The World's Great Meritocracy is part of the Conservative Parties 2017 General Election Manifesto.
More good school places, ending the ban on selective schools and asking universities and independent schools to help run state schools.
World class technical education, underpinned by prestigious new institutes of technology with the freedoms that make our universities great.
We have done much in recent years to break down longstanding divisions in our country. Yet some social injustices endure. If you are at a state school you are less likely to reach the top professions than if you are educated privately. If you are a white, working-class boy, you are less likely than anybody else in Britain to go to university. If you are black, you are treated more harshly by the criminal justice system than if you are white. If you are born poor, you will die on average nine years earlier than others. If you are a woman, you will earn less than a man. If you suffer from mental health problems, there is not enough help at hand. These are burning injustices that damage the unity of our country, and we will address them.
The truth is that if we are to make Britain the world's Great Meritocracy, we also need to do much more to support millions of people who live in ordinary, working families. Because life is often much harder for these families than many in positions of power seem to realise. They might have a job, but not always job security; they might be homeowners, but they worry about paying the mortgage and wonder if their children will be able to afford a home of their own; they can just about manage, but worry about the cost of living and getting their children into a good school. They deserve a government that is on their side.
The greatest injustice in Britain today is that your life is still largely determined not by your efforts and talents but by where you come from, who your parents are and what schools you attend. This is wrong. We want to make Britain the world's Great Meritocracy: a country where everyone has a fair chance to go as far as their talent and their hard work will allow, where advantage is based on merit not privilege. To succeed, we must redouble our efforts to ensure that everyone, no matter who they are or where they are from, can have a world-class education.
There remains a long way to go. For too many children, a good school remains out of reach. There are still 1 million children in primary and secondary schools rated by Ofsted as 'requires improvement' or 'inadequate'. If schools across the Midlands and north of England had the same average standards as those in the south, nearly 200,000 more children would be attending good schools. We need to give every child in our country the best possible education if we are to provide them with the best opportunities in the world.
We will lift the ban on the establishment of selective schools, subject to conditions, such as allowing pupils to join at other ages as well as eleven. Contrary to what some people allege, official research shows that slightly more children from ordinary, working class families attend selective schools as a percentage of the school intake compared to non-selective schools. While the attainment gap between rich and poor pupils stands at 25 per cent across the country, at selective schools it falls to almost zero.
A Conservative government will strengthen the teaching of literacy and numeracy in the early years so that all pupils – regardless of background – get the best possible start in life. We will build on the success of the phonics screening test. We will expect every 11-year-old to know their times tables off by heart. To maintain progress as children go through secondary school, we will improve schools' accountability at key stage 3. We will expect 75 per cent of pupils to have been entered for the EBacc combination of GCSEs by the end of the next parliament, with 90 per cent of pupils studying this combination of academic GCSEs by 2025.
In order to fund these commitments, we have taken an important decision. We do not believe that giving school lunches to all children free of charge for the first three years of primary school – regardless of the income of their parents – is a sensible use of public money. There is now good evidence that school breakfasts are at least as effective in helping children to make progress in school. So under a new Conservative government, schools in England will offer a free school breakfast to every child in every year of primary school, while children from low-income families will continue to receive free school lunches throughout their years in primary and secondary education. The savings made from this change will be added to the core schools budget, meaning that every penny saved will go towards children's education.
For too long in this country, technical excellence has not been valued as highly as academic success. We want British technical education to be as prestigious as our world-leading higher education system, and for technical education in this country to rival the best technical systems in the world.
This will require bold reform of the funding, institutional and qualifications frameworks for technical education, in partnership with British industry. We have already introduced high quality apprenticeships that can reach to degree level and beyond for the 200,000 young people who choose to enter full-time vocational study after their GCSEs each year. We now need to go further to improve technical education and offer young people a real choice between technical and academic routes at sixteen.
We will start by replacing 13,000 existing technical qualifications with new qualifications, known as T-levels, across fifteen routes in subjects including construction, creative and design, digital, engineering and manufacturing, and health and science. We will increase the number of teaching hours by fifty per cent to an average of 900 hours per year and make sure that each student does a three-month work placement as part of their course. And we will extend our reforms to the highest levels of technical qualification.
We will invest in further education colleges to make sure they have world-class equipment and facilities and will create a new national programme to attract experienced industry professionals to work in FE colleges.
We will establish new institutes of technology, backed by leading employers and linked to leading universities, in every major city in England. They will provide courses at degree level and above, specialising in technical disciplines, such as STEM, whilst also providing higher-level apprenticeships and bespoke courses for employers. They will enjoy the freedoms that make our universities great, including eligibility for public funding for productivity and skills research, and access to loans and grants for their students. They will be able to gain royal charter status and regius professorships in technical education. Above all, they will become anchor institutions for local, regional and national industry, providing sought-after skills to support the economy, and developing their own local identity to make sure they can meet the skills needs of local employers.
We will put employers at the centre of these reforms. We will deal with local skills shortages and ensure that colleges deliver the skills required by local businesses through Skills Advisory Panels and Local Enterprise Partnerships working at a regional and local level. We will deliver our commitment to create 3 million apprenticeships for young people by 2020 and in doing so we will drive up the quality of apprenticeships to ensure they deliver the skills employers need. We will allow large firms to pass levy funds to small firms in their supply chain, and work with the business community to develop a new programme to allow larger firms to place apprentices in their supply chains. We will explore teaching apprenticeships sponsored by major companies, especially in STEM subjects.
We will, therefore, continue to bear down on immigration from outside the European Union. We will increase the earnings thresholds for people wishing to sponsor migrants for family visas. We will toughen the visa requirements for students, to make sure that we maintain high standards. We will expect students to leave the country at the end of their course, unless they meet new, higher requirements that allow them to work in Britain after their studies have concluded. Overseas students will remain in the immigration statistics – in line with international definitions – and within scope of the government's policy to reduce annual net migration.
To make Britain the world's Great Meritocracy, where your talent and hard work, not who you are or where you come from, determine your life chances, we must look beyond divisions in educational opportunity. We must tackle the burning injustices that Theresa May identified on the steps of Downing Street last year: longstanding, entrenched injustices that affect people of different ethnicities, genders and those with disabilities and mental ill health.
We will take measures to close the gender pay gap. We will require companies with more than 250 employees to publish more data on the pay gap between men and women. We shall continue to work for parity in the number of public appointments going to women, and we shall push for an increase in the number of women sitting on boards of companies.
We will take steps to improve take-up of shared parental leave and help companies provide more flexible work environments that help mothers and fathers to share parenting. We want to help those who have been caring for a child or children for a number of years or supporting an elderly relative. For these people, returning to work can be daunting: things have moved on and people worry that their skills have been eroded. We will address this, providing parents and carers with the confidence to return to work when and how they wish. So we will support companies to take on parents and carers returning to work after long periods of absence and back similar schemes in the public sector, including the country's biggest employer, our NHS.
Alongside that assault on injustice, we will tackle those issues we already know about head on. We will strengthen the enforcement of equalities law – so that private landlords and businesses who deny people a service on the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender are properly investigated and prosecuted. We will legislate to mandate changes in police practices if 'stop and search' does not become more targeted and 'stop to arrest' ratios do not improve. We will reduce the disproportionate use of force against Black, Asian and ethnic minority people in prison, young offender institutions and secure mental health units and we will legislate here too if progress is not made. We will launch a national campaign to increase the number of Black, Asian and ethnic minority organ donors to cut the long waiting times for patients from those groups and save more lives. We will also ask large employers to publish information on the pay gap for people from different ethnic backgrounds.
We will transform how mental health is regarded in the workplace. We will amend health and safety regulations so that employers provide appropriate first aid training and needs-assessment for mental health, as they currently do for risks to physical health, and extend Equalities Act protections against discrimination to mental health conditions that are episodic and fluctuating. We will consider the findings of the Stevenson-Farmer Review into workplace mental health support, working with employers to encourage new products and incentives to improve the mental health and wellbeing support available to their employees. And, as we did with Dementia Friends, we will train one million members of the public in basic mental health awareness and first aid to break the stigma of mental illness.
Breaking down long-standing social divisions in our society means tackling everyday economic pressures that hold back ordinary, working families. Government can help with the cost of living by keeping tax as low as possible. As we set out in chapter one we want to reduce taxes on British businesses and working families. But government can also help by making consumer markets work more fairly, and in doing so reducing the cost of the essentials that families have no choice but to buy. These costs make up a much larger share of working class household budgets than those of better-off households.
We will also act in specific markets. A Conservative government will reform and modernise the home-buying process so it is more efficient and less costly. We will crack down on unfair practices in leasehold, such as escalating ground rents. We will also improve protections for those who rent, including by looking at how we increase security for good tenants and encouraging landlords to offer longer tenancies as standard. We will make billing for telecoms customers fairer and easier to understand, including making clear when a mobile customer has paid off the price of their handset. We will consider a ban on companies cold calling people encouraging them to make false personal injury claims. We will take steps to tackle rogue private parking operators. We will reduce insurance costs for ordinary motorists by cracking down on exaggerated and fraudulent whiplash claims. We will review rail ticketing, removing complexity and perverse pricing, and introduce a passenger ombudsman to stand up for the interests of rail users suffering a poor deal. We will work with train companies and their employees to agree minimum service levels during periods of industrial dispute – and if we cannot find a voluntary agreement, we will legislate to make this mandatory.
First, we will ensure that smart meters will be offered to every household and business by the end of 2020, giving people control over their energy bills that they have not had before.
We will go further. We will introduce a safeguard tariff cap that will extend the price protection currently in place for some vulnerable customers to more customers on the poorest value tariffs. We will maintain the competitive element of the retail energy market by supporting initiatives to make the switching process easier and more reliable, but the safeguard tariff cap will protect customers who do not switch against abusive price increases.


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Spirou Charleroi 86
Local time: 00:00 BASKETBALL HALL JAZINE
The first game of the week in Group D rattled the standings as Spirou Charleroi rode some stellar shooting to a 66-86 blowout road win over Zadar. Both teams now 3-2 and tied for second place behind Varese of Italy. The question of who would win this game was practically answered in the first quarter, when Charleroi fired in 6 three-pointers for a 13-point lead that was never threatened the rest of the way, particularly not after an 0-9 run to start the second half. Forward Ron Ellis, author of three shots from downtown in the first quarter, was the hero for Charleroi with 28 points and 11 rebounds. Marcus Faison had 22 points, leading that third-quarter rush. Andre Riddick added 14 and Jacque Stas 11 for the winners. Zadar suffered bad field goal shooting (21 for 55 from the field), and a big rebounding disadvantage (18-25), and saw double digits scoring by only two players: Marko Popovic with 17 points and Marko Samanic with 10.
After a scoreless first minute, a two-way scoring binge over 90 seconds saw the teams tied 9-9. Charleroi made 3 consecutive three-pointers in that span, the first by Faison then 2 in a row by Stas. In between, Samanic made 2 inside shots, Jasmin Perkovic another and Popovic a triple to tie. But as quickly as the scoring spasmed, it stopped. A pair of Ron Ellis layups put the visitors ahead 9-13 after 6 minutes, when Samanic got another basket to end a four-minute drought for Zadar. Ellis then landed a three-pointer to make it 11-16. After layup by Faison, Andre Riddick stole and passed to Ellis for another three for a 13-21 advantage. But the guests were not done. After Stas and Popovic exchanged free throws, Ellis popped his third three-pointer and Charleroi's fifth of the quarter as the guests took an impressive 15-28 lead after 10 minutes. Charleroi began the second quarter with a 0-4 mini-run to 15-32. Zadar tried to respond with 7-0 run signed by Popovic that pulled the hosts within 22-32. But then Ellis started up again, sinking his his fourth triple as the visitors made it to halftime with a 29-43 advantage.
The second half was the same story. With a magnificent defense Charleroi forced Zadar to make mistakes, that turned into easy points for the visitors, who used an 0-9 openening run to lead by 21 points, 31-52, after 22 minutes. Zadar tried to pull back, but Charleoi had an excellent night, one player in particular -Ellis. On the other side, Zadar didn't have any players making a difference on the scoreboard, but plenty helping to committ 17 turnovers. Charleroi kept the lead at the end of the third quarter, 43-65, and managed it till the end with great authority despite playing far from home. Last quarter was nothing but a long agony for Croatian hosts and their fans in Sports hall Jazine until the merciful ending.
Referees: COLUCCI, GENARO; PILOIDIS, ANASTASIOS; CHIARI, ROBERTO
Zadar 15 14 14 23
Spirou Charleroi 28 15 22 21
4 POPOVIC, LUKA 7:00 2 1/1 1 3
6 VASIC, NIKOLA 29:00 17 4/7 2/4 3/3 1 3 1 3 1 3 14
7 LONGIN, BRANIMIR 24:00 4 1/4 0/2 2/2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
8 PERINCIC, HRVOJE 20:00 4 1/1 0/5 2/2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
9 SAMANIC, MARKO 22:00 10 3/7 0/2 4/6 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 4 6
10 SPRALJA, SIME 4:00 2 1/2 1 1 -1
11 ERJAVEC, MLADEN 30:00 7 1/4 5/6 1 1 2 2 4 1 4 9 7
12 DIJAN, TONI 20:00 3 1/3 1/2 3 3 2 2 1
13 BANIC, MARKO 10:00 7 1/2 1/1 2/2 1 1 1 1 7
14 PERKOVIC, JASMIN 16:00 6 1/1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 4
15 MEEKS, MICHAEL 18:00 4 2/5 0/2 3 1 4 1 1 2 2 3
Team 12 2 10
Head coach: JUSUP, DANIJEL
4 ELLIS, RONALD 40:00 28 5/6 5/7 3/4 3 8 11 2 4 3 4 42
5 TISON, STEPHEN 1:00
8 FAISON, MARCUS 40:00 22 5/7 4/7 1 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 6 28
10 RIDDICK, ANDRE 37:00 14 6/7 2/3 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 22
11 HUGGINS, ROGER 12:00 0/3 1 1 1 1 5 2 -3
12 KUZMANOVIC, VLADIMIR 15:00 2 1/4 0/2 2 1 3 -5
13 STAS, JACQUES 25:00 11 0/3 3/5 2/2 1 1 1 1 4 2 5
14 POTTER, JIM 27:00 7 2/3 0/4 3/4 4 4 1 5 2 1
15 JORSSEN, DIMITRI 3:00 2 0/1 2/2 1 1 1 3 1 -1
Totals 200:00 86 19/34 12/25 12/15 7 18 25 9 25 15 6 0 26 20 99
Head coach: VUCEVIC, SAVO
This game has no play by play yet
JUSUP, DANIJEL
"I congratulate Spirou, they were a better team tonight in all aspects. They are very fast and active on the outside positions so that our reverse balls gave us no advantage. That's why my players got nervous and that affected our shooting. It seems to me that we should have tried to punish them more at the beginning of the game with our inside game. When it was clear that we weren't able to get back into the game I decided to spare some of my players and gave the opportunity to some younger players."
VUCEVIC, SAVO
"We had to take some chances with the tactics tonight, we decided that we would make pressure on their guards. Fortunately, Andre Riddick responded good on the inside game and that option gave us more room to get a positive result. We played a very good defense in the opening of the game, we made our shots and also, luck was on our side this evening so it was very difficult for Zadar to try to find an answer to our game."
MEEKS, MICHAEL
"Spirou is an excellent team, they are very athletic and fast, and they caught us on a bad day where nothing that we tried gave results. Truthfully, we didn¿t stand a chance tonight."
ELLIS, RONALD
"We came here to win. We have prepared ourselves very good for their fast game. We had a good outside shot and rebounds, which made it easy for us to control the game. I felt very good tonight, my shooting percentage was very good and we worked excellent as a team."
REGULAR SEASON EIGHTHFINALS QUARTERFINALS SEMIFINALS FINALS
Jabones Pardo Fuenlabrada 81
DKV Joventut Badalona 82
Snaidero Udine 90
Ural Great Perm 86
Zlatorog Lasko 59
FMP Belgrade 89
Ostend 80
Pamesa Valencia 108
Opel Skyliners 83
Eurocellulari Roseto 78
Elan Chalon 102
RheinEnergie Cologne 79
Adecco Estudiantes Madrid 74
Generali Group Trieste 84
Darussafaka Istanbul 72
Ricoh Astronauts 69
Metis Varese 79
Caprabo Lleida 79

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


USPS Mobile App: United States Postal Service provides multiple postal services and people in the US and outside the US are using these services for sending and receiving mail items. Visit your local post office to avail these service or else visit online USPS.com and if you're a mobile app user then there is USPS mobile app for both android and ios users. With the mobile app, you can easily track your packages, change your address, put your mail on hold, and much more. If you use services offered by USPS then it is recommended to have a mobile app on your phone to quickly check the status of your package or any other details. The Android users can download the app from play store and iOS users need to visit apple store to get the app on their mobile phone or simply use the links shared below.
Things are changing with the advancement of technology, now there is no need to visit the post office to check the delivery status of your package or to avail any other service of USPS. All you need to do is download a mobile app and then install it. Use the services of USPS through your mobile phone only, check the details shared below to know more about the features of the mobile app.
If you're an iOS user then visit Apple store or click on the button shared below to download USPS iOS mobile app. Now track your packages easily on the go, change your address, reschedule your parcel delivery, and more. There are a lot of things that you can do with this app, download the app and enjoy its features.
If you're an Android user, then visit play store on your phone or simply click on the button shared below to download USPS Android mobile app. Avail all the services of USPS through this app, so download the app now and enjoy its features.
This mobile app has really made things super easy, now you don't have to visit the post office and stand in long queues to avail services. Now you just need to open an app on your device and do what you want to do.
If you've any question or query related to USPS Mobile App, then use the comment section provided below. We will respond back at the earliest. Or else visit FAQ category to get answers to your USPS related queries.
Next Post:How Long Does Post Office Hold Undelivered packages?


text:
The name Rilke is often associated with Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926), Bohemian-Austrian poet (Duino Elegies, Sonnets to Orpheus).

Other uses of the name Rilke may also refer to:

9833 Rilke (1982 DW3), a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1982 by R. Ziener, named after Rainer Maria Rilke
Emil Rilke (born 1983), Czech footballer
Rilke trail, a hiking trail in Duino-Aurisina, Gulf of Trieste, Italy, named for Rainer Maria Rilke

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
5 Injured in Sea Dragon Ride at Morey's Mariner's Landing Pier in Wildwood
Illinois News Justice News Flash Personal Injury Regional by vision
08/23/2011 // WPB, FL, USA // Personal Injury Lawyers News // Nicole Howley
Wildwood, NJ — Five people were injured on an amusement ride at Morey's Mariner's Landing Pier in Wildwood on Friday, August 19, 2011. The Sea Dragon ride broke at 9:15 p.m., when the mast snapped off, reported the Philadelphia Inquirer.
According to officials, the mast of the pendulum-like pirate ship, which swings riders in a 180 degree-arc, suddenly snapped off while the ride was in operation.
The falling steel hit a 13-year-old rider, who was then rushed to Cape Regional Medical Center in Cape May Court House.
Four other victims received medical treatment at the scene by responding EMTs.
The 29-year-old ride is closed while investigations are ongoing. The state Carnival and Amusement Ride Safety Bureau investigators are looking into the Sea Dragon accident.
Just two months ago, another amusement park attendee was killed after falling from a 160-foot-high Ferris wheel at Mariner's landing. According to state investigators, the ride had no mechanical defects, and they believe the 11-year-old girl fell after she stood or kneeled on her seat and leaned out of the gondola that she was riding in.
Legal News Reporter: Nicole Howley-Legal news for New Jersey personal injury lawyers.
Url: West Palm Beach Personal Injury Lawyer News
Tags: accidentferris wheelinjuredMorey's Mariner's Landing PierNew Jersey personal injury lawyerspersonal injury lawyerspirate shipsea dragon
Dallas Injury Law Firm Eberstein and Witherite, LLP launches a new web site.
by legal
Top Ranked Massachusetts Law Firm Helps Set Higher Standards for Personal Injury Victims Seeking Legal Representation


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This page last modified: 2020-10-21 22:11:42 -0700 (PST)
Born: Michele Marie Amble, April 6, 1956, Waterloo, Iowa, U.S.A.
Other political affiliations: Democratic (before 1978)
Education: Winona State University (BA) | Oral Roberts University (JD) | College of William and Mary (LLM)
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota's 6th district: In office January 3, 2007 -- January 3, 2015
Member of the Minnesota Senate from the 52nd district: In office January 7, 2003 -- January 2, 2007
Spouse: Marcus Bachmann (m. 1978)
Michele Bachmann -- a delusional, hyper-religious, racist / xenophobic, anti-LGBTQ+ (Bachmann and her husband ran a Christian counseling center that provided --widely discredited -- gay conversion therapy), conspiracy theorist, disinformation troll (exemplar below) -- was the founder of the U.S. House of Representatives' Tea Party Caucus.
Exemplar:
[2020-09-08] Michele Bachmann: "Transgender Black Marxists" are "seeking the overthrow of the United States". Former GOP presidential candidate unfurls an admittedly "melodramatic" conspiracy theory about Black Lives Matter.
[2020-09-08] Michele Marie Bachmann Says Biden Will Collapse the U.S. Economy and Impose Communism.
Right Wing Watch reports on the extreme rhetoric and activities of key right-wing figures and organizations by showing their views in their own words.
In this clip, Michele Bachmann says that ANTIFA, and Black Lives Matter (BLM) are trying to overthrow the U.S. government and hoping to use Joe Biden to collapse the economy and impose communism on the U.S.
Right Wing Watch is a project of People For the American Way (PFAW) dedicated to monitoring and exposing the activities and rhetoric of right-wing activists and organizations in order to expose their extreme agenda. Our researchers monitor dozens of broadcasts, emails and websites, and use their expertise on right-wing movements to analyze and distill that information for media, allies and the general public. By shedding light on the activities of the right-wing movement, we help expose the risks its extreme and intolerant agenda presents to our country. We do not endorse the views of groups that we report on.
Congress member Michele Marie Bachmann (R-MN).
[Image source. Click image to open in new window.]
See also [2020-07-22]: Politicians who believe in crazy conspiracy theories | local copy (html)
Early life, education, and early career
Michele Marie Bachmann was born Michele Marie Amble in Waterloo, Iowa, to Norwegian-American parents David John Amble (1929-2003) and Arlene Jean Amble (née Johnson) (born c. 1932). Two of her great-great-great-grandparents, Melchior and Martha Munson, emigrated from Sogndal, Norway, to Wisconsin in 1857. David was an engineer. Her family moved from Iowa to Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, when she was 13 years old. After her parents divorced when she was 14, David moved to California and remarried. Bachmann was raised by her mother, who worked at the First National Bank in Anoka, Minnesota, where they moved again. Three years later her mother married widower Raymond J. LaFave; the new marriage resulted in a family with nine children.
Bachmann graduated from Anoka High School in 1974 and, after graduation, spent one summer working at kibbutz Be'eri in Israel. In 1978, she graduated from Winona State University with a B.A.
Michele Bachmann: Theocracy Beliefs
In 1979, Bachmann was a member of the first class of the O.W. Coburn School of Law, then a part of Oral Roberts University (ORU). There she studied with John Eidsmoe, whom she described in 2011 as "one of the professors who had a great influence on me." Bachmann worked as a research assistant on Eidsmoe's 1987 book Christianity and the Constitution, which argues that the United States was founded as a Christian theocracy and should become one again. In 1986, Bachmann received a J.D. degree from Oral Roberts University. Michele Bachmann was a member of the ORU law school's final graduating class, and was part of a group of faculty, staff, and students who moved the ORU law school library to what is now Regent University.
In 1988, Bachmann received an LL.M. degree in tax law from William & Mary Law School. From 1988 to 1993 she worked as an attorney for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Michele Bachmann left the IRS to become a full-time mother when her fourth child was born.
Early political activism
Michele Bachmann grew up in a Democratic family and has said she became a Republican during her senior year at Winona State. Michele Bachmann told the Star Tribune that she was reading Gore Vidal's 1973 novel Burr: "He was kind of mocking the Founding Fathers and I just thought -- I just remember reading the book, putting it in my lap, looking out the window and thinking, 'You know what? I don't think I am a Democrat. I must be a Republican.'"
While still a Democrat, she and her then fiancé Marcus were inspired to join the pro-life movement by Francis Schaeffer's 1976 Christian documentary film "How Should We Then Live?" They prayed outside of clinics and engaged in sidewalk counseling, a pro-life protest activity in which activists approach women entering abortion clinics in an attempt to dissuade them from obtaining abortions. Since then Bachmann has made statements supportive of sidewalk counseling. Bachmann supported Jimmy Carter for president in 1976, and she and her husband worked on his campaign. During Carter's presidency, Bachmann became disappointed with his liberal approach to public policy, support for legalized abortion and economic decisions she held responsible for increased gas prices. In the 1980 presidential election she voted for Ronald Reagan and worked for his campaign.
Bachmann's political activism gained media attention at a pro-life protest in 1991. Michele Bachmann and approximately 30 other pro-life citizens went to a Ramsey County Board meeting where $3 million was to be appropriated to build a morgue for the county at St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center (now Regions Hospital). The Medical Center performed abortions and employed pro-choice activist Jane Hodgson. Bachmann attended the meeting to protest public tax dollars going to the hospital; speaking to the Star Tribune, she said that "in effect, since 1973, I have been a landlord of an abortion clinic, and I don't like that distinction."
In 1993 Bachmann and other parents started the K-12 New Heights Charter School in Stillwater. The publicly funded school's charter mandated that it be non-sectarian in all programs and practices, but the school soon developed a strong Christian orientation. Parents of students at the school complained and the superintendent of schools warned Bachmann that the school was in violation of state law. Six months after the school's founding Bachmann resigned and the Christian orientation was removed from the curriculum, allowing the school to keep its charter. Bachmann began speaking against a state-mandated set of educational standards, which propelled her into the world of politics.
Bachmann became a critic and opponent of Minnesota's School-to-Work policies. In a 1999 column she wrote, "School-to-Work alters the basic mission and purpose of K-12 academic education away from traditional broad-based academic studies geared toward maximizing intellectual achievement of the individual. Instead, School-to-Work utilizes the school day to promote children's acquisition of workplace skills, viewing children as trainees for increased economic productivity."
In November 1999 Bachmann and four other Republicans were candidates, as the "Slate of Five," in an election for the school board of Stillwater. All five lost.
In 2000 Michele Bachmann defeated 18-year incumbent Gary Laidig for the Republican nomination for state senator in Minnesota District 56. In the general election she defeated Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) nominee Ted Thompson and Minnesota Independence Party Lyno Sullivan. In 2002, after redistricting due to the 2000 Census, Bachmann defeated another incumbent, DFL State Senator Jane Krentz, in the newly drawn State Senate District 52. Bachmann's agenda as a state senator focused on opposition to abortion and gay marriage.
Same-sex marriage constitutional amendment
On November 20, 2003, Michele Bachmann and Representative Mary Liz Holberg proposed a constitutional amendment that would bar the state from legally recognizing same-sex marriage. In 2004 Bachmann and a coalition of religious leaders announced plans for a "Minnesota for Marriage" rally. Her effort to place a marriage amendment on a referendum ballot in 2004 failed. Michele Bachmann resurrected the proposal in March 2005, but it stalled indefinitely in a senate committee that April [2005].
From 2007 to 2015 Michele Bachmann represented Minnesota's 6th congressional district, which includes the northernmost and eastern suburbs of the Twin Cities and St. Cloud. Michele Bachmann is the first Republican woman to be elected to the U.S. House from Minnesota.
In January 2007 a resolution was approved in the House of Representatives opposing President George W. Bush's plan to increase troop levels in Iraq. Michele Bachmann
Member of Congressional delegation
In July 2007 Michele Bachmann joined a Congressional delegation visiting Ireland, Germany, Pakistan, Kuwait, and Iraq. Michele Bachmann met briefly (due to security concerns) with U.S. personnel in the Green Zone and upon her return said she "was encouraged by reports of progress from Crocker, General David Petraeus and other personnel in Iraq linked to the surge." Michele Bachmann said the surge "hasn't had a chance to be in place long enough to offer a critique of how it's working. Petraeus said al-Qaida in Iraq is off its plan and we want to keep it that way. The surge has only been fully in place for a week or so."
Bachmann also spoke of the delegation's visit to Islamabad to meet Pakistani Prime Minister Aziz at the same time as the siege of Islamic fundamentalists at the Lal Masjid mosque elsewhere in the city. Michele Bachmann reported, "The group of U.S. Legislators had to travel in armored vehicles and was constantly accompanied by Pakistani military ... We were all able to see extremely up close and personal what it's like to be in a region where fighting is occurring. We constantly felt like we were in need of security." Bachmann told reporters upon her return that "the dangers posed by Islamic terrorism in Iraq, Britain and Pakistan justified the continued American military presence in Iraq." Michele Bachmann said, "We don't want to see al-Qaida get a presence in the United States. Al-Qaida doesn't seem to show any signs of letting up. We have to keep that in mind."
On July 11, 2007, Michele Bachmann voted against the College Cost Reduction and Access Act that raised the maximum Pell grant from $4,310 to $5,200, lower interest rates on subsidized student loans to 3.4 percent from 6.8 percent, raise loan limits to $30,500 from $7,500, disfavor married students who file joint tax returns, provide more favorable repayment terms to students who fail to use their education to prosper financially and favor public sector over private sector workers with much more favorable loan forgiveness benefits. Supporters of the bill said "it would allow more students to attend college." Bachmann said her opposition was because "it fails students and taxpayers with gimmicks, hidden costs and poorly targeted aid. It contains no serious reform of existing programs, and it favors the costly, government-run direct lending program over nonprofit and commercial lenders." The bill passed the House and was signed by President Bush.
During the summer of 2008, as national gasoline prices rose to over $4 a gallon, Michele Bachmann became a leading Congressional advocate for increased domestic oil and natural gas exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) and the Outer Continental Shelf. Michele Bachmann joined ten other House Republicans and members of the media on a Congressional Energy Tour to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, and to Alaska. The trip was set up by Arctic Power, an Alaskan lobbying group that advocates for ANWR development. Its purpose was to receive a firsthand account of emerging renewable energy technologies and the prospects of increased domestic oil and natural gas production in Alaska, including ANWR.
Climate Change Denial:
Bachmann has said that global warming is "all voodoo, nonsense, hokum, a hoax" and has been called "one of the GOP's loudest global warming skeptics." Michele Bachmann has said that because life requires carbon dioxide and it is part of the planet's life cycle, it cannot be harmful. On the House floor on Earth Day, April 22, 2009, Bachmann said she opposed cap and trade climate legislation: "Carbon dioxide is not a harmful gas, it is a harmless gas. Carbon dioxide is natural; it is not harmful ... We're being told we have to reduce this natural substance to create an arbitrary reduction in something that is naturally occurring in the earth."
In March 2008 Bachmann introduced H.R. 849, the Light Bulb Freedom of Choice Act. The bill would have repealed two sections of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 signed into law by George W. Bush. The 2007 Energy Act mandates energy efficiency and labeling standards for incandescent and fluorescent bulbs. Bachmann's bill would have required the Government Accountability Office to show that a change to fluorescent bulbs would have "clear economic, health and environmental benefits" before enforcing lighting efficiency regulations. The bill would have allowed these standards to remain in place if the comptroller general found they would lead to consumer savings, reduce carbon-dioxide emissions and pose no health risks to consumers (such as risks posed by the presence of mercury in fluorescent bulbs). The bill languished in the House and became inactive at the end of the 110th Congress. Bachmann reintroduced the bill in March 2011.
Lawsuit reform
On June 3, 2008, President Bush signed the Credit and Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act (H.R. 4008) into law. The bipartisan bill, which Michele Bachmann cosponsored with Congressman Tim Mahoney (D-Fla.), removes statutory damages for violations of a 2003 federal law prohibiting merchants from printing consumers' credit card numbers and expiration dates on sales receipts, in order to end class-action lawsuits aimed at businesses that violated the law.
Michele Bachmann opposed both versions of the Wall Street bailout bill for America's financial sector. Michele Bachmann voted against the first proposed $700 billion bailout of financial institutions, which failed to pass, 205-228. Michele Bachmann also advocated breaking up Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and barring executives from excessive compensation or golden parachutes, and advocated a plan that would suspend mark-to-market accounting rules and suspend the capital gains tax.
See also: Effects of the 2008-2010 automotive industry crisis on the United States
The American auto companies approached Congress to ask for roughly $15 billion in loans to keep them operational into 2009. Michele Bachmann criticized that bill, fearing that the initial sum of money would be followed by subsequent ones without the companies making changes to revive their business. Bachmann supported an alternative plan for American auto companies and the rest of the auto industry that would have set benchmarks for reducing their debt and renegotiating labor deals and have set up the financial assistance as interim insurance instead of a taxpayer-financed bailout.
Call for a media exposé of Barack Obama and members of Congress
On October 17, 2008, Michele Bachmann gave an interview on MSNBC's Hardball with Chris Matthews in support of the presidential campaign of Senator John McCain that brought the Minnesota 6th Congressional District race national attention. During the interview she criticized Barack Obama for his association with Jeremiah Wright and Bill Ayers, saying, "usually we associate with people who have similar ideas to us, and it seems that it calls into question what Barack Obama's true beliefs, and values, and thoughts are ... I am very concerned that Obama may have anti-American views." Michele Bachmann noted the bombing campaign orchestrated by Bill Ayers before discussing his association with Obama, arguing that "Bill Ayers is not someone the average American wants to see their president have an association with." Matthews followed up by asking "But Obama is a Senator from the state of Illinois; he's one of the members of Congress you suspect of being anti-American. How many people in the Congress of the United States do you think are anti-American? You've already suspected Barack Obama; is he alone or are there others?" Bachmann answered, "What I would say is that the news media should do a penetrating exposé and take a look ... I wish they would ... I wish the American media would take a great look at the views of the people in Congress and find out are they pro-America, or anti-America. I think people would love to see an exposé like that."
In response, the five Democratic members of Minnesota's congressional delegation -- Tim Walz, Betty McCollum, Keith Ellison, Collin Peterson and Jim Oberstar -- issued a joint statement questioning Bachmann's ability to "work in a bipartisan way to put the interests of our country first in this time of crisis." Former Secretary of State Colin Powell and former Minnesota Governor Arne Carlson said her comments had influenced their decisions to endorse Obama for president.
Bachmann brought up the interview before business leaders and Republicans during a campaign stop in St. Cloud, Minnesota, on October 21, 2008. Michele Bachmann said she never intended to question Obama's patriotism. "I made a misstatement. I said a comment that I would take back. I did not, nor do I, question Barack Obama's patriotism ... I did not say that Barack Obama is anti-American nor do I believe that Barack Obama is anti-American ... But I'm very concerned about Barack Obama's views. I don't believe that socialism is a good thing for America." At a March 2010 fund-raiser for the Susan B. Anthony List, Bachmann said, "I said I had very serious concerns that Barack Obama had anti-American views -- and now I look like Nostradamus." In March 2011 she was asked on Meet the Press whether she still believed that Obama held un-American views. Michele Bachmann responded, "I believe that the actions of this government have been emblematic of ones that have not been based on true American values." Pressed for clarification, she said, "I've already answered that question before. I said I had very serious concerns about the president's views."
Further information: 111th United States Congress
Global currency
On March 26, 2009, following comments by China proposing adoption of a global reserve currency, Michele Bachmann introduced a resolution calling for a Constitutional amendment to bar the dollar from being replaced by a foreign currency. Current law prohibits foreign currency from being recognized in the U.S., but Bachmann expressed concerns relating to the president's power to make and interpret treaties. Earlier that month, at a Financial Services Committee hearing, Bachmann asked both Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke whether they would reject calls for the U.S. to move away from the U.S. dollar and they replied that they would.
In a June 17, 2009, interview with The Washington Times, Michele Bachmann expressed concern that the questions on the 2010 United States Census had become "very intricate, very personal" and that ACORN, a community organizing group that had come under fire the previous year, might be part of the Census Bureau's door-to-door information collection efforts. Michele Bachmann said, "I know, for my family, the only question we will be answering is how many people are in our home. We won't be answering any information beyond that, because the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond that."
According to Politifact, her statement was incorrect, as the Constitution does require citizens to complete the census. Fellow Republican Representatives Patrick McHenry (N.C.), Lynn Westmoreland (Ga.) and John Mica (Fla.), members of the Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on Information Policy, Census and National Archives, which oversees the census, subsequently asked Bachmann not to boycott the population count.
Along with Congressman Ted Poe (Tex.-02), Bachmann introduced the American Community Survey Act to limit the amount of personal information the U.S. Census Bureau solicits. Michele Bachmann reiterated her belief that the census asked too many personal questions.
Cap and Trade legislation
In March 2009 Michele Bachmann was interviewed by the Northern Alliance Radio Network and promoted two forums she was hosting the next month in St. Cloud and Woodbury about Obama's proposed cap-and-trade tax policy to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Michele Bachmann said she wanted Minnesotans "armed and dangerous on this issue of the energy tax because we need to fight back." Bachmann's office quickly clarified that she was speaking metaphorically, meaning "armed with knowledge." According to the Star Tribune, her quote went viral across the Internet.
In 2009 Michele Bachmann became a critic of what she characterized as proposals for mandatory public service. Of the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act, an expansion to AmeriCorps (a federal community service organization), she said in April 2009:
It's under the guise of-quote-volunteerism. But it's not volunteers at all. It's paying people to do work on behalf of government ... I believe that there is a very strong chance that we will see that young people will be put into mandatory service. And the real concerns is [sic] that there are provisions for what I would call re-education camps for young people, where young people have to go and get trained in a philosophy that the government puts forward and then they have to go to work in some of these politically correct forums.
The original bill called for an exploration of whether a mandatory public service program could be established, but the section on creating a "Congressional Commission on Civic Service" was stripped from the bill.
In August 2009 Bachmann's political opponents publicized in the local media and the blogosphere what they described as the "ironic" fact that her son, Harrison, joined Teach for America, part of the AmeriCorps program.
Michele Bachmann contributed to the "death panel" controversy when she read from a July 24 article by Betsy McCaughey on the House floor. Sarah Palin said that her "death panel" remark was inspired by what she called the "Orwellian" opinions of Ezekiel Emanuel as described by Bachmann, who accused him of advocating health care rationing by age and disability. According to PolitiFact and Time, Bachmann's euthanasia remarks distorted Emanuel's position on health care for the elderly and disabled. FactCheck.org stated, "We agree that Emanuel's meaning is being twisted." When many doctors wanted to legalize euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, Emanuel opposed it.
On August 31, 2009, Bachmann spoke at an event in Colorado, saying of Democratic health care overhaul proposals that:
This cannot pass. What we have to do today is make a covenant, to slit our wrists, be blood brothers on this thing. This will not pass. We will do whatever it takes to make sure this doesn't pass.
Michele Bachmann outlined ideas for changing the health care system, including: "Erase the boundaries around every single state when it comes to health care," enabling consumers to purchase insurance across state lines; increase the use of health savings accounts and allow everyone to "take full deductibility of all medical expenses," including insurance premiums; and tort reform.
Bachmann denounced the government-run health insurance public option, calling it a "government takeover of health care" that would "squeeze out private health insurance".
Criticism of President Obama's visit to Asia
In a November 3, 2010, interview with Anderson Cooper, while discussing spending cuts for Medicare and Social Security suggested by Representative Paul Ryan, Michele Bachmann was asked what spending cuts she would make to reduce the deficit. Michele Bachmann cited President Obama's then-upcoming visit to Asia as an example, saying it "is expected to cost the taxpayers $200 million a day. He's taking two thousand people with him. He'll be renting out over 870 rooms in India. And these are 5-star hotel rooms at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel. This is the kind of over-the-top spending -- it's a very small example, Anderson." Bachmann was apparently referring to information in a story from the Press Trust of India, attributed to "a top official of the Maharashtra Government privy to the arrangements for the high-profile visit," information that was also published in U.S.-based media such as The Drudge Report. A Pentagon spokesman, Geoff Morrell, dismissed the report's claim that 34 warships were accompanying the President as "comical." The White House said that the press report figures were "wildly inflated" and had "no basis in reality." While stating that they could not give the actual projected figures for security reasons, staffers maintained costs were in line with the official travel costs of previous presidents Bush and Clinton.
Leadership run
See also: List of Tea Party politicians
After the 2010 elections and Representative Mike Pence's announcement that he was stepping away from his leadership position in the House of Representatives, Michele Bachmann announced her intention to seek the position of House Republican Conference Chair. As Bachmann was the Founder of the House's Tea Party Caucus, her announcement caused some to see the leadership election as "an early test of how GOP leaders will treat the antiestablishment movement's winners."
Many among the House's Republican leadership, including Eric Cantor and the retiring Pence, were quick to endorse Representative Jeb Hensarling for the position; Speaker-to-be John Boehner remained neutral on the issue. Supporters of Bachmann's run included Representatives Steve King, John Kline, Louie Gohmert, Chip Cravaack, and Erik Paulsen, as well as media personality and political commentator Glenn Beck.
Listing her qualifications for the position, Bachmann noted, "I've done an effective job speaking out at a national and local level, motivating people with our message, calling attention to deficits in Obama's policy. I was instrumental in bringing tens of thousands of people to the U.S. capitol to rally against Obama care and to attend our press conference."
Michele Bachmann noted her work to keep the Tea Party within the GOP rather than having it become a third party, thereby helping the party capture the House, saying,
"I have been able to bring a voice and motivate people to, in effect, put that gavel in John Boehner's hands, so that Republicans can lead going forward. ...It's important that leadership represents the choice of the people coming into our caucus....I think I have motivated a high number of people to get involved in this cycle who may have sat it out and that have made a difference on a number of these races. I gave a large amount of money to NRCC and individual candidates and started Michele PAC, which raised $650,000 for members since July, so I was able to financially help about 50 people out."
Bachmann's bid suffered a setback when she was passed over for the GOP's transition team on which Hensarling was placed. Despite Bachmann's leading all other Representatives in fundraising, a Republican aide said some "members are getting resentful of Bachmann, who they say is making the argument that you're not really a Tea Party supporter unless you support her. That's gone through the formation of the Tea Party Caucus and the formation of this candidacy of hers. It's just not so."
Sarah Palin, with whom Bachmann had campaigned earlier in the year, declined to endorse her leadership bid, while other Tea Party favorites, Representatives Adam Kinzinger and Tim Scott, were placed on the transition team. According to some senior House staff members, the party leadership was concerned about some of Bachmann's high-profile faux pas, the high rate of turnover among her staff, and how willing she would be to advance the party's messaging rather than her own.
On November 10 Bachmann released a statement ending her campaign for Conference Chair and giving Hensarling her "enthusiastic" support.
Committee assignment
House Speaker John Boehner selected Michele Bachmann for a position "on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, giving her a new role as overseer of the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency and the rest of the U.S. intelligence community." Bachmann, who had "not served on any committee that deals with foreign policy issues" requested the position, "a move that has fueled speculation that she may be planning to carry the Tea Party banner into the GOP presidential primaries."
Repeal of Dodd-Frank reform
Soon after beginning her third term, Michele Bachmann introduced legislation to repeal the Dodd-Frank financial reform law. Michele Bachmann said,
"I'm pleased to offer a full repeal of the job-killing Dodd-Frank financial regulatory bill. Dodd-Frank grossly expanded the federal government beyond its jurisdictional boundaries. It gave Washington bureaucrats the power to interpret and enforce the legislation with little oversight. Real financial regulatory reform must deal with these lenders who were a leading cause of our economic recession. True reform must also end the bailout mind-set that was perpetuated by the last Congress."
Michele Bachmann also took issue with the law for not addressing the liabilities of the tax-payer funded Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Bachmann's bill was endorsed by conservative groups such as the Club for Growth and Americans for Prosperity. It gained four other Republican co-sponsors, including Representative Darrell Issa, who became the new chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee at the start of the 112th Congress. Bachmann's call for total repeal was seen as more drastic than the approach advocated by her fellow Republican Spencer Bachus, who became the House Financial Services Committee Chairman when Republicans gained the House majority. Bachus planned "to provide 'vigorous' oversight of regulators efforts to reform banking and housing ... reform Fannie and Freddie," and "dismantle pieces of the Dodd-Frank Act that he believes 'unnecessarily punish small businesses and community banks.'"
In response to Bachmann's legislation Representative Barney Frank said,
"Michele Bachmann, the Club for Growth, and others in the right-wing coalition have now made their agenda for the financial sector very clear: they yearn to return to the thrilling days of yesteryear, so the loan arrangers can ride again -- untrammeled by any rules restraining irresponsibility, excess, deception, and most of all, infinite leverage." It was seen as unlikely that Bachmann's legislation would pass, with the Financial Times writing, "Like the Republican move to repeal healthcare reform, Ms. Bachmann's bill could be passed by the House of Representatives but be blocked by the Senate or White House."
State of the Union response
Michele Bachmann responded to Obama's 2011 State of the Union speech on the Tea Party Express website; her speech was broadcast live by CNN. Michele Bachmann insisted that her response was not intended to counter Paul Ryan's official Republican party response. When asked whether the speech was an indication of competition with Ryan and Boehner's leadership team, Bachmann dismissed such a view as "a fiction of the media," saying she had alerted Ryan and the leadership team that her response might go national and that no objections were raised.
Michele Bachmann continually called for repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). Michele Bachmann recalled to reporters that she called for debate to repeal the act "the morning after Obamacare passed." With Steve King she introduced "the Bachmann-King repeal of health care bill," saying that it "is our intent in our heart to make sure that Obamacare is completely repealed." In light of the Democratic-majority Senate's and Obama's opposition to repeal, Bachmann called on the Republican held House of Representatives not to provide any funds for implementation of the act. "But until we can see that repeal happen, we want to fully defund this bill so that, like, it would be akin to a helium balloon that gets no helium inside so that it can't take off the ground, and that's what we're planning to do. I'm very, very grateful for nothing else; having a majority in the House of Representatives so that we have the ability of the power of the purse to not fund Obamacare, and this is exactly the right way to go," she said.
On March 4, 2011, Bachmann, one of the six House Republicans to vote against the continuing resolution that gave a two-week extension until a possible government shutdown, expressed her unhappiness with its passage.
In an appearance on Meet the Press on March 6 and during a March 7 interview with Sean Hannity, Bachmann declared that the Obama administration and Congressional Democrats had hidden $105 billion in spending in the overhaul of the American Health Care System. Michele Bachmann portrayed the Democratic leadership as timing the release of the bill's text to avoid detection of the spending. "We didn't get the bill until a literally couple of hours before we were supposed to vote on it," she said. Michele Bachmann also said the spending was split up within different portions of the bill to mask its total cost. Bachmann was alerted of the situation by the conservative Heritage Foundation which read the tallies of the Congressional Research Service and Congressional Budget Office.
According to some reports of the costs, "about $40 billion would go to the Children's Health Insurance Program, $15 billion would go to Medicare and Medicaid innovation programs, and $9.5 billion would go to the Community Health Centers Fund." As the funds are designated mandatory spending (not controlled by the annual appropriations acts), the funds would have remained even if the move to defund the reform law had succeeded.
Bachmann stated that $16 billion of the money gives Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius a "slush fund ... to do whatever she wants with this money." Michele Bachmann called on the bills supporters to return the money, "I think this deception that the president and former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid put forward with appropriating over $105 billion needs to be given back to the people."
When asked during the Meet the Press interview if she would take back her previous comments that Obama "may have anti-American views" and that his administration had "embraced something called gangster government," Bachmann backed her statements, saying "I do believe that actions that have been taken by this White House -- I don't take back my statements on gangster government. I think that there have been actions taken by the government that are corrupt ... I said I have very serious concerns about the president's views, and I think the president's actions in the last two years speak for themselves."
In response to Bachmann's charges Chief Deputy Democratic Whip Rep. Jan Schakowsky, who served on the House health subcommittee, pointed out that the report Bachmann refers to is an update of a report that came out in October 2010 and that the costs were spelled out in both the bill and the Congressional Budget Office's estimate of its cost, "Michele Bachmann obviously didn't read the bill, because there was absolutely nothing hidden in that legislation." Schakowsky held that the costs were not kept secret, citing the $40 billion for the Children's Health Insurance Program as an example "There was a robust debate about whether or not that should be included, etc. So this idea of somehow, now at the last minute, there was a secret addition to some kind of funding ... is absolute nonsense."
In a September 2011 Republican presidential debate in Tampa, FL, Bachmann criticized Rick Perry for his support for the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine and his support for mandating the HPV vaccine for all sixth-grade Texas girls.
The American Academy of Pediatrics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and other medical organizations worldwide are in favor of immunizing girls and boys against HPV.
HPV can cause lesions and genital warts, and has been linked to cervical cancer as well as genital and oral cancers in people of any gender. Because the vaccine is effective only if given before the onset of sexual activity and subsequent exposure to the virus, medical groups recommend the three dose vaccine be given to 11-year olds and 12-year-olds.
Bachmann, during the debate and in interviews following the event, accused Perry of "crony capitalism" (because Perry's former chief of staff was chief lobbyist for a drug company manufacturing the vaccine), and claimed that the HPV vaccine was dangerous and caused mental retardation. Michele Bachmann repeatedly referred to an anecdotal account from a mother of a girl who been immunized for HPV. "Michele Bachmann told me that her little daughter took that vaccine, that injection, and she suffered mental retardation thereafter," Bachmann said. "There is no second chance for these little girls if there is any dangerous consequences to their bodies." Shortly after Bachmann's statements at the debate, the American Academy of Pediatrics released a statement: "The American Academy of Pediatrics would like to correct false statements made in the Republican presidential campaign that HPV vaccine is dangerous and can cause mental retardation. There is absolutely no scientific validity to this statement. Since the vaccine has been introduced, more than 35 million doses have been administered, and it has an excellent safety record." Fewer than one percent of those receiving the vaccine reported neurological side effects or, in rare cases, severe allergic reactions, none linked to changes in cognitive ability.
Bachmann later acknowledged that she was not a doctor or a scientist.
Letter on Muslim Brotherhood influence
In June-July 2012, Michele Bachmann and several other Republican legislators sent a series of letters to oversight agencies at five federal departments citing "serious security concerns" about what Bachmann has called a "deep penetration in the halls of our United States government" by the Muslim Brotherhood. They requested formal investigations into what Bachmann called "influence operations" by the Brotherhood.
Bachmann also accused Huma Abedin, an aide to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and former Rep. Anthony Weiner's wife, of having family connections to the Muslim Brotherhood.
Bachmann's comments have drawn what the Washington Post calls "fierce criticism from fellow lawmakers and religious groups." In a speech on the Senate floor, 2008 Republican presidential candidate Senator John McCain denounced Bachmann's charges as "specious and degrading." He defended Abedin as a "hard-working and loyal servant of our country and our government" and stated "these attacks on Huma have no logic, no basis and no merit. They need to stop now." House Speaker John Boehner termed Bachmann's allegations "dangerous," and other Republicans have also criticized the remarks.
In a letter to Bachmann, her colleague Rep. Keith Ellison, D-Minn., a Muslim, asked for evidence backing her claims and stated, "Your response simply rehashes claims that have existed for years on anti-Muslim websites and contains no reliable information that the Muslim Brotherhood has infiltrated the U.S. government".
Bachmann replied that "the intention of the letters was to outline the serious national security concerns I had and ask for answers to questions regarding the Muslim Brotherhood and other radical group's access to top Obama administration officials." In a July 19 interview with radio and TV show host Glenn Beck, Bachmann repeated and expanded her allegations, accusing Ellison of having "a long record of being associated with the Council on American-Islamic Relations and with the Muslim Brotherhood." Ellison replied that "I am not now, nor have I ever been, associated with the Muslim Brotherhood."
Presidential campaign finance investigation
In 2013, Michele Bachmann was under investigation by the House Ethics Committee, the Federal Election Commission, the Iowa Senate Ethics Committee, the Urbandale Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation because of alleged campaign finance violations in her 2012 campaign for president.
It is alleged that members of her staff made under-the-table payments, that funds were illegally transferred from her leadership PAC to pay consultants for her presidential campaign and that hidden payments were made to Iowa State Senator Kent Sorenson.
Additionally, a lawsuit was filed alleging that Bachmann and several former staffers stole and misused an Iowa homeschool group's e-mail distribution list. The trial, Heki v. Bachmann, had been set for May 14, 2014, but the case was settled out of court on June 28, 2013.
On July 26, 2013, the House Ethics Committee announced they were conducting a full investigation of Bachmann, saying that they had received a referral from the Office of Congressional Ethics.
On May 29, 2013, Michele Bachmann announced that she would not seek re-election to her Congressional seat in 2014. Bachmann stated in an interview with FOX News in June 2013 that she was "not going silent," and would remain involved in politics. Michele Bachmann did not rule out a future run for office, or even for the White House. With her retirement from Congress, the ethics investigations against her were dropped. Bachmann indicated, during a December 2017 New Year's weekend interview with televangelist Jim Bakker, that she had considered running for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Al Franken, but that she was awaiting God's counsel before making up her mind.
Committee on Financial Services
Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government-Sponsored Enterprises
According to an article in the Stillwater Gazette, a local newspaper in Minnesota, Michele Bachmann supports the teaching of creationism alongside evolution in public school science classes. During a 2003 interview on the KKMS Christian radio program Talk The Walk, Bachmann said that evolution is a theory that has never been proven one way or the other. Michele Bachmann co-authored a bill (that received no additional endorsement among her fellow legislators) that would require public schools to include alternative explanations for the origin of life as part of the state's public school science curricula. In October 2006, Bachmann told a debate audience in St. Cloud, Minnesota "there is a controversy among scientists about whether evolution is a fact or not ... There are hundreds and hundreds of scientists, many of them holding Nobel Prizes, who believe in intelligent design." However, at least one news report, presenting a "sampling of Bachmann's ... ludicrous or plain old false claims," stated that this was untrue, and that "when the science isn't on Bachmann's side, she simply improvises."
Bachmann has praised the Christian youth ministry "You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International" (YCRBYCH), hailing "the group's work of sharing the gospel in public schools." Michele Bachmann appeared as a keynote speaker at their fundraisers in 2006 and 2009. Following a 2011 controversial invocation for the Minnesota House, Bradlee Dean (the founder of YCRBYCH), declared that criticisms of him and his ministry were also "intended to harm and destroy the presidential campaign of Congresswoman Michele Bachmann ... previously praised and prayed for the work of my ministry".
Bachmann has had a history of opposing anti-bullying legislation. In 2006, she told the Minnesota Legislature that passing an anti-bullying bill would be a waste of time. "I think for all of us, our experience in public schools is there have always been bullies," Bachmann said. "Always have been, always will be. I just don't know how we're ever going to get to the point of zero tolerance ... What does it mean? ... Will we be expecting boys to be girls?"
In the Minnesota Senate, Michele Bachmann opposed minimum wage increases. In an interview in late June 2011, Bachmann did not back away from her earlier proposal to eliminate the federal minimum wage, a change she said would "virtually wipe out unemployment."
In a 2001 flyer, Bachmann and Michael J. Chapman wrote that federal policies manage a centralized, state-controlled economy in the United States. Michele Bachmann wrote that education laws passed by Congress in 2001, including "School To Work" and "Goals 2000," created a new national school curriculum that embraced "a socialist, globalist worldview; loyalty to all government and not America."
In 2003, Bachmann said that the "Tax Free Zones" economic initiatives of Republican Governor Tim Pawlenty were based on the Marxist principle of "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs." Michele Bachmann also said that the administration was attempting to govern and run centrally planned economies through an organization called the Minnesota Economic Leadership Team (MELT), an advisory board on economic and workforce policy chaired by Pawlenty.
Prior to her election to the state senate, and again in 2005, Bachmann signed a "no new taxes" pledge sponsored by the Taxpayers League of Minnesota. As a state senator, Bachmann introduced two bills that would have severely limited state taxation. In 2003, she proposed amending the Minnesota state constitution to adopt the "Taxpayers' Bill of Rights" (TABOR).
In 2005, Bachmann opposed Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty's proposal for a state surcharge of 75 cents per pack on the wholesale cost of cigarettes. Bachmann said that she opposed the state surcharge "100 percent -- it's a tax increase." Michele Bachmann later was criticized by the Taxpayers' League for reversing her position and voting in favor of the cigarette surcharge.
Michele Bachmann promised to bring the price of gasoline down to $2 per gallon, without specifying a plan for how to accomplish this.
Michele Bachmann has called for phasing out Social Security and Medicare:
... what you have to do, is keep faith with the people that are already in the system, that don't have any other options, we have to keep faith with them. But basically what we have to do is wean everybody else off.
Michele Bachmann has said that in dealing with Iran, diplomacy "is our option," but that other options, including a nuclear strike, should not be ruled out.
Michele Bachmann has also said that she is "a longtime supporter of Israel".
In a discussion about the G-20 summit in Toronto, during an interview with conservative radio host Scott Hennen, Michele Bachmann stated that she did not want America to be part of the international global economy.
I don't want the United States to be in a global economy where our economic future is bound to that of Zimbabwe, We can't necessarily trust the decisions that are being made financially in other countries. I don't like the decisions that are being made in our own country, but certainly I don't want to trust the value of my currency and my future to that of like a Chavez down in Venezuela.
On economists who have influenced her views, Bachmann told The Wall Street Journal,
... the late Milton Friedman as well as Thomas Sowell and Walter Williams. "I'm also an Art Laffer fiend -- we're very close," she adds. "And Ludwig von Mises. I love von Mises," getting excited and rattling off some of his classics like Human Action and Bureaucracy. "When I go on vacation and I lay on the beach, I bring von Mises."
Michele Bachmann believes that strengthened enforcement of immigration laws is required for the growth of the American job market. Michele Bachmann supports amending the Immigration and Nationality Act to allow only the immediate family of legal immigrants (not extended family members) priority consideration in the immigration process. Michele Bachmann voted against the DREAM Act. Michele Bachmann has also stated that the current law does not need modification but proper enforcement.
Bachmann said: "... the immigration system in the United States worked very, very well up until the mid-1960s when liberal members of Congress changed the immigration laws."
Bachmann has expressed support for immigration of highly skilled professionals such as chemists and engineers.
Michele Bachmann was against the 2013 immigration reform bill, indicating that passing it would mean the end of the Republican Party. On WorldNetDaily she stated "This is President Obama's number one political agenda because he knows we will never again have a Republican president ever if amnesty goes into effect."
Michele Bachmann supports both a federal and state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and any legal equivalents.
In August 2006 the Minneapolis Star Tribune reported that in March 2006 Bachmann was on a Minneapolis radio show advocating a state constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage. A caller asked her to explain how he, a heterosexual, would be harmed if his gay neighbors were allowed to marry.
Bachmann replied by saying:
"Public schools would have to teach that homosexuality and same-sex marriage are normal, natural and that maybe children should try them." The Star Tribune also reported that Bachmann had publicly called homosexuality "sexual dysfunction," "sexual identity disorders," and "personal enslavement" that leads to "sexual anarchy".
In a July 2014 radio interview Bachmann claimed that gay rights activists want to abolish age of consent laws in the United States so that adults can "prey on little children sexually."
Pro-life position
Michele Bachmann has identified herself as pro-life and has been endorsed in her runs for Congress by the Susan B. Anthony List and Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. At a debate among presidential candidates in New Hampshire, when asked if abortion should be allowed in cases of rape or incest, Bachmann responded that she is "100 percent pro-life." In the state senate Bachmann introduced a bill proposing a constitutional amendment restricting state funds for abortion. The bill died in committee.
Federal-backed home loans
According to an article in the Washington Post, in 2008 Michele Bachmann may have taken advantage of a federal program for a home loan, then called for dismantling the program, though the article noted that the public and other members of Congress have taken advantage of such loans despite seeing reasons to criticize them. When asked about it, she said: "This is the problem. It is almost impossible to buy a home in this country today without the federal government being involved".
Opinion on President Obama's birth certificate
Michele Bachmann was never a part of the birther movement but said that President Obama could resolve the dispute by producing his long-form birth certificate. In April 2011, after Obama released the certificate, Bachmann was asked about the issue on Good Morning America by George Stephanopoulos. Michele Bachmann said that its release "should settle the matter," that "I take the President at his word," and that "We have bigger fish to fry".
2006 congressional campaign
Main article: 2006 Minnesota's 6th congressional district election
Michele Bachmann won her Congressional seat in the 2006 election with 50 percent of the vote, as she defeated Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) candidate Patty Wetterling and the Independence Party's John Binkowski.
The U.S. 6th District's congressman since 2001, Mark Kennedy, announced in late 2005 that he would be running for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Mark Dayton of the DFL. Bachmann stated that "God then called me to run" for the U.S. House seat, and that she and her husband fasted for three days to be more sure.
According to Bloomberg.com news, evangelical conservative leader James Dobson put the resources of his organization behind her 2006 campaign. Dobson's Focus on the Family planned to distribute 250,000 voter guides in Minnesota churches to reach social conservatives, according to Tom Prichard, president of the Minnesota Family Council, a local affiliate of Dobson's group. In addition to Minnesota, Dobson's group also organized turnout drives in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, New Jersey and Montana.
During a debate televised by WCCO-TV on October 28, 2006, news reporter Pat Kessler quoted a story that appeared in the Minneapolis Star Tribune and asked Bachmann whether it was true that the church she belonged to taught that the Pope is the Anti-Christ. Bachmann stated that her church "does not believe that the Pope is the Anti-Christ, that's absolutely false ... I'm very grateful that my pastor has come out and been very clear on this matter, and I think it's patently absurd and it's a false statement."
Bachmann received support from a fundraising visit in early July 2006 from Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert. On July 21, 2006, Karl Rove visited Minnesota to raise funds for her election. In August President George W. Bush was the keynote speaker at her congressional fundraiser, which raised about $500,000. Bachmann also received fundraising support from Vice President Dick Cheney. The National Republican Congressional Committee put nearly $3 million into the race, for electronic and direct-mail ads against DFLer Wetterling. The amount was significantly more than the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee spent on behalf of Wetterling. On November 7, 2006, Bachmann defeated opponents Patty Wetterling and John Binkowski with 50% of the vote to Wetterling's 42% and Binkowski's 8%.
Main article: 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota § District 6
In 2008 Michele Bachmann won reelection over her Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) and Independence Party-endorsed opponent Elwyn Tinklenberg. With all precincts reported, Bachmann won, 46.41% to 43.43%. Because Tinklenberg was running as a DFLer in the Democratic primary, Bob Anderson was able to run in the Independence Party primary unopposed despite not having the Independence endorsement. Anderson received 10% of the vote.
In 2008 Michele Bachmann won reelection over her DFL and Independence Party-endorsed opponent Elwyn Tinklenberg. With all precincts reported, Bachmann won, 46.41% to 43.43%. Because Tinklenberg was running as a DFLer in the Democratic primary, Bob Anderson was able to run in the Independence Party primary unopposed despite not having the Independence endorsement. Anderson received 10% of the vote.
In 2010 Michele Bachmann was challenged by DFL nominee Tarryl Clark and Independence Party candidate Bob Anderson. With more than $8.5 million, Bachmann spent more than any other House of Representative candidate, although Clark was able to raise $4 million, one of the largest fundraising efforts in the nation for a U.S. House challenger. On November 2, 2010, Bachmann defeated Clark, 52% to 40%.
Main article: Michele Bachmann 2012 presidential campaign
In early 2011 there was much speculation that Michele Bachmann would run for president in 2012. Michele Bachmann participated in the second Republican presidential debate in New Hampshire on June 13, 2011; during the debate she announced she had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) earlier that day to become a candidate for the GOP nomination. Bachmann formally announced her candidacy for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination on June 27, 2011, during an appearance in Waterloo, Iowa.
Although Bachmann won the Ames Straw Poll hosted by the Iowa GOP on August 13, 2011, becoming the first woman ever to win the poll, she finished sixth in the January 3, 2012, caucuses, with 4.98% of the vote. On January 4 she announced that she was cancelling her scheduled campaign trips to South Carolina and suspending her presidential campaign.
See also: 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota § District 6
On January 25, 2012, Michele Bachmann announced that she would run for reelection for her seat in Congress.
According to Politico.com, as of July 2012 Bachmann had "raised close to $15 million" for the 2012 election, a figure it called "astounding ... more than some Senate candidates will collect this year." From July to the end of September, Bachmann raised $4.5 million. This amount put her ahead of all other members of Congress (including Allen West who was in second place with $4 million) for the third quarter. Bachmann said she was "humbled by the enormous outpouring of grassroots support for my campaign focused on keeping America the most secure and prosperous nation in the world."
Despite a more favorable district Bachmann won reelection only narrowly, receiving just 4,298 more votes than her Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) challenger, Jim Graves.
Main article: Electoral history of Michele Bachmann
In November 2011 Michele Bachmann published her autobiography, Core of Conviction, in which she outlined the events and people who have shaped her values and beliefs including her parents' divorce when she was in the ninth grade. Michele Bachmann described the financial struggles her mother suffered as a single parent in trying to provide for her family and the work ethic she developed as a result of it. Michele Bachmann wrote of that time, "I took every baby sitting job I could get, because by ninth grade, I was growing conscious of my appearance. In those days, girls had to wear dresses to public school, and if I wanted pretty dresses, I had to buy them, because mom couldn't afford them for me; she couldn't afford lunch money."
Bachmann also wrote about her political conversion as a young adult when Jimmy Carter, whom she voted for, let her down. "It was in the perilous fires of the Carter administration that my ideology was forged," she wrote. "In the seventies, Carter taught me what I was against, and then in the eighties, Reagan taught me what I was for." Michele Bachmann detailed why she went to work for the Internal Revenue Service -- because she wanted to change the tax code "from the inside out" -- and comments on her role as a Tea Party leader: "I once said that the Tea Party represents 90 percent of Americans. I now realize that I misspoke. I should have said 100 percent, because I believe that nearly all Americans retain faith in the ordered liberty that the Constitution offers."
In 1978, Amble married Marcus Bachmann, now a clinical therapist with a master's degree from Regent University and a Ph.D. from Union Graduate School, whom she met while they were undergraduates. After she received an LL.M. in taxation from William & Mary School of Law in 1988, the couple moved to Stillwater, Minnesota, a town of 18,000 near Saint Paul, where they run a Christian counseling center that provided gay conversion therapy. Bachmann and her husband have five children: Lucas, Harrison, Elisa, Caroline, and Sophia. In a 2011 town hall meeting, she said that she suffered a miscarriage after the birth of their second child, Harrison, an event she said shaped her anti-abortion views.
Michele Bachmann and her husband have also provided foster care to 23 other children, all teenage girls. The Bachmanns were licensed from 1992 to 2000 to handle up to three foster children at a time; the last child arrived in 1998. The Bachmanns began by providing short-term care for girls with eating disorders who were patients in a University of Minnesota program. The Bachmann home was legally defined as a treatment home, with a daily reimbursement rate per child from the state. Some girls stayed a few months, others more than a year.
Bachmann is a former beauty pageant queen.
In May 2012 it was reported that Marcus Bachmann had registered for Swiss citizenship and after it was finalized, Michele Bachmann automatically became a citizen as well. The Bachmanns and their three youngest children were granted citizenship on March 19, 2012. They had been eligible for this under Swiss nationality law because Marcus Bachmann's parents were Swiss. Bachmann denied that she or her husband had applied for Swiss citizenship, saying that her husband had already been a dual citizen as the son of Swiss immigrants, and that she had automatically acquired Swiss citizenship under then-current Swiss law when she married him in 1978. But in May 2012, when a Swiss Television reporter said to her "I understand you just got Swiss citizenship," Bachmann's reply was: "Yes, we did." Marcus Bachmann did not register the marriage with the Swiss authorities until 2012. Within two days of the first reports of Bachmann's dual citizenship, she announced that she had written to the Swiss consulate to withdraw her Swiss citizenship.
Michele Bachmann was raised "into a family of Norwegian Lutheran Democrats"; she was a longtime member of Salem Lutheran Church (Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod) in Stillwater. Michele Bachmann and her husband withdrew their membership on June 21, 2011, just before she officially began her presidential campaign. They had not attended the church for over two years. More recently, according to friends, the Bachmanns began attending Eagle Brook Church, an Evangelical Protestant Baptist church closer to their home.
Bachmann has cited theologian Francis Schaeffer as a "profound influence" on her life and her husband's, especially his film series "How Should We Then Live?." Michele Bachmann has also described "Total Truth: Liberating Christianity from Its Cultural Captivity," by Nancy Pearcey, as a "wonderful" book.
Journalist Ryan Lizza has argued that Bachmann's worldview is deeply influenced by the Christian movement known as Dominionism, citing the influence of Schaeffer and Pearcey as evidence. Others have criticized Lizza's article, especially its connection of Schaeffer with Dominionism. Religion writer Sarah Posner broadly concurs with Lizza, pointing to the influence of Christian Reconstructionists Herb Titus and R.J. Rushdoony on Bachmann via the curriculum at O.W. Coburn School of Law.
Dominion theology
Dominion theology (also known as dominionism) is a group of Christian political ideologies that seek to institute a nation governed by Christians based on their understandings of biblical law. Extents of rule and ways of achieving governing authority are varied. For example, dominion theology can include theonomy, but does not necessarily involve advocating Mosaic law ["law of Moses"] as the basis of government. The label is applied primarily toward groups of Christians in the United States.
Prominent adherents of these ideologies are Calvinist Christian reconstructionism, Charismatic and Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology, New Apostolic Reformation, and perhaps others not identified. Most of the contemporary movements labeled dominion theology arose in the 1970s from religious movements asserting aspects of Christian nationalism.
Michele Bachmann and her husband own a Christian counseling practice, Bachmann & Associates. The clinic is run by her husband, who has a Ph.D. with "a concentration in clinical psychology" from Union Graduate School. Marcus Bachmann is not a licensed clinical psychologist in Minnesota. The clinic received nearly $30,000 from Minnesota government agencies between 2006 and 2010 in addition to at least $137,000 in federal payments and $24,000 in government grants for counselor training.
In an interview Michele Bachmann said that she and her husband had not benefited at taxpayer expense, saying, "the money that went to the clinic was actually training money for employees." Marcus Bachmann has denied allegations that Bachmann & Associates provides conversion therapy, a controversial psychological treatment repudiated by the American Psychological Association that attempts to transform homosexuals into heterosexuals.
A former client of Bachmann's clinic and a hidden camera investigator with the activist group "Truth Wins Out" have said that therapists at the clinic do engage in such practices, but columnist Mariah Blake of The Nation has suggested the hidden camera investigator might have been baiting the therapist to say something controversial. In a subsequent interview with the Star Tribune, Marcus Bachmann did not deny that he or other counselors at his clinic used the technique but said they did so only at a client's request.
In personal financial disclosure reports for 2006 through 2009, Bachmann reported earning $32,500 to $105,000 from a farm that was owned at the time by her ailing father-in-law, Paul Bachmann. The farm received $260,000 in federal crop and disaster subsidies between 1995 and 2008. Bachmann said that in 2006-2009, her husband acted as a trustee of the farm for his dying father and so, out of "an abundance of caution," she claimed the farm as income in financial disclosures, though it was her in-laws who profited from the farm during that period.
[RightWingWatch.org, 2020-10-07] Michele Bachmann Complains That Minnesota Is Being Ruined by People Who "Embrace False Gods"
[RightWingWatch.org, 2020-10-05] Michele Bachmann Prays God Will Empower Religious-Right "David" to Slay Vote-By-Mail "Goliath". Former Representative Michele Marie Bachmann.
Exemplar [2020-09-08]: Michele Bachmann: "Transgender Black Marxists" are "seeking the overthrow of the United States". Former GOP presidential candidate unfurls an admittedly "melodramatic" conspiracy theory about Black Lives Matter.
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Web designers spend quite a lot of time being angry. If they're not moaning about how some typographic nicety isn't available yet for online design, they're rattling on about how Internet Explorer has once again left something nasty and smelly in their cereal. So, as an antidote to all that, this month's CSS article is chock-full of unbridled optimism. What we're going to do is take a look at some upcoming features of CSS3, and show how they can be of benefit to web designers.
Note that this isn't The Complete Guide to CSS3; it's a quickfire look at some of the handy stuff in CSS3 that you can already play around with. Not everything here is currently of practical use (and IE is still playing catch-up with CSS2, let alone CSS3), but it's still worth being mindful of CSS3, because some properties can add a wee bit of added sparkle to a site without compromising it for users still surfing with the digital equivalent of a surfboard made of cast iron.
With CSS3, a formerly proprietary property has wormed its way into the specifications, and it's essential in these days of entirely CSS-based layouts. By default, text overflow is shown in browsers, usually with offending copy breaking outside of its container, although some browsers stretch the container to fit the content. CSS-oriented designers will no doubt already be aware of using overflow: hidden to deal with the stretching problem, which typically merely lops off a couple of pixels of text if it's italicised.
However, sometimes text strings are too long to fit within a box. Although this should be dealt with by a design amendment, that's not always possible (especially with massive sites that run from a CMS), and so CSS3 offers the answer with the word-wrap property. Initially a Microsoft invention, it currently works in both Internet Explorer and Safari, simply breaking relevant strings as required.
A width is defined and the column-count and column-gap properties automatically split up the space and position the list elements. Note that the prefixes -webkit- and -moz- are used here. In the long run, these will be dropped; currently, however, they're required to make these properties work in Safari and Firefox respectively.
Drop shadows are another recent addition to the arsenal of some browsers, although the text-shadow property is actually part of the CSS2 spec, not CSS3. Nonetheless, it's worth mentioning here, not least because CSS3 now also provides the ability to define a drop shadow on a box. First, however: text.
Opera enables you to take things further. It supports comma-separated value sets for text-shadow, enabling you to define multiple sets for a single element. This means that you can cast a like-coloured shadow in several directions to create a much larger, bolder glow effect.
Alternatively, you can mix colours, as shown in the 'red and blue blur' and 'flaming text' examples depicted elsewhere. Code for all of these shadows is on this issue's disc, in the file text-shadows.html.
As mentioned previously, though, CSS3 now enables you to define a drop shadow for a box, negating the requirement to use images. Currently, only Safari supports this, although we suspect other browsers will follow suit shortly.
The de-facto property is box-shadow, and this is currently applied in Safari using -webkit-box-shadow; the values to define are as per the text-shadow rule.
Of course, the various properties mentioned so far for boxes can be combined, so it's easy enough to create a rounded box with a drop shadow. Usefully, the drop shadow conforms to the rounded corners, as you'd expect. An example can be seen in the snappily named box-with-corners-and-shadow.html document on this issue's disc, which also highlights another addition to CSS3: opacity. If you open the document in Safari, Firefox or Opera, you'll see a red semi-transparent rectangle overlaying the page's other div. The opacity is defined by the cunningly named opacity property; the value range is from 0 to 1 and affects all content within the element it's applied to. Safari and Firefox also enable you to define opacity by using RGBA values (the 'A' standing for alpha), and so you can, for example, define the value rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3) for background to create a semi-transparent red background on an object.
Currently, only Safari supports this means of adding backgrounds and an example, multiple-backgrounds.html, is on this issue's disc (it requires the four PNG background images referred to in the previous rule).
The final property we'll look at is box-sizing, which dredges up an age-old argument about the CSS box model. Understanding this model is integral to CSS layouts. If you're not entirely familiar with it, it works something like this: in CSS, you define the dimensions of an element's content area; you can then add to that padding and borders. Therefore, a 100-pixel-wide element with a 10-pixel border will actually take up 120 pixels of horizontal space.
Before version 6, Internet Explorer disagreed, and instead placed borders and padding within the defined dimensions. Eventually, Microsoft relented and the box model was 'fixed' for IE6. The thing is, Microsoft's old way of doing things was actually pretty useful in certain circumstances. For example, create a page with two divs, each with a width of 50 per cent, and float them both left. Now add some padding and a border of a fixed size to each. They'll stack underneath each other, because the combined content width now exceeds 100 per cent.
And that's not everything CSS3 has to offer. We've mentioned just a subset of the extras you'll (hopefully) soon be able to integrate into websites. As well as the properties mentioned there are, among others, resize, which is currently unsupported, but which will enable you to define whether an element's box can be resized by the user; border-image, which enables you to define images for element borders, rather than being restricted to a small set of lines and patterns; and the ability to size background images (in Opera and Safari) via background-size (using the -o- prefix for Opera and -webkit- for Safari) and define their point of origin as relative to the edge of an item's padding or content via background-origin (which accepts the values content, padding and border).
It may seem premature to look at these properties now – as we've said, certain properties only currently work in certain browsers, often also requiring prefixes. However, it pays to know where things are likely to head in the world of web design, and even if you don't consider dabbling in CSS3 getting yourself ahead of the game, it's still fun to experiment and know that you'll be able to bin a whole slew of hacks in the not-too-distant future.