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Vincent Bolloré, né le  à Boulogne-Billancourt est un industriel, homme d'affaires, propriétaire de médias et milliardaire français. Il est l'actionnaire majoritaire du groupe Bolloré et actionnaire d'Universal Music Group, ainsi que l'ancien président du conseil de surveillance de Vivendi et du groupe Canal+.

En 2021, le magazine Forbes le classe  mondiale et , avec plus de  d'euros.

Biographie

Famille

La famille Bolloré est issue de la bourgeoisie bretonne.

Vincent Bolloré est l'hériter de l'industriel Michel Bolloré et de Monique Follot, la fille de l'aviateur et industriel Henri Follot et de Nicole Goldschmidt.

Vincent Bolloré a trois sœurs (Chantal née en 1943, Françoise née en 1944 et Laurence née en 1948) ainsi qu'un frère, Michel-Yves Bolloré né en 1945.

Son père, Michel Bolloré, dirige les papeteries Bolloré. Il a étudié au lycée Janson-de-Sailly, où il a rencontré Antoine Bernheim, qui travaille ensuite avec son fils Vincent. Michel Bolloré est un des amis de Georges Pompidou, qui fréquente les Bolloré et part en vacances avec eux.

Son neveu, Cédric de Bailliencourt, fils de Chantal Bolloré, est directeur financier du groupe Bolloré. Il siège au conseil d'administration du Groupe Bolloré, avec sa mère Chantal.  Sa femme, Marie-Pierre de Bailliencourt, dirige l'Institut Montaigne.

Son frère, Michel-Yves, est ingénieur en informatique diplômé de l'ENSI-Toulouse, maître ès sciences et docteur en gestion de l'Université Paris-Dauphine. Il est notamment le co-auteur avec Olivier Bonnassies de l'essai Dieu, la sciences, les preuves sur les preuves scientifiques de l'existence de Dieu. Fervent catholique, il est aussi membre de l'Opus Dei .

En 2003, Michel-Yves Bolloré achète la Forge du Creusot pour  via son entreprise France-Essor. Trois ans plus tard, en 2006, il la revend au Groupe Areva pour . La Forge est par la suite accusée de produire des pièces non-conformes aux normes de sécurité des réacteurs nucléaires.

Vincent Bolloré est le beau-frère de l'homme politique Gérard Longuet, qui a épousé Brigitte Fossorier.

Avec sa femme, Sophie Fossorier, ils ont quatre enfants:
 Sébastien Bolloré, né en 1978 - Il a longtemps vécu à l'étranger. Il est directeur général délégué de la Compagnie de l'Odet, holding de la famille Bolloré.
 Yannick Bolloré, né en 1980 - Président du conseil de surveillance de Vivendi depuis 2018. PDG du groupe de communication Havas.
 Cyrille Bolloré, né en 1985-  Nommé PDG du Groupe Bolloré à compter de  . Il est considéré comme le principal héritier.
 Marie Bolloré, née en 1988 - Présidente de Blue Systems (services et solutions de mobilité électrique).
Les enfants de Vincent Bolloré ont été scolarisés au lycée catholique privé Saint-Jean-de-Passy situé dans le 16ème arrondissement de Paris.

Son second fils, Yannick Bolloré, dirige le géant de la communication Havas.  Yannick Bolloré a cofondé la société de production H20 avec l'animateur Cyril Hanouna  et les deux hommes sont réputés proches.

C'est le troisième fils, Cyrille, qui est désigné par son père pour lui succéder.  En mars 2019, Cyrille Bolloré est nommé PDG du Groupe Bolloré . Bien qu'il ne soit plus en charge officiellement, Vincent Bolloré, reste cependant très présent.

Le couple Sophie Fossorier - Vincent Bolloré divorce en .

Vincent Bolloré se met alors en couple avec Florence Fossorier, une des sœurs de Sophie.  Bolloré vit ensuite en union libre avec l'actrice et romancière Anaïs Jeanneret (ancienne compagne de Gérard Darmon et de Jean Drucker) avant de se séparer.

Études
Vincent Bolloré a étudié à l'Établissement Gerson, école catholique privée du .

Dans sa classe de  se trouvait le futur homme d'affaires Martin Bouygues.

Ancien élève du Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, Bolloré est titulaire d'un DESS (Master 2) de droit des affaires de l'université Paris-Nanterre.

Vie privée
La résidence principale de Vincent Bolloré est située dans la Villa Montmorency, un quartier du  de Paris.

Il possède aussi un manoir à Beg Meil (Bretagne) ainsi qu'une résidence à Saint-Tropez.

Vincent Bolloré est connu comme un catholique traditionaliste. Il se confesse deux fois par semaine à l'abbé Grimaud, un prêtre traditionaliste qu'il loge non loin du Parc des Princes.

Selon La Croix, il porte sur lui en permanence des images de saints catholiques (notamment Antoine de Padoue) ainsi que une médaille miraculeuse. Il serait particulièrement admiratif de Yvonne-Aimée de Malestroit, mystique qui prétendait avoir le don de se dédoubler, et qui se trouvait également auprès de son grand-père René Bolloré à sa mort.

Il est un mécène catholique actif, ayant soutenu financièrement des monastères féminins (dont les Petites Sœurs des pauvres) ainsi que le Foyer Jean-Bosco, couvent du  de Paris.

Vincent Bolloré est réputé ne presque jamais boire d'alcool, même s'il investit dans le domaine de l'alcool.

Il voue un culte à son oncle, Gwen-Aël Bolloré, membre du commando Kieffer pendant le débarquement allié en Normandie.  Il a affirmé à son biographe avoir le poids de 185 ans d'histoire sur ses épaules et qu'il n'est que le simple maillon d'une longue chaîne. Il affirme que l'une de ses profondes motivations est de maintenir la dynastie bretonne Bolloré.

Carrière
Vincent Bolloré commence sa carrière en 1970 à l'âge de , à la banque de l'Union européenne industrielle et financière.

En 1975, à l'âge de , une assemblée générale permet à Vincent Bolloré et à son frère Michel-Yves de prendre le contrôle de l'entreprise à parité avec la Compagnie financière Edmond de Rothschild, tandis que Vincent devient directeur adjoint d'Edmond de Rothschild.

Années 1980
En 1981, Vincent Bolloré quitte le groupe Edmond de Rothschild, et avec son frère Michel-Yves Bolloré, ils récupèrent la part d'Edmond de Rothschild pour un franc symbolique chacun. La situation des papeteries Bolloré est déclarée mauvaise, mais il parvient à convaincre les employés de baisser leurs salaires de -30 % en échange du maintien des emplois.

Il recentre l'activité sur les sachets à thé, les papiers ultrafins, puis investit dans le secteur industriel des films plastiques ultrafins utilisés dans l'industrie des condensateurs. L'entreprise entre en bourse sous le nom de Bolloré Technologies en 1985.

En 1986, il rachète à Suez la société commerciale d'affrètement et de combustibles (SCAC), une acquisition qui pose les bases du développement en Afrique et dans le monde des activités de transports et logistique du groupe. Son Prix du Manager de l'année remis par le magazine Le Nouvel Économiste en 1987 et la relance du groupe familial lui valent le surnom de « Petit Prince du Cash Flow ».

Années 1990
En 1992, il investit dans la compagnie de transport maritime Delmas-Vieljeux qu'il fusionne avec la SCAC pour créer la SDV. Mais cet investissement ne sera pas porteur. À la suite d'une vague de privatisations imposées par les institutions financières internationales, il obtient la concession d'infrastructures en Afrique parmi lesquelles en 1995 la Société internationale de transport africain par rail (Sitarail), et en 1999 la Camrail, compagnie ferroviaire du Cameroun. Il prend le contrôle du Groupe Rivaud (1996) et de SAGA (1997).

En 1998, il quitte le groupe Bouygues un an après y être entré et empoche  d'euros de plus-value.

Années 2000
Il se lance dans les médias, la publicité et la communication dans les années 2000 qui deviendront un des piliers du groupe. Il prend une participation de 20 % dans le groupe français Havas en 2004 et de 25 % dans le britannique Aegis en 2005 (les parts Aegis seront revendues au japonais Dentsu en ). Il lance la chaîne de télévision  en 2005 et le quotidien gratuit Direct Matin en 2007.

Il dirige pendant un temps à partir de 2001 la banque d'investissement italienne Mediobanca, dont il restera actionnaire.

En 2002, il investit  d'euros dans le fabricant de tubes Vallourec et engrange une plus-value de  d'euros trois ans plus tard.

En 2003, il détenait une participation 4 % des parts de Paris-Orléans, alors holding de la maison Rothschild à Paris.

Années 2010
En 2011, Vincent Bolloré obtient le marché de l'Autolib' à Paris ; cela lui permet de mettre en avant la batterie au lithium-métal-polymère produite par le groupe Bolloré, qu'il étendra à d'autres systèmes urbains avec le système Bluecar, en particulier Lyon et Bordeaux en France, Indianapolis aux États-Unis et à terme des grandes métropoles asiatiques.

Après la revente des chaînes  et Direct Star au Groupe Canal+ via un échange d'actions, il devient en 2012 le premier actionnaire de Vivendi. Le , il remplace Jean-René Fourtou en tant que président du conseil de surveillance de Vivendi.

En trente ans, Vincent Bolloré parvient à faire de l'entreprise Bolloré un conglomérat international présent dans les secteurs du transport, de la logistique, du fret maritime (notamment la gestion de nombreux terminaux maritimes de conteneurs en Afrique), des médias et de la communication (Direct Matin, Canal+, Havas, Vivendi, institut de sondage CSA), du stockage de l'électricité (batteries), des solutions de mobilité (Autolib, Bluebus…), de l'agriculture (participations dans de nombreuses plantations d'huile de palme en Afrique, notamment au Cameroun, vin en France). Par le biais de ses activités, en 2018 son groupe est présent dans , emploie  et réalise  d'euros de chiffres d'affaires. Ses activités en Afrique font l'objet de vives critiques depuis les années 2000.

En 2018, il cède la présidence du conseil de surveillance de Vivendi à son fils Yannick, âgé de 41 ans, puis, en , la présidence du groupe à son troisième fils Cyrille, âgé de .

À la tête du groupe Canal+
Début , une rumeur apparaît selon laquelle Vincent Bolloré souhaiterait supprimer l'émission culte de Canal+, Les Guignols de l'info, en raison de l'irrévérence du programme et de l'abus de dérision. D'autres médias affirment qu'il s'agit d'une décision politicienne ayant pour but de favoriser Nicolas Sarkozy dans l'élection présidentielle de 2017.

Fin , il interdit personnellement la diffusion par Canal+ du documentaire Évasion fiscale, une affaire française, prévu dans l'émission Spécial Investigation et consacrée à des pratiques d'encouragement de la fraude fiscale qu'organiserait une filiale du Crédit mutuel, la banque Pasche, basée à Monaco. Le site Mediapart accuse l'affaire d'être  et met en cause les liens d'amitié entre Vincent Bolloré et Michel Lucas, le patron du Crédit Mutuel, ainsi que les liens d'affaires entre le Crédit Mutuel et Vivendi. Selon la version de Vincent Bolloré, ce reportage a été déprogrammé parce que les informations étaient déjà sorties dans Mediapart ; il assure par ailleurs n'être pas intervenu pour déprogrammer ce reportage. Selon lui, cette histoire aurait surtout été utilisée par certains membres de Canal+ pour éviter la diète budgétaire qu'il a appliquée à la chaîne.

Le , Vincent Bolloré, déjà à la tête du conseil de surveillance de Vivendi, prend également la tête de celui de sa filiale Canal+ en tant qu'actionnaire majoritaire de Vivendi. Bertrand Meheut, le président du directoire de Canal+ depuis treize ans, est remplacé par Jean-Christophe Thiery, président de Bolloré Media et fidèle de Vincent Bolloré. Le , le Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel auditionne Vincent Bolloré pour qu'il s'explique sur sa stratégie et les limogeages opérés à la tête de Canal+. L'homme d'affaires s'engage alors à créer un comité d'éthique au sein de Canal+ qui, sous la surveillance du CSA, sera chargé de . Vincent Bolloré aura besoin de l'aval du CSA s'il veut supprimer les tranches de programmes en clair et rebaptiser I-Télé, D8 et D17 (futurs CNews, C8 et CStar).

Le , le rédacteur en chef adjoint de Spécial Investigation, Jean-Baptiste Rivoire, confie sur le plateau d'arretsurimages.net que plusieurs propositions d'enquêtes ont été refusées par la direction de la chaîne. Selon lui, la direction a fait savoir qu'elle tenait . Il indique également que Vincent Bolloré s'est exprimé sur cette censure le  lors du comité d'entreprise de Canal+ : . Ces propos figureraient dans le compte-rendu écrit du CE.

En avril 2015, l'émission Complément d'enquête sur France 2 publie un portrait de Vincent Bolloré intitulé , extrêmement critique sur l'homme d'affaires. Informé du contenu du reportage en amont par Ramzi Khiroun, Bolloré est aidé par Nicolas Sarkozy pour sa communication de crise.

En , selon Le Figaro, le bilan de Vincent Bolloré à la tête de Canal+ divise les médias. Pour certains, il a sauvé la chaîne qui était au bord de la faillite avant son arrivée. Pour d'autres, c'est un fiasco, notamment au niveau de l'indépendance des médias et de la liberté d'expression. En effet de nombreuses émissions d'enquête ont été déprogrammées, au profit d'émissions de divertissement, une technique souvent utilisée par les oligarques, comme le dénonce Reporters sans frontières dans son dernier rapport. Ses détracteurs rappellent la purge subie par Canal+, qui a vu le départ de plusieurs journalistes et présentateurs vedettes de la chaîne et la disparition de programmes emblématiques comme le Zapping ou Spécial Investigation.

Le magazine Marianne souligne que « sous le règne de Vincent Bolloré, l'alignement idéologique est un impératif catégorique pour qui souhaite conserver son emploi au sein de ce que Le Monde désigne comme « l'ORTF privé de droite ». À titre d'exemple, un an après la reprise en main très droitière d'Itélé par le milliardaire en 2016, 100 des 120 journalistes alors en postes avaient quitté la chaîne. »

Le , le conseil de surveillance du groupe Canal+ se réunit et acte un changement de direction. Vincent Bolloré prend du recul et laisse sa place de président du conseil de surveillance à Jean-Christophe Thiery. Au niveau opérationnel, les pleins pouvoirs sont donnés à Maxime Saada, nommé président du directoire du groupe.

En , l'humoriste Sébastien Thoen est licencié de Canal+ quelques jours après un sketch mis en ligne par Winamax parodiant l'émission L'Heure des pros diffusée sur CNews, une chaîne du groupe Canal+. Un mois plus tard, son ancien collègue Stéphane Guy est également licencié pour l'avoir soutenu à l'antenne de Canal+.

Années 2020
Vincent Bolloré prépare officiellement sa retraite pour février 2022, non sans alimenter des rumeurs de faux-départ. Désormais uniquement conseiller du groupe familial, il est toujours considéré comme incontournable dans le groupe et présenté comme à la manœuvre dans la prise de contrôle du groupe Lagardère. C'est d'ailleurs lui qui, malgré un rôle officiel limité dans son groupe, est convoqué par le Sénat pour s'expliquer devant une commission d'enquête concernant la concentration des médias.

En octobre 2021, Reporters sans frontières publie un documentaire de 15 minutes, intitulé Le système B. L'information selon Bolloré, dénonçant . La forme de communication choisie par l'ONG, une première pour celle-ci, est destinée à , et s'accompagne d'une série de recommandations envers le gouvernement, le Parlement, l'Autorité de la concurrence et le CSA. Vincent Bolloré y est décrit comme  selon le magazine Slate.

En 2023, l'académicien Erik Orsenna publie Histoire d'un ogre, qui dépeint un portrait critique de Vincent Bolloré sous forme d'un conte, sans jamais le nommer, qualifiant l'ogre de .

Construction d'un empire médiatique conservateur et réactionnaire
Depuis quelques années, Vincent Bolloré se développe agressivement dans les médias, notamment via les chaines du Groupe Canal+ (C8, Canal+, CNews, CStar), l'éditeur Editis, les radios Europe 1 et RFM, ou encore Télé-Loisirs, Géo, Gala, Voici, Femme Actuelle, Capital, Paris Match et le Journal du Dimanche. Il possède le Groupe Havas, géant mondial de la communication et est intéressé en 2021 par l'achat du Figaro et candidat en 2022 pour acheter M6 .

Les journaux français évoquent une « bollorisation» des médias repris par Vincent Bolloré, c'est à dire un tournant conservateur vers l'extrême droite des lignes éditoriales après éviction des journalistes qui sont presque totalement remplacés. Un avis partagé par des journaux étrangers comme le New York Times ou le Financial Times.

Ce phénomène inquiète, d'autant plus que Vincent Bolloré est réputé ne pas supporter la presse indépendante. Accusé de corruption, le milliardaire déploie une armée d'avocats pour intimider judiciairement toute critique.  Il poursuit personnellement devant les tribunaux les journalistes de Basta!,  Reporterre,  Rue89, France Inter, Le Nouvel Obs,  Mediapart,  Les Inrockuptibles, Le Point, France 2, Le Monde Diplomatique. Dans un communiqué conjoint, les rédactions de l'AFP, Libération, Le Figaro, L'Humanité et Les Échos dénoncent « des tentatives inacceptables de Vincent Bolloré » pour les « faire taire en essayant de ruiner financièrement les journalistes ».

Du fait de ses origines, Vincent Bolloré est proche des mouvances nationalistes bretonnes. Fervent catholique, il est partisan d'un catholicisme  et traditionaliste, qu'il a tenu à relayer dans ses médias comme Direct 8 ou CNews.

Selon la journaliste Ariane Chemin, c'est François Hollande qui est la première personnalité politique à deviner chez Vincent Bolloré une ambition politique, qu'il compare à la stratégie menée en Italie par Silvio Berlusconi, consistant à acheter les principaux médias populaires pour en faire des tribunes populistes. La différence tiendrait, toujours selon lui, au fait que, contrairement à Berlusconi ou Donald Trump aux États-Unis, Vincent Bolloré n'entre pas personnellement en politique (à la manière de l'Australien Rupert Murdoch) mais y soutient Éric Zemmour, «  le candidat qui défend ses idées ».

Selon Le Monde en 2021, « Vincent Bolloré mobilise son empire médiatique pour peser sur la présidentielle. En quelques mois, le milliardaire breton a bâti un pôle réactionnaire qui s'étend de l'audiovisuel à l'édition. Avec comme fer de lance le polémiste vedette Éric Zemmour, dont les obsessions identitaires et anti-islam colonisent le débat public ». Pour Le Monde, avec Canal+, CNews, C8, Europe 1, Le Journal du dimanche (JDD) et Paris Match, Vincent Bolloré, est devenu « une sorte de Rupert Murdoch français » à la tête d'un « ORTF privé de droite imaginé il y a des années avec son ami Nicolas Sarkozy ». Selon le quotidien, Vincent Bolloré « échange quotidiennement avec le candidat d'extrême droite ». Pour l'historien des médias Alexis Lévrier, le fait que Face à Baba, l'émission de Cyril Hanouna, reçoive Éric Zemmour en décembre 2021, « dévoile les "deux virtualités du système Bolloré", reposant sur un double socle: celui "du journalisme d'extrême droite classique" incarné par Éric Zemmour et celui de "l'horizontalité populiste" représenté par Cyril Hanouna ». Le format de l'émission, avec une « horizontalité, qui donne la priorité au clash, permet la banalisation des idées d'extrême droite ». Selon la chercheuse au CNRS Claire Sécail, l'extrême droite est « surreprésentée » sur TPMP et « 40% du temps d'antenne politique de TPMP sur C8 a été consacré à Éric Zemmour ». « Et surtout sous le prisme de la victimisation » pour Alexis Lévrier qui pense que « s'ils ont échoué dans les urnes, Bolloré et Zemmour ont gagné une bataille médiatique » en imposant « un vocabulaire, des idées et un imaginaire xénophobes » tel l'idée complotiste du grand remplacement .

Le HuffPost qualifie Vincent Bolloré de « magnat des médias conservateurs » et pour l'Obs Vincent Bolloré a bâti « un empire médiatique ultraconservateur ».

Soupçonné de vouloir peser sur l'élection présidentielle de 2022, en utilisant ses moyens et son influence sur les médias, pour faire avancer l'extrême droite, et en particulier Éric Zemmour, il est auditionné en janvier 2022 par une commission d'enquête du Sénat sur la concentration des médias. Vincent Bolloré assure que son « intérêt n'est pas politique, pas idéologique, mais purement économique » et affirme qu'il est « démocrate chrétien ». Déclaration contredites quelque jours plus tard par Éric Zemmour, qui répond à la question qu'il « soit animé par un "sentiment de mission" au service de la France. Selon Eric Zemmour : « Ce que je sais, pour en avoir discuté avec lui, c'est que Vincent Bolloré est très conscient du danger de civilisation qui nous guette, du danger de remplacement de civilisation. Il veut léguer à ses enfants, à ses petits-enfants, la France telle qu'on lui a léguée. Moi je préfère quelqu'un qui est patriote et qui veut défendre la France. Je lui rends hommage ».

Pour France Inter, Vincent Bolloré, « super influenceur », utilise souvent le même procédé: «  Il entre au capital d'une société de façon amicale au départ, puis il rachète par petits bouts des actions, pour finalement prendre le contrôle de sa proie ». Méthode qu'il a appliqué pour Canal+, I-Télé devenu Cnews et Europe 1 ou la « reprise en main éditoriale » s'est faite par le départ de la quasi totalité des rédactions après des grèves, la suppression d'émissions phares et le renvois de rédacteurs en chefs ou de journalistes qui ont déplus. Le contenu éditorial change avec « une forte présence » d'intervenants de droite voire d'extrême droite et contribue à faire augmenter la notoriété d'un candidat à la présidentielle, Eric Zemmour « choisi sur Cnews par Vincent Bolloré lui-même ». Vincent Bolloré utilise les procédures judiciaires comme « arme de prédilection » pour attaquer des anciens journalistes du groupe, des auteurs d'ouvrages l'analysant et même des particuliers dont un « pour avoir partagé sur son blog un article ». Le projet de fusion des groupes Hachette et Editis permettrait à Vincent Bolloré de contrôler « 70% de l'édition scolaire, plus de 50% du livre de poche, les deux dictionnaires Larousse et Le Robert, et plus d'une centaine de maisons d'édition comme Plon, La découverte, Fayard ou encore Grasset » ce qui fait craindre un trop grand pouvoir sur le monde de l'édition « car la loi anti-trust de 1986 est aujourd'hui désuète, puisqu'elle n'empêche pas de cumuler radio, tv, livres et magazines ». France Inter relativise cependant la puissance de Vincent Bolloré qui est « un nain face aux Gafam ».

Liens avec le monde politique
En 2007, il met son jet privé et son yacht personnel, le Paloma, à la disposition de Nicolas Sarkozy, tout juste élu président de la République française.

De ces faits, ainsi que du rachat par le groupe Bolloré de la SFP, qui se cumulent avec son entrée dans le monde de l'édition, naissent, selon Libération, des controverses sur les commandes publiques de la SFP et sur les activités du groupe Bolloré en Afrique. Il se défend en expliquant que les Bolloré entretiennent depuis longtemps la tradition de recevoir des personnalités de tous bords et cite les exemples de Léon Blum,  et Georges Pompidou.

En , il annonce qu'il votera pour Anne Hidalgo, candidate PS lors des élections municipales de 2014 à Paris, rendant en même temps hommage au maire sortant Bertrand Delanoë, lequel a permis la mise en place du service de voitures électriques Autolib', dont le groupe Bolloré est l'exploitant.

Selon une longue enquête de Sandrine Cassini, Vincent Bolloré s'intéressait jusque-là à la politique surtout lorsqu'elle servait ses intérêts financiers, mais il a évolué. En 2021, il aurait rencontré la quasi-totalité des prétendants de droite à la présidentielle dont Bruno Retailleau, Laurent Wauquiez,  Eric Ciotti, Michel Barnier, Valérie Pécresse et Xavier Bertrand. Il leur aurait expliqué que la France et ses racines chrétiennes sont en danger.

Affaires judiciaires

Procédures judiciaires intentées contre les médias
En 2009, un reportage de Benoît Collombat, diffusé le  et intitulé Cameroun, l'empire noir de Vincent Bolloré, relayé par le site Mediapart, aboutit à un procès en diffamation lancé par le groupe Bolloré, et partiellement gagné le  (Collombat n'étant condamné que sur un chef d'accusation, visant Vincent Bolloré). En , le groupe Bolloré est débouté d'une plainte en diffamation par le tribunal correctionnel de Paris qui relaxe Benoît Collombat et Florence Sultan, attaqués pour un texte publié dans l'ouvrage collectif « Informer n'est pas un délit », et présentant les procédures judiciaires précédentes visant Collombat. Le groupe est par surcroît condamné pour procédure abusive. Il forme un pourvoi en cassation. En , la Cour de cassation annule la décision du tribunal correctionnel et ordonne un nouveau procès à la cour d'appel de Paris.

En , Vincent Bolloré est débouté d'une plainte en diffamation contre le journal Bastamag, qui avait décrit des conditions des droits humains « catastrophiques » dans les plantations au Libéria où travaillent « des enfants de moins de  ». Le même mois, le site Mediapart publie un article sur la ruine de deux entrepreneurs camerounais, qui selon le site d'information a été provoquée par le groupe Bolloré. La journaliste Fanny Pigeaud et le directeur de la publication Edwy Plenel sont condamnés pour diffamation en première instance en janvier 2019, puis relaxés en appel en février 2021.

En , le groupe Bolloré porte plainte auprès du tribunal correctionnel de Nanterre contre  et son journaliste Tristan Waleckx pour diffamation, après la première diffusion, le , dans le magazine Complément d'enquête sur la chaîne, d'un sujet s'intéressant au parcours de l'homme d'affaires et de son groupe. Le , le tribunal correctionnel de Nanterre relaxe  et le journaliste, estimant que le documentaire n'était pas diffamatoire. Le documentaire avait auparavant été récompensé en 2017 par le Prix Albert-Londres du documentaire audiovisuel, pour sa rigueur et son audace.

Le , le groupe Bolloré annonce qu'il réclame  d'euros à  à la suite de la rediffusion par la chaîne, le , du même portrait de Complément d'enquête consacré à l'homme d'affaires car, selon le groupe, celui-ci . Selon le quotidien Le Monde, l'assignation en justice, portée devant le tribunal de commerce de Paris, et non devant un tribunal correctionnel, met en évidence la volonté de Vincent Bolloré de défendre son image, sans contester la véracité des allégations portées contre lui dans le documentaire. Le , le groupe Bolloré est débouté par le tribunal de commerce de Paris. Le groupe Bolloré annonce par la suite qu'il fait appel de la décision.

En , Télérama révèle que Canal+ a assigné en justice France Télévisions le  à la suite de l'arrivée sur  de l'émission Vu, qui est considéré par Canal+ comme une « reprise parasitaire » du Zapping. Le groupe Canal+ réclamait  d'euros de dommages et intérêts à France TV. L'affaire est jugée le  et le Groupe Canal+ totalement débouté.

Le , plusieurs rédactions d'une vingtaine de médias français, des associations et des journalistes indépendants signent une tribune pour dénoncer les méthodes de Vincent Bolloré, accusé de faire pression sur les médias, notamment lors d'enquêtes journalistiques sur les activités du groupe Bolloré en Afrique (poursuites judiciaires systématiques, suppression de campagnes publicitaires dans la presse via Havas, contrôlé par Vivendi, déprogrammation ou censure de plusieurs documentaires de Canal+). Selon les auteurs de la tribune, à cette date, le groupe Bolloré a une quinzaine de procédures en cours engagées en France et à l'étranger contre des journalistes ou des ONG pour « diffamation » ou « dénigrement ». Les signataires de la tribune soulignent que . Par ailleurs, la tribune précise que sur une vingtaine de procédures lancées par le groupe Bolloré contre des journalistes ou organes de presse ces dernières années, seules deux condamnations ont été prononcées, contre Libération pour la légende d'une photo et France Inter pour un reportage.

À la suite de la publication du documentaire de RSF en octobre 2021, Le système B. L'information selon Bolloré, la filiale du groupe Canal+ Nulle part ailleurs assigne aux prud'hommes son ancien journaliste Jean-Baptiste Rivoire pour sa participation au documentaire, l'accusant d'avoir rompu sa clause de silence. Cette assignation est considérée comme une nouvelle procédure bâillon lancée par Vincent Bolloré. Lui et plusieurs de ses sociétés se désistent en janvier 2023 d'un procès pour diffamation à l'encontre des auteurs de Vincent Tout-Puissant, un livre sur ses « activités africaines » paru en 2018, trop précocement selon l'avocat des auteurs pour que la plainte qu'il estime être une procédure bâillon puisse être de nouveau jugée comme abusive, à l'instar de la première plainte intentée au civil.

Affaire d'attribution de marché en Afrique de l'Ouest

Le , dans le cadre de soupçons de corruption autour de l'attribution de concessions portuaires en Afrique de l'Ouest, Vincent Bolloré est placé en garde à vue à Nanterre, à l'Office central de lutte contre la corruption et les infractions financières et fiscales (OCLCIFF) par les juges financiers Serge Tournaire et Aude Buresi, pour répondre à l'accusation de , et déterminer si le groupe Bolloré a utilisé ses activités de conseil politique, via sa filiale Havas, pour obtenir la gestion des ports de Lomé, au Togo et de Conakry, en Guinée. Ce dossier est la suite d'une enquête préliminaire ouverte en  par le parquet de Paris, puis transférée au parquet national financier. Sont concernés également Gilles Alix, PDG de Bolloré, et Jean-Philippe Dorent, responsable du pôle international de l'agence de communication Havas.

Après  de garde à vue, Vincent Bolloré est mis en examen et déféré devant les juges, pour « corruption d'agent public étranger », « complicité d'abus de confiance » et « faux et usage de faux ». Il encourt notamment dix ans de prison ferme et une amende d'un million d'euros. Il n'est cependant pas placé sous contrôle judiciaire.

En 2021, Vincent Bolloré reconnaît les faits qui lui sont reprochés. Aux termes d'une négociation de peine suggérée par le Parquet, il accepte de plaider coupable, moyennant quoi une amende de  sera requise. Toutefois, le tribunal judiciaire de Paris refuse de valider l'accord, ouvrant la voie à un procès en correctionnelle. En revanche, est homologuée la Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public aux termes de laquelle la société Bolloré SE est condamnée à une amende de  d'euros, calculée sur la base des bénéfices du groupe envisagés sur la concession portuaire de Lomé.

Fortune
Le tableau suivant montre l'évolution récente de la fortune professionnelle de Vincent Bolloré et de sa famille :

Le magazine Forbes le classe  mondiale et  française en 2020, avec environ  de dollars. En , il est classé  et  avec  d'euros.

Distinctions et récompenses
 , officier du , chevalier du .
  Commandeur de l'Ordre du Mérite de Côte d'Ivoire, décerné par le président Laurent Gbagbo.
  Grand officier de l'ordre national (Côte d'Ivoire).

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Cyrille Bolloré
 Groupe Bolloré
 Famille Bolloré
 Antoine Bernheim (Banquier)
 Capitalisme sauvage
 Cyril Hanouna

Bibliographie

Livres
 Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, Le Métier de patron, Paris, Fayard, 1990
 Nathalie Raulin, Vincent Bolloré : enquête sur un capitaliste au-dessus de tout soupçon, Paris, Denoël, 2000
 Catherine Vuillermot, Michel Villette, Portrait de l'homme d'affaires en prédateur, Paris, La Découverte, 2005
 Jacques Séguéla, Tous ego : Havas, moi et les autres, Paris, Jean-Claude Gawsewitch Éditeur, 2005
 Jean Bothorel, Une histoire de famille, Paris, Jean Picollec, 2007
 Nicolas Vescovacci et Jean-Pierre Canet, Vincent tout-puissant, Paris, JC Lattès, 2018
 Vincent Beaufils, Bolloré, l'homme qui inquiète, Paris, Éditions de l'Observatoire, 2022

Presse
 Portrait in :

Documentaire
 Vincent Bolloré, un ami qui vous veut du bien ?, portrait diffusé le  sur  dans l'émission Complément d'enquête présentée par Nicolas Poincaré

Émissions radio

Liens externes

Homme d'affaires français
Milliardaire français
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
Patron de presse français
Dirigeant de télévision
Étudiant de l'université Paris-Nanterre
Élève du lycée Janson-de-Sailly
Personnalité catholique traditionaliste
Vincent
Naissance en avril 1952
Naissance à Boulogne-Billancourt


Nobody said a word. They just couldn't. Even accepting what just happened was hard to do so. No, precisely speaking, it was excluding two people. One of them was Kaya. She was standing with her arms crossed and observing down at Jo Minjoon. And the other one was an unexpected person, Martin.
He could only do so. No one was expecting that kind of ability from Jo Minjoon, and it was the same for Martin. No, was that something that could be explained through tasting? He had just seen what had happened with his own eyes, but even still, it was unbelieveable.
This scene was the greatest in this season. No, it was also the greatest from all of the previous ones. Because there was no such thing that made you happy and flustered than his ability. Even right now, his heart was thumping so madly that it could almost be heard. It was to the point that he couldn't wait to see the reactions of the participants. Maybe, some would say that it was made up. The argument would bore an issue, and the issue would come back like a huge snowball in the form of elevated ratings. In Martin's face could be seen a smile so big that almost seemed to rip.
He had never thought that Jo Minjoon would be a treasure trove. His handsome face and right attitude was just to attract fans, but in the end, this was a cooking program. When his dishes were compared to the other chefs, it couldn't be seen as anything special. Coupling with Kaya, and looks that caught the viewers hearts. That was what Martin had thought of him until now.
Martin sighed while mumbling. He couldn't hold the regret to have known of his ability just know. It was at that moment. The youngest PD that was next to him whispered in his ear.
Jo Minjoon replied like that. Because it wasn't like he did have it. But because of that, he couldn't reveal the system.
Saying the truth, if he had wanted to avoid this kind of situation, he could. Because he could get some ingredients wrong on purpose. But he didn't want to. He did think of the system as foul play. But he would stop doing so. The danger of getting disqualified stimulated him. Because this was a place where if you lacked something for even a moment, you would fall. It was that kind of war.
And Jo Minjoon even had to show an ability he didn't really have. He wasn't in a situation where he could relax.
The reason why he got all twenty ingredients right, was partly because he wanted to promise himself. He wanted to show all of his abilities. He wanted to show everything he had to the judges, and to the people.
Jo Minjoon pointed to the place where the eliminated candidates were. Precisely speaking to the place where the confirmed surviving candidates were gathered. Alan flinched and looked back at Joseph. It was the same for Joseph to be surprised at Jo Minjoon's sense of taste. Joseph said.
Selena started to cry. The judges and the people who passed looked at her with a sad expression. Three people got out from the broadcasting place and soon, it was filled with silence. At that moment, Jo Minjoon couldn't know if they were silent because of him, or because of the three people that left.
Jo Minjoon looked up. All of their gazes were directed to Jo Minjoon. Rather than saying that it was burdensome, it was strange. Did he ever get this much attention? Oh, right. There was one time. When he claimed that the winner was going to be Kaya.
But the sights from them and now were completely different. Envy? Jealousy? Those were sights that couldn't be expressed with any words. Those were sights he had never experienced before.
Jo Minjoon lowered his head. After all of those gazes, the one who opened his mouth was Joseph. Joseph said hurriedly.
Jo Minjoon replied with a cool expression. However, Joseph couldn't be as cool as him. Because the more sensitive a chef was to flavor, the better dish he would be able to make. Having a deep understanding to flavor means that he would be able to make that much of a delicious dish.
Joseph opened his mouth for a while. But the words that were supposed to come out remained in his mouth. Those were some heavy words to casually say them. He couldn't be caught in the moment and just say some random things.
In the end, Joseph could only calm down his excitement. Joseph started to calm down and opened his mouth.
The participants that were on the second floor conversed between themselves and came down to the second floor. The moment Jo Minjoon turned his head, he could see that Kaya was looking at him. It was at that moment when Kaya was opening her mouth. In front of him, Chloe's face appeared out of nowhere.
Before, he thought that she was staring dumbfoundedly, but it seems that she has memorized everything in her head. Chloe smiled and said.
Alan's coughing could be heard. Only then did Chloe realize that the judging hadn't ended. Chloe's face reddened and shut her mouth. Jo Minjoon slightly glanced at Kaya. Suddenly, her sight was directed at the judges.
At that moment, everyone cheered rejoicingly. Just then, three people that used to be with them disqualified, but a happy thing was a happy thing. Of course, those who were close to those three just clapped. Emily smiled and said.
Alan said with his usual cold voice. But he, who was looking at all the participants, fell his gaze on Jo Minjoon, and laughed.
Alan talked like that and turned back.
It was at that moment, almost all of the participants turned their heads to look at Jo Minjoon.
After Alan's not so considerate consideration, Jo Minjoon went to the interviewing room. He had already come before the disqualifying mission, but the atmosphere was different. Jo Minjoon looked at Martin's sparkling eyes and could know, for the first time in his life, what a real sparkling eye was. And he thought that it was quite a burdensome and harsh expression. Jo Minjoon said with his voice trembling.
Martin talked like that and smiled letting all of his teeth be shown. Jo Minjoon could confirm. That from all of those times he saw Martin, he was the happiest right now. But he could understand him. Because for a PD, there was nothing more precious than an excellent scene. And the scene from Jo Minjoon in the eliminating mission was such a scene.
Jo Minjoon didn't hesitate and replied. Martin nodded as if he understood him.
Jo Minjoon replied bluntly. He felt like he was being praised for cheating on an exam and getting a full score. But he started to get more shameless. Because even if he answered through his tasting or through the system, the result was that it was still his ability.
At that question Jo Minjoon flinched. He didn't know what he should reply. But because it was the same function of the system, it was better to just say that it was because of his tasting. Jo Minjoon nodded and said.
If it was the same as before, he would just say that he was bluffing, but looking at his absolute taste, such thoughts didn't even show up. Martin put on a smile and looked at Jo Minjoon. At that smile that seemed to appreciate him with whatever he did, Jo Minjoon backed off a little.
Jo Minjoon started to think. Saying the truth, he had seen many 8 points dishes. Kaya's grilled eel was 8 points, and her salmon tataki salad was also 8 points, but because it didn't match the theme, it couldn't be eaten by the judges. Chloe's pan fried scallops were also 8 points…. For it to be an amateur competition, there were a lot of 8 points dishes. It was also that this season's level was high.
But the 8 points dishes he could name right now, were the ones he had tried. Because he couldn't judge a dish he didn't even eat. And there was only one dish. Chloe's pan fried scallops. The foie gras he had made by Kaya was also 8 points, but because he was being evaluated by the judges, he didn't have the time to try it. Jo Minjoon opened his mouth.
Maybe, it could be a rather funny scene. Because even when Michelin restaurants were evaluated, there were many restrictions and strictness on the evaluation. And that person was evaluating a dish just by himself.
Martin thought like that and still didn't erase that big smile that seemed to rip. Compared to what Jo Minjoon had given him, this treatment was nothing.
The interview lasted for a long while more. It was a longer interview than usual. And because of that, Jo Minjoon didn't feel like doing anything. Being interviewed was more taxing than cooking.
I will slowly get back and rest. That's what he thought, thinking about it, even when he got back he would be interviewed by the participants. It was when he was leaving the interviewing room without strength. After he opened the door, Jo Minjoon stopped his steps. A long and curly blond hair was fluttering in front of him. When he was looking at the nape of that woman, she turned back. Jo Minjoon opened with his voice trembling.
Translator's note: I'm in serious need of donations ;/ If you each donate 0,5 dollars it will be more than enough. Other than that, enjoy the chapter. Thanks for reading!
Regulars being on: Tue, thurs, and sat.
Should be one of the judges if I remember correctly .
Thanks for the chapter! And why her?
I assume you mean $0.50, but that seems like an odd thing to ask for so I'm confused. Well I donated a bit either way.
Thank you for the chapter! I don't have enough to make a paypap. I don't use ad blocker though. Maybe you can add some ad on the web?
Omg…. He did it again….. He acknowledged a person he never met…..


Percy Wilfred Dash is the third Dash brother I am writing about in this series. His older brothers Herbert and John have already been covered earlier this year. Yesterday marked 123 years since he was born in Orwell, Cambridgeshire on April 14, 1895.
Abbreviated family tree of the Dash brothers.
Like his brother Herbert, he was also in the Royal Navy. Where his brother joined as a 15-year old boy, Percy joined the Navy after the outset of the war when he was 20 years old, offering his services as a blacksmith. Most of this time was aboard HMS Cyclops which was a repair ship for the Grand Fleet. She spent the majority of the war stationed at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, and was also used during the Second World War as a submarine repair ship.
Percy was with the Royal Navy until July of 1919. He married Ellen Imogen Hooten in 1921. He lived to the age of 62, passing away in 1957 in Bury St. Edmonds in Suffolk.


New York, New York, c1860, monographic.
Where are the hopes I cherished. H. De Marsan, Publisher, 38 & 60 Chatham Street, N. Y . New York, New York, monographic, 1860. Online Text. https://www.loc.gov/item/amss.sb40584b/.
(1860) Where are the hopes I cherished. H. De Marsan, Publisher, 38 & 60 Chatham Street, N. Y . New York, New York, monographic. [Online Text] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/amss.sb40584b/.
Where are the hopes I cherished. H. De Marsan, Publisher, 38 & 60 Chatham Street, N. Y . New York, New York, monographic, 1860. Online Text. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/amss.sb40584b/>.


Clemson WR Charone Peake has torn his ACL. From TigerNet: Dabo Swinney said after practice Wednesday that Clemson WR Charone Peake tore his ACL yesterday during some football drills. The coaching staff will seek a medical redshirt for Peake.
Charone Peake torn acl in practice Monday. Out for the year. Humphries moves to starting position.
Tough news for Clemson. He was one of Clemson's top WRs. He had 8 catches for 84 yards so far this year. He is from Dorman HS in Spartanburg.


text:
The Walking Dead Season 9 Will See Michonne Rise To A Position Of Power
by Nicholas Raymond
– on Aug 29, 2018
in TV News
Season 9 of AMC's The Walking Dead will bring Danai Gurira's Michonne to a "position of power." Over the last few seasons, Michonne has acted as one of Rick's most trusted confidantes.
The ninth season of the zombie drama will see Rick and company threatened by the possibility of civil war, as Maggie, the leader of the Hilltop, took issue with Rick's decision not to kill Negan at the conclusion of the All-Out War storyline in season 8. Maggie is now making preparations to take action against Rick. Daryl, Rick's right-hand man, appears to be on her side. Though Rick may have his hands full with in-fighting between members of the group, a new threat will soon emerge in the form of the Whisperers.
Related: Walking Dead Casts Sons of Anarchy Actor As Whisperers Character
Showrunner Angela Kang told TVLine that during season 9 Michonne will rise to a "position of power." Kang added that it will be "fun seeing where Michonne goes this season." This suggests that Michonne, who has already been instrumental in many of their past battles, will receive more responsibilities in the upcoming season. As the leader of Alexandria, Rick could give Michonne an official position.
It shows how far Michonne has come since she joined the series in season 3. Michonne wasn't considered to be trustworthy when she first crossed paths with Rick's group, and was even labeled a "loose cannon." Michonne's character has evolved a great deal over the course of the series. She also developed friendships with many of the core characters, particularly Rick and Carl. Michonne has also been a source of strength for Rick. When Rick is faced with a tough decision, he often receives advice from Michonne.
It's possible that Michonne's new position is a sign of things to come for The Walking Dead. This is Rick's last season on the show, so in his absence another character will have to rise up and take his place. Having new responsibilities in the community could give Michonne the experience she'll need to take charge after Rick is gone. With Maggie leaving as well, and Daryl at odds with their current direction, Michonne seems like a likely candidate for Alexandria's next leader. As she shares many of Rick's values and ideas about what Alexandria should be, she could pick up where Rick leaves off and help take Alexandria down a similar path.
More: Walking Dead Season 9 Casts Key Comic Book Character
The Walking Dead season 9 premieres October 7 on AMC.
Source: TVLine
Tags: the walking dead
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Board of Directors for The Franklin School of Innovation is comprised of members of our community who volunteer their service in commitment to fulfilling our mission and ensuring the success of our students. The Board of Directors meets monthly. All meetings are open to the public.
When: 4th Tuesday of the month, if needed. Called meetings and schedule changes will be posted on the website in advance of meetings.


In response to the coalition's benefits overhaul, Liz Crow is Bedding In.
For forty minutes each day, viewers will be invited to approach the bed and engage Crow in "Bedside Conversations", discussing the piece and its context. Here, Crow talks about disability hate crime, the role of art in social issues and the Paralympics' media coverage.
You ascribe a 50 per cent rise in disability hate crime to a propagandist campaign. Can you explain what you mean by that?
Over the past couple of years, and especially in the run up to the Paralympics, I've watched an extraordinarily divisive reporting of the benefits reforms in the press, particularly in the tabloids, across the political spectrum. They portray disabled people as inventing or exaggerating impairment, being too lazy to work and living lives of luxury at the taxpayer's expense. They tell a story of disabled people as fraudsters and scroungers, in complete contradiction of the DWP's own recorded fraud rate of 0.3 per cent. Alongside this press reporting, the reporting to police of disability hate crime has risen exponentially. Talking to other disabled people I know, many of us find we have become hyper-vigilant when out in public, and vast numbers have experienced disability-targeted aggression or worse. There's been a rise in reported disability hate crime of 50 per cent and research from Glasgow Media Centre has at least partially attributed that to the fraudster/scrounger rhetoric. It's a dangerous reporting in a time of austerity that encourages the general population erroneously to place blame on disabled people for the country's financial woes.
What role can art play in politics and social issues?
Art can give glimpses into other people's lives and broaden our view of the world. It can ask questions and present viewpoints not seen elsewhere. Artists are good at communicating, at raising difficult questions, and at exploring creative alternatives. Playful or provocative, it can make us see and think differently, make an emotional connection to audiences and go on working long after the piece is officially over. It can act as a provocation to spark a deeper debate about particular issues. We can only make change for the things we know about; for me, the most exciting art brings to light lives on the margins and invites the onlooker to become a part of creating change. In showing art in a range of settings, from galleries to schools, festivals to community settings, we can reach audiences who wouldn't usually touch art, and audiences who wouldn't usually touch politics, and take both by surprise.
Do you think participatory art such as Bedding In is a particularly effective means of engaging the public in social issues?
One of the things that Bedding In can do, which I haven't much seen elsewhere is that it can portray the human story set within its broader social context. So the work is not just about me; I am symbolising the thousands of people who live a bed-life, but, particularly through the Bedside Conversations, I am able to enter into a dialogue with the public in a way that allows them to ask questions, relate it to their own lives and take it out beyond the gallery space. I could write about my bed-life, but there is something about playing it out in a public space that goes deeper to the heart of what that life means against the current backdrop of benefits reform. It is an opportunity to raise more challenging questions and to set the bed-life overtly within the present difficult political climate.
What do you hope would be the outcome of your performance?
I want to make a hidden group of thousands visible, but also to demonstrate that what others see as contradiction, as fraud, is simply the complexity of real life. For those of us with complicated, fluctuating and invisible impairments, the new benefits system has proved to be incapable of supporting us appropriately. The assessment process fails to measure these kinds of impairments and so we fall through the gaps. In doing so, we become even more invisible. My hope is that Bedding In will join a much larger conversation of disabled people, supporters, the Sparticus campaign, DPAC, Black Triangle, UK Uncut and others; that by using a wide range of approaches we can be much more effective in reaching many more people. My hope is that these voices combined will inform the public enough that their outrage will force a change in benefits reform towards a system that is more humane.
What do you make of the coverage of this year's Paralympics and its portrayal of those with disabilities?
The Paralympics was a strange, wild collision course for me, where the extremes of benefits and Paralympics reporting hit just as I make my way to my own benefits tribunal. It was exhilarating to see disabled athletes so completely and naturally at home in their bodies, and I think it shifted many people's ideas of what disabled people can be, yet the experience was also bittersweet. Just as the athletes will struggle, away from the Olympic stadium, to live up to that 'superhuman' ideal, in the context of benefits reforms, the idea that "with determination" any disabled person (or non-disabled person!) could be superhuman has repercussions that are deadly serious. At the root of this is that we are measuring two very different groups of disabled people; the benefits classification system is based on a mechanical view of impairment that fits most athletes but which excludes those of us with chronic and fluctuating conditions, even though we are the most likely to be out of regular employment and in need of ESA.
I'll be taking another version of Bedding In to Salisbury in April (just as the replacement of DLA with PIP hits), this time occupying my bed round the clock for three days and broadcast on webcam.
Bedding In takes place at the Ipswich Art School Gallery as part of the SPILL Festival of Performance until 3 November.
Liz Crow in Bedding In.


Federal law requires that carpets and rugs comply with flammability standards and with additional requirements, including those of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA).
Manufacturers and importers of carpets and rugs intended for general use must certify in a General Conformity Certificate (GCC) that the carpets and rugs comply with the applicable standard after the carpets and rugs have been subjected to testing or a reasonable testing program to ensure compliance and/or are properly labeled in accordance with the standard.
Manufacturers and importers of carpets and rugs designed or intended primarily for children 12 years of age or younger must certify in a Children's Product Certificate (CPC) that the carpets and rugs comply with the applicable standard and the additional requirements after the carpets and rugs have been tested for compliance at a CPSC-accepted, third party laboratory.
These requirements are discussed below and at www.cpsc.gov/BusinessEducation.
What is a carpet or rug?
A carpet or rug (large) is a finished fabric or similar product intended to be used as a floor covering and has dimensions of more than 6 feet long and an area greater than 24 ft2. This definition also includes "carpet squares" intended to be installed in dimensions of more than 6 feet long and an area greater than 24 ft2. This definition excludes resilient floor coverings, such as linoleum and vinyl tile.
A small carpet or rug is the same as the definition above but has no dimension more than 6 feet long and an area not greater than 24 ft2.
What is the purpose of the standards for carpets and rugs?
These standards reduce the risks of death, personal injury, and property damage associated with fires that result from the ignition of carpets and rugs. The standards provide a test to determine the surface flammability of carpets and rugs when exposed to a small ignition source.
Where can I find the requirements for the surface flammability of carpets and rugs?
The Standard for the Surface Flammability of Carpets and Rugs can be found at 16 CFR Part 1630. The Standard for the Surface Flammability of Small Carpets and Rugs can be found at 16 CFR Part 1631.
What are the requirements for carpets and rugs?
How do you test for surface flammability?
This test consists of exposing eight 9″ x 9″ conditioned specimens to a timed burning tablet in a specified test chamber.
The apparatus and test materials required to conduct the test are specified in 16 CFR §§ 1630.4(a) and 1631.4(a).
the flaming or smoldering has gone to within 1″ of the flattening frame.
What is the test criterion and acceptance criterion?
A single specimen meets the test criterion if the charred portion of the tested specimen is not within 1.0″ of the edge of the hole in the flattening frame.
Acceptance criterion – at least 7 of the 8 replicate specimens of a given carpet and rug must meet the individual specimen test criterion in order to conform to this standard.
Are there any requirements for labeling?
Yes, if the carpet or rug has had a fire-retardant treatment or is made of fibers that have had a fire-retardant treatment, it must be labeled with the letter "T." The letter "T" should be legible and conspicuous on the label and/or invoice or other paper related to the carpet and rug, if commercially installed.
Small carpets and rugs not meeting the acceptance criterion of the standard must be permanently labeled with the following statement: FLAMMABLE (FAILS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE STANDARD FF 2-70): SHOULD NOT BE USED NEAR SOURCES OF IGNITION.
Are there any special requirements for some types of carpets and rugs?
Yes, carpets and rugs treated with a fire retardant or made from fire-retardant materials are to be washed or laundered 10 times using the methods required in the standard.
The laundering requirement for large carpets and rugs that use alumina trihydrate, a fire retardant in adhesives, foams, or latexes in carpet backings or elsewhere in the backings, is currently suspended.
Shearling or hide carpets and rugs that consist of natural wool or hair attached to the hide with no synthetic fibers and that have been treated with a fire retardant may use an alternative wash procedure as specified in the standards at 16 CFR § 1630.61 or 16 CFR § 1631.61. Shearling and hide carpets and rugs using this alternative procedure must also be labeled with a conspicuous, legible, and permanent label containing the statements in 16 CFR §1630.61(c) or 16 CFR §1631.61(c).
Wool flokati carpets and rugs may use an alternative wash procedure as specified in the standard at 16 CFR § 1630.62 or 16 CFR § 1631.62. Wool flokati carpets and rugs using this alternative procedure must also be labeled with a conspicuous, legible, and permanent label containing the statements at 16 CFR §1630.62(c) or 16 CFR §1631.62(c).
What are the requirements for issuing a guaranty to a retailer or distributor?
Reasonable and representative tests must be conducted to issue a guaranty to a retailer or distributor. Each line/style of carpets or rugs (that are identical in all respects, including such things as dye class, dyestuff, and dying application method) must have at least one test conducted at the beginning of production, importation, or receipt of the first 25,000 linear yards and one test for every additional 50,000 linear yards.
If a guaranty is issued, the person issuing the guaranty must maintain specific records to support the guaranty, as described in 16 CFR § 1630.31(g) or 16 CFR § 1631.31(g).
What are the additional requirements for carpets and rugs required by the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008?
Surface Coating Limit: Children's carpets and rugs may not be painted with paint that contains more than 0.009 percent lead.
Lead Content Limit: Children's carpets and rugs cannot contain greater than 100 ppm (0.01 percent) of total lead content in any accessible component part.
Testing and Certification: Carpets and rugs for adults and children over age 12 require a General Certificate of Conformity (GCC). A GCC is a document that certifies, based on a test of each product or a reasonable testing program, that the product complies with all applicable statutes, regulations, rules, bans, or standards under any law enforced by the Commission. A GCC is required for small rugs and carpets permanently labeled in accordance with the standard.
Children's carpets and rugs, like all products that are designed or intended primarily intended for children 12 years of age or younger, must be tested by an accredited and CPSC-accepted third party conformity assessment body for compliance with other applicable children's product safety rules. Based on that testing, a domestic manufacturer (or importer) of children's carpets and rugs must issue a Children's Product Certificate (CPC) indicating that the product complies with those rules.
Tracking Labels: Children's carpets and rugs must have a tracking label or other distinguishing permanent mark. The tracking label shall be a permanent distinguishing mark on the product and its packaging, to the extent practicable, and must contain certain basic information, including the source of the product, the date of manufacture, and cohort information, such as a batch or run number.


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Q: Relationship between Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure and regular Borel measure From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%E2%80%93Stieltjes_integration:

The Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure, and conversely every regular Borel measure on the real line is of this kind.

As far as I know, a Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure. But I can't find any proof for the reversed side. Could anyone help me?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Space Shuttle Endeavour rolled to a stop Tuesday at the Shuttle Landing Facility after a perfect landing at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Commander Scott Kelly guided the spacecraft through its complicated glide back to Earth at 12:32 EDT, completing a mission that added a new piece to the International Space Station, delivered almost three tons of supplies to the laboratory and proved a new power transfer system works.
The landing also marked the completion of teacher-turned-astronaut Barbara Morgan's first spaceflight.
While at the station, the astronauts conducted four spacewalks to continue on-orbit construction and perform repair work at the station. The major spacewalking tasks included the installation of the Starboard 5 truss, replacement of a faulty attitude control gyroscope and preparations for assembly work by future crews.
STS-118 is the 119th space shuttle flight and the 22nd shuttle mission to visit the station. The next shuttle mission, STS-120, is targeted to launch in late October.


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Detonation coatings of intermetallic powders of Fe–Al system produced using mechanical alloying
Yu.S. Borisov1, A.L. Borisova1, E.A. Astakhov1, T.V. Tsymbalistaya1, A.N. Burlachenko1, M.A. Vasilkovskaya2 and A.I. Kildy1
1E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NASU 11 Kazimir Malevich Str., 03680, Kiev, Ukraine. E-mail: office@paton.kiev.ua
2I.M. Frantsevich Institute of Problems of Materials Science 3 Krzhyzhanivskogo Str., 03680, Kiev-142, Ukraine. E-mail:deprconf@ipms.kiev.ua
Structure, composition and microhardness of detonation coatings were examined. They were received using Fe2Al, FeAl and Fe2Al5 intermetallic powders, produced by mechanical alloying (MA) method, and mixtures of Fe and Al powders of equivalent compositions. An effect of «oxygen–combustible gas» relationship in the detonation mixture on oxidation process of material being sprayed was determined. The results of determination of phase composition of the coatings, deposited using different powders, show that in case of application of mechanical mixtures a layer mainly consists of the particles of Fe and al initial mixture. A structure of coatings of MA Fe–Al-powders contains mixture of heating and oxidation products of these powders. Microhardness of the coatings varies from 4580 to 5710 MPa depending on composition. 21 Ref., 3 Tables, 8 Figures.
Keywords: detonation spraying, iron aluminides, powders, mechanical alloying, composition of detonation mixture, coatings, phase composition, microhardness
Received: 31.03.17
Deevi, S.C., Sikka, V.K. (1996) Nickel and iron aluminides: an overview on properties, processing and applications. Intermetallics, 4, 357–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-9795(95)00056-9
Stoloff, N.S. (1998) Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects. Sci. & Engineering, 258 (Issue 1/2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(98)00909-5
Cinca, N., Guilemany, J.M. (2012) Thermal spraying of transition metal aluminides: An overview. Intermetallics, 24, 6–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.01.020
Cinca, N., Guilemany, J.M. (2013) An overview of intermetallics research and application: Status of thermal spray coatings. of Materials Research and Technology, 2(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.013
Totemeier, T.C., Swank, W.D. (2002) Microstructure and stresses in HVOF sprayed iron aluminide coatings. Thermal Spray Techn., 11(3), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1361/105996302770348808
Wright, R.N., Totemeier, T.C. (2002) Microstructure and properties of iron aluminide coatings. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Gang Ji et al. (2002) Surface engineering by thermal spraying nanocrystalline coatings: The case of iron aluminide. Materiaux, 1–3.
Gang Ji, Elkedim, O., Grosdidier, T. (2005) Deposition and corrosion resistance of HVOF sprayed nanocrystalline iron aluminide coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology, 190, 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.04.091
Guilemany, J.M. et al. (2006) Studies of Fe–40Al coatings obtained by high velocity oxy-fuel. Ibid., 201, 2072–2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.04.045
Guilemany, J.M., Cinca, N. (2007) High-temperature oxidation of Fe–40Al coatings obtained by HVOF thermal spray. Intermetallics, 15, 1384–1394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2007.04.013
Guilemany, J.M. et al. (2009) FeAl and NbAl3 intermetallic-HVOF coatings: structure and properties. Thermal Spray Techn., 18, Issue 4, 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9339-9
Senderowski, C., Bojar, Z. (2008) Gas detonation spray forming of Fe–Al coatings in the presence of interlayer. Surface & Coatings Technology, 202, 3538–3548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.12.029
Senderowski, C. et al. (2010) Microstructure characterization of D-gun sprayed Fe-Al intermetallic coatings. Intermetallics, 18(7), 1405–1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.01.015
Suryanarayana, C. (2001) Mechanical alloying and milling. Progress in Mater. Sci., 46, 1–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00010-9
Arunachalam, V.S. (1990) Mechanical alloying. In: Actual problems of powder metallurgy. Moscow: Metallurgiya.
Gang Ji, Grosdidier, T., Morniroli, J.P. (2007) Microstructure of a high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal-sprayed nanostructured coating obtained from milled powder. and Mater. Transact. A, 38A, 2455–2463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9299-y
Kumar, S. et al. (2006) Characterization and comparison between ball milled and plasma processed iron-aluminium thermal spray coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology, 201, 1267–1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.01.051
Grosdidier, T., Tidu, A., Liao, H.L. (2001) Nanocrystalline Fe–40Al coating processed by thermal spraying of milled powder. Scripta Materialia, 44, 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(00)00611-4
Borisova, A.L. et al. (2015) Phase and structural transformations in forming of intermetallics powders of Fe–Al system by MA method. Metallurgiya, 7/8, 135–143.
Shorshorov, M.Kh., Kharlamov, Yu.A. (1978) Physical-chemical principles of gas detonation spraying of coatings. Moscow: Nauka.
Zverev, A.I., Sharivker, S.Yu., Astakhov, E.A. (1979) Detonation spraying of coatings. Leningrad: Sudostroenie.


MOJAVE DESERT, California - Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites, the leading contender for the civilian space flight X-Prize, used the word 'disappointed' when responding to reporters' questions about his failed attempt to leave Earth's atmosphere. "The take-off and flight were picture perfect, separation happened precisely on schedule, SpaceShipOne hurtled to 62.5 miles above sea level, and then glided back to Earth, landing on the same airstrip it launched from. I'm sorry you're disappointed, but this was what we call a 'successful flight'." He waved his hand in the direction of reveling engineers and students, screaming, "We did it!" and "Yeah!"
"Were you actually watching the launch?"
The denial among the group was astounding. As the scorched hunks of twisted metal and broken carbon-fiber composite smoldered in the Mojave sun, Rutan's staff regaled reporters with stories of success. "Did you see the White Knight's performance? Stunning!" said one. "Two weeks? Ha! We could turn this baby around this afternoon!" offered another. Clearly, the events witnessed this day will haunt their memories for a lifetime.
"Look, I don't mean to be pragmatic about this, but the ship simply did not break up," explained Paul Allen, Rutan's more-or-less silent partner in the now-failed adventure, "What you have been blessed to witness here today was a historic event." Certainly, as the Hindenburg and Titanic before it, SpaceShipOne will be remembered as one of man's greatest tragedies.
"Were you actually watching the launch?" asked one naive young man, perhaps in his early twenties, "I mean, that white thing over there. You do recognize it as the ship launched a few hours ago under the belly of that jet looking thing, right?" He pointed in the distance to the remains of the White Knight.
Whether or not another contender for the $10 million X-Prize will make the bold attempt before the looming deadline remains a mystery, but one thing is certain: Monday June 21st is a day that will forever live in infamy.


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Brigitte Carnochan's photographs have been shown, collected, and published internationally. Two books of her work were published in 2006 and Floating World, the work shown here, is forthcoming from Hudson Hills Press in fall 2012. Imagining then, her photographic memoir will be exhibited at Carmel's Center for Photographic Art, opening May 12, 2012.


I'm not good with money. Let's get that out of the way first. I am, however, cheap and simple in what I spend my money on.
I drive a 2007 Toyota Yaris. I don't have the fanciest tech. I like to keep things simple. But let's be real about my financial situation. I come from the kind of privilege where I did not graduate into debt, I have never needed to help a family member out with a little loan, and my parents have always been quick to helping out in any financial situation. This, I know, is nearly unheard of in the US today.
3/4 of US Americans live paycheck to paycheck. Budgets are tight. People are stuck if a minor emergency happens. So what shall they do? Many can't get a loan from a traditional bank and end up going to pay day lenders. It's at this point that they become sucked into a death spiral of debt. No wonder my Mom waved her fist at check cashing/pay day lending places when we drove by them. They are downright evil. They prey on the poor, the destitute, and the desperate. But what if there was another way.
Now, in light of the first sentence of this blog post, I will now send you over to The Nation with their fine reporting.
In the East End, I am excited that St. Paul's members like Harry McMahan cares about the under banked community and the needs of financial literacy. Way to go Harry!


I knew Maggie since she was a little adopted baby born on Christmas day. Holding her I felt a sense of peace. All warm and wrapped up like a much loved Christmas present. I wanted to bestow love on her just like her mother and father did, who had patiently waited so long for her to arrive from India.
As we grew we shared many wonderful experiences. We'd go on summer holidays and play and roll in the sand without a care in the world. Our friendship went from strength to strength as we'd walk side by side along the beach or gaze up at the stars, wishing each other all the best in life.
Back in Melbourne we'd hang out at each other's places, making cupcakes, patting the family dog, having a bit of a laugh and always a good time. We did many things together such as swimming, going to the movies, shopping and playing our favourite, game hide and seek.
However little did I know that Maggie was going to seek out drugs during her short life, which really put our friendship to the test. During my late teens and early 20s I had to bear her and her growing addiction. It started with alcohol and marijuana and then moved on to acid and heroin.
I started to fear her. She turned ugly and would beg me for favours and money, just as I was beginning to find my place in the working world. She started doing anything she could to fund her addiction. I became an easy target as she began to attack my closet and wallet.
It was the taking of my clothes that caused me the most despair. The minute my back was turned she'd grab my clothes and put them underneath her clothes or into her backpack. My designer clothes were everything to me. I had worked hard to attain them and now they were all gone.
At first I didn't know what was happening. I thought maybe the cleaning lady was taking my things. Even when my clothes were replaced they soon did a vanishing act once again. Nothing felt safe anymore. I felt violated.
"It dawned on me that we were more similar than I'd thought, her addiction to drugs like a strange reflection of my addiction to shopping."
My incredibly astute mother was the first to suspect my friend of taking and selling my designer clothes to fund her addiction. After she had put two and two together, my friendship with Maggie began to fall apart.
I began to hate her and wanted nothing to do with her. I remember ringing up her mother one Christmas day and forbidding her to bring Maggie to our house. This caused her poor mother, who had also been targeted, great distress, that they could no longer come to our place as a family.
Although her mother would buy me expensive gifts to try to make up for Maggie's wrongdoing, I still couldn't get over what Maggie had done. I'd shun her at parties, especially gatherings at Christmas which also happened to be her birthday.
Even when she sent me a long heartfelt apology letter years later when she became clean for a while I still couldn't find it in my heart to forgive her. Things were never the same again.
However this year when I found out her soul had left this earth at the tender age of 36 following a fatal overdose it shook me to the core. All of a sudden I began to miss her like a long-lost friend, and wished I'd gone easier on her and had more to do with her during her later life.
It dawned on me that we were more similar than I'd thought, her addiction to drugs like a strange reflection of my addiction to shopping. It also taught me life is far more than just being a material girl like in the Madonna song we used to tune into when we were younger. Each of us, in our own way, succumbed to that hollow view of the world.
Lovely to hear from you Isabella, and just before Christmas too. Your story is all about friendship and its moments of inclusion and exclusion. How deeply we feel when a friendship is strained and things can never be quite the same. Don't be too concerned that Maya and yourself were apart - we can love a special friend despite jealousy and strife. As you did with Maya.
Isabella, those people who work in the shops you like are depending on you for their jobs. The things they are selling are mostly made in poor countries, so I like to think of shopping as a form of foreign aid - how could there be too much of it?
thank you Isabella: it took me back to my fraught relationship with a 'bestie' when we were still at school, and how I have struggled with my reactions when I found out how her life went off the rails and affected your health - physical and mental - and that of her own children. I became much more critical of my own envy and then judgment of my friend. perhaps the deepest and hardest part of friendship is to continue to love without judgment including of our younger, sillier selves. I enjoyed this piece.
Great piece Isabella. Death brings to the forefront what unites us...life what divides us.
A sad story but look how much you have grown in understanding, love, and forgiveness. May your friend, wherever she is resting now, understand and forgive your feelings.
Except Russell, too often these over-priced goods are made in sweat shop conditions in poor countries exploiting impoverished workers. We wouldn't tolerate this here - how is their humanity less in the image of G-D than ours?


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Older children at risk of 'slipping through cracks' with neglect often going unnoticed
Neglect in older children is often going unnoticed, leaving youngsters at risk of slipping through the cracks, a report warns. It suggests that agencies can see neglected older youngsters as the problem, rather than looking at what may be causing their behaviour. The joint report, published by a group of…
Caribbean reporter granted asylum in UK has baby son taken from his care
A Caribbean journalist granted asylum in Britain after saying he was at risk as a result of exposing human rights abuses by police has become embroiled in family court litigation and had a baby taken from his care. Social workers raised concern after the man's son suffered a head injury.…
Tuesday, 3 Jul, 2018
Council granted injunction after social worker mislaid notebook containing sensitive information
Council bosses took legal action after a social worker mislaid a notebook containing sensitive information about families he was working with. Bosses at Derby City Council discovered that Gideon Zeti's notebook had been read by a member of the public who had copied parts of it. They feared that confidential…
Saturday, 30 Jun, 2018
Report: Revolving Door - Vulnerable children being overlooked in cycle of referrals
Action for Children are concerned that opportunities to intervene early are being missed. Some children are stuck in a revolving door into social care, in a cycle of referral and assessment, but only receiving help at crisis point. Vital family support services for problems like domestic abuse provide help that…
Friday, 29 Jun, 2018
Urgent appeal issued to find boy and pregnant mother after social workers raised concerns
A High Court judge has issued an urgent appeal for help finding a 16-month-old boy and his pregnant mother. Mr Justice Keehan has been told how Joeking Kyerah disappeared after social workers raised concern about his welfare. The judge says evidence suggests that the youngster has been "spirited away" by…
Social worker tells of challenge in finding family to adopt boys from 'Polish world' of mother
A social worker has told a family court judge of the difficulties she faces trying to find adopters who meet the cultural and language needs of two boys taken from the care of their Polish mother. She told Judge Sarah Lynch there are three Polish speaking families in Britain who…
New programme launched aimed at reforming NI's children's social work services
Social workers working in children's services in NI have a vital role in supporting families and protecting children from harm. This was the message from NI's Chief Social Worker Sean Holland as he spoke before the regional launch of the Signs of Safety training programme today, part of a wider…
Dumfries & Galloway social worker wins highest performing graduate award
Laura McHarrie, a social worker with Dumfries and Galloway Council, has won the Andrew Cornwell Memorial Award for the highest performing graduate in The Open University's social work programme in Scotland. Laura (pictured, left) was presented with a certificate and book token at the Council Headquarters in Dumfries by Rosanna…
Probe finds major social work staffing issues left Ireland's most vulnerable children at risk
Some of Ireland's most vulnerable children were potentially placed at risk due to major system failures within the Child and Family Agency (Tusla), an investigation has found. The failings were found by the Health, Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) to have stemmed from a gap between national Tusla policy and…
Report: The Care Crisis Review - Options to tackle rising number of children entering care system
A review involving researchers from the University of Sheffield has outlined 20 recommendations to tackle the rising number of children entering the care system in England and Wales. Professor Kate Morris, Head of the University of Sheffield's Department of Sociological Studies, along with PhD students Calum Webb, Permela Sehmar and…
Judge admonishes social worker over witness statement evidence in fostering case
A social worker who said a woman was failing to meet her son's "emotional needs" because she had not taken him out for an ice cream and did not get his hair to be cut "in the way that he liked" has come under fire from a High Court judge.…
Slovakian teenager left newborn son with nurses saying he should be placed for adoption
A 17-year-old Slovakian travelled to England when near the end of her pregnancy then left her son in the care of nurses three days after giving birth, a family court judge has been told. The teenager told social workers in Derby that she had become pregnant after being raped in…


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Q: How to get Wi-Fi details from menubar in Big Sur like before? In previous versions of macOS it was possible to get details of the current Wi-Fi connection by command + option clicking the Wi-Fi icon in the menubar. This would show the ip address, WiFi strength, Wi-Fi frequency etc. None of the system icons react to this type of clicking anymore in Big Sur.
Here is a screenshot of how it used to look:

Is it possible to restore this behaviour or get something comparable?

A: Just to give this an answer for future searchers…
The key command was always Opt/click.
In the past, Cmd/Opt/click would also work - just by accident really.
In Big Sur, it no longer does work, so you have to use the prescribed command - Opt/click.

A: Before you click on the WLAN symbol in the menu bar, please press the option button.  But you can also regulate the whole thing via the terminal.  Here is an order
/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/A/Resources/airport -I


Big hitters take a breath because length will do you no favours here.
Green is well bunkered and water also lurks to the front of the green. Driver or fairway metal down left side of middle will leave short approach over bunkers to give a genuine birdie chance.


Breaking The Barriers To Success: What If Nike Had It Right?
What if there are no magic bullets toward success?
What if all the business plans, marketing plans and financial plans were just distractions from good old hard work toward wealth?
What if Nike had it right and all you needed for personal nirvana was to Just Do It!