminary conference is scheduled for January 21st in Washington DC.
If anyone is interested in participating in the case at the ITC or the Commerce Department, please feel free to contact me.
FIRST SOLAR CELLS CASE–REVIEW REQUESTS
In the first Solar Cells case, the first annual review investigations have just started up, which will determine the actual liability of US importers for antidumping and countervailing duties on their imports. On December 31, 2013, Solar World and the other US solar cell producers filed the attached letters requesting that the Chinese companies named in the letters be included in the review investigations. AD SolarWorld Review Request-12-31-13 SolarWorld CVD Review Request-12-31-13
If you are a Chinese producer/exporter and you are named in the letter, you must partcipate in the review investigation or you will lose your 24% antidumping rate and your new rate will be 250%. If you are an importer of solar cells during the specific review periods and your Chinese suppliers are named in these letters, you must make sure that they participate in the review investigations. If your suppliers do not participate, the antidumping rate will go from 24% to 250% and you the importer will be retroactively liable for the difference plus interest.
TRADE NEGOTIATIONS—BALI/DOHA ROUND AND TPP
In the trade world, the most important developments may be the WTO negotiations in Bali and the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations. Both negotiations could have a major impact on China trade.
Attached is an article that I have written together with a Canadian trade and customs lawyer about the impact of the TPP from both the US and Canadian point of view.FINAL ARTICLE TPP US CHINA
DOHA ROUND-BALI
From China's point of view, the WTO negotiations in the Doha Round are extremely important. The only way that China can deter many trade actions is to work within the multilateral framework to reduce trade barriers to Chinese products.
Multilateral WTO negotiations are even more important for China because of the ongoing TPP negotiations, which at this moment do not include China. As indicated in my attached article on the TPP, the US and other countries see the TPP negotiations as one way to offset China's rise in the trade area.
But multilateral and bilateral trade negotiations are by their nature a give and take. All countries in the negotiations have to be willing to reduce some of their own trade barriers to persuade other countries to lower their trade barriers. No country wins or loses on all issues. By their nature, trade negotiations involve tradeoffs.
So the WTO and TPP trade negotiations are going to be of continued interest to Chinese companies and US importers.
WTO NEGOTIATIONS-BALI
As mentioned in a past post, the United States Trade Representative ("USTR") pointed to the coming World Trade Organization ("WTO") multilateral negotiations in Bali on trade facilitation measures, which would streamline customs procedures, as being very important as well as the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership with 11 other Pacific Rim countries, which were "posed to close".
On November 27, 2013, however, there were reports that the WTO multilateral negotiations in Bali had broken down, in part over the Trade Facilitation report. But those statements were premature.
On December 6, 2013, WTO members announced that a Trade Facilitation Agreement had been struck by the member countries. This would be the first WTO-wide agreement in the organization's nearly two decade history. Round-the-clock negotiations at the conference led to the so-called Bali package -the first membership-wide agreement since the WTO was created in 1995. The Bali Package includes measures on trade facilitation, intended to streamline customs and other procedures that affect the shipment of goods across borders, as well as provisions on agriculture and economic development.
"For the first time in our history: the WTO has truly delivered." WTO Director-General Roberto Azevedo said in a December 5th statement. "I challenged you all, here in Bali, to show the political will we needed to take us across the finish line. You did that. And I thank you for it."
The WTO was able to overcome objections from Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia and Nicaragua because it did not address a U.S. embargo against Cuba, which has been in place for more than 50 years, and other trade embargoes. The agreement was to add an additional sentence in Bali deal's text that upheld the "principle of non-discrimination in goods in transit."
India also raised concerns over part of the package's agriculture section that dealt with agricultural subsidy programs that some developing countries offer to promote "food security" and combat hunger.
Those concerns, however, appeared to have been largely addressed in the draft text circulated December 3rd, which contained an interim agreement, under which WTO members would refrain from lodging disputes against developing countries that stockpile crops as part of a food security program, as long as the subsidies do not distort trade.
The Peterson Institute for International Economics said an ambitious agreement on trade facilitation could add $960 billion to the world economy. But the symbolism is more important. The Bali Agreement is very important for both developed and developing countries. Many of the FTA agreements, such as the ongoing TPP agreements, could hurt the developing countries the most. The movement of both the TPP and the Trans- Atlantic Agreement puts more pressure on the WTO countries to reach a deal.
The importance of the Bali Agreement is that it means the WTO can still be an effective forum for truly multilateral trade negotiations. If no deal had been reached in Bali, this could have led to the collapse of the WTO as a multilateral forum to negotiate reductions of trade barriers.
In a speech in Bali, WTO Director-General Roberto Azevedo stated, "What's at stake is the cause of multilateralism itself"
TPP NEGOTIATIONS RUN INTO HEADWINDS
The USTR and US government officials were predicting that the Trans Pacific Partnership ("TPP") negotiations would conclude at the end of the year with an Agreement. That was simply too optimistic. Secret negotiations are going to generate controversey.
On December 10th, the Trade Ministers for the 12 countries negotiating the TPP announced in Singapore "substantial progress" in the talks, but there would be no deal by the end of the year. In a joint statement, the Ministers indicated that they had engaged in productive discussions, identifying potential solutions to a number of outstanding obstacles, but more meetings would be held in 2014.
Rep. Sander Levin, D-Mich., the top Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee of U.S. House of Representatives, indicated that critical work lay ahead, especially the continued closure of Japan's market to U.S. cars and agricultural products, the implementation of enforceable labor and environmental rules, and strict rules on currency manipulation and state-owned enterprises.
South Korea has indicated interest in the talks, but it is unlikely that any other country would join the agreement while the talks are still ongoing. Presently, the TPP negotiations include Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam.
The two most important countries for the US, however, are Japan and possibly Vietnam. Japan is important because of decades long problems involving automobiles and agriculture products, and Vietnam because as a non-market economy Communist country, it could be a forerunner to China.
On December 10th Ways and Means Committee Chairman Dave Camp (R-MI) stated that there had been significant progress in the Singapore Round and countries will continue their work in January.
"The headway achieved so far on TPP is positive, but more work remains. There are longstanding issues that need to be resolved, like access for U.S. automakers and farmers, and we should take the time to get this agreement right. I look forward to consulting with Ambassador Froman when he returns on the next steps. Concluding these negotiations, as well as other trade agreements, will require Congressional passage of Trade Promotion Authority legislation. Given the considerable bipartisan and bicameral progress that has been made on that front, I expect we will be in a position to do so early next year if we have the Administration's active participation."
In addition, Congressional leaders announced that they had come to agreement on providing the Administration Trade Promotion Authority or Fast Track Authority.
But the TPP then ran into headwinds.
On December 19, 2013, American Farm Bureau Federation, American Meat Institute, American Soybean Association, International Dairy Foods Association, National Association of Wheat Growers, National Cattlemen's Beef Association, National Chicken Council, National Corn Growers Association, National Milk Producers Federation, National Oilseed Processors Association, National Pork Producers Council, National Turkey Federation, North American Meat Association, U.S. Dairy Export Council, U.S. Grains Council, U.S. Wheat Associates, USA Rice Federation announced that they would oppose the TPP if a final version did not require Japan to eliminate tariffs on virtually all US agricultural exports.
In the attached letter AG LETTER TO USTR to U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman, the seventeen agriculture industry groups stated:
"Dear Mr. Ambassador:
We are writing to express our concern with the state of play of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations. Each of our organizations has expressed in the past strong support for a comprehensive, high-standard TPP agreement. However, we have watched with growing alarm the unwillingness of Japanese negotiators to present a comprehensive offer on agricultural products, and we now believe this situation is threatening to undermine the negotiations.
In previous negotiations, the United States has demanded and received from developing country trading partners full and comprehensive liberalization in the agricultural sector. Yet in the TPP negotiations, Japan – a rich, developed country – is demanding special treatment for its agricultural sector. We consider an agreement that includes such special treatment for Japan to be unacceptable.
If Japan is allowed to claim exceptions for sensitive products, other TPP partners will inevitably demand the right to do the same. This could quickly lead to the unraveling of the agreement, as other parties pull their offers on sensitive products, or their concessions on sensitive issues, off the table.
However, even if it were possible to prevent the agreement among current parties from unraveling, granting exceptions to Japan, or any other party, would have far-reaching consequences. As the TPP expands to include other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, we can expect other countries with sensitivities in the agricultural sector, such as China, to make similar demands. Moreover, a weak agreement with Japan would inevitably have significant negative implications for our ability to reach an acceptable agreement with the EU in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations.
U.S. agriculture has always supported trade agreements and Trade Promotion Authority as the most effective means of eliminating tariff and non-tariff barriers and expanding global trade. However, the market access package you negotiate with Japan has the potential to impact billions in future exports and hundreds of thousands of jobs.
In conclusion, TPP must include comprehensive liberalization in the agricultural sector by all participating countries. If Japan continues to insist on unreasonable protections to a range of agricultural categories, we ask you to consider concluding TPP without Japan. It will ultimately be difficult for our organizations to support a TPP agreement with Japan that does not include comprehensive trade liberalization for all agricultural sectors."
This is an extremely important development because US agriculture is the primary force pushing for Free Trade Agreements. If the farmers do not support the TPP, there will be no agreement.
On December 9th, The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers ("IAM"), which represents around 700,000 current and former industrial workers, announced that the TPP would be a job killer, leading to a massive loss of American jobs. The IAM argued that past trade deals did not create jobs and has lead to a "death sentence" for American workers.
The IAM stated that it is strongly opposed to the revival of "fast-track" authorities that expired in 2007 and "If TPP is implemented, U.S. manufacturing may well find itself on the endangered species list."
DRUGS AND IP
On December 11, 2013, potential provisions in the TPP on drug patent protections and the length of copyright terms came under fire with Democratic lawmakers, library associations and consumer groups voicing concern over proposals that are currently on the table.
Several Democratic Congressmen urged USTR to reconsider its reported proposals for handling pharmaceutical patents in the TPP. CONG LETTER A number of libraries, digital rights and consumer groups argued against a copyright protection for a term of 70 years after the creator of a particular work dies.
Representative Henry Waxman, D-Calif and Senator Orrin Hatch, R-Utah sent separate letters arguing for and against the proposal of a 12-year market exclusivity period for biologics – drugs developed through biologic processes that can be used to treat diseases like cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Waxman argues for 7 years and Hatch is arguing for 12 years.
As Representative Waxman states in the attached letter Waxman TPP Drug IP Letter:
"The United States only recently established its biosimilars pathway when it enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (Pub. L. No. 111-148) and the consequences of PPACA's mandated twelve years of biologics exclusivity are not yet known.
Proposing twelve years of exclusivity in the context of TPP negotiations would conflict with stated Administration policy, as reflected in President Obama's FY 2014 budget proposal, recommending that the exclusivity period for biologics be reduced to seven years. Were the TPP ultimately to contain a twelve year biologics exclusivity provision, it would impede the ability of Congress to achieve the President's proposed seven year change because doing so would run afoul of U.S. trade obligations.
As we have discussed before, it is also critical that USTR ensure that developing countries are not left behind in this agreement. The United States must ensure that the TPP does not result in generic medicines becoming available in TPP developing countries later than in the United States. In addition, the patent flexibilities available to developing nations in the Doha Declaration on Public Health should not be denied or weakened in the agreement."
SECTION 421 SPECIAL SAFEGUARD PROVISION AGAINST CHINA EXPIRED ON DECEMBER 11, 2013
On December 11, 2013, Section 421 of the Trade Act of 1974, a special safeguard law against China, expired as a result of provisions in the US China WTO Agreement. The safeguard allowed the President to impose higher tariffs and other trade relief if the US International Trade Commission ("ITC") determined that increased imports from China caused or threatened material injury to a US industry.
Although there were several affirmative ITC Section 421 determinations during the Bush Administration, President Bush refused to provide relief. The provision resulted in trade restrictions only once, when President Obama approved an ITC determination that the importation of Chinese rubber tires was injuring U.S. tire manufacturers.
Many US tire producers, however, were opposed to the Section 421 case, but the Unions were very much in favor of the relief, which President Obama issued to counter criticism in an election year that he was not tough enough on China.
President Obama's decision to impose relief in the Tires case, however, resulted in the Chinese government bringing antidumping and countervailing duty cases against the United States on automobiles and chicken. The Chicken AD and CVD orders in China continue to block approximately $1 billion in the US exports of chicken to China.
SILICA BRICKS
On December 12, 2013, in another surprising decision, the ITC in 6-0 unanimous determination reached a negative injury determination in the antidumping case on silica bricks from China. ITC NEGATIVE SILICA BRICKS The ITC negative determination followed a Commerce Department affirmative determination issuing Chinese companies antidumping rates ranging from 63.81 to 73.1% on imports of silica bricks.
JANUARY REVIEW INVESTIGATIONS
On January 2, 2014, the Commerce Department issued its monthly notice stating that Chinese companies and US importers that want review investigations in the following investigations should file such a request by the end of the month. The specific antidumping and countervailing duty investigations at issue are:
Antidumping Investitgations
On THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA:
Crepe Paper Products, A-570-895……………… 1/1/13-12/31/13
Ferrovanadium, A-570-873……………………. 1/1/13-12/31/13
Folding Gift Boxes, A-570-866……………….. 1/1/13-12/31/13
Potassium Permanganate, A-570-001……………….. 1/1/13-12/31/13
Wooden Bedroom Furniture, A-570-890……………… 1/1/13-12/31/13
Countervailing Duty Proceedings
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA:
Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods, C-570-944….. 1/1/13-12/31/13
Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe, C- 1/1/13-12/31/13
570-936…………………………………..
On December 5th, the Washington State Government reported that on December 3 the Chinese government announced that it was banning all imports of molluscan shellfish from North America area #67, which includes all harvest areas in Alaska, Canada, Washington, Oregon, and northern California. WASHINGTON SHELLFISH ANNOUNCE
China reported a shipment of geoducks tested high in paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and arsenic.
The Washington Government has stated that it is working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and its state partners gathering facts, tracing the geoducks to the original harvest area, and closely reviewing its PSP test data.
On December 20th, Washington State and tribal officials closed a 135-acre geoduck-harvesting area outside Federal Way Washington until they could fully investigate the toxicity levels that caused China to ban shellfish imported from the West Coast.
Washington State officials learned that arsenic was the toxin Chinese authorities detected in a shipment of geoduck clams to China from Washington's Poverty Bay.
That shipment, along with one from Ketchikan, Alaska, led China on Dec. 3 to ban all imports of shellfish harvested in Washington, Alaska, Oregon and Northern California.
The Washington Department of Health traced the shipment back to 385 pounds of geoduck harvested in October by the Puyallup Tribe in Poverty Bay on what the Department of Natural Resources calls the Redondo Tract.
"There are no federal safety standards at all for arsenic in shellfish because it is not something that is typically an issue," said Tim Church, the health department's director of communications. "With the tests that we've done in the past, we've never found levels of arsenic that would be a concern for eating shellfish."
China has not said when it will lift the ban on West Coast shellfish.
The Chinese government's decision to ban all shellfish harvested from Northern California to Alaska would appear to be excessive, but that decision must be taken in context.
Because of US antidumping laws, all Chinese imports of honey, garlic, mushrooms, crawfish and shrimp have been greatly curtailed. Some of the antidumping orders against Chinese agricultural products have been in place for more than 10 to 20 years.
In addition, the US government has been particularly tough on imports of Chinese honey, mushrooms, garlic and other agricultural products because of pesticide contamination, banning all imports of certain products during specific periods of time.
With the US government so tough on imports of agricultural and seafood products from China, US exporters of agricultural and seafood products should expect the Chinese government to be just as tough on US exports to China.
Trade is a two way street and what goes around comes around.
CHINESE TEXTILE MANUFACTURER MOVES TO—SOUTH CAROLINA
In a bright spot, it has been reported that a Chinese yarn maker has decided it can make more money setting up shop in the US in South Carolina. Keer Group Co., a yarn spinning factory in Hangzhou, China, has moved to South Carolina.
A number of Asian textile manufacturers have decided to set up production in the U.S. to save money as salaries, energy and other costs rise at home. Keer has invested $218 million to build a factory in Lancaster County, not far from Charlotte, N.C. The new plant will pay half as much as Mr. Zhu does for electricity in China and get local government support, he says. Keer expects to create at least 500 jobs.
In another benefit, Keer can ship yarn to manufacturers in Central America, which, unlike companies in China, can send finished clothes duty-free to the U.S.
In September, JN Fibers Inc. of China agreed to build a $45 million plant in South Carolina that turns plastic bottles into polyester fibers used to stuff pillows and furniture. That investment is expected to create 318 jobs.
Keer stated costs for industrial land in Hangzhou have increased because China's textile industry is plagued by overcapacity, which has squeezed profits, and local governments are reluctant to sell land to producers.
The local government in South Carolina, which has 8.1% unemployment, has set an annual fixed fee in lieu of taxes that Keer will pay for 30 years. Sixty percent of that annual fee will be returned to the company each year until it has paid off a $7.7 million bond that the county issued to help buy the land.
MAKING OF A T-SHIRT
The reality of interdependence in our Trade World is illustrated by the attached video from the Colbert Report, which traces the production of a T-shirt sold in the United States from the cotton produced in the US to cloth produced in Indonesia to the T-shirt produced in Bangledesh. http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/431141/december-10-2013/alex-blumberg
IMPORT ALLIANCE FOR AMERICA/IMPORTERS' LOBBYING COALITION
As mentioned in prior newsletters, we are working with APCO, a well-known lobbying/government relations firm in Washington DC, on establishing a US importers/end users lobbying coalition to lobby against the expansion of the antidumping and countervailing duty laws against China.
On September 18, 2013, ten US Importers agreed to form the Import Alliance for America. The objective of the Coalition will be to educate the US Congress and Administration on the damaging effects of the US China trade war, especially US antidumping and countervailing duty laws, on US importers and US downstream industries.
We will be targeting two major issues—Working for market economy treatment for China in 2016 and working against retroactive liability for US importers. The key point of our arguments is that these changes in the US antidumping and countervailing duty laws are to help US companies, especially US importers and downstream industries. We will also be advocating for a public interest test in antidumping and countervailing duty cases and standing for US end user companies.
We are now contacting many US importers and also Chinese companies to ask them to contact their US import companies to see if they are interested in participating in the Alliance. Changes to the US antidumping and countervailing duty law against China can only happen because of a push by US importers and end user companies. In US politics, only squeaky wheels get the grease.
CHINESE ANTIDUMPING CASE
In response to a WTO determination, on December 27, 2013, MOFCOM announced that it would reinvestigate the antidumping and countervailing duties on chicken from the US, specifically against white-feather broiler chicken products from the U.S.
INSURANCE COMPANY LIABLE FOR NEW SHIPPER ANTIDUMPING DUTIES IN CRAWFISH CASE
In an antidumping new shipper review investigation on Crawfish from China, a US importer, New Phoenix, posted eight single-transaction bonds issued by Great American to cover seven entries of crawfish tailmeat, with a value of $1,219,458 for each bond or a total of $6,097,290 in liability. When the importer could not pay, the US Customs Service sued the insurance company for the amount of the bonds plus interest.
In attached decision, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit orders Great American to pay the $6 million plus postjudgment interest. INSURANCE COMPANIES OWE AD DUTIES
On December 19, 2013, the US Justice Department announced that Zhifei Li, the owner of an antique business in China, had pled guilty to being the organizer of an illegal wildlife smuggling conspiracy in which 30 rhinoceros horns and numerous objects made from rhino horn and elephant ivory worth more than $4.5 million were smuggled from the United States to China. See attached Justice Department notice. RHINO HORN
Li was arrested in Florida in January 2013 on federal charges brought under seal in New Jersey. Shortly after arriving in the country, he pled guilty to a total of 11 counts: one count of conspiracy to smuggle and violate the Lacey Act; seven counts of smuggling; one count of illegal wildlife trafficking in violation of the Lacey Act; and two counts of making false wildlife documents.
Li was arrested as part of "Operation Crash" – a nationwide effort led by the USFWS and the Justice Department to investigate and prosecute those involved in the black market trade of rhinoceros horns and other protected species.
Acting Assistant Attorney General Dreher for the Justice Department's Environment and Natural Resources Division stated:
The take-down of the Li smuggling ring is an important development in our effort to enforce wildlife protection laws. Rhino horn can sell for more than gold and is just as rare, but rhino horn and elephant ivory are more than mere commodities. Each illegally traded horn or tusk represents a dead animal, poaching, bribery, smuggling and organized crime. The Justice Department will continue to vigorously enforce the law designed to protect wildlife. This is a continuing investigation.
In pleading guilty, Li admitted that he sold 30 smuggled, raw rhinoceros horns worth approximately $3 million –approximately $17,500 per pound – to factories in China where raw rhinoceros horns are carved into fake antiques known as Zuo Jiu (which means "to make it as old" in Mandarin). In China, there is a centuries-old tradition of drinking from an intricately carved "libation cup" made from a rhinoceros horn. Owning or drinking from such a cup is believed by some to bring good health, and true antiques are highly prized by collectors. The escalating value of such items has resulted in an increased demand for rhinoceros horn that has helped fuel a thriving black market, including recently carved fake antiques.
PATENT/IP AND 337 CASES
NO 337 VIOLATION IF IMPORTED PRODUCT ON ENTRY DOES NOT INFRINGE THE PATENT
On December 13, 2013, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) in the attached Suprema, Inc. and Mentalix Inc. vs. ITC held that an exclusion order based on a violation of § 337(a)(1)(B)(i) may not be predicated on a theory of induced infringement where no direct infringement occurs until post-importation. CAFC Slip Opinion 12-1170 SUPREMA INC – CROSS MATCH v ITC
The patents at issue concern fingerprint machines. The Suprema fingerprint machines had multiple uses, but after the fingerprint machines were imported into the United States, software from Mentalix was applied to the Suprema fingerprint machines, resulting in infringement of patents held by a US company. The ITC found that Suprema and Mentalix had violated section 337 based on an induced infringement theory and issued an exclusion order.
The CAFC determined not so fast. Section 337 is also a trade statute, and the Commission's authority in section 337 cases is based on its jurisdiction over the imported products. According to the CAFC, however, the imported products have to infringe the patent at the time the products are imported into the US, especially where the imported product has multiple uses and the only infringing use happens after the product is imported into the US.
As the CAFC stated in its opinion:
"The Commission's mandate to deal with matters of patent infringement under § 337(a)(1)(B)(i) is thus premised on the "importation," "sale for importation," or "sale within the United States after importation" of "articles that . . . infringe." . . . Thus, the Commission's authority extends to "articles that . . . infringe a valid and enforceable United States patent." The focus is on the infringing nature of the articles at the time of importation, not on the intent of the parties with respect to the imported goods. . . .
Given the nature of the conduct proscribed in § 271(b) and the nature of the authority granted to the Commission in § 337, we hold that the statutory grant of authority in § 337 cannot extend to the conduct proscribed in § 271(b) where the acts of underlying direct infringement occur post-importation. Section 337(a)(1)(B)(i) grants the Commission authority to deal with the "importation," "sale for importation," or "sale within the United States after importation" of "articles that . . . infringe a valid and enforceable U.S patent." The patent laws essentially define articles that infringe in § 271(a) and (c), and those provisions' standards for infringement (aside from the "United States" requirements, of course) must be met at or before importation in order for the articles to be infringing when imported. Section 271(b) makes unlawful certain conduct (inducing infringement) that becomes tied to an article only through the underlying direct infringement. Prior to the commission of any direct infringement, for purposes of inducement of infringement, there are no "articles that . . . infringe"—a prerequisite to the Commission's exercise of authority based on § 337(a)(1)(B)(i).
Consequently, we hold that the Commission lacked the authority to enter an exclusion order directed to Suprema's scanners premised on Suprema's purported induced infringement of the method claimed in the '344 patent."
The key point is that section 337 is not just an intellectual property statute; it is also a trade statute. Section 337, just like the antidumping and countervailing duty law, regulates imports, and thus the CAFC is stating that since 337 is a trade statute, the product must be infringing at the time of importation. If the infringement happens after importation, that can be a real problem for the US patent holder in a 337 case.
337 CASE RESULTS IN ANTITRUST RETALIATION IN CHINA
As indicated below, Interdigital has filed a section 337 case against Huawei. Huawei retaliated by filing an antitrust case in China under Chinese law. The Chinese government's antitrust authority, NDRC, is now threatening jail time to Interdigital executives.
What is worse is that on December 20th, in the attached decision the ITC rejected Interdigital's complaint and found no violation of section 337 so Interdigital lost the section 337 case, but is stuck with a Chinese antitrust case. ITC NOTICE INTERDIGITAL Sometimes you bite off more than you can chew.
NEW 337 CASES AGAINST CHINESE COMPANIES
On December 11, 2013, Tyco filed a new 337 case against imports of certain surveillance systems. One of the respondents is Ningbo Signatronic Technologies, Ltd., China.
The ITC notice is set forth below:
Docket No: 2990
Document Type: 337 Complaint
Filed By: Brian R. Nester, Sidley Austin LLP
Behalf Of: Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh (TFSG), Sensormatic Electronic, LLC
(Sensormatic) and Tyco Integrated Security, LLC (TIS)
Date Received: December 11, 2013
Commodity: Acousto-Magnetic Electronic Article Surveillance Systems
Description: Letter to James R. Holbein, Secretary, USITC; requesting that the Commission conduct an investigation under section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended regarding Certain Acousto-Magnetic Electronic Article Surveillance Systems, Components Thereof, and Products containing same. The proposed respondents are: Ningbo Signatronic Technologies, Ltd., China; All-Tag Security Americas, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; All-Tag Security Hong Kong Co., Ltd., Hong Kong; All-Tag Europe SPRL; Brussels; All-Tag Security UK Ltd., United Kingdom; Best Security Industries, Delray Beach, FL; and Signatronic Corporation, Boca Raton, FL.
On December 18th, Pragmatus filed a section 337 case against ZTE on Wireless Devices. The notice is below:
Document Type:337 Complaint
Filed By:Anthony Grillo
Firm/Org:Marino and Grillo LLC
Behalf Of:Pragmatus Mobile, LLC
Date Received:December 18, 2013
Commodity:Wireless Devices, including Mobile Phones and Tablets II
Description: Letter to Lisa R. Barton, Acting Secretary, USITC; requesting that the Commission conduct an investigation under section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended regarding Certain Wireless Devices, Including Mobile Phones and Tablets II. The proposed respondents are Nokia Corporation (Nokia Oyj), Finland; Nokia, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Korea; Samsung Electronics America, Inc., Ridgefield Park, NJ; Samsung Telecommunications America, L.L.C., richardson, TX; Sony Corporation, Tokyo; Sony Mobile Communications AB, Sweden; Sony Mobile Communications (USA), Inc., Atlanta, GA; ZTE Corporation, China; and ZTE (USA) Inc., Richardson TX.
NEW PATENT AND TRADEMARK CASES AGAINST CHINESE COMPANIES, INCLUDING HUAWEI, ZTE, AND OTHER COMPANIES
On December 2, 2013, Chanel filed a major trademark suit against a number of John Doe Unknown companies that were infringing its trademarks. CHANEL TMK CHINA In the Complaint Chanel states:
"Defendants are partnerships or unincorporated business associations, which operate through domain names registered with registrars in multiple countries, commercial internet e-stores via the third party marketplace website C2Coffer.com, and commercial Internet auction store via the third party marketplace website iOffer.com, and are comprised of individuals and/or business entities of unknown makeup, all of whom, upon information and belief, reside in the People's Republic of China or other foreign jurisdictions with lax trademark enforcement systems."
On December 3, 2013, Concinnnitas and George W. Hindman filed patent cases against Huawei Device USA Inc. and ZTE. CONCINNATIS HUAWEI CONCINNATIS ZTE
On December 11, 2013, in addition to the 337 case Tyco sued Ningbo for patent infringement in Federal District court. NINGBO PATENT
On December 12, 2013, US company Harmonic Drive LLC filed a trademark case against NAC Harmonic Drive, Inc., Harmonic Drive Canada and Beijing CTKM Harmonic Drive Co. HARMONIC DRIVE
On December 18, 2013 Content Guard Holdings, Inc., filed a patent case against Huawei Device USA and other companies. CONTENT GUARD HUAWEI
On December 17, 2013, Microsoft sued Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd. for software piracy. MICROSOFT STOLEN SOFTWARE
VITAMIN C CASE
As mentioned, the Vitamin C case is wrapping up at the District Court level. Attached is the final judgment with a $153 million judgment against by Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ("Hebei") and North China Pharmaceutical Group Corp. ("NCPGC") for price fixing. VITAMIN C FINAL JUDGMENT
On December 30, 2013, the Judge amended the order to add an additional $4,093,163.35 to pay the legal fees of the lawyers bringing the case against the Chinese companies. See the attached documents. ATTORNEYS FEES VITAMIN C FINAL AMENDED JUDGMENT VITAMIN C CASE
Hebei Welcome has announced that it is appealing the Court's final judgment.
Boies Schiller, the Plaintiffs' lawyer, also announced on December 11th that it was paying associate bonuses that were as high as $300,000, with the average distribution across the litigation firm's 133 associates at $85,000.
It pays to sue Chinese companies.
CHINA ANTITRUST CASES
As mentioned in the last post, Qualcomm, a US mobile chip maker, announced that it is the target of an antitrust investigation led by the National Development and Reform Commission ("NDRC"), China's top economic planning body and antitrust authority. Also Cisco announced that Chinese companies are reducing their purchases of Cisco equipment in response to the N.S.A. disclosures and the recent US Congressional activity aimed at curtailing purchases of equipment from Huawei and other Chinese companies.
There are three Chinese government entities entrusted with investigating and enforcing the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law, which was passed in 2007: the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Commerce, and the NDRC. The fact that the antitrust investigation is coming from the NDRC, which is in charge of price supervision and inspection, suggests that the government's objective is to make 4G service more affordable before its introduction next year.
This year, the commission led an inquiry into six foreign dairy companies, including Mead Johnson Nutrition and Groupe Danone, after allegations that they broke anti-monopoly rules and fixed prices. The investigation resulted in a fine of $109 million, a record for anti-monopoly violations in China.
Now China is using antitrust cases to counterattack 337 patent cases.
INTERDIGITAL—CHINA BRINGS ANTITRUST CASES IN RESPONSE TO 337 CASE
In July 2011, Interdigital filed a section 337 patent case at the US International Trade Commission ("ITC") against Huawei. In response, on December 5, 2011, Huawei filed two complaints before the Shenzhen Intermediate People's Court (the Shenzhen Court) in China, alleging that, by filing the section 337 case and engaging in certain patent practices, InterDigital had (1) abused its dominant market position, contrary to the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China (AML), and (2) as an owner of several Standard Essential Patents ("SEP") for 2G, 3G and 4G telecommunications technologies, it had failed to negotiate a fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory license for those patents.
On February 4, 2013, the Shenzhen Court ruled that InterDigital had abused its dominant market position and thus violated the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law by tying its standard essential patents with non-standard essential patents during licensing negotiations and seeking injunctive relief against Huawei before the US Federal Court and in the section 337 case before the US ITC while still in negotiations with Huawei to force Huawei to accept unreasonable licensing terms, including excessive royalties.
InterDigital's requirement that Huawei pay significantly (sometimes even 100 times) higher royalty rates than those required of Apple, Samsung and other companies for the same set of patents, even while Huawei's global sales were much less than Apple and Samsung, appeared to the Courts to be prima facie evidence of discriminatory treatment. In addition, the Courts noted that InterDigital had also required Huawei to license back all of its global patents on a royalty-free basis (as of 31 December 2010, Huawei owned 31,869 Chinese patents, 8,892 PCT international patent applications and 8,279 overseas patents). To the Court, this appeared contrary to fair or reasonable principles.
The Shenzhen Court ordered InterDigital to cease its unlawful practices and pay Huawei $3.2 million in damages.
On October 28, 2013, there were reports that that the Guangdong Higher People's Court affirmed most of the rulings of the Shenzhen Court, including the $3.2 million award in damages.
Unfortunately, the decisions of both the Shenzhen Court and the Guangdong Higher People's Court have not been publicly disclosed, possibly because of trade secret issues. Thus the following observations are based on media reports and an article by a Chinese attorney.
Apparently, the Chinese Court determined that the owner of a Standard Essentials Patent has a 100 per cent market share in the technology licensing market for that SEP and, therefore, a monopoly, no matter how the market is defined. If the holder of the Standard Essentials Patent tries to extract supra competitive royalties from industry participants, that is abuse of monopoly power. In addition, apparently, the Chinese courts determined that by seeking injunctive relief at the ITC under 337 against Huawei, a willing licensee, the conduct constituted an abuse of the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law.
Both the EC Competition Commission and the FTC have been concerned about the use of standard essential patents to exclude competition.
It should also be noted that the Chinese courts were also concerned that InterDigital's principal business is patent licensing and that it does not manufacture any product. As a result, Huawei was in a weak bargaining position during licensing negotiations because cross-licensing would not be available, and InterDigital could make use of this advantage to extract more favorable contract terms from Huawei. The Shenzhen Court apparently found that InterDigital had tried to exploit this advantage, by insisting on unreasonably high royalties and requesting Huawei to license back its patents on a royalty-free basis.
There are reports that Qiu Yongqing, a senior judge at the Guangdong Higher People's Court presiding over the case, is reported to have stated that Huawei "used antitrust law as a weapon to counterattack" monopolization by multinationals in the technology sector, and that other Chinese companies should learn from Huawei.
On December 16, 2013, the dispute between Interdigital and Huawei escalated. In a letter to the NDRC, Interdigital's CEO announced that it would not send executives to a December 18th meeting with Chinese authorities over China's monopoly investigation due to threats of possible imprisonment of Interdigital executives, which allegedly included U.S. counsel accompanying the firm to the meeting.
In a statement, CEO William Merritt said:
"To this date, we have cooperated fully with the NDRC's investigation of our company, and continue to believe that we have done absolutely nothing wrong . . . However, we are simply unable to comply with any investigation that is accompanied by a threat to the safety of our executives."
Interdigital's letter indicated also that the NDRC had informed it that its probe was sparked by InterDigital's suit in the U.S. International Trade Commission against Chinese firms.
Meanwhile, there are reports out of China that the NDRC will recruit at least 170 new employees for the antitrust law enforcement team to battle price fixing. The NDRC said its antitrust probes focus on six industries – aerospace, daily chemicals, automobiles, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals and home appliances.
Thus if a US Company brings a 337 IP case at the ITC against Chinese companies, it should be prepared for a possible antitrust case in China.
What goes around, comes around.
Attached is a description of Dorsey's litigation team to handle for Chinese companies US Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and Class Actions Securities cases. DORSEY SECURITIES LITIGATION TEAM
CHINESE AUDIT DOCUMENTS TURNED OVER TO SEC
On December 13, 2013, it was reported that Chinese governmental authorities have turned over more audit documents to U.S. regulators regarding U.S.-traded Chinese companies as part of a sweeping U.S. probe of accounting fraud by Chinese companies publicly traded in the US.
Audit documents regarding at least six Chinese companies trading on U.S. exchanges now have been either turned over to U.S. regulators or are "in the pipeline" to be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
The fight for the audit document resulted from SEC efforts to probe a wave of accounting and disclosure problems at more than 100 U.S.-traded Chinese companies that surfaced starting in 2011. U.S. investors lost billions of dollars when the companies' stocks plunged once the problems were disclosed. The SEC has filed more than a dozen lawsuits against some of these Chinese companies and their executives and has won settlements in some cases.
But the investigations have been impeded because China-based audit firms, including Chinese affiliates of the Big Four, have refused to hand over audit documents to the SEC out of fear that providing the documents would violate China's strict state-secrecy rules, which could land their auditors in jail.
Ultimately, that dispute led to the agreement earlier this year, which addressed the audit firms' concerns by having them give the documents to Chinese regulators, who then would provide them to the U.S.
SERVING CHINESE COMPANIES IN SECURITIES AND OTHER US LITIGATION BY J. JACKSON, DORSEY LITIGATION PARTNER
SERVICE ISSUES IN US LITIGATION AGAINST CHINESE COMPANIES
J. Jackson, Partner and Chairman of Dorsey's China Litigation Practice
Attached is a copy of the opinion in Bravetti v. Liu (D.N.J. December 11, 2013), SERVICE CHINESE RESPONDENTS Bavetti v Liu which may be of interest to Chinese companies. In Bravetti, Plaintiffs proceeding derivatively on behalf of American Oriental Bioengineering, Inc. sued current and former officer and directors, each of whom is a resident of the PRC. The matter came before the Court, Magistrate Judge Bongiovanni, on Plaintiffs' motion to allow service on the individual defendants by personally serving the U.S. counsel for the company, American Oriental. Defendants opposed the motion, arguing that the Hague Convention provides the exclusive means for service of process on PRC's residents and that service on U.S. counsel for the company did not comport with due process. The Court rejected Defendants' arguments and allowed service to proceed by personal service on U.S. counsel for the company.
Plaintiffs brought their motion under Rule 4(f)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides,
"(f) Serving an Individual in a Foreign Country. Unless federal law provides otherwise, an individual—other than a minor, an incompetent person, or a person whose waiver has been filed—may be served at a place not within any judicial district of the United States:
(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement, as the court orders."
The Court allowed the requested service using the following analysis: It began by acknowledging, "Courts may direct service when 'the particularities and necessities of a given case require alternative service of process.' See Rio Properties, Inc. v. Rio Int'l Interlink, 284 F.3d 1007 at 1016 (9th Cir. 2002)."
The Court further held that alternative service of process was not prohibited by the Hague Convention. The Court noted that the Hague Convention does not apply "'where the address of the person to be served is not known.'" Hague Convention, Art. 1. Here, service was difficult under the Hague Convention, because the residences of the Defendants in the PRC was not known. Further, the Court found that the Hague Convention does not apply because Plaintiff's proposed method of service does not require the transmittal of documents abroad. Under Khachatryan v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 578 F.Supp.2d 1224, 1228 (C.D. Cal. 2008), the Hague Convention did not apply where Khachatryan served Toyota Japan under California law in a manner which did not require the transmittal of documents abroad. Here, the proposed method to serve Loeb & Loeb in the United States does not require the transmittal of documents abroad. Thus, the Hague convention does not apply.
The Court last addressed Defendants' Due Process argument, finding that service on the Company's U.S. counsel is "reasonably calculated, under the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them the opportunity to present their objections." Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank &Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). In finding service on the company's counsel appropriate here, the Court relied on opinions from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, including Brown v. China Integrated Energy, Inc., 285 F.R.D. 560, 566 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (citations omitted) and Rose v. Deer Consumer Products, Inc., 2011 WL 6951969, at *2 (C.D. Cal 2011), both of which allowed service on U.S. registered agents or counsel for individuals residing in the PRC.
Bravetti's holding should not be limited to Securities derivative litigation. Whenever a plaintiff finds itself faced with service on PRC residents who, either individually, by agency, or through direct or indirect counsel have a presence in the U.S., that plaintiff will be encouraged to proceed under Civil Procedure Rule 4(f)(3) and seek permission to allow service on their agents, their counsel, or the agents or counsel of the companies on which they serve.
Chinese companies need to keep these issues in mind when they participate in US litigation.
SEC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
Tom Gorman, a partner in our Washington DC office, who was originally with US Securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC") enforcement division, was quoted in the attached article about how the SEC has increased its enforcement capability after the Bernie Madoff case. GORMAN SEC
On December 2, 2013, the attached class action securities case was filed by John Hsieh against NQ Mobile and various individuals. HSIEH NQ MOBILE
If you have any questions about these cases or about the Solar Cells case, US trade, customs, 337, patent, US/China antitrust or securities law in general, please feel free to contact me.
Filed Under: 337, Accounting Firms, Agriculture, antidumping duty, antidumping review investigation, antitrust law, Antitrust Retaliation, Bali, cartel, CBP, Chicken, Chicken Feet, China Trade Politics, Chinese Antidumping Case, Chinese antidumping law, Chinese antitrust law, CIT, class action, Coalition, collections, Congress, Contamination, Copyright, countervailing duty, Crawfish, criminal, Criminal IP, custom fraud, Customs, Customs bonds, DOJ, Drugs, Endangered Species, Evasion Antidumping Orders, Evasion Trade Laws, FDA, Fraud, Free Trade, General, House of Representatives, House Ways and Means Committee, Huawei, Infringement, intellectual property/337, International Trade Commission, ITC, Jurisdiction, Justice Department, Liability, licensing, lobbying, mandatory respondents, Market Economy China, Microsoft, missing antidumping duties, NME, Non Practicing Entity, NPE, Patent, Patent Terms, Patent Trolls, Politics, polysilicon, President, President Obama, price fixing, Protectionism, Reagan, retaliation, retroactive liability, Ronald Reagan, Safeguards, SEC, Section 421, Securities and Exchange Commission, Securities Law, Senate, SEPARATE RATES APPLICATIONS, service, Shellfish, Silica Bricks, Solar Cells, Tariffs, Third Country Solar Cells, TPP, trade law, Trade Legislation, Trans Pacific Partnership, Unions, United States Trade Representative, US China Trade War, US Commerce Department, US Court of International Trade, US Investment, ustr, Vitamin C, Vitamin C Antitrust, Washington State, WTO Tagged With: 337, agriculture, antidumping, antitrust, Bali, china, China antidumping, China antitrust, CIT, class action, Commerce, Commerce Department, Congress, countervailing duty, criminal, customs, customs fraud, DOJ, Endangered Species Act, evasion, evasion trade laws, fraud, House of Representatives, House Ways and Means, importer of record, intellectual property, ITC, jurisdiction, Justice Department, patent, politics, President, protectionism, Reagan, retaliation, retroactive liability, Ronald Reagan, SEC, securities, Securities and Exchange Commssion, Service, solar cells, Solar Cells China, subsidy, TPP, trade, Trade Legislation, trade policy, trade war, Transpaciific Partnership, us china trade war, US Court of International Trade, ustr, Vitamin C, wto

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