text:
\section{Introduction}

Electronic voting, or e-voting, is a functionality built on top of the Internet or any distributed network that allows performing large-scale elections in a secure and verified way, even in the presence of distrusted authorities or dishonest agents. The benefits of such a functionality include a faster and simpler way to carry out elections resulting in higher public participation (\emph{i.e.}, a higher number of voters), reduction of election costs, and accessibility for people with disabilities. Furthermore, e-voting offering information-theoretic security guarantees in principle the security and honesty of the elections even in the case of corrupted officials or a coalition of dishonest agents. However, the adoption of a protocol that uses a public network to accomplish elections also increases the possibilities for fraud by manipulating the results or violating privacy~\cite{hagai2015}. Moreover, even though it may not be possible for such a protocol to be infringed, the agents would need to trust devices and programs they did not author and, most likely, not even understand~\cite{thompson1984}.  Finally, it is also necessary to take into account the cost of implementing the elections with advanced technology.

Classical e-voting systems are based on computational assumptions and might not be secure against quantum or other adversaries. Moreover, there have been serious criticisms against commercial e-voting systems due to insecurities~\cite{abba2017}. In recent years, several quantum e-voting protocols have been proposed, announcing perfect security also in dishonest scenarios. However, none of these was able to provide a rigorous mathematical definition of the properties required, such as privacy, verifiability, and correctness, as well as to identify proper corruption models suitable for this scenario. As a matter of fact, in~\cite{arapinis2021}, the authors discovered vulnerabilities in all previously proposed quantum e-voting schemes. Let us also mention the work in~\cite{chilotti2016}, where a lattice based post-quantum cryptographic protocol achieving computational security was suggested. This may however be undesirable for e-voting because privacy cannot be guaranteed in the long term. For these reasons it is paramount to find schemes based on information-theoretic security, rather than computational assumptions, in order to ensure honest elections also in the presence of dishonest authorities with unbounded (or much bigger than publicly known) computational power.
This level of security for an e-voting scheme was announced in~\cite{broadbent2007}, which proposed a protocol exploiting only classical resources. However, the requirement of a simultaneous broadcasting channel makes it impractical even for a small number of voters, or turns the security back to computational if the simultaneous broadcasting channel is simulated via usual channels.

Here we describe and formalize several properties required by an electronic voting system to be secure and propose a quantum protocol that satisfies these properties even in the presence of computationally unbounded adversaries and without necessarily trusting the devices that execute the elections. Another benchmark is that of practicality, in the sense that we want the protocol to be implementable with technology that is already or soon-to-be available and hence that it is possible to carry out a demonstration at least for a few voters. Our protocol fulfils the above requirements, at the expense on relying on the generation and manipulation of a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state with as many particles as voters, which is the major limitation to its scalability. We note, however, that here the number of voters can refer not to the total number of voters in the election, but the number of voters within each polling station, since, as in the classical case, we can aspire to provide privacy of each vote within each such polling station.

Our protocol utilises a multipartite entanglement verification scheme~\cite{pappa2012, mccutcheon2016, yehia2021} as a subroutine as well as classical subroutines useful for anonymous transmission in communication networks. It is inspired by the self tallying quantum anonymous voting protocol proposed in~\cite{wang2016}, the particularity of which resides in the absence of a tallier and any election authority. Although this protocol was proven insecure in~\cite{arapinis2021}, by employing the multipartite entanglement verification scheme of~\cite{pappa2012} and simplifying the quantum resource requirements using ideas of~\cite{broadbent2007}, we devise an efficient quantum protocol and rigorously prove its security. Furthermore, even though sharing an $N$-party GHZ state for big $N$ needed for large-scale elections is today still technologically out of reach, we note that applications for small number of voters are already feasible and important, and so are applications where one can use multiple small-scale GHZ states to mimic an election with a large number of polling stations. Similarly to the proposal of~\cite{wang2016}, such a protocol can also be used as an anonymous chat board, where one party can write a message visible to anyone but no one can deduce who sent it (similar to one party being able to vote without anyone being able to deduce whose vote that is), or even as a form of anonymous distributed computation.

\emph{Quantum e-voting protocol.}-
In the general setting of our protocol, a source of $N$-qubit GHZ states, $\ket{GHZ}=\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{0}^{\otimes N}+\ket{1}^{\otimes N})$, is situated at the central node of a star-graph quantum network, whose edges are the communication links needed for the distribution of the entangled qubits to $N$ agents. Even though voters do not have to trust the multipartite entangled photon source, it should be capable of producing high fidelity quantum states to pass the verification test at the heart of the protocol in the honest case, and with a high enough rate to ensure the elections can be performed in an efficient way.
Each agent only needs to be able to receive, perform unitary operations, store for a short time, and measure single photons.
A particular feature of our protocol is that it does not require talliers or other election authorities, as all the votes are announced publicly and anonymously and so each voter can verify that the tally is correct. However, as we will see later, if a voter detects malicious behaviour, they can abort the protocol using the appropriate subroutine at the end of the election.

Let us now describe the protocol, referring to a number of classical and quantum subroutines when it is necessary. The pseudo-code of each of the subroutines is provided in Appendix A.
We will assume in the following that the election admits only two possible candidates, `0' and  `1', while the generalization to additional candidates is described later.

In the first phase of the protocol, each agent $k \in [N]$ needs to obtain a secret, unique index $\omega_k \in [N]$ that indicates the round the agent becomes the voting agent. To do this, the agents perform the \textsf{UniqueIndex} subroutine.

Subsequently, the second phase consists of as many rounds as the voters and at each round one agent votes according to the order based on the secret indices shared in the first phase of the protocol.

Each voting round $\ell \in [N]$ starts with
the voting agent (namely the agent $k$ who has received the unique index $\omega_k=\ell$) deciding repeatedly to perform one of two actions according to some random coins they flip locally: \textsf{Verification} of the source or \textsf{Voting}. The probability of this decision is guided by a
parameter $M$, which equals the number of coins, so that the probability the coins return `all heads' (which corresponds to \textsf{Voting}) is $2^{-M}$. In order to notify everyone anonymously of the outcome of the coin flip, all agents then perform a \textsf{LogicalOr} subroutine with input 0 except the voting agent whose input depends on the result of the coin flip: if the result was not `all heads' the agent inputs 1, announcing anonymously \textsf{Verification} to the other agents, otherwise the agent inputs 0 announcing \textsf{Voting}. For the \textsf{LogicalOr} protocol performed in this phase, we will assume for simplicity that if the voting agent inputs 1, then the probability that the outcome is 1 is equal to 1, which corresponds to the choice of a very small security parameter for this subroutine (see Lemma 2 in Appendix A).

When \textsf{Verification} is announced, following the corresponding protocol, the voting agent first performs the \textsf{RandomAgent} subroutine in order to choose a verifier anonymously; this is necessary because the verifier needs to communicate publicly with the other agents so if their identity is the same as the one of the voting agent, the voter's privacy would be violated. Then, they all proceed with the \textsf{Verification} test of the multipartite quantum state distributed by the untrusted (or just faulty) source.
In the ideal case, where the quantum state is created and distributed with no errors and all the operations are perfect, if the state does not pass the \textsf{Verification} test the protocol is aborted. In any realistic implementation, however, the protocol cannot abort as soon as there is any error. In practice,
at each voting round, during the verification tests before \textsf{Voting}, each honest
agent $j$ counts the number of trials and rejections when they are the verifier, computes the practical parameter $\delta_j=\frac{\text{rejections}_j}{\text{trials}_j}$, and if this is larger than a predetermined threshold $\delta$, the entire protocol is aborted.

When \textsf{Voting} is announced, the agents proceed with the corresponding subrtoutine, which returns an $N$-dimensional binary vector encoding the voting agent's preference. The underlying idea here is that if all qubits of the shared GHZ state are measured in the Hadamard basis, the sum of the outcomes $d_k$ modulo 2 of all agents is always zero. Then, at this round, all agents will just perform a Hadamard measurement on their qubit, while the voting agent $k$ will XOR the outcome of the Hadamard measurement with their vote intention $v_k$. This implies that when everyone follows the protocol, the parity of all announced outcomes in the round is equal to the vote intention $v_k$.

Then, a new round starts, the $(\ell+1)$-th round, where it is the turn of agent $k'$ with index $\omega_{k'}=\ell+1$ to be the voting agent.
After all voting rounds have completed and everyone has proceeded with \textsf{Voting}, all agents publicly broadcast their own result vectors and all together will form an $N\times N$ bulletin board $\mathbf{B}$. By computing the parity of each row (corresponding to each round) we get the vote vector $\mathbf{E}$ (since as we said the parity of each row is equal to the vote of the voting agent) from which the tally $\mathbf{T}$ can be calculated easily by everybody. Since the indices are unique and secret, each agent can verify that their vote is correct without revealing their choice. If an agent wants to abort the protocol because of suspected fraud (\emph{e.g.}, the tally does not agree with their vote intention) they can input their objection anonymously during the \textsf{LogicalOr} procedure that follows, where the security parameter defines how many agents on average should raise an objection before the election is actually aborted.

The pseudo code for the entire protocol is given below, while in Fig.~\ref{example} we provide a simple instance of the voting procedure.

\begin{figure*}
\[
d_1=\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
1 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
d_2=\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
0 \\
0 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
d_3=\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
d_4=\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
0 \\
0
\end{pmatrix} \longrightarrow
\mathbf{B}=\begin{pmatrix}
0 & 0 &  1 & \mathbf{1}\\
1 & \mathbf{1} & 1 & 0 \\
\mathbf{0} & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & \mathbf{0} & 0
\end{pmatrix}\longrightarrow
\mathbf{E}=\begin{pmatrix}
0\\
1\\
1\\
1
\end{pmatrix}, \mathbf{T=\begin{pmatrix}
1\\
3\\
\end{pmatrix}}
\]
\caption{Example of the voting procedure according to our e-voting scheme with 4 voters who vote in the order $(4,2,1,3)$. At the end of all rounds each voter has a list of 4 Hadamard measurement outcomes $d_k$, and for each round the four outcomes sum to 0 modulo 2. The voters express their vote by adding their vote (0 or 1) to the row corresponding to their secret index (in bold), then broadcast the resulting vector and all together they form the bulletin board $\mathbf{B}$. Here the votes where $(0,1,1,1)$. Then they sum each row of $\mathbf{B}$ to compute the election vote set $\mathbf{E}$, from which is computed the tally $\mathbf{T}$. In this example candidate `1' won the election. } \label{example}
\end{figure*}

\begin{algorithm}[H]
\caption{\textsf{Quantum e-voting}}
\begin{flushleft}
\textit{Input:}
$N$ agent votes $\mathbf{V}=\{v_k\}_{k\in[N]}$, security parameter $S$ used in Phase 3, $\epsilon$: distance from the perfect GHZ state, $\delta$: threshold for verification, $\eta$: probability of failure of verification.\\
\textit{Output:} The candidate with majority votes or Abort.\\
\textit{Resources:} Classical communication, random numbers, $N$-qubit GHZ source, quantum channels.\\
\textit{Description: }
\end{flushleft}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\STATE Phase 1 [getting unique secret indices]:\\
    \begin{enumerate}
    \item Agents perform \textsf{UniqueIndex} until each one receives a secret unique random index $\omega_k$.
    \end{enumerate}
\STATE Phase 2 [casting votes]: \\
    For $\ell=1 \mbox{ to } N$ [voting round $\ell$]:
                \begin{enumerate
                 \item [(a)] The voting agent is the agent $k$ with $\omega_k=\ell$.
                 \item [(b)] Repeat
                      \begin{enumerate}
                      \item [(i)] The source distributes to each of the $N$ agents one qubit of the GHZ state.
                      \item [(ii)] All agents $j \in [N]$ set $\text{rejections}_j=\text{trials}_j=0$;
                      \item [(iii)] The voting agent tosses $ \log_2\left[\frac{16N\epsilon^2}{(\epsilon^2-4\delta)^2}\ln{\left(\frac{1}{\eta}\right)}\right]$ coins;
                      \item [(iv)] The agents perform \textsf{LogicalOr}, where output 1 indicates \textsf{Verification} and output 0 indicates \textsf{Voting}, and where everyone except the voting agent inputs 0;
                    if the coin toss is `all heads' the voting agent also inputs 0,  otherwise the voting agent  inputs 1;

                      \item [(v)] If  \textsf{Verification} is chosen, the agents perform \textsf{RandomAgent} and the voting agent picks anonymously an agent $j \in [N]$ to be the verifier. Agent $j$ updates $\text{trials}_j  += 1$ and if \textsf{Verification} outputs reject: $\text{rejections}_j += 1$.
                      \end{enumerate}
                 until \textsf{Voting} is announced.
                \item [(c)] If
              for any $j \in [N]$ $\delta_j=\tfrac{\text{rejections}_j}{\text{trials}_j}>\delta$, the protocol Aborts.
                \item [(d)]Perform \textsf{Voting}. The outcome is one row of the bulletin board $\mathbf{B}$.
                \end{enumerate}
\STATE Phase 3 [verification of results]: \\
    \begin{itemize
    \item All agents perform \textsf{LogicalOr} with security parameter $S$, and with input 1 if their vote is not the same as the vote in the tally $\mathbf{T}$ for the round in which they were the voting agent, else with input 0.
    \item If \textsf{LogicalOr} outputs 1, Abort the protocol, else the candidate with the majority votes according to the tally wins the elections.
    \end{itemize}
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

\emph{Quantum e-voting protocol analysis.}--We now analyze our quantum e-voting scheme and show that it possesses a number of desired properties even in the non-ideal case where the quantum source is imperfect or can be manipulated by colluding adversaries.

If the quantum states being used in the protocol are perfect GHZ states and the agents behave honestly, all the operations are anonymous and hence the e-voting scheme is perfectly correct and private. In any realistic scenario, however, the state used will have some imperfections, due to the source itself, the photon distribution, storage and measurement that may result in some errors in the tally, for example the sum of the outcomes of a round will not be 0 mod 2. We account for all the possible imperfections assuming that the fidelity between the state used in the protocol $\ket{\psi}$ and the perfect GHZ state $\ket{GHZ}$ is $F(\ket{\psi}, \ket{GHZ})= \sqrt{1-\epsilon^2}$ for some $\epsilon>0$. Note that the state produced by the source could be a mixed state, but as discussed in~\cite{unnikrishnan2019}, for the security it suffices to upper bound the cheating probability of any pure state, since this would also bound the cheating probability for any mixed state. For this reason we analyze below the case where the state produced by the source is a pure state.

Since the source or the state itself can further be intercepted and modified by an adversary in order to gain advantage over the privacy of the honest voters, we need to implement a mechanism that allows anyone to check the legitimacy of the state being used with high probability. An efficient multipartite entangled state verification protocol was devised in~\cite{pappa2012, mccutcheon2016} and applied to an anonymous transmission protocol in~\cite{unnikrishnan2019}. This is the \textsf{Verification} subroutine used in the protocol (see Appendix~A for details). While in the ideal case we would abort the protocol as soon as the test failed once, in a realistic implementation we need to keep track of the number of failures and at the end check if the failures are too many with respect to what was expected,
which would imply that there was a malicious manipulation of the source. This is what is performed in Phase 2 of the protocol.

In~\cite{pappa2012}, the authors prove that the probability of a state $\ket{\psi}$, whose trace distance with the GHZ state is $\mathcal{D}(\ket{\psi},\ket{GHZ})=\epsilon$, to pass the verification test when an honest verifier is in the presence of dishonest agents who can perform local unitaries and communicate with each other is $P(\ket{\psi})\leq 1-\epsilon^2/4$.
The main idea of our practical e-voting protocol is that the states produced by the source and potentially manipulated by the dishonest agents will be verified a large number of times in order to ensure that the state that will be eventually used for the voting part will be very close to the GHZ state. Then we will prove that states close to the GHZ state offer almost perfect privacy for the e-voting scheme.

We start by proving the following theorem that in high level states that with high probability if the verification procedure succeeds, then the state used for the e-voting part must be close to the GHZ state:

\begin{theorem}\label{theo1}
Let $C_{\epsilon}$ be the event that the protocol does not abort and the state used for \textsf{Voting} is such that $F(\ket{\psi}, \ket{GHZ})\leq \sqrt{1-\epsilon^2}$, for some $\epsilon>0$. Then,
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:thm1}
    P(C_{\epsilon})\leq e^{-\tfrac{ 2^{M}(\epsilon^2-4\delta)^2}{16N\epsilon^2}},
\end{equation}
where  $\delta$ is the threshold for the ratio of rejections over trials above which the protocol is aborted, $M$ is the number of coins the agent has to toss to choose between \textsf{Verification} and \textsf{Voting} and $N$ is the number of agents.
\end{theorem}

The proof of Theorem \ref{theo1} is provided in Appendix B. Note that the honest voters do not know how many corrupt agents there are and that if a dishonest agent is the verifier, the test always passes.
We can make the probability of using a state that is $\epsilon$-far in trace distance from the ideal one arbitrarily small by increasing the number of repetitions, as long as we have $\delta = (1-\alpha)\epsilon^2/4$ for an $\alpha \in (0,1)$;
more precisely, by taking $M = \log_2\left[\frac{16N}{\alpha^2\epsilon^2}\ln{\left(\frac{1}{\eta}\right)}\right]$ we can make $P(C_{\epsilon})\leq \eta$ for any small parameter $\eta>0$.
Moreover, we see that for the same choices of $\delta$ and $M$, we also have the property that the protocol accepts with high probability states that are a bit closer to the perfect GHZ state, which is important so that the protocol will not always abort. Indeed, it is easy to see with Chernoff bounds that states that are $\epsilon \sqrt{\frac{1-\alpha}{1+\alpha}}$-away from the GHZ state have probability almost 1 to pass the verification test, and thus, a source that produces such states will be sufficient for a successful election.

We assume for the remaining of the discussion that with high probability $F(\ket{\psi}, \ket{GHZ})\geq \sqrt{1-\epsilon^2}$. In this case, we prove that for each round of the protocol, the identity of the voting agent remains almost secret:

\begin{theorem}\label{theo2}
At any round $\ell \in [N]$ with voting agent $k$ (who has unique index $\omega_k = \ell$), if the agents use a state $\ket{\psi}$ such that $F(\ket{\psi}, \ket{GHZ})\geq \sqrt{1-\epsilon^2}$ to perform \textsf{Voting}, then for the optimal strategy that any subset of malicious agents $\mathcal{D}$ can use to guess the identity of the voting agent $k$ correctly, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq:anon}
    \forall j \in W_H,\: \Pr[ \mathcal{D} \emph{ guess } j] = \begin{cases}
\tfrac{1}{H}+\epsilon & \text{for $j=k$}\\
\tfrac{1-\epsilon}{H} & \text{for $j \neq k$},
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
where $W_H$ is the set and $H$ the number of honest agents.
\end{theorem}

This theorem is simply based on Theorem 2 of \cite{unnikrishnan2019}. The difference is that, instead of a sender who anonymously chooses between \textsf{Verification} and \textsf{Anonymous Transmission}, we have a voting agent who anonymously chooses between \textsf{Verification} and \textsf{Voting}. The probabilities for the other agents come from the fact that all the agents that are not voting perform exactly the same transformation on the state, so it is impossible for the dishonest parties to distinguish between them, hence the probability of guessing their identity is the same. The proof of Theorem \ref{theo2} is provided in Appendix C

The last property we prove shows that if the agents are all honest and use a state close to the GHZ state for voting, then the probability there is an error in the tally is small:

\begin{theorem}\label{theo3}
If at round $\ell$ the agents are honest and use a state $\ket{\psi}$ such that $F(\ket{\psi}, \ket{GHZ})\geq \sqrt{1-\epsilon^2}$ to perform \textsf{Voting}, then the probability that there is an error in the tally in the $\ell$-th round is upper bounded by $\epsilon$,
\begin{equation}
P^{er}_{\ell}\leq \epsilon.
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}

The proof of Theorem \ref{theo3} is provided in Appendix D. The above three theorems allow us to formalize and prove a number of important properties for our e-voting scheme, namely correctness, privacy, authentication, no double voting, verifiability, and receipt freeness.
Note that in~\cite{chevallier2010}, the authors show that there exist sets of properties that are incompatible in any voting system, meaning that not all of them can be fulfilled simultaneously by any protocol. However, one can remove the incompatibility by defining approximate
versions for the properties or making computational assumptions about the voters' behaviour. Indeed, here, given that we want to allow for imperfect sources of quantum states in order to have a practical protocol that is robust to some level of noise, we define approximate versions of some of these properties for our e-voting protocol, as we explain in the following.

$(\sigma_H,\sigma_D, \gamma)$\textit{-Correctness.}
    The correctness of a protocol implies that when no adversary interferes, the election should be carried out correctly, and that in the presence of adversaries, if the election tally is far from the real votes, then the election is rejected with high probability. These two requirements can be expressed as two  properties of the voting scheme:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item $\sigma_H$\textit{-completeness:} if all agents are honest, the election result is accepted with probability more than $\sigma_H$,
    \begin{equation}\label{eq:correctness1}
    \Pr[\text{election accepted}] \geq \sigma_H.
    \end{equation}
    \item $(\sigma_D,\gamma)$\textit{-soundness:} the probability that the election result is accepted, given that the set of the votes $\mathbf{E}$ computed from the bulletin board $\mathbf{B}$ resulting from the election is more than $\gamma$-away from the real votes $\mathbf{V}$, is smaller that $\sigma_D$,
    \begin{equation}\label{eq:correctness2}
    \Pr[\text{election accepted} \; | \; \tfrac{1}{N}||\mathbf{V} - \mathbf{E}||_1
    \geq \gamma ] \leq \sigma_D.
    \end{equation}
    \end{itemize}

The use of an imperfect state may result in some errors in the final tally (see Theorem \ref{theo3}), and this is why we define a notion of approximate correctness.
In particular, the probability that the e-voting is validated is the probability that the \textsf{LogicalOr} subroutine in Phase 3 outputs 0 despite some voters announcing a wrong entry in the tally. Note that Theorem \ref{theo3} ensures that at each round we can have an error with probability at most $\epsilon$, while it can also be proven (see Lemma $\ref{Lemma2}$ in Appendix A) that during \textsf{LogicalOr}, if $j$ agents input 1 (which corresponds to their vote being tallied wrongly) the probability that \textsf{LogicalOr} outputs 0 is $S^{j}$, for the parameter $S$ defined by the e-voting protocol. Summing over all the combinations we get:
\begin{eqnarray*}
    \Pr[\text{election accepted}] = & \\ \footnotesize{ \sum_{j=0}^N \Pr[j \mbox{ inputs } 1]\Pr[\mbox{ \textsf{LogicalOr} outputs } 0 | j \mbox{ inputs } 1] } = & \\
     \sum_{j=0}^N {N \choose j} \epsilon^j (1-\epsilon)^{N-j}S^{ j}= \left[1-\epsilon(1-S)\right]^N.
\end{eqnarray*}

We can then define the $\sigma_H$ parameter for our e-voting protocol as
\begin{equation}\label{conditionCorrectness1}
    \sigma_H = \left[1-\epsilon(1-S)\right]^N,
\end{equation}
and we can see that by choosing $S = 1-\chi/(\epsilon N)$ for some small constant $\chi$ we can make $\sigma_H$ close to 1.

Consider now the events $A=\{\text{The protocol produced more than } N\gamma \text{ errors}\}$ for $0\leq\gamma\leq 1$ and $B=\{ \text{The elections are validated} \}$. Then we have $P(B|A)\leq S^{N\gamma }$
and we can define the $\sigma_D$ parameter of our protocol as
\begin{equation}
    \sigma_D=S^{N\gamma }.
\end{equation}
If we assume that $\gamma$ is a small fraction $\lambda$ greater than the expected number of errors, namely $\gamma=(1+\lambda)[\epsilon(1-\eta)+\eta]$, we can make $\sigma_D$ close to 0.

In conclusion, our e-voting protocol with inputs $S,\epsilon,\delta,\eta, N$ and for a small constant $\lambda>0$, is  $(\left[1-\epsilon(1-S)\right]^N, S^{N(1+\lambda)[\epsilon(1-\eta)+\eta] } , (1+\lambda)[\epsilon(1-\eta)+\eta])$-correct, where the first parameter tends to 1 and the second to 0 for an appropriate parameter $S$.

$\zeta$\textit{-Privacy.} The privacy of the election scheme implies that each vote must remain secret with high probability. More precisely, with high probability, for any voter $k$, the probability that any subset of malicious parties $\mathcal{D}$ that deviates from the honest protocol can guess the vote $v_k$ of the voter is at most $\zeta$ more than in the case they just have access  to the bulletin board and to their own votes. In other words,
    \begin{equation}\label{eq:privacy}
\forall k, \;\;\;\Pr [v_k | \mathcal{D}] - \Pr [ v_k| \mathbf{B},v_j\in \mathbf{V}_D] \leq \zeta.
    \end{equation}
Theorems \ref{theo1} and \ref{theo2}  ensure that by repeating the \textsf{Verification} test a significant number of times at each voting round, the voting only happens with a shared state that is close to a GHZ state, which guarantees almost perfect anonymity. In practice, by having each agent record the frequency of failures of the test, they can deduce the practical parameter $\delta_k=\tfrac{\text{rejections}_k}{\text{trials}_k}$ and in case this is above the predetermined threshold $\delta$, which is an input of the protocol, the protocol is aborted. Otherwise, the rounds proceed normally and all agents vote. Note that $\delta$ is linked to the expected fidelity of the state produced by the GHZ source, as explained earlier.

We have also seen that by taking the appropriate parameters, we can have that with probability at least $(1-\eta)$, Eq.~(\ref{eq:anon}) from Theorem \ref{theo2} holds.
This is the case the event $C_\epsilon$ (see Theorem \ref{theo1}) is false. In case $C_\epsilon$ is true, which happens with probability at most $\eta$, we can assume that the anonymity is totally violated.

One needs to be careful here because the definition of privacy is not the same as the one of anonymity. More specifically, anonymity ensures that the honest voters' secret indices, or the round in which they voted, remain secret, whereas privacy implies that their vote remains a secret. Of course, the violation of anonymity implies the disclosure of privacy, however a malicious agent can gather information about someone's vote also by looking at the distribution of the other votes and the anonymity of the other voters. Taking Eq.~(\ref{eq:anon}) into account and considering that among the $H$ honest voters, $H_0$ voted for candidate `0' and the others $H_1$ voted for candidate `1', such that $H=H_0+H_1$, we have that the probability of a subset of dishonest agents guessing correctly the vote of agent $k$ that is `0' (same for `1') is the probability that they can guess that agent $k$ is part of the subset $H_0$, in other words that agent $k$ voted in one of the rounds where the vote was cast as `0'. Theorem \ref{theo2} tells us how much the dishonest agents can guess if a particular agent was the voter in a particular round, depending on whether the agent was actually the voter or not. Hence, assuming that the event $C_\epsilon$ does not hold for any round, we have
\begin{align*}
    \Pr[\mathcal{D} \mbox{ guesses } v_k=0]=
    &\tfrac{1}{H}+\epsilon +(H_0-1)\tfrac{1-\epsilon}{H}=\\
    =\tfrac{H_0}{H}+\tfrac{H+1-H_0}{H}\epsilon&\leq  P[v_k=0|\mathbf{B}]+\epsilon,
\end{align*}
where we used the fact that $\tfrac{H_0}{H}$ is the distribution of the votes given by the public bulletin board and that $H_0\geq 1$.
Given that the event $C_\epsilon$ happens for each round with probability at most $\eta$ we have that for the final privacy,
\begin{align*}
    \Pr[\mathcal{D} \mbox{ guesses } v_k=0] \leq\\ \leq P[v_k=0|\mathbf{B}]+ (1-\eta)^N \epsilon + (1-(1-\eta)^N),
\end{align*}
which proves Eq.~(\ref{eq:privacy}) in the non-ideal case.

In conclusion, our e-voting protocol with inputs $S,\epsilon, \delta, \eta, N$ is $ \zeta$-private with $\zeta=(1-\eta)^N \epsilon + (1-(1-\eta)^N)$, which tends to 0 for small enough $\eta$ and $\epsilon$.

\textit{Authentication.}
Only eligible voters are allowed to vote. Our e-voting protocol as described here does not provide authentication, which should be taken care by the physical implementation of the protocol. For electronic voting machines authentication might be provided by an official ID, whereas for voting directly through the internet authentication would require some digital signature scheme.

\textit{Double voting.}
Each voter can vote at most once.
Double voting is taken care of easily if the number of voters is known in advance, which in fact is necessary in our scheme in order to prepare the shared quantum state. If $N$ agents declare they want to vote, we will have an $N\times N$ bulletin board, each row of which corresponds to one vote.  A null vote can be treated as an additional candidate and will be discussed below. A dishonest voter might try to intercept all the transcripts, modify the bulletin board by adding a column and a row with another vote without changing the sum of each row, but this would result in a evident $(N+1)\times(N+1)$ matrix that will be rejected by the honest voters. At the same time, if a dishonest voter keeps the same number of rows and columns but tries to vote at a round where they are not supposed to be voting, then either the vote will not change or if the vote in the ballot changes from the intended vote of the honest voting agent, then this will be captured by the \textsf{LogicalOr} subroutine protocol in Phase 3 of the protocol.

\textit{Verifiability.} Each voter can verify that their vote has been counted correctly. More precisely, a protocol is called verifiable if there exists a function $g$ specified by the protocol, such that every voter can apply the function $g$ on the bulletin board and a  private witness $w_k$ (the witness corresponds to the vote and the secret voting index of the voter) and get back 1 if and only if their vote was counted correctly. In other words,
    \begin{align}\label{eq:verifiability}
        \exists  &g \; \mbox{s.t.} \;  \forall k \; \exists w_k \; \mbox{s.t.} \; \forall \mathbf{B}: \;\;\; \\
    \nonumber    g(\mathbf{B}, w_k)= &1 \: \iff v_k \;\mbox{ was counted in the tally}
    \end{align}
The verifiability, thus, demands the existence of a function that, given the bulletin board $\mathbf{B}$ and the voter's secret index $\omega_k$ returns $1$ if $v_k$ was counted in the tally and $0$ otherwise.

The verifiability is inherent in the protocol, as the tally is performed by the voters themselves. The bulletin board produced as an output of the protocol is public and can always be checked by everyone, however it appears as a random set of votes. Each row $j$ corresponds to the vote $v_k$ of agent $k$ whose secret unique index is $\omega_k=j$, and thus each agent can easily verify their own vote and only that one. If the vote in the bulletin board differs from the actual intended vote $v_k$, as a consequence of a dishonest behaviour or an imperfection in the quantum state, the agent can reject the result through the \textsf{LogicalOr} subroutine in Phase 3.

\textit{Receipt freeness.} A voter cannot prove how they voted, in order to avoid vote selling. A receipt is a witness $w_k$  defined as:
    \begin{equation}
        \exists  g \; \text{s.t.} \; \forall k \; \exists  v_k \; \exists ! w_k \; \text{s.t.} \; \forall \mathbf{B} \;\; g(\mathbf{B},k ,v_k, w_k)=1
    \end{equation}
    If there is no receipt, then the protocol is called receipt-free.
As long as their index stays secret all the agents can always deterministically verify their votes, without getting their privacy violated, and without producing any receipt of their vote which could be used for vote selling.

\emph{Additional candidates.}--So far we assumed that there were only two candidates, `0' or `1', which is suitable for referendum type of elections.

We can easily deal with the case of more than two candidates by repeating the  e-voting protocol multiple times in sequence. In particular, if there are $K$ candidates, we can express each of them with a binary number of $\log_2 K$ digits and repeat the election as many times, so that each vote set $\mathbf{E}$ corresponds to one digit of the candidates (see Appendix E for more details).
The only properties that are affected by the additional candidates are correctness and privacy. This is because they are the only ones that are probabilistic and that actually depend on the use of an imperfect state in the different rounds. Authentication, double voting, verifiability and receipt freeness will thus remain unchanged even in the scenario with many candidates. In particular, the correctness is affected because repeating the elections multiple times increases the probability of having an error at some point. We can assume that the agents perform the \textsf{LogicalOr} protocol with security parameter $S$ to notify an error only at the end of all the repetitions of the elections. By Theorem 3, the probability that for any agent at least one bit of the final tally will be incorrect is $\epsilon^*=1-(1-\epsilon)^{\log_2 K}$ and thus the probability that the election is accepted after multiple rounds will be
\begin{equation}
    \text{Pr}[\text{election accepted}]=[1-\epsilon^*(1-S)]^N=\sigma_H^*.
\end{equation}
The soundness, on the other hand, is not affected. In fact, if any voter notices more than one incorrect bit in their vote it will count as a single error.

The privacy of the protocol is affected as well. From one point of view, since the number of bits that the dishonest agents need to guess is larger, the probability of violating the anonymity, and thus the privacy, is actually smaller. If, however, we want that each individual bit of the vote remains private, the privacy is decreased by the fact of having multiple rounds of elections. In this case, let us consider the probability of the event $X$ that at some round the malicious agent guesses the preference of the voter $k$ and let us assume that this probability is upper bounded as $P(X)\leq \zeta$. If we repeat the elections $\log_2 K$ times, the probability that event $X$ is true at least once will thus be at most $\zeta^*=1-(1-\zeta)^{\log_2K}$. Hence, when dealing with multiple candidates our e-voting protocol with inputs $S,\epsilon, \delta, \eta, N$ is $ \zeta^*$-private with $\zeta^*=1-(1-(1-\eta)^N \epsilon + [1-(1-\eta)^N)]^{\log_2 K}$, which tends to 0 for small enough $\eta$ and $\epsilon$.

\emph{Discussion.}--We have described and analyzed a practical quantum e-voting scheme and provided approximate definitions of correctness and privacy, which make it appropriate for realistic non-ideal scenarios. The quantum e-voting protocol that we have described achieves information-theoretic security without requiring trust in the quantum source or in any election authority. Previously proposed classical schemes, such as the one in Ref.~\cite{broadbent2007}, also achieve information-theoretic security, however the requirement of trusting authorities and simultaneous broadcasting could make it impractical. A small-scale election demonstration of our protocol can be implemented with currently available quantum photonic platforms and with the improvement of these technologies a voting scheme for board meetings and similar scenarios may be attainable in the near future. When GHZ states of a thousand photons, with high fidelity and a reasonable repetition rate,
become available and can be well controlled, it will be possible to implement the protocol at a metropolitan level and then as a consequence, with a subdivision into regular elections, at a national level. Although this is certainly challenging, all the future applications of quantum information protocols will have to meet similar obstacles and this protocol might be one of the first practical use cases of quantum technologies to meet realization.

\emph{Acknowledgments.}--We acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council project QUSCO (E.D.) and the French National Research Agency project quBIC.


text:
Park Investments Launches New Dhs270m Villa Project In Jumeirah Village Circle
Park Investments, a newly formed real estate investment firm in the UAE, has launched Park Villas, a residential project worth Dhs270 million in Jumeirah Village Circle. The residential development spans a total area of 365,000 square feet and will comprise 93 four bedroom villas spread across two floors and equipped with a personal elevator, the company said. Villa sizes in the project range from 3,168 square feet to 3,322 square feet with an option to add a swimming pool. Other amenities at each villa include balconies, fully equipped kitchen, two covered car parks and fitted wardrobes amongst others.
Pre-launch prices start at Dhs2.9 million, the company said. The developer said that it is also offering an easy payment scheme where buyers are required to pay just 50 per cent of the amount during the purchase while the rest could be paid after the handover. "Dubai Property market is buoyant once again with healthy and promising returns," said Parminder Singh Sehgal, executive chairman, Park Investments.
"The regulations in place by the government now make both the developer and investors very confident of the future growth prospects. We felt it was the best time to enter the Dubai real estate and catch up with the momentum." Singh said that construction work on the project has already begun and is scheduled to be completed by the first quarter of 2016.
The strong recovery in Dubai's property market has attracted many new developers looking to tap into the emirate's real estate boom. Earlier this year, building materials firm Danube Properties, the real estate arm of the building materials firm Danube, launched a Dhs500 million residential project next to the Discovery Gardens. The project, Dreamz by Danube that had villas starting at Dhs2.5 million, sold off all its units in the first day of sales.
Dubailand, Dubai

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'''
Created on 2016年2月9日

@author: Darren
'''
'''
Name That Number
Among the large Wisconsin cattle ranchers, it is customary to brand cows with serial numbers to please the Accounting Department. The cow hands don't appreciate the advantage of this filing system, though, and wish to call the members of their herd by a pleasing name rather than saying, "C'mon, #4734, get along."

Help the poor cowhands out by writing a program that will translate the brand serial number of a cow into possible names uniquely associated with that serial number. Since the cow hands all have cellular saddle phones these days, use the standard Touch-Tone(R) telephone keypad mapping to get from numbers to letters (except for "Q" and "Z"):

          2: A,B,C     5: J,K,L    8: T,U,V
          3: D,E,F     6: M,N,O    9: W,X,Y
          4: G,H,I     7: P,R,S
Acceptable names for cattle are provided to you in a file named "dict.txt", which contains a list of fewer than 5,000 acceptable cattle names (all letters capitalized). Take a cow's brand number and report which of all the possible words to which that number maps are in the given dictionary which is supplied as dict.txt in the grading environment (and is sorted into ascending order).

For instance, the brand number 4734 produces all the following names:

GPDG GPDH GPDI GPEG GPEH GPEI GPFG GPFH GPFI GRDG GRDH GRDI
GREG GREH GREI GRFG GRFH GRFI GSDG GSDH GSDI GSEG GSEH GSEI
GSFG GSFH GSFI HPDG HPDH HPDI HPEG HPEH HPEI HPFG HPFH HPFI
HRDG HRDH HRDI HREG HREH HREI HRFG HRFH HRFI HSDG HSDH HSDI
HSEG HSEH HSEI HSFG HSFH HSFI IPDG IPDH IPDI IPEG IPEH IPEI
IPFG IPFH IPFI IRDG IRDH IRDI IREG IREH IREI IRFG IRFH IRFI
ISDG ISDH ISDI ISEG ISEH ISEI ISFG ISFH ISFI
As it happens, the only one of these 81 names that is in the list of valid names is "GREG".

Write a program that is given the brand number of a cow and prints all the valid names that can be generated from that brand number or ``NONE'' if there are no valid names. Serial numbers can be as many as a dozen digits long.

PROGRAM NAME: namenum

INPUT FORMAT

A single line with a number from 1 through 12 digits in length.
SAMPLE INPUT (file namenum.in)

4734
OUTPUT FORMAT

A list of valid names that can be generated from the input, one per line, in ascending alphabetical order.
SAMPLE OUTPUT (file namenum.out)

GREG
'''

def load_dict(file_name):
    file = open(file_name,"r",newline="\n")
    names=list(file.readlines())
    for index,name in enumerate(names):
        names[index] = name[:-2]
    d=set(names)
    return d

def namenum(nums):
    d=load_dict("namenumdict.txt")
    m={"2":"ABC","3":"DEF","4":"GHI","5":"JKL","6":"MNO","7":"PRS","8":"TUV","9":"WXY"}
    candidates=[""]
    for num in nums:
        temp=[]
        for candidate in candidates:
            for char in m[num]:
                temp.append(candidate+char)
        candidates=temp
    res=[]
    for candidate in candidates:
        if candidate in d:
            res.append(candidate)
    if not res:
        res.append("NONE")
    print(res)

namenum("426")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package studios.codelight.weatherdownloaderlibrary.model;

public class Main {
    private String humidity;

    private String pressure;

    private String temp_max;

    private String temp_min;

    private String temp;

    public String getHumidity () {
        return humidity;
    }

    public void setHumidity (String humidity) {
        this.humidity = humidity;
    }

    public String getPressure () {
        return pressure;
    }

    public void setPressure (String pressure) {
        this.pressure = pressure;
    }

    public String getTemp_max () {
        return temp_max;
    }

    public void setTemp_max (String temp_max) {
        this.temp_max = temp_max;
    }

    public String getTemp_min () {
        return temp_min;
    }

    public void setTemp_min (String temp_min) {
        this.temp_min = temp_min;
    }

    public String getTemp () {
        return temp;
    }

    public void setTemp (String temp) {
        this.temp = temp;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Main [humidity = "+humidity+", pressure = "+pressure+", temp_max = "+temp_max+", temp_min = "+temp_min+", temp = "+temp+"]";
    }
}


text:
Culture \
Geraldo Rivera Longs for a Hero's Death
Andy Cush // March 2, 2017
CREDIT: Angela Weiss/Getty
After 73 years on Earth and three decades on television peppered with accidentally revealed military secrets and questionable remarks about black people, Geraldo Rivera is ready for death's sweet embrace. Here's what the famous muscleman had to say on television today about Ryan Owens, the Navy SEAL killed in a quagmire of a raid ordered by Donald Trump in January.
.@GeraldoRivera: "I'm a nothing war correspondent who would long for a hero's death like Ryan [Owens]. He gave everything for his country." pic.twitter.com/mNA2yPB1tc
— Fox News (@FoxNews) March 2, 2017
First, Trump exploited the pain of Owens' widow Carryn in his joint session address this week, trotting her out in front of Congress so that he might look serious and presidential while consoling her on television. (The press ate it up.) Now, Rivera is saying he wishes he could die a painful death too, because it would make him a tough guy.
Both of these are absurd, empty gestures. Owens would still be alive today if Trump hadn't signed off on a poorly planned assault, looking for an al Qaeda leader who wasn't even there, in part because the Pentagon told him the Obama administration wouldn't have been bold enough to try it. And it's hard to imagine Carryn Owens believes there's anything about her husband's death worth longing for.
Andy Cush
Tags: fox news, Geraldo Rivera, ryan owens
Donald Trump Insults Impeachment Witnesses, Adam Schiff, and Even Kellyanne Conway in Fox & Friends Call
Twisted Sister Would Really Like Fox & Friends to Stop Using Their Music
Shep Smith, Fox News' Most Vocal Donald Trump Critic, Abruptly Announces He's Quit
Nirvana's Krist Novoselic Defends Nickelback's Honor Against Fox News
This Is What State TV Looks Like: Fox News' Talking Heads Praise Trump's Drowsy U.N. Speech
Fox & Friends Host Fixates on the Creepiest Detail of 9/11 Victim's Death


text:
http://www.netactua.com
The Brazilian all-time football legend, Pelé who won three World Cups and became one of the most iconic figures in the football world, has died at the age of 82.
Pelé was suffering from colon cancer for years. He was admitted to a hospital in São Paulo in late November for a respiratory infection and for complications related to colon cancer.
Lately, his health conditions had worsened due to multiple organ failures associated with his cancer progress and eventually causing his death, according to a statement from Albert Einstein Hospital.
Pelé's name has been on the tip of tongues for more than 60 years. His footballing accomplishment has been outstanding. He played in four World Cups and is the only player in history to win three, but his legacy stretched far beyond his trophy haul and remarkable goal-scoring record.
Pelé played for Brazil in four World Cups and bagged the most prestigious title in the years 1958, 1962, and 1970 respectively. the exact number of goals Pelé scored during his career is unclear, and his Guinness World Records tally has come under scrutiny with many scored in unofficial matches.
"I was born to play football, just like Beethoven was born to write music and Michelangelo was born to paint," Pelé famously said.
"Everything that we are is thanks to you," his daughter Kely Nascimento wrote in a post on Instagram, under an image of family members holding Pele's hands. "We love you infinitely. Rest in peace."
Following Pelé's death, renowned international footballers have attributed his professional accomplishments and keep sending condolences to his immediate family members and relatives. The names include Christiano Ronaldo, Neymar, Kylian Mbappé, and many more.
Besides entraining, the Brazilian football icon changed the status of his nation in the football world, raising the poor people's voices, the black people, in particular, to compete in the international arenas, and win titles.
Considering Pelé's phenomenal footballing accomplishments on national and international levels for his country, the Brazilian Football Federation and the Brazilian people owe him a lot.
The American newspaper "The Washington Post" highlighted that Morocco is among the best global destinations in 2023, according to experts in the tourism sector.
Even before the North African country captured the world's attention during the World Cup, Morocco had emerged as a popular travel destination.
James Thornton, CEO of Intrepid Travel, said, "We expect Morocco to continue to be incredibly popular in 2023, given the increase in flights to the destination and the potential to go out and have great experiences in a week or 10 days. Or two weeks.
Morocco is currently the country that records the largest number of reservations with the "Intrepid Travel" agency, as confirmed by the American daily newspaper.
The Kingdom enjoys the same popularity with the Modern Adventure travel agency, according to its vice president, Liz Boudreau, explaining, "We have achieved a 53 percent increase in reservations compared to 2022
WORLD CUP - This Tuesday, the table of quarterfinals was completed by the qualifications of Morocco and Portugal, which will face each other for a place in the last four (Saturday, 4 pm). The Atlas Lions are an anomaly among the list of qualifiers, which includes only expected nations and big names with legitimate ambitions.
The last 8 are known but there is an unexpected guest: this Tuesday, Morocco is a UFO among the qualifiers for the quarterfinals. The Atlas Lions, heroic against Spain, are novices at this level of the competition, unlike the teams that accompany it.
It's quite simple, apart from La Roja, all the big names are in the quarter-finals, further proof that the surprises of the group phase were only imperfect indicators of the balance of power. The new order will wait.
In this world Top 8, only regulars and a lot of former winners (4/8). As it stands, here is the pedigree of the qualifiers:
Netherlands: Finalist in 1974, 1978, 2010
Argentina: Winner in 1978 and 1986
France: Winner in 1998 and 2018
England: Winner in 1966
Croatia: Finalist in 2018
Brazil: Winner in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002
Morocco: Quarter-finalist in 2022
Portugal: Semi-finalist in 1966 and 2006
In this panorama, Europe is obviously the best with five out of eight qualifiers, while Brazil and Argentina still represent the South American continent while, for the first time since 2010, an African team is invited to the party.
4 quarters, 4 stars
It's hard to do more selling than these four quarters. For various reasons, four men were particularly expected in Qatar. They are in the quarterfinals: Lionel Messi has, as expected, carried Argentina on his shoulders, Kylian Mbappé is the top scorer of this World Cup, Neymar has returned in time to allow the rise of Brazil while Cristiano Ronaldo, despite a much more delicate personal situation, is still in the running to lift the most beautiful trophy of his career.
Quarterfinal schedule:
* Croatia - Brazil: Friday, December 9, 4pm
* Netherlands - Argentina: Friday, December 9, 8pm
* Morocco - Portugal: Saturday, December 10, 4pm
* England - France: Saturday, December 10, 8pm
Don't miss the sparkling opening of the FIFA Fan Festival™ on Saturday 19 November – as global superstars Maluma and Myriam Fares take to the stage! This event is exclusively for Hayya Card holders – gates open at 4 PM.
The event kicks off the 30-day FIFA Fan Festival™ – a true celebration and vibrant festival of culture in the heart of Doha. All 64 matches will be shown live on mega-screens, accompanied by over 100 hours of live music from global acts and local artists – many of the line-up are now confirmed!
It really feels like Spring is on the way when the first flowers start to bloom and throughout the year the different varieties reflect the mood of the seasons. Follow your nose to the fragrant fields of France and wonder at stunning blankets of vibrant colour as flower crops bloom. Here are our top 5 flowers to spot in France, and when to see them at their best:
1. Sunflowers
Perhaps the most iconic flowers of summer you can find golden seas of sunflowers all across the South of France. From afar a blur of yellow, close up impressively tall and sturdy plants with huge seed heads used in making sunflower oil. In France sunflowers are called 'Tournesols' which translates to 'turn to the sun' and the flower heads of young plants do indeed rotate during the day, following the sun across the sky. Once mature the flowers face east to greet the dawn and if you find a place to watch the sunset behind a sunflower field in full bloom it's an unforgettable sight! The best months for sunflower spotting are June and July though you may find fields in bloom well into August depending on the year's weather and harvest patterns.
Synonymous with Provence, Lavender is grown in abundance in this region of southern France. The neat rows of green and purple are as soothing to the eye as their fragrant scent. Lavender from Provence is used to make the finest grade essential oils used in prestigious cosmetics, aromatherapy products and perfumes. In the region you will find lots of artisan souvenirs including soaps and scented 'wands' where pretty ribbons encase lavender to create a fragrant wardrobe or drawer scent bag. The Valensole plateau is the best place to see the lavender with flowers typically blooming from the end of June until mid August.
3. Poppies
Unlike the other flowers on this list, Poppies are not cultivated and are, in fact, a weed that farmers try their best to eradicate. This does not, however, make the fields of poppies in France any less beautiful and if you are lucky enough to come across one, you'll find local people are just as excited to visit and take photographs amongst the flowers as any tourists. Poppy fields can be found all over France but those in Provence are some of the best having inspired famous artists including Monet and Van Gogh. The poppy fields that sprung up on the battlefields of Northern France after the first world war are no longer prolific but these poignant flowers still appear in smaller clusters here too. Poppies start to bloom in the south in April and can still be found flowering in northern France in June.
4. Lily of the Valley
The delicate white flowers of the Lily of the Valley are thought to bring good luck in France. It is traditional to give a bunch to loved ones, family and friends on May Day; it is estimated over 60 million bunches of these flowers are sold every year! In the wild they grow in damp, shady spots and you can look out for them in woodlands all over France during the Spring flowering season. It is also cultivated for sale, but seeing Lily of the Valley carpet a forset floor is a really magical sight.
5. Chanel's flowers
Only in France would you find fields of Chanel branded flowers! There is a prestigious flower farm in Grasse which cultivates flowers especially for the fashion house to use in blending their world famous perfumes. There are five harvests each year reserved exclusively for the brand; iris, jasmine, rose, tuberose and geranium. Each flower is picked by hand and processed into precious extracts in the on-site factory. It goes without saying that the whole area smells incredible at harvest time!
If you are planning a French holiday why not stay a one of our charming self-catering holiday homes? With thousands of unique properties to book directly with the owner you can see the real France, relax and enjoy a wonderful getaway with family or friends.
Top 10 most beautiful beaches in the world
Is it possible to rank the world's best beaches? Of course not, as preferences will differ from traveler to traveler, based on amenities, accessibility, swimming & water sports options, safety, sense of place, relaxation, and scenery. Nevertheless, being well-traveled and having put my feet in the sand of numerous beaches around the globe, I hereby present you my list of the 10 most spectacular beaches in the world. From coral to sandy and long to enclosed, i
10. TULUM, RIVIERA MAYA, MEXICO
What sets Tulum apart is its proximity to some of the most stunning Mayan ruins in all of Mexico: it is here that one of the world's best cultural destinations meets one of the world's best beaches. Tulum's ruin is an ancient walled city sitting on rocky cliff that overlooks a spectacular beach. With hordes of tourists visiting every day, the area is not exactly private, but the broad stretch of white sand and mesmerizing turquoise Caribbean waters more than make up for it.
9. NAVAGIO BEACH, ZAKYNTHOS, GREECE
Navagio beach is an isolated yet strikingly beautiful sandy cove on the Greek island of Zakynthos. It is often referred to as the Shipwreck Beach because it is home to the wreck of a ship called Panagiotis that is believed to have been a smugglers ship. The area is defined by its sheer limestone cliffs, white sand beaches, and clear blue water, which attract thousands of tourists yearly. The strip of beach is accessed only by boat, but you can see it from above if you stand on the high side of the surrounding cliffs.
8. GRACE BAY, TURKS & CAICOS
The Turks and Caicos comprise 40 islands and cays, of which Providenciales is the main tourist centre. It's here, on the northern shore, that you'll find Grace Bay, a 19km (12 miles) paradise-perfect mix of sugary sand and transparent water, fringed by a coral reef system with fabulous snorkeling and diving. Unfortunately, an increasing number of resorts and condo hotels have sprung up along the shore in recent years, so you may be better off these days on the more private hotel beaches of Amanyara or Parrot Cay.
7. WHITEHAVEN BEACH, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA
Whitehaven Beach is protected by the Whitsunday Islands National Park, and is located in the heart of the Great Barrier Reef. Australia's most famous beach stretches for 4,4 miles (7 km) and is washed by swirls of turquoise, blue and green water. The sand is 98% pure white silica, which gives it a brilliant, near luminescent color. You can reach the beach via a helicopter or seaplane, or you can sail to Whitehaven Beach with one of the many yacht excursions in the area.
6. BAIA DO SANCHO, FERNANDO DE NORONHO, BRAZIL
Baio Do Sancho is situated on the remote island of Fernando de Noronha, an active volcanic archipelago of 21 islands in the Atlantic Ocean, located approximately 220 miles (350 km) off the coast of northeastern Brazil bay. Sparkling emerald water and soft white sands are surrounded by vegetation-covered 250 ft (75 m) cliffs. The beach can only be reached by boat or by foot on a dirt trail through a crack in a rock wall with a few dozen uneven, slippery-sandy steps. The beach is perfect for snorkeling and spotting rays.
5. LONG BEACH, VANCOUVER ISLAND, CANADA
It are not only tropical beaches whose breathtaking beauty can make one speechless. The best example is Long Beach, the longest sandy beach on Canada's Vancouver Island, which offers eye-popping scenic views and an unmatched maritime wilderness. Located within the boundaries of the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve between Tofino and Ucluelet, its 10 miles (16 km) of pristine sand are backed by lush rainforests and washed by a cool pounding surf. Twenty-thousand grey whales migrate up this coast each spring and summer.
4. MAYA BAY, KOH PHI PHI, THAILAND
Maya Bay is a stunningly beautiful, sheltered bay on Thailand's Koh Phi Phi. With a ring of white sand surrounded by mangroves and towering limestone walls blanketed by dense foliage, it's easy to see why director Danny Boyle chose this beach for cult-favorite The Beach, starring Leonardo DiCaprio. The main beach within the bay is around 200 m (650 ft) long and features silky soft white sand, with underwater colorful coral and exotic fish in exceptionally clear water.
3. CAMPS BAY, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA
Cape Town tops my list of the world's most beautiful cities, not least because of the magnificent beaches on its doorstep. Camps Bay is not only Cape Town's most popular beach, but also the only urban beach to make it into my top 10 list. Boasting blinding white sand set against the majestic backdrop of the Twelve Apostles Mountain Range and Table Mountain, Camps Bay's water is a bit cold, due to the currents in the Atlantic Ocean, but that will not distract you from the amazing surrounding scenery and world-famous sunsets.
2. POLIHALE BEACH, HAWAII, USA
Polihale is hands-down the Hawaiian archipelago's most breathtakingly beautiful beach. This seemingly deserted 11 km (7 mi) stretch on the western end of Kauai, one of the world's most scenic islands, is several miles from the nearest town and holds a vibe of enchantment and mystique, still alive on Hawaii today. The beach can only be reached via a poorly marked, dirt sugarcane road, making a four-wheel drive vehicle preferable (check with your rental car company for restrictions before heading out).
1. ANSE SOURCE D'ARGENT, SEYCHELLES
One of the most photographed beaches in the world, the blinding white sands of Anse Source d'Argent unfurl across La Digue, one of the 115 island that make us this paradisiacal archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The beach sparkles against a backdrop of enormous granite boulders, worn by time and weather. An offshore reef provides protection from ocean waves, making the turquoise water an ideal spot for swimming. Keep an eye out for endangered birds and giant tortoises!
theluxurytravelexpert
Protect what matters most with the brilliance of blockchain technology
In a time when cybercriminals run rampant, attacking companies and individuals alike, securing your critical data can feel like walking a cybersecurity tightrope. Sollensys created an unbreakable safety net that harnesses the power of double-blockchain technology to encrypt and scatter a secure, unchangeable copy of your data across thousands of servers that is virtually impossible for hackers to reassemble without a unique key identifier. This isn't a storage solution; this is an indestructible vault.
Where Traditional Cloud-Based File Storage Solutions Fall Short
Your favorite cloud storage software does a great job at storing, and perhaps even encrypting your data, but just because you can upload and download your files anywhere with internet, your files are far from secured. If a cybercriminal gains access to your cloud credentials, your uploaded files can be modified or deleted entirely, leaving you with no
way to recover your files.
Learn how Sollensium, Sollensys' Blockchain technology, works
Blockchain is a technology centered on the concept of immutability, meaning it keeps data from being changed or corrupted. Blockchain is a superior method for storing, securing, and transferring data, which is why we use a private version of it to protect your most important data. Sollensium is a private, double blockchain that allows you to upload, encrypt, secure, and safely recall any type of data, including video assets, which is a first for blockchain technology.
How to use clove to get a hard-on?
Preparing an infusion
In terms of dosage, adding 2 or 3 nails to a cup is more than enough. It can be interesting to grind the cloves before infusing them. If you make an infusion of cloves only, let them infuse for 30 minutes, and preferably take it half an hour before having sex.
Moreover, what are the benefits of cloves on the body?
Its tonic flavour is appreciated in cooking and its medicinal properties are known to relieve many ailments. Cloves aid digestion, are anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antioxidant and even anaesthetic.
Also How to make a powerful aphrodisiac for men?
You mix a mixture of cinnamon, cardamom, 2 cloves, 1 tonka bean, and, if you like, hot pepper), with dark chocolate (200 g), and the zest of an orange. Add water (250 ml) and coconut milk (500 ml). Mix everything together and simmer for about fifteen minutes before filtering your elixir.
What is the best aphrodisiac for men?
Top 6 best known natural aphrodisiacs
DHEA, a natural aphrodisiac? DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone naturally produced by the body. ...
Ginseng. ...
Ginkgo biloba. ...
Maca. ...
Horny Goat Weed extract. ...
Food supplements. ...
Honey and royal jelly. ...
Oysters.
Top 6 Places You Should Visit in China in Summer
Summer time's coming! Where to travel for a cool summer holiday? China must be on your wish list. Summer lasts from early May to late September in China. Every destination sure has its charm during a different span of time.
1. Tibet: Holy Religious Culture
Highlights: Mt. Everest, religious sites in Lhasa
Sample itinerary: 8-Day Mt. Everest Base Camp and Lhasa Essential Tour
Cool-weather and religious vistas, both natural and cultural, grant Tibet as one of the best destinations for your summer travel in China. In most areas of Tibet, summer lasts from May to August with an average temperature of 20-25°C (68-77°F). Also, it is the time with the highest air oxygen content. These make for a comfortable and easy trip to explore Tibet's various highlights. What's even better is the train travel from Qinghai or Yunnan. Given 20 days is needed for a Tibet Travel Permit, it is suggested you plan the trip at least 1 month ahead. You need to protect yourself from the strong ultraviolet rays, so sunglasses, sunblock, a hat, and a light coat should be in your backpack.
2. Huangshan: Breathtaking Vistas from Mountaintop
Highlights: mountaintop views, photo tours
With a clear view and a challenge to walk, Huangshan, which is also called the Yellow Mountain, is excellent for trekking in summer. It presents a visual adventure, let alone a brave trek along its jaw-dropping walkways. In addition to the awesome vistas, Huangshan also offers a thrilling summer with a cool temperature. The average temperature in summer is 12-20°C (54-68°F), making it a cool- even a bit cold- trip on the mountain top. If mountain trekking is not your thing, it is suggested to check out the obscure villages in Hongcun (宏村) or Xidi (西递). The sun rises early, and so do the hard-working villagers. Go wandering about their houses or watch them work on fields, with such a strong sense of life that you might find quite touching. Bright colors of the villages and fields are ideal for a photography tour or quick sketches.
3. Guilin: Karst Landscapes and Bamboo Rafting
Highlights: boating, bamboo rafting, karst caves
Sample itinerary: 3-Day Classical Guilin Tour
Guilin offers a full package for a wonderful summer holiday- whether you want an easy-peasy cruise tour on the Li River, or an in-depth experience of rock-climbing and countryside cycling in Yangshuo. The city is hot and humid in summer but caving and water activities will cool you off. The biggest reason to have your summer holiday in Guilin is the gorgeous Li River. It rains a lot during summertime in Guilin and the Li River brings out her best during the time from April to September. The fun comes from activities related to water or natural hide-outs. Potholing into many limestone caves, Reed Flute Cave for example, not only means an adventure but also a great way to cool off. Besides the completely beautiful landscape, boating or river drifting in Yangshuo are also very exhilarating. 4. Yangtze River: Three Gorges Dam and Cruises
Highlights: cruises, shore excursion to historic sites
Sample itinerary: 4-Day Relaxing Time on Yangtze River Cruise
Before the grand Three Gorges Dam was built, the region or the Yangtze River used to suffer from floods during summertime. The story is different nowadays and traveling to the Yangtze River during summer brings more than a holiday. Besides refreshing river wind and fascinating scenery, there's something more you should expect while traveling to the Yangtze River in summer:
Days of total relaxation while cruising along the river;
Extremely marvelous views of the roaring water at the Three Gorges Dam;
Ashore excursion to White Emperor City or Fengdu Ghost City for cultural fulfillment.
The temperature from May to early September ranges from 20-28°C (68-83°F). it is recommended to take the cruise in May or September. An overcoat is still necessary during summer for cruising nights can get a bit cold.
5. Guizhou: Waterfalls and Minority Culture
Highlights: Huangguoshu Waterfalls, minority villages
Sample itinerary: tailor-make an in-depth Guizhou tour with us
If you're talking about a cool summer, Guizhou should come to mind. With an average temperature of 20-25°C (68-77°F), a summer holiday in Guizhou is blessed with amazing landscapes (mostly waterfalls and mountains) and colorful minority lives. Besides the classical Huangguoshu Waterfalls, you should make a bee-line for Qiandongnan (aka Southeastern Guizhou). From there, find your way to the villages of the Miao People in Kaili (凯里), Xijiang (西江) and Zhenyuan (镇远). Traditional minority festivals in summer include:
The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival in early June,
Fishing Festival in July,
Flower Mountain Festival in July or August,
New Rice Festival in mid-August.
During these special occasions, you don't need to get invited. Just walking around the villages, you can make yourself a part of the celebration.
6. Mt. Emei: Buddhist Culture
Highlights: the Golden Summit, temples and monasteries, monkeys
Sample itinerary: 5-Day Panda, Mt. Emei, and Giant Buddha Tour
A Three-hour drive from Chengdu, Mt. Emei is a famous Buddhist mountain in China. With sprawling temples and monasteries, it is famous for the 48-meter-high statue of Samantabhadra at the Golden Summit. Thanks to its over-3,000-meter altitude, Mt. Emei is not only a Buddhist holy ground but also a summer resort blessed with beautiful scenery and lovely wild monkeys, who may jump out to tease you at any time. Optional choice: Mt. Qingcheng, a holy mountain of Taoism, is another good option to escape the summer heat of Chengdu and experience the religious culture.


It all started with a gift: fifty tiny seedlings, exchanged from one woman's hands to another. The seedlings were Polygonum tinctorium, whose body is made of glassy green almond-shaped leaves, tiny pink flower buds, and whose dye creates the infamous world-renowned deep blue our eyes love to drink and our hands love to touch.
The little indigo plants were given to Gina Smith of Red Twig Farm, who by that point had already spent many years tilling and filling her 5.5 acre homestead with fruit trees, vegetables gardens, a chicken coop, a goat pen, and a greenhouse full of rotating crops such as luscious green peppers.
When the indigo seedlings came in the Spring of 2015, she simply couldn't resist welcoming them in and doing her best to give them a good home too. Longtime friend and collaborator, Heather Podoll, joined her in raising the indigo.
To their joy and surprise, the indigo grew well at Red Twig Farm. Following traditional fermentation practices Heather and Gina successfully started making rich indigo dye.
Currently they care-take a healthy and vibrant indigo vat that lives in an insulated wooden box and is warmed by a space heater. The addition of the indigo plants has opened the door for further experiments with other dye plants.
For Gina this is "just another added layer" to her work, as she describes how "the plants yield these colors that are predictable and yet also not, just like everything else that nature offers us." Since the indigo arrived, Heather and Gina have welcomed and expanded the gardens to now grow more dye plants such as marigold, cota, and the black walnuts from the trees on the property.
Heather and Gina have also found their love for gathering native and local dye plants they find growing wild in the valley.
It is in this "depth of a friendship," and in these relationships of plant, place, and people that is what inspire Heather and Gina to share what they have learned.
Through Red Twig Farm they teach natural plant dye workshops and lessons, offered in the spirit of inviting others to experience the "opportunity to have a deeper connection with the land." They are also currently developing their product line of locally dyed products made with local fibers.


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Iva Dell (Shell) Becker
By News Staff on Wednesday, December 23, 2020
Alt Text for Image
Iva Dell (Shell) Becker, age 88, of Ham Lake, Minnesota, passed away December 18, 2020. Preceded in death by son-in-law Duane (Duke) Lachinski, parents Joe and Avis Shell, sister JoNell Stockman, brother Millard Shell, brothers-in-law Richard Becker, James Becker, sisters-in-law Pat Abrams, Mary McLean and Terry Becker.
Iva was born September 21, 1932, and raised in Lampasas, Texas. She moved to Minnesota in 1955 after she met and married her husband, Bill who was stationed in Fort Hood, Texas.
Iva had a long and wonderful career in retail at Powers, Herberger's, and Macy's (fueling her love of shopping), but her favorite role was being a devoted wife, mother, and grandmother. She loved animals, especially her many cats and dogs; and loved to play the harmonica. She was a great cook and seamstress throughout her life.
Iva is survived by her loving husband of 65 years, Bill; daughter, Debra Becker; granddaughters Megan and Rachel Lachinski; special friend/niece Cindy Hrbacek; brother Paul (Peggy) Shell, brother-in-law Harold Becker; sisters-in-law Muriel Sisterman and Phyllis Becker and many nieces, nephews, and friends.
Due to Covid restrictions, a private funeral service will be held on Wednesday, December 23, 2020 at Abiding Savior Lutheran Church, 8211 Red Oak Drive, Mounds View, Minnesota. Internment at Sunset Memorial Cemetery.


NBB Consultants are specialists in the Valuation of Companies in accordance with international valuation standards.
This business valuation is based on the book value of the company's assets, i.e. the facilities, stocks, etc. adjusted to the current market value. The liabilities are deducted from these assets, the result of which is the owner's equity.
This method requires the help of the company's owner or management team in order to provide information in regards to the strategies planned for the next few years. NBB consultants then use their expertise and specialised tools to determine the value of the business according to this DCF method.
The value of a company is derived by applying a pre-defined multiplier to a company's cash flow. NBB uses international databases of concluded deals to obtain the average multiplier of the relevant industry and business activity.
Additionally, NBB can provide support to companies and entrepreneurs that want to carry out INVESTMENT PROJECTS, by helping them define the strategy to follow and establish a feasibility plan.


Access Living offers a diverse and dynamic array of service, advocacy and legal programs. A majority of the individuals who staff these programs are people with disabilities. This page highlights Access Living staff members, their experience, and the work they do at Access Living.
Feature story about Michelle Garcia's trip to Bogota, Colombia. Michelle is the Cambiando Vidas Community Organizer for Access Living.
Access Living is thrilled to announce that President & CEO Marca Bristo was named a 2014 Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards winner.
Jason Draper is one of six staff associates at Access Living. This story features his work as an intern.
Beto Barrera was recently honored at the Metropolitan Tenants' Organizations (MTO) Renters' Spring Celebration. MTO presented Beto a "Tenant Champion" Award for his work on behalf of people with disabilities who face housing discrimination and for his work to expand fair housing laws.
Josie Newson has been working at Access Living since November of 2012. Though she has been on staff for a relatively short time, she is not a stranger to the disability community and disability advocacy, particularly within the mental health community.
A profile of Access Living Staff Associate Gregory Roach.
Access Living congratulates Jason X. Gilmore, the organization's Manager of Foundation and Government Grants, for his Chamberlain Scholarship Award from the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP) Chicago .


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Celebs And Their Kids Looking Identical: Twitter Thread
Reese Witherspoon and 21-year-old daughter Ava Phillippe are about as much proof as possible that genetics work. Ivy Park Beam tweeted a holiday photo of the mother-daughter pair, saying, "I know this is how genes work but wow." The pair, who look strikingly similar, aren't the only celebrities who bear a strong resemblance to their kids, and people started posting similar pics on the thread of other celebs. Scroll down to see how strong these celeb genes really are.
Woman Creates Inspiring Custom Lookalike Dolls For Kids With Disabilities
Amy Jandrisevitz, a woman from Wisconsin is creating incredible lookalike dolls for children with disabilities and illnesses in an attempt to help them feel less alone. The doll maker's incredible journey started five years ago when she was approached by a mom who asked her to customize a unique doll for her daughter who unfortunately lost a leg due to an amputation. From there, she continued receiving requests and eventually started a nonprofit called "A Doll Like Me". Although each doll costs $100, Amy covers any expenses that parents can't afford out of her own pocket. The aim is to stop children who have skin, limb, or facial differences to feel ostracized. Here are some of Amy's incredible creations.
What Celebrities Would Look Like As Animals
The internet is full of various celebrity photoshops, each with their own twist. But here's a new one: celebrities as cartoon animals. If you love celebs and love our cute little furry friends, then this is the list for you.
funny celebrity pictures
Jeff Goldblum's Pop Tart Doppelgangers Are Everything
If you're a Jeff Goldblum fan and you love pop tarts, then you've hit a goldmine. Rachel Clayton has found all the times Jeff Goldblum dressed like the different varieties of pop tarts and honestly it might be one of the best things on the internet. Grab a pop tart, pull up a chair and enjoy!
Artist's Pictures Of Celebrities Looking Like Ordinary People: Part 2
Artist Danny Evans has created incredibly realistic pictures of what Hollywood stars would look like if they were normal people (and it was still the 80s). Not only do they show us how money and fame can make you look like anything you want, but Evans also hopes to draw attention to the unrealistic standards of perfection that we hold celebrities to. Check out the brilliant pictures below, and then head over and see some more of his masterwork here.
Artist Creates Realistic Images Of Celebrities Looking Like Ordinary People
We're used to seeing celebrities looking perfect. expecting them to be flawless - after all, they have budgets of millions of dollars to help them do so. And whenever a celebrity dares to venture out their house without makeup, like a gasp ordinary person, it sends the media into a frenzy and we lose our minds, shocked that they might not wake up looking like an Instagram filter. We treat celebrities like demi-gods and New York City-based artist and writer Danny Evans wanted to draw attention to the unrealistic standards of perfection, that we hold them to.
He started Planet Hiltron, photoshopping pictures of Hollywood celebrities to give us a glimpse of what they would look like as ordinary people. His talent is incredible and makes it clear that with enough money, anyone could look like a Hollywood celeb! Check out some of his masterpieces below.
makeunder


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Broadway Barks Virtual 2020
Jul 17, 2020 | COVID19, News & Previews
SLIDE SHOW BELOW OF THE MANY BROADWAY STARS by Sandi Durell The fur was flying at Broadway Barks virtually shown on the Broadway.com YouTube channel on July 16, 2020, raising much needed funds, especially now during Covid-19, for the many...
The Line ZOOM at Public Theater
Jul 14, 2020 | COVID19, Theater
by Carol Rocamora Oscar is a paramedic. Sharon works in a geriatric ward. Jennifer is a first year intern. David works in an Intensive Care Unit. Vikram is an Emergency Room physician. Ed is also a paramedic. Dwight is a nurse. Meet the courageous first...
The Madness of George III – National Theatre on YouTube
Jun 18, 2020 | COVID19, Theater
by Hazen Cuyler The National Theatre at Home series continues their YouTube presentations throughout July, but I'll be stepping away for just a few weeks to focus on my work within The Greenhouse Ensemble. Critiquing digital theatre is...
This House – National Theatre Streaming on YouTube
Jun 1, 2020 | COVID19, Theater
by Carol Rocamora "Democracy—it works, if we didn't have to rely on people." These are some of the many wise words and witticisms uttered in This House, James Graham's timely, lively, and insightful play now streaming on NT...
A Streetcar Named Desire Arrives at a Tube Named You
May 28, 2020 | COVID19, Theater
by Hazen Cuyler Williams, Kazan, Brando, Leigh: unforgettable figures in modern theater history. The play classified Tennessee Williams as a great American writer. The Elia Kazan-directed film skyrocketed Brando to fame while...
Present Laughter PBS Great Performance Series
by Carol Rocamora There isn't much laughter present these days – is there? All the more reason, then, to thank PBS's Great Performances Series for streaming Present Laughter, Noel Coward's 1942 delicious drawing-room comedy-caper about an aging matinee...
TODAY'S THEATRE TALK
May 22, 2020 | COVID19, News & Previews
"Theatre stands on the brink of ruin" by Sonia Friedman for The Telegraph - "British theatre is on the brink of total collapse. ... Without an urgent government rescue package, 70 per cent of our performing arts companies will be out of business before the end of this...
Camille A. Brown Tony Nom Offers Free Dance Classes
Social Dance for Social Distance presented by Tony Nominee Camille A. Brown Tony nominated director and choreographer Camille A Brown is presenting a new series of free dance classes and lectures online through her award winning company, Camille A Brown and Dancers....
Barber Shop Chronicles – National Theatre on YouTube
by Hazen Cuyler We enter a barber shop. Not a discount franchise money-maker but an indispensable cultural refuge. Certain rules exist here. Fighting isn't allowed, talking is a requisite and elders must be respected....
Fame Via Broadway HD
by Adam Cohen 40 years ago, Fame hit the big screen. The film chronicled four years of students at Music & Art High School in New York. It spawned a television show and a theatrical incarnation – all of which preserve the anthemic title theme by...
Covenant House Stars Gala Gone Virtual
By Sandi Durell This yearly gala raises money for kids on the street, kids who need a home, direction and help and for many years, throughout the world, they get that help from Covenant House. Needless to say, the problems have increased dramatically...
Over 150 Performances TNC's Virtual Lower East Side Festival May 22-24
With the roster still building, Theater for the New City has currently scheduled over 150 performing arts organizations, independent artists, poets, puppeteers and film makers for its 25th annual Lower East Side Festival of the Arts, which will be mounted...
"Curtains for Broadway: No Shows Until Labor Day, at Least"by The New York Times' Michael Paulson - "The announcement is not a surprise ... It remains unclear when Broadway might reopen. Many industry officials believe it will be considerably later than Labor...
The King and I – LCT in London
by Carol Rocamora From the very first moment when that boat sails into the harbor and onto the stage, we're enveloped in the warm, wonderful embrace of an immortal Rodgers & Hammerstein classic. That was the magic then when The King and I...
Antony & Cleopatra Streams and Steams on YouTube
by Carol Rocamora If you like your Shakespeare fast and furious, then jump on-line and watch the Royal National Theatre's hot 2019 production of Antony and Cleopatra while it's still streaming (and steaming). Indeed, "hot"...
Frankenstein – National Theatre on YouTube
May 8, 2020 | COVID19, Film, Theater
by Hazen Cuyler Hideous and scarred and abandoned, a nameless creature roams the countryside. He's shaped like a man and educated by a blind, retired professor over the course of a year. After learning of love, The...
National Theatre's Twelfth Night on YouTube
Apr 30, 2020 | COVID19, Film
By Hazen Cuyler Continuing their efforts to battle our theater-deprived quarantine blues, The National Theatre's showcase this week is William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Directed by Simon Godwin, featuring a fantastic cast and only...
"TAKE ME TO THE WORLD"—A SONDHEIM 90th BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION
Apr 27, 2020 | COVID19, Music & Cabaret
By Ron Fassler There were tributes ready and raring to go in honor of Stephen Sondheim's 90th birthday last month. For starters, the gender-bending revival of his 1970 landmark musical Company was scheduled to open on March 22nd at the Bernard Jacobs...
TDF Can Use Your Help
Apr 22, 2020 | COVID19
TDF (aka Theatre Development Fund), the not-for-profit organization that has been serving audiences and productions since 1968, has just launched the TDF Lifeline Campaign: Protect Today, Rebuild Tomorrow to raise $500,000 by June 30. This fundraising initiative will...
The Actors' Temple Virtual Gala Benefit
Apr 21, 2020 | COVID19, News & Previews
The Actors Temple was to hold their 103rd Annual Benefit Gala on Monday April 27 until the world tumbled and crumbled before us to the tune of coronavirus. Not the tune planned for the always delightful benefit evenings that have preceded COVID-19. Now, of all...
Streep, Peters, LuPone, Patinkin, Chenoweth, Stokes Live!
"TAKE ME TO THE WORLD: A SONDHEIM 90TH BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION" AIRS LIVE SUNDAY, APRIL 26 AT 8:00 PM ET BROADWAY.COM AND YOUTUBE - IN SUPPORT OF ASTEP (ARTISTS STRIVING TO END POVERTY) Jaw-dropping all-star company will perform in a special virtual concert in...
Broadway On Demand Launches mid-May
Broadway On Demand, the all new membership-based streaming service that offers an extensive and wide-ranging library of video on demand content, exclusive livestream events, interactive platforms, and educational resources, is set to officially launch in...
How's the Virtual Revolution So Far?
Apr 21, 2020 | COVID19, Interviews
by Marcina Zaccaria With the theaters closed for over a month, Artistic Teams have created home viewing. TheaterPizzazz.com's Marcina Zaccaria posed four questions to Artistic Directors, Managing Directors, and Producers about how they built a digital...
Drama Desk Award Nominees Live Today
The 65th Annual Drama Desk Award Nominations will be streamed live through 'Stars in the House' at 2 pm today EST, April 21 and will be announced by 'Stars in the House' hosts Seth Rudetsky and James Wesley, hosts of their daily talk show. Tune in at...
Shakespeare's 456th Birthday Marathon Brings Out Stars
RALPH FIENNES, RUFUS WAINWRIGHT, LEA DELARIA AND MORE TO JOIN IRONDALE FOR 456 MINUTE VIRTUAL SONNET MARATHON THIS WEEK IN CELEBRATION OF SHAKESPEARE'S 456th BIRTHDAY Artists from all disciplines will participate in this free epic live event held on...
Performer/Musician Biopics II (Amazon Prime & Netflix)
Jazz, Rock and Blues Musicians Part II with more to come. by Alix Cohen Based on a composite of Lester Young (sax) and Bud Powell (piano.) Round Midnight 1986 Written and Directed by Bertrand Tavernier. Drawn from Dance of the Infidels written by Francis...
Scott Siegel Concerts Will Pay Performers During Covid 19
By Sandi Durell There's a new kind of concert about to begin . . . one that helps out of work performers in the theatrical and cabaret communities get paid during this unique time in our history. . . the first one taking place on Thursday, April 23 at 8...
VT Show Kicks Off April 21
Vineyard Theatre Artistic Directors Douglas Aibel and Sarah Stern announce "The VT Show," a weekly online series featuring Vineyard artists sharing conversation, insight and material from celebrated Vineyard productions as well as work in development for future...
Kid Actors on Broadway Sing & Chat About Life During Lockdown
The Early Night Show with Joshua Turchin- Virtual Edition (Corona Cabaret) continues with the release of a new episode featuring special guests: Makayla Connolly (Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, White Christmas) and Luke Naphat (Trevor the Musical). You can...
Within Earshot:Anthems for the In-Between
The concept album of Within Earshot: Anthems for the In-Between (previously titled Arrowhead), a new musical with music and lyrics by Jackson Teeley and a book by Sarah Galante, will be available for streaming on all streaming platforms, beginning Monday, April...


The route planner guides you to the P&R car park on the Rigal'sche Wiese at the corner of Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse and Von-der-Heydt-Strasse. Go along Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse towards the underground station, but do not cross the road. No. 17 is on the right side of the street. In case you take the B9 tunnel in Bad Godesberg please be aware that speed is controlled in both directions.
Our office is very close to the Bonn-Bad Godesberg railway station. Exit through the main station building and turn left. The next street on your right is Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse. After you cross one by-road, the Kurpark (spa garden) is on your right and you will find no. 17 to your left.
If you arrive by train from the south, it may be faster to go via Siegburg/Bonn station to Cologne central station (Köln Hauptbahnhof) and take a regional train back to Bonn-Bad Godesberg from there.
Our office is directly across from the U-Bahn (underground) terminal stop of lines 16 and 63, Bad Godesberg Stadthalle. As you leave the underground station, cross the street and turn left.


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Phaonia curvicercalis är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Wei 1990. Phaonia curvicercalis ingår i släktet Phaonia och familjen husflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Husflugor
curvicercalis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I will never forget when I was younger, my dad and I driving by the two Towers each Saturday morning while going to work, craning my neck as we got closer to them so I can still see the top.
I will never forget how the towers looked at night, with all the lights shining through the countless windows.
I will never forget all the visits with my family and friends up to the top of the towers and that 2 minute elevator ride each time.
I will never forget at looking at all the 'ants' down in the streets while sitting on the perimeter seating of the observation deck.
I will never forget my boss coming in the office telling us that a plane had flown into one of the Towers.
I will never forget calling my wife to tell her I was okay because my train passed by the Trade Center.
I will never forget her telling me that a second plane just hit while still on the phone with her.
I will never forget that very moment when an accident was instantly transformed into an act of War.
I will never forget walking a few short blocks to Bellevue Hospital from my office shortly after the Towers came down.
I will never forget that I wanted to do something.
I will never forget seeing a line wrapped around the block with other New Yorkers wanting to do donate blood.
I will never forget the trek back home into Brooklyn that day and hugging my wife and family.
I will never forget being at Ground Zero aiding with the recovery effort.
I will never forget walking through the rubble where, not one but two, 100+ story skyscrapers stood.
I will never forget the people that were searching through the twisted metal and powdery concrete that were once twin monuments that defined the skyline of the greatest city.
I will never forget the sights, sounds and smells that day I was at ground zero while the fires were still burning - forever ingrained in me.
I will never forget walking by building facades plastered with the names and faces of people who were missing during my daily commute to work.
I will never forget the compassion shown by New Yorkers after the tragedy – regardless of race, religion, ethnicity.
I will never forget the day millions of strangers became a single family mourning.
I will never forget we were One Nation under God that day - united by the tragedy! We still are!
God Bless the victims and their families!


Pernilla Pergert received Ph.D. and RN degrees in pediatric nursing speciality. She is a Senior Nurse in pediatric oncology having a combination postdoctoral as a Clinical Lecturer at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, and at the Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, including clinical work, research, education, and clinical ethics development. Her research and clinical interest are in the fields of transcultural care and clinical ethics. She has much experience in using classical grounded theory and ongoing studies, which are qualitative interventions studies (action research) using grounded theory.


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