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Subdued sew-on Command Sergeant Major (CSM) insignia are manufactured in a variety of ways to accommodate the different uniforms with which they are worn. Use the drop-down selection box to the right to choose the type of insignia you're looking for.
Rank with Velcro feature the CSM insignia embroidered on rectangular swatch of cloth manufactured in the ACU camouflage pattern with a hook-and-loop backing (Velcro) used to secure it to hook-and-loop pads on Utility uniforms. In 2011, the Army gave Soldiers the option of sewing embroidered grade insignia directly onto Utility uniforms, but those who take this route must also sew on their nametapes and the U.S. Army tape.
Our Cap Rank insignia also features the CSM insignia embroidered onto a swatch of cloth featuring a camouflage pattern, but it is sewn directly onto a Patrol Cap or Sun Hat (boonie) rather than being attached with Velcro. You should also select this option if you wish to sew on your grade insignia on a Utility uniform.
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The Army's extensive system of professional education programs for its Noncommissioned Officers (NCOs) was, to a certain degree, born out of necessity. During the Vietnam War, it became apparent very quickly that the conflict would involve NCOs exercising much higher levels of authority and even command responsibilities than during World War II or The Korean War. Unlike the massive lines of battle during the Second World War, the jungle combat in Vietnam meant actions would companies, platoons, and squads, with NCOs given much the hands-on control. Due to a variety of factors, including combat attrition and limited tours (12 months), the Army faced a serious shortage of NCOs.
To facilitate the rapid training and deployment of NCOs, the Army established the Infantry Non-commissioned Officers Course in 1967 at Fort Benning; attendees were selected from Soldiers who exhibited exemplary performance and leadership traits during basic training, and were trained extensively in leadership duties before being deployed to Vietnam to head up teams and squads. Although some NCOs who had risen through the ranks over course of several years tended to look down upon these "Shake and Bake" NCOs, the concept of specialized training in leadership for NCOs was seen as one that needed to be pursued in more depth.
This led to the establishment of the NCOES, or Noncommissioned Officers Education System in 1969 (actual training did not start until 1971), and ultimately the Sergeant Majors Academy at Fort Bliss, TX in 1972. Over the years, the Sergeant Majors Academy expanded its scope, and is home to the Advanced Leaders Course attended by Sergeants and Staff Sergeants seeking advancement to higher enlisted grades. In 1989, the Academy introduced the Command Sergeant Major Course, an intensive one-week course designed to acclimate Sergeants Major in the unique duties and responsibilities of the CSM position. This course was moved to Fort Leavenworth in 2006.
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The Notorious Captain Hayes; a conversation with author Joan Druett
The American-born seafarer William "Bully" Hayes was a notorious celebrity in his own lifetime and in the century after his death became the antihero of numerous accounts, novels, secondhand memoirs — and a Hollywood movie starring Tommy Lee Jones and Michael O'Keefe. At least two Pacific watering holes have called themselves Bully Hayes — one in Hawaii and one in New Zealand.
Much has been written about this 19th century adventurer, accused of countless cons, crimes, swindles and brutalities — some true, some embellished, some pure fiction. Overshadowing his misdeeds, or perhaps driving them, is the portrayal of Captain Hayes as a charismatic and dauntless character — an enduring, mythical, antihero. This image was created largely by the popular media of his time, says maritime historian Joan Druett. Her latest book, The Notorious Captain Hayes; The Remarkable True Story of William 'Bully' Hayes, Pirate of the Pacific, is the most definitive biography written about the man, the myth, the legend. The author has spent years reading everything in print about Hayes, studying contemporary newspaper articles, letters, diaries, ship logs and shipping lists in an effort to separate fact from fiction.
The result? An objective but very engaging popular history of a sea captain, trader, showman and blackguard known for his many dupes and crimes — some mere swindles — others abhorrent (rape, coercion, and blackbirding — the transport of poor refugees as cheap labor). Joan likens the mythical Captain Hayes to Hollywood's Captain Jack Sparrow. The bad guy we love, an enduring archetype.
Joan Druett is an award-winning author of numerous maritime history and nautical novels, and a former Fulbright Scholar. She is married to Ron Druett, a maritime artist who has illustrated many of her histories. They live in New Zealand. Here's a conversation we had via email which gives some insight into her writing process:
Joan, what was the most surprising discovery you came across in your research for The Notorious Captain Hayes?
"That he was so likeable! One chronicler of the many yarns told about this rogue wrote that he was "as charming a rascal as ever broached a keg or stolen port," and everything I read about him — no matter how thunderously critical — confirmed this image. It was little wonder, really, that he became magnified into the Robin Hood of the Pacific Ocean, because he was a-larger-than-life, charismatic figure. And yet the way he cheated people was truly shocking."
In your preface you say "There was a lot of garbage written about him" Can you elaborate on your process of separating fact from myth?
"By going through the newspapers of the time, including many shipping lists, I was able to build up a detailed timeline, and prove that he had an "alibi" for many of the farfetched yarns. The first was that he took over the ownership of the clipper bark Canton during her voyage to Singapore in July 1854, but the shipping lists of the San Francisco papers had him in command of another ship on the Californian coast in July 1854. So he was innocent of that particular crime. And there were many other stories that were founded on idle gossip. As well as this, Bully Hayes loved to tell tall tales about himself, and these were embellished and repeated all over the Pacific."
You liken the myth of Bully Hayes to the now iconic Disney antihero, Captain Jack Sparrow – a great comparison and one which helps to explain his appeal. Can you compare Captain Hayes's him to any real life celebrities?
"It's the combination of wickedness and likeability that makes Jack Sparrow a fictional version of Bully Hayes — that and the touch of humor. And it is that combination that makes Bully Hayes stand out from political crooks and Wall Street pirates. None of them as attractive as he certainly appears to have been."
Your artist husband Ron has illustrated some of your past work. Did he have an artistic or other role in the making of the Bully Hayes biography?
"No. The designer, the publisher and I had fun making up the jacket, as we wanted it to look like a "wanted" poster, and Ron had fun watching us at work."
Joan, I'm an admirer of you work; your nonfiction is lively and your fiction has a sense of realism and historical accuracy. Do you have a preference?
"I used to say that I put on weight when writing nonfiction and lost it when writing novels. How true that was I am not sure, but historical novels are very hard work. Enjoyable, but not as easy as researching material, thinking about it, and then using it within a nonfiction framework."
I'd hardly call researching material and writing a legendary man's story easy. How long have you been researching Bully Hayes?
"Fifteen years! I started in 2001, by reading everything in print. Then I moved to newspapers. As you can imagine, my eyesight kept on giving up on the job. Trawling through microfilms isn't fun. It was digitization that made the job possible."
While reading Joan's book this weekend on my e-reader I was reminded of a personal story associated with the myth of Bully Hayes and the long list of boats he became associated with — boats with evocative names such as Otranto, Black Diamond, Ellenita, Shamrock, Lotus, and many others — many of which came to a bad end. When Bob and I moved to Hawaii we bought Topaz, a 20-year-old sloop in need of some work, anchored off Hilo. I well remember closing the deal on the shores of backwater Reeds Bay, Bob writing the check to a scruffy, roguish, charming American sailor named Hayes. (We weren't bilked: the boat was sound, had clear title, and we enjoyed many years sailing her). Our man Hayes immediately bought another boat named Pumpkin Patch and purportedly sailed to New Zealand with his wife and young daughter. This was in 1993. After that, we lost track of him… Somehow –unfairly — I associate him with the legendary Captain William "Bully" Hayes, who died more than a hundred years ago but whose name and reputation lives on in the islands of the Pacific.
Follow author Joan Druett on her World of the Written Word blog. For more information about her books, please visit her website, and Old Salt Press.
By lindacollison|2016-08-21T14:23:35-07:00August 22nd, 2016|author interviews, history, nautical history, writing and publishing|1 Comment
Share This Story.
Books that guided and inspired Patricia MacPherson
Women Who Sail New England
Sea Voyages Gone Badly
Altitude is your friend
Nurse Kit Carson's Knife & Gun Club; the first five episodes
Margaret Muir August 22, 2016 at 3:15 pm
Great post, Linda.
Thank you for introducing Joan Druett and her latest book – the result of years of hard work, research and dedication.
I look forward to reading it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The steelhead have now gone and early sockeye are showing up in good numbers. The river water levels are going down and the Sockeye are stacking up below the Weir. There are no fisherman on the river this time of year, so it makes for a great experience with no crowds.
The weather in the Yakutat area this time of year is usually mild and water heights are perfect for wading as well as drifting.
Limits of Sockeye are happening daily on the guide boats, and the amount of fish entering the system now shows that the numbers should be high for the season.


Montpellier is a city in the South of France.
Apart from an attractive city in itself, it is situated next to a main motorway A9/E15 connecting cities such as Perpignan and Barcelona to the South, Aix-en-Provence and Marseille to the East, Lyon and Paris to the North, and Toulouse and Bordeaux to the West.
The tramway line in Montpellier, line 2 (the flower tram), goes directly to a péage (toll plaza). Take tram line 2 from the train station, in the direction of "St. Jean de Vedas", then get out at the next-to-last stop, "St. Jean le Sec". At the stop look around and you will see a péage behind a roundabout.
EDIT 2017: The "péage" doesn't exist anymore. Hitchhiking is still possible in the roundabout, between the tramway stop and the highway entrance, with a sign.
The roundabout is a good spot for both directions. Good traffic at normal hours. In case you're going south, "Béziers" is a good city to put on your sign. The next petrol station is right out of Montpellier, and there is another one before Béziers.
If you're going north, you can write "Nimes" on your sign. There is a petrol station before (Ambrussum).
If the above spot is too low on traffic (or too easy) for your taste, you can continue walking past the small péage to the multi-lane one where all the cars from North or South have to stop. To reach it, you must walk for 10 minutes beyond the first péage. It is illegal and quite dangerous to walk on the autoroute, so you need to walk far to the side, staying on the grass if possible. You will see the big péage from where you can find a 300 or 400 km ride in any direction.
Attention: there is no parking spot after the péage so you'll have to do it at the very place the people pay. Which is sometimes tolerated by the personnel, and sometimes not.
EDIT 2017: The first "péage" doesn't exist anymore. About the big one, it depends on the direction you're going. Going East/North won't work, as people arriving to this toll stop in or around Montpellier. (The main traffic that's going further takes a different route, quicker, right in the middle of the two big tolls with no possibility to stop.) Going West/South is still possible from this spot (traffic from Montpellier and surroundings).
This link shows all the péages, exits and petrol stations of the A9.
The "all directions" tip above, or: If you like safe and easy hitchhiking, it's advised to take Tram number 1 to Odysseum, get off at Place de France, which is one stop before the last stop, then walk a bit back to the roundabout and go the Av. du Mondial up to the north. Walk straight and you will see a hill on the left, right in front of the highway. Go up (better to have good shoes on!) and you find at the top this brilliant hitchhiking spot - Elf petrol station. You can try there, or stand with a sign on Av Pierre Mendes, just before the entrance to the station. where it is?
Option One: Another option is to get to Place de L'Europe (), for example by taking tramline 1. From there you can already see signs to the motorway. You can either follow those signs and the main road Avenue de Président Pierre Mendes France for about 15 to 20 minutes, or get a ride from where this road starts to either your destination or to a better location further up the road, at the roundabout where the main motorway A9/E15 actually connects to the Avenue de Président Pierre Mendes France.
Note: There is not a very good spot for cars to stop, but they stop at the roundabout for traffic with enough time to ask drivers for a ride, and for them to open the door.
Option Two: A second option is the roundabout off Avenue de Palavas (near Tramway 4 - Garcia Lorca). However there is no good spot for cars to stop at the roundabout, and nowhere on the ramp either. Zac waited for an entire day for a ride to Perpignan without luck and shamefully retreated to the train station.
Option Three: Take tram to stop "Sabines" and walk down Avenue d'El Alamein. You'll find roundabout.
You can find free luggage storage at the "Musée Fabre," a big new museum in the center of Montpellier, close to "Place de la Comedie". Of course the luggage storage is for people who visit the museum, but if there is a lot of people they won't pay attention. It's a room on the left in the entrance, there are boxes where you can put a bag. You need to put one coin inside to have the key which they give you back.
It's a nice painting museum for people who like art. Use an ISIC card (or say you have one) for free entrance.
You can get free veggies and fruits at the end of the market on Figuerolles. They close by 11/12.
June 2017: Every Thursday, at least during the summer, in the big gazebo in the parc Esplanade, there is a huge unofficial (ie. spontaneous, traditional, certainly doesn't cost money) party with musicians and traditional French dancing. It's lots of fun, go make some friends.
There is a flea market on Sunday (early) around the tram stop Mosson, end of line 1 Lots of random crap, lots of clothes, some food. Apparently there will be lots of stuff left over by vendors around 1-1:30. There are a few other flea markets in town.
The organization Mama Sound publishes a small pamphlet (free) every month that lists all the events happening in town.
This page was last edited 07:33, 24 December 2018 by Traumschule Riebau. Based on work by different users of the hitchwiki community.


text:
Today in history, Jan. 11, 1964: Smoking may be hazardous to your health
Local // Bayou City History
J.R. Gonzales, Staff Writer
Houston Chronicle front page for Jan. 11, 1964.
Chronicle file
Smoking is bad, a federal panel concluded on this day in 1964. Researchers found that cigarette smoking was a major cause of lung cancer and other diseases that could lead to death, especially in men.
The report kicked off a movement to curb the use of cigarettes and tobacco that continues to this day.
In other news, ground was broken on what would become Jones Hall.
More from Bayou City History
This day in Houston history, Nov. 16, 1939: Shoppers jam newly opened Main Street Sears store
This day in Houston history, Nov. 15, 1923: An alligator on the loose in First Ward
J.R. Gonzales
Reach J.R. on
J.R. Gonzales, a native Houstonian, is a web producer for HoustonChronicle.com. Before that, he was a news copy editor. Since 2006, he has overseen the Bayou City History blog, which covers various aspects of Houston's history.
Prior to joining the Houston Chronicle, Gonzales worked as a night cops reporter at The State newspaper in Columbia, S.C., and later as a copy editor. He has also worked as a courthouse reporter for the Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Gonzales is a journalism graduate of the University of Houston.


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Auditory Ossicles
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In this article, we'll discuss the auditory ossicles, namely the malleus, incus, and stapes. Inside of the middle ear are the smallest bones in the body–the auditory ossicles, or ear bones. By definition, these three bones are named after their shape: malleus ("hammer"), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). During development, the auditory ossicles are the first bones to fully ossify and are mature at the time of birth, where they do not grow afterwards.
The ossicles are situated in the middle ear and suspended by ligaments. They articulate with each other through synovial joints to form a chain across the length of the middle ear from the tympanic membrane (laterally) to the oval window (medially). The ossicles transmit mechanical vibrations of the tympanic membrane across this chain to the oval window where fluids of the inner ear will move and excite receptors. This process allows sound to be transformed into electrical signals which are then sent to the brain. This article will explore the function of the auditory ossicles, their bony features, articulations, associated muscles, and some clinical aspects.
Key facts about the auditory ossicles
Functions Transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Malleus Handle, spatulate process, lateral process, anterior process, neck, head
Incus Body, short limb, long limb/process, lenticular process
Stapes Head (capitulum), anterior limb, posterior limb, base (footplate)
Articulations Incudomalleolar joint, incudostapedial joint, tympanostapedial syndesmosis
Muscles Tensor tympani (Eustachian) muscle, stapedius muscle
Clinical notes Ossicular chain discontinuity, hyperacusis
Malleus
Stapes
Related diagrams and images
The auditory ossicles transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane through the middle ear to the oval window. At the oval window, a wave is generated to move the fluid in the internal ear, which will excite receptor cells and allow these mechanical vibrations to be transferred into electrical signals. Since the base of the stapes (attached to the oval window) is much smaller than the tympanic membrane, the vibratory forces at the base is 10 times greater than that at the tympanic membrane. This means that the ossicles increase the force of vibrations, but decrease the amplitude as the vibrations are transmitted across each ossicle. This converts large-amplitude low-force vibrations into small-amplitude, high-force vibrations.
Anatomy of the ear - anterior view
When we hear something, this sound must be converted from sound waves into electrical signals for the brain to process. First, sound waves enter the external acoustic meatus, or ear canal, and vibrate the tympanic membrane that is located at the end of this canal. On the opposite side of the tympanic membrane, the medial side, the malleus is attached with its handle. This is where a series of movements of the auditory ossicles begins.
First, movements of the medial portion of the tympanic membrane will move the handle of the malleus medially as well. In turn, this moves the head of the malleus laterally, which moves the head of the incus laterally as well because the head of the malleus and head of the incus articulate with each other. As the head of the incus moves laterally, its long process is moved medially. Since the long process of the incus articulates with the stapes, the stapes moves medially as well. The base of the stapes is attached to the oval window, and so the medial movement of the stapes means that the oval window is also moved medially. Movement of the oval window generates a wave in the fluid filled internal ear which stimulates receptor cells to transmit electrical signals to the brain via the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
More information about the anatomy of the ear and the process of hearing is provided below:
Ear Read article
Anatomy of Hearing Read article
The most lateral and largest of the auditory ossicles is the malleus (hammer). It has several parts: handle, spatulate process, lateral process, anterior process, neck, and head.
The handle of the malleus (also known as the manubrium) is a downward extension embedded into the medial surface of the tympanic membrane. As the handle extends inferiorly, it narrows. At the end of the handle is the spatulate process of the malleus which attaches to the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane with ligaments. This attachment draws the tympanic membrane medially from the center forming a concavity called the umbo of the tympanic membrane. Superior to the handle, the lateral process projects laterally as a slight cone at the root of the handle. It attaches to the superior part of the tympanic membrane by the anterior and posterior malleolar folds. The anterior process is much longer than the lateral process. Superior to the lateral process, and inferior to the neck, it projects anteriorly like a spindle and attaches to the anterior wall of the middle ear. The anterior process is also called the Folian or Rau's process.
The following video and quiz showcase all the features of the auditory ossicles, including the malleus:
Outer ear and auditory tube Watch video
Outer ear and auditory tube Start quiz
Superior to the lateral and anterior processes is the neck of the malleus. It is quite narrow and lies on top of the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane. Superior to the neck is the rounded head of the malleus which sits in the epitympanic recess. On its posterior side, it articulates with the body of the incus posterolaterally by a small synovial joint: the incudomalleolar joint.
The malleus is suspended in place by three ligaments:
Anterior ligament of malleus (Casserio's ligament) – attaches to the base of the neck of the malleus (superior to the anterior process) to the carotid (anterior) wall of the tympanic cavity.
Superior ligament of malleus – attaches the head of the malleus to the tegmental wall/roof of the tympanic cavity.
Lateral ligament of malleus – attaches the head or neck of the malleus to the posterior part of the tympanic notch (Rivinus' notch).
The incus (anvil) is the middle auditory ossicle. It is suspended medial to the malleus and lateral to the stapes and joins these ossicles together with synovial joints. It consists of the: body, short limb, long limb/process, and lenticular process.
The body of the incus articulates with the head of the malleus anterolaterally. Like the head of the malleus, it sits in the epitympanic recess. The short limb projects posteriorly from the body and is the site of attachment for the posterior ligament of the incus. The long limb/process projects inferiorly and anteromedially, parallel with the handle of the malleus. At its inferior end, it bends on a 90° angle to form the lenticular process which articulates with the head of the stapes by the incudostapedial joint.
Two ligaments suspend the incus in place:
Superior ligament of incus – attaches the body of the incus to the tegmental wall/roof of the tympanic cavity.
Posterior ligament of incus – attaches the short limb of the incus to the mastoid (posterior) wall of the tympanic cavity.
The most medial and smallest auditory ossicle is the stapes (stirrup). The features that can be identified on the stapes are the head (capitulum), anterior limb, posterior limb, and base (footplate).
On its lateral side, the head of the stapes (capitulum) articulates with the lenticular process of the long limb of the incus in the incudostapedial joint. The anterior and posterior limbs arise from the head, and attaches to the oval shaped base. The base of the stapes (footplate) then sits in the oval window of the labyrinthine (medial) wall of the tympanic cavity.
There are two ligaments associated with the stapes:
Stapedial membrane – a mucosal layer spanning across the space between the anterior limb, posterior limb, and base.
Annular ligament of the stapes (stapedial annular ligament) – a ring of fibrous tissue around the oval window that connects it to the base of the stapes in the tympanostapedial syndesmosis.
The resources given below explain what happens to the auditory signal beyond the ossicles.
Inner Ear Read article
Labyrinth Watch video
Auditory Pathway Read article
There are three articulations of the auditory ossicles:
Incudomalleolar joint – synovial joint between the head of the malleus (posterior side) and the body of the incus.
Incudostapedial joint – synovial joint between the lenticular process of the long limb of the incus and the head of the stapes.
Tympanostapedial syndesmosis – the connection between the base of the stapes and the oval window with the annular ligament of the stapes.
Two skeletal muscles are associated with the auditory ossicles that contract in response to loud noises. This process lessens movements of the auditory ossicles and thus dampens vibrations caused by loud sounds to protect structures of the internal ear. These two muscles are the tensor tympani (Eustachian) muscle and stapedius muscle.
The tensor tympani muscle lies inside a bony canal superior to the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube, and passes posteriorly to insert onto the handle of the malleus. When it contracts, it pulls the handle of the malleus medially which tenses the tympanic membrane. Because the tympanic membrane is tense, it is not able to vibrate as much and the amplitude of oscillations is reduced. This is done in response to loud noises to protect the structures of the internal ear.
Key facts about the tensor tympani (Eustachian) muscle
Origins Superior aspect of the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube; Greater wing of the sphenoid bone; Bony canal of the tensor tympani muscle in the petrous part of the temporal bone
Insertion Upper portion of the handle of the malleus
Innervation Nerve to medial pterygoid muscle (a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3))
Function Pulls handle of malleus medially; Tenses tympanic membrane
The stapedius muscle runs from its attachment on the inside of the pyramidal eminence of the mastoid (posterior) wall of middle ear, through a foramen at the apex of the pyramidal eminence, passes anteriorly, and inserts onto the posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes. When it contracts, the stapes is pulled posteriorly and its base is tilted inside the oval window. This action tightens the annular ligament of the stapes, reducing oscillation and preventing excessive movement of the stapes. Like the tensor tympani muscle, the stapedius muscle contracts in response to loud noises.
Key facts about the stapedius muscle
Origin Interior of pyramidal eminence of the mastoid (postesterior) wall of middle ear
Insertion Posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes
Innervation Pulls stapes posteriorly; Prevents excessive oscillation
Function Nerve to stapedius (a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII))
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Ossicular chain discontinuity occurs when the auditory ossicles are not articulating correctly: they are either fused together and free movement is lost; or they are too far apart and cannot transmit sound through to the oval window. There are a number of causes including trauma, infection, malformation of the bones from birth, otosclerosis (abnormal growth of the ossicles), or chronic suppurative otitis media (inflammation). Ossicular chain discontinuity is typically treated with a hearing aid, or through ossicular chain reconstruction surgery.
Paralysis of the tensor tympani or stapedius muscle results in an inability to reduce amplitudes and oscillations created by loud sounds. This leads to a hypersensitivity to loud noises known as hyperacusis. Paralysis of these muscles is caused by damage to the nerves that supply them. This type of injury can be due to trauma like a head injury or infection.
Show references
Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W., & Mitchell, A. W. M. (2015). Gray's Anatomy for Students (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone.
Hacking, C. & Gaillard, F. (2019). Stapedius. Retrieved from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stapedius?lang=us
Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Murphy A. & Gaillard, F. (2019). Incus. Retrieved from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/incus?lang=us
Sheikh, R., Haidar, H., Abdulkarim, H., Aslam, W., Larem, A., Alsaadi, A., & Alqahtani, A. (2016). Preoperative Predictors in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media for Ossicular Chain Discontinuity: A Cross-Sectional Study. Audiology and Neurotology, 21(4), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447045
Bell, D. J. & Gaillard, F. (2019). Malleus. Retrieved from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/malleus?lang=us
Bell, D. J. & Gaillard, F. (2019). Stapes. Retrieved from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stapes?lang=us
Bell, D. J. & Spencer, T. (2019). Tensor tympani. Retrieved from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tensor-tympani-1?lang=us
St-Amant, M. & Gaillard, F. (2019). Middle ear ossicles. Retrieved from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/middle-ear-ossicles?lang=us
Article, Review, Layout:
Alexandra Osika
Francesca Salvador
Adrian Rad
Illustrators:
Anatomy of the ear - anterior view - Paul Kim
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Outer ear and auditory tube
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Outer Ear
Learn about the parts of the outer ear - the auricle and the external acoustic meatus - and the related clinical conditions. Learn this topic at Kenhub.
Learn everything about ear anatomy using this topic page. Click now to study all the features and contents of the outer, middle, and inner ear at Kenhub!
Middle Ear
This is an article covering the anatomy, relating structures and supply of the middle ear. Learn about this topic now at Kenhub!
Inner Ear
This is an article covering the components, blood supply and innervation of the Inner Ear. Learn about this topic now at Kenhub!
In this article we will discuss the anatomy and function of the Eustachian (or pharyngotympanic or auditory) tube. Learn this topic now at Kenhub.
How do we hear. This article describes the anatomy of hearing and the relevant clinical conditions - like otosclerosis. Learn this topic now at Kenhub.
Auditory Pathway
This article describes the anatomy and physiology of the hearing process and auditory pathway from the ear to the brain cortex. Learn this topic at Kenhub.
Review of All the Human Body Organs
This article lists the majority of the human body organs, together with some brief anatomy about each of them. Learn this topic now at Kenhub!
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Overview of the structures of the outer ear and auditory tube. [21:34]
Overview of the structures of the outer ear and auditory tube.
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Mr. Grammer and Ms. Heaton, who worked together in a short-lived 2007 sitcom about sparring local anchors, now have their own new shows, both family comedies on ABC beginning on Wednesday. One is irreverent about family life, the other a little too respectful. Good intentions spawn bad comedy.
On "Hank" Mr. Grammer plays an ousted chief executive who has to move his wife and two children back to his humble hometown in rural Virginia. "The Middle" stars Ms. Heaton as Frankie, a harried mother of three in Orson, Ind., a town with few claims to fame besides a demolition derby for the homeless.
"The Middle" is funnier than "Hank," and children are mostly to blame. "Hank," an old-fashioned sitcom with multiple cameras and a laugh track, is infused with a wholesome, didactic streak: Hank's fall from grace gives him a second chance at being a better father. But Hank's children, an eccentric boy and a sarcastic teenage girl, are too stereotypical to add much to the mix; mostly they detract from Mr. Grammer's star turn as a lovable prig.
There is no such softness to "The Middle," which posits that children are an ordeal to endure, like pay cuts, taxes and middle age. The show's title echoes its setting in Middle America, but the allusion to "Malcolm in the Middle," the acclaimed Fox comedy, is even more apt. Like "Malcolm, "The Middle" is a modern sitcom, a single-camera comedy without a laugh track and narrated in a voice-over (in this case by Frankie). Frankie's children are distinctly odd, and so is her husband, a quarry manager named Mike, played by Neil Flynn, who was the janitor on "Scrubs" and here has some of that same loony detachment.
The youngest child, Brick (Atticus Shaffer), is peculiar, and not in a cute way, which makes him all the more appealing. His teacher describes him as "clinically quirky" and wants him tested.
"I just hope that he's weird enough that our insurance covers it," Mike says.
Ms. Heaton is less acerbic than she was on "Everybody Loves Raymond," but just as comical playing an overwhelmed Midwesterner who works at Orson's only surviving car dealership. Frankie touches up her roots with a brown felt-tip pen and throws fast-food bags on the dining room table with the words, "I cooked." Though the troubled economy is only glancingly mentioned in the show, it colors the landscape, and that makes Frankie's ill-founded optimism all the more amusing.
There is no such glint of reality to "Hank." Even though Hank is a fallen business giant, he isn't part of a larger social tableau: he's a self-made sporting goods tycoon who went afoul of his board of directors, not someone who went astray in the subprime market. And that disconnect contributes to the show's creaky, 1980s feel.
There have been plenty of successful family comedies, of course, notably "Full House" and "The Cosby Show," but the best didn't hedge their bets and try to mix drawing room wit with playroom antics. Child rearing was the joke of those comedies, and that's why they worked. There are no children on "30 Rock," "The Big Bang Theory" or "Community," and rightly so, given their acidic balance. And the few new comedies that do include kids, like "Modern Family," keep them in their place as satiric fodder, not as cutesy co-stars.
Mr. Grammer is still funny, but his newest format is too timeworn to give his comic style a fresh boost. "Hank" has the right star in the wrong setting. "The Middle" has better balance.
ABC, Wednesday nights at 8,Eastern and Pacific times; 7, Centraltime.
Created and written by Tucker Cawley;Tom Werner, Mr. Cawley, Kelsey Grammerand Mike Clements, executive producers.Produced by Bonanza Productionsin association with McMonkey,Grammnet Productions, Werner Entertainmentand Warner Brothers Television.
WITH: Kelsey Grammer (Hank Pryor),Melinda McGraw (Tilly Pryor), DavidKoechner (Grady Funk), Jordan Hinson(Maddie Pryor) and Nathan Gamble(Henry Pryor).
ABC, Wednesday nights at 8:30,Eastern and Pacific times; 7:30,Central time.
Created and written by Eileen Heislerand DeAnn Heline; Ms. Heline and Ms.Heisler, executive producers. Producedby Warner Brothers Television.
WITH: Patricia Heaton (Frankie), NeilFlynn (Mike), Charlie McDermott (Axl),Eden Sher (Sue) and Atticus Shaffer(Brick).


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Home » Steam Introduces Remote Play Together
Steam Introduces Remote Play Together
Games, News
Photo Source: Polygon.com
Steam has announced a new feature in their system called "Remote Play Together." According to them, it is designed to allow local multiplayer games to turn into online experiences. This means that users can now enjoy their friend's games even without owning or buying the game themselves.
The Remote Play Together will allow two or more players to enjoy local multiplayer games. It works together by a host player inviting their friends to join their local multiplayer game via Steam Overlay. Once their friend accepts the invitation, the game will run automatically through their computer, and they can begin playing together.
In this setup, the host player will handle all the processing, while their friend hooks in with their connection, controllers, and microphone. This makes the game run without it existing in their friend's Steam library.
Steam sent an official email out to game developers, informing them that any games that feature local co-op, split-screen, or multiplayer mechanics will be supported by this feature.
According to the email, the new Remote Play Together feature is designed to add value to multiplayer games that do not have native online capabilities. Due to this new feature, games with multiplayer gameplay will soon be enjoyed among friends online. This will enable fans to introduce their local multiplayer games to new audiences.
Steam also noted that multiplayer games which were not designed for local play are still best played using the game's built-in online system.
The Remote Play Together feature went live in Steam Beta last October 21 on gaming PC.
Tags:Remote Play TogetherSteamSteam new featuresSteam Remote Play TogetherSteam update


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Since Tadacip became available publicly it benefited many men of all races. Nowadays, it is number one pill for erectile dysfunction management. Indeed, Tadacip is the most reliable and widely-used pill for erectile problems.
Ideally Tadacip is for every man who has erectile dysfunction. Tadacip will relax the penile arterial walls and make the flow of blood smooth to have a maintained erection. It only happens once the blood goes, fills and remains in the penile muscles.
Some medical conditions will make it harder to have a normal erection like diabetes, brain disorders, aging, poor physical status and psychological disorders.
Tadacip will still be effective in spite of the origin of your erectile problems. Nonetheless, some men with certain health conditions will have to adjust the dose or take considerations of drug interactions, such as men suffering from HIV and men over 65 years old.
There are also several instances that may cause delay or alter the good effects of Tadacip such as eating fatty foods before using the drug or having any liver and renal illnesses. If you have no anomalous conditions, generally Tadacip works for every man.
Additionally, Tadacip is not suggested for all men and you should consult your healthcare provider first if it is alright for you to use Tadacip. If not there are always alternative solutions for problems that could be beneficial for you.
The usual side effects of Tadacip are headache and priapism (painful erection for more than four hours). Older men, 65 years old and above and HIV patients are highly susceptible to these side effects. If ever you feel or notice any side effects, discontinue the drug and go to the nearest hospital immediately. Prolonged erection for more than four hours can result to permanent damage to the penile tissues that's why you need medical help straightaway.


text:
El Niño 2015-16: As California waits, Latin America is hit hard
Study: Rising seas slowed by increasing water on land
Sea Level News | February 17, 2016
Briefing: a new era of sea level research
By Pat Brennan, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Norfolk Naval Station at Hampton Roads, Va., is among the coastal facilities facing the prospect of adapting to rising sea levels. Image credit: Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Ernest R. Scott
The newest era of sea level research is space-based, and is conducted in part by a specially created NASA science team, leading researchers said during a Feb. 12 news briefing in Washington, D.C.
Sea level scientists also have a newly created web portal they can call home, Steve Nerem, a University of Colorado professor who heads the NASA Sea Level Change Team (N-SLCT), told attendees at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
"The University of Colorado may seem like a strange place to study sea level from," Nerem began. "The reason is that we use satellites, mainly, to study sea level rise today."
Nerem mentioned some sobering statistics: a sea level rise of about 70 millimeters—3.2 millimeters per year—since the satellite measurement era began in 1993, first with Topex-Poseidon and then the Jason 1 and 2 satellites. Jason 3 was launched just last month.
And he spoke of the GRACE satellites, which measure changes in Earth's gravitational field, revealing the "why" of sea level rise.
Tracking changes in shifts of water mass around the planet have shown that about one millimeter per year of sea level rise can be attributed to the great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. The rest, Nerem said, comes from mountain glaciers and the expansion of seawater as it heats.
Nerem spoke of sea-level research collaborations with other nations, including the French space agency, CNES, and the German space agency, DLR.
The goal of the NASA sea level team, created in 2014, is to use the best of the space observations to improve models of sea level change for 2050, 2075, 2100 and beyond, allowing planners to better prepare, Nerem said.
The new NASA web portal, which went live in November, includes "real data analysis tools that will allow scientists to better collaborate to study this problem," he said.
Another panelist and N-SLCT member, Benjamin Hamlington of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, focused on the spatial variability of the sea-level signal over the past 20 years—including depressed sea level rise along the West Coast of the United States, caused by a long-term shift in climate variability patterns, in this case the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
A better understanding of such natural variability can help uncover underlying trends that point towards higher sea level in the future, he said.
And his Old Dominion colleague, Larry Atkinson, explained how rising sea level could affect the Norfolk Naval Station at Hampton Roads, Virginia.
"It's the biggest navy base in the world," Atkinson said. "Nuclear weapons facilities, fueling depots—all at sea level. The Department of Defense is really interested in what is going on, and doing continual studies on how to deal with this."
Wrapping up the briefing, Nerem said the N-SLCT is working towards developing new tools to better predict the potential effects of future sea level change.


text:
Exploring critical social issues in hockey
"Minor hockey featuring the world's best female players" – The Dilemma that is the CWHL
courtneyszto / November 28, 2011
Brampton Thunder of the CWHL
Cross-posted on The Rabbit Hole.
This is less a commentary and more a show of support for an intriguing article that I found in this month's edition of Sportsnet magazine titled "World-Class rec league: Because the NHL's support never materialized, the world's best female players are professional in name only". For those of you who do not have access to the print article I include some intruiging excerpts below, as well as my two cents where I have them to contribute. I think this is a good follow up to Mark Norman's previous post The Sad State of Women's Hockey Coverage to help add context to the situation.
Last year, 10.3 million people tuned into watch these women [Lori Dupuis, Jayna Hefford, Cherie Piper] play for Olympic glory. The 16,805 fans who packed Canada Hockey Place paid upwards of $325 per ticket. Scalpers charged double. Meaghan Mikkelson, Gillian Apps, [Cherie] Piper and [Jayna] Hefford won gold for Canada. But tonight at Brampton's Cassie Campbell Community Centre, only a smattering of fans are here to see some of the best female hockey players on the planet. Tonight, tickets cost $8, and not even four rows of seats are full. "In Vancouver, you couldn't get a ticket," says Hefford after the game. "Then we come home," she says, "and we're playing in front of barely more than friends and family."
The future of elite women's hockey once looked so promising. The summer before the 2010-11 campaign, CWHL players were told a deal with the NHL was in the works, a massive game-changer that would see players paid $500 per game and each women's team paired with an NHL franchise: Boston with the Bruins, Toronto with the Maple Leafs, Brampton with the Senators, Burlington with the Sabres and Montreal with the Canadiens. … The NHL could rescue its female equivalent from obscurity with little more than the salary of one fourth-line grinder. The cash the Montreal Canadiens spend on stick tape alone would go a long way to raising the CWHL's profile, and so could some some help from the NHL's marketing division. A single promotional rink board at the Air Canada Centre would be a start. But despite the CWHL's efforts to forge a partnership, it hasn't happened…The 2010-11 season started and the NHL wasn't in the picture.
The good news would be that the CWHL has made some progress:
The women no longer pay to play, they wear helmets, gloves and pants provided by Bauer, they're put up in hotels on the road, their meals are paid for and they're bused to games…This year, coaches who once volunteered are paid up to $15,000 a season, the kind of cash elite minor hockey coaches make to cover expenses, but a step in the right direction.
Explains Sami Jo Small, CWHL co-founder and former Team Canada goalie, "We want to create a professionally run league and make the NHL not even be able to question that partnering with us is the right move, so that's what we're working towards."
For all the professional changes that have been made, the CWHL still pales in comparison to college programs and national teams that give their players top-drawer treatment. The girls still pay for sticks and skates. They still pay for their own gas to drive to practice.
What I find interesting in this whole scenario is not that women's professional hockey doesn't really exist or that the NHL is dragging its feet with lending a hand. Rather, it's how quickly we (as a Canadian society) transport our elite female players between hero and nobody. How many male athletes are asked to straddle the fences between national hero and small-town celebrity? Sure, many Olympic athletes have a slow slide backwards from their heroic feat(s) but women like Piper, Apps and Hefford have been the heroes of multiple Olympic games. They are almost household names for true hockey fans and yet, as the article explains:
These same women who play for their countries and enjoyed full rides to American colleges were back to minor hockey in the worst way. It was minor hockey, featuring the world's best female players.
It would be like Roger Federer getting to stay in the bigs between Grand Slam tournaments and making Martina Hingis play with the juniors after every Slam, pick up her own balls at tournaments and call her own lines. Make sense? Not even close, so how can we ask these women to leave their hearts on the ice for their country when their country and sport have so little to offer them in return? Find me one NHL player who has to work three part-time jobs in order to support his hockey career the way Jayna Hefford does. Perhaps, comparing the CWHL to the NHL is a bad comparison but I do not think it's too much to ask that a "professional" female hockey player be able to support herself from her sport. I'm not saying that they should make even six figures a year at this point but is asking for a salary comparable to that of a mediocre CFL player asking too much? Currently, the CWHL players aren't paid anything, which puts them on par with the women of the Lingerie Football League! Or on par with me! I work full time in order to support my hockey habit. I pay for my own sticks and skates and have to rush from the office to the rink. The tag line of the CWHL is "where the elite compete", which I suppose is true but it's definitely not where the elite make a living. I for one am amazed at how anyone could work three part-time jobs and still train at an elite level. It also makes me wonder if these women are playing below their potential because their focus is split between paying the rent and meeting the expectations of a nation.
November 28, 2011 in Blog posts. Tags: CWHL, Gillian Apps, Jayna Hefford, Lori Dupuis, Meaghan Mikkelson, Sportsnet, women's hockey
Beyond the Foster Hewitt Media Gondola: A Review of the CWHL All-Star Game
The Sad State of Women's Hockey Coverage, and Some Suggestions for Change
Book Review: Offside – A Memoir on women's hockey
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Mo' Than Just a Moustache – Hockey, masculinity and Movember →
11 thoughts on ""Minor hockey featuring the world's best female players" – The Dilemma that is the CWHL"
Jody Jackson says:
Thanks Courtney! Having started my journey with hockey in the 70's… where, as the only girl, I joined the boys mini-mite team at our community outdoor rink, your words speak to my heart. I have watched the profile of women's hockey grow over the past 35 years and the level of elite athleticism evolve right along with it. So when will this next step in the evolution of the women's game take place? You would think North America would be the place, so shame on those stakeholders out there that are not stepping up.
courtneyszto says:
Thank you for commenting Jody. Well, sometimes I think we give North American culture more credit than it deserves. It certainly has made some big stars and provided certain "opportunities" for women but it also reinforces/reproduces a lot of, shall we say, stale ideologies. Take Hollywood for example, for all the diversity that North America has to offer it still reproduces the ideal female as thin, white, attractive and heterosexual. So in that regard, I think – of course, we can't grow women's hockey when our notions of what it means to be a woman have not changed THAT much. Despite the increase in women's opportunities I don't think that what it means to be a "woman" and to be "feminine" have changed greatly, largely in part because what it means to be a "man" and "masculine" have not changed significantly. If we take China as an example, their athletics program for women is equal to, if not superior to (in certain sports), men's sports (a result of the communist system) so this idea that women's sports are universally oppressed under men's sports is problematic (And yes, I acknowledge the fact that Chinese women face much cultural/social oppression in most other aspects of their lives.) When the Lingerie Football League can find sponsors and the CWHL cannot I think it is extremely indicative of the current state of gender relations. One step forward, 2 steps back.
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What I've Learned from Counseling Couples Through Miscarriage
By Dove Pressnall, MA, LMFT on June 23, 2017
Pregnancy loss might be the most common experience nobody wants to talk about. As a therapist, this is what I've learned counseling couples through a miscarriage.
I work as a psychotherapist, but even I couldn't escape postpartum depression as a new mom. After what I went through, it became a bit of a mission to hold a space in my practice where new parents could stand up to depression, anxiety, and the judgments of others.
I started reaching out to obstetricians, and the referrals started coming in. Except the people coming to me weren't mostly new parents with babes in arms. Over and over, I'd hear, "Dr. So-and-so said I should call you … I had a miscarriage and I'm having a really hard time."
It turns out, pregnancy loss might be the most common experience nobody knows about. Until it happens. And then a woman, and often a couple, has to live it.
More than once, a client has said, "I wish I'd understood this a little bit before." So, with deep appreciation for each person who has opened their wounded hearts over a cup of tea in my office, here are five things I learned while counseling couples through the loss of their unborn child.
1. Words do hurt
Miscarriage: I've come to despise the word itself. It literally means "carried wrong." Starting from the diagnosis in the doctor's office, there's already an implication that something went wrong and that it could've gone right. It also ignores the deeply personal and individual experience of pregnancy loss. I've become very aware of referring to whatever language comes to the person as they talk about their experience:
your baby
the child you didn't get to know
"At least … " Meaning well, people say all kinds of things to try to dissuade the bereaved parent from feeling bad about this experience: "At least it happened early!" or "At least you can try again!" Other kind, but deadly words include:
"Well, you know it wasn't meant to be"
"It must have been defective, so this is better"
"Don't worry, you'll have another chance"
Helpful tip: If it wouldn't be appropriate to say at a funeral, it's not appropriate to say to someone who's just lost a pregnancy. Would you ever walk up to someone who'd just lost their partner and say, "Well, there's plenty of fish in the sea!"? Nope.
We wouldn't think of saying, "This must not have been meant to be," or "There's someone else out there who's perfect for you, you'll see." Saying these things to parents who've lost a pregnancy can be just as insulting and hurtful.
"It's time to move on." While this message isn't always so explicit, newly bereaved parents often talk about other people's apparent obliviousness to their pain, which brings us to the second thing I've learned …
2. The grief is real
I sometimes call the experience of losing a pregnancy "invisible grief." There's the loss of the anticipated child, who parents often feel quite connected to, even if only through the not-quite-pleasant evidence of its growth — more than one woman who lost her pregnancy during the first trimester has spoken of longing for morning sickness.
For first-time parents, there's a feeling of connection to that identity — parent — for which there isn't any visible evidence. There's no more bump, no new baby to show. But the grief is there.
One mom spoke of the daily experience of waking up and having it hit her in the gut all over again, remembering that she wasn't pregnant any more, that there wasn't a baby in the next room.
Yet, there are few sanctioned ways to acknowledge this. There's no bereavement leave. There's quite often no funeral. One thing that many people have said helped them was our work to design a ritual of saying goodbye.
Ritual is something humans do all over the world. It helps us feel the completion of something, the transition to a new identity or phase. So, I will often invite clients to create a ritual that'll be meaningful for them.
Sometimes, they've asked family and friends to gather. Other times, they've gone away and done something special. One couple went to a special place in the woods, where there was a stream. They fashioned a little boat and put in it letters to their baby, then watched as it went down the current and out of sight.
3. Partners react differently
Our brains are amazing. They're always learning, trying to figure out how to do things better. One downside of this is that, when something awful happens, our brains are convinced that we could've prevented it.
Bereaved parents can feel literally distraught trying to figure out what it was they could've done differently and letting their shame take over. Other times, it can turn into a blame game:
One person feels like pregnancy loss happens about a fourth of the time, so it's not such a big deal, while their partner is devastated.
A bereaved mother is pragmatic — the child wouldn't have survived. The father, on the other hand, feels guilt, sure that it's his "bad genes" that made it happen.
An unmarried woman is deeply grieving the loss of this pregnancy and also facing the real possibility that she'll never have the chance to conceive again. Her partner is relieved — he never wanted kids.
A woman's angry because she warned her pregnant partner not to keep exercising so hard and, no matter what the doctors say, she's sure that's why the pregnancy ended.
Which leads to number four …
4. Shame and blame can drive a couple apart
Both shame and blame drive people apart. Added to their pain of loss can be the pain of isolation or feelings of unworthiness. But, when couples can come together to stand up to shame and blame, they can end up closer.
Pain calls for tenderness. I have seen the pain of loss open up couples to new levels of compassion and tenderness with one another.
5. Healing is possible
Grief takes time and, when there's no road map, it can seem like it's never going to end.
Because pregnancy loss isn't talked about, people often feel like they're off track, not moving forward as they "should be."
Takeaway: Advice from couples who've been there
Here are some things my clients have shared as helpful:
Plan for important dates: So many times, people I've worked with have gotten to a place where they're doing well, then suddenly start feeling really, really awful — only to realize that they'd forgotten that it was the baby's due date or a key anniversary.
Plan for these dates. They're great for rituals. They also don't have to be times to wallow. If you're feeling great on the baby's due date and have planned to take the day off, enjoy! You've earned it.
Set limits with people that meet your needs: Let that family member who asks "So, have you started trying?" or other intrusive questions know that you understand they mean well but it's really intrusive. One mom told me she just started using the phrase "that's private" on repeat.
If someone wants to get you out to cheer you up and you don't want that, let them know. If it fits your relationship with them, you can let them know you appreciate their intention and what would work for you: "I really appreciate that you want me to feel better but I'm just sad now. I'd love to see you/go to the movie/have dinner, as long as you won't mind if I'm sad."
Pamper yourself: One friend of mine started using the phrase radical self-care and I think it perfectly fits what grieving parents need. This isn't maintenance or special treat time. It's nurture-wherever-you-can time.
Don't worry if you need that manicure, or extra gym session, or ice-cream-cone-in-the-middle-of-the-day-for-no-particular-reason. If it brings a bit of enjoyment or comfort and isn't dangerous, go for it.
Be kind to yourself and your partner: If you don't have a partner, let your friends know that you need extra kindness.
Remind yourself that grief gets easier over time: You don't have to let go of, or move on from, your child. You can find your own way to carry your connection with them, however brief, forward in your life.
That mom who talked about being hit in the gut each morning? I told her I was writing this piece and she said: "Tell them it gets easier. It's always there, but it doesn't hurt as much."
Dove Pressnall is a single mom, psychotherapist, and nonprofit entrepreneur who lives near downtown Los Angeles. She has previously lived in Oregon, Montana, Texas, Oklahoma, Papua New Guinea, and Liberia, in that order. As a therapist, Dove loves helping people find ways to reduce the impact of problems on their day-to-day lives.
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What Is The Definition Of A Tip In Volleyball?
1. This occurs in volleyball when the player attacks with the ball using more of their fingertips and fingertips, rather than the palm of their hand.
Also called a dink or dump, this type of attack is often softer and is slower in speed. Usually use to push the ball around the team or over the block. I can also be use to adjust the ball for a thunder.
1. Bowman receives the pass from Jennings and just as it appears as she's going to set the ball, she tips the ball of the net for a point.


text:
Frequently Asked Questions About Natural Gas
Understanding the Shale Gas Revolution
1. Pfeifer, Sylvia. "Methane hydrates could be energy of the future." The Financial Times. January 17, 2014. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/8925cbb4-7157-11e3-8f92-00144feabdc0.html#axzz39SwZCmEd.
2. Trembath, Alex; Nordhaus, Ted; Shellenberger, Michael; Luke, Max. 2013. Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution. Breakthrough Institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/coal-killer.
3. National Research Council of the National Academies, "Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use," NRC Committee on Health, Environmental, and Other External Costs and Benefits of Energy Production and Consumption, October 2009. http://media.kentucky.com/smedia/2009/10/19/10/HiddenCosts.source.prod_affili- ate.79.pdf.
4. Clean Air Task Force, "Cradle to Grave: The Environmental Impacts of Coal," June 2001. http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Cradle_to_Grave.pdf.
5. Heather Cooley, Kristina Donnelly, "Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Resources: Separating the Frack from the Fiction," Pacific Institute, June 2012. http://www.pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2013/02/full_report35.pdf.
6. Anil Markandya and Paul Wilkinson, "Electricity Generation and Health," The Lancet 370: 979-990 (2007).
9. Brian Lutz, "Hydraulic Fracturing versus Mountaintop-Removal Coal Mining: Comparing Environmental Impacts," Lecture at University of Tulsa, November 28, 2012.
10. Trembath, Alex; Nordhaus, Ted; Shellenberger, Michael; Luke, Max. 2013. Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution. Breakthrough Institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/coal-killer.
11. Brandt, A. R., et al. "Methane leaks from North American natural gas systems." Science 343.6172 (2014): 733-735.
12. Michael Shellenberger, Ted Nordhaus, Jesse Jenkins, and Alex Trembath. 2012. "Where the Shale Gas Revolution Came From: Government's Role in the Development of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale." Breakthrough Institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/shale_gas_fracking_history_and.
13. Heath, Garvin A., et al. "Harmonization of initial estimates of shale gas life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for electric power generation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2014): 201309334.
14. Venkatesh, Aranya, et al. "Uncertainty in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from United States natural gas end-uses and its effects on policy."Environmental science & technology 45.19 (2011): 8182-8189.
15. Brian Lutz, "Hydraulic Fracturing versus Mountaintop-Removal Coal Mining: Comparing Environmental Impacts," Lecture at University of Tulsa, November 28, 2012.
16. Alex Trembath and Max Luke, "Gas Industry Should Embrace Regulation: Sorting Out Legitimate Concerns About Fracking," Breakthrough Institute, September 23, 2013. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/gas-industry-should-embrace-dialogue.
17. Alex Trembath, "Methane Leakage from Cows Higher than from Natural Gas Development: New Data from EPA, DOE, and EDF Confirm Declining Methane Leakage," Breakthrough Institute, March 6, 2014. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/methane-leakage-from-cows-higher-than-from-natural-gas-development.
18. Alex Trembath and Max Luke, "Methane Leakage Not a Deal Breaker for Natural Gas: A Response to Anthony R. Ingraffea," Breakthrough Institute, July 29, 2013. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/methane-leakage-not-a-deal-breaker-for-natural-gas.
20. Andrew Revkin, "Two Climate Analysts Fault Gas Leaks, but Not as a Big Warming Threat," The New York Times, August 1, 2013. http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/two-climate-analysts-fault-gas-leaks-but-not-as-a-big-warming-threat/.
21. Levi, Michael. "Climate consequences of natural gas as a bridge fuel." Climatic change 118.3-4 (2013): 609-623.
22. Hausfather, Zeke. "Climate Impacts of Coal and Natural Gas." Berkeley Earth. August 2014. http://static.berkeleyearth.org/pdf/climate-impacts-of-coal-and-natural-gas.pdf.
23. Osborn, Stephen G., et al. "Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing." proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.20 (2011): 8172-8176.
25. Nordhaus, William D. Managing the global commons: the economics of climate change. Vol. 31. Cambridge, MA: MIT press, 1994.
26. Pacala, Stephen, and Robert Socolow. "Stabilization wedges: solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies." Science 305.5686 (2004): 968-972.
27. David Roberts, "A chat with Al Gore on carbon taxes, natural gas, and the 'morally wrong' Keystone pipeline," Grist, November 20, 2012. http://grist.org/climate-energy/a-chat-with-al-gore-on-carbon-taxes-natural-gas-and-the-morally- wrong-keystone-pipeline/.
28. Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, "President Obama, Coal Killer: How America's Climate Strategy Became Tied to Natural Gas," Breakthrough Institute, July 3, 2013. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/voices/michael-shellenberger-and-ted-nordhaus/president-obama-coal-killer.
29. An analysis by graduate students at Yale University calculated that the total US economic benefit of the shale gas revolution for a single year totaled more than $100 billion, in 2010. Using a similar methodology, we estimate that this annual amount will exceed $100 billion through 2020. See Robert Ames et al., "The Arithmetic of Shale Gas," Yale Graduates in Energy Study Group, June 2012. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2085027.
30. Trembath, Alex; Nordhaus, Ted; Shellenberger, Michael; Luke, Max. 2013. Coal Killer: How Natural Gas Fuels the Clean Energy Revolution. Breakthrough Institute.
31. April Lee et al., "Interactions, Complementarities and Tensions at the Nexus of Natural Gas and Renewable Energy," The Electricity Journal, 25 (December 2012).
33. States," Deloitte for Energy Solutions, January 2013. https://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local percent20Assets/Documents/Energy_us_er/us_er_GlobalImpactUSLNGExports_AmericanRenaissance_Jan2013.pdf.