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NFL training camp
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Bucs 2019 Training Camp: Day 2 Notes And Highlights
The last day of "shells" had several interesting moments.
By Evan Winter@evan_winter Jul 27, 2019, 7:48pm EDT
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If you missed the notes and highlights from Day One, you can check it out here!
Day Two of training camp didn't disappoint. Despite another "shell practice" there was plenty of action to be had on the field.
From more defensive dominance to another good kicking performance, storylines were abound.
1. Versatility on defense
Boy, when you say Todd Bowles employs a "versatile" defense, it's definitely not a joke.
Several players saw action in various ways on Saturday. Both Carl Nassib and Anthony Nelson found themselves lined up with their hand in the dirt, in coverage, and in a two-point stance throughout practice. Rookie cornerback Sean Murphy-Bunting blitzed a few times from the nickel position and nearly made a highlight-worthy one-handed interception in the end zone.
Excellent breakup by rookie Sean Murphy-Bunting in the end zone. Almost came up with the one-handed pick. #BucsCamp pic.twitter.com/1xClxtGKlk
— Bailey Adams (@BaileyJAdams22) July 27, 2019
Mike Edwards found himself in the role of a single-high safety, which coincides with his comments during Saturday's presser about playing free safety.
Overall, it was fun to see these guys lined up in multiple ways. It will certainly be worth monitoring as camp continues forward.
2. Jameis Winston wasn't very good again, but neither was Blaine Gabbert
Unless your name is Chris Godwin or O.J. Howard, you had a hard time receiving a pass from Winston.
He didn't get many reps in the early portions of practice for some reason, but when he started seeing more action during 11-on-11s, he wasn't able to do much. It was more inaccurate throws than it was bad decisions, but it's not encouraging to see your starting quarterback going through the motions for a second consecutive practice.
Gabbert, who had a good day on Friday, wasn't very good, either. He threw two quick interceptions during 7-on-7s and was also very inaccurate.
Winston was able to drive the team inside the 20 during two-minute drills and Gabbert couldn't even get past the 50-yard line during his possession. So, there's that, at least.
3. OJ Howard and Chris Godwin are going to have big years
Winston found Howard again for another nice touchdown grab and Godwin ran an excellent comeback route that gave him enough space to sprint about 60 yards after the catch for what would've been a touchdown.
Big play here from Jameis Winston to Chris Godwin. Crowd popped for that one. pic.twitter.com/LHUaKtmr5V
— PewterReport (@PewterReport) July 27, 2019
If these two can stay healthy, they are going to be major difference-makers this year.
4. The secondary was great, again
These guys are freakin' flying around the field, man. They made play after play today, with Murphy-Bunting and Carlton Davis holding down the fort.
Murphy-Bunting had at least one interception that I saw and Davis had three pass breakups to go along with an interception.
Davis looked great and attributed much of his performance to Todd Bowles' system.
"There are a lot of disguises, he (Bowles) is allowing us to be a lot more versatile as a corner, and he's allowing us to show the offense different looks," he told me after practice. "That really helps us out as corners to not allow the offense to know what (coverage) that we're in pre-snap."
Rookie D'cota Dixon had a very nice interception and there were plenty of others, I was just too far away to see them.
5. A good day for Matt Gay
The rookie out of Utah matched Cairos Santos' performance on Friday, except he was able to hit two 50+ yard attempts. His lone miss was from 48 yards, which bounced off the right upright.
The kicker battle should be a good one to watch as camp continues.
6. The defensive line came to play
The defensive front took some notes from the secondary's Day One performance and came out on fire.
There were several moments during 11-on-11s where the play would've constituted as a sack and there were a couple of batted balls at the line of scrimmage.
And from the looks of it - now again, this is only a shell practice - the Bucs may have figured out who will be the main lineup in their base defense. William Gholston, Vita Vea, and Ndamukong Suh have seen a lot of time with the ones and have had moments of effectiveness.
7. Mixing up coverages
The Bucs would come out with a single-high safety a few times and then would switch to a Cover 2. It's just another example of Bowles putting his players in the right position to succeed and based off what has been happening with the defense in the past, it's very refreshing to avoid witnessing the same defensive coverages play after play after play.....
8. Scotty Miller is FAST
He made a really nice grab with Vernon Hargreaves III draped all over him on Friday and would've had a deep touchdown from Gabbert if it weren't for a severely underthrown ball.
I'm telling y'all, Hargreaves was burnt toast on this play. Miller easily had 2-3 steps on the fourth-year corner, but the lack of air under the ball allowed Hargreaves to catch up and bat the pass away.
The kid can move and I'm sure Bruce Arians and Byron Leftwich will find plenty of ways to utilize his speed in 2019.
You need to pay attention when #Bucs rookie receiver Scotty Miller is in the game. pic.twitter.com/E9zv5uNw60
— Evan Winter (@evan_winter) July 27, 2019
Buccaneers open as favorites, hosting Rams in NFC Divisional Round The matchup and opening odds officially set.
Yarcho's Pick Six: Bucs moving on The Bucs made quick, easy work of the Philadelphia Eagles - await winner of Monday's game


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US abortion debate: Rights experts urge lawmakers to adhere to women's convention
The UN women's rights committee said that the US is one of only seven countries throughout the world that is not party to the international convention that protects women's human rights, including their right to sexual and reproductive health.
"The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) urges the United States of America to adhere to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in order to respect, protect, fulfil and promote the human rights of women and girls," the committee said in a statement.
#RoeVwade: #CEDAW urges #USA, among the only 7 countries NOT parties to the #womensrights Convention, to ratify it & ensure 🚺women access's to safe & legal abortion. 👉https://t.co/4DFkESJ7vI pic.twitter.com/pkX8XqTxSz
— UN Treaty Bodies (@UNTreatyBodies) July 1, 2022
CEDAW noted that while the US signed the convention in 1980, it has yet to ratify it.
Standing in solidarity
UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet described the US Supreme Court ruling to strike down the Roe v Wade as "a huge blow to women's human rights and gender equality."
The committee again reiterated its call for States parties to remove punitive measures for women who undergo abortion and to legalize abortion – at least in cases of rape, incest, threats to the life or health of the pregnant woman, and in the case of severe foetal impairment.
"With 189 States parties, the CEDAW Convention is the only near-universal treaty that comprehensively protects women's human rights, including their sexual and reproductive health rights", the statement said.
Articles of protection
The UN-appointed panel drew specific attention to article 16, which "protects women's rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children", adding that unsafe abortion is a leading cause of maternal mortality.
They also spelled out that under article 12, the right to health includes bodily autonomy and encompasses women's and girls' sexual and reproductive freedoms.
Freedom to choose
Access to safe and legal abortion and to quality post-abortion care, especially in cases of complications resulting from unsafe abortions, helps to reduce maternal mortality rates, prevent adolescent and unwanted pregnancies and ensure women's right to freely decide over their bodies.
The committee has repeatedly stressed that denying access to safe and legal abortion is "a severe restriction on women's ability to exercise their reproductive freedom, and that forcing women to carry a pregnancy to full term involves mental and physical suffering amounting to gender-based violence against women and, in certain circumstances, to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, in violation of the CEDAW Convention".
The UN-appointed committee reiterated its committed to uphold the human rights of women and girls around the world and "will not resile from this mandate, especially in relation to access to safe and legal abortion for all women".
Unsplash/Gayatri Malhotra
Protesters demonstrate against US Supreme Court decision to criminalize a women's right to abortion.

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Michael Kelly in London - 20 November, 1792
from Reminiscences of Michael Kelly, pages 32-33:
On the 20th of November, the opera of " The Pirates" was produced ; the drama by Cobb, the music by Storace. The male performers in it were Kelly, Dignum, Sedgwick, Suett, John Bannister, and Parsons. The females, Mrs. Crouch, Miss Decamp, Mrs. Bland, and Signora Storace ; the scenery was picturesque and beautiful, from designs taken on the spot by Stephen Storace, at Naples. The magic-lantern scene, representing Hero and Leander, and the crossing of the Hellespont, was peculiarly beautiful. Mr. Sheridan directed that no expense should be spared in decorating the opera, and his orders were …	more >>
On the 20th of November, the opera of " The Pirates" was produced ; the drama by Cobb, the music by Storace. The male performers in it were Kelly, Dignum, Sedgwick, Suett, John Bannister, and Parsons. The females, Mrs. Crouch, Miss Decamp, Mrs. Bland, and Signora Storace ; the scenery was picturesque and beautiful, from designs taken on the spot by Stephen Storace, at Naples. The magic-lantern scene, representing Hero and Leander, and the crossing of the Hellespont, was peculiarly beautiful. Mr. Sheridan directed that no expense should be spared in decorating the opera, and his orders were fulfilled. The music was a master-piece; but, above all, the finale at the end of the first act, which I thought Storace's chef d'oeuvre, and worthy to be placed by the side of Mozart's first finale to the " Nozze di Figaro." All the performers had characters suited to their respective abilities, and the opera had a most successful run to crowded houses. There was a scene and a quintette in the third act ; the music composed by Guglielmi, a beautiful morceau, from the Italian opera performed at the Pantheon, entitled " La Bella Pescatrice." Stephen Storace thought so, and therefore introduced it. Whenever Storace selected, his knowledge of stage-effect was so great, that the selections were always appropriate and never-failing.
Michael Kelly, Reminiscences of Michael Kelly, volume 2 (London, 1826), p. 32-33. https://led.kmi.open.ac.uk/entity/lexp/1435858990668 accessed: 21 January, 2021
location of experience: London
written by Stephen Storace
performed by Michael Kelly, Dignum, John Bannister, Miss Decamp, Mrs. Bland, Madame Storace, Parsons, Sedgwick, Suett, Mrs Crouch
Date/Time 20 November, 1792
Listening Environment in the company of others, indoors, in public
Originally submitted by cathcoyne on Thu, 02 Jul 2015 18:43:10 +0100
Approved on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 18:47:15 +0000


ONE WEEK TO GO, I REPEAT, THERE IS JUST ONE WEEK TO GO. I'm obviously still spending my time listing things I want, rather than buying things for people that are actually expecting presents. If I can't get all my Christmas shopping done in an hour this Saturday, then it's not happening. Sorry guys, IOU's are still a thing, right?
I've always got time for a backpack. I got into ~handbags~ fairly late at 18, prior to this I had a very organised "If I can't carry it, it stays home"/"stuff everything in my boyfriend's pockets" approach to life. Since I've been cycling I've come to re-appreciate the need for some hands-free bag action, and this spicy leather bad-boy is large enough to use for a weekend without looking like a body-bag.
As a very ~artistic~ child, I'm still very much into ~the arts~, even if the extent of my creativity lately has been making covers for my mother's mixtapes (which did go down a storm, just saying). Anyway, I get a real kick out of other people's sketchbooks/notebooks etc so this is pretty much perfect.
Tartan has got my office in a choke-hold. At least six people on my floor have the somewhat ubiquitous Zara grey check scarf, and I don't think there's been a day over the past few weeks where I've been in a meeting without at least one Rupert the Bear doppleganger. That said, ever the shorts fan, I'm really into these. Tonally they're not overly aggressive and as they're shorts (ie, there's not a lot to them) they're not going to dominate the outfit as a whole.
I'd like a real pony, or a Givenchy ponyskin Pandora, but failing both of these, this clutch isn't a bad third choice. I'm finally at that stage of life (23) where I feel like I can actually be responsible enough to own a bag without straps. And at £35 I'm not going to cry TOO hard if this trust in myself is misplaced and I lose another possession to the great God of nightbus.
I hate wallets. I hate carrying cash. I hate never being able to find anything in my bag more, though. Commes wallets come in roughly 677 varieties, but this one is my favourite. I love the unisex shape, the understated detailing of the stitching and it's obviously in my favourite colour.
Another day closer to Christmas, another day I'm shocked at the injustice that I don't wake up to a pile of presents EVERY day. Here's part two of 25 things that I will accept as gifts. There's still time, people!
One of my absolute favourite Swedish exports (after ABBA and one of my best friends), since its founding in 1996, Acne has become a go-to for their jackets. The classic, shearling collar and pale pink biker jackets have all been a permanent fixture in my 'how much money could I get if I sold my kidney?' daydreams for the past few years. I love this oversized flight jacket, I generally always go for jackets at least one size up, I generally always wear bodycon skirts or skinny jeans so larger proportions on top balance this out. Also this looks warm enough that waiting for a night bus on New Years Eve won't make me want to open a vein in the bath. Good times!
I love a shirt dress. This collarless printed bad-boy ticks all the boxes. Oversized enough that you can layer underneath for winter, or avoid drowning in your own sweat in the summer, formal enough for work but comfortable enough for a hangover. The only thing I'm not mad about is the asymmetric drape hem, which I am already having premonitions of having to constantly fish out of the toilet/tube doors, but if you're not an idiot like me, this Ann Demeulemeester-esque piece is defs a winner.
I'm generally very fussy when it comes to shoes. First rule, always boots. Any heel that isn't wider than one inch causes 'creative differences' between me and gravity. Second rule, always black. No exceptions. I love the chunky heel on these, statement/metal heels have become a catwalk fixture for the past few seasons with the highstreet going particularly mad over them (I had a great pair pair from Zara with a silver chunky heel…obvz someone homeless is wearing them now after I left them on the nightbus…). I've mentioned before that I'm not the tallest tree in the forest, but the heel on these is just the right height for a confidence boost without making me feel like I'm in bad drag.
Zara is somewhat renowned for its 'interpretations' of designer wear. The menswear in particular has taken a fair few Givenchy-print bullest to the face over the past few seasons, and the structured boxy shape of this bag is definitely reminiscent of Givenchy/Alexander Wang. Which isn't a bad thing at all, especially when you don't have £800+ spare change knocking around in your back pockets.
In recognition of Christmas, a time where I can ease off on buying myself presents for being amazing and let other people do it, here's part one of 25 things it's a crying shame that I don't own yet. Hint hint.
Is there actually anything better than a sport-luxe maxi dress, conveniently oversized allowing for maximum Christmas-binge potential without having to resort to the boxing day elasticated waist of shame? No? Thought not.
My first and most enduring fashion-era obsession, I bloody love a bit of 80s clubkid fashion history. I found this first in Paperchase, randomly, but it's a seriously dense, well written and beautifully illustrated book. I'm usually a bit wary of fashion-era compendiums as I find they're ususally thin on actual fashion theory/history and more 'Wikipedia page illustrated by Tumblr'-esque, but this is definitely worth a read, and another, and another.
I love a parka! However I'm not sure parkas love me. I'm half German, and instead of the Heidi Klum, Claudia Schiffer flavour of genes, I got the other flavour: short* with a torso about four inches long, and no waist. I'm definitely more rugby player than runway. Anyway, body hang-ups aside [CRYING], this parka actually looks pretty good on. It makes the most of my legs, is ridiculously warm and a bit Rick Owens-esque (never a bad thing), and at £100 is definitely not bad for a winter coat that will actually last.
Ugh. I bloody love a spicy jumper. Great neckline, multi-textured, really pleasing colour combinations, quilting. Obsessed. Also, #anecdote, I've met Nasir and he was literally one of the nicest, babest people ever, which definitely does actually make me feel better about handing over £300 odd quid.
I'm a bigger fan of RuPaul than I am of Beyonce, but I'm an even bigger fan of a spicy black and white t-shirt. This has the added benefit of NOT being sold in Topman, UO or any other menswear-by-numbers-slogan-tshirt chain store, which means you're not going to see 10,000 of them across the dancefloor over the festive period, which is a Christmas miracle in itself.
With London Fashion Week and his SS14 collection just around the corner, here's an interview I did with American menswear designer Shaun Samson last season for Platinum Love magazine.


Online Learning Reseller - Psittacus Systems - UK's only cheat-proof LMS platform!
The Psittacus Systems Reseller Partnership is an easy way for you to resell e-learning courses by adding an extra element to your web presence and company portfolio.
Psittacus Systems has developed a unique Blended Learning Environment (BLE), which enables Resellers to sell access to a suite of elearning courses to their customers through their own 'White Label' BLE Online Portal. Resellers can choose from a range of over 100 courses, covering a wide range of subjects including Business, Management, Health & Safety, Food Safety, Healthcare and Working with Children / Adults.
The courses available have been created by Psittacus Systems alongside subject matter specialists (SME) to ensure that the courses are relevant and up to date. In recognition of this, all of our CPD courses are accredited by the CPD Accreditation Group and our Regulated Qualifications are all OFQUAL Accredited.
The Psittacus Reseller BLE allows Resellers to sell courses individually, based on their number of learners and has unlimited options… making the BLE a flexible sales tool.
And it doesn't stop there; Psittacus Systems is continually developing and publishing new courses to expand the range in its portfolio.
When a Reseller decides to work with us, Psittacus Systems provides the reseller with its very own Branded Blended Learning Environment Portal, which is linked from the Reseller's own website. The BLE Portal is designed to reflect the branding of the Reseller's original website, whilst being hosted and maintained by Psittacus Systems. The Reseller chooses which courses to sell, creates links to the pages from their own website, and promotes the courses through their existing marketing channels. Customers visiting the Reseller's website then access the courses and undertake training through the resellers BLE Portal.
Unlike other Online Systems, the reseller has full control and can set the RRP for all of the courses.
Is it right for my organisation?
If you already have a website and want to make e-learning available to your customers then, yes!
Quite simply, e-learning is web based electronic learning, which means using a computer to deliver part or all of a course, whether it's in the comfort of a learner's own home or at their place of work. e-Learning courses are structured learning packages that contain a series of information screens, video and audio content along with exercises and tests that ensure the learner understands the materials. Learner activity on courses is reportable so managers can monitor progress as and when required.
What is a Psittacus Blended Learning Environment (BLE) ?
The Psittacus Blended Learning Environment is a Patent Protected software application that contains, runs and administers e-learning courses, offline learning and regulated assessments using the CEAT™ System. It tracks learners' progress online as well as recording any face to face courses your learners attend. Used internally by organisations for their employees, the BLE enables efficient administration, documentation and reporting of training programmes.
Resellers have the access rights to review all learner activity on their BLE, which means the Reseller can not only monitor the courses sold and completed, but they also have the ability to order courses on behalf of their clients if required, therefore offering your clients a fully managed learning solution.
With the Reseller Options available, Pisttacus can make your BLE fully automated direct from your existing website.
Why become an online course reseller and what can it offer?
CPD Courses – £1 per person per course, including course, assessment and certification.
For details of specific courses offered please refer to your Account Manager.
*** For a Full White Labelled version of the Blended Learning Environment for a one-off fee of £3500 +VAT, please click the ultimate package above to read more and then speak with your Account Manager.
Design and setup of the Blended Learning Environment (BLE) Portal, branded to reflect your existing website's design.
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Ongoing maintenance and support for the Reseller systems including all hosting and technical support.
When you become a reseller, we assign you a dedicated Account Manager who is your first point of contact and will support you throughout your time as a Psittacus Systems Reseller. Your Account Manager will liaise with you to collect the information that Psittacus Systems needs to be able to build your BLE Portal. As a guide, we will ask for your logos and details about the design of your website to enable us to produce a design that reflects your existing website and populate your BLE Portal to blend in with your main website. We will also ask you to set up a subdomain of your website (if chosen) and provide you with the relevant IP details.
Ongoing, we will be providing maintenance and support to the Reseller BLE Portal, including all the dedicated hosting and technical support. While you are a Psittacus Reseller, you will receive regular updates about new and updated courses and updates to the Psittacus BLE itself.
We setup a monthly direct debit and collect payments on or around the 25th of each month for any courses you have sold in the previous month…allowing you to get paid before you pay us.
What Support Is Offered To Resellers?
Psittacus Systems offers a complete support package to support both you as a Reseller and your customers.
Psittacus Systems has developed a unique BLE, which enables Resellers to sell access to a suite of elearning courses to their customers through their own 'White Label' BLE Online Portal.
Resellers can choose from a range of over 100 courses, covering a wide range of subjects including Business, Management, Health & Safety, Food Safety, Healthcare and Working with Children / Adults.
The courses available have been created by Psittacus Systems alongside subject matter specialists (SME) to ensure that the courses are relevant and up to date. In recognition of this, all of our CPD courses are accredited by the CPD Accreditation Group and our Regulated Qualifications are OFQUAL Accredited.
The Psittacus Reseller BLE allows Resellers to sell courses individually, based on the number learners and unlimited options… making the BLE a flexible sales tool.
Training is configured on an individual basis so that it can be customised to your own specific requirements. Delivered online via a live GoToMeeting session, training takes place at a time convenient to you at your own desk so no travel costs are incurred. All initial training is included in your setup fee.
On-Site Training is available to you and your clients at a cost of £100+ VAT per hour, including travel and expenses, a minimum of 3 Hours are charged for all onsite training.
We are constantly updating our Directory with new courses and updating our existing courses in line with legislative and industry requirements. You will be notified of any updates to existing courses or new courses as and when the situation arises.
We understand that a consistent reliable service is important to all of our customers and as such, we schedule any necessary downtime on our part to minimise disruption.
to the System will be undertaken outside the normal working hours of 8.30am – 5.30pm to minimise any impact on learners/ reseller clients.
Two days notice will be given of any downtime to the System due for technical updates. Notices will be posted on the login page of the Reseller BLE Portal.
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Dedicated learner support is available between 9am and 5pm, Monday to Friday.
This is generally the first point of contact for all users of the BLE as this is immediate and the user will receive a response straight away from a real person who is an expert on the BLE. The Support Team are also notified that the user is visiting through your BLE Portal and will therefore address the visitor on your behalf. 97% of chats are resolved without the use of further correspondence.
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We understand that your branding is important to you so, as part of the customisation process, we work with you to ensure that your 'look and feel' is maintained through to the Psittacus Systems hosted site.
We produce a BLE Portal Login webpage reflecting your existing site style and design. The BLE Portal is hosted on our secure servers and are seamlessly linked to your own website, providing an invisible service to your customers.
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Decide which Reseller Package you require, notifying your Account Manager, at which point an Invoice will be raised for the One-Off Setup Fee of your chosen Reseller Package.
Once the Setup Fee has been paid, work will start on your BLE Portal and will go live within 14 days. At the same time TQUK Approved Centre Registration Documents will be sent out to be completed and returned so as you can gain Approved Centre Status before your BLE goes live.
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WILL I HAVE A DEDICATED SUPPORT PERSON / CONTACT AT PSITTACUS SYSTEMS THROUGHOUT THE USE OF THE RESELLER PORTAL?
Yes, you will be provided with a named, dedicated Account Manager who is your first point of contact, should your Account Manager not be available any member of the Support Team should be able to help with your query.
WHAT TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE/ TRAINING WILL MY TEAM NEED IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THE RESELLER MODEL EFFECTIVELY?
The Reseller model requires little technical knowledge to set up and operate. At setup, if you wish, we require a subdomain of your website to be set up and directed towards our DNS. Your webmaster or hosting company can assist you with this, or we can liaise directly with them if required.
Resellers will need some system training, the level of which will be dependent upon how proactively they wish to engage with learners and the type of Reseller model they adopt. For example, Resellers who wish to track learners' progress would require training on our BLE reporting features; this is typically done via an online GoToMeeting training session.
System training is delivered on a Reseller-by-Reseller basis so that it can be customised to their requirements. Adoption of new features in the system at a later date will also be supported.
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO SETUP A NEW RESELLER?
It takes a maximum of 14 days for us to implement the technical aspects of a new Reseller site, depending on how quickly the Reseller provides the information requested.
However, as we always check that Resellers are happy with the design and operation of their site it may take longer for changes to be made and approved by the Reseller.
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As the BLE is hosted on our servers, there are few requirements. It is essential however that you own your website and are able to set up pages/ links etc or a sub-domain of that website (if required).
It is worth checking with your webmaster or designer that this is possible on your site. If your site is hosted externally you may need to contact your hosting company to check if this is possible and if they will make any changes.
For us to set up your BLE Portal we require you to send us a Hi-Resolution copy of your organisation's logo for the BLE Portal and for the certificates generated for successful learners.
WHAT DO LEARNERS/ RESELLER CLIENTS NEED TO ACCESS THE COURSES/ SYSTEM?
Learners need a web enabled device to run our courses. Our courses will run on Windows, OsX and Linux platforms, running on Mobile, Tablet, Laptop and Desktop Devices, all courses are fully responsive.
We do advise that users access the BLE through an up-to-date web browser, we recommend Google Chrome. For Regulated Qualifications, users are required to access the assessment on a laptop or desktop computer with a fully operational webcam installed.
WILL THE RESELLER PORTAL 'LOOK AND FEEL' AS IF THE RESELLER OWNS IT?
Yes, the BLE Portal will be branded to reflect the Reseller's website but will feature the 'Powered by' Psittacus Systems logo. The Psittacus Systems logo ensures that a learner knows Psittacus Systems are in the support loop and our Awarding Organisations know that courses are being assessed on the correct platform.
ARE THERE ANY RESTRICTIONS ON THE ELEARNING COURSES I CAN OFFER?
No, a Reseller is able to select any amount of courses from the Reseller Course Directory and any new courses that are launched are made available to your BLE Portal automatically.
The Reseller is in full control of the pricing they set for CPD Courses and Qualifications.
HOW IS LEARNER TRACKING ACHIEVED AND WHAT SUPPORT CAN LEARNERS GET?
The tracking system within the BLE can report on many aspects of learner progress. There are a number of automated reports that a Reseller can run to gain more details of learner numbers, learner's progress and evaluations gathered by the system.
Learners can get support by using the "Help & Support" functions built within the BLE. Help and support is available from within the BLE, by Live Chat, email and by phone.
WHAT MARKETING SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE IS AVAILABLE?


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Saturday immigration rally could draw thousands downtown
By Kyle B. Hansen
Friday, April 9, 2010 | 3:56 p.m.
Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse
Sun immigration stories
Thousands of people are expected to attend a noon rally advocating immigrants' rights Saturday in downtown Las Vegas.
Organizers said they expect more than 10,000 people to attend the Rally for America, scheduled from noon to 3 p.m. outside the Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse.
City officials said Las Vegas Boulevard will be closed between Clark and Bridger avenues from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. for the event. Motorists should use Main Street as an alternate route for north and south travel through downtown, or Fourth Street for one-way northbound travel.
Organizers are billing it as a nonpartisan event to encourage sensible immigration reform. According to its Web site, the group is seeking updates to what organizers say are outdated immigration laws, and they want better wages and working conditions for immigrants.
The organization is also seeking legislation to deal with undocumented immigrants already in the country that would allow them to achieve lawful permanent residency and eventual citizenship.
Sen. Harry Reid and Reps. Shelley Berkley and Dina Titus are expected to attend the event. Rep. Luis Gutierrez (D-Ill.) is also expected to attend.
A number of labor leaders are scheduled to be at the rally, including AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka, UNITE-HERE President John Wilhelm and United Farm Workers President Arturo Rodriguez.
The rally follows a march held March 21 in Washington, D.C., organized by the Reform Immigration for America campaign.
"The March put Washington on notice, and now advocates are doing it in their states. They want action now from their senators in Washington, and they are rallying, marching, chanting, praying, lobbying and calling their elected leaders out until they get it," said Ali Noorani, executive director of the National Immigration Forum and chair of the Reform Immigration for America campaign, in a statement.
"This movement will not rest until the president and the leadership of both houses of Congress have fulfilled their promises to fix our broken immigration system this year," Noorani said.
Similar immigration reform rallies are planned for Saturday in Seattle.; Chicago; Lakewood, N.J.; Philadelphia; El Paso, Texas; and Providence, R.I.


text:
Юлия Евгеньевна Рыжанова (Галянина; ) — российская и австралийская шахматистка, гроссмейстер (2000) среди женщин. Тренер.

Чемпионат России по шахматам (2000) — 2—6 места. Участница чемпионата мира (2001).

В составе сборной Австралии участница Олимпиады в Батуми (2018) и Ченнае (2022).

Чемпионка Австралии 2019 г.

Чемпионка Океании 2019 г. и 2023 г.

Участница первого Кубка мира по шахматам среди женщин (2021).

Изменения рейтинга

Примечания

Ссылки

 http://oceaniachess.com/
 ^ http://boxhillchess.org.au/live/Vega/www2023OceaniaZonalWomen/standing.html
 ^ https://chess-results.com/tnr721660.aspx?lan=1&art=1
 ^ https://www.postguam.com/sports/local/illingworth-ryjanova-win-oceania-zonal-chess-championships/article_aed19ebe-37e1-11e9-ae40-23b5c075603a.html

Шахматисты Австралии
Шахматисты России

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Calvin and Hobbes" is one of the most popular American comics. Calvin is a 6-year-old boy, and Hobbes is his stuffed tiger. But Calvin has a very big imagination, so Hobbes often comes to life! At this site, you can find every Calvin and Hobbes comic strip from November 18, 1985 (the very first one)-July 5, 1989. Another strip is added every day.
Comics are a great way to learn new vocabulary and slang. Make a special Calvin and Hobbes Vocabulary Notebook. Write all the vocabulary and slang that you learn from C and H. If you can't understand a word, try to figure it out from the context of the comic strip before you use your dictionary.
Charlie Brown, Lucy, Snoopy, and the rest of the Peanuts gang are famous and popular all over the world. At this site, you can read the PEANUTS comic strips, find out about the history of PEANUTS, find out more about the PEANUTS characters, or play some fun games.
Can you draw? Try drawing your own comic strip. It should be 4 pictures. Tell a short story or joke with your pictures. Don't forget to give your comic strip a name!
Reading the comics page in the newspaper is a daily ritual for millions of people in America. At this site, you'll find 60 popular comics from King Features. They include classic comics like "Blondie," "Dennis the Menace," and "Family Circus." Just click on the comic you want to read. Use the pull-down menu to read more comics from the previous month.
Browse through these comics to find 3 or 4 that you really like, or that are good for your English level. Then bookmark this site, and keep up with your favorite comics every day.
Here are 70 very funny comics that are based on puns. Puns use words that have two meanings or words that sound similar to make jokes.
Try to find the puns in some of these comics. What are the two different meanings? Which cartoon do you think is the funniest? After you read some of these comics, try to make your own cartoon! Think of an interesting word or phrase. Then write a pun, and draw a cartoon to show the pun. This would be a fun group activity.
At the bottom of each page, you'll find some interesting and fun activities related to the main theme!
Cartoons are a fun way to practice English! At this site, you can find a new cartoon every day. These cartoons, by Randy Glasbergen, are fun to read and will help you to improve your vocabulary. You will also find cartoons from the past 7 days, and links to lots of cartoons at the bottom of the page.
Before you read the caption of a cartoon, look at the cartoon and try to write your own caption. Then read the real caption. Was it similar to yours?
The Toonopedia is a really cool encyclopedia of toons! (A toon is any kind of cartoon or comic.) At this site, you'll find lots of short, interesting articles about your favorite toons! Use the links to check vocabulary in the glossary.
Find one toon that you really like. Read the article, and then write a short outline of the main points of the article. Then give a short toon report to your classmates!


Animals such as cows, goats, sheep, horses, rabbits, pigs, and poultry in petting zoos and on open farms can spread infections to people. Young children are particularly susceptible to these infections.
After cleaning and/or removing boots or shoes.
Do not let children kiss or hug the animals.


text:
Michael Sarnowski
Academic Position:
PhD Scholar at Liverpool Hope University
Michael Sarnowski is a Vice-Chancellor's PhD Scholar at Liverpool Hope University. His current research on soldier-poets of World War II has been published in Humanities and is forthcoming in War, Literature, and the Arts Journal. As a graduate of Vanderbilt University's MFA in Creative Writing program, where he was a recipient of an Academy of American Poets Prize, his poetry has appeared in Potomac Review,Memoir Journal, Spry Literary Journal, and Whiskey Island, among others. He has been a Visiting Writer-in-Residence at Kingston University London and a Writing Fellow at the Vermont Studio Center. He was born in Rochester, New York and currently lives in Liverpool, UK.
Essay Title
1 Reliving Wilfred Owen's 'Exposure' in Louis Simpson's World War II Poem 'The Battle'
Wilfred Owen's legacy is often characterized by hallmarks such as his use of pararhyme or half-... Michael Sarnowski


text:
Q: Notification bell does not display after deploying to sandbox using salesforce dx We have used Salesforce dx to develop salesforce community and deploy. After retrieving the community files and deploy that into our target sandbox, the notification bell disappears.
However, when I use the same set of code to create a new scratch org, the notification bell displays very well with no issue.
We have also manually compared the settings in both orgs in the community builder and workspace, but seems there is no significant difference.
Any suggestions?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you're looking for a special piece, this coral bangle bracelet certainly qualifies. The coral used for each of the 28(!) individual settings is of the highest quality - a richly deep red hue with uniformity. I've had some similarly-styled bangles in coral, but this was a find. This coral bangle has a nice weight to it and was made by Indian artist, Happy Piasso. A true beauty of heirloom quality. Enjoy.


Five people have been arrested in relation to a May armed robbery at Cole Harbour's Beazley Bowling Alley.
Halifax RCMP first reported that four bandana-clad men – which they now say could be five - followed a 19-year-old female employee and her friend all the way to Porter's Lake after she closed the alley just after midnight.
The suspects then allegedly jumped out of their car and forced the girls to drive back to the bowling alley and turn off the security alarm. The men placed the girls' heads in bags and held guns to their heads while discussing shooting them, according to Beazley owner Al Peters.
An undisclosed amount of money was stolen from the alley.
Yesterday morning police arrested one man on in North Preston. By afternoon, three other men had turned themselves into police and a 17-year-old was arrested in North Preston. The ages of the others are 31, 21, 20 and 18.
Taplin said charges against the individuals could be laid today.


With the help of Tally, bajaj Electricals started following a replenishment model to smoothen processes and achieved an efficient supply chain management.
Part of the globally renowned Bajaj Group – Bajaj Electricals Limited is a trusted Indian household brand having massive international presence. It flourishes in the domains of power transmission, distribution and illumination and consumer products.
• At the outset, Tally benefitted us with utmost accuracy and precision via-a-vis all the accounting details. It equipped us to bill the distributors in accordance to their consumption only, and not more or less than that.
• It digitised all the transactions and made it readily available for our correct analysis, helping us to take appropriate current and futuristic decisions.
• The SVV module helped in real-time syncing of individual bills of all the distributors to the Bajaj server promptly and correctly.
• This helped us to have an in-house system proficient to integrate all the accounting practises with our server.
• The use of the software helped in moving from manual pricing mechanism and to an 'Automatic Pricing Update' wherein the Bajaj server now pushed for a common pricing list and this would get reflected on the Tally for the distributors to comply with.
• The reports available in Tally are very helpful in finding any bottleneck and erased any scope of error and numerical misalignment.
• The system is engineered in such a way that it accommodated the changes made in our business model swiftly without any loss of time.
Our association with Tally software solutions saved us from the continual drag of dealing with basic manual operations. The software is extremely simple to use and hence all our distributors could migrate without any difficulty. In addition to the accounting and inventory needs, the software is extremely reliable in filing the tax returns with great ease.


We welcome Barry Stringfellow's comprehensive article in last week's Martha's Vineyard Times (Feb. 15, "National debate over Suboxone use is also a Vineyard debate") about the role of buprenorphine — better known by the brand name Suboxone — in the treatment of opioid addiction. While individuals may hold various opinions, the Vineyard House board of directors believes there is a place for medically assisted treatment, including Suboxone, in the continuum of care for substance use disorder, and that no person afflicted with this serious disease should be stigmatized for any reason.
Vineyard House provides sober housing; it is not a treatment facility. As Dr. Seppala, chief medical officer at Hazelden's Betty Ford Foundation, notes in the article, there are many practical reasons why a small sober living facility may have difficulty accommodating Suboxone patients. Under current policy, Vineyard House does not allow Suboxone because we do not have the resources to properly supervise its use. Vineyard House does admit residents who have been prescribed the once-monthly naltrexone injection (better known by the brand name Vivitrol).
The board of Vineyard House and its board of advisors regularly review all of its policies, including by bringing in outside medical experts to help us understand Suboxone and other medically assisted treatments, as we have on two occasions in the past 18 months.
As an active member of the Island's Substance Use Disorder Coalition, Vineyard House takes seriously its responsibility to help any addict in need, and is committed to seeking alternative solutions for individuals who for a variety of reasons may not be eligible for our services. The board of Vineyard House is grateful to the Times for educating the community on the complexity of the problem of substance use disorder.


text:
Q: jQuery - can't get the 'this' to work i've managed to get a simple animation working so when I roll over my div with the class "gallery-wrap", an image with the class "magnifier" appears on top.
My problem is I have lots of divs with the class "gallery-wrap" and lots of images which have the class "magnifier".
    $("img.magnifier").hide(); //this hides the image on page load

    $('.gallery-wrap').hover(function() {
        $("img.magnifier").show();
            }, function() {
        $("img.magnifier").hide();
    });

The img.magnifier is located inside the .gallery-wrap parent div, not inside .gallery-wrap.
I need it so this does only the current hovered element, which it is doing already, but its animating all the img.magnifier on the page?
I thought it would maybe look like this...
    $("img.magnifier").hide(); //this hides the image on page load

    $('.gallery-wrap').hover(function() {
        $(this).parent("img.magnifier").show();
            }, function() {
        $(this).parent("img.magnifier").hide();
    });

But cannot get it to work.
Any ideas would be a huge help thanks.

A: Shouldn't it be like this:
$('.gallery-wrap').hover(function() {
    $(this).find("img.magnifier").show();
        }, function() {
    $(this).find("img.magnifier").hide();
});

If I understand correctly, img.magnifier is a child of .gallery-wrap, so find() should be used instead of parent().

A: You were close with:
$(this).parent("img.magnifier").show();

Change it to:
$(this).parent().find("img.magnifier").show();

Then it should work. Do the same thing with your hide() of course.

A: Can you assign matching id values to the gallery-wrap and associated img.magnifier?
$('.gallery-wrap').hover(function() {

    var id = $(this).attr('id');
    $("img.magnifier#"+id).show();
        }, function() {
    $("img.magnifier#"+id).hide();
});

A: You need to change:
$(this).parent("img.magnifier")

to:
$(this).find("img.magnifier")

since the img tag is a child element of your gallery-wrap.

A: As img.magnifier is not inside .gallery-wrap, find() will not do it here.
Try this one:

    $("img.magnifier").hide(); //this hides the image on page load

    $('.gallery-wrap').hover(function() {
        $(this).parents("img.magnifier").last().show();
            }, function() {
        $(this).parents("img.magnifier").last().hide();
    });

The .last() is necessary if you have more than just one img.magnifier in the parents() collection.


text:
Outriders is an Australian children's television series that first screened on the Nine Network in 2001. It was a 26 part series produced by Southern Star Entertainment.

Episodes
1. Eye of the Dragon: Part 1 (airdate July 9, 2001)
2. Eye of the Dragon: Part 2 (airdate July 10, 2001)
3. Eye of the Dragon: Part 3 (airdate July 11, 2001)
4. Eye of the Dragon: Part 4 (airdate July 12, 2001)
5. Eye of the Dragon: Part 5 (airdate July 13, 2001)
6. Eye of the Dragon: Part 6 (airdate July 16, 2001)
7. Ghost of the Past: Part 1 (airdate July 17, 2001)
8. Ghost of the Past: Part 2 (airdate July 18, 2001)
9. Ghost of the Past: Part 3 (airdate July 19, 2001)
10. Ghost of the Past: Part 4 (airdate July 20, 2001)
11. Dirty Business: Part 1 (airdate July 23, 2001)
12. Dirty Business: Part 2 (airdate July 24, 2001)
13. Dirty Business: Part 3 (airdate July 25, 2001)
14. Dirty Business: Part 4 (airdate July 26, 2001)
15. Paradise Lost: Part 1 (airdate July 27, 2001)
16. Paradise Lost: Part 2 (airdate July 30, 2001)
17. Paradise Lost: Part 3 (airdate July 31, 2001)
18. Paradise Lost: Part 4 (airdate August 1, 2001)
19. Aliens: Part 1 (airdate August 2, 2001)
20. Aliens: Part 2 (airdate August 3, 2001)
21. Aliens: Part 3 (airdate August 6, 2001)
22. Aliens: Part 4 (airdate August 7, 2001)
23. Web of Lies: Part 1 (airdate August 8, 2001)
24. Web of Lies: Part 2 (airdate August 9, 2001)
25. Web of Lies: Part 3 (airdate August 10, 2001)
26. Web of Lies: Part 4 (airdate August 13, 2001)

Cast

Main Cast
 Abbie Cornish as Regina "Reggie" McDowell
 Oliver Ackland as Vince Frasca
 Mark Furze as Jake Konrad
 Kate Raison as Tori Konrad
 Luise Helm as Julia Kurtz
 Simon Scarlett as Shane Sullivan

Other Cast
 Kate Beahan as Rachel
 William Haydon as Lloyd
 Robert Mammone as Fenech
 Phaedra Nicolaidis as Mel
 Melissa Ippolito as Anissa
 Harry Pavlidis as Madigan
 Lenore Smith as Reggie's Mother
 Christopher Pitman as Glenn Miller
 Peter Sumner as Bud Sattler
 Moya O'Sullivan as Mrs. Churchill
 John Jarrat as Stuart
 Harold Hopkins as Hayden
 Miranda Hobbs as Britney Potter
 Emily Calder as The Rider
 Kellie Bright as Julia's Mother (2 episodes, 2001)
 Robert Coleby as Jansen (2 episodes, 2001)
 Diana Glenn as Constable Taylor
 John Sheerin as Mr. Sullivan

See also
 Neon Rider, a similarly themed program.
 Higher Ground, a similarly themed program.

References

Australian children's television series
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
2001 Australian television series debuts
2001 Australian television series endings
Television series about teenagers
Television series by Endemol Australia
Television shows set in Berlin
Television shows set in Sydney


We wish you all an amazing new year and that you could celebrate in the best possible way!!
Can't wait to discuss with you all the 2014 series, starting with Sherlock season 3 that airs tomorrow, 1st of January, on BBC one!
The film, telling the story of WikiLeaks and his founder Julian Assange, directed by Bill Condon (The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn part.1 and 2), is based on the book written by Assange's right-hand man.
I haven't seen the movie yet, but was definitely worth to spend few words about his main actor.


text:
Q: Use For and save and saa in diferent files I'm trying to take 2 files from one command, in one file I only put 1 entries and the other complete a list, this is the example:
I tried various commands
#!/bin/bash
    for i in range 4
     do
      echo "test" >one  >>list
    done

I need what in the "one" save the last one loop and in the "list" everyone.

A: You can use the tee for this, since tee will still write to stdout you can do something like
#!/bin/bash
for i in range 4
 do
  echo "test" | tee one >>list
done

or this if you want to see echos when you run it, the -a flag tells tee to append rather than truncate
#!/bin/bash
for i in range 4
 do
  echo "test" | tee one | tee -a list
done


text:
Q: deleterow() works only for updatable resultset I declared my statement as result.concur_update ,but if I try to use deleterow() it is showing error that deleterow() works only for resultset.concur_updatable.
 public static void main(String args[]) throws
 ClassNotFoundException,SQLException
{
    String driver="oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver";
    String url="jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:XE";
    String user="system"; String pass="sysdb";
    Class.forName(driver);
    Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,pass);
    Statement st=con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
    String query="SELECT * FROM employees";
    ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery(query);
    System.out.println("S.No\tid\tname");
    while(rs.next())
    {
        System.out.print(rs.getRow()+"\t");
        System.out.print(rs.getString(1)+"\t");
        System.out.println(rs.getString("emp_name"));
    }
    rs.absolute(3);

    rs.deleteRow();
}

}

A: As documented in the Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide, chapter Result Set, section Resultset Limitations and Downgrade Rules:

To produce an updatable result set:
[..]

*

*A query cannot use SELECT * .
  However, there is a workaround for this.

  [..]
As a workaround for the SELECT * limitation, you can use table
  aliases, as shown in the following example:
SELECT t.* FROM TABLE t ...

Your current query does not meet these requirements (nor those for TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE), so it is downgraded to a non-updateable, scroll insensitive result set.
In other words, you need to change your query to SELECT e.* FROM employees e or explicitly list the columns. I'd advise you to read the rest of that section, as it provides important information.


Spot prices saw a considerable drop yesterday with nuclear availability in France around 1GW higher and German wind generation will be in excess of 10GW day-on-day.
Spot prices are likely to fall tomorrow thanks to much improved wind production in Germany and higher nuclear production in France.
Spot prices once again took a bearish direction with French nuclear generation having an effect, which is expected to improve in the next few days now a number of plants that were subject to maintenance are now back online.
The outcome of the EU Parliament vote on backloading will be concluded over the next couple of days which will affect spot prices and dictate which direction the market turns.
Spot prices were affected by higher solar production and lower consumption levels while prices on the far curve varied with coal and gas costs helping to balance the bearish trend in the market.


Small habits can really add up. This year I am more focused with wanting to buy a house at the end of the year and I thought I'd share with you how I have applied behavioural economics theory to change some of my weekly routines to hack my budget. Here are some items I change up most of the time to find extra money in my budget. These 5 small tips to find an extra $245 a week or $12,740 a year in your account for travel, paying debt or saving for a house! Disclaimer: I'm a millennial so I defo still budget in brunch at the cafe with friends once a week although I'm a sucker for bacon as opposed to avocado.
What sort of budgeting method do you use? Today I will share with you how I construct a zero based budget and provide you with a free spreadsheet to load in your figures so you can harness the power of your most powerful wealth building tool, your income.
Can you go into the kitchen and think outside of the box to create something out of very few ingredients? In this article I will discuss and challenge you to shake up your eating and participate in the $40 grocery challenge. This challenge touches your own personal creativity to reduce your carbon footprint to allow you to free up some extra money to give to your favourite charity.


A graduate from London South Bank University (LSBU)'s School of The Built Environment and Architecture has been named Graduate of the Year by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE).
Ryan Rodrigues, now working for HurleyPalmerFlatt, faced off against eight other graduate hopefuls on the shortlist to win the award, which seeks to reward the innovative thinking, hard work and skill that is necessary to secure a bright future for the built environment sector.
To win the award, shortlisted graduates had to give a four minute presentation on the theme of collaboration, and how it can be used to improve buildings and building performance.
In addition to being named Graduate of the Year, Ryan Rodrigues also wins a trip to Orlando, Florida, to attend the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)'s Winter Conference as a guest of honour.


Lung cancer was once a very rare disease, so rare that doctors took special notice when confronted with a case, thinking it a once-in-a-lifetime oddity. Mechanisation and mass marketing towards the end of the 19th century popularised the cigarette habit, however, causing a global lung cancer epidemic. Cigarettes were recognised as the cause of the epidemic in the 1940s and 1950s, with the confluence of studies from epidemiology, animal experiments, cellular pathology and chemical analytics. Cigarette manufacturers disputed this evidence, as part of an orchestrated conspiracy to salvage cigarette sales. Propagandising the public proved successful, judging from secret tobacco industry measurements of the impact of denialist propaganda. As late as 1960 only one-third of all US doctors believed that the case against cigarettes had been established. The cigarette is the deadliest artefact in the history of human civilisation. Cigarettes cause about 1 lung cancer death per 3 or 4 million smoked, which explains why the scale of the epidemic is so large today. Cigarettes cause about 1.5 million deaths from lung cancer per year, a number that will rise to nearly 2 million per year by the 2020s or 2030s, even if consumption rates decline in the interim. Part of the ease of cigarette manufacturing stems from the ubiquity of high-speed cigarette making machines, which crank out 20 000 cigarettes per min. Cigarette makers make about a penny in profit for every cigarette sold, which means that the value of a life to a cigarette maker is about US$10 000.
Tobacco was apparently not even suspected as a cause of lung tumours until the final decade of the 19th century. In 1898, a medical student by the name of Hermann Rottmann in Würzburg proposed that tobacco dust—not smoke—might be causing the elevated incidence of lung tumours among German tobacco workers. Rottmann's mistake was not corrected until 1912, when Adler proposed that smoking might be to blame for the growing incidence of pulmonary tumours. Lung cancer was still a very rare disease; so rare, in fact, that medical professors when confronted with a case sometimes told their students they might never see another.3 By the 1920s, however, surgeons were encountering the malady with increasing frequency, and started puzzling over what might be responsible. Smoking was commonly blamed, along with asphalt dust from newly tarred roads, industrial air pollution and latent effects from exposure to poison gas in the First World War or the global influenza pandemic of 1918–1919. These and a number of other theories were put forward as possible explanations for the rise of lung cancer, until evidence from multiple sources of enquiry made it clear that tobacco was by far and away the leading culprit.
In the middle decades of the 20th century, four distinct lines of evidence converged to establish cigarette smoking as the leading cause of lung cancer. These are outlined below.
In 1953, a great deal of attention was given to an experiment by Ernst Wynder, Evarts Graham and Adele Croninger, showing that tumours could be generated by painting cigarette smoke tars onto the shaved backs of mice.12 Life magazine devoted several pages to the story, and Time cited Graham's conclusion that the case against tobacco had now been proved 'beyond any doubt'.13 Public confidence in tobacco was shaken, and stock prices of American cigarette manufacturers plummeted. Tobacco manufacturers saw this new 'health scare' as a mortal threat to their livelihood, and decided to organise a response. On December 14, 1953, at the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, CEOs of the six largest tobacco manufacturers in the USA (all but Liggett) met to plan a response. The outcome was a far-reaching plan to refute the accumulating evidence, using adverts, 'white papers', press releases and corporate schmoozing with popular science writers and journalists. Support for (industry-friendly) science was a vital part of this enterprise: cigarette manufacturers called for 'more research' to resolve a purported 'controversy', and set out to reassure the public that the companies were taking charge. That campaign was by and large a success, judging from the fact that per capita consumption rebounded from its dip in 1953. Cigarette consumption in the USA would in fact continue to grow throughout the 1960s and 1970s, peaking at about 630 billion sticks in 1982 before starting to decline.
The confluence of these diverse forms of evidence—from epidemiology, animal experiments, clinical observation and chemical analysis, combined with diminishing evidence for alternative explanations, prompted health and medical authorities throughout the world to publicly acknowledge a cigarette–cancer link. The American Cancer Society's National Board of Directors in 1954 announced 'without dissent' that 'the presently available evidence indicates an association between smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, and lung cancer'. The Public Health Cancer Association that same year advised stopping smoking as a way to prevent cancer, and cancer authorities in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and The Netherlands came to similar conclusions. UK cancer authorities came on board, as did the Joint Tuberculosis Society of Great Britain and Canada's National Department of Health and Welfare.21 Sceptics were converted, and medical attention shifted from the question of 'whether' to the question of 'how'—and what to do about it.
Tobacco industry insiders by the mid 1950s clearly knew their product was dangerous. In December of 1953, when Hill and Knowlton was exploring how to respond to the uproar surrounding the publication of carcinogens in cigarette smoke, one tobacco company research director commented in a confidential interview: 'Boy! Wouldn't it be wonderful if our company was first to produce a cancer-free cigarette. What we could do to competition!' Another remarked on how fortunate it was 'for us' (ie, for cigarette manufacturers) that smokers were engaging in 'a habit they can't break'.24 The mid-1950s cancer consensus was clearly (albeit privately) shared by the companies; and the reality of addiction was also starting to be conceded—at least in internal industry documents.
History is, among other things, the study of origins and outcomes—how things come to be and disappear. The presumption is often of a certain contingency: how things turn out is often the outcome of struggles among competing agents. We've reviewed here the rise of scholarly knowledge of cigarette carcinogenicity, but it is also important to realise that popular knowledge, too, has a history. Scholars don't pay enough attention to what non-scholars think about the world, the proper study of which is agnotology.29 What is the history of popular knowledge of the tobacco lung cancer link? What efforts have been made to generate ignorance?
One source of information for the history of ignorance is the polling data amassed by professional opinion research agencies and their tobacco industry counterparts. In 1954, for example, George Gallup sampled a broad swath of the US public to ask: 'do you think cigarette smoking is one of the causes of lung cancer, or not?' 41% answered 'yes', with the remainder answering either 'no' or 'undecided'.30 Even large numbers of doctors remained unconvinced. In 1960, in a poll organised by the American Cancer Society, only a third of all US doctors agreed that cigarette smoking should be considered 'a major cause of lung cancer'. This same poll revealed that 43% of all American doctors were still smoking cigarettes on a regular basis, with occasional users accounting for another 5%.31 With half of all doctors smoking, it should come as no surprise that most Americans remained unconvinced of life-threatening harms from the habit.
The cigarette is the deadliest artefact in the history of human civilisation.21 Consumption rates are falling in most of the richer countries, but smoking rates remain high or even increasing in many parts of the globe. In China, cigarette consumption has risen from about 500 billion 1980 to over four times that in 2010, and it is not yet clear whether consumption has peaked. China is now manufacturing about 2.4 trillion cigarettes per year, close to 40% of the global total. Consumption has been facilitated by the introduction of ultra high speed cigarette making machines: Hongta's Yuxi Cigarette Factory, for example, produces over 90 billion cigarettes per year, using 52 high-speed Molins cigarette making machines. Modern cigarette making machines of the sort made by the Hauni Corporation in Hamburg or GD (Generate Differences) in Bologna crank out cigarettes at rates up to 20 000 per min, which helps account for the dramatic drop in manufacturing costs over the last century or so. Cigarette factories today produce death at a faster rate—and cheaper—than any previous form of industrial manufacture. If cigarettes cause 1 lung cancer for every 3 or 4 million smoked,35 this means that a factory such as Hongta's in Yuxi is responsible for generating 25 000 or 30 000 deaths per year from lung cancer. And about twice that number from other diseases. There are about 400 industrial-scale cigarette factories in the world,36 each of which causes thousands of preventable deaths per year (see box 1 and table 1).
What is a human life worth to a cigarette manufacturer?
Cigarettes cause about one death per million smoked35 with a latency of about 25 years, which is why the 6 trillion smoked in 1990 will cause about 6 million deaths in 2015. That's one death every 5 seconds. One-third or one-quarter of those deaths will be from lung cancer; about one every 15 or 20 s.
This relationship is fairly consistent in different parts of the world, given the homogeneity of cigarettes and how similarly they are smoked. It also means we can generate some interesting equivalences. Cigarettes typically come in 20 sticks per pack, with 200 sticks per carton, 10 000 sticks per master case and 10 million sticks per container. A 12 m (40 ft) container of the sort shipped overseas or trucked by highway houses 10 million cigarettes, which means that each container will cause about 10 deaths.
We can also think about this in terms of the rate at which cigarettes are smoked. A total of 6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year, and if each cigarette is about 60 mm (counting only the part that is smoked), this means that 360 trillion mm of cigarettes are smoked per year. Converting this, 360 trillion mm is 360 billion m, or 360 million km. Imagined as one long rod, this means that cigarettes are smoked at a rate of 360 million km per year, which is more than 10 km/s. Cigarettes are smoked at a rate equal to the speed at which satellites orbit the earth.
We can also think about the deaths caused per unit weight of stuffing. Cigarettes contain about two-thirds of a gram of tobacco, which means that if it takes 3 million cigarettes to cause one lung cancer, it takes about 2 million g—or 2 metric tonnes—to cause one lung cancer. A typical tobacco farm yields about 2 tonnes per hectare, so a 10-hectare field will cause about 10 lung cancer deaths/year. And 20 additional deaths from heart attacks, gangrene of the feet, cancers of the bladder and oral cavity, etc.
Finally, we can also think about this in terms of the value of a life as assumed by tobacco manufacturers. Cigarette companies make about a penny in profit for every cigarette sold, or about US$10 000 for every million cigarettes purchased. Since there is one death for every million cigarettes sold (or smoked), a tobacco manufacturer will make about US$10 000 for every death caused by their products. Otherwise put: a cigarette manufacturer will not forgo US$10 000 in profit, even if this means the death of one of their customers. The value of a human life to a cigarette manufacturer is therefore about US$10 000.
There are still many myths surrounding smoking—that the dangers have long been 'common knowledge', for example, or that legitimate scholarly doubt about the reality of hazards postdates the Surgeon General's report of 1964.37–39 Yet another myth, though, is that the tobacco 'problem' has by and large been 'solved'. Tobacco is commonly referred to in the past tense—as when critics of the fast food industry talk about solving dietary problems 'the way the tobacco problem was solved'. The fact is that cigarette use persists, and on a massive scale. Global cigarette use seems to have peaked at about 6 trillion cigarettes sometime after the turn of the new millennium, but the deadly effects of this epidemic will still be felt for decades—even if global use continues to decline. Only about 100 million people died from smoking in the 20th century, whereas several times that are likely to die in the present century, even if current rates of smoking fall dramatically.35 Most of the tobacco epidemic remains in the future, with the total global toll likely to approach 2 million lung cancer deaths per year in the 2020s or 2030s.
No causes are themselves uncaused, however, which means that when we think about what causes lung cancer or even smoking, we should think not just in terms of how individuals 'decide' to start smoking, but rather in terms of larger, more weblike threads of causation. We have to look at the cigarette epidemic—and therefore lung cancer—as facilitated by long causal chains of a sociopolitical, technical, molecular and agricultural nature. If cigarettes cause cancer, then so do the machines that roll cigarettes and the companies that supply the 'filters', 'flavourants' and paper. We have to realise that adverts can be carcinogens, along with the convenience stores and pharmacies that sell cigarettes. The executives who work for cigarette companies cause cancer, as do the artists who design cigarette packs and the PR and advertising firms that manage such accounts. Farmers who grow tobacco are part of this network, as are the politicians who take money from 'Big Tobacco', and those chemists and breeders who favour the nicotine molecule. So too must we include those many hundreds of experts who testify for the industry in court.21 We need to better understand such webs or networks if we are to be more creative in finding ways to reduce the toll from this, the world's deadliest malignancy.
This paper reviews the converging lines of evidence that led to the recognition that smoking is the major cause of lung cancer.
It also shows that the non-scholarly public was slower than scholars and medical professionals to recognise tobacco harms.
The point is made that part of that lag can be traced to campaigns mounted by the industry to manufacture doubt.
The point is also made that global tobacco use would be declining were it not for China, which now accounts for about 40 percent of all cigarettes sold (and smoked).
Deaths caused by some of the world's largest tobacco factories are calculated, and the value of a human life for a cigarette manufacturer is shown to be about $10 000.
. Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi. London: Longmans, 1912:22.
. My first recognition of the relationship of smoking and lung cancer. Prev Med 1973;2:611–14.
. Tabakmissbrauch und Lungencarcinom. Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung 1939;49:57–85.
. Lungenkrebs und Tabakverbrauch. Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung 1943;54:261–9.
. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. BMJ 1954;1:1451–5.
. The relationship between human smoking habits and death rates: a follow-up study of 187,766 men. JAMA 1954;155:1316–28.
. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Pathogenesis und Histogenesis der malignen Geschwülste. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1900;162:32–84.
. Durch Tabak beim Kaninchen entwickeltes Carcinom. Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung 1931;33:321.
. The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
. Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar. Cancer Res 1953;13:855–66.
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. On cigarette smoking, bronchial carcinoma and ciliary action. New Engl J Med 1956;254:1155–60.
. Changes in the bronchial epithelium in relation to smoking and cancer of the lung. New Engl J Med 1957;256:97–104.
. Krebserzeugendes Benzpyren gewonnen aus Tabakteer. Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung 1939;49:588–97.
. Lung Cancer and Smoking: What We Really Know. Atlantic Monthly, 1956:75.
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. Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic. Nat Rev Cancer 2001;1:82–6.
. "Everyone knew but no one had proof": Tobacco industry use of medical history expertise in US courts, 1990-2002. Tob Control 2006;15:iv117–25.
. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
. "Historians' testimony on 'common knowledge' of the risks of tobacco use: a review and analysis of experts testifying on behalf of cigarette manufacturers in civil litigation." Tob Control 2006;15:iv107–16.
Competing interests The author has served as an expert witness in litigation against the tobacco industry.