text:
\section{Introduction and Motivation}

Recently, a model for the description of hadronic states has been developed and
applied to both meson and baryon spectra \cite{bsb1,bsb2}. The success of the model in
describing the spectra in these sectors has led to attempts to take the model further by applying
it to multiquark states \cite{bsb3}. This success has also led to the question
of whether the model describes other aspects of baryon and meson spectroscopy
adequately. In particular, it is useful to know whether the model can help shed
light on some of the many outstanding puzzles in hadron spectroscopy. Before
such a question can be addressed, the model should be able to reproduce those portions of
hadron phenomenology that are better understood. In this article, we present
the results of application of the wave functions obtained from this model to the
strong decays of light mesons. We find that the model is as successful as other
models, for the decays examined.

The rest of this article is organized as follows. In the next section we
summarize the salient points of the hadronic model, as well as the model we
use to describe the decays of hadrons. In section 3 we
present our results with some discussion, while our conclusions are presented
in section 4.

\section{The Model}

Two ingredients are essential for a good description of meson decays. One of
these is a realistic description of the mesons themselves. The second is a
valid description of the transition operator. Both of these depend very much on
our educated guesses about non-perturbative QCD dynamics. In the case of the
former, there
are many models proposed. We confine ourselves to the work of \cite{bsb1}. For
the meson decays, there are also a number of models proposed, but we will limit
ourselves to the pair creation model first proposed by Micu \cite{micu}, and popularized by
the Orsay group \cite{orsay}.

\subsection{Spectrum}

One possibility for the analysis of the meson spectrum is the use of a
`good' quark-antiquark potential. This is the course we pursue. Although the
one-gluon exchange mechanism suggests possible functional forms for
some terms of the
potential, the fact that we still do not know much about the mechanism of
confinement means that we must rely on phenomenology to determine both the form
and the parameters of the potential. Several potentials have been proposed in the past
in the literature. We believe that in models of the kind that we propose, a very crucial
test is a unified description of the meson and baryon spectra. This has been undertaken by
one of us \cite{bsb1,bsb2}, and six different potentials have been found which fulfill
this criterion. These potentials have been applied, not only to the meson and baryon
sectors, but also to tetra-quark states \cite{bsb3}, as well as to a description of the $KN$
interaction \cite{bsb4}. The results in all of these cases have been encouraging.

In this paper, we select two of these potentials for this study. The general form of each
potential has been more or less imposed by
some basic QCD constraints, but the parameters have been determined by a fit
to a well-chosen sample of meson and baryon states. Both potentials are used with
a non-relativistic kinetic energy term, and they take the general form
\begin{equation}
V_{ij}(r)=-\frac{\kappa }{r}+\lambda r^{p}+\Lambda +\frac{2\pi \kappa
^{\prime }}{3m_{i}m_{j}}\frac{\exp (-r^{2}/r_{0}^{2})}{\pi ^{3/2}r_{0}^{3}}
\overrightarrow{\sigma _{i}}\overrightarrow{\sigma _{j}}.
\end{equation}

One peculiarity of these potentials is that the range $r_{0}$ of the
hyperfine term  is mass dependent through the
relation
\begin{equation}
r_{0}(m_{i}m_{j})\ =\ A\left( \frac{2m_{i}m_{j}}{m_{i}+m_{j}}\right) ^{-B}.
\end{equation}
In the limit of a vanishing range, this term gives the usual
Fermi-Breit prescription $\delta (\vec{r})$.

These potentials contain neither spin-orbit nor tensor contributions so that
$^3L_J$ states have the same wave functions. In the same spirit,
$^3L_J\leftrightarrow ^3L^\prime_J$ and $^3L_J\leftrightarrow ^1L_J$ mixings
are absent. This approximation can have some effect on the results, but we are
mainly interested in the gross features of the decays, so that the potentials
are quite satisfactory from this point of view.
Furthermore, there is no isospin dependence (this is a property shared by most
potential models: in \cite{GI}, isospin dependence is introduced by means of mixing through annihilation). Thus, the $\rho$ and $\omega$, as well as the $a_J$ and
$f_J$ resonances are degenerate, both in energy and in wave function. More
dramatic is the case of the pseudoscalar mesons, as this leads to a degeneracy
of the $\pi$ and the non-strange part of the $\eta$. Isospin dependence appears
only through the flavor part of the wave function, although there probably
should be a
difference in the spatial part of the wave function as well. In any case, we
consider two potentials that yield good overall results for the meson spectrum.

The first potential, denoted AL1, has the usual Coulomb+linear form for
the central part, and its parameters are
\begin{eqnarray*}
m_{u} &=&m_{d}=0.315 {\rm GeV};\ m_{s}=0.577 {\rm GeV};\ m_{c}=1.836 {\rm GeV};\
m_{b}=5.227 {\rm GeV} \\
\kappa  &=&0.5069;\ \kappa ^{\prime }=1.8609;\ \lambda =0.1653 {\rm GeV}^{2};
\ p=1;\ \Lambda =-0.8321 {\rm GeV} \\
B &=&0.2204;\ A=1.6553 {\rm GeV}^{B-1}.
\end{eqnarray*}

The second choice of potential, denoted AP1, has a confining term suggested by the
Regge trajectory behavior of orbital states in a non-relativistic treatment.
The parameters are
\begin{eqnarray*}
m_{u} &=&m_{d}=0.277{\rm GeV};\ m_{s}=0.553{\rm GeV};\ m_{c}=1.819{\rm GeV};\
m_{b}=5.206{\rm GeV} \\
\kappa  &=&0.4242;\ \kappa ^{\prime }=1.8025;\ \lambda =0.3898{\rm GeV}^{5/3};
\ p=2/3;\ \Lambda =-1.1313{\rm GeV} \\
B &=&0.3263;\ A=1.5296{\rm GeV}^{B-1}.
\end{eqnarray*}

Both potentials reproduce spectra of comparable quality and are simple enough to be
handled without any difficulty. In particular, it is quite easy to solve the
differential equation resulting from the Schr\"{o}dinger equation. However,
the radial part $R_{nls}(r)$ of the meson wave function is calculated numerically on a
grid. Such a form is not easily used for studying more complicated problems: a
continuous expression is usually more convenient.

\begin{table}[tbp] \centering
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
system &\multicolumn{5}{c}{masses (MeV)} \\ \cline{2-6}
 & experiment & exact & $N=1$ & $N=2$ & $N=3$ \\ \hline
$\pi $ & 138 & 138 & 194 & 140 & 138 \\
$\pi (1300)$ & 1300 & 1303 & - & 1314 & 1303 \\
$\rho $ & 769 & 770 & 771 & 770 & 770 \\
$\omega $ & 782 & 770 & 771 & 770 & 770 \\
K & 496 & 490 & 532 & 492 & 491 \\
K$^{*}$ & 893 & 903 & 906 & 904 & 903 \\
$\phi $ & 1019 & 1020 & 1025 & 1021 & 1020 \\
a$_{J}$ & 1251 & 1208 & 1210 & 1208 & 1208 \\
f$_{J}$ & 1245 & 1208 & 1210 & 1208 & 1208
\end{tabular}
\caption{Masses of some mesons used in the paper obtained with potential
 AL1. The experimental values are given in the second column; for the
 $a_J$ and $f_J$ resonances we show the energy centroid. The third
 column reports the exact values obtained from the Schr\"odinger equation
 by solving the resulting differential equation. The last three columns
 deal with the approximation based on gaussian functions with, respectively,
 $N=1,2,3$ terms in the expansion.\label{table0}}
\end{table}

To solve this problem, we approximate the regularized part of
the exact radial wave function by a linear combination of gaussian functions,
\begin{equation}\label{expansion}
R_{nls}(r)=\sum_{i=1}^{N}c_{i}r^{l}\exp (-\alpha _{i}r^{2}/2).
\end{equation}
For a given number $N$ of gaussian functions, the parameters $c_{i}$ and
$\alpha _{i}$ are determined by a variational procedure on the energy of the
considered state. $N=1$ is a rather rough approximation, but $N=2$ or $N=3$ greatly improves
the results. This is illustrated in figure \ref{fig1}, where the exact wave function, as well as the
$N=1,2,3$ approximations, are plotted for the pion, for a large range of $r$
values. In this figure, the curves on the left are for the potential AL1, while those on
the right are for AP1. We see that except for very short distances, the
approximation with 3 gaussian terms gives essentially the exact wave
function. This expression, eqn. (\ref{expansion}), is then used in our model for meson
decays.

\begin{figure}
\caption{The pion wave function that results from two choices of potential, with different
expansion approximations. The curves on the left are from potential AL1, while those on
the right are from AP1. \label{fig1}}
\centerline{\mbox{\begin{turn}{90}%
\epsfysize=9.0cm\epsffile{pional1.ps}\end{turn}}\hskip 0.5cm\mbox{\begin{turn}{90}%
\epsfysize=9.0cm\epsffile{pionap1.ps}\end{turn}}}
\end{figure}

We show in table \ref{table0} a few of the masses obtained in this way, for the potential Al1. Experimental values are
shown in the second column, while the exact predictions are given in the third. The masses obtained using the expansion
of the wave function in gaussian functions are shown in the next three columns for $N=1,2,3$, respectively.
We see that the approximation with $N=3$ gives essentially the same results as
the exact case, confirming the trend illustrated in figure \ref{fig1}.

\subsection{Decays}

For the OZI \cite{OZI} allowed decays of a meson, we assume that quark pair creation,
somewhere within the volume of the parent hadron, provides the dominant
contribution. In fact, for the operator we choose, this creation can take place
anywhere in space, but the wave function overlaps ensure that the dominant
contribution to the amplitude comes from creation within the `confines' of the
parent hadron.

The full mechanism for strong decays is, of course, as yet unknown, but the
success of pair creation models hints at what may be the most important
aspects of the underlying dynamics. We assume that the operator responsible for
the decay is
\begin{eqnarray} \label{amp1}
T&=&-3\gamma\sum_{i,j} \int d \vec{p}_i\/ d \vec{p}_j\/ \delta( \vec{p}_i\/ +
\vec{p}_j\/) C_{ij} F_{ij}\nonumber \\
&\times& \sum_m <1,m;1,-m|0,0> \chi_{ij}^m { \cal Y\/ }_1^{-m}( \vec{p}_i\/
- \vec{p}_j\/ )b_i^{\dagger}( \vec{p}_i\/ ) d_j^{\dagger}( \vec{p}_j\/ ).
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $C_{ij}$ and $F_{ij}$ are the color and flavor wave functions of the
created pair, both assumed to be singlet, $\chi_{ij}$ is the spin triplet wave
function of the pair, and ${\cal Y}_1(\vec{p}_i - \vec{p}_j)$ is the vector harmonic
indicating that the pair is in a relative P-wave. $b_i^\dagger$ creates a quark, and
$d_i^\dagger$ creates an antiquark.

For the transition $A\to B C$, we are interested in evaluating the transition
amplitude $M$, given by
\begin{equation}
M=<BC|T|A>.
\end{equation}
The details of this calculation are given elsewhere \cite{RB,scwr}. Once $M$ is evaluated, we
calculate the decay rate as
\begin{equation}
\Gamma(A\to BC)=\sum_{J_{bc},\ell}\left|M_{A\to BC}(J_{bc},\ell,k_0)\right|^2\Phi(ABC),
\end{equation}
where $\Phi$ is the phase space for the decay. We have investigated three
possible choices for this phase space. The first choice is that of fully
relativistic phase space, for which
\begin{equation}
\Phi(ABC) = 2\pi
{E_b(k_0) E_c(k_0) k_0 \over m_a},
\end{equation}
with $E_i(k_0)=\sqrt{ k^2_0 + m_i^2}$, and $k_0$ is calculated in the rest frame of the parent
meson. The second choice is fully
non-relativistic phase space, with
\begin{equation}
\Phi(ABC) = 2\pi {m_b m_c k_0 \over m_a}.
\end{equation}
Our third choice is the `weak-binding' phase space suggested by Kokoski and
Isgur \cite{KI}, for which
\begin{equation} \label{pspace1}
\Phi(ABC) = 2\pi {\tilde m_b \tilde m_c k_0 \over \tilde m_a},
\end{equation}
where the $\tilde m$'s are effective meson masses (in the model) without
hyperfine interaction. For the $\tilde{m}_i$, we use the values suggested in
\cite{KI}.

\section{Results and Discussion}

We have performed a number of fits to the experimental data; we show the results of these fits in table
\ref{tablea}. In addition, using the parameters obtained from these fits, we have calculated the amplitudes
for a number of other decays. These are presented in tables \ref{tableb}, \ref{tablec} and \ref{tabled}. In table
\ref{tablea}, we consider only decays in which the daughter mesons are narrow. For this purpose, we treat the $\omega$ as a
narrow state. In tables \ref{tableb} to \ref{tabled}, we extend the calculation to include $\rho$'s and $K^*$'s
as daughter mesons.

\squeezetable

\begin{table}
\caption{Results from various fits. Fit I corresponds to a fit to the single decay $\rho\to\pi\pi$, using the
simple form of the $^3P_0$ operator. Fit II corresponds to the same choice of operator, but to a global fit to
all of the decays in this table. Fit III also results from a global fit, using the modified form of the $^3P_0$
operator. Fits I, II and III result from single-component, AL1 wave functions. Fits IV to VII are all
global fits to all the decays shown in the table. Fit IV results
from using the three-component, AL1 wave functions, with the usual form of the $^3P_0$ operator.
Fit V uses the same wave functions and the modified $^3P_0$ operator. Fit VI and VII also use this form of the operator, but
Fit VI uses the single component form of the AP1 wave functions, while Fit VII uses the
three-component form of the AP1 wave functions. All widths are calculated using the weak-binding phase space
prescription. The experimental results are from \protect{\cite{pdg}}. \label{tablea}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||lrrrrrrrr||}\hline
\multicolumn{1}{||c}{decay}&\multicolumn{8}{c||}{$\Gamma^{1/2}$ (MeV$^{1/2}$)}\\ \cline{2-9}
 & Fit I & Fit II & Fit III & Fit IV & Fit V & Fit VI & Fit VII & experiment\\ \hline\hline
$\rho\to\pi\pi$         & 12.3 & 11.1 & $11.9\pm 0.3$ & 10.4 & 12.1 $\pm$ 0.3& 12.0 $\pm$ 0.3 &   12.2 $\pm$ 0.3  & $12.3\pm 0.5$ \\ \hline
$K^*\to K\pi$           & 8.6  & 7.8 & $7.8\pm 0.2$ & 7.2 & 7.5 $\pm$ 0.2& 7.7 $\pm$ 0.2&   7.5 $\pm$ 0.2  &  $7.1 \pm 0.4$ \\ \hline
$\phi\to K \bar{K}$     & 2.8 & 2.5 & $2.5\pm 0.1$ &  2.3 & 2.3 $\pm$ 0.1&2.4 $\pm$ 0.1  &  2.3 $\pm$ 0.1 &$1.9\pm 0.2$ \\ \hline
$f_2(1275)\to\pi\pi$    & 9.5  & 8.6 & $8.7\pm 0.3$ & 9.2 &  8.4 $\pm$ 0.3& 9.2 $\pm$ 0.3& 9.4 $\pm$ 0.2  &$12.5 \pm 1.3$ \\ \hline
$f_2(1275)\to K\bar{K}$ & 2.5 & 2.3 & $1.7\pm 0.1$ & 2.3 &1.4 $\pm$ 0.1  & 1.6 $\pm$ 0.1 &   1.4 $\pm$ 0.0 &$2.9\pm 0.4$ \\ \hline
$f_2(1275)\to\eta\eta$  & 0.7  & 0.8 & $0.4\pm 0.4$ & 0.7 &0.3 $\pm$ 0.0  & 0.4 $\pm$ 0.0&0.3 $\pm$ 0.0   &$0.9 \pm 0.2$ \\ \hline
$f_0(1300)\to\pi\pi$          & 11.5 & 10.5 & $15.5\pm 1.7$ & 5.5 & 19.6  $\pm$ 1.6& 17.2 $\pm$ 1.6&  16.5 $\pm$ 0.4      &$16.0\pm 6.7$ \\ \hline
$f_0(1300)\to K\bar{K}$       & 9.5  & 8.6  & $10.3\pm 0.4$ &6.3 & 9.6 $\pm$ 0.4& 9.7 $\pm$ 0.3 &  8.7 $\pm$ 0.2    & $4.5 \pm 2.1$ \\ \hline
$a_2(1320)\to\eta\pi$   & 2.0 & 1.8 & $1.7\pm 0.1$ &2.0 & 1.5 $\pm$ 0.1& 1.4 $\pm$ 0.1& 1.6 $\pm$ 0.0 & $3.9\pm 0.4$ \\ \hline
$a_2(1230)\to K\bar{K}$ & 4.2  & 3.8 & $3.0\pm 0.2$ &3.9 &2.6 $\pm$ 0.2  & 2.6 $\pm$ 0.1& 2.7 $\pm$ 0.1 &  $2.3 \pm 0.3$ \\ \hline
$f_2(1525)\to K\bar{K}$ & 9.4 & 8.5 & $8.4\pm 0.3$ & 8.1 &7.5 $\pm$ 0.2  & 8.3 $\pm$ 0.3& 8.1 $\pm$ 0.2 &$7.3\pm 1.6$ \\ \hline
$f_2(1525)\to\eta\eta$  & 2.6  & 2.4 & $2.3\pm 0.1$ &2.4 & 1.9 $\pm$ 0.1& 2.1 $\pm$ 0.1 &  2.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & $4.6 \pm 1.1$ \\ \hline
$K_1(1275)\to K\omega$  & 7.2 & 6.5 & $6.1\pm 0.2$ &5.5 & 5.4 $\pm$ 0.1 & 5.3 $\pm$ 0.1& 4.8 $\pm$ 0.1  & $3.1\pm 0.9$ \\ \hline
$K_1(1400)\to K\omega$  & 1.9  & 1.7 & $1.9\pm 0.1$ & 1.4 &1.7 $\pm$ 0.0 & 1.6 $\pm$ 0.0& 1.5 $\pm$ 0.0  &$1.3 \pm 0.8$ \\ \hline
$K^*(1410)\to K\pi$     & 1.3 & 1.2 & $1.1\pm 0.2$ & 0.1 &1.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & 2.6 $\pm$ 0.3 &  1.9 $\pm$ 0.0  &$3.9\pm 0.8$ \\ \hline
$K_0(1430)\to K\pi$     & 7.5  & 6.8 & $10.4\pm 1.1$ &  3.3 & 12.5 $\pm$ 1.0& 11.1 $\pm$ 1.0 &  10.3 $\pm$ 0.3  &$16.3 \pm 2.0$ \\ \hline
$K_2(1425)\to K\pi$     & 7.8 & 7.1 & $7.1\pm 0.2$ & 7.3 &6.8 $\pm$ 0.2 &  6.7 $\pm$ 0.2 &  7.4 $\pm$ 0.2  &$7.2\pm 1.5$ \\ \hline
$K_2(1425)\to K\omega$  & 2.1  & 1.9 & $1.3\pm 0.1$ & 1.8 &1.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 1.2 $\pm$ 0.1&  1.1 $\pm$ 0.0 &$1.7 \pm 0.6$ \\ \hline
$K_2(1425)\to K\eta$    & 4.2 & 3.6 & $3.1\pm 0.2$ &4.0 & 2.7 $\pm$ 0.2 & 2.5 $\pm$ 0.2& 2.7 $\pm$ 0.1  & $0.4\pm 0.5$ \\ \hline
$K_1(1680)\to K\pi$     & 3.5  & 3.2 & $5.1\pm 0.4$ &  1.5 & 4.9 $\pm$ 0.4 &5.0 $\pm$ 0.3  &  3.9 $\pm$ 0.1  &$11.2 \pm 3.0$ \\ \hline
$K_3(1780)\to K\pi$     & 4.8 & 4.3 & $4.3\pm 0.2$ & 5.1 & 4.6 $\pm$ 0.2 & 3.7 $\pm$ 0.2&  5.3 $\pm$ 0.1   &$5.6\pm 0.8$ \\ \hline
$K_3(1780)\to K\eta$    & 3.0  & 2.7 & $2.1\pm 0.2$ &3.3 & 2.0 $\pm$ 0.2 & 1.4 $\pm$ 0.2&  2.2 $\pm$ 0.1    & $3.6 \pm 0.8$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The numbers in column two (Fit I) of these tables result from a fit to the amplitude for $\rho\to\pi\pi$, using the
usual form of the $^3P_0$ operator. The numbers in column three (Fit II) result from using the same operator, but
fitting to the 22 decays shown in table \ref{tablea}. Column four (Fit III) corresponds to a similar global fit, but
using a modified transition operator. In this case, the operator has been modified by
making the change
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\gamma\sum_m\chi^m {\cal
Y}_1^{-m}\left(\vec{p}\right)<1,m;1,-m|0,0>\nonumber\\
&&\to
e^{-\frac{\lambda^2p^2}{2}}\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2p^2\right)\sum_m\chi^m
{\cal Y}_1^{-m}\left(\vec{p}\right)<1,m;1,-m|0,0>,
\end{eqnarray}
with $\lambda=1.37$, $\gamma_1=0.14$ and $\gamma_2=1.4$. For the results of
column 2 and 3, we find $\gamma=0.41$ and $\gamma=0.37$, respectively.  These three fits all result from the AL1
wavefunctions, expanded to $N=1$.

The effects of the size of the expansion basis of the wave
functions are illustrated in Fits IV and V; the former is a one parameter global fit
($\gamma=0.31$) using the
AL1 wave functions with three gaussians, while the latter uses the same wave functions with the
modified transition operator ($\lambda=0.0$, $\gamma_1=0.14$, $\gamma_2=0.94$). Fits VI and VII
show the effects of a change in potential. Both of
these arise from the AP1 wave functions in conjunction with the modified transition operator: Fit
VI uses wave functions with a single gaussian ($\lambda=1.1$, $\gamma_1=0.13$,
$\gamma_2=1.3$), while the wave functions of Fit VII are expanded
in a basis of three gaussians ($\lambda=0.0$, $\gamma_1=0.10$, $\gamma_2=1.0$). For Fits III, V,
VI and VII, the theoretical errors are evaluated using the covariance matrix resulting from
the fit. All of the amplitudes are calculated using the weak-binding prescription for phase space. As can be seen from tables \ref{tablea}, there
are few instances in which a change of the choice of potential or wave function expansion,
accompanied by apparently radical changes in fit parameters, induces a big change in the amplitude.
In particular, the modification of the operator induces an enhancement of large
decay amplitudes, while keeping the others at approximately constant values,
thus increasing the agreement with the experimental data. The most noticeably different fit is Fit IV.

The effective of modifying the wave function is less obvious, although the wave
functions expanded on a larger basis ($N=3$) gives slightly better fits than
those expanded on the smaller basis.

We have also fitted using only the first three decays of table \ref{tablea}, namely
$\rho\to\pi\pi$, $K^*\to K\pi$ and $\phi\to KK$. We have also omitted various ones of the decays in
table \ref{tablea} from the fit, such as the decays of the $f_0(1300)$. Except for a very few isolated amplitudes,
none of these modifications have had a significant effect on the decay amplitudes that result.
We note also that non-relativistic phase space consistently gives by far the worst results,
while the weak-binding prescription gives the best results. However, we find that in the
case of the full relativistic phase space, there are two decays that consistently
contribute the most to the `badness of fit'. One is the decay $\rho\to\pi\pi$, while the
other is $K_2(1425)\to K\eta$. But for these two decays, relativistic phase space and the
weak-binding prescription would give fits with essentially the same values of $\chi^2$.

The wave functions that we use take into account SU(3) breaking effects. Strictly speaking we
should also fully include such effects in the amplitudes. These effects arise from three sources.
The most obvious of these is in the calculation of phase space, where we use either the physical
masses of the states (for non-relativistic and relativistic phase space), or the `weak-binding'
masses appropriate to the mesons in the decay. The second source of SU(3) breaking is due to the
fact that the amplitude depends on the momentum of the daughter mesons, calculated in the rest
frame of the parent. Here we also use the physical masses of the states to calculate this momentum.
The third source of SU(3) breaking arises in the evaluation of the matrix element of the transition
operator. The masses of the quarks or, more precisely, various ratios of masses of the quarks,
enter explicitly into this calculation. We have found that treating the $u$, $d$ and $s$ as
degenerate provides the best results. Thus, SU(3) breaking at this level is not necessary.

A few comments on the results of table \ref{tablea} are in order. The amplitudes for the $K_1(1275)$ and
$K_1(1400)$ are calculated from those for the $^3P_1$ and $^1P_1$ states of the model spectrum, assuming a
mixing angle of $34^\circ$. In tables \ref{tableb} to \ref{tabled}, we ignore this mixing and present results
for the unmixed $^3P_1$ and $^1P_1$. The $\eta$ and $\eta^\prime$ are assumed to be
\begin{equation}
\eta=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(u\bar{u}+d\bar{d}\right)-s\bar{s}\right],
\,\,\, \eta^\prime=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(u\bar{u}+d\bar{d}\right)+s\bar{s}\right],
\end{equation}
respectively. The $\omega$ is assumed to be purely $u\bar{u}+d\bar{d}$, and the $\phi$ is taken as pure
$s\bar{s}$. Finally, in all of the results we have ignored mixings of the type
$^3L_J\leftrightarrow ^3L^\prime_J$, while in tables \ref{tableb} to \ref{tabled}, we have also ignored mixings of
the type $^1L_J\leftrightarrow ^3L_J$.

The numbers in table \ref{tablea} show that the model reproduces the experimental data reasonably well, for
all of the scenarios presented. Not surprisingly, the three-parameter fits are somewhat better than any of
the one-parameter fits. With few exceptions, amplitudes that are found to be large experimentally, also turn
out to be large in the model, and the same is generally true of small amplitudes. The few exceptions where a
large discrepancy exists are $f_0\to KK$, $K_1(1275)\to K\omega$ and $K_1(1680)\to K\pi$. In the case of the
first of these decays, we note simply that the status of this state is very much in question, so that the
partial widths themselves are also uncertain. In the case of the $K_1(1275)$, we note that the mixing we have
used has not resulted from a `rigorous' calculation, but is simply `borrowed' from the literature. In the
case of the $K_1(1680)$, there is the possibility of mixing with the radially excited $^3S_1$ state, not
taken into account in this calculation. However, indications are that this mixing is very small \cite{GI}, and would
probably not play a large role in bringing the model calculation into closer agreement with the experimental
measurement.

\begin{table}
\caption{Results from various fits, for states with $I=1$. The key is as in table \protect{\ref{tablea}}.
\label{tableb}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||rlrrrr||}\hline
\multicolumn{2}{||c}{decay}&\multicolumn{4}{c||}{$\Gamma^{1/2}$ (MeV$^{1/2}$)} \\\cline{3-6}
& & Fit I & Fit II & Fit III & experiment\\ \hline\hline
$a_1(1235)\to$ & $ (\rho\pi)_{L= 0}$ &  9.3$\pm$  1.0 &  8.4$\pm$   0.9 &  9.1$\pm$  1.2 & dominant
\tablenote{Experimental values are for the sum over all relevant partial waves.}\\
 & $ (\rho\pi)_{L= 2}$ &   3.1$\pm$   0.7 &   2.8$\pm$   0.6 &   2.1$\pm$   0.5 & \\
 & $KK^*$ &   0.3$\pm$   0.3 &   0.3$\pm$   0.2 &   0.2$\pm$   0.2 & possibly seen\\ \hline
$a_2(1320)\to$ & $KK$ &   4.2$\pm$   0.2 &   3.8$\pm$   0.1 &   3.0$\pm$   0.1 & $2.3 \pm 0.3$ \\
 & $\eta\pi$ & 2.0$\pm$   0.1 &  1.8$\pm$   0.1 &  1.7$\pm$   0.1 & $3.9\pm 0.4$  \\
 & $\eta^\prime\pi$ & 0.5$\pm$   0.1 &   0.4$\pm$   0.0 &   0.3$\pm$   0.0 & 0.9 $\pm$   0.1 \\
 & $\rho\pi$ &  5.2$\pm$   0.1 &  4.7$\pm$   0.1 &  3.7$\pm$   0.1 & 10.5 $\pm$   0.4\\
 & $(\rho\omega)_{S= 2,L= 0}$ &   0.6$\pm$   0.0 &   0.5$\pm$   0.0 &   0.4$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
 & $(\rho\omega)_{S= 2,L= 2}$ &   0.1$\pm$   0.0 &   0.1$\pm$   0.0 &   0.1$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
 & $KK^*$ &   0.1$\pm$   0.0 &   0.1$\pm$   0.0 &   0.1$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\ \hline
$\pi(1300)\to$ & $\rho\pi$ &  11.2$\pm$  1.9 &  10.1$\pm$  1.8 &   9.4$\pm$  2.1 & seen \\
 & $\rho\omega$ &   0.4$\pm$   0.7 &   0.4$\pm$   0.7 &   0.3$\pm$   0.5 & --- \\
 & $KK^*$ &    0.5$\pm$  2.0 &    0.4$\pm$  1.8 &    0.3$\pm$  1.3 & ---\\ \hline
$\rho(1450)\to$ & $\pi\pi$& 3.8$\pm$   0.3 &  3.4$\pm$   0.2 &  3.4$\pm$   0.2 & seen  \\
 & $KK$ &  0.5$\pm$   0.2 &    0.4$\pm$   0.2 &    0.3$\pm$   0.1 & --- \\
 & $\omega\pi$ & 2.2$\pm$   0.2 &   1.9$\pm$   0.1 &   2.0$\pm$   0.0 & ---\\
 & $\rho\eta$ &   1.4$\pm$   0.2 &   1.3$\pm$   0.1 &   0.8$\pm$   0.1 & ---\\
 & $\rho\eta^\prime$ &    0.1$\pm$   0.0 &    0.1$\pm$   0.0 &    0.0$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
 & $KK^*$ &  2.8$\pm$   0.9 &  2.5$\pm$   0.8 &  1.4$\pm$   0.5 & ---\\\hline
$\pi_2(1670)\to$ & $(\rho\pi)_{L= 1}$ &   4.6$\pm$   0.2 &   4.1$\pm$   0.2 &   5.5$\pm$   0.2 & 8.6 $\pm$   0.8 $^a$ \\
 & $(\rho\pi)_{L= 3}$ &   7.9$\pm$   0.2 &   7.1$\pm$   0.2 &   5.6$\pm$   0.3 & \\
 & $(\rho\omega)_{S= 1,L= 1}$ &  2.9$\pm$   0.4 &  2.6$\pm$   0.3 &  2.1$\pm$   0.3 & ---\\
 & $(\rho\omega)_{S= 1,L= 3}$ &  1.4$\pm$   0.3 &  1.3$\pm$   0.2 &   0.7$\pm$   0.2 & \\
 & $(KK^*)_{L= 1}$ &   3.5$\pm$   0.4 &   3.1$\pm$   0.4 &   3.0$\pm$   0.5 & 3.2 $\pm$   0.6 $^a$ \\
 & $(KK^*)_{L= 3}$ &   2.1$\pm$   0.5 &   1.9$\pm$   0.5 &   1.0$\pm$   0.3 & \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

In tables \ref{tableb} to \ref{tabled}, we have extended the model calculation to examine decays of a few,
semi-randomly selected, radially and orbitally excited states. For these tables, the results correspond to the first
three fits of \ref{tablea}, respectively. We preface our discussion here by reminding
the reader that the assignment of many of the experimentally observed states is still not clear, and it is
not our aim, at least not in this work, to clarify the assignments of any of these states, but simply to see
how well our model for their decays (and implicitly, of their spectrum) works. Thus, we have chosen only a
few of the `better established' states for this discussion. Note that if the predicted value for an amplitude is less than 0.05 MeV$^{1/2}$,
we do not show the amplitude.

In obtaining the numbers for decays with a broad vector meson ($\rho$ or $K^*$; the $\omega$ is less than 10
MeV wide, and we treat it as a narrow state in our calculation) in the final state, we integrate over the
line shape of the broad final state. That is, for such decays, the decay rate is taken as
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{A\to B V}=\int_0^{k_{max}} dk \frac{k^2\left|M(k)\right|^2\Gamma_V(k)}
{\left(m_A-E_B(k)-E_V(k)\right)^2+\frac{\Gamma_V(k)^2}{4}},
\end{equation}
where $V$ denotes the vector meson, and $\Gamma_V$ is the total width of the vector meson. The errors on the
theoretical numbers in these tables arise from evaluating the amplitudes at the upper and lower limits of the
mass ranges allowed by the experimental error on the masses of the states.

As with the fitted decays, we find that the overall agreement of the model
predictions with the experimental data is quite good. There are a few instances in
which there is noticeable disagreement, and we comment on these below.

Our results for the $a_1(1235)$ are `consistent' with experiment, in that the decay
of this state to $\rho\pi$ is `dominant' (of a total width of about 400 MeV), while
we predict a $\rho\pi$ partial width of about 100 MeV. Not many other exclusive
final states have been identified in the decays of this meson, leaving the
possibility that much of its width comes from decays to excited mesons (or exotics). For the
rest of the decays of the $I=1$ states, the results that we obtain are in reasonable
agreement with what little data there is.

\begin{table}
\caption{Results from various fits, for states with $I=0$. The key is as in table \protect{\ref{tablea}}.\label{tablec}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||rlrrrr||}\hline
\multicolumn{2}{||c}{decay}&\multicolumn{4}{c||}{$\Gamma^{1/2}$ (MeV$^{1/2}$)} \\\cline{3-6}
& & Fit I & Fit II & Fit III & experiment\\ \hline\hline
$f_2(1275)\to$ & $\pi\pi$ &   9.5$\pm$   0.1 &   8.6$\pm$   0.1 &   8.7$\pm$   0.2 &$12.5 \pm 1.3$ \\
& $KK$ &   2.5$\pm$   0.1 &   2.3$\pm$   0.1 &   1.7$\pm$   0.1 & $2.9\pm 0.4$\\
 & $ \eta\eta$ &   0.7$\pm$   0.1 &   0.8$\pm$   0.1 &    0.4$\pm$   0.1 & $0.9 \pm 0.2$ \\\hline
$f_1(1280)\to$ & $KK^*$ &   0.5$\pm$   0.1 &   0.4$\pm$   0.1 &   0.4$\pm$   0.1 &  not seen \\\hline
$f_0(1300)\to$ & $\pi\pi$ &  11.6$\pm$  5.7 &  10.5$\pm$  5.1 &  15.6$\pm$  6.6 & $16.0\pm 6.7$\\
& $KK$ &   9.5$\pm$  3.6 &   8.6$\pm$  3.2 &  10.3$\pm$  2.5 & $4.5 \pm 2.1$\\
 & $ \eta\eta$ &  6.1$\pm$ 6.1 &  5.5$\pm$ 5.5 &  6.2$\pm$ 6.2 & seen \\ \hline
$f_2(1525)\to$ & $KK$ &   9.4$\pm$   0.2 &   8.5$\pm$   0.2 &   8.4$\pm$   0.2 & $7.3\pm 1.6$ \\
 & $ \eta\eta$ &   2.6$\pm$   0.1 &   2.4$\pm$   0.1 &   2.3$\pm$   0.1 & $4.6 \pm 1.1$\\
 & $ \eta\eta^\prime$ &    0.0$\pm$   0.1 &    0.0$\pm$   0.1 &    0.0$\pm$   0.0 & ---\\
 & $ KK^*$ &  3.2$\pm$   0.5 &  2.9$\pm$   0.5 &  2.2$\pm$   0.4 & --- \\ \hline
$f_1(1510)\to$ & $ (KK^*)_{L= 0}$ &  9.4$\pm$   0.5 &  8.5$\pm$   0.4 &  8.5$\pm$   0.5 & seen
\tablenote{Experimental values are for the sum over all relevant partial waves.} \\
& $ (KK^*)_{L= 2}$ &   1.9$\pm$   0.3 &   1.7$\pm$   0.3 &   1.3$\pm$   0.2 & \\\hline
$f_0(1500)\to$ & $KK$ &  12.6$\pm$   0.3 &  11.4$\pm$   0.3 &  15.5$\pm$   0.3 & --- \\
 & $ \eta\eta$ &  7.3$\pm$   0.1 &  6.6$\pm$   0.1 &  8.5$\pm$   0.1 & seen \\
 & $ \eta\eta^\prime$ &    0.0$\pm$  3.9 &    0.0$\pm$  3.6 &    0.0$\pm$  3.6 & seen \\\hline
$\phi(1680)\to$ & $KK$ &   5.6$\pm$   0.2 &   5.0$\pm$   0.2 &   6.8$\pm$   0.1 & seen\\
 & $ \eta\eta$ &   1.5$\pm$   0.1 &   1.4$\pm$   0.1 &   1.8$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
 & $ \eta\eta^\prime$ &   1.4$\pm$  1.4 &   1.2$\pm$  1.2 &   0.8$\pm$  0.8 & --- \\
 & $ KK^*$ & 12.6$\pm$  1.9 & 11.4$\pm$  1.7 & 11.2$\pm$  2.0 &  dominant \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

In the $I=0$ channels, our predictions are in quite good agreement with experiment, except for the decays of
the $f_0(1300)$. However, the assignment of this state is so uncertain, (e. g.; there still is the question of
whether this is a single state or not) that interpretation of the discrepancy is difficult.
In this sector there is one decay that is worthy of some comment. At its nominal mass, the $f_0(1500)$ will
not decay to $\eta\eta^\prime$, yet the partial width for this decay has been listed as `large (dominant)' \cite{pdg1}.
However, we see that if we change the mass of this state by 10 MeV in our model (a small amount, considering
how broad $0^{++}$ states are expected to be), the amplitude for decay to $\eta\eta^\prime$ grows rapidly.
This is not surprising, as this is an $S$-wave amplitude, which grows roughly as $(M-M_{\rm
th})^{1/2}$, where $M$ is the mass of parent and $M_{\rm th}$ is the threshold for the decay. This would
suggest that either (a) this state is more massive than reported in \cite{pdg}; or (b) the amplitude grows so rapidly
that we should integrate over the line-shape of at least the $\eta^\prime$ in calculating the amplitude. This
decay also illustrates some of the importance of threshold effects.

\begin{table}
\caption{Results from various fits, for kaons. The key is as in table \protect{\ref{tablea}}.\label{tabled}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||rlrrrr||}\hline
\multicolumn{2}{||c}{decay}&\multicolumn{4}{c||}{$\Gamma^{1/2}$ (MeV$^{1/2}$)} \\\cline{3-6}
& & Fit I & Fit II & Fit III & experiment \\ \hline\hline
$K_1(^1P_1)\to$ & $K\omega$ &    0.0$\pm$  2.9 &    0.0$\pm$  2.6 &    0.0$\pm$  2.2 & $3.1\pm 0.9$
\tablenote{The experimental numbers are for the fully mixed states, while the
theoretical numbers for the $^1P_1$ and $^3P_1$ unmixed states.}
\tablenote{Experimental values are for the sum over all relevant partial waves.}\\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 0}$ &   3.0$\pm$   0.3 &   2.7$\pm$   0.3 &   2.5$\pm$   0.3 & 6.1 $\pm$  1.1 $^{a\,\,b}$\\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 2}$ &    0.9$\pm$   0.1 &    0.8$\pm$   0.1 &    0.6$\pm$   0.1 & \\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 0}$ &   4.7$\pm$   0.1 &   4.2$\pm$   0.1 &   4.2$\pm$   0.1 & 3.8 $\pm$  1.0 $^{a\,\,b}$\\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 2}$ &   1.8$\pm$   0.1 &   1.6$\pm$   0.1 &   1.1$\pm$   0.1 & \\\hline
$K_1(^3P_1)\to$ & $(K\omega)_{L= 0}$ &   6.9$\pm$   0.1 &   6.2$\pm$   0.1 &   6.1$\pm$   0.0 & $1.3 \pm 0.8$ $^{a\,\,b}$\\
& $(K\omega)_{L= 2}$ &  1.3$\pm$   0.1 &  1.2$\pm$   0.1 &   0.7$\pm$   0.1 & \\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 0}$ &  8.5$\pm$   0.2 &  7.7$\pm$   0.2 &  7.7$\pm$   0.3 & 2.3 $\pm$  1.2 $^{a\,\,b}$\\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 2}$ &   2.4$\pm$   0.2 &   2.2$\pm$   0.2 &   1.6$\pm$   0.1 & \\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 0}$ & 10.3$\pm$   0.1 &  9.3$\pm$   0.1 & 10.5$\pm$   0.2 & 12.8 $\pm$   0.9 $^{a\,\,b}$\\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 2}$ &   4.5$\pm$   0.2 &   4.1$\pm$   0.2 &   3.1$\pm$   0.2 & \\\hline
$K^*(1410)\to$ & $K\pi$ &  1.3$\pm$   0.1 &  1.2$\pm$   0.1 &  1.1$\pm$   0.0 & $3.9\pm 0.8$ $^b$ \\
& $K\eta$ &    0.1$\pm$   0.0 &    0.1$\pm$   0.0 &    0.8$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
& $K\omega$ &   2.8$\pm$   0.1 &   2.5$\pm$   0.1 &   1.5$\pm$   0.1 & --- \\
& $K\rho$ &  3.8$\pm$   0.1 &  3.4$\pm$   0.1 &  2.3$\pm$   0.1 & $<$ 4.0 $^b$\\
& $\pi K^*$ &  4.9$\pm$   0.1 &  4.4$\pm$   0.0 &  3.3$\pm$   0.1 &$>$ 9.5 $^b$ \\\hline
$K_0(1430)\to$ & $K\pi$ &   7.5$\pm$   0.2 &   6.8$\pm$   0.2 &  10.4$\pm$   0.3 & $16.3 \pm 2.0$ \\
& $K\eta$ & 11.2$\pm$   0.1 & 10.2$\pm$   0.1 & 13.2$\pm$   0.1 & ---\\\hline
$K_2(1425)\to$ & $K\pi$ &   7.9$\pm$   0.1 &   7.1$\pm$   0.1 &   7.1$\pm$   0.2 & $7.2\pm 1.5$ \\
& $K\eta$ &  4.2$\pm$   0.1 &  3.7$\pm$   0.1 &  3.1$\pm$   0.1 & 0.4 $\pm$   0.4\\
& $K\omega$ &   2.1$\pm$   0.2 &   1.9$\pm$   0.2 &   1.3$\pm$   0.1 & $1.7 \pm 0.6$ \\
& $K\rho$ &  3.7$\pm$   0.2 &  3.3$\pm$   0.2 &  2.5$\pm$   0.2 & 3.1 $\pm$   0.2\\
& $\pi K^*$ &  6.4$\pm$   0.1 &  5.8$\pm$   0.1 &  4.4$\pm$   0.1 & 5.2 $\pm$   0.3\\ \hline
$K(1460)\to$ & $ K\omega$ &  5.8$\pm$   0.7 &  5.2$\pm$   0.6 &  4.1$\pm$   0.6 & --- \\
& $K\rho$ &   8.7$\pm$   0.8 &   7.8$\pm$   0.7 &   6.6$\pm$   0.8 & $\simeq$ 5.8\\
& $\pi K^*$ &  12.2$\pm$   0.9 &  11.0$\pm$   0.8 &  10.1$\pm$   0.5 & $\simeq$ 10.1\\\hline
$K_2(1580)\to$ & $(K\omega)_{L= 1}$ &  2.4$\pm$   0.2 &  2.2$\pm$   0.2 &  2.1$\pm$   0.5 & --- \\
& $(K\omega)_{L= 3}$ &  1.5$\pm$   0.9 &  1.3$\pm$   0.8 &   0.6$\pm$   0.7 & \\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 1}$ &   4.4$\pm$  1.5 &   4.0$\pm$  1.3 &   4.0$\pm$  1.6 & --- \\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 3}$ &   3.1$\pm$  1.7 &   2.8$\pm$  1.5 &   1.6$\pm$  1.0 & \\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 1}$ &   3.0$\pm$   0.5 &   2.7$\pm$   0.4 &   2.8$\pm$   0.9 & seen $^b$ \\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 3}$ &   2.3$\pm$  2.0 &   2.1$\pm$  1.8 &   1.2$\pm$  1.5 & \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 1,L= 1}$ &    0.0$\pm$   0.8 &    0.0$\pm$   0.7 &    0.0$\pm$   0.4 & --- \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 1,L= 3}$ &    0.0$\pm$   0.1 &    0.0$\pm$   0.1 &    0.0$\pm$   0.0 &  \\\hline
$K_1(1680)\to$ & $K\pi$ &   3.6$\pm$   0.1 &   3.2$\pm$   0.1 &   5.2$\pm$   0.1 & $11.2 \pm 3.0$\\
& $K\eta$ &  4.0$\pm$   0.1 &  3.7$\pm$   0.0 &  5.0$\pm$   0.0 & ---\\
& $K\omega$ &  2.0$\pm$   0.1 &  1.8$\pm$   0.1 &  2.1$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
& $K\rho$ &   3.4$\pm$   0.1 &   3.1$\pm$   0.1 &   3.6$\pm$   0.0 & 10.1 $\pm$  2.5\\
& $\pi K^*$ &   3.2$\pm$   0.2 &   2.9$\pm$   0.1 &   3.8$\pm$   0.3 & 9.8 $\pm$   0.9\\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 0,L= 1}$ &   1.2$\pm$   0.6 &   1.1$\pm$   0.5 &    0.7$\pm$   0.3 & ---\\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 2,L= 1}$ &   0.5$\pm$   0.3 &   0.5$\pm$   0.2 &   0.3$\pm$   0.1 & \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 2,L= 3}$ &   0.4$\pm$   0.2 &   0.4$\pm$   0.2 &   0.1$\pm$   0.1 & \\\hline
$K_2(1770)\to$ & $(K\omega)_{L= 1}$ &   2.3$\pm$   0.1 &   2.1$\pm$   0.1 &   2.8$\pm$   0.0 & seen $^b$ \\
& $(K\omega)_{L= 3}$ &  2.6$\pm$   0.1 &  2.4$\pm$   0.1 &  1.7$\pm$   0.1 & \\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 1}$ &  4.3$\pm$   0.0 &  3.9$\pm$   0.0 &  4.9$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
& $(K\rho)_{L= 3}$ &   5.1$\pm$   0.3 &   4.6$\pm$   0.3 &   3.6$\pm$   0.3 &  \\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 1}$ &  4.9$\pm$   0.1 &  4.5$\pm$   0.1 &  6.3$\pm$   0.2 & --- \\
& $(\pi K^*)_{L= 3}$ &   6.8$\pm$   0.5 &   6.2$\pm$   0.4 &   5.0$\pm$   0.4 & \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 2,L= 1}$ &   3.5$\pm$   0.7 &   3.2$\pm$   0.6 &   2.2$\pm$   0.4 & --- \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 2,L= 3}$ &   1.5$\pm$   0.4 &   1.4$\pm$   0.3 &    0.5$\pm$   0.1 & --- \\\hline
$K_3(1770)\to$ & $K\pi$ &   4.8$\pm$   0.1 &   4.3$\pm$   0.1 &   4.3$\pm$   0.1 & $5.6\pm 0.8$ \\
& $K\eta$ &  2.9$\pm$   0.1 &  2.7$\pm$   0.0 &  2.1$\pm$   0.1 & 3.6 $\pm$   0.8\\
& $K\omega$ &   2.9$\pm$   0.1 &   2.6$\pm$   0.1 &   1.9$\pm$   0.1 & $3.6 \pm 0.5$\\
& $K\rho$ &  6.0$\pm$   0.3 &  5.4$\pm$   0.3 &  4.3$\pm$   0.3 & 8.6 $\pm$   0.8\\
& $\pi K^*$ &  8.0$\pm$   0.5 &  7.2$\pm$   0.5 &  5.8$\pm$   0.5 & 6.7 $\pm$   0.7\\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 0,L= 3}$ &    0.4$\pm$   0.1 &    0.4$\pm$   0.1 &    0.2$\pm$   0.0 & --- \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 2,L= 1}$ &  6.7$\pm$  1.5 &  6.1$\pm$  1.4 &  4.3$\pm$  1.0 &  \\
& $(\omega K^*)_{S= 2,L= 3}$ &  1.0$\pm$   0.3 &   0.9$\pm$   0.2 &   0.3$\pm$   0.1 &\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

In the kaon sector, our predictions are again in reasonable agreement with experiment. In the case of the
$K_1$'s, we can not really compare theory and experiment, since we have not included mixing. This can easily
be taken into account in the decays to the narrow states, but not for the broad states, since an integral over
the partial {\em width} is required to evaluate the amplitude. Thus, simply constructing a linear combination
of the reported amplitudes will be ignoring potentially large interference effects.

The place where our model `fails' most noticeably is in describing the decays of the $K_1(1680)$. There, our
amplitudes are consistently smaller than the experimental ones. Note, however, that for the three measured
amplitudes, our results agree `qualitatively' with the experiments, in that the 3 amplitudes are all predicted
to be of roughly the same size.

One other aspect of our results requires some comment. Our results have been largely independent of the size
of the expansion basis used, as well as of the choice of potential used to generate the wave functions. This
may be understood by examining what part of the wave function provides the dominant contribution to any one of
the amplitudes. It is apparent that these decays are neither fully `long-distance' nor `short-distance'
processes, but more like `intermediate-distance' (1-5 GeV$^{-1}$) processes. Changes in the basis size have their main
effect on the shape of the wave function in the region of the origin, as well as on the long distance tail.
By changing the potential from Al1 to AP1, we change the same regions of the wave function.

\section{Conclusion}

We have examined the predictions of a quark model for the strong decays of several mesons.
While this study was not exhaustive, it has been enough to show that the model enjoys some
success, but that some improvements may be possible. The main improvements that can be made
exist at the level of the meson wave functions.

At present, there is no spin-orbit term in
either of the potentials used, nor is there a tensor interaction. Both of these will lead to
modifications of the wave functions that will, in turn, lead to changes in the strong decay
amplitudes predicted by the model. These terms will also induce various mixings among the
states, which will also modify the wave functions. Such a study is underway, and the use of
the modified wave functions in a strong decay analysis is left as a possible future endeavor.
It would certainly be of interest to apply such wave functions to a more exhaustive examination
of the strong decays of mesons, as there are several puzzles outstanding in the meson sector,
particularly for mesons with masses between 1.0 and 2.0 GeV. To date, models of this kind
have been our main source of insight into the meson spectrum. Barring a radical revolution in
the near future, they will remain so, at least for some time to come.

\section*{Acknowledgement}

W. R. acknowledges the hospitality of Institut des Sciences Nucl\'eaires,
Grenoble, france, where most of this work was done, as well as the support of
DOE under contracts DE-AC05-84ER40150 and DE
FG05-94ER40832, and the NSF under award PHY 9457892.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Discussion in 'General' started by reason8, Apr 13, 2009.
Whenever I create a new user, they can not login via FTP until I restart the ISPConfig service. Does anyone know why?
Any errors in this log file /home/admispconfig/ispconfig/ispconfig.log ?


Carol was born in Rochester, New York and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Applied Art & Design from California State University at San Luis Obispo. She has been involved in some form of art since the 1970s. She has worked with the San Luis Obispo Art Center teaching art to children and has taught art in both public and private schools. She continues to create art in our studio.
Richard was born and raised in Amsterdam, The Netherlands and graduated from California State University at Long Beach with a degree in Interior Design. He loves to play guitar. He is also a devoted practitioner (since 1975) and student of the ancient discipline of Yoga and currently has a full schedule teaching Hatha Yoga classes in the local area.
Today we reside in Los Osos, at the foot of the spectacular Montaña de Oro State Park on the central coast of California with our two young budding artist sons Ethan and Isaac. This website represents a variety of projects in different styles and media over a number of years since the founding of our company.


"Gastrointestinal stimulant effect of Urginea indica Kunth. and involve" by Saima Abbas, Samra Bashir et al.
Urginea indica Kunth. (Family, Liliaceae) was studied for its gastrointestinal stimulant effect to rationalize the traditional medicinal uses as a digestive aid, stomachic and laxative. The crude aqueous-methanol extract of Urginea indica bulb (Ui.Cr) was tested on mice and isolated gut preparations. Ui.Cr, which was tested positive for alkaloids, tannins and coumarins, increased faecal output and accelerated charcoal meal transit in mice (612?mg/kg, p.o.), similar to that caused by carbachol (10?mg/kg). Ui.Cr (0.011?mg/mL) caused a spasmogenic effect in guinea-pig ileum that was reproduced in rabbit jejunum (0.010.3?mg/mL) followed by relaxation at a higher concentration. Like carbachol, the stimulant effect of Ui.Cr was blocked by atropine, suggesting the activation of muscarinic receptors mediating the prokinetic effect. Ui.Cr (0.015.0?mg/mL) also inhibited K+ (80?mm)-induced contraction in rabbit jejunum and shifted the Ca2+ concentration-response curves to the right, similar to verapamil, a standard calcium channel blocker. These data, indicating the presence of a gastrointestinal stimulant effect in Urginea indica possibly mediated through a cholinergic mechanism, provide a rationale for the use of Urginea indica in indigestion and constipation. The presence of a calcium antagonist effect in the plant may help to alleviate untoward effects of the plant that may result from an excessive increase in gut motility.
Abbas, S., Bashir, S., Khan, A., Mehmood, M., Gilani, A. (2012). Gastrointestinal stimulant effect of Urginea indica Kunth. and involvement of muscarinic receptors. Phytotherapy Research, 26(5), 704-708.


text:
Magdalena Adriaantje (Magda) Berndsen-Jansen (born 4 May 1950) is a Dutch former politician and police officer, born in Leiden. As a member of Democrats 66 (D66) she was a member of House of Representatives of the Netherlands between 17 June 2010 and 1 November 2015. She focused on matters of safety, judiciary and police. She was replaced by Judith Swinkels.

Berndsen was mayor of Obdam and Beverwijk, and acting mayor of Súdwest-Fryslân and Dongeradeel, and also corps chief of Gooi en Vechtstreek Police and Friesland Police.

References

External links

  House of Representatives biography

1950 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch women politicians
20th-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch women politicians
21st-century Dutch politicians
Chiefs of police
Democrats 66 politicians
Dutch police officers
Mayors in North Holland
People from Beverwijk
Mayors in Friesland
People from Súdwest-Fryslân
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
People from Leiden
Women mayors of places in the Netherlands
Women police officers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


SLAY EVERYDAY MAKEUP TUTORIAL 2017 | Find Me a Makeup | Best place to search for your make-up ideas & tutorial videos!
Hey Dolls, Welcome back to my channel! I thought I would share with you my SLAY everyday makeup look that is my GO-TO at the moment. I promise I will change the looks up but I just wanted to share with you all my basics from this year before I go all in and dramatic... If that makes any sense! Lots of love x _____________________________ THINGS IM WEARING: TOP: Missguided HEADBAND: 2 pack H&M NECKLACE: H&M ______________________________ PRODUCTS USED IN VIDEO: Brushes: MAKEUP BRUSHES: **70% OFF** these Vanity Planet Cruelty Free Makeup Brushes: http://vpwow.com/glam30 USE CODE: GLAM30 (only $30 bucks!) WOW!! (Works out around £30 including delivery) Primer: NYX Spray Primer Pore Filler: NYX Foundation: Iconic London Pigment sticks Concealer: Bourjois Healthy Mix Eye Brightener: Bare Minerals Stroke Of Light Beauty Blender: Primark (comes in a pack of2) Powder: Rimmel Stay Matte Powder Powder foundation: Bare Minerals Original Contour Palette: NYX Contour Palette Blush: Kiko double baked blush 02 Eye shadows: 1. Carli Bybel Bh Cosmetics 2. Kylie Jenner Burgundy Palette Eyeliner: Miss Sporty Mascara: L'Oréal Telescopic BLACK Fake Lashes: https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/152294823291 Highlighter: Carli Bybel palette Bh Cosmetics Lips: 1. Kylie Jenner lip liner 'Moon' 2. Urban Decay Vice Lipstick 'Safeword'' Thank you guys for all your support - it means so so much to me!! Love you guys SOOOO MUCH!!!


Robert Stefanik (left), 25, from Salt Lake City is dressed as a cowboy assassin. Jordan Dumpert (center), 25, from West Point, is dressed as a wizard.
Want to know who won the cosplay contest? FanX streamed it live on Facebook.
Overwatch Mega Loot Box ($39.99): Are you an Overwatch fan? Then this box is your one stop shop for everything an Overwatch fan could ever need.
FanX Salt Lake Comic Convention 2018!


text:
Will Carr Moves From Fox News To ABC
By The Deadline Team
The Deadline Team
More Stories By The Deadline
Deadline Bolsters International Team With Hire Of Tom Grater As International Film Reporter
Deadline Hires Business Insider's Jake Kanter As International TV Editor
Alibaba Chairman Jack Ma Steps Down From Chinese Internet Giant
Another memo to staff from ABC News President James Goldston, this time announcing Will Carr is joining as Los Angeles-based correspondent:
I'm pleased to announce that Will Carr is joining ABC News as a Los Angeles-based correspondent. He starts today and will spend a few weeks in New York before heading west.
He joins us from Fox News, where he's been a national correspondent since 2013 covering the campaign trail in 2016, investigating accountability at Department of Veterans Affairs, and documenting cartel violence in Mexico.
One of his strengths is going beyond the headlines and giving a voice to people in the midst of life-changing events. Will took an in-depth look at the San Bernardino terror attack, interviewing survivors and reporting on the aftermath; travelled to Houston following Hurricane Harvey reporting on the toll it took on the community; reported from the largest wildfire in California history, which displaced thousands of families earlier this year; and extensively covered the mass shooting in Las Vegas, the deadliest in modern history.
Will got his start in news as an intern at ABC affiliate WSB-TV. From there, he worked at KOAT Albuquerque, where he was named New Mexico Broadcaster's Association Reporter of the Year for exceptional breaking news coverage and investigative stories.
A graduate from the University of Georgia, the proud Bulldog volunteers as a basketball coach at the Boys and Girls Club in Santa Monica.
Please join me in welcoming Will to the team.
James Goldston

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Basil Kirchin (8 de agosto de 1927 -  18 de junio de 2005) fue un baterista y compositor británico de jazz.  Tras comenzar tocando la batería en la big band de su padre, a la edad de 13 años, y continuar componiendo bandas sonoras para películas, acabó experimentando con la manipulación de sonidos pre-grabados, lo que le ha dado el reconocimiento como "el padre de la ambient music".

Inicios
Basil debutó en el Paramount, en Londres, en 1940, tocando la batería en la, entonces, popular big band de su padre, Ivor Kirchin.  Tras la guerra, Kirchin tocó con Harry Roy y Ted Heath, directores de sendas big bands de baile, pero regresó con su padre en 1951. La banda funcionó con éxito durante un tiempo, convirtiéndose en la banda acompañante de músicos como Billy Eckstein o Sarah Vaughan durante sus giras por las islas. Sus conciertos fueron destacados en los polls de la revista Melody Maker.  Con la banda, grabó para Decca y Parlophone, este último producido por George Martin. En 1957 el ascenso del Skiffle y del Rock and Roll puso fin a la época dorada de las orquestas, y Basil decidió cambiar de escena, "porque eres un prisionero del ritmo. Y deseaba tocar la música de otra gente".

Evolución
Kirchin marchó a la India y permaneció siete meses en el Ramakrishna Temple.  Después se trasladó a Sídney aunque su equipaje se perdió en el mar, incluyendo sus discos anteriores. Esta pérdida le afectó de forma importante para toda su vida.

En 1961, volvió a Ingleterra y trabajó con Keith Herd en el desarrollo de piezas experimentales, a modo de "bandas sonoras de películas aún no rodadas".  También produjo material para la editorial De Wolfe, con la colaboración de jóvenes músicos de sesión, como Jimmy Page y Mick Ronson. En 1967, el Arts Council of Great Britain le otorgó un premio consistente en un grabador Nagra,  que usó para recoger innumerables sonidos naturales y de animales, captados en el zoológico de Londres, así como voces de niños autistas. Kirchin experimentó con variaciones de velocidad en las grabaciones obteniendo "pequeños cantos rodados de sonido". Sus experimentaciones fueron financiadas gracias al encargo de bandas sonoras como Catch Us If You Can (1965), The Shuttered Room (1967), I Start Counting (1969, con Jenny Agutter) y The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971).

Sus piezas experimentales fueron publicadas en dos álbumes, llamados World Within Worlds. El primero se publicó en 1971: Worlds Within Worlds, Columbia-EMI (SCX6463) y se dividía en dos partes,  "Part I - Integration" y  "Part II - The Human Element". El segundo no se editó hasta 1974:  Worlds Within Worlds Island Records (HELP 18), con las partes siguientes, "Part III - Emergence" y  "Part IV - Evolution".  ninguno de los discos obtuvo ventas importantes, aunque se convirtieron en discos de coleccionista. Continuó componiendo en esta línea, y editó nuevas referencias, con el sello discográfico  Trunk Records. Los últimos años de su vida los vivió en Hull.

Muchos músicos han reconocido la influencia de Basil en sus obras. Desde Brian Eno y Nurse With Wound hasta Broadcast

Referencias

Notas

 Este artículo está traducido, en su versión inicial, de Wikipedia en inglés

Bibliografía
 Chilton, John: Who's who of British Jazz, ISBN 0826472346
 Carr, Ian/ Fairweather, Digby/ Priestley, Brian/ Alexander, Charles: The Rough Guide to Jazz, ISBN 1843532565

Bateristas de jazz
Compositores de bandas sonoras
Compositores del Reino Unido
Músicos de jazz del Reino Unido
Músicos de jazz moderno
Nacidos en Blackpool


So you have a nice new design with lots of features, but you want to make changes to make it unique. The Genesis Design Palette Pro Dashboard. Adapt the Genesis framework and its child themes without code with Design Palette Pro.
Genesis Framework belongs to the third group and is intended to act as an overarching theme. Practically this means that if you have a WordPress site with the Genesis Framework already in place, then any Genesis child theme you enable will come into full use of the framework's features (alias a.k. a, the overarching theme).
Advantage of this architecture is that you never have to directly modify Genesis Framework data which ensures a secure updating. Instead, you make adjustments using a child design that you should never upgrade. In order to merge in the WordPress environment, if you want to modify the parental topic, modify the child.
How about a grandkid theme? So how does this tree translates into the Genesis Framework, where you already work with a child design by default? How does that work? Then, do you modify the child topic by making and modifying a grand-child? No, although it' possible from a technical point of view, you will be under a lot of pressure to find help for a grandchildren issue.
Alternatively, I suggest that you treat the child's topic as something special and make your adjustments directly. I' m using Genesis as a framing, and I usually pretty much tweak a child theme. Will I have to recreate my own child topic entirely from the ground up to refer to it as my own and be listed as an autor on the style sheet and be labeled as client-specific in my agreement?
When you are new to the child topic area, I suggest you start with an established Genesis child topic and work on it to make it your own. How does it mean to make a subject one's own? While there are some great mobile-friendly Genesis child topics, I am attracted to the Smart Passive Income Pro topic.
Rather, the theme's styling is similar to how my final theme should look like, so it makes good sense to begin with the SPI Pro theme as a basis. There are four things I have to do to make this particular piece truly special before I make any adjustments to the overall outfit.
If you purchase a design, it is usually available for downloading as a StudioPress or third-party zipped version. Please save this zipped document in a copy directory on my computer along with other recent files for downloading. I unpack the theme from there (leaving the initial archive unchanged) and re-name the unpacked directory to make it correspond to my new theme name.
For this example, I will change the name of the smart-passive-income-pro directory to smart-passive-aggressive. Then I move the theme directory to my WordPress installation directory (wp-content/themes/) and put the smart-passive-aggressive directory under revisioning. When I open the stylesub. bss files in the smart-passive-aggressive theme directory, there is a document pad (alias "doc block") at the top of the files containing the theme name and some other information.
Smart Passive Income Pro gives your website an inviting and trusted face with its cheerful typeface and daring styling. I' d like to switch the Theme Name to Line 2 from Smart Passive Income Pro to Smart Passive-Aggressive. As a result, I have pointed out in the documentary that this is no longer the Smart Passive Income Pro issue.
I also made it simpler to detect the Smart Passive Agressive theme from my WordPress administrator. In a year's time, when I return to make a Smart Passive Agressive theme modification, this documentary will help me recall certain things, such as the theme I used as a basis. If another programmer finally works on this topic, he will appreciate to know these little things, especially if one topic is related to another.
I' ve renamed the theme name, but kept the theme URI unchanged and referred to the initial Smart Passive Income Pro documentary. At some point this document may be useful, so it is advisable to keep the theme URI preference untouched. I' ve upgraded the descriptive to show that Smart Passive-Aggressive is predicated on the Smart Passive Income Pro theme.
Refresh the authors URI as well to show your domains (again very useful to know where to find them when another programmer finishes working on the topic). Since this design is initially GPL licenced, everything I do with it (i.e. my own child theme) must keep the same license.
Although not necessary from a technical point of view, the update of the theme screenshots facilitates visual identification (and differentiation) in the WordPress administrator. One of the simplest methods I have found is to open the theme file, find screenshots. and then open it in an imaging program. To simplify matters, I gave it a monochrome backdrop colour, superimposed text with the theme's name, and stored it back in its initial place in the theme's folder name.
As soon as I've taken these four easy stages, even without making a change to the theme's look, I've made it a one-of-a-kind sub-theme and am willing to start making adjustments. Perhaps you think someone else has done all the heavy work to make this theme, and is it right that you try to make it your own?
Firstly, as you can see from the preceding stages, the intention here is not to fool anyone, but to make it clear that a child's theme is one of a kind and should not be confused with its "inspiration theme". "This is the right thing to do, because it will help to prevent confusions and errors when changing the new theme in the new one.
Secondly, the nice thing about WordPress is that its opensource software. All the point is to use the codebase that other folks have made, and make changes through the use of threads and plug-ins to fulfill the unique needs of your projects. Am I.... accepting the subject as my own and referring to it in my treaty as a habit?
To start with, I suggest you talk to customers in advance about whether you are going to create a full customized theme and style for them, rather than taking an inventory theme and customizing it to their needs. Finally, the costs are quite different (think of tracts compared to customized home builds). Changing current topics is a cost-saving option for customers who do not need a fully customized approach - see it as an advantage.
Secondly, as I have already said, the subject must keep the GPL licence. This applies regardless of whether you change an already created design or a new one. That' a shade that most client software probably doesn't mind, but if they want to use WordPress, that' how it works. They can " pass " the property on graphical features, photos, skins and everything that you design individually.... just not the incode.
Genesis Framework contains a variety of actions hook and filter options that allow you to either modify the standard behavior or introduce new features. That means that the child theme with Genesis is more about using hook and filter than it is about making a template like a more traditionally WordPress theme.
Suppose you created a child theme using a theme downloadable from wordpress.org. When you wanted to modify the footing, you would make a new templates for your child's theme called footing. This would overwrite the footing. pdf files from the superordinate theme. On the other hand, with Genesis you would use one of the many available checkmarks and filter to modify the bottom line - no new templates are needed.
When you have done many children's topics, it is a significant change of mind to do things the "Genesis way". These are some lections about the Genesis children's theme that I have learnt over time. Skipping the persistent FTPs, wait for the reload of the web browsers by executing WordPress local. A few prerequisites exist to run a WordPress site locally: an Apache web site with PHP and a MySQL-base.
Optimize your work flow by using the free DesktopServer release of a few WordPress local pages to your liking (you need to use the professional release to run infinite pages - thank you Bonnie for the memory! You can, for example, get rid of the theme colour choices because you don't need them for a customized build.
No need to be complicated or even for a true projekt, but creating a theme from scratch will help consolidate your expertise. Adding just the coding you need to get the desired results will give you a much greater insight into the Genesis framework.
Make your own theme. There is no need to reinvent the dial every single times you design a new one. Incorporating them into your Start Topic will help you reduce the amount of work required for each new job. You should also use release checking, as your topic will continue to evolve. The Genesis child theme evolution is an artwork.
Whilst there are certainly some scientific findings, such as correct writing of codes, the construction of a children theme is a little different for everyone. As you start, it's useful to see how other designers organize their workflows and work with topics, but with each new topic you create, you'll be defining your own workflows and finding the things that work best for you.


text:
Where Do Hummingbirds Live?
Most people haven't seen hummingbirds before in real life because they are not very common worldwide and only live in certain places.
Like most birds, they need specific environments to live in comfortably. Hummingbirds can only survive in areas with particular temperature, fresh water, meet their basic needs for food, including insects and abundant nectar, shelter, and safe nesting sites. So, where is the perfect place for hummingbirds to live?
2 What Is a Hummingbird's Natural Habitat?
3 Where Do Hummingbirds Go in Winter?
4 What Kind of Nests Do Hummingbirds build?
5 How Can You Attract Hummingbirds to Your Yard?
6 How Long Do Hummingbirds Live?
7 Which Hummingbirds Are Most Common?
8 Wrap up
Hummingbirds live in North and South America. The Americas are actually the only natural habitat of hummingbirds, and they can be found as south as Chile and up north all the way in Alaska. Most hummingbirds live in South America and can migrate for the winters. They are rarely ever found outside of the Americas.
Read ahead to learn more about where hummingbirds live, the kind of environments they prefer, how they migrate, and more information you might enjoy.
Where in the World do Hummingbirds Live?
If you live in North or South America, you may be shocked to learn that hummingbirds do not live in any other part of the world! Hummingbirds are only found in the Western Hemisphere, comprising the North and South American continents.
Scientists think that hummingbirds used to live in Europe previously and have found old hummingbird fossils in Germany, Poland, and France. These fossils are between 30 to 35 million years old. However, it is unknown when or why the hummingbirds decided to leave Europe and travel to the Americas and why they never returned. This is a big mystery in the scientific world that has yet to be unraveled.
In Asia and Africa, there is a species of bird that is quite similar to hummingbirds. These birds are known as sunbirds, and they, too, drink nectar like hummingbirds. However, they are different species altogether, despite any similarities.
In America, hummingbirds are found most commonly in the tropics. There are over 150 species of hummingbirds in Colombia and Ecuador. Around 17 species are found within the United States, with a concentration near the Mexico border. However, despite concentrations towards the tropics, some hummingbirds can also be found far up North in Alaska and as low south as Chile and Argentina.
What Is a Hummingbird's Natural Habitat?
The Hummingbird's natural habitat is quite diverse. They have been found living high up in the Andes Mountains at altitudes of 20,000 feet or even down at sea level. They can live happily and comfortably deep in the jungles, forests, meadows, fields, deserts, and even cities.
Their habitat mostly depends on where they can find food. A hummingbird's diet is made up of nectar from flowers and a combination of insects. This means that hummingbirds can live and settle in various kinds of places as long as they have access to food.
In recent years, hummingbirds have been seen more and more in cities and suburban areas. The ruby-throated hummingbird can live in New York City and San Francisco. Hummingbirds that live in places populated by humans can easily become accustomed to humans. They even fly close to humans that they feel they can trust.
Where Do Hummingbirds Go in Winter?
Hummingbirds are some of the smallest birds in the world, and their small bodies cannot always cope with the cold. For this reason, a majority of hummingbirds in Canada and the United States migrate to warmer places. They fly to Mexico or Central America in the winters.
But the cold weather is not the only reason hummingbirds fly south. They also fly south in search of food. In the winters, most flowers wither away, and those that remain are covered by snow and difficult to reach. For this reason, they fly to warmer parts of the continent for easier access to food.
What Kind of Nests Do Hummingbirds build?
Hummingbirds build their nests in trees and shrubs, high up from the ground where they are safe. They are likely to choose slender tree branches around 15 feet tall to build their nests on. Sometimes, hummingbirds have also been seen building nests along electrical wires, clotheslines, lamps, porch lights, and other horizontal surfaces.
Hummingbirds use small leaves, lichens, and twigs to build their nests. They also use spider webs to help keep the web together. The primary purpose of the nests is to keep their eggs safe until they hatch.
How Can You Attract Hummingbirds to Your Yard?
While hummingbirds may not come live in your yard and build their nests there, they can certainly come to visit. If you're hoping to attract hummingbirds to your yard, the best way to go about it is by leaving out nectar for them to drink. You can leave out bird feeders with sugar water or plant bright and nectar-producing flowers like bee balms, sages, and honeysuckles in your yard.
How Long Do Hummingbirds Live?
The average lifespan of a hummingbird is 3 to 5 years, but most die within the first year of their lives. Once a hummingbird surpasses that first year, its life expectancy goes up significantly.
The lifespan of hummingbirds varies by species, with some larger species like Giant Hummingbirds and Buff-Bellied Hummingbirds living longer than other smaller species.
However, all hummingbirds have a relatively short lifespan when compared to other birds.
This is likely due to the fact that they must expend so much energy just to stay alive and predation. Their high metabolism and need for constant sustenance means that they age quickly and don't live as long as other bird species. But despite their short lifespans, hummingbirds are truly fascinating creatures that are well worth our attention and admiration.
Which Hummingbirds Are Most Common?
There are over 330 species of hummingbirds. Certain species of hummingbirds are more common in some areas than other species. The Ruby-throated hummingbird is most commonly found in Canada and the United States. The Gulf region has a large variety, and many different species live there. In the western parts of the United States, you can commonly see Anna's Hummingbirds, the Black-Chinned Hummingbirds, and the Broad-Tailed Hummingbirds, amongst others.
While hummingbirds were thought to live in Europe many years ago, they now only live in the Americas and can only be found in North and South America. There are no hummingbirds in any other part of the world.
If you live in North or South America, do you think you will try to leave out nectar to attract hummingbirds near your house? Let us know in the comments below.


This Michigan Woman Was Once a National Champion Pipe Smoker – Wait, What?
Sure, you know the '84 Tigers World Series champions or the '97 Michigan College Football National Champions. But you've never heard of Jessie Rudle, Michigan's National Pipe Smoking champion.
Rudle was from Flint and competed in the 1954 Pipe Smoking Championships.
An article that appeared in the Battle Creek Enquirer on August 16, 1954 reports on the outcome of the International Pipe Smokers Club championship.
Jessie Rudel kept her pipe (filled with 3.3 grams of tobacco) going 55 minutes to take top honors In the women's division. Twenty-five contestants were entered in the contest at the club's annual convention.
Flint Is the World Headquarters of Pipe Smoking?
The International Association of Pipe Smokers Clubs still exists and it's been holding championships since 1949.
Not only is the IAPSC based in Flint (647 South Saginaw Street inside Paul's Pipe Shop if you want to visit) but many of the world champions have come from Michigan. 34 in fact with winners coming from Flint, Burton, Saginaw, Swartz Creek and Lansing.


n0lunvi741 54 minutes ago News http://szjyhy.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!
wychanty7k 55 minutes ago News https://www.scribd.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!
a8zflmr559 58 minutes ago News http://estheticmaster.net Discuss Published New Discard Success!
h1nqder915 1 hour 5 minutes ago News http://inspectd.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!
t9ixjta818 1 hour 9 minutes ago News http://www.udgvirtual.udg.mx Discuss Published New Discard Success!
o0wmznd696 1 hour 21 minutes ago News https://ask.fm Discuss Published New Discard Success!
keenanqg9x 1 hour 25 minutes ago News http://www.slideserve.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!
f6smiol146 1 hour 26 minutes ago News https://sethywhb030.shutterfly.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!


Abstract » Agriculture – Support to State Extension Programme for Extension Reforms Scheme through Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) – Release of Government of India 1st instalment for the year 2013-14 - Release of 10 percent state share of Rs.111.111 lakhs - Orders – Issued.
Abstract » Public Services - Prosecution Department – Temporary Panel of Assistant Public Prosecutors Grade II fit for promotion as Assistant Public Prosecutors Grade-I for the year 2011-2012 – Approved- Promotion and Postings – Orders – Issued.
Abstract » Public Services – Equivalence of Degree – various educational qualifications possessed by the candidates as equivalent to the courses offered by the various Universities – Recommendation of Equivalence Committee –Orders – issued.
Abstract » THANE Special Housing Scheme – 200 posts of Technical Assistants sanctioned for implementation of the scheme – Sanction of Rs.1,92,00,000 for the payment of salaries to Technical Assistants – Orders – Issued.
Abstract » THANE Special Housing Scheme – Permission granted to hire 10 vehicles – Sanction of Rs.24,00,000 to hire charges of 10 vehicles – Orders – Issued.
Abstract » Prison Department – Announcement 2013-2014 – Enhancement of Risk Allowance to executive staff of Prison Department on par with Police Executive staff – Orders – Issued.
Abstract » Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission – Se lection of a Member in Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission – Applications – Called for- Regarding.
Abstract » Establishment of Regional Cancer Centre at Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur and Tirunelveli Medical College Hospital, Tirunelveli-Administrative / Financial sanction -Orders - Issued.
Abstract » State Health Society – Tamil Nadu – Civil works – Construction of New Buildings to 39 Health Sub Centres during 2013-14 – Sanction of Funds - Orders - Issued.
Abstract » Establishment of Trauma Care Centre in Thanjavur Medical College and Hospital, Thanjavur - Administrative and financial sanction - Orders - Issued.
Abstract » National Rural Health Mission - State Health Society – Tamil Nadu – Upgradation of Primary Health Centres Facilities – Construction of Maternity Block in 214 Primary Health Centres – Sanction of Funds - Orders – Issued.
Abstract » State Health Society-Tamil Nadu – Establishment of District Programme Management Unit – One post of Assistant Programme Manager sanctioned in G.O.(Ms)No.350, Health and Family Welfare Department, dated 20.12.12 – Amendment to Government Order – Issued.
Abstract » Pension - Thiru. R. Jayapandian, Non Medical Demonstrator, Stanley Medical College - PPO No.R0604684/Med - payment of pension arrears - Sanctioned - Orders - Issued.
Abstract » Highways and Minor Ports Department – Highways Department – Upgradation of Major District Roads to State Highways and Other District Roads to Major District Roads – Orders – Issued.
Abstract » Highways Department- Chennai Outer Ring Road Project Phase -I –Acquisition of Additional Private Lands and Transfer of Government Lands in Chengalpattu, Tambaram and Sriperumpudur Taluks, Kancheepuram District for Construction of Bus Bays, Way Side Amenities, Truck Lay Bye and Inter chan ges-Allotment of Funds sanctioned-Orders Issued.
Abstract » Courts – 13th Finance Commission – Grants-in-Aid – Supporting staff to the Court Managers – Sanctioned – Orders – Issued.
Abstract » வேளாண்மைத்துறையால் செயல்படுத்தப்பட்டு வரும் பல்வேறு வேளாண்மைத் திட்டங்களை மேற்பார்வையிடவும் கள ஆய்வு செய்யவும் ஏதுவாக 2013-2014 - ஆம் நிதியாண்டில் வட்டார அளவில் பணியாற்றும் வேளாண்மை விரிவாக்க மைய வேளாண்மை உதவி இயக்குநர்களுக்கு 166 புதிய ஈப்புகள் வழங்குதல் - அனுமதி வழங்கி - ஆணை வெளியிடப்படுகிறது.


text:
Home Armenian Talk at MIT by Ani Aprahamian, Head of Armenia's National Science Library
Talk at MIT by Ani Aprahamian, Head of Armenia's National Science Library
Open Letter to the U.S. Ambassador in Armenia Mr. Richard Mills
CAMBRIDGE, MA — Dr. Ani Aprahamian, Director of the Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory in Yerevan, Armenia, and Freimann Professor Experimental Nuclear Physics at the University of Notre Dame will give a talk entitled "Science, Technology, and Education in Armenia" at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Tuesday, November 6, 2018, at 7:30 p.m. in MIT Building 1, room 190. This special program is presented by the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) / Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Series on Contemporary Armenian Issues and the MIT Armenian Society.
Professor Ani Aprahamian was appointed Director of A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) in April 2018. She is the first woman and the first diasporan Armenian to hold this important position.
Prof. Aprahamian was born in Lebanon, and is a descendant of Armenian Genocide survivors. She holds a B.A. and Ph.D. from Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. Professor Aprahamian has over 200 invited talks at various National and International Conferences and over 200 publications in refereed journals, book chapters, etc. She is active in numerous international and national advisory committees in nuclear science. Among the many honors recognizing her achievements, she is an Elected Fellow of Science Academy of Republic of Armenia, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Physical Society.
This event is open to the public and will be followed by a reception. For more information please contact NAASR at [email protected] or the MITAS at [email protected]
Armenia and the Post Velvet Revolution Presented by Dr. Hampig Sarafian
FRESNO – The Armenian Cultural Conservancy (ACC) and the Armenian Council of…
Erdogan Under Fire for \'Anti-Armenian Slur\'
ISTANBUL — Turkish Prime Minister — and presidential hopeful — Recep Tayyip…
Russian Clarifications and the Failure of the Opposition
On the first anniversary of the end of the 44-day war, Russia…
Kardashians Pay Tribute to Armenian Genocide Victims
YEREVAN — On the second day of their visit to Armenia the…


This piece is harvested from locally sourced standing deadwood, which has been stripped and sanded by hand.The golden, low gloss finish brings out natures texture, which was actually the demise of the tree. Beautiful patterns are formed between the bark and the wood. With special attention, these patterns and designs have been cleaned, preserved and polished.
The learning experiences abundant, this piece was exceptionally fun to retrieve and work. Its been quite some time since my dogs pulled anything besides a dog sled or a 'nutjob' on skis, but they did really well some years ago hauling water into a cabin that I didn't have road access to. So, I figured they would do quite well skidding these pieces through the bush for the short trek to the main trail. Do quite well they did! Walking next to me, wagging tails while I packed, pushed and pulled the beast of a table base to the sled. Obviously, they've gotten smarter since they were two!
-All wood materials, except the hardwood dowels, were harvested by dog team.
FREE 'Hold for Pickup' available at the North of Ordinary Experience Centre (4201 4th Ave, Whitehorse).
FREE Delivery within the Whitehorse city limits.
Shipping is customized and based on final destination. Login to Contact LiveEdgeYukon for more information.


Loopmasters are proud to present AS101, Deep Bass House by Tom Middleton, a fresh and original sample collection that pushes the boundry's of the hotest direction in House music today!
A beard needing little introduction, Tom Middleton, aka Cosmos, aka Tom The Jedi has clocked up 23 years in the industry under as many names as there are genres.
Formerly one half of pioneering electronic act couple Global Communication and nu-new-knew-School Electro Funk 'n' Breakmeats outfit The Jedi Knights. Schooled in '89 by none other than the Aphex Twin, who Tom learned the mystical arts of sampling, analogue synthesis, lo-fi bedroom production and vegetarian midi gastronomy.
Tom has shared the stage with little known local upcoming artists like Kanye West, Snoop Dogg, Busta Rhymes, Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Duran Duran and The Mighty Boosh and remixed many underground and obscure talents like Prince, Coldplay, The Verve, Florence and The Machine, Paloma Faith, Goldfrapp, Orbital, Underworld and Leftfield.
The current Bass House sound which Tom and Lars 'Funk D'Void' dubbed 'Liquatech' over four years ago blends elements of late 80's B-Boy Electro, Detroit Techno, Strictly NY Garage and Warp Bass and Bleeps, R&S Euro Rave, UK Jungle to mid 90's Bukem style Liquid Drum & Bass production trickery and the pre Dubstep era MJ Cole 2 Step sound.
The prominent use of the 808 Kick Drum for playing Bassline characterizes the whole Bass House movement.
Throw in the essence of Tom's Sound Of The Cosmos musical philosophy which combines all his inspirations with trademark cinematic space, atmosphere, deep, warm and emotive pads, chords and strings, memorable bleep toplines, broken chords and cinematic Sci-Fi SFX… and there you have it. DEEP BASS HOUSE.
Expect to find bundles of Raw, Dry, Crusty Synth Essentials including, Multi-Oscillator Stadium Sized Synths, Cone Wobbling Sub Basses, Radiophonic Sci-Fi SFX, Layered Snare Claps, Pre-Swung Hats and Percussion and how about the lowest Kick you've ever heard…note G octave minus 1, weighing in at around 25Hz! Try that for size Luciano and co!
In Detail, Deep Bass House Weighs in at 1.23Gb of 24 Bit Quality samples including 39 Bass Loops,57 Music Loops,38 Kick Loops, 9 Mixed Drum Loops, 35 Percussion Loops, 19 Snare Clap Loops, 44 Top Loops, 6 Tuned Drum Kits, 236 Drum Hits, 11 Bass One Shots, 16 Bass multi Sampled Instruments, 22 Synth Multi Sampled Instruments, 46 One Hit and Stabs, 43 SFX, 268 Rex2 Files and 115 Soft Sampler Patches for Kontakt, Halion, Exs24, Nnxt, Sfz. A full Ableton Live Ready Pack, Apple Loops and Reason 5 Refill also available seperately.
No expense has been spent on meticulously recording for authenticity, raw phatness and vibe using super hi end Tandy, Sanyo and Radioshack circuitry and bouncing to TDK C90 tape on a Walkman for that lush low end bump and sound rounderising. Tom thought popping stuff through the Neve console and pinning the Studer A800 would be a bit too lo-fi and trendy.
Kit List High Lights include early 90's Detroit Techno studio classics - Ensoniq Mirage, Yamaha DX100, Roland SH101, Roland D-50, Korg M1.
Vintage Japanese drum machines retuned (where possible) to the key of C for Tom's patented Harmonic Drum programming with all your favourites ready to rock; 78, 606, 707, 727, 808 and 909.
And if that's not enough! Tom has authentically recreated or sourced from old disks some of dance music's legendry sounds including, Rhythim is Rhythim 'Strings Of Life' string patch, Orbital's 'Chime' DX100 Bass patch, Nitro Deluxe 'Let's Get Brutal' Piano Stab sampled and featured in Inner City's 'Good Life' (amongst 100's of others), 808 State 'Pacific State' String Chord sample, and don't forget the Sueno Latino Bird Call sample for pure Balearic nostalgia..off an old EMU disk ...it's all here... you lucky tweople!
If you're looking for the sounds from labels such as, Hotflush, Dirtybird, Hypercolour, MUM, Lo:Rise and Audiotonic, and producers such as Justin Martin, Eats Everything, Maya Jane Coles, J Phlip, Synkro, Joy Orbison, Scuba, Julio Bashmore, Rodriguez Jr, Claude Von Stroke, Robert Babicz, Vincenzo and Maceo Plex then look no further!
Tom Middleton's Facebook Page and his website.
A full Ableton Live Ready Pack, Apple Loops and Reason 5 Refill also and available seperately.
A fantastic sample pack - well constructed, easy to use and includes some top-quality sounds.
Tasteful selection of useful sounds by the master, Tom Middleton. A must have.


1. I wish I went to bed at 10:00am so I could wake up happily at 6:00am. I think I will try it for a week. I have always been a night owl so this will take effort. Bootcamp has not seen me in a while.
2. Staying off Facebook (and most of the internet) has made me very productive. I sat and updated my business Quickbooks for 5 hours straight today without getting distracted.
3. I wish I updated Quickbooks every couple of weeks. Or I wish I was not such a control freak that I could outsource it for someone else to do for me.
4. I like dogs from a distance. But I don't like dogs to lick me. This is odd because I used to love dogs when I was younger. And people who don't pick up after their dog should be thrown in jail. So gross. Not even in the same league as chalk on the sidewalk. Just sayin'.
5. My 8 year old daughter wants a guinea pig for her birthday. Damn you Pet Smart! Also Pet Smart, those birds in those tiny cages – that is mean.
6. I think zoos are also pretty cruel. I understand why they exist but it pains me to see animals like the glorious lions in such tiny enclosures.
7. Some things just go together : Feta Cheese and Spinach, Shrimp and Coconut, Bread and Butter. Some things I have a harder time comprehending their pairing : Peanut Butter and Jelly.
8. Children who go to school should brush their hair and tie it up. Neatness counts not only in handwriting but also in appearance.
Aparna Pappu - Amen! Not to mention hygiene issues with long flowing hair – one word – lice.


A non-traditional book club for people that want to have coffee, tea, and conversations about great books. We welcome you to join us Sunday, April 29th for Light Grey Book Club! grab your current books and head to the gallery for a nice morning of book discussion, coffee, tea, and great company! This event is open to all and all types of books — nonfiction, fiction, biographies, art books, comics, etc. all welcome! We look forward to finding new content and getting to know each other a little better through out ideas and favorite stories!
Foodies + Synesthesia Opening Reception, April 27th!


DOWNTOWN WARREN in this Over 55 Active Adult community. First floor bedroom with walk-in closet. There's a handicapped accessible bath outside of this bedroom. First floor also has the kitchen, and living/dining room combo. The 2nd floor has a spacious second bedroom with a full bath, walk-in closet, storage room, and laundry. PLUS, a full basement. Freshly painted. This in-town location is convenient to shopping, doctors, dentists, and restaurants. Opportunity to purchase a median income townhome in prestigious Warren Twp. Maximum income for 1 person is $75,530 and for 2 persons $86,320 Asset restrictions apply.


text:
Application of Cochran
Document Cited authorities 39 Cited in 8 Precedent Map Related
Court United States District Courts. 8th Circuit. United States District Court of Nebraska
Writing for the Court James E. Schneider and James R. Nisley, North Platte, Neb., for petitioner Norman Wayne Cochran
Citation 434 F. Supp. 1207
Decision Date 12 August 1977
Parties Application of James COCHRAN for a Writ of Habeas Corpus. Application of Norman Wayne COCHRAN for a Writ of Habeas Corpus.
434 F. Supp. 1207
Application of James COCHRAN for a Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Application of Norman Wayne COCHRAN for a Writ of Habeas Corpus.
United States District Court, D. Nebraska.
John P. Murphy and Ronald A. Ruff, North Platte, Neb., for petitioner James Cochran
James E. Schneider and James R. Nisley, North Platte, Neb., for petitioner Norman Wayne Cochran.
Marvin L. Holscher and George E. Clough, Deputy County Attys., for Lincoln County, North Platte, Neb., for respondents.
URBOM, Chief Judge.
William Glenn Cochran has been charged by the State of Nebraska with the murder of Louis Brigman. William's two brothers, James Russell Cochran and Norman Wayne Cochran, are in custody by virtue of the Nebraska Material Witness Statute, § 29-507, Neb.R.R.S.1943, which states:
"When the magistrate is satisfied that any witness against the accused will not appear and testify at the trial, he may, when the offense charged is a felony, order him to recognize with sufficient securities. Any person may recognize for a married woman or minor to appear as a witness, or the magistrate may take the recognizance of either in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars, which shall be valid notwithstanding the disability of coverture or minority."
and § 29-508, Neb.R.R.S.1943:
"If any witness so required to enter into a recognizance refuses to comply with such order, the magistrate shall commit him or her to jail until he or she complies with such order or is otherwise discharged according to law."
These habeas corpus proceedings challenge the constitutionality of the statutes and assert that the petitioners' being in custody is a denial of their rights under the Constitution of the United States.
William Cochran was arrested on Friday, June 24, 1977. James and Norman Cochran were taken that day to the Lincoln County jail and held there over the weekend. The following Monday they were taken before a judge of the County Court of Lincoln County, Nebraska, where a deputy county attorney orally asserted that James and Norman Cochran were material witnesses to the shooting of Louis Brigman. There was no filing or serving on James and Norman of any document and no evidence was presented. The judge ordered that counsel be appointed and set bond at $25,000 for each of the two witness brothers, with the option to post ten per cent of that amount.
The following morning James and Norman again appeared in the County Court of Lincoln County, this time with their court-appointed attorneys, who moved orally for a reduction of the bonds. Challenge was made to the constitutionality of the statutes under which they were held, as well as to the sufficiency of the evidence of any intention not to appear. The bond was reduced by the county judge to $15,000 with the privilege of depositing ten per cent, pending the preliminary hearing which was
scheduled for the next day on the question of whether William should be bound over to the district court for trial for murder
Upon completion of the preliminary hearing, counsel renewed their motions for a further reduction in the bond and asked that the witness brothers be released. The county judge denied their motions based upon the testimony adduced at the preliminary hearing and the hearing on the motions for a reduction of the bonds, although he did not specify what evidence he found significant or make any findings.
James filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the District Court of Lincoln County and a hearing was held promptly on June 30. The petition was dismissed and thereafter a motion for new trial was denied. James filed in the Supreme Court of Nebraska a notice of appeal on July 25 and an application for an expedited hearing on July 28. The application was denied on July 29.
Norman Cochran, on the other hand, first filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in this United States District Court, which was dismissed on July 7 for failure to exhaust state remedies. Norman then sought and was denied a writ of habeas corpus in the District Court of Lincoln County, from which an appeal has been taken to the Supreme Court of Nebraska, which on August 1 denied Norman's motion to advance the cause.
Both petitioners have been notified by the deputy clerk of the Supreme Court of Nebraska that the Supreme Court of Nebraska is in summer recess, that the first session of the court will begin on September 19, and that it is very unlikely that either of the cases will be reached during September or October. Trial of the charge against William Cochran is scheduled to begin on September 6. James Cochran has been released on bond,1 but Norman remains in jail because of a financial inability to post bond.
EXHAUSTION OF STATE REMEDIES
The federal habeas corpus statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2254, forbids this court to grant an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody because of a state court judgment
"unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, or that there is either an absence of available State corrective process or the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner."
and says:
"An applicant shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, within the meaning of this section, if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented."
Here, the petitioners have used all available procedures, including appeals to the Supreme Court of Nebraska. The appeals remain unheard because the Supreme Court is in recess and will remain so until two weeks after the trial at which the petitioners are to testify is scheduled to begin. Requests for expedited hearings have been denied and the best information the petitioners have from that court is that a hearing probably cannot be had until after October. It is not that the petitioners or the Nebraska courts have moved slowly. All have proceeded with dispatch. But the timing has been such that the Supreme Court cannot accommodate the petitioners' need for swiftness.
Under these rare circumstances, the procedure of obtaining a decision by the Supreme Court of Nebraska is really not "available" and is "ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner(s)." Unless the schedule changes substantially, the "functional reality"2 is that the rights of the
petitioners will be beyond protection by the time the appeal is heard.3 I am persuaded that there has been exhaustion of state remedies.4
The petitioners' position is that § 29-507 invidiously discriminates against adult men5 and thus collides with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, because it places a ceiling of $100 on the amount of any recognizance required of a married woman or minor, but places no ceiling on that required of an adult male. My reading of § 29-507 does not support this interpretation. As I see it, the statute places no limit on the amount of recognizance which may be required of anyone —male or female, married or single, adult or minor. The only limitation is on the amount the magistrate may permit the married woman or the minor personally — as distinguished from a surety — to provide.
The first sentence relates to all material witnesses, including married women and minors:
"When the magistrate is satisfied that any witness against the accused will not appear and testify at the trial, he may ... order him to recognize with sufficient securities."
The second sentence deals with the question of who can "recognize," once a decision has been made to require a recognizance:
"Any person may recognize for a married woman or minor to appear as a witness, or the magistrate may take the recognizance of either in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars, which shall be valid notwithstanding the disability of coverture or minority."
The common law disability of coverture has remained in effect in Nebraska continuously, except as altered by statute, and not until the enactment of the 1957 amendment to § 42-202, Neb. R.R.S.1943, was the disability fully removed. That disability rendered a wife virtually incapable of making a valid contract6 and limited her powers to control her own property.7 Until 1957, a wife could not be liable as a surety.8
Minority also disables a person from freely contracting or performing other legal acts.9
The words in § 29-507, "notwithstanding the disability of coverture or minority," adopted by the Nebraska Legislature in 1873, reflect a design to limit to the extent stated the disability arising from either condition. Without the lifting, it is doubtful that the magistrate would have been authorized
by the statute to permit a married woman or a minor to make recognizance herself or himself—that is, without someone else's supplying the bond or other security. The disability was lifted, however, only to the extent of $100. If a greater amount were required for the release of a married woman or a minor, the first clause of the two sentences applies
"Any person may recognize for a married woman or minor to appear as a witness . . ."
The Supreme Court of Nebraska has not interpreted the statute, and if there ever was any legislative history, it evidently is no longer extant. No similar statute in any other state with respect to a monetary limitation as to married women and minors has been found.10 So, the Nebraska statute itself must provide the evidence for its construction. The interpretation I have expressed seems to me to be the one which the Supreme Court of Nebraska would probably adopt.
Thus construed, the statute does not discriminate against adult males, whether single or married, but against married women and minors. Put...
Al-Kidd v. Ashcroft, No. 06-36059.
United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit)
...as if they were charged with an offense" and ordering them "transferred to a minimum security, residential facility"); In re Cochran, 434 F.Supp. 1207, 1215 (D.Neb.1977) (holding that "a witness who has had, at most, the misfortune of seeing a crime committed" must be held in "the least res......
U.S. v. Melendez-Carrion, MELENDEZ-CARRIO
...Payden, 768 F.2d 487 (2d Cir.1985); United States v. Gilbert, 425 F.2d 490 (D.C.Cir.1969) (per curiam). See also Application of Cochran, 434 F.Supp. 1207 (D.Neb.1977) (pretrial detention of material witnesses). Pretrial detention to avoid undue risks of flight or jeopardy to the trial proce......
Endsley v. Mayberg, No. CIV S-09-2311 WBS GGH P
United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. Eastern District of California
...v. Clarke, 434 F. Supp. 1022, 1029 (D.C. Pa. 1977); Lynch v. Baxley, 744 F.2d 1452, 1459 (11th Cir. 1984); Application of Cochrane, 434 F. Supp. 1207, 1215 (D. Neb. 1977); Williams v. Robinson, 432 F.2d 637, 644 (U.S. App. D.C. 1970); Howard v. Overholser, 130 F.2d 429 (U.S. App. DS 1942); ......
State v. F. L. A., No. 4333
Supreme Court of Alaska (US)
...L.J. 223, 224 (1967) (hereinafter cited as Waiver). 14 A minor does not have the legal capacity to contract. Application of Cochran, 434 F.Supp. 1207, 1211 (D.Neb.1977); Jones v. State, 119 Ga.App. 105, 166 S.E.2d 617, 619 (1969); Longstreet v. Morey, 49 Ill.App.3d 720, 7 Ill.Dec. 441, 364 ......


The goal of this section is to recognise early warning signals by applying a structured approach to evaluate credit risk.
This section aims to identify the themes of distress. The action(s) taken by the companies and/or lenders are explored through discussion and many real life examples of actual or potential distress. The focus is on concluding upon lessons learned in order to avoid future problems.
This section will evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of debt structures in protecting lenders / investors when a company reaches crisis point.
Purpose: Who is the borrower? Where are the assets and the cash-flows?
The goal of this segment is to understand the process for managing exposures to a company in distress: the short-term crisis management and the medium term business revisions required to manage the situation.
The goal of this segment is to evaluate the business and operational decisions required by the company in order to place its business on a more solid foundation.
The goal of this segment is to evaluate the available options, benchmarking likely recovery against other alternatives and the current market price of the company's debt, where applicable.