text:
Scott Malandrone
AE5 Swallow CustomDownload File
Even though there's plenty to be said for tried-and-true bass-design formulas, you've got to hand it to builders who continue to push the state of the art. One such luthier is Harvey Citron, who has been at the forefront of bass and guitar design since the 1970s, when he co-founded Veillette-Citron Guitars. Harvey's latest creation is the AE5-S 5-string, a remarkable instrument that explores several bass-design frontiers.
My first impressions of the Citron bass were mixed. Although the sunburst-finish quilted-maple top was stunning and the woodwork undeniably impressive, the instrument seemed a bit ungainly. At ten pounds it's heavier than most hollowbody basses (and many solidbodies), and the 2–3/4"-deep body makes the bass feel like a big archtop guitar on your lap. Most of us weren't crazy about the somewhat gummy gloss finish on the back of the neck. (Citron says this nitrocellulose neck finish was done on only a few instruments and that he's going back to a polymerized tung-oil neck finish.) But in terms of design and structure that's about where our initial misgivings ended.
The Citron's hollow design with its thin maple top enhances body resonance (although the Citron is not nearly loud enough to be played acoustically in performance). The pau ferro tailpiece and acoustic-guitar-style bridge are mounted far back toward the instrument's butt end, which shifts the strings — and the center of gravity — toward the tailpiece, significantly improving balance. On your lap the bass sits in near-perfect equilibrium, a rarity among 5- and 6-strings. The neck is set deep into the body and held in place by two conventional bolts through the heel and two larger bolts that enter the neck lengthwise from inside the body, an arrangement that makes the joint rock-solid (and improves neck-body coupling). The magnetic pickup sits on a block of solid mahogany that rises almost to the level of the instrument's top.
The Citron's electronics are unusual as well. The magnetic pickup has a dedicated 3-band EQ with sweepable mids, and the bridge-installed piezo has its own bass and treble controls. But the coolest feature has to be the mono/stereo switch: In stereo mode the magnetic and piezo signals remain separate through the stereo output jack, so you can send them to separate amps or record them on separate tracks; the blend knob determines their relative volumes. In mono mode the blend knob mixes the signals.
Plugged in, the Citron really won us over. Thanks to the highly resonant mahogany body and pau ferro fingerboard and bridge, this is one of the warmest-sounding basses we've ever heard. The tone has an inviting intimacy you rarely get from a conventional solidbody axe. The highs are delicate but clear and detailed, and the lows are deep and rich. The tone-shaping circuit is quiet and subtle; even the mid-sweep control just slightly alters the sound's character rather than changing the tone completely. (Two DIP switches inside the bass fine-tune the circuit.) One tester preferred the blend control turned all the way to the magnetic-pickup side, saying the Citron's throaty mwah reminded him of Dave Pomeroy on electric upright — but I liked a little piezo blended in for added clarity and dimension. And that B string? Clear sounding, solid-feeling, and perfectly balanced with the other strings.
The bass world would be pretty bland without builders like Harvey Citron and Rick Turner, who continue to push the boundaries of lutherie. Each new design seems to raise the bar, and we can't wait to see — and hear — what's next.
Reprinted with permission from Bass Player Magazine—originally published in Bass Player February 1999


Collins Caleb Arthur 34 Occupation: Tutor. Next of kin: Father. Address: Brighton Sussex Eng .
Collins Charles Welman Captain He died at Elandsfontein November 14th, 1901, of wounds received in the attack on Colonel Benson's column at Brakenlaagte, on October 30th. He was the son of Major Joseph Collins, formerly of the same regiment, and of 6 Waterloo Road, Chester. Captain Collins was born in October 1872, and educated at Rossall, where he was a school monitor and in the Hockey XI. He was a good cricketer and football player. After leaving Rossall he entered Cambridge University, where he rowed No 3 in his college boat. In June 1894, he entered the Cheshire Regiment from the University, and was promoted Lieutenant January 1897, and Captain December 1900. He was signalling officer to the 10th Brigade in South Africa from February to December 1900, and took part in the advance through ORC to Johannesburg. He then served with Colonel Benson's column, from its formation to the time of his death, as signalling officer. He was unmarried. Captain Collins was mentioned in despatches by Field Marshal Earl Roberts, LG, September 10th, 1901, for having rendered "special and meritorious service" and by General Lord Kitchener, December 8th, 1901, for his "distinguished good service".
Collins Cornelious Leader Served 09 Dec 99 to 12 Mar 00.


text:
THE YOUNG & THE RESTLESS Spoilers — Victor Vows to "Finish" J.T.!
By Chris Eades July 9, 2018
Nikki and Sharon are terrified that J.T. is back for revenge in these THE YOUNG & THE RESTLESS spoilers! But the Abbotts are having their own troubles as Kyle takes matters into his own hands and gets himself arrested!
It looks like Neil is putting aside business for pleasure when it comes to Ashley. "I thought it was time for both of us to let go of work-related items and just concentrate on each others' company," Neil suggests. Ashley responds with a sexy smile. And after the two share a tender kiss, Neil promises: "There's more where that came from." Ashley grins and responds: "Can't wait." But is this for real or is Ashley after something other than Neil's affection?
What is Ashley up to with Neil? (Photo Credit: CBS)
Jack opens the door to an absolutely furious Jill. "I know all about Kyle digging up my Phillip's grave," she spits. "Where is your miscreant son?!" Unfortunately, while digging up Phillip so they can run a DNA test to prove whether or not he and his father are Chancellors, Kyle is interrupted by the arrival of the police! But it doesn't look like he spends much time behind bars because Jack also has to pull his son away from Cane when it looks like a fight is about to break out! "Back off," Jack orders Cane. "Back off!"
Having seen J.T. lurking outside the house, Nikki turns away from the window in a blind panic. "Oh my God!" she gasps. "He is alive!" Later, Mariah worries for their safety. J.T. is dangerous," she warns. "He could be armed!" And in private, Sharon reminds Victoria, Phyllis, and Nikki: "He's coming after the four of us." And while Nick promises that he'll be ready for whatever J.T. has planned, it's Victor that the guy may have to watch out for. "He started a war," Victor angrily informs Victoria. "And I'm gonna finish it!"
Check out these teasers for the thrilling week to come and for more Y&R previews, keep reading the CBS edition of Soaps In Depth magazine!
Is J.T. Really Dead or Alive? — Vote Now!
What Happened to J.T. on Y&R?
Who Is Jack's Real Father on Y&R?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Explore how the AutoCorrect option works in PowerPoint 2016 for Windows.
The AutoCorrect feature in PowerPoint fixes hundreds of common typos and spelling errors within your PowerPoint slides, automatically as you type any text. AutoCorrect also maps specific keys to a symbol, such as replacing two en dashes with an em dash the moment you hit the Enter key. The best feature within AutoCorrect is that it works so seamlessly that you may even take it for granted. Conversely, AutoCorrect can also be a pain sometimes! You may for example not want the two en dashes to automatically change to an en dash. In this tutorial you will learn how you can take advantage of AutoCorrect, and also how you can override its options as required.
Launch PowerPoint, and insert a new slide within a new or existing presentation. Make sure that your Slide Layout is Title and Content or any other layout that contains a text placeholder.
Spelling Errors: Type teh (see Figure 1) and then press your spacebar key thereafter. AutoCorrect replaces teh with its correct spelling, The (see Figure 2).
Capitalization: Note that, other than correcting the spelling (refer to Figure 2, above), PowerPoint also capitalized the T in the, since T is the first letter of your sentence. Similarly, the word I is always automatically corrected to be capitalized.
Symbols: Need some symbol text such as, a Trademark (TM) symbol? You can type (tm) and the trademark symbol ™ would be entered. Similarly, type (c) to insert ©, and (r) to insert ®.
Long Text: If you need to repeatedly enter a phrase or a sentence, you can set up AutoCorrect so as to automatically enter this phrase or sentence whenever you type some pre-decided short text. We cover how you can create your own AutoCorrect entries (short text that translates to longer content) in our Creating and Editing AutoCorrect Entries in PowerPoint 2016 for Windows tutorial.
If you end up with an AutoCorrect version of some text that you don't want changed, you can quickly press Ctrl+Z on your keyboard to undo the AutoCorrect action.


Ever wondered why films take months or even years to make? That's because there are a lot of things that need to be done before they can be released. To keep the project team on track, a good media schedule is necessary.
Media schedules are most common among small-scaled projects. But despite how simple they appear to be, they must be constructed correctly to ensure a successful outcome.
Dates: This can be a vital component in monitoring the progress of a given project. When something goes wrong, project leaders may be forced to trace past entries in the schedule to see what might have caused the error. This is particularly crucial in work schedules and construction schedules.
Tasks: In certain cases, the schedule will record the tasks that members will be required to do, or might have already done. Large projects typically consists of subtasks in a project. By breaking them down into smaller, more manageable chunks, you can prevent anything from being forgotten or delayed.
Time Frame: Some schedules might have a time frame in the form of a bar or line to illustrate how long a task is expected to take. One example would be a Gantt chart schedule. This serves as a guide to ensure that every subtask is completed on time so that the entire project may be finished on the dot.
Milestones: There are a number of steps that need to be accomplished before a milestone can be reached. These are instrumental to a project's completion and success, as they offer a feeling of satisfaction and progress during a hectic time. Milestones are usually displayed when a time frame is involved.
Dependencies: While some tasks can be done at any given time, others could only be accomplished before or after another task has begun or ended. These dependencies are common in project schedules that function similarly to a process flowchart.
Resources: An organization's human resources play an essential role in the completion of a project. Say for instance, a production company has been hired to make a TV commercial for the Super Bowl in a few months. Given the size of the project, the schedule should list the names of project members and their corresponding tasks. This will help you manage the project in a timely and efficient manner.
Having a go-with-the-flow kind of mind-set isn't going to get you to where you want to be. Oftentimes, a schedule sheet may come in handy to help you organize your time and make the most out of each day. So whether you're a theater arts student or a professional cartoonist, learning how to develop a good media schedule is sure to keep you on the right track.
If you work in a group of which you need to share the schedule with, you're most likely to have members with personal schedules that don't complement yours. Take this and other factors into consideration and establish the time you want to make available for the project. Since some tasks may be completed by the assigned individual alone, you can focus on allocating hours for group work instead.
Identify the things you must do to get the job done. This includes the tasks related to the project's completion, employee issues that need to be dealt with, as well as supervision needs to destroy the barrier between leader-member relationships. Communication is crucial to the outcome of a project, so take the time to connect with other members when you can.
Truth is, there isn't enough time to finish everything in a day. Multitasking can lead to a poor performance, so instead of cramming all your responsibilities within a 4-hour time frame, concentrate on high-priority and urgent activities first. You can also try arranging these activities for the times of day when you are most productive. That way, you can accomplish more than you normally would on a busy day.
Mistakes and unprecedented events are bound to happen without prior warning. Thus, it's important to schedule some extra time to cope with potential contingencies and emergencies in the future. Sudden interruptions can eat up a lot of your time, prompting a dramatic shift in your schedule. But with a flexible schedule, you can easily adjust and respond to these issues as they arise.
Finally, remember to review your schedule regularly to see if any changes need to be made before embarking in another task. Perhaps there are activities that need to be added or removed from your schedule. You can work double time to keep up with your schedule, or simply delegate these tasks to other members of the group. To avoid last-minute revisions, be sure to analyze your activities from time to time.
Be realistic: Never push yourself or your team to do more than what they're capable of. People in the multimedia industry tend to work long, stressful hours. But as much as you want to meet your deadlines, try not to overwhelm everyone with an overpacked schedule. This will only garner poor quality results and leave you with an over-fatigue workforce.
Keep it flexible: Changes in your schedule are hard to avoid. After all, unpredictable events and shortcomings always occur at the most random times. So to accommodate emergencies and other conflicts, it's best to use a scheduling software or to print out the outline of your schedule on a piece of paper and use a pencil to input activities and other entries which may easily be adjusted when necessary.
Follow a proper structure: Always remember to keep your schedule as organized as possible. Don't make it difficult for people to read its content, as this may cause confusion or miscommunication within the group. You can use headings, lines, and tables to help separate items and highlight significant actions.
Color code items: Another way to emphasize activities and other entries is through the use of color. This technique will help draw attention toward items that need to be attended to right away. You can use color to set your priorities and remind readers of an important deadline coming up.
Plan ahead: No excuses. If you want something done on time, you should consider making an action plan for it. You can start with a draft and then outline your schedule to identify priorities. By scheduling in advance, you can easily determine every single task that needs to be completed in order to bring your team one step ahead of the game.
Media schedules are often utilized by those in the film and event production industries. This includes students, field professionals, along with their respective audiences. Listed below are some of the major classifications of media schedules.
Public Schedules: These are typically disseminated for public use. One concrete example would be the movie schedules we often see at cinemas and theaters. This is often used to communicate business information to customers who might need it. Radio and TV broadcast channels also use this type of schedule to relay important business matters to subscribers.
Schedules for Internal Affairs: These are the schedules used within an organization. Directors, assistants, videographers, actors, and other staff members refer to these media schedules to find out when their services are needed at the studio. This may be used for meetings and project planning sessions as well.
Academic Schedules: Educational institutions use schedules as a guide for students and instructors to refer to. Here, media schedules are quite different than your average student schedules as students may be required to come to class during the wee hours because of special workshops such as photo walks and the like.
1. How can I make a media schedule?
To develop a media schedule, simply make a list of actions or activities that need to be done within a specified time period. You can then organize these items in a calendar or table to make it easier to monitor and follow. Using a schedule template is also advisable for those who don't have the time nor the patience to build one from scratch.
2. What is the purpose of a media schedule?
A lot of people find it hard to meet deadlines on time. Time management is a crucial factor that contributes to the success of a program or project. So without a schedule to follow, you tend to lose sight of your main objective and forget what you're supposed to do in the first place. A media schedule provides a clear flow of what needs to be done in order to fulfill a task.
3. Why is a media schedule important?
Media schedules are perfect for efficient project management. With the number of tasks that need to be completed before a deadline, using a schedule will help you keep track of time. This will help define and organize your to-do list, identify how much time is needed to complete them, and keep you and your team fully productive throughout the course of a project.
Build a path toward success by creating a good media schedule for you and your team. With the help of these templates and examples, you can develop an effective media schedule and complete your projects right on time!


text:
Jeon, Kim, Lim, Choi, and Moon: Calculation of Detector Positions for a Source Localizing Radiation Portal Monitor System Using a Modified Iterative Genetic Algorithm
Calculation of Detector Positions for a Source Localizing Radiation Portal Monitor System Using a Modified Iterative Genetic Algorithm
Byoungil Jeon1, Jongyul Kim1, Kiseo Lim2, Younghyun Choi1, Myungkook Moon1, *
1Neutron Science Research Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
2Department of Physics, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
Corresponding author: Myungkook Moon, Neutron Science Research Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea, Tel: +82-42-868-8437, Fax: +82-42-868-4629, E-mail: moonmk@kaeri.re.kr
Received 22 August 2017 Revised 10 October 2017 Accepted 16 October 2017
This study aims to calculate detector positions as a design of a radioactive source localizing radiation portal monitor (RPM) system using an improved genetic algorithm.
To calculate of detector positions for a source localizing RPM system optimization problem is defined. To solve the problem, a modified iterative genetic algorithm (MIGA) is developed. In general, a genetic algorithm (GA) finds a globally optimal solution with a high probability, but it is not perfect at all times. To increase the probability to find globally optimal solution rather, a MIGA is designed by supplementing the iteration, competition, and verification with GA. For an optimization problem that is defined to find detector positions that maximizes differences of detector signals, a localization method is derived by modifying the inverse radiation transport model, and realistic parameter information is suggested.
To compare the MIGA and GA, both algorithms are implemented in a MATLAB environment. The performance of the GA and MIGA and that of the procedures supplemented in the MIGA are analyzed by computer simulations. The results show that the iteration, competition, and verification procedures help to search for globally optimal solutions. Further, the MIGA is more robust against falling into local minima and finds a more reliably optimal result than the GA.
The positions of the detectors on an RPM for radioactive source localization are optimized using the MIGA. To increase the contrast of the measurements from each detector, a relationship between the source and the detectors is derived by modifying the inverse transport model. Realistic parameters are utilized for accurate simulations. Furthermore, the MIGA is developed to achieve a reliable solution. By utilizing results of this study, an RPM for radioactive source localization has been designed and will be fabricated soon.
Keywords: Radiation portal monitor, Optimization, Modified iterative genetic algorithm, Machine learning, Designing source localizing RPM
Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) have been deployed at nations' borders to screen individuals, vehicles, or cargo at border or security facilities to thwart the smuggling of illicit radiological sources and materials for nuclear weapons. The utilization of RPMs is not limited to the detection of radioactive sources. Depending on which technology is integrated with RPMs, diverse functions can be implemented in RPMs. Various applications have been developed for the convenience of the operators such as radio isotope identification, source localizing and so on. One of them is the localizing and tracking of radioactive sources. This is an application of signal processing techniques for RPMs. Coulon et al.[1] and Rao et al.[2] presented tracking algorithms that utilize signal differences over time from RPM networks. Miller et al.[3] suggested a theoretical algorithm using an inverse transport approach. Vilim et al.[4] and Jarman et al.[5] proposed localization algorithms based on statistical probability theory. Furthermore, Miller et al.[6] presented an improved localization algorithm by combining radiography and a statistical probability approach.
Despite such studies on RPMs with signal processing techniques, few have attempted to apply machine learning to RPM applications. Most of radioactive source localizing researches are based on theoretical modeling, which uncertainties are not considered such as buildup effect, overestimation, measurement error, and so on, because these uncertainties are hard to be expressed by mathematical modeling. Machine leaning is a subfield of computer science that provides computers with the ability to learn without clear programing. Machine learning follows a natural discipline or draws conclusions in a manner analogous to that of the human brain for complicated problems. Therefore, it is expected that source localizing RPM can be implemented without complicated theoretical background, if machine learning is utilized. Furthermore, it could have better performance than other researches based on theoretical models, which are hard to consider the uncertainties, if RPM application is implemented using machine learning algorithm.
Particularly, in the past few years, the number of fields to which machine learning has been applied has considerably increased because of its reliable and feasible results, and the computational speed has been significantly reduced by computer developments. However, the performance of machine learning can vary depending on quality of training data. Therefore, it is important to implement a machine learning algorithm itself, but it is also important to configure the experimental environment well to make high quality training data. As a preliminary phase for implementing a radioactive source localization algorithm using machine learning, this paper focuses on the environmental configuration of an RPM.
This study will address a machine learning based optimization method, and trial of it on the calculation of detector positions for a radioactive source localizing RPM. In nuclear science, optimization is generally performed using data acquired through simulations or experiments.[7–9] Conducting optimization using optimization theory is uncommon work in this area. Wacholder et al.[10] presented a study of the optimization of a radioactive source localization system using optimization theory based on a machine learning algorithm. However, they did not consider several cases in which a solution is not globally optimal if the problem is complicated. In this paper, a modified iterative genetic algorithm (MIGA) will be implemented by improving a genetic algorithm (GA), one of the classic machine learning algorithms, to increase the chance to find globally optimal solution than, and utilized to optimize positions of detectors for a radioactive source localizing RPM.
1. Optimization using a modified iterative genetic algorithm
1) Optimization and genetic algorithm
The optimization problem is one of the most essential problems in engineering. In an optimization problem, the problem has an objective function and constraints on the variables. The objective function represents the cost of the system. The equality or inequality constraints represent the limitations on the variables, such as the budget and fuel. Optimization is a process that finds the best set of variables to minimize or maximize the objective function. For simple functions, finding the minimum or maximum value is quite simple. However, it is generally difficult to find the minimum or maximum values analytically for optimization problems because of the numerous variables and their complex relationships.
A GA is based on Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest and the principles of natural genetics and natural selection.[15] In other traditional optimization problems, the objective function should be differentiable or partially differentiable. However, a GA can be utilized for any type of problem whose objective function can be defined as a function of the output, even for discontinuous functions. Owing to this domain-independent strength, a GA is considered to be a powerful technique for solving complex problems and is utilized in various areas.
In a GA, solution candidates are treated as individuals, and these individuals form a population. Each individual has strings that correspond to the chromosomes in natural genetics. In the generation procedure, a new set of strings is generated by randomized selection, reproduction, crossover, or mutation from the past generation. Through a random procedure, the GA is not simple as general random search method. In the new generation procedures, the genotypes of genes are adapted to the environment to generate improved genes in the next generations using a fitness function. By iterating generations, individuals that have a mediocre fitness disappear, and those that have outstanding fitness are utilized in offspring production procedures. Consequently, only the individuals that have outstanding fitness will survive globally. This means that the result of a GA ultimately reaches the globally optimal solution with a high probability. Figure 1 shows the pseudocode of a generic GA, and Figure 2 shows an example illustrating the locally and globally optimal solutions. As shown in Figure 2, there are local minima and global minimum in an optimization problem. Only global minimum is the true optimal solution, and the others is not optimal solutions.
2) Modified iterative genetic algorithm
Even though a GA is theoretically very good for searching for a globally optimal solution, it is not a perfect algorithm. Depending on the complexity of the problem, a GA also can find a local minimum as an optimal solution. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the GA to avoid local minima for several complicated problems.
There have been various studies of enhancements in GAs based on modifications of the original GA. Michalewicz et al. proposed a modified genetic algorithm (MGA) using specialized operators [16]. The operators are utilized in the mutation and crossover procedures to increase the convergence performance. However, MGA is developed based on systemic characteristics of control problems, it is difficult to be applied in general optimization problems. Several researchers have suggested iterative genetic algorithms (IGAs) to solve problems that have complicated variables associated with one another [17–19]. In these studies, GAs that optimize different values are arranged in cascaded stages, and a result from a node is utilized in next node as a constraint condition. IGAs are effective to optimize a system consisting of variables in complicated relationship, but the performance of optimization is not improved.
In this paper, a modified iterative genetic algorithm (MIGA), which has little in common with previous studies, will be presented. In the MIGA, several modifications have been applied to the IGA to modify the termination criteria to increase the probability to find globally optimal solution. In the GA, there are three termination criteria: the number of generations, individual tolerance, and fitness tolerance. However, the MIGA has four termination criteria. The number of generations and individual tolerance are akin to those of the GA. In contrast to other algorithms presented in previous studies, the MIGA utilizes a variable fitness tolerance and the number of iterations. For here, generation and iteration are intrinsic and systemic parameters of GA and MIGA. Individuals are corresponding to candidates of optimal detector positions, and fitness value means the value of optimization function described equation 4 that will be addressed in section 2.2.3.
To adjust the fitness tolerance, the end of GA procedure is supplemented with the competition procedure. In the competition procedure, the optimal result in a GA loop is selected and stored in a competition rank. By repeating each loop, the fitness of an individual ranked in first place among the competition results is fed back to the fitness tolerance. At the end of the MIGA, the one more GA loop is executed with the top-ranked individual as an initial condition to verify that the individual is the optimal solution. If the verification result is not optimal, the number of iterations is initialized, and entire MIGA is resumed with only the competition data. In short, the MIGA iterates GAs by the number of iterations to enhance the probability of reaching a globally optimal solution with adjustments of the fitness tolerance by competition and verifies the optimal solution at the end of the MIGA. The entire procedure is shown in Figure 3.
2. Calculation of detector positions for the system
1) Structural design
The structural design of an RPM for radioactive source localization is based on the external dimensions of container trailers. Standard ISO containers are 2.43 m wide and 2.59 m high and have two lengths, 6.06 and 12.2 m.1) In the case of trailers, the height of a flatbed trailer is commonly less than 1.40 m. Because vehicles move on the ground, the trailers frequently move from side to side but hardly up and down when they pass through an RPM. To consider these types of fluctuations, the spatial margins of the system are defined as follows; the height margin is 0.5 m, and the width margin is 0.65 m for each side. On the basis of this information, a basic structure of an RPM is designed. A conceptual design of the RPM is shown in Figure 4.
In this system, the number of detectors is equivalent to the number of input measurements. According to the number of detectors, the accuracy of source localization will be increased. However, it is not a sufficient solution to increase the number of detectors without other considerations because the relationship between the number of detectors and the localization accuracy is not simple. This relationship tends to be logarithmic rather than proportional. Because the number of detectors is highly associated with the performance of the system and budgetary constraints, the number of detectors must be determined on a case-by-case basis for each situation. However, the decision procedure will not be addressed because the details regarding this relationship are beyond the scope of this paper. In total, six detectors will be set on the RPM for our research.
NaI (TI) scintillator detectors with a volume of 4×4×16 in3 will be utilized for the RPM system. These detectors are also utilized in other RPM researches [5, 7]. If the active area is too small, the detection performance is poor, and if it is too large, it is difficult to specify the position of the detector. From this perspective, the NaI detector seems to be the appropriate choice and is the reason why it is widely utilized in RPM systems.
2) Inverse transport theory to define optimization problem
The measurements from detectors are utilized to localize a radioactive source. For a detector, a measured quantity of a source in a specific medium can be expressed as follows: [5, 11]
D=Aɛip4πd2I0e-μd
D = Measured quantity with a detector
A = the active area of a detector,
ɛip = the intrinsic parameter of a detector,
d = the distance between the source and the detector,
I0 = the intensity of the source,
μ = the absorption coefficient of the medium.
This equation is the simplest theoretical model. In this equation, uncertainties such as build-up effect, over estimation, measurement noise, and so on are ignored because mathematical modeling of them is too complicated. As presented above, a measurement is associated with the distance from a detector to a source. The distance is one-dimensional (1D) data, but the location is two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) data. Therefore, we have to acquire more measurements from other detectors to transform 1D data into 2D or 3D data. The relevant techniques have been commonly utilized in acoustic and sensor network studies [12–14]. The key aspects of these techniques is the solution of simultaneous nonlinear equations.
We define a radioactive source localization system as shown in Figure 5. The system consists of a structural frame, detectors, and their electronics. Each detector is fixed on a structure. Therefore, all detectors have their own fixed positions. In the case where a radioactive source is placed in the system, the number of measurements acquired may be equal to the number of detectors. Using the Pythagorean theorem, the distances between the sources and the detectors can be expressed mathematically. By substituting the equation for the distance into equation 1, a nonlinear equation concerning the position of a radiation source can be expressed as follows:
((xs-xi)2+(ys-yi)2)eμ((xs-xi)2+(ys-yi)2)=Aɛip4πDiI0
xs = the X coordinate of the position of the source,
ys = the Y coordinate of the position of the source,
xi = the X coordinate of the position of the ith detector,
yi = the Y coordinate of the position of the ith detector in the Cartesian coordinate system,
Di = measurement of the ith detector.
If all parameters concerning a detector and the radiation absorption are known, equation 2 can be expressed as nonlinear equations that have three identical unknown variables: xs, ys, and I0. This means that the position of the source can be calculated by solving a system of equations if the number of these equations is greater than three. It is possible to solve nonlinear equations even without the intensity of the source. The detector parameters can be confirmed by checking the specifications of the detector. In the case of the absorption coefficient, it varies with the medium that a radiation particle passes through. Because inhomogeneous media are quite complicated, only a homogeneous medium will be considered to simplify the problem in this research.
3) Problem definition
On the basis of the structural design of an RPM, the positions of each detector should be determined. The positions of the detectors should be considered according to the purpose of the system. In typical RPMs that are used to detect radioactive materials only, the positions of the detectors may not be very important because they are focused on the detection of radiation. However, the major purposes of these systems are the detection and localization of radioactive materials. From the perspective of localization, the contrasts among each measurement will affect the localization performance because the position of the source is calculated using the detector measurements. Therefore, the measurement contrasts should be maximized to increase the localization performance.
The other specifications of the structural design are already determined during the conceptual design, except for the positions of the detectors. These positions should be determined in the directions that maximize the contrasts of the measurements. Before defining an optimization problem, the source data should be established. In most cases in which an arbitrary radioactive source is contained in a container, the position of the source will be inside the container. Therefore, a region of interest (ROI) can be defined as an area that is identical to the external size of standard containers. Then, point sources that are regularly distributed within an ROI can be set as source data. In practice, cargo can't be loaded to full container height because of limitation of the load weigh. However, just for simplification, the distribution of source points was assumed to be uniform. In this paper, an array of 11×11 point sources is utilized as the data. All sources are monoenergetic, and the intensity of a source is 1×106 gamma rays·s−1.
As mentioned in section 2.2.2, the position of the source can be calculated if all other parameters are known values. To define the problem, all parameters are defined as follows. The inner space of the RPM is assumed to be a homogeneous medium. The absorption coefficient of the medium is chosen to be 10−4 cm−1, equivalent to the microscopic cross section of air. Each detector is assumed to have an active area of ~412.9 cm2 and an intrinsic efficiency of 10% for simplification. These values are reasonable for NaI scintillator detectors [5].
With the defined source data and parameters, equation 1 can be expressed as a function of the unknown detector positions as equation 3. In this equation, the unknowns are marked by star symbols.
Di=Aɛip4π((xs-xi*)2+(ys-yi*)2) I0e-μ((xs-xi*)2+(ys-yi*)2)
The simultaneous calculations of the differences for 121 sources is equivalent to the case in which the measurement differences of each detector for a strong source located at the center of the ROI are calculated. Therefore, the differences should be calculated on case-by-case basis for each source. To maximize the contrast of the measurements regardless of the location of a source, the following objective function is defined:
min Σk=1m(-Dij)k,
Dij={Σi=1nΣj=1n∣Di-Dj∣/2, i≠j0 , i=j
m = the number of sources,
n = the number of detectors,
Di = measurement of the ith detector according to equation 1,
(Dij)k = total difference in the measurements between the ith and jth detectors for the kth source.
In optimization problems, maximization can also be represented as minimization by attaching a negative sign to the objective function. The reason why Dij is divided by 2 is to countervail the overlap between two identical differences such as D12 and D21. By substituting the Di and Dj terms in equation 4 with equation 3, the objective function can be represented with the unknown detector positions.
The equality and inequality constraints of this problem are related to the structural frame of the RPM. Six detectors will be installed in this system, as mentioned above. The frame consists of three beams on the left, right, and top sides. On each side of the frame, two detectors can be assigned: detectors 1 and 2 to the left, detectors 3 and 4 to the top, and detectors 5 and 6 to the right sequentially. For the left- and right-side detectors, the x positions are fixed on the frame. The y positions are adjustable but limited to the height of the frame. For top-side detectors, the x positions are adjustable but limited to the width of the frame. The y positions are fixed on the frame. When each position of the detectors is represented by two vectors X and Y, these equality and inequality constraints can be written with vectors and matrices as follows.
1) Equality constraints
A·X=[0000WW], B·Y=[00HH00]
2) Inequality constraints
B·X≤[00WW00], A·Y≤[HH00HH]
In equations 5 and 6,
A=[100000010000000000000000000010000001], B=[000000000000001000000100000000000000], X=[x1x2x3x4x5x6], Y=[y1y2y3y4y5y6]
A = the matrix for selecting the left- and right-side detectors,
B = the matrix for selecting the top-side detectors,
W = the width of the RPM frame,
H = the height of the RPM frame,
yi = the Y coordinate of the position of the ith detector in the Cartesian coordinate system.
1. Performance evaluation of the MIGA
The optimization problem defined in section 2.3.2 was solved by two algorithms—the GA and MIGA. These algorithms were implemented in a MATLAB environment to compare their performance. In this section, the optimization results and analyses will be presented sequentially.
A GA is an effective algorithm for finding a globally optimal solution, but the result might be a locally optimal solution depending on the complexity of the problem. Figure 6 shows the variation in the fitness value for each generation. For simulation, the number of generation is set to 2,000, and individual tolerance and fitness tolerance are equally set to 1×10−20. At the beginning of the GA, the fitness value decreases rapidly. This means that the GA searches the optimal solution effectively. Then, the fitness value converges. This shows how the GA finds the optimal solution.
In the MIGA, the competition, iteration, and verification procedures are added to increase the optimization performance. Figure 7 shows the fitness value versus the number of iterations for the MIGA. To solve the defined problem using the MIGA, the number of iterations is set to 1,000. As shown in this figure, calculation results for each iteration are not constant. This shows one of the weaknesses of the GA; all of the points in Figure 7 represent the optimization results from each GA loop. However, only the points on the red dashed line that represent the minimum fitness values are real optimal solutions, and the others are local minima. This means that we cannot know whether the solution is a globally optimal solution when using the GA only. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the iteration and competition procedures to increase the probability of finding globally optimal solutions.
At the end of the MIGA, the verification procedure is added to confirm whether the final result is globally optimal. In the verification procedure, the GA is executed once again with the final result as an initial condition. If the result is a globally optimal solution, the verification result will be identical to the initial values themselves. Figure 8 shows the variation in the fitness value during the process of verification. Although the variations in the fitness values are almost zero, the GA repeats the generation process 263 times. This shows that the GA attempts to find another globally optimal solution.
Figure 9 shows a schematic of optimization using the MIGA. The basic frame of the RPM is described by the black bold line. A container (ROI) and flatbed trailer are described by red and green dashed lines, respectively. The cyan, red, and blue stars represent the source information, the optimal positions of the detectors calculated by the MIGA, and the trisection points of the ROI, respectively. Because the fact that the point sources are uniformly distributed inside of ROI is utilized as source information, we expect the result to be related with the area of the ROI. Therefore, the trisection points were considered as estimated optimal positions. However, an optimal solution is found, which has lower fitness value than the estimated solution by 175.5565. An RPM system has been designed using this optimization result. We also tried to solve this problem using GA, but we cannot find globally optimal solution that is found by MIGA. Table 1 summarizes the estimated solution, local solution using GA, optimal solution using MIGA, and their fitness values. In Table 1, each solution is represented by the position (X, Y), and all values are presented in units of millimeters (mm).
In common sense, detectors should be located in symmetry. However, the case that the positions of detectors are located in asymmetry has higher fitness value than symmetric case as shown in Figure 9 and Table 1. We thought that this result may cause owing to the definition the objective function. We defined the objective that maximize the contrast of detector measurements. In perspective of maximizing the contrast, the contrast is getting larger in unbalanced condition than balanced condition.
In this paper, a machine learning algorithm was utilized to calculate positions of detectors for radioactive source localizing RPM system. To calculate detector positions, an optimization problem was defined. To achieve a reliable solution, the MIGA was suggested by modifying a GA with supplemental iteration, competition, and verification procedures. The GA and MIGA were implemented using MATLAB, and their performance was analyzed. In the case of the MIGA, the result was analyzed systematically. According to resulting optimization analyses, all supplemented procedures help to find a globally optimal solution.
This paper is a preliminary step for the development of an intelligent RPM system that can detect the position of a radioactive source using machine learning algorithms. To apply machine learning to RPM systems for source localization, it should be designed to maximize the performance of the system in accordance with the characteristics of the algorithms.
In typical pattern recognition problems, one of the most essential research fields in machine learning algorithms, all input data are transformed into features that represent the characteristics of all patterns, and machines are trained by features to recognize an object. To increase the performance of a machine for pattern recognition, many samples that consist of clearly distinguishable features should be supplied.
To implement a high-performance intelligent localization system, the information produced by the system should be distinguishable because features are generated by the information. In the case of an intelligent RPM, measurements from the detectors will be utilized as the information. Therefore, it is important to design a system so that it can generate distinguishable detector measurements. In short, the contrasts of the detector measurements should be clear. For this reason, an optimization problem was set up to maximize measurement differences in each detector.
On the basis of this study, an RPM has been designed and will be fabricated. Figure 10 shows a mechanical drawing of the designed RPM. However, an evaluation of the localization performance with this optimization result cannot be conducted immediately because another machine learning algorithm for localization should be implemented. As the next step of this work, an intelligent RPM system for radioactive source localization using a machine learning algorithm will be researched by utilizing this designed RPM system. Then, the localization performance of this system will be evaluated.
This research was a part of the project titled "Research on fundamental core technology for ubiquitous shipping and logistics" funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea, contract No. D10802514H380000110. The authors sincerely appreciate for the support.
1) ISO 6346 Freight Containers-Coding, Identification and Marking.
1. Coulon R, Vladimir K, Bouderguri K, Normand S. Moving sources detection algorithm for radiation portal monitors used in a linear network. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2014; 61(4):2189–2194.
2. Rao NSV, et al. Network algorithms for detection of radiation sources. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A. 2015; 784:326–331.
3. Miller KA, Charlton WS. An inverse transport approach to radiation source location for border security. In : Annual Meeting on the European Safeguards Research and Development Association; Aix-en-Provence France. May 22, 2007.
4. Vilim R, Klann R. RadTrac: a system for detecting, localizing, and tracking radioactive sources in real time. Nucl Technol. 2009; 168:61–73.
5. Jarman KD, Miller EA, Wittman RS, Gesh CJ. Bayesian radiation source localization. Nucl Technol. 2010; 175:326–334.
6. Miller EA, White TA, Jarman KD, Kouzes RT, Kulisek JA, Robinson SM, Wittman RA. Combining radiography and passive measurements for radiological threat localization in cargo. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2015; 62(5):2234–2244.
7. Robinson SM, Kaye WR, Schweppe JE, Siciliano ER. Optimal background attenuation for fielded radiation detection system. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2007; 54(4):1279–1284.
8. Gilbert MR, Ghani Z, McMillan JE, Packer LW. Optimising the neutron environment of radiation portal monitors: a computational study. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A. 2015; 795:174–185.
9. Tomanin A, Peerani P, Maenhout GJ. On the Optimisation of the use of 3He in radiation portal monitors. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A. 2013; 700:81–85.
10. Wacholder E, Elias E, Merlis Y. artificial neutral networks optimization method for radioactive source localization. Nucl Technol. 1995; 110:228–237.
11. Knoll GF. Radiation detection and measurements. 3rd edition. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc;2000. p. 116–118.
12. Ajdler T, Kozintsev I, Lienhart R, Vetterli M. Acoustic source localization in distributed sensor networks. In : The 38th Asilomar Conference on Signal, Systems and Computers; Pacific Grove CA. November 7–10, 2004.
13. Yang Y, Ho KC. Alleviating sensor position error in source localization using calibration emitters at inaccurate locations. IEEE Trans Signal Process. 2010; 58(1):67–83.
14. Patwari N, Ash JN, Kyperountas S, Hero AO, Moses RL, Correal NS. Locating the nodes: cooperative locaization in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Signal Process Mag. 2005; 22(4):54–69.
15. Rao SS. Engineering optimization theory and practice. 4th edition. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc;2009. p. 694–702.
16. Michalewicz Z, Janikow CZ, Krawczyk JB. A modified genetic algorithm for optimal control problems. Comput Math Appl. 1992; 23(12):83–94.
17. Mutlu O, Polat O, Supciller AA. An iterative genetic algorithm for the assembly line worker assignment and balancing problem of type-2. Comput Oper Res. 2013; 40(1):418–426.
18. Khatib T, Mohamed A, Sopian K. Optimization of a PV/wind micro-grid for rural housing electrification using a hybrid iterative/genetic algorithm: case study of Kuala Terengganu Malaysia. Energy Build. 2012; 47:321–331.
19. Firmo HT, Legey LFL. Generation expansion planning: an iterative genetic algorithm approach. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2002; 17(3):901–906.
Pseudocode of a generic GA. In general, termination criteria can be the number of generations, individual tolerance and fitness tolerance.
Example of local and global solutions in an optimization problem.
Flowchart for the MIGA.
Conceptual design of an RPM for radioactive source localization. All detectors are NaI scintillator detectors that have a volume of 4×4×16 in3.
Schematic showing the definition of the localization problem.
Variation in the fitness value during optimization using a GA.
Fitness value versus the number of iterations for the MIGA. Each point represents the optimization result from the GA, but only the points on the red dashed line are optimal solutions.
Variation in the fitness value during the verification procedure of the MIGA.
Schematic of the final optimization result using the MIGA with 100% loading rate source data. The fitness value of the optimal solution is lower than that of the estimated position by 175.5565.
Mechanical drawing of an RPM designed using the optimization result.
A summary of Estimated, Local and Optimal Solutions
Positon of detector 1
Fitness value
Estimated solution (0, 2,266) (0, 3,132) (1,483, 4,500) (2,317, 4,500) (3,800, 3,132) (3,800, 2,266) −13,638.9926
Local solution (GA) (0, 1,956.3) (0, 2,882.5) (1,457.7, 4,500) (2,479.9, 4,500) (3,800, 2,803.4) (3,800, 1,943.9) −13,803.3748
Optimal solution (MIGA) (0, 2,031.6) (0, 3,002.6) (1,343.6, 4,500) (2,353.8, 4,500) (3,800, 2,993.7) (3,800, 2,037.6) −13,814.5491
PDF(1011K) | PubReader | ePub |
The Effect of Grid Ratio and Material of Anti-scatter Grid on the Scatter-to-primary Ratio and the Signal-to-noise Ratio Improvement Factor in Container Scanner X-ray Imaging[J. Radiat. Prot. Res.. 2017] Thoracic Irradiation Recruit M2 Macrophage into the Lung, Leading to Pneumonitis and Pulmonary Fibrosis[J. Radiat. Prot. Res.. 2017] Intent to Use a Smartphone Application for Radiation Monitoring in Correlation with Anxiety about Exposure to Radiation, Recognition of Risks, and Attitudes toward the Use of Radiation[J. Radiat. Prot. Res.. 2017] Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Plants in Korea: 2011–2015[J. Radiat. Prot. Res.. 2017] Comparison of Skin Injury Induced by β- and γ-irradiation in the Minipig Model[J. Radiat. Prot. Res.. 2017]


text:
From Dorner to Waco to MOVE Bombing, a Look at Growing Militarization of Domestic Policing
StoryFebruary 15, 2013
Watch Full ShowNext Story
senior writer and investigative reporter for The Huffington Post. He is author of the forthcoming book, Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces, due out in July.
Norm Stamper
former Seattle police chief. He is author of Breaking Rank: A Top Cop's Exposé of the Dark Side of American Policing.
"Breaking Rank: A Top Cop's Exposé of the Dark Side of American Policing." By Norm Stamper. (Nation Books, 2006)
Follow reports by Radley Balko at The Huffington Post
The fire that killed former Los Angeles police officer Christopher Dorner on Tuesday has drawn comparisons to the deadly 1993 raid on the Branch Davidian complex in Waco, Texas, and the 1985 police bombing of the MOVE headquarters in Philadelphia. In Waco, federal agents denied for years they had used incendiary tear gas after a fire killed 76 people inside the compound. The MOVE bombing left six adults and five children dead. We speak to former Seattle Police Chief Norm Stamper and Radley Balko, author of the forthcoming book, "Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces." [includes rush transcript]
StoryFeb 11, 2013Wanted for Killing 3, Christopher Dorner's Claims of Racism, Corruption Resonate with LAPD's Critics
AMY GOODMAN: Our guests are former Seattle Police Chief Norm Stamper and Radley Balko, Huffington Post writer, author of the forthcoming Rise of the Warrior Cop. Juan?
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Well, I'd like to ask Chief Stamper, on the—on this issue, you said you have concerns about the use of these incendiary devices. Of course, this is not the first time in a major high-profile police action or—that we've had these devices used and have raised controversies. It was 20 years ago this year, in 1993, that the FBI used incendiary devices to end their siege of the Branch Davidian complex crisis in Waco. And at the time, authorities claimed the cult members intentionally burned down the compound. I want to play a clip of CNN's live coverage from April 15th, 1993, when that fire had just begun.
CORRESPONDENT, BONNIE: The fire has indeed engulfed the vast majority of this compound that has been the site—
CORRESPONDENT, MIKE: Bonnie, the entire roof is gone.
CORRESPONDENT, BONNIE: The entire roof is gone, Mike.
CORRESPONDENT, MIKE: Yes.
CORRESPONDENT, BONNIE: What else can you tell us? Any sign of firefighting equipment? I know that—
CORRESPONDENT, MIKE: No, none whatsoever. And there is our shot from, you'll remember, Bonnie, what we referred to as the farm cam. That's looking from the north side into the compound. Apparently, the north side is not involved yet, but it appears the rest of the compound is filled with an orange fire and acrid black smoke.
CORRESPONDENT, BONNIE: Also, within the past 10 days, past week, federal authorities surrounded the compound, very close to the compound, to—with razor sharp concertina wire to prevent people from running out. That may, in this case, prove to be hazardous.
CORRESPONDENT, MIKE: Still no sign of anyone coming out, Bonnie.
CORRESPONDENT, BONNIE: Mike, at this point, the latest figures we have is that there are 95 people inside; of them, 17 below the age of 10, a total of 25 below the age of 18.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: That was CNN coverage from 1993 of the FBI siege of the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas. It was not until much later that federal authorities acknowledged they had used incendiary tear gas, but they insisted they did not contribute to the fire that consumed the compound and left their leader, David Koresh, and 54 other adults and 28 children dead.
Chief Stamper, you're familiar with some other incidents around the country where these devices have been used. So, there is a pretty predictable, as you said, result of their use in terms of people who are holed up in a particular—or barricaded in a particular compound.
NORM STAMPER: Yes, I think if you think about the names applied to this particular weaponry—pyrotechnic, incendiary, burners—those all suggest that these devices do in fact start fires. The first thing I thought yesterday, and certainly on Wednesday, was Branch Davidian and the absolute necessity to learn from these experiences. SWAT officers typically have at their command the use of, and frequently do employ, so-called flash bangs or concussion grenades. They're cased in paper or soft plastic. They are not known for starting fires. But what they can do is create great disorientation in the barricaded suspect. I'm surprised that that particular technology was not used. And I think it's vital to understand that unless these officers knew for certain that there were no hostages in that cabin, that the use of the pyrotechnics is doubly questionable.
AMY GOODMAN: Radley Balko, can you give us the history of the use of these incendiary devices? They are, in fact, not used that much.
RADLEY BALKO: Yeah. The incident in Waco, I guess, is the first one that comes to mind. Chief Stamper and I agree on a lot, but I would actually disagree with him on the flash grenades also. There are a number of fires that I have reported on and other people have reported on that were started by flash grenades, as well. I mean, in this case, where you have an actual—you know, somebody who has already killed a lot of people, certainly I don't think anyone would object to the flash grenades. But they are used pretty frequently in, you know, drug raids, people suspected of nonviolent crimes. And there, I think they become a little more problematic.
AMY GOODMAN: The history of them, from Waco to MOVE?
RADLEY BALKO: The history of the tear gas?
AMY GOODMAN: Yes, of the use of these incendiary devices.
RADLEY BALKO: Well, I mean, there are these—there are these particular high-profile incidents. I don't know—Chief Stamper could probably answer better than I could how often they're used, you know, day to day. I would imagine that it's only—you know, usually in situations like this, where you have people holed up, you know, or barricade-type situations. But actually, yeah, Chief Stamper might be able to answer that better than I could.
AMY GOODMAN: Well, why don't we give an example. Just we have a clip. A well-known example of police using incendiary devices on people under siege is the 1985 attack in Philadelphia that culminated in the helicopter bombing of the headquarters of the radical group known as MOVE. The fire from the attack killed six adults, five children, destroyed 65 homes, an entire neighborhood. Despite the two grand jury investigations and a commission finding top officials were grossly negligent, no one from Philadelphia government was criminally charged. MOVE was the Philadelphia-based radical movement that was dedicated to black liberation and a back-to-nature lifestyle. It was founded by John Africa. All its members took on the surname Africa. In 2010, Ramona Africa, the sole adult survivor of the bombing, told Democracy Now! what had happened as the bomb was dropped on her house.
RAMONA AFRICA: In terms of the bombing, after being attacked the way we were, first with four deluge hoses by the fire department and then tons of tear gas, and then being shot at—the police admit to shooting over 10,000 rounds of bullets at us in the first 90 minutes—there was a lull. You know, it was quiet for a little bit. And then, without any warning at all, two members of the Philadelphia Police Department's bomb squad got in a Pennsylvania state police helicopter and flew over our home and dropped a satchel containing C4, a powerful military explosive that no municipal police department has. They had to get it from the federal government, from the FBI. And without any announcement or warning or anything, they dropped that bomb on the roof of our home.
Now, at that point, we didn't know exactly what they had done. We heard the loud explosion. The house kind of shook. But it never entered my mind that they dropped a bomb on us. But the bomb did in fact ignite a fire. And not long after that, it got very, very hot in the house, and the smoke was getting thicker. At first we thought it was tear gas. But as it got thicker, it became clear that this wasn't tear gas, that this was something else. And then we could hear the trees outside of our house crackling and realized that our home was on fire. And we immediately tried to get our children, our animals, our dogs and cats, and ourselves out of that blazing inferno.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: That was Ramona Africa describing the 1985—the sole survivor of the 1985 police attack on the house of the radical MOVE group in Philadelphia that left six adults and five children dead. I was a reporter at the Philadelphia Daily News, and I covered that particular event. And what amazed me in watching the fire unfold was that the fire department—the fire department trucks arrived on the scene, but then for more than an hour did not turn on their hoses as the house burned. And we were later told that the MOVE members had attempted to shoot their way out through the back of the house and were—and that there was an exchange of gunfire between police and the MOVE members. But it took a commission report later on to—an independent commission, to report that in fact that some of the members had actually been shot to death, killed as they came out of the burning house. I wanted to ask Chief Stamper, this whole issue of people trapped in these houses and a fire erupting as a result of police action, what the responsibility of the police is at that point when these fires erupt? Even though you may have a criminal or someone that you're involved in a standoff with, your responsibility as a police officer to try to capture these folks alive, if possible?
NORM STAMPER: Your number-one responsibility is the protection and preservation of human life. And when we employ tactics of the type that we've been talking about this morning in order to achieve what has essentially transformed itself into a military or certainly military-like mission, when we escalate tension and escalate tactics that predictably lead to death, we have violated our most basic, indeed our most profound, responsibility, and that is the protection and preservation of human life.
AMY GOODMAN: I wanted to play a comment from Stephen Graham, whose book Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism looks at the increasing influence of military technology on domestic police forces. He spoke to Democracy Now! in 2011.
STEPHEN GRAHAM: Well, there's been a longstanding shift in North America and Europe towards paramilitarized policing, using helicopter-style systems, using infrared sensing, using really, really heavy militarized weaponry. That's been longstanding, fueled by the war on drugs and other sort of explicit campaigns. But more recently, there's been a big push since the end of the Cold War by the big defense and security and IT companies to sell things like video surveillance systems, things like geographic mapping systems, and even more recently, drone systems, that have been used in the assassination raids in Afghanistan and in Pakistan and elsewhere, as sort of a domestic policing technology.
AMY GOODMAN: That's Stephen Graham. His book, Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbananism. Radley Balko, you—if you could further comment on this, because that is the subject of your upcoming book, Rise of the Warrior Cop, and also talk about the police actions leading up to the ultimate fire and the killing of Dorner.
RADLEY BALKO: Yeah, I think that the militarization—you know, I think it was troubling enough when it was reserved for drug raids, which is what it was mostly used for, these sorts of paramilitary tactics throughout the 1990s. But really, in the 2000s, we started seeing it being used more routinely on patrols, and we also see it—and this what I think is really disturbing—we're seeing it used not because—not after an assessment of the threat that the police are facing, but to send a political message.
One example I would give is, you know, you see these federal raids on medical marijuana dispensaries in states that have legalized the drug for medical purposes. I mean, nobody really thinks that these dispensaries are a threat to federal agents, that the people running them are going to pull out guns and open up on federal drug agents. The show of force is about sending a political message. And when the government is using force and deciding how much force it wants to use based on politics and not a realistic assessment of the threat, I think we've entered a kind of scary new territory.
The other thing I wanted to mention a little bit here is, the reaction of LAPD after, you know, an officer went down is sort of typical of what we've seen in a lot of these cases where—when a police officer goes down, there's kind of a mentality—and I think this also goes back to the sort of warrior mindset that we've inculcated in too many police departments—but when an officer goes down, there is this mentality that all bets are off, that the police no longer have to abide by the rules, that one of their own went down, and so now they can, you know, sort of run roughshod over civil rights, because, you know, this is—now we've sort of entered new territory.
And we saw this in, you know, the last couple weeks, when we saw two separate incidents where police officers opened fire on vehicles that actually didn't even look like the truck that Dorner was supposed to be driving. They were just sort of vaguely similar to the truck. In one case, you know, the police officers filled an entire neighborhood with bullets. They found bullets in trees and garage doors and front doors, in addition to the pockmarked truck that we saw pictures of. And I think this is—you know, we see this mentality is reinforced in TV and movies, and it's this idea that, you know, once a police officer goes down, once somebody kills a police officer, everybody's rights are suspended at that point until they take care of the problem. And that's a—that is a really kind of a battlefield mentality that I think is the result of this militarization.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: And, of course, the issue that Dorner, in his warped way, attempted to raise of continuing racism within some of these police departments, clearly—I want to read an excerpt of the manifesto that Dorner posted online, where he wrote, quote, "I know I will be vilified by the LAPD and the media. Unfortunately, this is a necessary evil that I do not enjoy but must partake and complete for substantial change to occur within the LAPD and reclaim my name. The department has not changed since the Rampart and Rodney King days. It has gotten worse. The consent decree should never have been lifted. The only thing that has evolved from the consent decree is those officers involved in the Rampart scandal and Rodney King incidents have since [been] promoted to supervisor, commanders, and command staff, and executive positions." He went on to vow to, quote, "bring unconventional and asymmetrical warfare to those in the LAPD uniform." So, clearly, this was a man who was taking extreme and criminal actions, but at the same time was raising issues that resonate, not only in many black communities, but even among black officers in many urban police departments. I'm wondering your take on this.
RADLEY BALKO: Well, yeah. I mean, I guess I should say, first of all, that, you know, it's really unfortunate that there are people who have sort of tried to make Dorner into a martyr. I think if you're going to make him a martyr for your cause, you're really doing a disservice to your cause. I mean, you know, not only did he take out vigilante justice against police officers, he also killed two people who, you know, their only alleged crime in his mind was being related to a police officer. So, you know, I think we should point out that this guy isn't and should [not] be a martyr.
But, you know, the problems that he points out have been present in LAPD a long time, going back to the commission that issued a study before the Rodney King riots in the early 1990s. And, yeah, I mean, this is—he does raise issues. I mean, even the initial incident that got him fired, where he reported his field training officer kicking a suspect while the suspect was on the ground, I mean, it's sort of well known in police departments that when rookies—and I hope Chief Stamper will correct me if I'm assuming too much here, but it's sort of well known that when you get out of the academy and you're assigned to a field training officer, that's sort of a time when you're tested, when you're tested to see, you know, how much you can be relied upon to defend your fellow officers. Sort of it's the kind of induction period into the blue code of silence. So, even that incident, you know, sort of rings true.
You know, I think it's unfortunate that it took a crazy person to get these issues back in the light again. But, actually, I do think that the L.A. police chief and the LAPD deserve some credit. They've actually said they are going to go back and look at these incidents and see if there's any merit to them, which is a pretty admirable thing to say, given what was going on at the time.
AMY GOODMAN: Finally, Norm Stamper, what you want to see come out of this, as a former police chief yourself, in terms of investigations?
NORM STAMPER: Sure. Clearly, we have to look at the tactics, from the beginning of this entire operation to its tragic conclusion. But we also, I think, really need to look at systemic instances of racism and other forms of discriminatory or bigoted behavior. It's one thing for police chiefs and sheriffs to denounce racism, to announce that there will be no tolerance of that kind of behavior. It's another to actually affect the working culture of police officers, the majority of whom, I think, have gotten the message. But there are still pockets in every police department that are very pernicious and very troubling, and they needed to be rooted out. There are some people who should not be police officers.
AMY GOODMAN: We want to thank you both for being with us. Chief Norm Stamper is the former police chief of Seattle. He's the author of Breaking Rank: A Top Cop's Exposé of the Dark Side of American Policing. And thanks to Radley Balko, senior writer, investigative reporter for The Huffington Post. His book is coming out in July, called Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces. When we come back, we're going to look at President Obama's announcement during the State of the Union address looking into the voting process and the electoral system in this country. We'll be joined by the head of the NAACP, Ben Jealous. Stay with us.
Next story from this daily show
NAACP: New Election Commission Needed to Address Voter Suppression, Attacks on Voting Rights
NEXTNAACP: New Election Commission Needed to Address Voter Suppression, Attacks on Voting Rights
StoryFeb 11, 2013
Wanted for Killing 3, Christopher Dorner's Claims of Racism, Corruption Resonate with LAPD's Critics


After two years of consultation, the Welsh government today introduced the Human Transplantation Wales Act coming into force on December 1 2015. The new act is based on the assumption of consent with regard to organ donation. As such, Welsh long-term residents are being automatically registered as organ donors and have to explicitly opt-out in case they do not wish to be registered.
While 9 out of 10 people in Wales currently support organ donations, only 33% are officially registered as organ donors.
In 43% of the cases, where donation would have been possible, family members opted against it, since they were uncertain about their loved one's last wish.


text:
Netflix Sets Premiere Date for New Drama 'The Haunting of Hill House' Starring Michiel Huisman and Carla Gugino
Netflix has today announced the premiere date for the upcoming original drama series The Haunting of Hill House.
All 10 episodes of the first season will debut on Friday, October 12.
A modern reimagining of Shirley Jackson's classic 1959 novel, the drama explores a group of siblings who, as children, grew up in what would go on to become the most famous haunted house in the country. Now adults, and forced back together in the face of tragedy, the family must finally confront the ghosts of their past - some of which still lurk in their minds while others may actually be stalking the shadows of Hill House.
The drama stars Michiel Huisman, Carla Gugino, Timothy Hutton, Elizabeth Reaser, Oliver Jackson-Cohen, Henry Thomas, Kate Siegel, Victoria Pedretti, Lulu Wilson, McKenna Grace, Paxton Singleton, Violet McGraw and Julian Hilliard.
Mike Flanagan created and directed the drama. He serves as showrunner alongside Meredith Averill. They executive produce with Trevor Macy, Justin Falvey and Darryl Frank. Paramount Television and Amblin Television produce.
Posted by Brett Hense at 12:11 PM
Labels: Netflix , Premiere Dates , The Haunting


text:
Former Auburn defensive back signed to Rams practice squad
Sydney Hunte | 3 days ago
With the Los Angeles Rams preparing for the NFL playoffs, they have made a series of moves to their practice squad.
One of those moves involved former Auburn defensive back Blake Countess, who has been signed to the practice squad ahead of the Rams' NFC Wild Card Round game against the Arizona Cardinals on Monday.
Countess saw his college career begin at Michigan, where he made 6 interceptions in 2014. He ended up transferring to Auburn in 2015, and in his lone season with the Tigers, he totaled 70 tackles and 2 interceptions.
A 6th round pick by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2016 NFL Draft, he was originally a member of the Rams from 2016-2018. Other stops in the league include the Jets and Ravens.
Derion Kendrick, Georgia cornerback, shares 2022 season plans
Jay Barker arrest: Reports reveal details of Nashville incident
Kids perfectly describe the Georgia fan experience with Stetson Bennett at championship celebration
Dawson Knox delivers 2 first-quarter touchdowns as Buffalo Bills open lead over New England Patriots
Sydney Hunte
Sydney (@SHWrites on Twitter) is an Atlanta-based journalist who has covered everything from SEC and ACC football to MLS, the U.S. men's national soccer team and professional tennis. His work has appeared on such platforms as SB Nation, Cox Media Group and FanSided.


We are passionate about professionalism, attention to detail and the ability to anticipate and mitigate problems. Our sole aim is to support your protection, growth and prosperity.
Through partnerships we have developed over the years, Saepio are able to service clients in over a 140 countries worldwide. We are tenacious on our clients behalf to ensure that cover is placed to perfection, through Lloyd's of London and A+ rated global insurers.
We are proud to be the insurance broker of choice for many international clients ranging from UK based businesses with international presence, private clients, government organisations and overseas corporations.
As globalisation continues, multinationals pursuing business opportunities in developed economies and emerging markets face the increasingly difficult task of identifying and managing their insurance risks across multiple jurisdictions. The challenge for these businesses is to balance the prerogative for a coherent and cost effective insurance programme, with the need to ensure compliance under local tax and regulatory regimes.
Saepio provide expert international insurance and risk management advice to established multinational organisations and to those companies seeking to expand into new territories. Our clients see us as partners rather than advisors, enabling us to understand their businesses, wherever they are in the world. This in turn ensures that the insurance programmes we arrange combine the necessary levels of central control with the appropriate amount of local flexibility.
Through a partnership network across the globe, we specialise in designing, negotiating and placing multinational risk programmes. With the majority of our global clients requiring cross-border broking and servicing, we understand the need to provide a consistent level of service and accountability across their organisations, wherever they are based in the world.
All our international partners are chosen for their local knowledge, proven track record of quality service delivery, and ability to meet the needs of our global clients. The key to our success continues to be the close working relationships we enjoy with our overseas colleagues, and the confidence we have in their ability to take responsibility for their local relationships and service levels.
The structure of any global insurance and risk management programme can be complex and requires a detailed understanding of the risks associated with each territory.


What is OEM? OEM stands for Original Equipment Manufacturer. This OEM maintenance kit is assembled by Konica Minolta for use in your Laser Printer. Also known as "genuine" maintenance kits, these provide a premium alternative to compatible or re-manufactured maintenance kits.


text:
Unlike most of their kind, the six, mirrored elevators in this skyscraper didn't drop the internet connection once he was locked inside. It was one of the perks of his new job, though other people didn't seem to care; a blessing through which he could seamlessly continue his online wanderings all the way to his desk on the 28th floor.
That day, a lazy Monday morning, he stepped into the elevator all by himself, busy accepting a few friendship requests he'd inevitably received in the wake of last night's party. He could squeeze a vague recollection of all the faces, except of a girl with spiky hair and playful wink. He had been pretty drunk at the party and it was also a common knowledge that girls are good at changing their appearances. So, looking for clues, he began studying her profile; before long, he sensed that he should have arrived at his floor.
He raised his head. The elevator's LED display showed the number 34. He'd forgotten to press the floor button, not unprecedented for him. Someone from a higher floor must have summoned the elevator and now there wasn't anything to do but wait. So, he continued his scrutiny of the girl's profile. She was into music, climbing, traveling, politics—quite versatile. Hadn't he had a political conversation with a guest last night? But before his thoughts could wander further, he found himself distracted by the LED display. Forty-seven. He had no idea that the building was that tall. It occurred to him, right then, that he'd never glanced at the edifice, the entirety of it, from outside. No wonder. His head was always in his phone, raised only occasionally to avoid puddles or cars.
On the panel there were only 50 floors, but the display kept moving, 67 changing to 68 to 69. Had the elevator just slung out of the roof with the panel dutifully reporting on it, phantom floor by phantom floor? A horrific thought at first, but he calmed himself by attributing this to a technical glitch. Still, the inconsistency of the current floor number and the panel of buttons was worthy of a picture. He framed it in a way that array of buttons and the LED display appeared in the same shot, to properly show the flaw. When he passed 100, he took a selfie. It seemed the numbers were changing faster now, like a rocket being launched. By the time he turned and posed for the selfie, his head was next to the number 127. And the exciting part was, the internet still worked. After posting the pictures online, he realized they didn't do justice to what he was experiencing. He needed the sense of movement and urgency. So he went live by recording himself next to the buttons along with the ever-increasing display. He reported where he was and what was happening. His voice was animated, his hand shaky. When he moved his phone to take an insert shot of the display, he yelled, in genuine excitement, into the speaker, "Oh my god! 300! I'm on the 310th floor and am still connected!"
By the time he passed the 600 mark, his video had received over ten thousand views. It was shared faster than the display numbers changed. He was immersed reading the comments under his video—all from strangers, the sign of celebrity status—and every time he looked up the number had increased by dozens. As he studied the reactions to his video, he began missing a breath. Then he missed two. He gasped, moved to the other end of the elevator as if that corner stored more oxygen. He wheezed to his phone that he must have crossed the stratosphere. He sat down but felt like lying down. He filmed himself and then angled the phone up towards the changing four digits and it was that state of ethereal lucidity in which he remembered the spiky-haired girl—though she'd curled her locks for the party—and he also remembered he'd liked her, the way hearts sink upon seeing a pretty girl, and then the girl had to answer a call and he'd busied himself with his own phone and then he didn't remember anything, and he was still ascending and his views skyrocketing and his lungs burning.
Mehdi M. Kashani
Mehdi M. Kashani lives and writes in Toronto, Canada. His fiction and nonfiction can be found in Passages North, The Rumpus, Catapult, The Malahat Review, Wigleaf, The Walrus, Bellevue Literary Review, Four Way Review, The Minnesota Review, and Emrys Journal (for which he won 2019 Sue Lile Inman Fiction Award), among others. He has work forthcoming in The Fiddlehead and Bare Life Review.
First appeared in Wigleaf, November 2018.


Neely's non-candidacy is not the point of this piece, but I had to deal with the party switching elephant in the room. Perhaps he needs his own mythical critter: an elephant with a donkey's head. He certainly brays like a jackass.
I'm surely not the only one to remember Slate's Bushisms feature. It was compiled by Jacob Weisberg who started it when he covered George W. Bush 2000 campaign. Weisberg was among the first to note W's weird use of the language and penchant for malaprops. Weisberg kept at it for Bush's entire presidency and even produced a successful book of Bushisms.
Neely may be a born-again Republican but his wisecracks are reminiscent of one of the most colorful politicians in Louisiana history: Three-time Democratic Governor and brother of the Kingfish, Earl K. Long. He was known in his later days as Uncle Earl. I use the term Gret Stet of Louisiana as an homage to Uncle Earl who knew his way around a colorful country wisecrack. As you will see directly, his favorite foil was New Orleans Mayor Delesseps (Chep) Morrison who he called Dellasoups.
In recent years, former New Jersey Gov. Brendan Byrne has received undeserved credit from the East Coast media for the second Uncle Earlism. Byrne said, "When I die, I want to be buried in Hudson County, so I can continue to vote," and no one, including the Observer (when Jared Kushner owned it), has realized that Byrne's zinger wasn't evidence of his comedic genius; it just proved he was a skilled plagiarist.
Earl Kemp Long in 1959. Photo by the Associated Press.
The difference between Uncle Earlisms and Neelyisms is that Earl was being real whereas Neelyisms reflect a carefully crafted persona. At First Draft, I've called it "hicking it up." I don't recall as many hickified aphorisms from Neely's long tenure as state treasurer, but he was a chronic kibitzer and soundbite machine for the Gret Stet political media. The wave of Neelyisms seems to have started during the 2016 campaign and exploded when Neely hit Capitol Hill.
After that long introduction, it's time for some Neelyisms. I've assembled a Top Twenty list. They're organized in a random order because I'm a random guy, but I'm appending the word Neelyism to each entry, so you won't get lost in the verbiage. Besides, I'm trying to create a catch phrase, so repetition is in order.
We begin with the seminal Neelyism, the senator's stock line from the 2016 campaign trail.
I don't know about you, but I'd rather not. He has subsequently applied the term to a variety of situations. I'd rather drink weed killer myself than name them all.
On that note, let's continue our round-up of annotated Neelyisms. I'm mostly omitting specific dates to protect my sanity; being knee deep in Neelyisms is hard enough.
In a headline grabbing move, her parents threatened to sue. They did not.
Of course, Trump loves Meat Loaf who appeared on a season of Celebrity Apprentice. He cried a lot, Meat Loaf, not Trump.
Only a week ago, The Daily Advertiser conducted an interview with the senator, resulting in a Pulitzer-worthy report titled, "Sen. John Kennedy inspired by the music of rock legend Meat Loaf," along with a two-minute long video testimonial.
"I can't think of a song I don't like," Kennedy said.
I gotta link to Fox News for this one, what can I tell ya?
I believe the foothills of creepy are somewhere in the vicinity of Bunkie.
Consider that lagniappe. What's a Gret Stet political piece without a bit of lagniappe?
Thank you, Big Chief Neely. He'd look pretty darn weird in a Mardi Gras Indian suit.
In addition to being a cornpone comedian, Neely is a professional cheapskate.
Trump hates dogs. I doubt he cared for the canine characterization.
I must admit that this one was on point and made sense. It had to happen, y'all.
Is there a crack head hotline that I'm unaware of? Is it 666?
Neely is prone to say "it's good to be back in America" when he's in Louisiana. I'm relieved that it never calls it "herpes-free" America. I guess that's implicit.
I sincerely hope the Senator wouldn't put mayo on political herpes. Some people put it on everything.
"Faster than green grass goes through a goose"
"Tough as a boiled owl"
"Like a cat on a fat rat"
I make no pretense to having unearthed every Neelyism out there. There will surely be more to come as he's our Senator until at least 2022. I'm glad he's not running for governor as it seems to indicate that John Bel Edwards is in better shape than the early polls indicate.
I hope this column leaves you feeling as tough as a boiled owl. I'd hate to think it went through you faster than green grass goes through a goose. Neelyisms are not only catchy; they seem to be contagious, like herpes.
That completes our lesson in Neelyisms. Class dismissed.


Hosted by Nathan Dickey, this podcast celebrates the examined life and the courage it takes to lead an evidence-based life of questioning and doubt.
My guest for this episode is Carly Gelsinger, author, writing teacher, and freelance editor. She holds a bachelor's in psychology from William Jessup University and a master's in journalism from Boston University. Her work has appeared in local, regional, and national publications. Her first book, which was released this month, is called Once You Go In: A Memoir of Radical Faith, a book about her life inside a fundamentalist Pentecostal church, where she was on fire for the Lord, as they say, until she found the courage to leave and forge her own path free of the toxicity and fear that fundamentalist religion so often breeds.
Carly and I discuss her life inside the Pentecostal faith and her exodus out of it, as well as the conservative evangelical "purity culture" movement and the ways in which it has damaged the well-being of young women within conservative evangelical subcultures. We explore the ways in which evangelicalism fosters sexual abuse and why conservative evangelical women often vote against their own interests, not just in matters related to reproductive rights, but even when it comes to supporting men accused of sexual assault. We end by discussing resources young women and men trapped in a religious community can turn to if they need to call out sexual abuse.
Doubter of the Week: Anne Newport Royall (1769-1854): First professional woman journalist in America, and the first lobbyist in Congress for the separation of church and state.
Carly Gelsinger, "Pentecostalism and Spiritual Abuse," Patheos, October 5, 2014, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/andygill/pentecostalism-and-spiritual-abuse/.
Carly Gelsinger, "How Evangelicalism Fosters Sexual Abuse," Unfundamentalist, January 18, 2018, http://unfundamentalists.com/2018/01/evangelicalism-fosters-sexual-abuse/.
Carly Gelsinger, "I Know Why Evangelical Women Support Brett Kavanaugh. I Was Raised To Do The Same," Huffington Post, October 3, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/brett-kavanaugh-evangelical-women_us_5bb3a28de4b0ba8bb211985b.
GRACE (a ministry that trains Christian communities to recognize, prevent, and respond to child abuse): http://www.netgrace.org/.
Consider supporting me Patreon if you enjoy the show: http://www.patreon.com/aleapofdoubt. Thanks to Jeff Prebeg, Jeanne Ikerd, Torsten Pihl, Chris Watson, Kim Bojkovsky, and Freethinker215 for being my patrons!
Follow me on Twitter at https://twitter.com/TheNatheist.
Check out our website: https://reasonrevolution.org.
Give us a like on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/reasonrevolution.


Our market research indicates, however, that Hong Kong simply doesn't have enough attractions. Usually, the Discussion section doesn't will need to incorporate any numbers. The conclusion cannot occupy at least 10% of your research essay.
Whatever you opt to write about, you'll need to supply an essential judgement based on a set of criteria so it's essential to either select a topic you know well or the one which you'll be in a position to research. If there's absolutely no statistical result to support the recommendation, then it has to be canceled. Conclusion is a primary portion of any research although it's the previous portion of any report but at exactly the same time its importance can't be denied.
The author's major point is you don't really require a full-on detox, you merely will need to eat healthily. A large part of any writing assignment is made up of re-writing. A proposal will be able to help you identify whether you've got sufficient and appropriate reference materials.
Write an introduction, which addresses background info, function of the organization, target audience and goals of the small business. The focus of terrorist prevention should remain with good intelligence work geared toward exposing plots before they may be implemented. college admission essay format Write an anecdote in the debut, but don't tell the way the story ends.
Before you are able to write a productive conclusion paragraph, you want to comprehend its goal. The introduction should incorporate the conclusion. To compose a good conclusion, make sure it reflects your thesis statement that was mentioned right initially.
If you believe your readers won't get the complete effect of the outcomes you obtained just by taking a look at the numbers, then a figure may be appropriate. You're in a position to compose an effective essay, trying to persuade others on the demand for exercising. The ideal way to prepare to write the lab report is to be certain that you completely understand whatever you want to about the experiment.
As you read the info in your bibliography, you will want to take notes. http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson You've probably already written an introduction paragraph that you are especially fond of. Every scientific paper needs a self-explanatory title.
Don't spell out all the particulars of a part of research unless it is one you're replicating. For those who have something on your own mind throughout the writing procedure, don't be afraid to get in contact with your writer or customer service in order to acquire appropriate aid. It's not, but the place to introduce new claims or information you have not presented anywhere else in your paper.
The point is that the notion of inspiration is quite overestimated by students. You then need to point out the significance of the analysis and point out the way that it is related to the area. British and American spelling differences are incredibly slight, yet at precisely the identical time are amazingly crucial that you know.
Looking at a research paper example is an exemplary guide on how it is possible to organize your ideas. All the ideal research paper examples begin with an excellent research paper outline. Nobody can write a great paper in 1 draft on the evening before the paper is due.
It is nearly always achievable to permit an internet article writing support. As much as possible, no issue regarding the subject needs to be left unanswered, which explains why you must carefully pick the words to utilize when drawing conclusions. Once you've decided on a topic, you can initiate the practice of writing your hypothesis.


section. You need to remember the suitable structure of a normal essay. However you attempt to lessen the amount writing you must do to help your essay, you'll need to master the method for your assignment.
that you can expect to get your paper submitted on time is definitely to search for the solutions of the fair essay support. You should realize that getting a paper out takes quite a long time.
are the websites like Write My Term Papers that will assist you with all types of writing materials at any amount of your educational period. You have to be meticulous about sources. You might also find materials that provide an entirely different perspective.
Millions of academic papers are made available online after a Russian neuroscientist establish a website offering them free of charge. So, regardless of the simple fact that writing academic papers and ordering them is ok regarding the law, it might be a violation of the college rules. Essay authors offering a large number of solutions Our on-line paper that's academic company has lots of alternatives to provide you you.


text:
» Articles » Bürkert FLOWave makes SAW waves in world of flow measurement
Bürkert FLOWave makes SAW waves in world of flow measurement
Bürkert's innovative FLOWave flowmeter has been making waves in the world of flow measurement. Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) to be exact. This advanced technology, which was pioneered for the measurement of earthquakes, has enabled Bürkert to develop a compact, hygienic, easy to install digital flowmeter that promises exceptional accuracy and reliability, as PIF found out.
Bürkert SAW flowmeter offers hygienic alternative
Flowmeter technology has made some significant steps in the past few years. While the traditional mechanical systems have remained relatively unchanged, the development of ultrasonic, sonar and magnetic systems has progressed significantly.
Bürkert, for example, has developed a flowmeter in which none of the components are in direct contact with the fluid and which causes no restriction to flow. Furthermore, the internal surface of the tube can be manufactured to the same surface finish as the rest of the pipeline, meaning that in terms of hygiene, cleaning and flow conditions, there is no difference to any other piece of straight pipe within the process.
The Bürkert FLOWave flow measurement device uses Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology that is based on the wave propagation forms similar to seismic waves, which start from an initial point of excitation and spread along the surface of a solid material. FLOWave uses four interdigital transducers, which are located on the outside of the measuring tube and therefore have no direct contact with the fluid. Each transducer acts both as a transmitter and as a receiver.
The analysis of all the signals and comparisons based on different criteria such as amplitude, frequency and runtime, allows evaluation of the quality of the measurement, the existence of gas bubbles or solids as well as the kind of liquid.
Bürkert FLOWave offers accurate and reliable flow measurement
The Bürkert FLOWave solves many of the issues associated with some high-end flowmeters, such as physical size, pressure drop, the volume of fluid within the device and cleaning issues. It is also unaffected by vibration in the plant, magnetic and electrical effects, as well as the conductivity of the liquid. None of these factors have any effect on the accuracy or reliability of the flow measurements. This Bürkert SAW flowmeter also has the ability to distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows.
Accuracy and repeatability often rely on laminar flow, which can require certain lengths of straight pipe upstream of the flowmeter. Continued testing and development of the SAW technology has minimised this requirement. In addition, specifically designed, on-board software introduces an automatic calibration process that can maximise accuracy, even in applications that require short pipe runs.
The installation process is significantly less complicated when using a FLOWave device, as it can be mounted in any orientation and it requires a great deal less space than similar devices using more traditional measurement techniques. The Bürkert FLOWave can also be specified with or without a display module that can be positioned to suit the final orientation in the process pipework.
Bürkert FLOWave represents future of digital flowmeters
This innovative flow measurement system currently provides very accurate flow and temperature data and the technology will, in the future, allow density information to be used to determine the mass flow rate.
Designers at Bürkert are continuing to broaden the capabilities of this innovative technology for the pharmaceutical industry by collaborating with a world-class bioprocessing research institute. Coupled with on-going design research at Bürkert, the future applications of this revolutionary digital flowmeter will be widened to include many more industries.
Watch the full video here to learn more about the FLOWave flowmeter.
For more information about the Bürkert FLOWave flowmeter, please contact Bürkert today.
Bürkert Fluid Control Systems
Bürkert Fluid Control Systems is a world-leading manufacturer of control and measuring systems for fluids and gases.