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PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN FINDS THE OPPOSITE SEX!
Here is a fab photo of Joan at the Vanity Fair Oscar Party on her way to the powder room.. On asking a waiter where it was located he told Joan.. " Next to your poster for "The Opposite Sex!".. I have that paticular daybill on my hallway wall! Thanks to Joan for sharing this shot!
PHOTO OF THE DAY EXTRA : JOAN GLITTERS AT THE OSCARS!
JOAN AND JACKIE CHAT ON THE RED CARPET..
 Joan arrives for the annual VANITY FAIR OSCAR PARTY looking truly glamorous....
PHOTO OF THE DAY : AND THE WINNER IS!
As this is Oscar night, thought I would feature this photo again, Joan and Arnold are rehearsing their spot for the 1984 ceremomy where they presented a technical award....
70'S FOCUS : L'ARBITRO ... 1974 ...
Minerva Pictures Group
From Documento Films
L'ARBITRO!
JOAN COLLINS as Eleanor Sperani
LANDO BUZZANCA as Carmela Lo Cascio
GABRIELLA PALLOTTA as Laura
IGNAZIO LEONE as Vito Fichera
MARISA SOLINAS as Luisella
MASSIMO MOLLICA as La Forgia
Director Of Photography - Sergio Doffizi A.I.C
Screenplay by G.Scarnicci - R.Vianello - S Continenza -
From a Story by Luigi Filippo D'amico
Edited by Marisa Mengoli Music by Guido & Maurizio De Angelis
Produced by Gianni Hecht Lucari
Directed by Luigi Filippo D'amico
Aka :"The Referee" / "Playing The Field" (USA) / "Football Crazy"
Everyone is gone Football Crazy! Not least international soccer referee, Carmela, who has a frustrated wife, who is begging him to make love to her! But Carmela is saving himself for the game! That is until, at a wild party, he meets spunky reporter, Eleanor, when soon his passions erupt! Can he save his marriage, the game, not to mention his sanity? When everyone's Football Crazy and Playing The Field, it is time to call in The Referee!!
(c) 1974 DOCUMENTO 110 MINS COLOR REG 2 DVD SONY.
"L'arbitro" was another of Joan's Italian films that she probably only did to keep working and to put her children through school. The film was inspired by the life of international soccer referee, Concetto Lo Bello, who was due to retire at the time of filming. The film was shot on location in Italy and apart from Joan, all the cast are Italian. Although billed as a comedy, it is far from hilarious. The Englisg langusge version, however is dubbed using the standard voice artists, with every print I have seen, Joan's voice is nowhere to be heard! She does look amzing in a variety of kitsch outfits. As was the norm in Italian films of the period, Joan appears in some nude scenes, although very tastefully done! For today's viewer, it's only redeeming feature, is to see Joan as an adventurous hands on reporter! The film was available on DVD in the USA as "Playing The Field". An Italian release is available from Sony Pictures Italy, however this is in Italian, with no subtitles. The film has been screened on tv in the UK under the "Football Crazy" title...
(c) 2011 Mark McMorrow..
EVENT UPDATE : BARRY DILLER OSCAR PICNIC .. FEBRUARY 26TH 2011
Joan arrives for Barry Diller's annual Oscar Picnic held at his Hollywood home.. Joan dresses casual for this afternoon event.
PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN IS OSCAR READY!
As it is Oscar Weekend, here is Joan during a photocall for the 1984 Oscars where she co-presented a Technical Acievement Award with Arnold Schwarzenegger.. Joan currently in Hollywood, will be attended the Vanity Fair party.. Photo's to come!
DYNASTY REVISITED : EPISODE 3.. ONLY YESTERDAY ...
Last time on DYNASTY REVISITED : Alexis has terrifying nightmares about Jeremy Van Dorn... Kirby tells Adam she cant marry him at this point in time.. Fallon tells Krystle she believes Miles Colby may be the father of her baby.. Alexis is disturbed by an intruder... REVISITED ..
Alexis stood at the bottom of the stairs, she just starred and starred at her night caller..Was this a dream? She needed another brandy and to sit down, she was certainly shaken up.
"Who are you? I was certain you were someone that I once knew.. Someone that was very special to me."
Alexis made her way to the bar, she poured herself a large brandy and sat down.
"Mrs Colby! I must apologise for the intrusion. I needed to see how efficent a security system you had in this building."
Alexis took a generous helping of her beverage, she was certainly puzzled and needed some answers.
"You will have to forgive my ignorance.. I still don't know why you are here. Why have you broken into my penthouse?"
Alexis could not take her eyes of her caller.
"Frank Mulligan at your service! I am your new bodyguard, if you want to call me that!. Your son Adam hired me. We decided not to tell you, so I could check out the set-up. I am sorry for startling you!"
Alexis laughed, she had forgotten she had requested Adam to hire someone. At least she could relax a little, now she had a handsome protector.
"I am sorry Mr Mulligan. I had totally forgotten I had asked Adam. I only mentioned it in passing this afternoon. So! What is your verdict on our security? I gather security.. is not very secure!"
Alexis smiled at him, she could hardly believe how so like Dex he was.
"Mrs Colby! You certainly need a more secure system. I will certainly do all I can to ensure your safety. Please call me Frank!"
Alexis left her seat and approached her new protector.. They shook hands to seal their new partnership. Alexis felt excitement, a new man in her life.. even if he was on her payroll!
Fallon Colby was in a state of confusion, she was torn between truth and lies, the truth about the father of her unborn baby and the lies she may have to tell to keep the conflict from her marriage. Fallon walked into the lobby of The Carlton Hotel, leaving the rays of the early morning sunshine behind her. She needed a drink and even though it was early, she did not care! She sat at the bar, her eyes firms focused on the telephone on the bar top. She contemplated phoning Miles in Malibu and telling him about the baby. But she could not be sure if that was the correct course of action to take. She thought of all the problem's telling him would cause, paticularly if he wanted to play a part in the baby's upbringing. Not to mention the resentment Jeff would feel, knowing he was not the baby's father. Fallon ordered a glass of sparkling wine and decided she needed to think this problem out for a little longer. Besides even if she wanted to tell him at this point, she just did not have the inner strength to do so. She did not even have the courage to tell Jeff that she was pregnant. She wanted to run away from it all, to somehow forget her problems. But what good would that do her, it would only isolate her from those she loved and who loved her. She did love Jeff, but was unsure of his reaction to her news, when she decided to tell him. She was scared to take the chance, but knew sooner or later, that time would come.
"Adam! Darling! Where did you find him? I almost died of shock when I first set eyes on him. I thought Dex had come back from beyond!"
Alexis could still not get over the fact that her new protector looked like her former lover. Frank Mulligan had those same rugged features, yet the smooth air of a gentleman, ready and willing to protect a ladies homour.
"I was certain he would meet with your approval. I virtually hand-picked him, mother! The resemblence shocked me also. Although I never got along with Dex Dexter, I know how much he meant to you."
Adam knew his mother had not quite gotten over losing Dex, even though she would never admit it to anyone.
"Thank you darling for your consideration. I am sure Frank and I will get along splendidly!"
Alexis adjusted the Cartier watch on her wrist and thought about Dex, she could still see him lying there on the hotel lobby floor, lifeless. He had broken her fall, she owed him her life, she could never thank him now.
"Mother! Before I forget, I have finalised that business deal and once you sign the papers, it will be all yours again!"
Alexis smiled at her son and let out a squeal of delight, at last she would finally get back what she felt was rightfully hers.
"Wonderful! Darling! I do hope I don't have to see that bitch again! Will I?"
Adam laughed, he almost knew she would be concerned with that aspect of the transaction.
"I don't think it need concern her. After all she has other, more important things to keep her occupied. I hear she has written a book, a biography of sorts. She also has a child, but we wont mention that fact!"
Alexis frowned, she had wondered about the child, as she has done for the past three years.
Denver Carrington stood towering against the hot afternoon sun. Blake Carrington knew he was a very lucky man, so much had happened in the last few years. Any more mere mortal would have gone to hell and stayed there. But not Blake Carrington, he was survivor and he knew Jeremy Van Dorn would not topple his longlevity and win. Blake decided to hire a fleet of security guards and dogs. He was damned if any danger would ever lurk near his precious Krystle and his darling Krystina. Blake had a pile of mail to sift through, one of which was marked "URGENT! PERSONAL!". He held the envelope in his hand, something made him consider if it was safe to open it. What if there was explosives in it? Van Dorn had certainly set everyone on the edge of paranoia. Blake's heart began to race, he was probably a fool for not having all his mail screened. But how could he think of everything, dammit! that is what his security team were getting paid for. Blake held his breath, but he was curious as to the package's contents. Putting his hand in the envelope, he pulled out a photograph, a typed note was attached. Blake starred at the glossy b/w photograph of Krystle brushing Krystina's hair. He noticed a date written in black felt pen.. 14th October.. The photograph had only been taken yesterday. Blake clenched his fist as he read the note.
"Carrington! This time they were shot through a lens! Next time it will be through the heart!! The Big Bang!!!"
Blake threw the photo on te desk and went to pour himself a drink, a large brandy, with thoughts of pouring the whole bottle over Van Dorn and setting the madman alight! But the bastard had to be caught first, before any punishment could be dealt.
The black stretch limo glided majestically up the driveway to The Carlton Hotel, when it came to a halt, the chauffeur opened the back seat door to allow its occupant to emerge as regally as only she could! A pair of Gucci stilettos hit the driveway, legs adorned in black Dior stockings up and disappearing under a Valentino skirt. She emerged from the car, leaving a trail of Chanel No 5 in the air, she adjusted her skirt and took a look at the front of the hotel. It had been quite a while since she had stayed here, she wasn't sure if she was glad to be back. Too many memories, some of them bad. The memory of her beloved Dex falling to his death, still haunted her. She wondered if he knew how much she had really loved him. If only she had gotten the chance to tell him.
The doorman greeted her, opening the doors for her grand entrance.
"Nice to see you again. Mrs Colby! It has been quite a while."
It certainly had, she nodded her exchange of greetings and entered the lobby, scanning the foyer. Heading for the reception, she bumped into a familiar face along the way.
"Fallon! How nice to see you!"
Fallon put her wine glass on the counter, looking to see who had addressed her.
"Sable Colby! God! It has been years!"
Sable agreed, looking around it seemed as if it had been Only Yesterday!
TO BE CONTINUED .....
Labels: DYNASTY REVISITED
TV UPDATE... PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT.. JOAN & JACKIE ..
JOAN AND JACKIE WITH PIERS BACKSTAGE..
LEGENDARY BRIT GIRLS ON SET!
 Joan & Jackie recorded an episode of the CNN daily show...PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT , an air date has yet to be confirmed. This show will be the first time the girls have appeared together on a talk show. Here are a couple of photos. With thanks to Jackie for sharing!
EVENT UPDATE : LACMA & VANITY FAIR WENDY STARK OPENING FEBRUARY 22ND
DANI JANSEEN & LYNDA RESNICK
JACQUELINE BISSET WITH MARGO WINKLER
As well as attending the Private Dinner in hounour of director David O' Russell, Joan also found time to attend The LACMA & Vanity Fair party honouring Wendy Stark Morrissey, and the opening of New Museum and restaurant Ray's & Stark Bar.. Joan caught with many old friens including Barbara Davis, Jacqueline Bisset and Dani Janseen ....
<> JOAN / PERCY'S GRAND ENTRANCE!
PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN'S ON A QUEST!
As I just recieved my copy of the new dvd release of Joan's 1971 romantic scifi drama, "Quest For Love". just thought I would feature this nice shot of Joan from the film.
EVENT UPDATE : INTERVIEW MAGAZINE PRIVATE DINNER DAVID O' RUSSELL .. THE MONDRIAN HOTEL .. FEBRUARY 22ND..
JOAN WITH "RESIDENT EVIL" STAR MILLA JOVOVICH
JOAN WITH DIRECTOR DAVID O' RUSSELL
JOAN WITH MILLA, DAVIS, PAZ DE LA HUERTA & GEORGE SEGAL
JOAN AND PERCY AWAIT DINNER!
As a lead-up to this weekends Oscar ceremony, Hollywood is buzzing with various parties and events. One of which was held at LA'S Mondrian Hotel last night. Joan attended a private dinner hosted by Interview Magazine & Moet in honour of director David O' Russell, to celebrate his nomination for his film "The Fighter"...
PHOTO OF THE DAY : A MAD HATTER'S TEA PARTY FOR JOAN!
This photo features Joan and Pauline Collins in a scene from an episode of the classic suspense series "Tales Of The Unexpected", entitled "A Girl Can't Always Have Everything".. One of my favourite episodes Joan plays the conniving actress Susy Starr whose best friend turns out to be just as cagey! In the photo both are appearing in a play and are on stage!
PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN'S WITH THE LADIES WHO HUNCHES!
This photo features Joan at a party with old friends Tina Sinatra and Alana Stewart.. Alana of course the ex-mrs George Hamilton. Joan will be teaming up with George again next month, when they host the Annual Steve Chase Humanitarian Awards in Palm Springs.. Not sure of the date of this photo, but great to see the girls together!
PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN HAS A HAIR-RAISING EXPERIENCE!
This rare photo features Joan on the set of the 1953 drama "Turn The Key Softly"..Pinewood hairdresser Walleen Whitworth puts the finishing touches to Joan's hairsyle for her role as Stella...
PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN HAS DESIGN'S IN MIND!
This photo shows Joan promoting her range of best-selling eyewear.. not sure of the location..
70'S FOCUS : TALES THAT WITNESS MADNESS ... 1973 ..
From World Film Services
TALES THAT WITNESS MADNESS
KIM NOVAK as Auriol Pageant
JOAN COLLINS as Bella Thompson
JACK HAWKINS as DR Nicholas
DONALD HUSTON as Sam Patterson
MICHAEL JAYSTON as Brian Thompson
SUZY KENDALL as Ann Patrick / Beatrice
PETER MCENERY as Timothy Patrick / Albert
DONALD PLEASENCE as DR R.C.Tremayne
GEORGIA BROWN as Fay Patterson
MARY TAMM as Ginny Pageant
FRANK FORSYTH as Uncle Albert
RUSSELL LEWIS as Paul Patterson
MICHAEL PETROVITCH as Kimo
Assistant Director - Peter Saunders
Director of Photography - Norman Warwick B.S.C
Music by Bernard Ebbinghouse
Art Director -  Roy Walker
Screenplay by Jay Fairbank(Jennifer Jayne)
Edited by Bernard Gribble
Produced by Norman Priggen
Directed by Freddie Francis
DON'T POINT THAT THING AT ME DEAR!
At his private clinic, DR Tremayne (Pleasence), has been monitoring four of his mental patients, each with a strange background. An old friend DR Nicholas (Hawkins), arrives to see how he is progressing and hears each of their tales!
"MR TIGER"
Young Paul has an imaginary friend, who is eating the family out of house and home. When his parents decide to put a stop to the boys strange behaviour, little do they know, that they are next on the menu!
DARLINGS I AM THINKING OF BRANCHING OUT!
"PENNY FARTHING"
Timothy Patrick (MCENERY) and his girlfriend Ann (Kendall), run an antique shop, when his aunt dies, she leaves him her antiques. But he soon finds hinself caught up in the past and under the influence of his late Uncle Albert (Forsyth), with fiery consequences!
"MEL"
Brian Thompson (Jayston), lives in a woodland bungalow with his headstrong wife Bella (Joan). But Bella soon finds herself competing for Brian's affections, from a malevolent tree, he had just brought home! But when it comes to the crunch...Who will get the chop!!
"LUAU"
AURIOL DEMONSTRATES THE BAT STROKE!
Auriol Pageant, a literary agent, agrees to let her latest star client Kimo, a south seas, American educated writer stay at her luxury home. But Kimo has a dark secret and takes an interest in her daughter Ginny. In the end, Auriol will get a cut of Kimo's profits... But it is a cut of Ginny, he wants!!
DR Nicholas listens to each tale, but fails to be impressed and poor demented Tremayne is taken away to join the other patients, leaving Nicholas alone to discover the true Tales That Witness Madness!!
(1973) PARAMOUNT RATED 15 90 MINS COLOUR
This was Joan's second venture into the portmanteau film and her second for director Freddie Francis. They had both worked together the previous year on the now classic "Tales From The Crypt". Joan's segment is one of the more memorable stories, if not the most ludicrous, as she has to compete with a tree, for her husbands affections! Although she has had to act with many wooden actors in her time, this had no comparison! The film was also notable for been the first film in three years for Hollywood legend Kim Novak. But she was not originally slated to star in the film, but another Hollywood great, Rita Hayworth. But she was in the latter stages of Alzheimer's and her behaviour on the set was erratic. Rita could not remember her lines, while on occasion prone to violent outbursts. She finally ran away from the Shepperton set, after only four days and went back to America. Kim Novak had stated that she had not made any films for a few years, as she had not been offered any good roles. One wonders why she decided to do this film, as it was hardly Oscar material! The film proved to be the final screen appearance of actor Jack Hawkins, who had been suffering with throat cancer. His voice was dubbed by actor Charles Gray, Hawkins sadly died before production finished on the film. Joan had appeared with Jack in her first big Hollywood release "Land Of The Pharaoh's". Donald Pleasence would go on to star with Joan in the 1975 shocker, "I Don't Want To Be Born", while Georgia Brown would co-star in "The Bawdy Adventures Of Tom Jones", where Joan played Black Bess. The film got mixed reviews, most of them not very good.
DARLING! ARE YOU OUT OF YOUR TREE!
MY HUSBAND HAS BECOME A TREE SURGEON!
" In "Tales That Witness Madness", the humour lacks wit, the horror lacks poetry. Kim Novak's reappearance is easily eclipsed by Joan Collins, who still looks a knockout, two decades after "Land Of The Pharaoh's".
So although the film got bad reviews, Joan continued to stand out, even within a notable cast. Viewed in the context of the horror genre, it's certainly an enjoyable film. It was available on video many years ago, but sadly it still has to surface on DVD....
(C) 2011 MARK MC MORROW
PHOTO OF THE DAY : JOAN'S SUFFERS FOR HER ART!
This rare photo features Joan having makeup applied for a scene in the 1970 spy thriller "The Executioner".. Joan's character in the film is shot and wounded, thus the wounds been applied!
DYNASTY REVISITED : EP.2 : NIGHT CALLS!!
Last time on Dynasty Revisited : Alexis and Blake discover Jeremy Van Dorn is still at large after faking his arrest! Adam asks Kirby to marry him! Fallon announces to Alexis that she is pregnant! While Blake vows to protect his family... Alexis is terrified by a note from Jeremy!!
Between heaven and hell.. Between darkness and light. In twilight limbo, she was running away from the darkness.. or was she running towards the light? She could hear voices behind her..Or were the voices up ahead of her? Behind her she sensed darkness and danger and the voices were the Dutch menacing tones of Jeremy Van Dorn. Ahead of her in the light she could hear words of love and hope..She could hear Dex!
She ran faster to escape the darkness, to get closer to Dex, whom she could now see standing there in the light. Although she could not actually see his face, his voice was unmistakable, soft and familiar. His arms were outstretched to pull her close, to hold her like he had before.
"Alexis! Alexis! We will be together... Forever!!"
She could almost touch him now, she had finally escaped the darkness and the danger that lay within. She entered the light, her arms finally embracing the man she loved, not wanting to let him go. She opened her eyes to gaze at his face once again, but the eyes that stared back at her were not Dex's eyes!
"Alexis! You can't escape me now!"
He had tricked her and she had blindly run into the arms of the beast..into the arms of darkness! Van Dorn's eyes were cold, his grip tightening around her, his laugh menacing.
"Alexis! You belong to me now!!"
His laugh sending chills through her as the light faded into impending darkness.....
Alexis woke suddenly, she sat up, perspiring and out of breath as if she had actually ran a marathon. The nightmare had almost seemed real, but she was safe, all alone in her penthouse. Van Dorn must be caught, she would never rest easy until he was captured. She wondered when he would strike again.. His twisted idea of romance, sending her unwanted flowers along with chilling notes attached! He was fond of the Valentine approach, having sent her several before she foolishly got involved with him. Alexis lay back and tried to get some nightmare free sleep, she had to get a grip of herself. After all she was the unstoppable Alexis Colby, who made men fall at her feet!
Adam Carrington read through the minutes of the Colbyco weekly board meeting, which commenced in about an hour. He could not quite concentration on the words typed on the sheet, all he could think of was Kirby. He was on tenderhooks waiting on her to give him a reply to his proposal. He did love her, but could understand her reasons for her delay in forthcoming with her answer. Adam sat back, almost on another planet, when the buzz of his intercom brought him back to reality. Kirby had arrived, his heart began to pound and sweat formed on his brow. As he jumped from his chair, she entered the office.
"Good morning Adam! I hope I did not come at a bad time.. I can call back if you are busy!"
Adam took her outstetched hands, her big puppy dog eyes starring up at him. Kirby loved Adam and she knew he loved her, despite their past. She had found herself a nice apartment in Denver, even though Blake and Krystle had invited her to stay at the mansion, she doubted if she could ever live there again.
"Kirby! You can call in anytime. I am always glad to see the girl I love! I do love you. You do know that?"
Adan held her closer and the moment felt like heaven, he wished it would never end.
"Adam! Before you ask me to give you an answer to your marriage proposal... I need you to understand that the past is the past and I have truly forgiven you for all that happened back then."
Kirby paused to catch her breath, to let him absorb her words.
"I see. So what you are trying to say is, that you have forgiven me..but won't marry me. Am I correct!"
Adam released her from his grasp and stood back, he had been certain she would have accepted his proposal.
" Look Adam! I am not saying I won't ever marry you. I just can't marry you now! Why don't we give each other some time to get to know each other again?"
With that she kissed him, to somehow soften the blow. He was about to put his arms around her, to make the kiss more passionate, when the office door burst open. Mommie Dearest had arrived, filling the air with the scent of Shalimar, on spying Kirby, her jewellry rattling to show her dissapproval.
"Mother! Making your grand entrance as usual! What can I do for you?"
Adam wiped the sweat from his brow, Kirby was far from pleased to see Alexis, raising her eyebrows to voice her anoyance at the interruption.
"Good morning darling! I see you have a visitor. Kirby Anders. Here about a job dear? I did not know you were looking for a new secretary, Adam. That is the downfall of cutting loose from the day to day running of ones company!"
Alexis pursed her scarlet lips and lit up a cigarette.
"Kirby dear! I am sure Adam can find you something to suit your talents!"
Cigarette well lit, Alexis began to pour herself a tonic with ice and a slice of lemon.
"Mother!! Kirby and I are back together again. That is, if you have no objections this time?"
Alexis took a sip of her beverage, then smiled and faced both of them, her hands on her hips.
"Objections! Darling you are a grown man, who is more than capable of dealing with any mistakes you might make!"
Alexis threw herself onto the sofa and took another sip of her tonic whilst puffing on her Moore menthol. Kirby was huffed now and gave Adam a brief kiss, she then stormed out of the office, her head in the air.
"Mother! What that really necessary? You can be so cruel!"
Adam stood over her, a little furious, but then he had learned to expect such outbursts from his mother.
" Darling! Don't worry about her! Worry about your mother! I need help! I have been having terrible nightmares. The thing is, I need protection! I am considering hiring a bodyguard. What do you think?"
Adam folded his arms, pondering her request for a moment, finally agreeing with her.
"It would not do any harm, considering the situation with that madman at large. Leave it with me. I will get on it straight away. I'll make sure you get the best. It's only a matter of time before they track down Jeremy Van Dorn!"
Alexis smiled, she would be more than glad to see that time come, make no mistake!
It was a glorious day, the sun shone over the Carrington mansion, it's rays streaming through the many windows. Fallon Colby lay on her bed, she should be in a celebratory mood. What with her reconciliation with Jeff and now a baby on the way. But she was worried, lost in thought, so lost she failed to hear a knock on her bedroom door.
"Can I come in? I missed you at lunch!"
Krystle entered the room and sat down on the bed, she could tell that Fallon had some worries on her mind.
"Krystle! I wasn't hungry. I am sorry but I am not good company right now!"
Fallon closed her eyes, she knew her manners were kept well hidden, as she failed to even look at Krystle.
"That's ok. I am a good listener. You know you can always confide in me. Is it Jeff? You are not having problems with him?"
Krystle did not like to interfere, but she was a firm believer in sharing a problem to help cut down the worry load.
"Krystle! I am pregnant! I have told mother, but I intended announcing it to the rest of the family at dinner. But now I am not sure!"
Fallon sat up in bed and starred at Krystle.
"Pregnant! That is wonderful news Fallon! Jeff must be thrilled?"
Fallon got up from the bed and walked to the window, gazing out onto the spacious lawn.
" I haven't even told Jeff yet! I did plan too. But I just got a call from my Doctor. I am nine weeks pregnant!"
Krystle left the bedside and joined her at the window.
" You told Alexis first.. Before Jeff? What is the matter Fallon?"
Fallon sighed, pondering over whether to unburden her worries. Krystle stood waiting, still puzzled as to Fallon's dilemma.
"Krystle! I am nine weeks pregnant... Nine weeks ago I was with Miles in Malibu. Don't you see, Jeff is not the father of my baby!"
Fallon burst into tears, she could not contain herself any longer. Krystle wanted to hold her as if she was the baby, but Fallon ran out of the bedroom, leaving Krystle all alone.
The penthouse was engulfed in darkness, except perhaps for the intimate light of in the drinks bar. The silence disturbed by the clink of ice cubes dropping at regular intervals in the small refridgerator that chilled the Champagnes and Wines. The Cartier clock on the mantlepiece, ticking every second, heralding the arrival of upcoming time. However the silence was replaced with the sound of the elevator making its way up to the penthouse, the only entrance into the penthouse except for the fire escape!
Alexis had found it difficult to fall asleep, afraid of the nightmares that might invade her sleep. She suddenly sat up in bed, had she heard something down stairs? Maybe she was becoming paranoid. Hardly surprising considering the madman at large.
The elevator had reached it's destination, it's occupant steps out onto the penthouse floor. A flashlight guides the way, it's beam casting much needed light, falling on the many photo's that sat in Silver frames, photos of Cecil Colby, Amanda, Adam, Stephen & Dex. The torchlight remained on the photo of Dex for a moment longer than the others.
Alexis decided she needed a drink to calm her nerves, she needed some rest, maybe a large Brandy would do the trick. Alexis got out of bed and put on her silk dressing gown, her favourite peach garment always felt warm and familar against her skin. A gift from Dex, he did have good taste for a man as rugged and macho as he had been. Slipping her feet into her Gucci mules and made her way to the top of the stairs leading down to the living area. Just as she was about to descend the stairs, she froze, she could hear subtle movement. She carefully put her head around the door and she could see a moving beam of light. She began to panic, but told herself she had to try and stay calm. She paused and took a deep breath, she had to confront the intruder. If it was Van Dorn, it was best it ended here tonight.
"Who is down there? I have a gun! I am not afraid to use it! I warn you!"
She was lying, she had no gun, but she could think of nothing else to say. She began to descend the stairs, very slowly. She felt for the light switch and held her breath as she flicked the switch.
She wanted to close her eyes, but she needed to see the intruder. She looked around the room and almost screamed when she saw her intruder. But was he an intruder?
"Oh! My god"
She fell against the wall. Her hand to her throat in shock.
"Dex! You are alive! God! Dex!!"


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Why is my mini only showing 6 gigs of storage available?
I just purchased a mini for repair off ebay. It work flawlessly except for a couple of things: cracked screen lower right hand corner and it is only registering as 6 gigs available memory. I have the screen fix figured out (thanks ifixit!) and now i'm trying to solution the gig missing problem. Any thoughts?


Edit Hats was set up by a good friend of mine with an eye to helping those people out there living on the street. For every hat you buy, another is donated to a homeless person. My friend runs the whole operation himself out of his bedroom, with a little help from the Central London Samaritans to give away the hats. He does it all in his free time.
This entry was posted in Good things and tagged Edit Hats, EditLDN, Good things, Homeless, Samaritans, Things you should read. Bookmark the permalink.


With a length of 80.07m is Project COSMOS the largest yacht project to date by Heesen Yachts.
Sometimes I am thinking of renaming yachtemoceans into "The Heesen Yachts Blog" – a very busy shipyard.
Anyway, back to Project COSMOS: This yacht is not only the biggest to date for the yard, but it will be also the biggest and fastest yacht (29 knots) built in full-aluminum – powered by four MTU engines with a total power of 19,000 hp. It is based on Van Oossanen's patented and tested Fast Displacement Hull Form (FDHF). The exterior design was designed by the well-known London-based design studio Winch Design.
A fully rated helipad will welcome an EC 135. When the helipad is not in use, this area can be transformed into an outdoor cinema or another place to relax.
Project COSMOS will accommodate twelve guests in four suites on the lower deck and in one VIP suite with a private studio on the bridge deck. Furthermore, a master suite is placed on the main deck. The crew of nineteen can be onboard.
The Dutch design studio Sinot Exclusive Yacht Design has been appointed to create the interior design.
Natural mathematics, such as the Fibonacci sequence, form the basis for the interior architecture. Together with clear graphic lines the result is a clean architectural environment. Special, featured materials, such as backlit onyx, straw marquetry and crystal glass panels are framed within the architectural lines to emphasise the beauty of these materials.


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Works by Vidhu Verma
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Vidhu Verma
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Colonialism and Liberation: Ambedkar's Quest for Distributive Justice.Vidhu Verma - 1999 - Economic and Political Weekly 34 (39):2804-2810.details
Ambedkar denounced caste system for violating the respect and dignity of the individual; yet his critique of caste-ridden society also foregrounds the limits of the theory and practice of citizenship and liberal politics in India. Since membership of a caste group was not a voluntary choice, but determined by birth and hence a coercive association, the liberal view of the self as a totally unencumbered and radically free subject seemed plagued with difficulties. Though the nation state envisages a political community (...) co-extensive with one cultural community, it need not, Ambedkar argued, necessarily lead to abolition of discriminatory caste practices in civil society. To restore the cultural rights of stigmatised populations, unredeemed by the nation state, propelled Ambedkar to seek solution in B. (shrink)
Globalization, Corporate Practice and Cosmopolitan Social Standards.Vidhu Verma - 2002 - Contemporary Political Theory 1 (1):59-78.details
The article explores some of the theoretical and political issues which underpin the current conflict over the accountability of the global economic order. The article develops in five parts, starting with an initial section on the changing nature and form of globalization and ending with an account of how markets and business activities can be reframed. The focus is on the emergence of a number of cosmopolitan social standards which are embedded in human rights regimes and other international legal instruments. (...) These standards are explicated, elaborated and defended. The article argues that these standards need to be clarified further and developed in order to create the basis for global economic accountability and social justice. (shrink)
Anne E. Cudd and Nancy Holmstrom , Capitalism: For and Against. A Feminist Debate . Reviewed By. [REVIEW]Vidhu Verma - 2013 - Philosophy in Review 33 (4):276-278.details
Conceptualising Social Exclusion: New Rhetoric or Transformative Politics?Vidhu Verma - 2011 - Economic and Political Weekly (9):89-97.details
The debate on equality and non-discrimination is certainly not a new one, but the way it is incorporated in that on social exclusion leads to several shifts within the discourse on social justice. The term social exclusion is multidimensional although its western use in a selective way about markets promoting equality separates it from the Indian emphasis on social justice as linked to ending discrimination of dalit groups. The concept of social exclusion is inherently problematic as it faces three major (...) challenges in India: the first relates to the historical discrimination of certain groups and their exclusion; the second is about the political economy of the excluded; and the third questions the way in which equality responses are restricted within the framework of social exclusion. (shrink)
Debating Rights in Malaysia: Contradictions and Challenges in Democratisation.Vidhu Verma - 2002 - Journal of Contemporary Asia 32 (1):108-130.details
Engendering Development. Limits of Feminist Theories and Justice,.Vidhu Verma - 2004 - Economic and Political Weekly 34 (49):5246-5252.details
Recent feminist critiques of development have questioned some fundamental assumptions of feminist political theory; such critiques have also been successful in subverting long-held assumptions of conventional economic development. Viewed in the context of women's subordination in third world countries, a redefinition of development must not only be about economic growth, but ensure a redistribution of resources, challenge the gender-based division of labour and also seek to provide for an egalitarian basis in social arrangements. Further, as this article argues, any starting (...) point for feminist critiques of development must also seek to link the end of gender oppression to multiple theories of justice – a justice not juridical but one that recognises the cultural membership of women in the community. (shrink)
Justice, Equality and Community: An Essay in Marxist Political Theory.Vidhu Verma - 2000 - Sage Publications.details
A careful and wide-ranging assessment of the notion of justice in the Marxist tradition is provided by this book. Vidhu Verma demonstrates that Marx's analysis of exploitation provides a fruitful starting point to analyze current social conflicts. She examines three main themes: what she calls Marx's "critical non-juridical" concept of justice; different theories about what justice is in the context of social change; and the relevance of Marx's theory in the contemporary world in which new social movements - such as (...) the green and women's movements - have looked to forge new conceptions of justice. (shrink)
Non-Discrimination and Equality in India: Contesting Boundaries of Social Justice.Vidhu Verma - 2012 - London: Routledge.details
Social Justice is a concept familiar to most Indians but one whose meaning is not always understood as it signifies a variety of government strategies designed to enhance opportunities for underprivileged groups. By tracing the trajectory of social justice from the colonial period to the present, this book examines how it informs ideas, practices and debates on discrimination and disadvantage today. After outlining the historical context for reservations for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes that began under British colonial rule, the (...) book examines the legal and moral strands of demands raised by newer groups since 1990. In addition the book shows how the development of quota policies has been significantly influenced by the nature and operation of democracy in India. It describes the recent proliferation of quota demands for reservations in higher education, private sector and for women and religious minorities in legislative assemblies. The book goes on to argue that while proliferation of demands address unequal incidence of poverty, deprivation and inequalities across social groups and communities, care has to be taken to ensure that existing justifications for quotas for discriminated groups due to caste hierarchies are not undermined. Providing a rich historical background to the subject, the book is a useful contribution to the study on the evolution of multiple conceptions of social justice in contemporary India. (shrink)
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Public Religions in a Postsecular Era: Habermas and Gandhi on Revisioning the Political.Vidhu Verma - 2014 - Télos 2014 (167):49-67.details
An embedded ideology of the religious-secular binary in its various forms has assumed currency in recent continental and Anglo-American political thought. This ideology highlights the difference between religion under modernization, broadly defined by the secularization thesis, and that of religious revival in a period characterized by postsecularism. It reflects the rise of new epistemologies and the dissolution of the antinomies between faith and reason characteristic of a postsecular culture. A common argument found in these writings is that enlightenment secularization, which (...) relegates the sacred to a private sphere, seems to have discovered its own parochialism as religion continues to provide…. (shrink)
Jürgen Habermas in Continental Philosophy
Reinterpreting Buddhism: Ambedkar on the Politics of Social Action.Vidhu Verma - 2010 - Economic and Political Weekly:56-65.details
B R Ambedkar's reinterpretation of Buddhism gives us an account of action that is based on democratic politics of contest and resistance. It relies on a reading of the self as a multiple creature that exceeds the constructions of liberal autonomy. Insofar as Buddhist groups do not jeopardise or restrict their members' capacities and opportunities to make any decision about their own lives, they do not risk violating democratic principles. But to remain socially relevant they must continue to contribute to (...) a practical impact on the social world which is so neatly intertwined with the political in present-day India. (shrink)
'Secularism in India', in The Oxford Handbook of Secularism.Vidhu Verma - 2016 - In John Shook and Phil R. Zukerman (ed.), The Handbook of Secularism. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 214-230.details
This chapter examines the historical emergence of secularism through movements, debates and legal formulations to explain specific features that the concept has acquired in the context of India. The first part examines the tensions between the theoretical narratives of Indian constitutionalism and the practices of politics that lead to the acceptance of three essential conditions of secularism: (a) the state shall have no religion; (b) there shall be no discrimination on the ground of religion; and (c) the individual shall have (...) the freedom to practice, profess and propagate religion. This is followed by the approach towards secularism found in writings of Nehru, Gandhi and Ambedkar. The diversity of religious identities and the widespread religious prejudice, identity conflict and inter-religious strife are main worries of these nationalist ideologues. The third part of this chapter focuses on the ill-defined meaning of secularism that does not accurately reflect the conceptual shifts made by the modern legal system, in which interests of many religious and cultural groups within Indian society are accommodated. The final section critically examines the claim that secularism is a state-led exercise in the following domains: rights of religious denominations, gender justice and social justice. An overview of the legal literature, including pronouncements of the judiciary, shows that secularism is also the domain of experts, bureaucrats and professionals. The history of court decisions about what constitutes a religious practice that is protected by law reveals considerable variation and arbitrariness; it raises questions of group rights in a liberal polity, the limits of cultural accommodation and the conceptions of difference left behind in the realms of family and civil society. (shrink)
Secularism in India.Vidhu Verma - 2016 - In The Oxford Handbook of Secularism. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 214-230.details
Philosophical Traditions, Misc in Philosophical Traditions, Miscellaneous
The Spectacle of Democracy.Vidhu Verma - 2015 - Global Discourses (July).details
Unequal Worlds: Discrimination and Social Inequality in Modern India.Vidhu Verma - 2015 - New Delhi: Oxford University Press.details
The essays study from different perspectives, the much discussed and crucial topic of social discrimination, and particularly Dalit exploitation. The work is highly interdisciplinary in nature-relevant for several subjects and disciplines such as political science, sociology, Dalit studies, minority studies, women's studies, anthropology, law, economics This work specifically sets out to explore contemporary manifestations of discrimination that persist in our society through institutions and through norms and practices that define the terms on which certain social groups continue to be excluded. (...) The contributors bring in different critical perspectives from their different disciplines. (shrink)
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PROPERTY ORIGINALLY FROM THE COLLECTION OF DOROTHEA LANGE
DOROTHEA LANGE (1895-1965)
Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California
DOROTHEA LANGE (1895-1965) Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California Gelatin silver print. 1936. 1163 Euclid Avenue credit stamp on the verso. 11¾ x 9¼in. (29.8 x 23.5cm.)
From the artist's private collection;
by descent to the family;
with Houk Friedman, New York;
to the present owner.
See: "Ragged, Hungry, Broke, Harvest Workers Live in Squalor", San Francisco News, March 10, 1936; "What Does the 'New Deal' Mean to This Mother and Her Children?", San Francisco News, March 11, 1936; Survey Graphic, September 1936.
Taylor, Paul, "Migrant Mother: 1936", The American West: The Magazine of Western History, May 1970, pp. 41-47; Heyman et al., Dorothea Lange, pl. 43; Davis, The Photographs of Dorothea Lange, p. 45; The Museum of Modern Art, Dorothea Lange, p. 25; NBC Editions, Dorothea Lange, p. 99; Meltzer, Dorothea Lange, cover and p. 213; Heyman, Celebrating a Collection, p. 61; Curtis, Mind's Eye, Mind's Truth; Stryker and Wood, In This Proud Land America, p. 18; Durden, Dorothea Lange, cover; Partridge, Dorothea Lange: A Visual Life, p. 108, fig. 6.16; Borhan, Dorothea Lange, p. 133; Shindo, Dust Bowl Migrants in American Imagination, cover.
Newhall, The History of Photography, p. 143; Rosenblum, A World History of Photography, cover and p. 368; Davis, An American Century of Photography, p. 171; Szarkowski, On the Art of Fixing a Shadow, p. 331, pl. 284; Pollack, The Picture History of Photography, p. 102; Goldberg, The Power of Photography, p. 134; Maddow, Faces, p. 321; Doty, Photography in America, p. 143; Newhall, Photography: Essays and Images, p. 265; Sandler, American Image, p. 161; Sobieszek, Masterpieces of Photography, p. 301; Haskell, The American Century of Art & Culture 1900-1950, p. 248, fig. 481.
Sale Room Notice
This print is believed to have been printed in the 1940s.
Reproduced in virtually every history and anthology of photography, Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California", 1936 is one of the most recognized images of the 20th century. Alongside with Ansel Adams' "Moonrise" and Alfred Stieglitz's "Steerage", "Migrant Mother" is a distinctly American picture, one of a handful which have acheived icon status in both "art" as well as popular iconography.
Born Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1895 - she later assumed her mother's maiden name of Lange - she was stricken by infantile polio, which left her with a lifelong limp. Her father's desertion of the family caused them to move into very poor and abusive circumstances in New York. Those early harrowing experiences shaped her lifelong empathy for the poor and dispossessed. Toward the end of her life she offered this synopsis of her oeuvre. "I am trying here to say something about the despised, the defeated, the alienated. About death and disaster. About the wounded, the crippled, the helpless, the rootless, the dislocated. About duress and trouble. About finality. About the last ditch."
It is sometimes forgotten that Dorothea Lange had apprenticed with master photographers of her time; she worked for Arnold Genthe in his portrait studio in New York and studied photography with Clarence White at Columbia University. By the time of the Depression, Lange was a seasoned artist who had been photographing professionally for two decades and an accomplished portraitist. She was also an activist who passionately believed that her art could be used to acheive something.
Having seen her work of the early 1930s, Roy Stryker and the Resettlement Administration hired her in 1935. Lange was among a group of gifted photographers, including Walker Evans and Ben Shahn, hired to document the plight of the agricultural worker during the Depression and more broadly, as he later put it, to introduce "Americans to America." Interestingly, since there was no budget for a photographer, Lange had been hired as a clerk-stenographer, and she invoiced her film and travel expenses under "clerical supplies."
The circumstances surrounding the making of "Migrant Mother" have achieved quasi-mythic proportions. The situation in California was almost catastrophic. "As many as six thousand migrants arrived in California from the Midwest every month, driven by unemployment, drought, and the loss of farm tenancy."
After six weeks of photographing in three states, Lange was heading toward her home in San Francisco, when she passed a sign on Highway 101, south of San Luis Obispo. In a 1960 Popular Photography article, 'The Assignment I'll Never Forget,' she recalled that day: 'I saw and approached the hungry desperate mother, as if drawn to her like a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked no questions...I did not ask her name or history. She told me her age, that she was 32. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields and birds that the children killed. There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it.'
While it was required for Lange to immediately turn over her negatives to Stryker at the FSA, she realized the urgency of the situation she has just encountered in Nipomo. Lange developed the images and, "clutching the still-wet prints", told the editor of the San Francisco News that migrant workers were slowly starving to death in Nipomo. The story the News ran about them featured Lange's pictures; UPI picked it up and within days, the federal government shipped 20,000 pounds of food to the migrants. It was learned afterwards that the subject's name was Florence Owens Thompson, a Native American widow, with seven children. Ironically, by the time the food aid arrived, Thompson had left the camp, searching for work elsewhere.
Interestingly, no less than director John Ford used her photographs as inspiration for his filming of Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, published three years later, among the very same migrant population of California. In an interview, Lange described the almost "cinematic" process she used in achieving the composition. "I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction". (Popular Photography, February, 1960.) The current "Migrant Mother" was the sixth and final exposure. In it, Lange moved dramatically close to Thompson, filling the frame with her subject, eliminating all the paraphernalia of the earlier images. Gone are the soggy field, the lean-to, the possessions - everything non essential. As Therese Heyman observes in Dorothea Lange: American Photographs, "The five other images of the now-famous series have more information. more evidence of context, and as a result, more distractions to turn our attention away from the central theme."
In what could be viewed controversially, Lange's instincts as a master portraitist willing to use some artifice to achieve the perfect pose, overcame her strictly "documentary" imperative. James Curtis writes that: "...when shooting her most famous photo, Dorothea Lange suggested the "Migrant Mother" raise her hand to her face - a gesture that would make her appear less hard, more pensive. She turned the children, their heads on their mother's shoulders, away from the camera to reduce the likelihood, perhaps, of happy grins that might be incongruous with her message." However achieved, the result was a powerfully spare composition where her three children frame Thompson who is looking at a vanishing point to the left of the photographer. The mother's gaunt, lined and yet beautiful face, carefully lit, is a model of concentrated thought and determination.
It has been suggested that "Migrant Mother" resembles a 'Madonna and Child' in spirit - and its composition does hark back to the great Renaissance versions of that theme. Lange's respectful but unsentimental approach to her subject renders a dignified portrait of a mother and reaches beyond the Depression in its visual language and in its timeless appeal, it has become symbolic of the human condition. As Stryker later commented, "'When Dorothea took that picture, that was the ultimate. She never surpassed it.'" (Meltzer, p. 133.)
Lange continued her FSA work, then during World War II, depicted the indignities of Japanese internment camps. She was the first woman to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship and continued to produce a prolific body of work until her death in 1966. To her annoyance, it is said, no other picture by her ever approached the world-wide fame and instant recognition of "Migrant Mother".
This example came originally from Lange's personal collection. It hung in her Berkeley, California home and was the very print she periodically removed from the wall to loan to various exhibitions
because she considered it one of the finest examples she had made of the image. After Lange's death, this print remained with Daniel Dixon, her son from her marriage to the celebrated painter of the American West, Maynard Dixon. With the exception of a few prints kept by the family, including this example, the entire Lange archive, including negatives, prints and papers, is now housed at the Oakland Museum of Art. A companion print of White Angel Breadline, San Francisco, 1933, was purchased at the same time by the present owner and was sold at Sotheby's, New York, 7 April 1995, setting an auction record for Lange's work at the time.
Large format prints of this kind are considered very rare.
In addition to the extended selection of literature references listed which reproduce "Migrant Mother", the U.S. Postal service selected the image in 1998 for their "Celebrate the Century" series. It was issued as a 32 cent stamp entitled "America Survives the Depression".
More From Photographs


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Data en Informatie van de Nederlandse Ondergrond
Terugmelden
Ondergrondgegevens / Ondergrondmodellen Switch
Ondergrondgegevens
Ondergrondmodellen
Nomenclator
Snelstart
Hoofdnavigatie links
Nomenclator Ondiep
Nomenclature Deep
Tertiary and Quaternary
Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous
Middle and Lower Jurassic
Limburg Group DC
Carboniferous Limestone Group CL
Farne Group CF
References Upper Carboniferous
On global and regional European time scales, the Carboniferous System is subdivided into a carbonate-dominated lower and a largely siliciclastic upper Carboniferous. The global time scale currently adopts the North-American division into Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Subperiods (see Enclosure A.1 of Section A;Harland (1989) , p. 42-43 for discussion). The equivalent European Subperiods (or Epochs) have been assigned the formal names Dinantian and Silesian.
The exact equivalent of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the Northwest European succession remains a point of debate. For the Netherlands a subdivision into Dinantian and Silesian is to be preferred. The name 'Upper Carboniferous' should be avoided, since it might create confusion as to whether the American (i.e. global) or European subdivision is intended.
Dinantian
Only a small number of wells has been drilled deep enough to reach the Lower Carboniferous in the Netherlands. These wells are located on the northern flank of the London-Brabant Massif and on the Mid North Sea High. Additional data on the Dinantien were gathered from released British offshore wells. Discussions with Mr. D. Cameron of the British Geological Survey and Mr. M. Dusar of the Belgian Geological Survey have proved very informative. Various lithostratigraphic units from the UK side have been adopted for the Netherlands. General information on the biozonation of the Dinantian can be found in Bless (1976) , Paproth et al (1983) , Streel (1992) and Riley (1993)
Geological history
The Dinantian heralded an epoch of high relative sea level. The sea transgressed the peneplained surface of the southern North Sea area and the London-Brabant Massif. On and around the massif a vast carbonate platform formed (Carboniferous Limestone Group; Zeeland Formation). Locally, under lagoonal conditions, dolomites and evaporites developed Bless (1976)
In the starved basinal areas south and east of the carbonate platform, a thin sequence of shales, bedded cherts and minor limestones accumulated. On the slope of the platform, carbonate deposits alternated with basinal shales (Goeree Member of Zeeland Formation). A thick sequence of clastic turbidites originating from the tectonically active Mid German High was deposited into the basin from the east, interdigitating with the basinal deposits (Kulm). Strong rift-related volcanic activity took place in this part of the basin Ziegler (1990) .
Further north, the Fenno-Scandinavian and the northern North Sea areas formed a large land mass. In the transition zone between land and sea, which was located approximately at the site of the Mid North Sea and Ringkøbing-Fyn Highs Ziegler (1990) , fluvial and deltaic sediments were deposited (Farne Group). Marine incursions into the deltas resulted in the deposition of carbonates in the overall sandy-clayey sediments (Yoredale facies of the Cementstone and Yoredale Formations). Fault-controlled differential subsidence considerably influenced the thickness distribution and facies patterns of the sediments Besly (1990) Grayson (1987) .
With the onset of the Silesian, a regressive trend commenced.
The Silesian Series contains prolific and widespread coal resources. In the Netherlands, these were mined for centuries. Extensive coal exploration has been carried out in the provinces of Limburg and Gelderland (van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1918) ; Jongmans (1940) ; Peelcommissie (1963) ; Bachmann (1970) ; RGD (1986) ). Active coal mining in southern Limburg ceased late 1974. Coal exploration was focussed on Limburg and Gelderland (the Achterhoek). In the rest of the country, the interval is only known from hydrocarbon exploration wells. Most wells only penetrated the uppermost tens of metres of Silesian. Only a limited number of wells in settings where the Carboniferous itself formed an exploration target, have yielded data on deeper strata.
The historical European mining subdivision has traditionally served as a basis for the regional chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Silesian. It relies on marine bands (thin, widespread beds containing a marine fauna: goniatites, brachiopods, etc.), plant remains and 'Tonsteine' (weathered volcanic ash layers, which can be preserved in coal seams). Their use for hydrocarbon exploration purposes is restricted, since they are difficult to discern without cores or exposures. However, recognition of marine bands using spectral gamma ray wire-line logs has been demonstrated by Archard and Trice (1990) , Leeder et al (1990) and Hollywood and Whorlow (1993) .
The first lithological subdivision of the Dutch Silesian in 'groups', based on marine bands, was developed specifically for the South Limburg mining district (van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1918) ; Jongmans (1940) ; Jongmans (1940) ; see regional correlation (see pdf) ). van Wijhe (1974) Figure1) considered the old lithostratigraphic units of the Westphalian as formal formations.
The combination of a very uniform succession, without readily recognisable marker beds, and the small number of stratigraphic control wells, imposed restrictions on the first attempts to design a borehole-based lithostratigraphy. NAM and RGD (1980) placed the entire Silesian Series in the Netherlands in the Limburg Group. This group was tentatively subdivided into four units, of which the Tubbergen Sandstone Formation was the only one considered to merit a formal formation status. The bases of the Productive Measures and the Coal Measures were not defined, but these units were restricted to the coal-bearing interval of the group. The lowermost part of the group, roughly Namurian in age, was not attributed to any unit.
In the 1980's the Geological Survey of the Netherlands (RGD) drilled a few wells that yielded long, completely cored sections of the Limburg Group in the southeastern and eastern Netherlands (van de Laar (1989) ; RGD (1986) ). This information and the data supplied by the continued hydrocarbon exploration have significantly improved stratigraphic control of the Silesian since 1980.
The Silesian history of the Netherlands presented here has evolved from key papers such as Pannekoek (1965) , Thiadens (1963) , van Wijhe (1974) , NAM (1980) , Ziegler (1990) , Besly in Glennie (1990) ), Cameron (1992) and Collinson (1993) .
Palynology (miospores), palaeobotany and macropalaeontology (goniatites, non-marine bivalves) are currently the main biostratigraphic tools. The palynological framework for the Silesian of Northwestern Europe developed from the work of Smith and Butterworth (1967) , van Wijhe (1974) , and Clayton (1977) . van Amerom (1975) , Kimpe (1978) and Paproth (1983) supplied bibliographies and syntheses of stratigraphic papers on the Silesian in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Figure C.1 (see pdf) presents the ranges of the main Silesian marker palynomorphs. The chart was compiled by three palynologists of the working group on Silesian lithostratigraphy (Mr. R.E. Dunay, Mobil; Mr. W.A. Boekelman, NAM and Mr. J.G.M. van de Laar, RGD). Figure C.2 (see pdf) shows the palaeobotanical biozonation of the Westphalian D, which was developed by the RGD during a comprehensive study of well De Lutte-6. The completely cored Silesian interval in this well has yielded important new information on the Westphalian D stratigraphy in the Netherlands (van der Zwan et al (1993) ; Pagnier and van Tongeren (1994) ).
Important contributions to the sedimentological understanding of the Silesian were published by Besly (1988) , Fielding (1986) , Guion (1988) , Cowan (1989) , Leeder (1990) , Diessel (1988) , Strehlau (1988) , Strehlau () , Strack (1989) , David (1989) ; David (1990) ; Selter (1990) , Pagnier (1987) , van de Laar (1989) van de Laar (1990) , van Amerom (1990) , Veld (1993) , Collinson (1993) , Bailey (1993) ,Besly (1993) , Jankowski (1993) , Chesnut (1993) , and Klauser (1993) . Sequence-stratigraphic concepts are frequently invoked to explain the depositional cyclicity observed in the Silesian deposits. The cycles are often attributed to climatic fluctuations that were associated with glaciations on the Southern Hemisphere Ramsbottom (1979) ; Ross (1988) ; Holdsworth (1988) ;Maynard (1991) Maynard (1992) ; Wagner (1993) ; Soreghan (1993) ; Chesnut (1993) ). The cycles show a non-periodic overprint from tectonics and 'autocyclic' depositional shifts, such as channel avulsion (Read (1973) ; Guion (1988) ;Klein (1992) ; Besly (1993) .
In some instances, the 'Tonsteine' have yielded radiometric datings and reliable correlations. Their characteristic mineral assemblages and widespread occurrence make them important correlation markers (Hedemann (1984) ; Lippolt (1984) ; Burger (1985) Burger (1990) Burger (1992) ; Lippolt (1984) ; Dusar (1989) ;Roberts (1993) ).
Structural setting
The end of the Dinantian coincided with the closure of the Rheno-Hercynian Zone, a back-arc basin to the north of the Variscan suture zone between Gondwanaland, Laurussia and various microplates (Franke and Engel (1988) ;Rajpoot (1991) ). This event was accompanied by extensive thrusting ('Sudetic phase'). The thrust belt extends from southwestern Wales and England, through northern France, into central Germany. The resulting excess load induced the formation of a flexural foreland basin during the Silesian. This Northwest European Basin ('Anglo-Dutch Basin' of Cameron et al (1992) ) is bounded to the north by the Fennoscandian High and Grampian High. Its southern and eastern margins are formed by the North Amorican Block and the Rheno-Hercynian Zone Ziegler (1990) ). The latter are part of the actual Variscan orogen. The former are (pre-)Caledonian elements. The London-Brabant Massif played a subordinate role in palaeogeography till the Late Westphalian (C-D).
In Silesian times, several structural elements could be discerned in the Dutch part of the Northwest European Basin (see Section A, Figure A.2). The northern flank of the London-Brabant Massif was a block-faulted, WNW-ESE-trending plateau. Its southeastern part (in Belgium and the southern Netherlands) continued to subside throughout the Silesian. On its northwestern part (UK offshore), Silurian deposits are covered unconformably by Upper Westphalian C sediments. The Campine Basin is an elongate depocentre situated between the London-Brabant Massif and the Krefeld High - Maasbommel High complex. The area north of the Krefeld High appears to have been a more or less uniformly subsiding basin area during the Namurian and Westphalian A-B. The Cleaver Bank High (in the northwestern sector of the Netherlands offshore) shows a separate, coarser-grained development.
Uplift pulses occurred in the Westphalian C to D and Stephanian, related to the Asturian tectonic phase. The start of this phase is documented by incursions of sandstones, increasing differential subsidence and minor unconformities in the Westphalian C and D successions. Differential subsidence formed several north-south-trending depocentres such as the Ems Low (Selter, 1990; Tantow, 1993; van Tongeren, in prep.) and Proto-Central Graben. Their orientation is indicative of a northwest-southeast-oriented, transtensional regime, locally associated with igneous intrusives and even volcanism (both in Limburg Group and Lower Rotliegend Group: Eigenfeld (1986) ; Burger, Eckhart and Stadler (1962) ;Burger (1985) ; Burger (1992) ). Simultaneously, highs such as the Netherlands High, Achterhoek High and Groningen High (Westphalian A subcropping below Permian) formed in transpressional settings (Glennie (1981) ). In the transtensional areas (e.g. Ems Low and Lauwerszee Trough), Westphalian D(-Stephanian?) deposits are covered by Permian sediments. The effect of the Asturian phase cannot be discriminated reliably from that of the Early Permian Saalian uplift.
Depositional style
The Sudetic tectonic phase at the end of the Dinantian caused a rapid shift from carbonate to siliciclastic sedimentation near the London-Brabant Massif. In the vicinity of the Mid North Sea High this transition was more gradual. Combined carbonate and siliciclastic deposition continued here throughout the Dinantian (Farne Group, see Section B). This gradually changed into deposition of pure siliciclastic sediments during the Namurian A.
The Silesian sediments represent an orogenic foreland basin fill, showing an overall regressive megasequence. Provenance studies indicate that the Baltic Caledonides (north of the Mid North Sea High) and the Variscan orogen (to the south) acted as the main sources of Silesian sediment (Bless (1977) ;Frank (1992) ). Sediments filled the foreland basin simultaneously from the north and the south-southeast. In the Netherlands this resulted in the development of two depositional provinces. The northwestern province, comprising the Cleaver Bank area in the northwestern Netherlands offshore and adjoining UK offshore (quadrants 35 to 49), is characterised by sediments from a northern source. The combination of a large sediment input and a lower rate of subsidence gave rise to a relatively coarse-grained, proximal Silesian succession here.
In contrast, the southern province, which extended along the northern flanks of the London-Brabant Massif and the Rhenish Massif, was situated much closer to the tectonically active Rheno-Hercynian Zone. Due to thrust sheet loading, the area was subjected to extremely high rates of subsidence. The sediments, derived from the Variscan orogen to the south, were relatively fine-grained. Sediment infill and continued compression of the basin caused a gradual shift of the depocentre axis to the north (Drozdzewski (1992) ;Drozdzewski (1985) ).
The succession starts with marine to lacustrine basin and delta sediments, which grade upwards into coastal-plain deposits, the so-called 'coal measures'. This facies is typical for the Pennsylvanian epoch across most of Europe, Asia and the Americas. It reflects cyclic sedimentation under humid tropical conditions, with periodic growth of extensive tropical forests, interacting with lakes, deltas, coastal and fluvial plains (van Wijhe (1974) ).
Deposition of the coal measures gradually ceased during the Late Westphalian C and Early Westphalian D, largely as a result of tectonic basin differentiation. A mid-Westphalian C influx of relatively coarse-grained, fluvial sandstones can be recognised practically throughout the Northwest European Basin. Fluvial deposition predominated during the Late Westphalian C and Early Westphalian D. The increasingly arid climate during this period caused a shift from grey, poorly-drained to well-drained red-bed facies. The first occurrence of red-bed facies has repeatedly been used as the base of a lithostratigraphic unit called 'barren (red) measures' (e.g. base Ketch Member of Cameron (1993) ; cf. Barren Measures of NAM (1980) ). However, sections that exhibit several consecutive red-grey transitions are quite common. This points to the non-unique, stepwise nature of this transition. Moreover, the transition occurred earlier along the basin's margins than in its centre.
During the Westphalian D and Stephanian the fluvial systems gradually became more fine-grained in general, and sheet flood deposition predominated.
The new lithostratigraphy
To establish a new subdivision of the Silesian, the working group aimed for units that are based on lithological criteria. It should be possible to attribute any interval of the Limburg Group confidently to a formal lithostratigraphic unit without the need for extensive biostratigraphical studies or long cored intervals. Figure C.3 (see pdf) presents a schematic, north-south oriented litho-chronostratigraphic cross section across the Netherlands. It displays the positions of the new lithostratigraphic units in time and space. A comparison of the new stratigraphy with older subdivisions and the stratigraphic frame works of adjoining areas in the surrounding countries is presented in Figure B.2 (see pdf)
The Limburg Group is part of a huge depositional system. Along a single datum plane, facies may grade from proximal alluvial fan to euxinic deep marine. Conversely, similar facies can be encountered over a large stratigraphic range; this is mainly due to the pronounced depositional cyclicity. During each sedimentary cycle, the depositional facies belts shifted considerably. As a consequence, the boundaries of the various lithostratigraphic units may be quite diachronous.
It is possible to subdivide the Silesian regressive megasequence into four stages, which are reflected by four dominant lithofacies families (sensu Reijers (1993) ). In the new lithostratigraphic scheme, each lithofacies family has been placed in a separate subgroup.
The lowermost unit, the Geul Subgroup, displays a pattern of stacked, thick, coarsening-upward cycles without coal seams. It reflects the initial (marine to lacustrine) Silesian transgression. The depositional setting ranged from deep basin, via prodelta to delta front. The basal Epen Formation consists of basin-floor and prodelta fines with a few distal, turbiditic delta sandstone beds. The overlying Millstone Grit Formation comprises more proximal delta sandstones, alternating with basinal claystones. The unit consists of a large number of stacked depositional cycles, containing a thin transgressive interval (frequently with a basal marine band) followed by a thicker delta progradation phase. In the UK offshore, the Millstone Grit Formation progressively succeeds the Bowland Shale Formation (the local equivalent of the Dutch Epen Formation: Cameron (1993) ) from north to south. In the Netherlands a thin, distal equivalent of the Millstone Grit Formation, the Ubachsberg Member, occurs locally in the upper part of the Epen Formation.
The onset of peat (coal) deposition has been taken as the base of the Caumer Subgroup. The overall regressive trend reached a point at which the depositional cycles also included periods of delta-plain swamp deposition. This occurred first at the southeastern (Namurian A to B in the South Limburg-Aachen area: Steingrobe and Muller () ; RGD (1987) ) and northwestern (Namurian B to C in UK quadrant 41: Cameron (1992) ) margins of the Northwest European Basin. Peat deposition gradually expanded into the central basin zone, following the gradually regressing coast line. During the Early Westphalian A, peat deposition occurred throughout the Northwest European Basin.
In the northwestern province, the Caumer Subgroup is developed in a proximal, coarser-grained style. Fluvial and deltaic sandstones alternate with clay and coal deposits there. These deposits have been placed in the Klaverbank Formation (Namurian C/Early Westphalian A - Early Westphalian B). In the lower part of this formation the depositional cycles closely resemble those of the Millstone Grit Formation, but with intercalated coal seams. During the Late Westphalian A and Early Westphalian B, these deposits became richer in sandstone (Botney Member). The depositional cycles became more-or-less symmetrical trans- and regressive. In the rest of the Netherlands (southern province), age-equivalent deposits are developed in a finer-grained, distal style. The deposits have been attributed to the Baarlo Formation (Namurian B, C or Early Westphalian A to Late Westphalian A). Stacked regressive (coarsening-upward) cycles were formed, consisting of a thin, basal, basin claystone, gradually succeeded by prograding delta fines. This in turn was followed by more sandy delta deposits. Sandstones (mainly distributary channel fills and crevasses) and coal seams (interchannel swamps) are restricted to this latter stage.
In the southern province, a change in depositional style occurred in the Late Westphalian A. The depositional cycles became thinner and more symmetrically trans- and regressive. This change can be observed on wire-line logs, and has been taken as the base of the Ruurlo Formation (Late Westphalian A - Early Westphalian B). Through this unit the depositional cycles change upwards from regressive-dominated to transgressive-dominated. Additionally, the Ruurlo Formation displays an overall coarsening-upward trend, in which four consecutive regressive stages can be discerned. The oldest cycles show a succession of prodelta fines, covered by delta-plain fines with coal. In each subsequent stage, the interval of basinal fines deposition became less important, in favour of fluvial-plain deposits. The transitions between these four stages appear to be tectono-eustatically induced time lines. The transition of the first to the second regressive stage in the Ruurlo Formation has been correlated tentatively with the base of the Botney Member of the Klaverbank Formation in the northwestern offshore.
The transition from the Early- to the Late Westphalian B is marked by a lithostratigraphic boundary throughout the Netherlands. Both in the northwestern province (Klaverbank Formation) and the southern province (Ruurlo Formation) the overall coarsening-upward trend reached its maximum sandiness. This was succeeded by an abrupt change to the basin-wide deposition of lacustrine and flood-plain fines with prolific coal formation. These deposits have been placed in the Maurits Formation (Late Westphalian B - Early Westphalian C).
During the Early Westphalian C, swampy lake sedimentation started to give way to coarse-grained fluvial deposition in parts of the provinces of Gelderland, Utrecht, and northern Zuid-Holland. During the Late Westphalian C the same transition also occurred in the rest of the onshore. All sandstone-dominated Westphalian C/D-aged successions have been placed in the Dinkel Subgroup. The subgroup has been divided into several geographically confined formations: the Tubbergen Formation for the Ems Low area, the Hellevoetsluis Formation in the western-central Campine Basin, the Neeroeteren Formation in the eastern Campine Basin, and the Hospital Ground Formation of the northwestern province. In the Ems Low, massive, coarse-grained sandy to conglomeratic fluvial deposits formed closer to the sediment sources in Gelderland and central/eastern Twente. Towards central Drenthe, the youngest sandstone beds grade into mudstones. In the eastern offshore (e.g. well G18-01) the distal equivalent interval is developed as part of the fine-grained, coal-rich Maurits Formation. Therefore, a southern to eastern sediment source has been inferred (Rhenish Massif: Bless et al., 1977; F. David, 1990; Selter, 1990).
In the Campine Basin a proximal succession is found in the southeast of Zuid-Holland and Utrecht. Distal equivalents are found in western Zuid-Holland and in southern Limburg (lKemperkoul Member of the Maurits Formation). The Rhenish Massif and the Krefeld/Maasbommel Highs apparently acted as sediment source both for the Campine Basin and the Ems Low. The Netherlands High and the Achterhoek High probably acted as sediment sources as well. Arenaceous sediments derived from the southeastern hinterland first appeared in the Late Westphalian C, but increased significantly during the Westphalian D, with the deposition of the Neeroeteren Formation (Thorez (1977) ). A southeastern source is corroborated by van de Laar (1989) from palynological investigations which indicate that reworked palynomorphs occurring in the Westphalian C in the Limburg area (and presumably also in the Achterhoek area) are derived most likely from the Eifel and Rheinland/Sauerland regions in Germany.
Younger Westphalian deposits on the Cleaver Bank High, Groningen High, Achterhoek High, Netherlands High and Krefeld-Maasbommel High appear to have been reworked to some extent during the Westphalian C/D. However, deep truncation of the Netherlands High and London-Brabant Massif during that time is contradicted by maturation data. Burial history reconstructions from these highs suggest deep burial during the late Silesian (e.g. well Nagele-1: RGD, 1994). Some Westphalian C/D successions adjacent to highs or shoals (see Figure C.3 (see pdf) ) are developed in a distal facies (e.g. wells Kemperkoul-1 and Norg Zuid-1), indicating that these areas were not significant sediment sources.
Areas such as the western margin of the Ems Low, parts of the Cleaver Bank High and Central Netherlands Basin consisted of several terraces of tilted fault blocks. These acted as depositional terraces, accumulating condensed, relatively coarse-grained successions. These terraces could serve as intermittent local sediment sources.
During the latest Westphalian C - Westphalian D, the coarse-grained fluvial facies of the Dinkel Subgroup was gradually replaced by fine-grained flood-plain deposits. This occurred first in the basin centres. These finer-grained deposits have been placed in the Hunze Subgroup. Simultaneously, the predominant soil type gradually changed from poorly-drained hydromorphic, via ferruginous soils into well-drained caliches Besly (1988) ; van der Zwan (1993) ). This is accompanied by a gradual shift in colour of the flood-plain fines from grey to red-brown. These changes have been interpreted as reflecting an increasingly arid climate. Initially, semi-arid conditions occurred intermittently, but in the Late Westphalian D and Stephanian they became more permanent.
The Hunze Subgroup has been subdivided into three geographically restricted formations: the De Lutte Formation for the northeastern onshore, the Strijen Formation for the southwestern on- and adjacent offshore, and the Step Graben Formation for the northern offshore. Deposition of this subgroup may have continued into the Stephanian (van der Meer and Pagnier, in prep.), but deposits of this age have never been confirmed palaeontologically in the Netherlands.
The present-day top of the Limburg Group
Originally, the Silesian Series consisted of a sediment pile of more than 5000 m thick. Uplift and erosion during the latest Carboniferous and Permian resulted in locally deep truncation of the Limburg Group. Over most of the Netherlands, the Limburg Group subcrops beneath the Upper Rotliegend Group, in places exhibiting an angular unconformity. The Limburg Group is locally succeeded by the Lower Rotliegend Group (very locally, see Section D), Zechstein Group or younger deposits. Up to several tens of metres below the unconformity surface, secondary reddening can occur irrespective of the primary facies or colour. Discrimination between primary and secondary reddening is possible using palaeosol types (Besly (1988) ; van der Zwan (1993) ; Besly (1983) ). Calcic soil types are indicative for a primary reddening.
The complex erosion pattern of the top of the Limburg Group is illustrated by the Pre-Permian subcrop map in Figure C.4 (see pdf)
Seismic facies
The knowledge of the seismic appearance of the Limburg Group has increased significantly in recent years. The deep stratigraphic position of the unit, which is frequently overlain by a complex, locally halokinetically disturbed overburden, necessitates excellent-quality (3D) seismic data and advanced processing techniques.
On the other hand, in areas where little disturbance took place (Cleaver Bank High, Texel-IJsselmeer High (see pdf) , north flank of the London-Brabant Massif), fair results can even be achieved using 2D-seismics. Tantow (1993) studied the seismic appearance of the Silesian in the Ems Low area.Evans (1992) , Hollywood (1993) and Quirk (1993) described the Silesian seismic facies of the Cleaver Bank High area. The latter two have described three main seismic facies.
Figure C.5 (see pdf) displays the seismic appearance of the Silesian on the north flank of the London-Brabant massif and adjoining Campine Basin in the southwestern offshore (NOPEC regional seismic line SNST-83-1). Note the onlap pattern in the basal Limburg Group and the gradual shifting of depocentres.
seismic facies A:
basal unit, exhibiting moderate amplitude, low-frequency reflections of fair continuity. The reflections are mostly parallel, but in the Cleaver Bank and Campine Basin/London-Brabant Massif areas (Figure C.5 (see pdf) ) onlap patterns and thinning towards the crest of the highs can be observed. The unit corresponds to the Namurian and Westphalian A, which contains little or no coal, i.e. the Geul Subgroup and Baarlo Formation.
seismic facies B:
unit showing uniform thickness, consisting of very continuous, parallel reflections with high amplitudes and moderately high frequencies. Corresponds with the interval which shows maximum lithological variation, i.e. interbedded clays, sands and coals. Corresponds to the Ruurlo and Maurits Formation Fms. in the onshore and western offshore (Figure C.5 (see pdf) ) and the upper part of the Klaverbank Formation (Botney Member) and the Maurits Formation in the Cleaver Bank area.
seismic facies C:
more or less transparent interval containing a few, rather discontinuous, more or less parallel, low-amplitude, low-frequency reflections. It corresponds to the Dinkel and Hunze Subgroup.
DC Limburg Group
Regional correlation Regional lithostratigraphic correlation chart of the Devonian and Carboniferous for the Netherlands and neighbouring countries
(increase size by clicking on the picture)
Structural element Silesian structural elements
Chrono-stratigraphy Silesian litho-chronostratigraphic chart
Dinantian litho-chronostratigraphic chart
References See References Upper Carboniferous
Van Adrichem Boogaert, H.A. & Kouwe, W.F.P., 1993-1997. [Stratigraphic unit]. In: Stratigraphic Nomenclature of the Netherlands.
Retrieved [Datum] from [url].
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Can I use multiple GitHub accounts?
A repository is on a GitHub account and there is already another Github account linked to Heroku. Can I link multiple GitHub accounts to my Heroku account so that one application can access the repository and access another repository with another Github account?
Using multiple GitHub accounts with one Heroku account isn't possible. I would recommend giving access to the target repository to the same GitHub account. If that is not an option, then it is also possible that you could have two Heroku accounts, each which map to a specific GitHub account.


text:
About Second-Guessing Israel on Hamas
By David Gerstman
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reportedly told the U.S. Ambassador to Israel "not to ever second guess me again" when it comes to Hamas, after Hamas' refusal and eventual breach of ceasefire agreements.
Did he have a point?
The international community in its zeal to solve the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians makes plenty of suggestions about what needs to be done. One would think that with the number of suggestions it has made that have backfired, it would learn a little humility and perhaps listen a little bit more to Israel when it comes to Hamas.
For example, in a recent column, New York Times columnist Roger Cohen called the Israel-Palestinian conflict an "obscenity." At the end of the column he made a suggestion as to how to go about ending the conflict.
Real reconciliation can only come on the basis of an ironclad commitment to nonviolence and to holding of free and fair elections, the first since 2006. Good Palestinian governance, unity and nonviolence constitute the path to making a free state of Palestine irrefutable. The longer Hamas fights this, the greater its betrayal of its people.
What happened in those "free and fair elections" in 2006? Hamas won and established its political legitimacy among Palestinians. A year and a half later it violently forced Fatah out of Gaza and established a stranglehold on the territory. With its newly found freedom to operate it launched thousands of rockets into Israel forcing three wars.
But how and why did Hamas, a terrorist organization with a genocidal charter come to participate in those elections? International pressure, including pressure from the Bush administration, forced Israel to drop its objections to Hamas' participation. In retrospect that pressure doesn't look so good. After Fatah and Hamas announced their unity deal earlier this year, Elliott Abrams, who was a member of the administration, recalled:
The last parliamentary elections were held in 2006, and there was a major dispute about whether Hamas should be allowed to run. Abbas then argued strongly and successfully (in that he persuaded Washington to back off) that an election without Hamas would be illegitimate: He would be barring his only real opponent, in the manner of all Arab dictators. We in the Bush administration made the wrong call and sided with Abbas, over Israeli objections. As Condoleezza Rice wrote in her memoirs, "In retrospect, we should have insisted that every party disarm as a condition for participating in the vote." She was right, for several reasons.
Subsequent developments have shown Israel's objections to having Hamas run in those election to be valid.
In addition to supporting the events that led to Hamas' gaining power, the United States and other allies pressured Israel to loosen its blockade of Gaza following the Mavi Marmara incident. When the boat, Mavi Marmara, captained by the terrorist organization IHH, tried to run the Israel blockade in 2010, Israeli commandos who stormed the ship were violently attacked. When they responded with force, nine of the attackers were killed. In response to Turkish outrage over the incident Israel was forced to relax the blockade. President Obama hailed the decision:
The President has described the situation in Gaza as unsustainable and has made clear that it demands fundamental change. On June 9, he announced that the United States was moving forward with $400 million in initiatives and commitments for the West Bank and Gaza. The President described these projects as a down payment on the U.S. commitment to the people of Gaza, who deserve a chance to take part in building a viable, independent state of Palestine, together with those who live in the West Bank. These announcements resulted from consultations with the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Salam Fayyad.
Today, the United States welcomes the new policy towards Gaza announced by the Government of Israel, which responds to the calls of many in the international community. Once implemented, we believe these arrangements should significantly improve conditions for Palestinians in Gaza, while preventing the entry of weapons. We will work with Israel, the Palestinian Authority, the Quartet, and other international partners to ensure these arrangements are implemented as quickly and effectively as possible and to explore additional ways to improve the situation in Gaza, including greater freedom of movement and commerce between Gaza and the West Bank. There is more to be done, and the President looks forward to discussing this new policy, and additional steps, with Prime Minister Netanyahu during his visit to Washington on July 6.
Barry Rubin criticized this announcement at the time:
Note that Obama did not mention the conditions for easing the blockade--that Hamas abandon terrorism and accept Israel's existence--nor did he say that anything the Palestinian Authority or Hamas is doing is "unsustainable." Only Western and Israeli policy are said to be unsustainable. In effect, Obama is saying that the policies of Hamas, Iran, Hizballah, and Syria, among others, are infinitely sustainable, especially because of his reluctance to do things to make them unsustainable.
And thus in Middle East terms, he's saying: Your intransigence has won. We couldn't move you so our policy has failed. We must give in.
Practically speaking the policies that the United States advocated weren't just a surrender, but likely helped Hamas build its strategic capabilities.
It's reasonable to ask if the relaxing of the blockade help Hamas smuggle the cement it needed to build its terror tunnels. Did the American aid abet Hamas in its efforts? By IDF estimates, the tunnels cost at least $90 million. How much of that was paid for by international aid? (How much of the aid went to building the fortunes of Hamas' leaders?)
The international community will lament the violence in the Middle East and criticize Israeli self-defense measures. But when will it conclude that with the best of intentions it is encouraging terrorists by rewarding them for their violence and intransigence? Maybe it's time to start taking Israel's security concerns seriously.
Cross posted at Le·gal In·sur·rec·tion
Labels: 'Peace' Process, David Gerstman, Gaza, Hamas, media bias, Netanyahu
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text:
20 Years and Still Searching: The David Crabtree Case
By Brenna O'Donnell
"I'm going to bed. I love you," David Crabtree told his siblings as he passed through the living room of his family's home in Locust Grove, Oklahoma on the evening of April 9, 2000.
This fleeting interaction is one of the last memories the Crabtree family has of their son and brother, David, from the night he went missing 20 years ago.
David Crabtree was 13 years old in the spring of 2000. His family has described him as a fun-loving kid, who played sports, was always making people laugh and was close with his three older siblings: James, Cynthia and Christina.
"He was a good boy," said Brenda Miller, David's mother. "When he was 8 or 9, he was a wrestler. He's got trophies and medals from when he wrestled. And he wanted to do everything his brother did. If James played football, David played football. If James was a pitcher, David was a pitcher."
David (left) and his older brother James in childhood
Although he was a well-behaved child, like so many other 13-year-olds growing up, David started rebelling, which for him meant sneaking out of the house at night.
"David began to act differently," Brenda said of the weeks leading up to his disappearance. A few days before he vanished, David had snuck out of the house and was stopped by police in a car driven by an older boy. He was cited for breaking curfew and Brenda came to pick up her son and bring him home.
"David was never argumentative. I would go find him and he would come home, he was never loud and he would never argue with me. He would just come home," she explained.
On that early April night David was last seen, sometime after saying goodnight to his family, David snuck out of his bedroom window. Later, at around 10 p.m., James went to check in on his younger brother and noticed David wasn't in bed.
David's sister would later remember that she saw three boys waiting for her brother outside his window that evening. They had asked her to come out with them too, but she refused. David told his sister he would see her tomorrow and left.
Crabtree family, James, Cynthia, Christina, Brenda and David.
When his family reported this to police, David was labeled as a runaway juvenile, and the case was originally not treated as critically as a missing persons case. Both David's mother and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children know all too well the stigma against children who leave the house on their own accord. Many people believe that because a child left of their own free will, that they aren't really missing. But runaways face the same dangers as any missing child.
David's mother says there isn't a day that goes by that his family doesn't think of him.
"I want to tell David that we love him and miss him. Our hearts will be broken until he returns home. He's got nieces and nephews now, and we want to know that he's safe. I just want to hear him say 'momma' again."
David's family and the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation (OSBI) know that someone who knew David at the time of his disappearance has the information that can solve this missing child case.
"OSBI is trying to get a timeline," said Brenda. "I beg people, if anyone knows the smallest thing, no matter who they've seen David with, to please call it in. We need answers."
If you have any information about David Crabtree, you are urged to contact the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children at 1-800-THE LOST, that's 1-800-843-5678, or the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Tipline at 1-800-522-8017 or tips@osbi.ok.gov.