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Waterford Harbour Tides & Tales
Andrew Doherty
Book I – Before the Tide Went Out
Talks & Walks
Book II Waterford Harbour T&T 2020
Water Heritage Day 2019
A-Z Placenames of the Three Sisters
you tube snippets
Tag: the Sidhe
Cheekpoint Fairy Tale?
I was often chided for my romantic notions of the Cheekpoint name deriving from the fairy folk, the Sidhe. However in recent months strong, albeit circumstantial, evidence is coming to the surface that those of us with romantic notions may not be totally without support.
I wrote previously about the place name of Cheekpoint. To reprise it now, there are those with a geographic bent, who consider it the point of the streaks, referring to the currents and eddies created as the three rivers flow over the rock that is to this day know as the Sheag rock. Whilst others like myself are inclined towards the Point of the Sidhe or fairies.
Now the evidence for the fairies was always circumstantial. Stories of fairy folk were legion in the community that I was reared in, fairy rings still exist, and few but the foolish or unwary would interfere with them. When fishing at night I was warned about particular gaps on the Russianside lane, that I was best to hurry past and certainly not stop if any voices tried to engage me. Of course the most magical event I have ever seen is the Sí Gaoith, an occurrence I have witnessed several times, by the most exciting and spectacular with my son Joel while fishing in the late 1990's.
I had also mentioned the fabled Cesair, and it is to her that I now return. Now Cesair has as many versions of her life (and spelling of her name) as there are internet links. Many interconnecting points are present however which boil down to a lady of immense courage who before the flood set sail in three ships, with three men and 150 women. They wandered the oceans until they arrived in Ireland and the three groups broke up and set to populating Ireland. Her band are referred to as the Sidhe, and over the millennia this has become tied into fairy folk and leprechauns. I'd linked the landing point of the Sidhe to Cheekpoint, although I'm sure many thought me misguided.
Meeting of the Three Sisters, from the Minaun, Drumdowney Kilkenny on the left opposite bank,
Great Island Co Wexford on the left
However last summer an academic gathering at Kilmokea, Great Island put weight behind this theory, albeit on the opposite bank. As foundation myths go, the location is very plausible, strategically placed with abundant access via the three sister rivers to the hinterland of the SE.
What for me is a related argument in any foundation myth is evidence of early settlement in an area. Evidence already exists of the oldest known settlement in the South East being at Ballylough beside Belle Lake on the road to Dunmore East. Destroyed promontory forts such as at Dunmore also confirm early settlement, although of a later era. Again more evidence is emerging, this time due to the efforts of the redoubtable Noel McDonagh at Creaden Head near the mouth of the harbour.
The linking of an early foundation myth with physical evidence of, potentially, Ireland's earliest known settlement is still of course speculation. But as Noel's evidence builds and academic interest in exploring the foundation story develop, its a case of watch this space.
I'm conducting a free guided walk this coming Bank Holiday Monday from Cheekpoint quay, departing at 5pm. Its 2km, over rough ground and will concentrate on the villages maritime heritage. We will arrive back at 6.30pm. Details on my facebook event page
For a flavour of the walk, here's a piece from Mark at Waterford Epic Locations depicting our Bank Holiday walk Easter 2017 along the Faithlegg Marsh. If you haven't seen Marks page already treat yourself, what a stunning area Waterford is! And don't forget to like and subscribe for more of Marks great video content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReHpt3u_ZM0&t=9s
I publish a blog about Waterford Harbours maritime heritage each Friday.
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An Sí Gaoithe, the Fairy wind
I'm occasionally asked what I miss most about drift-netting for Salmon. When it stopped in 2006 I was fishing on a part time basis, but I refused to participate in the buy out of licences, preferring instead to hope for a return. So when I answer, I'm usually a bit off hand and probably say something straightforward and easy to understand, such as the thrill of landing a large fish. But if I was honest what I miss about fishing is complex. A way of life is hard to quantify and communicate in a few sentences. It has elements of relationships, boat handling, fishing nous, traditions, and experiencing nature and weather on a ongoing basis that you just don't appreciate to the same extent on land. A great example of this is the Si Gaoithe, or the Fairy wind.
I think I was sixteen when I first encountered the Si Gaoithe. I was the boy that season with Michael Barry of the High Street, which would have made this event occurring in the summer of 1982. It was one of those beautiful sunny and still summer days, which are so rare when fishing. So dry and calm, that you can forgo the oilskins and woolly jumpers, and controlling the punt was a lot less of a challenge, having only tidal conditions to contend with.
An Sidhe Gaoith Daniel McDonald 1841 NFC
It was nearing high water, and we had the nets out on "the mud", the Shelburne Bank, on the Wexford side of the rivers. We had opted to leave the nets where they were lying, virtually static at this point given the time of tide, and joined several other punts on the "bank wall" – the embankment constructed around the Marsh on Great Island. There we lay out on the warm summer grass keeping a constant watch on the nets for signs of a fish and swapped stories. Below us other punts were with their nets, whilst at Nook the Whitty's were in their usual perch on the grassy bank overlooking their bay, monitoring the nets at the Big rock or the Knock.
Suddenly all hell broke loose. One of the punts was rocking and a voice could be heard in high animation. Despite the distance, it was clearly the punt of Christy Doherty (RIP) and there was some talk that Christy must have "lost it" or perhaps had landed a "pig of a salmon" our parlance for a very large fish.
Hauling the nets Photo via Tomás Sullivan
Anyway, I was old enough to realise whatever was going on Christy Doherty was not a man to either "loose it" or get over excited. Christy and his brothers were highly regarded in our house. One of the stories I heard of him fishing was one night in winter, he went to the Sheag Weir, an old ebb weir just below the quay of Cheekpoint. The wind was northerly, and it was freshening all the time. Christy was emptying the net when a squall came on and the punt sunk beneath him. If I recall right he couldn't swim, and of course would not have had a lifejacket, so he pulled himself up the weir net and eventually managed to climb the weir poles to the head of the weir where he settled down to await daylight. When several hours later he was found, despite the wet and stinging cold, his only complaint was that he hadn't had a cigarette in hours!
It later emerged that what Christy was so excited about was the Si Gaoithe, which was falling all around his punt and he was letting other punts nearby know, so that they might see it. I was never clear if he was upset or happy to see it. For many you see the Si Gaoithe is a omen they prefer to avoid. When I told my grandmother later, she blessed herself and said, "God protected ye from all harm"
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The Si Gaoithe itself however is a natural phenomenon and is something that traditional people have their own names for worldwide. We also have our own local traditions about it here in Ireland, which vary from county to county. I decided to borrow a definition rather than pretend I know the science. "A dustdevil is a whirlwind of air into which dust and debris gets caught up, making it visible. Dust devils form through a different mechanism than tornadoes, and are much smaller, usually only 10 to 50 feet in diameter, and usually not extending more than 100 feet into the air. They usually are seen during relatively dry conditions, when sunlight is providing strong heating of the surface, and when winds are generally light. The heated land surface produces convective rolls of air (as in the diagram above) since the wind is a little stronger at (say) 100 feet in altitude than near the ground. If these rolls get tilted upright, then a dust devil can form."
http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_are_dust_devils.htm
Joel and myself many years back out on the river
I experienced the magic that Christy described several times later. My lasting memory was one I shared with our son, Joel. He was only a boy of about eight and we were drifting on the ebb tide one beautiful calm summer evening. Again not a liu of wind, and the river surface was like glass. Joel was chatting away and searching the bottom of the boat for a crab whilst I kept a close eye on the nets. Suddenly around us little whisps of straw started to fall. I jumped with joy to see it, and explained what we were experiencing to Joel. Looking up into the sky, we could see hundreds of little pieces of straw cascading down upon our general direction, and as they fell Joel tried to capture some of them. The straws were falling from out of a clear blue evening sky, from about 100 feet up, although very hard to judge. We followed the line of straw with our eyes, as it went horizontally from above our position in towards the Wexford shore. We were passing Nook at the time, and we could clearly see the line of straw heading in over the land and then trace it back down to a field recently harvested with straw lined up waiting to be bailed. Amongst this a mysterious wind was whipping up loose pieces of straw into mini whirlwinds, carrying it into the sky.
Witnessing such events is a privilege, one that I haven't seen since we stopped fishing. It may seem like I'm fooling myself, but I still believe today as I did in 2006, that I would one day be back on the river and I am not going to loose sight of that anytime soon.
Cheekpoint placename
Cheekpoint is both a village and a townland, and for many's the year there has been two explanations to the origins of the name, a practical, geographical placename and what is probably best described as a romantic version. The name Cheekpoint derives from Pointe na Sige or in other cases Rinn na Sige. Sige, phonetically is pronounced "she-ge".
According to Canon Power, and his book the Placenames of the Decies, the name derives from the river that flows past the village, and in particular the eddies and currents that are caused as the river flows over the Sheagh (pronounced she-egg) rock, which is an outcrop at the Mount, below the village. As the tide flows over the rock it causes a distinctive streak in the tide, which the learnered priest considered the origins of the placename, the point of the streaks. Its hard to discount the theory, as you can see from the photo a streak is very distinctive, and indeed locally we call this, to this day the Stroke. It's slightly different to the streaks that are caused as the tide ebbs over the rocks. However it is easy to see where Canon Power was coming from, that the first settlers to the village would have come by water and would have named the landing point by a distinctive riverine feature.
Sheagh Rock and "the stroke"
Against that however, is the fact that strokes can be seen in the river at various spots and at all different times of tide. And rocks and outcrops cause eddies and marks in the river at other locations too, such as the point light, Snowhill, etc. To be honest, to a fisherman there's nothing too special about the river as it flows there, except for the strength and flow of tide.
Of course the romantics prefer a more elaborate origin. The gaelic Rinn na Sige may also suggest the headland of the fairies, or the fairy folk. Interestingly the Loganim site records a reference to "the landing place of the fairies" Si, Siog or Sidhe (which is very close to the phonetically spelled Sige above – "She-da") suggests a connection to the other world or fairy folk, The Sidhe were a mythical people who were thought to have been the first settlers to Ireland and were defeated by the coming of the Gaels to Ireland. The disappeared into mounds or hills but emerge in times of need. Their ring forts and fairy paths still exist and to interfere with them is a cause of great harm to an individual. I was reared on such stories in the Russianside, particularly by our Granduncle Christy Moran who, if he didn't believe the stories must have been a great actor.
Now the reference to a landing place provokes another speculation on my part. My cousin Jim Doherty passed on a newspaper article from the mid 19th C which attributed the coming of an ancient tribe to Ireland via the harbour and which landed at Cheekpoint. Cesaire, Granddaughter of Noah, built an ark to carry her and her lover Fintain and fifty followers. They left 40 days before Noah and at his direction sailed west. According to the story, they landed up after much adventures at Cheekpoint, at the confluence of the three rivers and there they settled. In time Cesaire died and was buried at the foot of the Minaun. The book of invasions has a similar story, but without Cheekpoint!
Is it possible that the placename Cheekpoint, anglicised but still retaining is older origins may hint at a much more ancient past, a past that includes remnants of the foundation story to the earliest settlers in this area? We may never know, but what I can say for certain, that the location which was of such strategic importance in the centuries past must have a lot stories yet to be brought to the surface.
I guess the version you prefer depends a bit on your personality. But as a certified romantic and dreamer, I have to say I tend towards the version that includes the Sidhe!
So this is Christmas…2020
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andrew on Rockabill & Tuskar; The last of the Clyde
Ron Brown on Rockabill & Tuskar; The last of the Clyde
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Waterford Tides and Tales RSS


The firestorm around Rep. Ilhan Omar's recent tweets about the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) and criticism of Israel has drawn attention to what language rises to the level of anti-Semitism, the shameful double standards for Muslims and people of color, and how anti-Semitism is often hypocritically used as a political bludgeon. GOP leadership has called for an official censure and her removal from the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and House Democrats called for a resolution this week denouncing anti-Semitism after Omar recently tweeted, "I should not be expected to have allegiance/pledge support to a foreign country in order to serve my country," which some have said plays on the anti-Semitic trope of dual loyalty. Notably, no such outrage from Republican members of Congress emerged after House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy used anti-Semitic tropes during the 2018 midterm election or during much of the tenure of Rep. Steve King (R-Iowa), who has a long history of making offensive comments about race and white nationalism.
In response, #IStandWithIlhan has trended with people, including Jews, who support the Muslim congresswoman. Omar (D-Minn.), who has faced anti-Muslim hate linking her to the 9/11 terrorist attacks and death threats, is being unfairly demonized for her critical comments on Israel and AIPAC, especially when compared to white Republican men like Rep. Jim Jordan (R-Ohio) who recently used "$teyer" in a tweet to refer to Jewish American billionaire Tom Steyer.
Despite the clear double standards being employed against Omar, most certainly because of her religion, one thing is certain: Different communities hear words differently and we all need to listen, engage and communicate with one another to understand why. We are now trudging forward on an uncomfortable uphill, but necessary, journey through this minefield through our own recent history of engagement with Jewish Americans and Israelis.
As Muslim Americans, we are painfully aware of Islamophobia that harms our communities and is promoted openly now from the Oval Office. Anti-Semitism is on the rise globally. In response, we have spent six years trying to learn from and listen to Jewish Americans about Israel, Judaism, Zionism and anti-Semitism.
In 2013, we participated in the launch of the Muslim Leadership Initiative (MLI), a year-long program that begins and ends in Israel and the Palestinian territories. MLI brings 15 or so American Muslims in every cohort to engage with and learn from Jewish scholars. In Jerusalem, we also visited the occupied territories and met with Palestinians in Hebron, Ramallah and Jenin.
We participated with the hope and prayer that we could have a meaningful, honest and blunt relationship with some Zionist Jewish communities who wouldn't make us agree to narrow litmus tests, stringent audits and absolutist talking points. Maybe we could initiate a relationship based on respectful listening without preconditions. We learned how Jews who identify as Zionists — which encompasses a broad political and religious spectrum but includes the majority of American Jews — debate and understand themselves and their relationship to Israel.
Wajahat Ali was curious if engaging these Jewish community members, some of whom are progressive except when it comes to the Palestinian territories and Muslims, could stem the damage. If we listened to each other and talked about immense pain caused by Islamophobia and anti-Semitism, could this spark a moral dialogue and sincere relationship that at least would not inspire the worst demons from our communities to rise up and destroy each other in America?
For Rabia Chaudry, engaging in over a decade of interfaith work in the United States was frustratingly limited. Muslim and Jewish communities would break bread, talk about Abrahamic roots, build houses for habitat together and support each other through hate crimes, but retreat to opposite corners when conflict broke out in Israel and the Palestinian territories. More importantly, there was the question of how and why many liberal American Jews did an about-face when it came to the Occupation. How could American Jews be on the forefront of civil and human rights in this country, but identify as pro-Israel Zionists?
At the center was that word: Zionist. Many American Muslim communities' line on Jewish engagement has always been, "We are not anti-Semitic, we are anti-Zionist." What it meant to be a Zionist was never deeply interrogated; rather, some Muslim and pro-Palestinian activists themselves defined what Zionism was and is without ever actually engaging Zionists.
If you told our younger selves that we'd eventually be conversation partners with Zionist, pro-Israel Jews, we'd say you were high, call ourselves "sellouts" and proceed to punch ourselves in the face. We'd initiate and promote the same boycotts that have been directed toward us by some community members and organizations. We'd publicly shame us as "faithwashing Trojan horses" and believe harmful conspiracy theories that we are being used by influential, intellectually superior Jews to weaken and divide Muslim communities, erode support for a Palestinian state, and undermine international boycotts, divestment and sanctions against Israel and Israeli companies. We would agree with the chorus of some sincere, well-intentioned activists and religious leaders that we are throwing our Palestinian brothers and sisters under the bus just to kiss up to "Jewish power" and promote our careers.
We have been blackballed from certain Muslim spaces for our participation in MLI. Excommunication is never fun, especially by a community that you love and have spent your life defending.
So, why do we continue?
Because the current path of doubling down on talking points, isolating ourselves in tribal silos and engaging in scorched-earth tactics will ultimately poison the American landscape for Muslims and Jews, both of whom who are popular targets for white supremacists in North America and Europe.
We also recognize that we often hurt each other's communities without meaning to by falling into anti-Semitic or anti-Muslim tropes, relying on messengers hurtful to the other community, and failing to deeply examine each other's histories and narratives.
As college students, we were aware that being outspoken about Palestinian rights as a Muslim or Arab meant being labeled "anti-Semitic" and retaining a scarlet letter throughout your professional career, as we are witnessing against Omar. Many Muslims see the current hazing of Omar as the continuation of this troubling trend, bashing any Muslim politician who gains national presence. These fears are not unfounded. And yet sometimes it isn't our criticism, but how we criticize, that's problematic.
The problem of not listening to each other and retrenching to cocoons is that it's easy to essentialize a person, a community, a region in its entire complexity and depth, reducing them to one negative characteristic or trope or stereotype.
Recently, Wajahat Ali was invited to Poland with multifaith and multiethnic activists and leaders to discuss the rise of anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and white supremacy and how to combat it in America. We saw firsthand how dehumanizing language slowly but surely paved the way to the Auschwitz gas chambers. Our tour guide told him, "It always begins with words." For those paying attention to the Trump presidency and his comments about immigrants and refugees, this should raise alarms. During our intense but productive conversations in Warsaw, we realized that all of us, despite our best intentions, still have a lot to learn and process when it comes to recognizing historical anti-Semitic tropes and images.
What's harmless to us is trauma to others.
We can and should criticize Israel and the occupation of Palestinians without using anti-Semitism, just like we can and should criticize Saudi Arabia's horrific human rights abuses without being Islamophobic.
Omar is learning that lesson and, thankfully, enough people of goodwill are using this moment to heal our communities, bridge the divides and welcome her as an important ally moving forward. It is important to note and credit the Jewish allies who turned the incident into a teaching moment instead of joining the beatdown bandwagon populated by many on the right who are hypocritical and insincere in their condemnation of anti-Semitism.
We all should be morally consistent and principled, calling out hate against marginalized communities and not conveniently using it to score political points. We should ask all our elected officials to do better as well.
We will make mistakes, but it's important that we don't let absolutists guide our destiny as a pluralistic society. For Jews and Muslims, it's of utmost importance that we recognize our shared values and challenges, especially in 2019 America. We're going to need each other as we move forward on the long road ahead.


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https://twitter.com/hilaryr
Company: CNN
Title: Political Commentator
Location: Washington, United States
Fields of operation: Media, Politics
Twitter: hilaryr
Hilary Rosen is a well-known Washington DC strategist who navigates the intersection of communications, media and politics. She is currently an on-air CNN political analyst and a Managing Director of SKDKnickerbocker, the 2016 Holmes Report Public Affairs Agency of the year. She has been an opinion leader for progressives and the Democratic party during the Presidential elections of 2008, 2012 and 2016.
Hilary is the former chairman and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the leading trade association of America's music industry and served that organization from 1987 to 2003. She left RIAA and helped to start the D.C. bureau of the Huffingpost.com where she served as Political Director and Editor-at-Large for two years. She also consulted for several tech and media companies expanding into online entertainment such as Facebook, Showtime Networks, MTV Television and Apple Computer. Prior to CNN, she was a political commentator at MSNBC.
She is a sought after advisor to Democratic candidates and has assisted multiple political campaigns. Earlier in her career she worked on Capitol Hill for Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., and New Jersey Gov. Brendan Byrne. Throughout her career, Hilary has regularly been featured on variety of "power" lists, including The New York Post's Ladies Who Launch Entertainment Trends, Entertainment Weekly's Annual Power List, The Hollywood Reporter's Power 50 Women and The Washington Post's Power 20 Women and OUT Magazine's OUT 100. Hilary's ability to lead issue campaigns in Washington led to a profile in the book "Pennsylvania Avenue: Profiles in Backroom Power" by noted Wall Street Journal and NY Times reporters Gerald Seib and John Harwood.
Hilary is a founder of Rock the Vote, the organization which mobilizes young people to make their voice hear in the political process. She is also the founder of Business Forward, a progressive chamber of commerce in Washington, DC of Fortune 100 companies and small businesses. She currently serves on several other nonprofit boards including the Center for American Progress Action Fund and LPAC. Hilary lives in Washington DC with her teenage twins.
The Elephant In The Room: How To Cope With A New Reality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Legal Cannabis & Social Equity: A Panel Discussion
How should we legalize cannabis in Minnesota? While a disproportionate number of those in prison for drug crimes are black, former drug warriors like John Boehner have made millions off the expansion of legal cannabis.
Activists and legislators in states like Massachusetts and California have tried to create an equitable market, but multiple hurdles have led to massive inequities in legal markets throughout the country.
Creating a socially equitable cannabis market is something that must be done in Minnesota. This is an important issue for activists, future cannabis entrepreneurs, and policy makers alike.
Join the Minnesota Campaign for Full Legalization and the Minnesota Cannabis College on THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 19 for a public viewing of an episode of Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj entitled "The Legal Marijuana Industry Is Rigged" followed by a panel discussion on Social Equity and Legal Cannabis in Minnesota. Those streaming on Facebook Live will be able to ask the panelists questions throughout the panel discussion.
6:30 p.m. – Public Viewing of The Legal Marijuana Industry Is Rigged, an episode of the Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj.
7:00 p.m. – Panel Discussion on Social Equity & Legal Cannabis in Minnesota
Marcus Harcus, Executive Director of the Minnesota Campaign for Full Legalization
Jason Ortiz, Board President of the Minority Cannabis Business Association
Dasheeda Dawson, Cannabis Program Supervisor, City of Portland, Oregon
Panel Moderator: Tanner Berris, Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Minnesota Cannabis College


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Cricket with a Cause
Celebrating all the ways cricket contributes to positive social change
What cricket means to us – Part 1: a chance to compete
In the first part of our series exploring what cricket means to us, Dylan Nichols meets Hamish McKenzie, a former player and current administrator of blind cricket in Australia.
by Dylan Nichols
In the first part of our series exploring what cricket means to us, Dylan Nichols meets Hamish McKenzie, a current player and administrator of Blind Cricket in Australia. This month, we've seen India beat Pakistan to take out the Fifth Blind Cricket World Cup, and New South Wales beat Victoria to Australia's National Cricket Inclusion Championships Blind and Vision Impaired Division, and while there's a long way to go to ensure blind cricket gets the profile and support it needs, there's no doubt this unique version of the game is becoming more visible than ever before.
A mild-mannered bank employee during the week, Hamish is an avid participant in cricket on weekends. He is also Treasurer for Blind Cricket Australia, and a Committee Member for the Victorian Blind Cricket Association.
Hamish lost his sight in the mid-nineties at the age of 26 in an accident and, after rebuilding his life, found blind cricket as a way that not only offered a sporting outlet, but a competitive one.
"I was always into cricket. Growing up as a Scottish ex-pat in Dubai, I got to go to a lot of the exhibition games that were held there that featured many of the greats of the era including (Ian) Botham, (Viv) Richards…the games were played in front of big Asian crowds, so it was pretty exciting"
Hamish had played cricket, hockey and rugby before the accident, taking advantage of the ex-pat lifestyle in the UAE. After the accident, Hamish moved back to the UK and discovered blind cricket as one of the only sports available to him. He had no prior experience with blind people or blindness, so it was all very new to him.
Adding to his trepidation was the English tradition of maintaining formality over practicality; blind cricket in the UK is played with a size 3 soccer ball, rather than how the game is played everywhere else: using a ball with a bell in it.
I asked him if his background playing hockey has helped him with a game where the ball is bowled under-arm at the batsman: "Mate, I bat at eleven" came the reply, in an accent that is a rich mix of the Hebrides and Melbourne.
After moving to Australia in the late 90s, Hamish became increasingly involved in blind cricket, even representing his adopted country in the sport, and taking part in his sport's equivalent of the Ashes, versus England.
"I'm a Scot so I have no issue beating the Poms, they're all up themselves anyway." he said.
One of Hamish's favourite cricket memories was batting at eleven for Australia in the World Cup against Pakistan, which – along with India – is one of the powerhouses of international blind cricket.
"I came in at the eighteenth over and managed to hang around for 15 overs, and even hit the only four of my career," said Hamish. "I was taking the piss out of their version of Shoaib Akhtar, [who's] a seriously quick bowler, which forced me to wear a helmet when batting. It was good fun though and even the umpire was laughing."
India and Pakistan success in Blind Cricket is largely a result of the enormous pool of players they have to draw from, it is estimated that there are 15 million blind people in India alone, making up nearly 40% of the worlds population of Blind People.
Furthermore, many of these contract blindness later in life due to poor health services, meaning that there are a large number of ready-made cricketers for their National Blind Team to draw from.
Winning the Ashes for Australia in 2006 is also a special memory for Hamish, as are the memories of playing at the International Test grounds at Galle and Kandy.
Cricket has provided Hamish with what he thought was lost to him after the accident.
"It's a good way to play sport at a high level, which isn't always available to disabled people. It gives you the ability to not only participate, but achieve." The ability to participate in National and International tours is a real incentive, both for the fun and the competition.
As well as remaining a participant of the game, Hamish still follows international matches. The lack of circadian rhythm he experiences as a result of his blindness, something that affects many blind people, has one benefit – it enables him to follow games at all hours of the day or night.
Had the summer of cricket been disrupted, it could have had a double impact on Hamish. The loss of professional games to follow would have been felt; but the potential loss of $25-$20 million funding from Cricket Australia to grassroots cricket, including Blind Cricket, had they not been generating revenue from the international game would have had an even greater impact.
"There are big numbers [of players] coming through and the engagement [with CA] has helped provide finances to fund tours and enabled people to participate at carnivals," said Hamish.
Now on the board of the BCA, Hamish is looking to help bring new young players in and give them the opportunities that exist through blind cricket.
"There is a much greater spread of sports and outlets available to blind people now, as well as technology … it has become more of a challenge to attract players."
Hamish believes he will always be involved in the sport, and continue to help it grow and be more accessible, to ensure as many blind people as possible can access the game and opportunities it offers, and have the enjoyment he has experienced.
Feature image credit: Victorian Blind Cricket Association
Learn more about blind cricket:
Blind Cricket Australia (history)
World Blind Cricket Council
TagsAustralia • blind cricket • Melbourne
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Q: CALC III: Vector Functions and Space Curves I'm a little confused on how to approach the question, I understand I take the derivative of the parameters, and then plug in the point. But, what do I do with the plane ?
Find the points of intersection, if any, of the tangent line to a curve $r(t)= <3t^2,t^3,-3t^4>$, $t$ a real number, at the point $(3,-1,-3)$ with the plane $x-y+z=-1$ ?

A: The curve $\gamma:\>t\mapsto {\bf r}(t)$ passes the point $P=(3,-1,3)$ at time $t=-1$. From ${\bf r}'(t)=(6t,3t^2,-12t^3)$ we obtain ${\bf r}'(-1)=(-6,3,12)$. This is the direction of the tangent to $\gamma$ at $P$. This tangent $\ell$ therefore has the parametric representation
$$\ell:\quad \tau\mapsto (3,-1,3)+\tau(-6,3,12)\qquad(-\infty<\tau<\infty)$$
(note that we need a new "time" parameter for $\ell$). Intersecting $\ell$ with the plane $x-y+z=-1$ leads to the equation
$$(3-6\tau)-(-1+3\tau)+(3+12\tau)=1$$
for $\tau$. It follows that $\ell$ hits the plane at the "eigenzeit" $\tau=-2$, and the point of intersection is $\ell(-2)=\ldots\ $.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Does "solicit" mean the solicitor must receive what is being solicited in context of 52 U.S. Code Section 30121?
The impeachment of Trump over the Trump-Ukraine scandal has been all over the news as of late for the public hearings. One of the things under scrutiny is the fact that President Trump violated 52 U.S. Section 30121 when he asked President Zelensky for an investigation into the Bidens. The law states the following:
(a)Prohibition
It shall be unlawful for—
(1)a foreign national, directly or indirectly, to make—
(A)a contribution or donation of money or other thing of value, or to make an express or implied promise to make a contribution or donation, in connection with a Federal, State, or local election;
(B)a contribution or donation to a committee of a political party; or
(C)an expenditure, independent expenditure, or disbursement for an electioneering communication (within the meaning of section 30104(f)(3) of this title); or
(2)a person to solicit, accept, or receive a contribution or donation described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) from a foreign national.
However, the aid was eventually delivered to Ukraine and Ukraine ended up not conducting an investigation into the Bidens. This lead me to wonder if the legality of soliciting is contingent upon receiving the thing solicited by. In other words, I am asking...
Does the word "soliciting" in the cited law above meant that thing of value being solicited must be received by the solicitor?
united-states executive
isakbobisakbob
Such an investigation presumably has value to the Republican Party, but considering the wording of the quoted statute, I can imagine the defense arguing that it is not a "thing." – WGroleau Nov 16 '19 at 16:02
By analogy, extortion would not be a crime if you don't follow through with the threats. This would obviously be a problem since everyone could just start making threats and just avoid following through right at the end to avoid being charged. Extertion is the crime of making a request+threats to force someone to accept the request, if you follow through that's a second, additional, crime you are committing on top of extortion. – Bakuriu Nov 16 '19 at 20:29
@isakbob: no. Solicitation is asking for the "contribution or donation", not receiving it. That's another crime. So many crimes. So little time. – Bob Jarvis - Reinstate Monica Nov 17 '19 at 3:50
"Yes I tried to shoot the guy in order to rob him, but the bullet missed and he didn't give me his wallet, so no crime was committed". In any other context (Or even the current context) this defense sounds crazy, and is still illegal. – Issel Nov 17 '19 at 17:01
@Issel Actually, murder and attempted murder are two different charges. – Lightness Races with Monica Nov 17 '19 at 22:13
There is a very detailed definition of "solicit" in 11 CFR § 110.20 - Prohibition on contributions, donations, expenditures, independent expenditures, and disbursements by foreign nationals (52 U.S.C. 30121, 36 U.S.C. 510):
(6) Solicit has the same meaning as in 11 CFR 300.2(m).
where 11 CFR 300.2(m) is:
To solicit. For the purposes of part 300, to solicit means to ask, request, or recommend, explicitly or implicitly, that another person make a contribution, donation, transfer of funds, or otherwise provide anything of value. A solicitation is an oral or written communication that, construed as reasonably understood in the context in which it is made, contains a clear message asking, requesting, or recommending that another person make a contribution, donation, transfer of funds, or otherwise provide anything of value. A solicitation may be made directly or indirectly. The context includes the conduct of persons involved in the communication. A solicitation does not include mere statements of political support or mere guidance as to the applicability of a particular law or regulation.
(1) The following types of communications constitute solicitations:
(i) A communication that provides a method of making a contribution or donation, regardless of the communication. This includes, but is not limited to, providing a separate card, envelope, or reply device that contains an address to which funds may be sent and allows contributors or donors to indicate the dollar amount of their contribution or donation to the candidate, political committee, or other organization.
(ii) A communication that provides instructions on how or where to send contributions or donations, including providing a phone number specifically dedicated to facilitating the making of contributions or donations. However, a communication does not, in and of itself, satisfy the definition of "to solicit" merely because it includes a mailing address or phone number that is not specifically dedicated to facilitating the making of contributions or donations.
(iii) A communication that identifies a Web address where the Web page displayed is specifically dedicated to facilitating the making of a contribution or donation, or automatically redirects the Internet user to such a page, or exclusively displays a link to such a page. However, a communication does not, in and of itself, satisfy the definition of "to solicit" merely because it includes the address of a Web page that is not specifically dedicated to facilitating the making of a contribution or donation.
(2) The following statements constitute solicitations:
(i) "Please give $100,000 to Group X."
(ii) "It is important for our State party to receive at least $100,000 from each of you in this election."
(iii) "Group X has always helped me financially in my elections. Keep them in mind this fall."
(iv) "X is an effective State party organization; it needs to obtain as many $100,000 donations as possible."
(v) "Giving $100,000 to Group X would be a very smart idea."
(vi) "Send all contributions to the following address * * *."
(vii) "I am not permitted to ask for contributions, but unsolicited contributions will be accepted at the following address * * *."
(viii) "Group X is having a fundraiser this week; you should go."
(ix) "You have reached the limit of what you may contribute directly to my campaign, but you can further help my campaign by assisting the State party."
(x) A candidate hands a potential donor a list of people who have contributed to a group and the amounts of their contributions. The candidate says, "I see you are not on the list."
(xi) "I will not forget those who contribute at this crucial stage."
(xii) "The candidate will be very pleased if we can count on you for $10,000."
(xiii) "Your contribution to this campaign would mean a great deal to the entire party and to me personally."
(xiv) Candidate says to potential donor: "The money you will help us raise will allow us to communicate our message to the voters through Labor Day."
(xv) "I appreciate all you've done in the past for our party in this State. Looking ahead, we face some tough elections. I'd be very happy if you could maintain the same level of financial support for our State party this year."
(xvi) The head of Group X solicits a contribution from a potential donor in the presence of a candidate. The donor asks the candidate if the contribution to Group X would be a good idea and would help the candidate's campaign. The candidate nods affirmatively.
(3) The following statements do not constitute solicitations:
(i) During a policy speech, the candidate says: "Thank you for your support of the Democratic Party."
(ii) At a ticket-wide rally, the candidate says: "Thank you for your support of my campaign."
(iii) At a Labor Day rally, the candidate says: "Thank you for your past financial support of the Republican Party."
(iv) At a GOTV rally, the candidate says: "Thank you for your continuing support."
(v) At a ticket-wide rally, the candidate says: "It is critical that we support the entire Democratic ticket in November."
(vi) A Federal officeholder says: "Our Senator has done a great job for us this year. The policies she has vigorously promoted in the Senate have really helped the economy of the State."
(vii) A candidate says: "Thanks to your contributions we have been able to support our President, Senator and Representative during the past election cycle."
DavePhDDavePhD
"Solicit" means "ask for". A solicitation can be refused, and it is still a solicitation. That's why the law says "solicit, accept, or receive".
American English usually prefers long Latinate words over short Germanic ones. Otherwise it would say "ask, get, or take". – alephzero Nov 16 '19 at 19:28
@alephzero - I blame the French. If they hadn't invaded England in 1066 and taken over, we'd all still be speaking perfectly good Old English. Gif hit sy gōd ġenohte for ealdfæder hit sy gōd ġenohte for mec! – Bob Jarvis - Reinstate Monica Nov 17 '19 at 4:03
@alephzero: Pedantically, "ask, take, or get" seems more correct (respectively). – Flater Nov 18 '19 at 12:45
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Q: Bash scripting: How to ensure script exits on any error in function called with an "or" (||) condition? Here is an example script:
#!/bin/bash
set -euo pipefail

function_test () {
        echo "Everything still ok."
        thisdoesnotexist
        echo "It continues running..."
}

function_test || { echo "Error occured in function_test."; exit 1; }

I expect this script to exit on "thisdoesnotexist", since set -e is activated. Either the error message "Error occured in function_test." should appear, or at least the script should be exited. What happens instead, is that the script keeps running:
$ ./testscript.sh
Everything still ok.
./testscript.sh: Zeile 6: thisdoesnotexist: Kommando nicht gefunden.
It continues running...

I figure this is because I'm using the function in an "or" (||) context, according to the manual for set:

Exit immediately [...] unless the command that fails is part of an
  until or  while loop, part of an if statement, part of a && or ||
  list, [...]

What would be the best way to handle this in a script? I have removed the "||" and used an error trap like this:
#!/bin/bash
set -Eeuo pipefail

errorhandler () {
        echo "Errorhandler called. Exiting."
        exit 1
}

trap "errorhandler" ERR

function_test () {
        echo "Everything still ok."
        thisdoesnotexist
        echo "It continues running..."
}

function_test

Which does work:
$ ./testscript.sh
Everything still ok.
./testscript.sh: Zeile 13: thisdoesnotexist: Kommando nicht gefunden.
Errorhandler called. Exiting.

In this case though it seems impossible to output a user friendly message (which, for example, contains the step in the script, where the error happened). For this I would at least have to pass on the function name to the error trap. I tried that but found no working solution.
Do you have a better suggestion?

A: function_test || { echo "Error occured in function_test."; exit 1; }
The OR never happens because of the functions return status.  The last echo statement from the function causes a return status of 0, since it successfully ran.
If you add a non-zero return on the command that isn't successful, then it will cause the OR statement to run properly.
function_test () {
        echo "Everything still ok."
        thisdoesnotexist || return 1;
        echo "It continues running..."
}

A: If you want to do stuffs in case of error and you know something may go wrong then:
function_test () {
        echo "Everything still ok."
        thisdoesnotexist || {
          # handle thisdoesnotexist failure
          Echo "thisdoesnotexist failed" >&2
          exit 1
        }
        echo "It continues running..."
        if ! thisdoesnotexisteither; then
          # Handle fail for thisdoesnotexisteither
          Echo "thisdoesnotexisteither failed" >&2
          exit 1
        fi
}

Now for the purpose of testing error handling in Bash, you can use this intelligent erroring function:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Generate an error
# @Params
# $1: Numeric error return code
# ${2[@]}: Messages
# @Output
# &1: Generic success message
# &2: Generic or passed error messages
# @Return
# $?: Intended return code
erroring() {
  local rc=1
  if [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; then
    rc="$1"
    shift
    if printf '%d' "$rc" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
      # rc is an integer
      if [ "$rc" -gt 0 ]; then
        printf $"Intended failure with code: %d\\n" "$rc" >&2
        if [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; then
          # There are supplied messages to print"
          printf $"%d messages:\\n" "$#" >&2
          printf '%q\n' "$@" >&2
        fi
      else
        echo $"Intended success"
      fi
    else
      printf $"Invalid non-numeric return code parameter: %q\\n" "$rc" >&2
      rc=7
    fi
  else
    erroring "$rc"
  fi
  return "$rc"
}

A: Not very expendable, but preferable in some cases. Export flags and your function, and run it in a subshell. Handle bash error value.
#!/bin/bash
set -euo pipefail

function_test () {
    echo "Everything still ok."
    thisdoesnotexist
    echo "It continues running..."
}

export -f function_test
export SHELLOPTS
bash -c function_test || { echo "Error occured in function_test."; exit 1; }


text:
Francisco Mas y Carrasco fue un pintor español de finales del .

Biografía
A Mas, que habría nacido en el , se le describe como pintor valenciano.  Su primer trabajo público, Un país, obtuvo mención honorífica en la Exposición celebrada por el Ateneo Casino de Valencia en 1881.  Posteriormente figuraron otros paisajes de su mano en los comercios de Valencia. Spanish Artists from the Fourth to the Twentieth Century: A Critical Dictionary acota sin embargo su periodo de actividad entre los años 1884 y 1895.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Pintores de España del siglo XIX
Pintores de Valencia
Pintores paisajistas de España

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Advances in Microbiology > Vol.6 No.7, June 2016
Production of Cellulase and Xylanase by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 Using Cassava Peels as Subtrates ()
Afolake Atinuke Olanbiwoninu1*, Sunday Ayodele Odunfa2
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.67050 PDF HTML XML 2,251 Downloads 3,815 Views Citations
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is one of the most important food plants in West Africa. Its peels are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This lignocellulolytic biomass can be converted using microbial enzymes to fermentable sugars which have wide range of biotechnological relevance in many fermentation processes. The aim of this study is to screen filamentous fungi from decaying cassava peels that are good producers of xylanases and cellulases. Decaying parts of cassava peels were obtained and brought to the laboratory for further work. Fungi were isolated, identified and screened for cellulase and xylanase production. Isolate with highest frequency of occurrence and enzyme production was identified using phenotypic and molecular method. Optimisation of growth conditions for enzymes production was monitored using the DNSA method, also saccharification of cassava peel were carried out using the enzymes obtained from the isolate. Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 was the predominant fungus. It produces cellulases and xylanases optimally at 40°C, pH 6 and 8, utilising carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or xylose and yeast extracts as its carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Saccharification of the peels yielded 584 mg/L glucose, 78 mg/L xylose and 66 mg/L rhamnose. Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 obtained from cassava peels have the ability to produce high concentration cellulases and xylanases which effectively hydrolysed the lignocelluloses' biomass to fermentable sugars.
Cassava Peels, Aspergillus terreus, Cellulase, Xylanase, Lignocelluloses, Fermentable Sugars
Olanbiwoninu, A. and Odunfa, S. (2016) Production of Cellulase and Xylanase by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 Using Cassava Peels as Subtrates. Advances in Microbiology, 6, 502-511. doi: 10.4236/aim.2016.67050.
Received 18 April 2016; accepted 19 June 2016; published 22 June 2016
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) peels are the main by-product from processing tuberous roots of cassava for human consumption. The peel is 1 - 4 mm thick and may account for 10% - 12% of the total dry matter of the root [1] . Cassava peels are lignocellulolytic biomass which is considered as an agricultural residue because it is discarded during processing. The degradation of this complex structure requires a complete enzymatic system.
Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide composed of β-1, 4-linked glucose molecules. Efficient hydrolysis of cellulose requires the action of a complex of cellulolytic enzymes that work synergistically: exo-1, 4-β-D-gluca- nases, endo-1-4-β-D-glucanases and 1,4-β-Dglucanases [2] . The production of cellulases by fungi and bacteria is widely disseminated in nature. Among fungi, the genera Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Humicola are described as cellulase producers, Aspergillus spp. is the major agents of decomposition and decay, therefore they produce a broad range of enzymes, including cellulases and xylanases and these reports have been well documented [3] - [8] . At present, there is an increasing demand for these enzymes, especially for bioconversion of agricultural resources and ethanol production because cellulase helps in hydrolyzing cellulose to produce glucose [9] .
Hemicellulose is a linear and branched heterogeneous polymer typically made up of five different sugars― L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-xylose [10] . Xylanases are responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan and subsequently releasing xylo-oligosaccharides [11] . The hydrolysed products in the form of soluble sugars have extensive range of biotechnological relevance in many fermentation processes and functional food industry [12] . Literature review shows that, a large variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi have been reported to produce xylanase [13] . From an industrial perspective, fungi are interesting due to higher extracellular release of xylanases, in addition to production of several auxiliary enzymes that are necessary for debranching of the substituted xylans [14] .
Lignin represents about 15% - 25% of lignocellulosic biomass and is a large cross-linked macromolecule composed of three monomers: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol [15] . The enzymes responsible for lignin degradation are mainly lignin-peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccases and hydrogen peroxide-producing enzymes. A wide variety of microorganisms, including fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria, have been implicated in lignin biodegradation. Among them, white rot fungi have received extensive attention due to their powerful extracellular lignin-degrading enzymatic systems [16] . Other groups of fungi have also been reported as producers of lignolytic enzymes [17] .
Filamentous fungi are good examples of microorganisms that produce cellulase and xylanase on industrial scale and they can easily be obtained from lignocellulolytic biomass. The aim of this study is to screen filamentous fungi from decaying lignocellulolytic agricultural waste products that are good producers of xylanases and cellulases.
2.1. Collection of Samples
Decaying parts of cassava peels were collected from the dumping site of a cassava processing site in Old-Ife Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
2.2. Strain Isolation and Identification
The filamentous fungi were isolated from the decaying parts of cassava peels and the technique of [17] James and Natalie, 2001 was used for identification using Lactophenol blue stain. The identification was done by placing a drop of the stain on clean slide, using a mounting needle; small portion of the mycelium from the fungal cultures was removed and placed in a drop of lactophenol. The mycelium was spread on the slide and gently covered with a cover slip applying small pressure so as to eliminate air bubbles. The slide was mounted in an optical microscope (Olympus CH) and observed using 10 and 40× lenses respectively. The species obtained were identified in accordance to [18] .
2.3. Selection of Isolate
Aspergillus terreus was the most predominant fungus present. Therefore, it was selected for further studies.
2.4. Enzymes Assay Substrate
Xylan powder and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) powder was used for assay of xylanase and carboxymethylcellulase enzyme. The purpose of the assay is to check the purity of these enzymes. The powders were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Incorporation, Germany.
2.5. Screening of Isolates for Enzyme Production
Each fungal isolates obtained were screened for cellulase and xylanase production. Chemically defined media composed of KH2PO4 (1 g/L), MgSO4・7H2O (0.5 g/L), yeast extract (1 g/L), CaCl2・2H2O (0.14 g/L), CMC or Xylan (10 g/L) and thiamine (0.0025 g/L) were prepared [19] . The media were dispensed into screw capped bottles and sterilized at 121˚C for fifteen minutes in an autoclave. After cooling, the medium was inoculated with one disk of agar of the fungal mycelium obtained by using a sterile cork borer (9 mm). Uninoculated medium served as control. After growth had been allowed to proceed for the required length of time at the required temperature, the cultures were centrifuged using refrigerated centrifuge (IEC, Centra, MP4R Model) at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. Culture supernatant (1 ml) was added to 9ml of the substrate containing 0.55% w/v of CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) in 0.55 M acetate buffer pH 5.5 for cellulase and 1.0% w/v of xylan in 0.2 M acetate buffer pH 4.5 for xylanase (hemicellulase) assay. Subsequently, they were incubated at 45˚C for 1 hour. Each reaction was halted by adding a drop of 5 M NaOH. To estimate the amount of reducing sugars released, dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNSA) reagent (1 ml) was added to 1ml of the filtrate―CMC/xylan reaction mixture and boiled at 100˚C for 10 minutes in a water bath [20] . After cooling, the absorbance was determined at 540 nm using a Jenway 6405/VIS spectrophotometer. The absorbance of standard aqueous solutions of D-glucose and xylose of various concentrations (0 - 10 mgml) at 540 nm was determined and used to construct a graph of percentage absorbance as related to mg of glucose or xylose per ml. The amount of reducing sugar produced by 1 ml of fungi filtrate from the CMC assay medium and xylan assay medium was calculated from this graph. Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities of the filtrates were then expressed in terms of the amount of total reducing sugars (RS) per ml.
2.6. Molecular Identification of Fungus
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the fungus was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primers ITS1 (5-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-31) and ITS2 (5-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC- 31). The amplification was performed using a PCR cycler under the following cycling parameters: 94˚C for 4 minutes, followed by 37 cycles of 30s at 92˚C, 30s at 55˚C and 1min at 68˚C with final extension of 68˚C for 1 minute. Sequencing of the purified PCR amplicon was done using ABI Bigdye 3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, California, USA) on ABI 3730XL and the nucleotide sequence determined by automated sequencer by Laragen Inc., Culver City California. The nucleotide sequences of ITS1/ITS2 of the isolate was aligned and analyzed by using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) program available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [21] .
2.7. Enzyme Production and Extracts
Isolate was grown in a 250 ml glass bottle containing 10 g of substrate (cassava peel) and yeast extract as a nitrogen source. Moisture content was adjusted to 20% - 40% (w/w) by adding distilled water and sterilized at 121˚C for 15 minutes. The bottle was inoculated with 5 mls of the fungi grown for 7 days (1 × 106 spores/ml) and incubated at 30˚C for 5 - 7 days. Experiment was carried out in triplicates.
At the end of the incubation period, 0.1 M citrate buffer with pH 4.8 was added to give a total of 50 ml/flask. The flasks were shaken using an orbital shaker at 150 rpm for 1 hr then filtered to obtain clear filtrate for determining enzyme activity.
2.8. Optimization of Cultural Conditions for Enzyme Production
The isolate was grown in chemically defined media composed of KH2PO4 (1 g/L), MgSO4∙7H2O (0.5 g/L), yeast extract (1 g/L), CaCl2∙2H2O (0.14 g/L), CMC/xylan (10 g/L) and thiamine (0.0025 g/L) according to [22] .
2.9. Effect of Temperature on Cellulase and Xylanase Activity
The isolate was grown in chemically defined medium in a concentration of 1 × 106 spores ml−1 and incubated at temperatures of 27˚C, 40˚C, 50˚C, 60˚C and 70˚C for 5 days. All were done in triplicates. After incubation, the content of the flask was centrifuged and the cell free supernatant was assayed for cellulose and xylanase synthesis using the DNSA method to estimate the amount of reducing sugars released.
2.10. Effect of pH on Cellulase and Xylanase Activity
The isolate was grown in chemically defined medium with a concentration of 1 × 106 spores ml−1, adjusting the pH from 6 to 10 and incubated for 5 days. After incubation, the content of the flask was centrifuged and the cell free supernatant was assayed for cellulase and xylanase synthesis using the DNSA method to estimate the amount of reducing sugars released.
2.11. Effect of Carbon Source on Cellulase and Xylanase Activity
The isolate was grown in chemically defined medium with a concentration of 1 × 106 spores' ml−1. The carbon source was substituted using glucose, xylose, raffinose, carboxymethylcellulose, mannitol and lactose. Incubation was done at the optimum pH and temperature for 5 days. After incubation, the content of the flask were centrifuged and the cell free supernatant was analyzed for cellulose and xylanase as analyzed for cellulose and xylanase synthesis using the DNSA method to estimate the amount of reducing sugars released.
2.12. Effect on Nitrogen Source on Cellulase and Xylanase Activity
The isolate was grown in chemically defined medium with a concentration of 1.0 × 106 spores ml−1. The nitrogen source was substituted using peptone, urea, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3 and yeast extract. Incubation was done at the optimum temperature, pH and carbon source and incubated accordingly for 5 days. After incubation, the content of the flask was centrifuged and the cell free supernatant was assayed for cellulase and xylanase synthesis using the DNSA method to estimate the amount of reducing sugars released.
2.13. Enzyme Assay
The cellulase and xylanase was assayed by incubating 1 ml of crude enzyme with 9 ml of 0.55 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5 containing 0.55% w/w CMC and 0.2 M acetate buffer pH 4.5 containing 1.0% w/v xylan at 45˚C for 1 hour. The amount of reducing sugars released was determined by the 3, 5-dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) method [20] .
2.14. Enzyme Activity
This is determined based on one unit (u) of the enzyme activity i.e. the amount of enzyme required to release 1 unit of products (glucose or xylose) from cassava peels per minute under the assay conditions. In this study, the enzyme activities are expressed as units per gram of cassava peels (U/g).
2.15. Alkali Pretreatment by NaOH
Twenty grammes of cassava peel was suspended in 80 mls of 0.01 M to 3 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), incubated at room temperature for 1 h in a 500 ml beaker for cold treatment while for heat treatment the beakers were placed in an autoclave at temperature between 100˚C and 135˚C with exposure time varying from 15min to 60 mins. The solid residues were collected and washed thoroughly with tap water until neutral pH was reached prior to enzymatic hydrolysis [23] .
2.16. Acid Pretreatment by H2SO4
The 2% cassava peels was hydrolyzed with acid (sulphuric acid) of different concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 3 M. The hydrolysis conditions were performed at 121˚C for 30 min. The hydrolysates were separated by a centrifuge at 6500 rpm for 10 min. Each sample was neutralized by 1 M NaOH solution for analysis of reducing sugar with DNSA method. The acid concentration that gave a maximum reduce sugars was chosen. The selected acid concentration was applied to determine the optimum temperature for cassava peel hydrolysis. A temperature range used in this study was between 100˚C and 135˚C and hydrolysis time was from 15 to 60 min for heat treatment. Cold treatment was done by incubating suspended cassava peel in 0.01 M to 3 M sulphuric acid for 1h. The solid residues were collected and neutralized with 2 M NaOH and then washed thoroughly with tap water until neutral pH was reached prior to enzymatic hydrolysis [19] .
2.17. Saccharification of Pretreated Cassava Peel
Following enzyme extraction, fungal cells were eliminated from the crude enzyme and one gram of pretreated cassava peel was saccharified with 5 ml of crude enzymes (3 U/mL) of cellulase and xylanase respectively. The mixtures were incubated at 45˚C for 3 days in an orbital shaker. The glucose and xylose yields were analyzed using gas chromatography (HP-6890 powered with HP ChemStation Rev, A 09.01 [1206] Software) with a BPX70 column and a flame ionization detector, detector temperature is 325˚C the protocol of [24] was used.
3.1. Isolation of Fungi
Thirteen fungal isolates were obtained from rotten cassava peels. Seven species of the genus Aspergillus were isolated; three species of Penicillium, two species of Rhizopus and Streptomyces and one Candida were also obtained. They were identified as Rhizopusoryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium atrovenetum, Fusarium poae, Streptomyces nitrosporeus and Candida valida. A. terreus have the highest percentage occurrence and morphologically it was observed to have a black to dark brown colour; it has a velvety appearance, and it also has short aerial hyphae with black spots, the conidial head is columnar while the conidial globose is slightly ellipsoidal.
3.2. Screening for Fungi Producing Cellulase and Xylanase
The cellulase and xylanase production by fungal isolates are represented in Figure 1 Aspergillus terreus produced the highest concentration of cellulase and xylanase respectively (2.7 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL) while Candida valida produced the lowest concentration of 0.55 U/ml and 1.0 U/mL for both cellulase and xylanase.
3.3. Molecular Identification of Isolates
The nucleotide sequences were subjected to the basic alignment search tool (BLAST) (http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/) where similarities and analysis was made from existing sequences in the database. The best cellulase or xylanase producers showed a 99% identity with Aspergillus terreus and given ascension number KJ829487.
3.4. Optimization of Conditions for Cellulase and Xylanase Production
3.4.1. Effect of pH
Five pH values ranging from 6 to 10 were picked for this study. The optimal pH for cellulase and xylanase production using cassava peels as the sole source of carbon was 6 and 8 producing 2.8 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL respectively (Figure 2).
3.4.2. Effect of Temperature
In this study, the production of cellulase and xylanase by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 was determined after varying the temperature of incubation from 27˚C to 70˚C. The greatest enzymatic production occurred at 40˚C (Figure 3) for both cellulase and xylanase production (2.8 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL), for the culture at 50˚C to 70˚C, the enzymatic activities decline.
3.4.3. Effect of Nitrogen Sources
In this study, the supplementation of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources stimulated the cellulase and xylanase yield and activity, with the organic sources yielding higher concentration more than the inorganic ones. The organic nitrogen used for this study are peptone, urea and yeast extract and the inorganic nitrogen used are
Figure 1. Cellulase and xylanase concentration of fungi isolated from rotten cassava peels in Ibadan.
Figure 2. Effect of pH on cellulase and xylanase production by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487.
Figure 3. Effect of temperature on cellulase and xylanase production by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487.
(NH4)2SO4 and NaNO3. Yeast extract showed the highest cellulase and xylanase production (2.8 U/mL, 3.8 U/mL) and this is represented in the Figure 4.
3.4.4. Effect of Carbon Sources
The ability of A. terreus KJ829487 to utilize different carbon sources was monitored using various types of carbon (Figure 5) because the production of enzymes is related to the type and concentration of carbon source in the medium [25] . Addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to the medium was most effective for cellulase production with 2.7 U/mL (Figure 5) concentration of cellulase produced, while xylose induces highest production of xylanase (3.2 U/mL).
3.4.5. Saccharification of Pretreated Cassava Peels
Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cassava peels with A. terreus KJ829487 enzymes produced highest concentration of glucose (584 mg/L), xylose (78 mg/L) and rhamnose (66 mg/L) from dilute acid pretreated peels.
The predominance of A. terreus in this study is in conformity with the work of [26] who stated that A. terreus
Figure 4. Effect of nitrogen sources on cellulase and xylanase production by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487.
Figure 5. Effect of carbon sources on cellulase and xylanase production by Aspergillus terreus KJ829487.
group are typically soil organisms, abundant in soil and decaying litter and a great variety of materials useful to man which includes grains, straw and forage products, cotton and other fibrous materials. [27] reported in their work on the optimization of cellulase production by A. terreus the ability of the organism to produce high concentration of cellulase enzymes. Also, [28] confirmed that Aspergillus sp. have the capability to produce large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes. Utilization of pH is considered as an important factor during enzyme production. According to [29] , they have been able to establish that cellulase and xylanase experience of most filamentous fungi are pH dependent. [30] reported an optimum of pH 5 and 8 for cellulase and xylanase during enzyme production of Trichoderma viride. The optimum temperature for growth of fungus may not necessarily be the optimum temperature for production of enzymes, although incubation temperature is a critical factor in enzyme production according to [31] . The result for the cellulase production at 40˚C is in accordance with the work of [32] , who also obtained a maximum temperature of 40˚C for A. terreus AV49 using pretreated groundnut shell as substrate, this observation is similar to previous studies carried out by [33] and [27] . Optimal temperature for xylanase in this work is obtained at 40˚C and this is not in agreement with the work of [31] who obtained an optimal temperature for xylanase activity at 28˚C for A. niger, while [34] reported 35˚C for A. terreus UL4206 and [35] reported optimum temperature for xylanase production by A. sulphurous cultivated from agro industrial wastes to be between 30˚C and 45˚C. [36] also reported that organic nitrogen sources are more suitable for the optimal production of cellulase and xylanase. [37] establish the fact that addition of yeast extract always lead to an increase in cellulase and xylanase production by A. terreus which explains the high production of enzymes using yeast extract in this study. [38] and [39] , reported that using CMC is the most favourable carbon source for screening cellulolytic fungi. Also, [40] supports the use of xylose as carbon source to improve xylanase production in filamentous fungi. Basic principle underlying acid pretreatment method is that the acid removes the hemicellulosic components of the peels thereby exposing the cellulose to enzymatic digestion [41] . At this point the cellulose is extremely susceptible to hydrolysis [42] . This shows that acid hydrolysis significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced saccharification of cassava peels with the isolate enzyme. Pretreatment or hydrolysis with sulphuric acid has removed and hydrolysed hemicellulose to their monomeric constituent and lignin-hemicellulose cellulose interactions partially disrupted [43] . This pretreatment therefore solubilised the cellulose making it amenable to attack by the cellulase produced by the isolates. The acid disrupts the hydrogen bonding between cellulose chains, converting it to a completely amorphous state, thereby forming a homogenous gelatin with the acid. At this point the cellulose is extremely susceptible to hydrolysis [44] . [45] reported that dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis is the best processing options for desirable characteristics like low cost of chemicals for pretreatment, minimal waste production, limited size reduction, fast reaction and production of high concentration of sugars.
Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 obtained from cassava peels have the ability to produce high concentrations of cellulases and xylanases which can be applied for effective bioconversion of cassava peels to fermentable sugars that can be further processed for manufacturing of value added products.
*Corresponding author.
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[19] Kanlaya, Y. and Jirasak, K. (2004) A Study of Optimal Conditions for Reducing Sugars Production from Cassava Peels by Diluted Acid and Enzymes. Natural Science, 38, 29-35.
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[22] Vahidi, H., Kobarfard, F. and Nanyoyan, F. (2004) Effect of Cultivation Conditions on Growth and Antifungal Activity of Mycena leptocephala. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3, 606-609.
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[25] Gawande, P.V. and Kamat, M.Y. (2000) Production of Xylanases by Immobilized Aspergillus sp. Using Lignocellulosic Waste. World Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology, 16, 111-112.
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Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female.
For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth.
And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him.
And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood.
There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.
And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.
And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.
They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life.
And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.
And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.
And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.
Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered.
All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.
And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.


Senior Housing News is pleased to announce the nominees for consideration in the third annual Architecture & Design Awards, sponsored exclusively by senior living furniture provider Kwalu.
More than 60 communities nationwide submitted their new construction and renovation projects, each vying for top honors across seven categories: Affordable, Assisted Living, Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC), Independent Living, Skilled Nursing / Post-Acute Care, Stand Alone Memory Care, and Renovation / Repositioning.
"The SHN Architecture & Design Awards highlights the best of today and tomorrow's senior housing communities across the country. Each submission represents incredible insight into the minds of not only residents in those communities, but also the minds of the owners, operators, developers and capital partners that all have a stake in the future of senior living," said George Yedinak, founder of Senior Housing News.
Projects will be judged by a panel of industry experts who will evaluate nominees based on design and aesthetic criteria. Not only will judges analyze design elements such as color, light and landscape architecture, but they will also consider community functionality by analyzing key features that are critical to property type, such as universal design techniques. Winners will be announced Dec. 16.
A leading furniture provider to the U.S. senior living industry, Kwalu designs its products with a keen focus on sustainability for the future, while also keeping in mind changes in consumer preferences—strategic goals that aligned with the company's desire to exclusively sponsor this year's Awards competition.
"Our choice to sponsor stems from how aligned these goals are with our own company values that focus on ingenuity and ongoing innovation to enhance the dignity and wellbeing of seniors. We wish the best of luck to all the entrants in this year's competition," Zusman said.
The Senior Housing News Architecture & Design Awards recognize cutting-edge design, excellence and innovation in senior living. Returning for its second year, the annual awards contest celebrates unique projects and companies that are improving the lives of seniors through innovative design. Visit http://www.shnawards.com for more information about this year's contest.


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text:
Home | Offbeat
Watch: A Myth? A Leaf? Aquarium Displays Rare Sea Dragons
"It literally just looked like a piece of kelp," said a visitor to the aquarium
Offbeat | NDTV Offbeat Desk | Updated: May 22, 2019 15:48 IST
The Birch Aquarium in San Diego, California, has built what is believed to be the world's largest habitat for two types of surreal sea dragons. You could be forgiven for thinking though, that the aquarium houses nothing but plants at first glance - so closely do these sea dragons resemble leaves and weeds.
There are only two types of sea dragons - lesser cousins to their more famous sea horses. These sea dragons are leafy sea dragons and weedy sea dragons. The Birch Aquarium at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography houses both of them and hopes that their exhibit will lead to the leafy sea dragon being bred for the first time in captivity.
"It literally just looked like a piece of kelp," said Steven Kowal, visitor to the aquarium, according to Dayton News Daily. "It was crazy to me that it was, like, actually living and swimming around, so that's cool. I've never seen anything like that."
"They look like something out of this world," said Leslee Matsushige, the aquarium's associate curator. "When people see them move, you hear them say, 'What? That's alive? Wow! That's crazy.'"
The native population of sea dragons in Australia is threatened by pollution, warming oceans and illegal trade.
Watch: Toddler Hears A Violin For First Time And His Reaction Is Adorable
Twitter Crowns 1975 Pitch Invader Winner Of #SareeTwitter
Cricket Australia Supports ICC's Concussion Substitutes Move
Sachin Tendulkar, Allan Donald Inducted Into ICC Hall Of Fame
Message In A Bottle Found In Australia 50 Years On
Birch Aquariumleafy sea dragoncalifornia


text:
Q: A density result for arithmetic progressions Note: By upper/lower density, we shall mean the upper/lower asymptotic density as given here.
Question:
For any subset $S \subset \mathbb N$ with positive upper density, does there exists a $\varepsilon > 0$ such that the set
$$A_{\varepsilon} := \{z \in \mathbb N \ | \ \text {The set } S_z=\{n~|~nz \in S\}\text { has upper density at least } \varepsilon\}$$
has nonzero lower density?
Remarks:

*

*This question arose when trying to prove a number theory result involving greatest common denominators of sets of naturals.

*The corresponding result, if one replaces the set $A_\varepsilon$ with the set  $B := \{z \in \mathbb N \ | \ nz \in S \text { for infinitely many } n \in \mathbb N \}$ is true, and not overly difficult to prove. In fact we even have an explicit bound for the lower density of $B$ - it is at least the upper density of $S$.


text:
Franzen Meets Palestinian Flutist
By Janelle Nanos
The Department of Homeland Security cracked down on a quartet of Palestinian musicians trying to play a gig at Lincoln Center. Members of the Oriental Music Ensemble had applied for J-1 cultural-exchange visas, among the easiest to get, but group leader and flutist Suhail Khoury's request languished for months; the DHS relented just six days before his scheduled arrival—and only after the Israel-Palestine desk at the State Department and the Smithsonian cultural-affairs office got involved. Khoury credited the holdup to his time spent in an Israeli prison camp, where he'd landed after writing an incendiary song during the first intifada. At the concert last Tuesday, he performed a song he'd composed in the camp on a flute crafted from a found PVC pipe. Jonathan Franzen, an honorary committee member of event host American Near East Refugee Aid, said, "The basic idea is, if you have an instrument to play, you might not want to be blown up or blow someone else up." Something of a self-destruction veteran, Franzen offered this wisdom: "Oprah should keep away from white guys with the initials J.F." Next: A Week of Turf Love and War in New York City


Eurosport 3D will launch on the 22nd May.
The channel will be available exclusively on Virgin Media from launch and will kick off with 3D coverage of the French Open running through to the 5th June.
Eurosport 3D will be available on channel 523 and is already in the EPG ready for its 22nd May launch.
Click here for more details on Virgin Media's 3D TV offerings and click here for the official press release from Virgin Media regarding Eurosport 3D.
One of Top Up TV's remaining linear pay channels – Eurosport – has been removed from the service. The channel is no longer available on DTT. It is rumoured though that this is only temporary until later this month when it's thought it might change it's timeslot to broadcast for longer hours in the daytime. Watch this space.


text:
Vascular cognitive impairment: disease mechanisms and therapeutic implications
The prevalence of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is likely to increase as the population ages and cardiovascular disease survival improves. We provide an overview of the definition and disease mechanisms of VCI and present a systematic literature review of the current evidence for the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies used to treat the VCI symptoms of cognitive dysfunction or to modify VCI through primary and secondary prevention. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched from 2005 to October 2010 using the keywords "vascular dementia" or "vascular cognitive impairment and therapy." MEDLINE was searched for English-language articles published within the last 10 years using the combined Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "therapeutics and dementia," "vascular" or "vascular cognitive impairment." Although cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine produce small cognitive improvements in patients with VCI, these drugs do not improve global clinical outcomes and have adverse effects and costs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers may improve short-term cognitive function in patients with VCI. Anti-hypertensive therapy with an ACE inhibitor-based regimen and statins may prevent the major subtype of VCI known as poststroke cognitive decline. Clinical and effectiveness studies with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the benefits and risks of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies to prevent and treat VCI. Given its growing health, social, and economic burden, the prevention and treatment of VCI are critical priorities for clinical care and research.


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Details: Get up to 60% off select outlet items.
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Details: Save 10% Off All Purchases When You Pay with Your Discover Card & Use Code at Checkout. Limited time only.
Saved 10 percent on my order!!
Details: Shop a wide selection of apparel in support of the 2014 NHL Eastern Conference champion New York Rangers. While supplies last.
Details: Shop NHL Outlet and Get Great Deals On Tons of Items Including Jerseys, Hats & Accessories.
Details: Get Free US Standard Shipping over $50.
Details: Get Free Shipping on Orders Over $50 with Code.
Details: Doorbuster Deals! Get 40% - 50% off NHL team logo sweatshirts and hoodies. Pick up a great officially licensed NHL team sweatshirt or hoodie.
Details: Get 20% off orders of $75. Excludes Jerseys.
Details: Get 20% Off orders $25 or more. Some product exclusions may apply, see site for details.
Details: Black Friday Deal - Get 20% off orders over $25. Exclusions apply. See merchant's site for details.
Exclusions: Offer excludes Winter Classic Jerseys, Stadium Series Jerseys and others.
Details: Save 20% on Orders over $25. Offer excludes Winter Classic Jerseys, Stadium Series Jerseys and others.
Details: Get Free Shipping on Orders Over $25 with Code.
NHL is the official merchandise and ticket store for the National Hockey League that is known for products such as apparel, equipment and collectibles. Consumers review NHL positively for the official merchandise, product quality, discounts and quick shipping. The online store offers discounts and updates on the registration for new members, apart from other sale offers.
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