text:
Margaret Sanger, "The Birth Control of a Nation," 1937.
Source: "Margaret Sanger Papers, Library of CongressLibrary of Congress Microfilm 128:520."
Handwritten additions made by an unidentified author have been omitted. No published version of this article was found.
The Birth Control of a Nation
Birth control is legal at last in the United States. The right to provide contraceptive information and service under medical direction is finally recognized under the Federal law as now interpreted, and it also is legal under state laws in all but two States, Mississippi and Massachusetts--and the Massachusetts law is vulnerable on constitutional grounds.
THE ROAD TO VICTORY
The road to victory has been long--and hard. But the goal now has been gained, and a new era has dawned for birth control.
It is one of the anomalies of modern civilization that the forces of bigotry, reaction and legalism could so long have kept on the statute books a law which classed contraceptive information with obscenity and was interpreted to prevent physicians from prescribing contraceptives. Year after year this vicious law legally tied the hands of reputable physicians while quacks and purveyors of bootleg contraceptives and "marriage hygiene" articles and formulas flourished. It was an absurd situation in which the Federal law in effect nullified the laws of practically every State.
NOW THEY CAN BE TOLD
But now mothers can be told! The story of how motherhood ultimately was rescued from bondage is an absorbing one. It required two-thirds of a century to remove the Federal fetters placed upon birth control by Anthony Comstock and a "reform" group which induced a timid and over-awed Congress to pass the overreaching law. That famous, or rather infamous, law--Section 211 of the U.S. Penal Code--and supplementary laws, prevented the dissemination of birth control information even by a physician, and barred anything pertaining to the subject from the mails. Nor could supplies be sent by express or other common carrier. Other sections were even more rigid, forbidding even the permission of any article for preventing conception--and there were no exceptions. While the original bill carried the exemption, "except on a prescription of a physician in good standing, given in good faith," these words were omitted from the bill which firmly became law. Violations of the law were punishable by fines of from $2,000 to $5,000, or imprisonment for five years, or both.
The laws made no distribution between contraception and abortion, though they are as far apart as the poles. Birth control is the conscious control of the birth rate by scientific means which prevent conception. It is not interference with life after conception has taken place.
LAWS SET BACK THE CLOCK OF PROGRESS
And the law had teeth. Many supplies and much literature were confiscated and destroyed. Even if no outstanding, distinguished physicians were actually prosecuted for violating the law, it was mainly because they would not publicly do so. They were intimidated and kept in fear of persecution.
With Federal and State laws is conflict and confusion, a physician might legally dispense information under State statutes, but it was illegal for him under a literal interpretation of the Federal statutes, to send or to receive the necessary technical information and medical supplies. The law hampered the progressive physician, eager to adopt preventive health measures, and willing to advise his patients privately, but reluctant to take a similar stand in public practice because of confusion as to his legal rights in this field of medicine.
The Comstock laws not only thwarted efforts to protect mothers from excessive child bearing and children from being born sick, weak, unwanted and unprovided for, but were responsible, directly or indirectly, for the deaths of a million mothers during the six decades they were enforced. These deaths occurred needlessly among mothers who were the victims of abortions or of bearing children when in unfit physical condition.
MATERNAL AND INFANT MORTALITY
Even today the situation is still appalling ↑in↓ some respects. Out of every few mothers who dies in America, one death is due to abortion. Out of approximately 15,000 mothers ↑each year↓ who die from causes due to child-birth or pregnancy, a large percentage are "poor maternity risks" from the start.
As for infant mortality, statistics of the U.S. Children's Bureau tell their elegant, but unheeded story. When the interval between births is too shorts, death rates climb. Babies born one year apart die at the rate of 147 per thousand; babies born two years apart have a mortality rate of only [96?] per thousand. These figures are a challenge to the nation.
THE WINNING FIGHT
For many years efforts to induce Congress to amend the Comstock laws were unavailing, but sentiment for changing them increased rapidly from 1880 onward. In the campaign undertaken by the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, Inc., nearly 1,000 organizations with approximately twenty millions of members eventually endorsed the lifting of Federal restrictions, and $25,000 individual endorsements were filed with Congress. Few causes have won the adherence of such a vast number of active supporters.
VICTORY FOR PUBLIC OPINION
The decision which finally freed contraception from its Federal fetters represents basically the triumph of facts and public opinion over archaic law, ignorance and prejudice. Through a liberal Court this informed and potent public opinion finally found expression. One of the Justices, in a separate opinion, observed: "A statue stands until public opinion gets enough momentum to change it, which may be long after a majority would repeal it, if a poll were taken."
The National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control had proceeded along both legislative and legal lines of battle. As confiscations of books and materials increased, a particularly strong test case was instituted by the Committee in behalf of Dr. Hannah M. Stone, Medical Director of the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau in New York. The U.S. Government, through the Bureau of Customs, had seized a package containing 120 pessaries to prevent conception, which the government alleged had been imported contrary to Section 305 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930, which originated from the Comstock law of 1873. These pessaries had been sent to Dr. Stone by a physician in Japan for trial in her practice, and she had been asked to give an opinion as to their usefulness for contraceptive purposes. Dr. Stone testified at the trail that she prescribed the use of pessaries in cases where it would not be desirable for a patient to undertake a pregnancy.
EMANCIPATION DECISION
It was in this case, on November 30, 1936, that birth control under medical direction was finally recognized as legal. The United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit rendered a decision that the Federal obscenity laws do not apply to the legitimate activities of physicians, and that they may prescribe contraceptives in the interests of the health and general well being of their patients. That enlightened decision brought birth control tot he goal it had long sought through legislation and was an emancipation proclamation to the motherhood of America. With its objective won, the National Committee disbanded.
With sharp, surgical precision the historic decision cut through the tangled confusion of Federal laws. It removed the shadow of illegality and the stigma of obscenity and brought the Federal statutes into conformity with most State statutes. In the few States remaining where outmoded statutes still await reinterpretation by the Courts, the decision is a beacon-light for other Courts to follow.
A BILL OF RIGHTS
The decision constitutes a Bill of Rights for the medical profession in the field of contraception, [several words illegible] . The nation owes a debt of gratitude to the wisdom, the logic and the humanity of Justices Augustus N. Hand, Thomas W. Swan, and Learned Hand, whose far-seeing interpretation of the Federal statues brought to an end the 53-year reign of muddle and tyranny inaugurated by the Comstock legislation.
It was on January 6, 1938, that Judge Grover Moscowitz, of the United States District Court, Southern District of New York, in a very lucid decision, held that contraceptives imported for a lawful purpose did not come within the restrictions of the statue.
The government appealed the case, but Justice Moscowitz's decision was affirmed by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which held that physicians importing such articles, in order to use them for the health of their patients, were exempted by implication from the literal terms of the statute.
The most significant passage of this decision read:
". . . . While we may assume that Section 305 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 exempts only such articles as the Act of 1873 exempted, yet we are [convinced?] that this statue, as well as all the acts we have referred to, embraced only such articles as Congress would have [denounced?] as immoral if it had understood all the conditions under which they were to be used. Its design, in our opinion, was not to prevent the importation, sale, or carriage by mail of things which might intelligently be employed by conscientious and competent physicians for the purpose of saving life or promoting the well being of their patients."
Homer S. Cummings, Attorney General of the United States, announced that the government would rest its case and not carry it to the United States Supreme Court. Thus the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals became the law of the land, and the Treasury Department thereupon issued instructions to Customs authorities to admit contraceptive supplies addressed to physicians.
For the ultimate victory we are also deeply grateful to Morris L. Ernst, counsel for Dr. Stone and the Committee, for his gallant and successful fight, as well as for his constant championship of civil liberties and clarification of obstructive laws.
PHYSICIANS APPROVE
Medical, as well as legal sanction for birth control at last exists. Less than a year after the legal decision, and following a long investigation by a special committee, the American Medical Association, in June 1937, approved birth control as an essential part of medical practice and education, and urged the necessity for informing physicians of their legal rights in relation to the use of contraceptives. A resolution declared that
". . . it seems fair. . . to assume that the State Courts, if called upon to construe the statues relating to the dissemination of contraceptive information, will adopt lines of reasoning similar to these followed in the case cited (U.S. vs. One Package) and in other cases decided by the United States Courts, leaving physicians free to give information concerning contraception when required to meet the medical needs of patients."
This reference was to the Dr. Hannah Stone case. The public may now look to the Association to carry on research in contraception and to promote the teaching of birth control in medical schools.
STATE STATUES
Birth control, therefore, from a national standpoint is at last freed. The Federal statutes are no longer a stumbling block.
However, there is need for clarification of State statutes in the few States where the literal wording of the law may still be involved unless public opinion makes the force felt.
In the past some States followed the land of the Federal Government in enacting and clinging to obsolete statutes restricting the dissemination of contraceptive knowledge, but, fortunately, these statutes contain exemptions of many types and degrees as regards the medical profession. There are 24 States with statutes of this character. Some of them are confused, outmoded conglomerations of provisions aimed indiscriminately at birth control, obscenity, indecency, abortion, miscarriage, lotteries, nostrums, drops, pills, tinctures, compounds, poisons, drugs, prophylactics, lust, crime, and "sex exciting devices."
DAGUERREOTYPE DAYS
Some of the States are still in the daguerreotype days in the phrasing of their laws about birth control. Under the Indiana and Wyoming State laws "daguerreotypes and stereoscopes" are literally verboten as media of contraceptive information! Almost as quaint phraseology meets the eye in some of the other State statutes, and no rhyme or reason is discernible in their provisions. Nevertheless, these statutory relics of the past do not impose any obstacles for the medical profession. The situation may be summed up as follows:
THE SITUATION TODAY
There are 21 States, as well as the District of Columbia and the Territories of Alaska, Hawaii, Philippine Islands and the Virgin Islands, where the prevention of conception has not been classed with obscenity. A modern law permitting contraception was recently enacted in Puerto Rico. The 21 States whose codes do not refer to contraception comprise Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Ten States have limited laws, but physicians are exempt and drug stores are permitted to sell contraceptives. These are Colorado, Indiana, Ohio, Delaware, Iowa, Montana, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Oregon and Idaho.
Three States permit physicians to prescribe contraceptives, but druggists are not mentioned. They are New York, Nevada and Minnesota. The New York law has held by a decision of the Court of Appeals in 1918 to be "broad enough to protect the physician who in good faith gives such help or advice to a married person to cure or prevent disease. . . the protection thus afforded the physician would also extend to the druggist, or vendor, acting upon the physicians' prescription or order." A similar ruling exists in Minnesota.
Six States have statutes aimed at against advertising and the indiscriminate distribution of material. They are Arizona, California, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan and Washington.
One State, New Jersey, allows the dissemination of contraceptive information "for just causes."
One State, Kansas, exempts medical text books, and by implication the medical profession.
Three States, Missouri, Nebraska and Pennsylvania, exempt chartered medical schools and medical text books, and by implication, the medical profession.
THREE BACKWARD STATES
There remains then, three States. In one, Connecticut, the use of contraceptive is forbidden. This statute, incapable of enforcement, has long subjected Connecticut to ridicule, but this blue-law relic has remained as part of the code, despite earnest and repeated efforts by the enlightened citizens of Connecticut to amend it. Nevertheless, seven birth control clinics are in operation in Connecticut.
Mississippi makes no exceptions in its statues, which ban even oral information.
In Massachusetts the State laws have been challenged. While they make no exception of any kind, eight birth control clinics directed and sponsored by outstanding medical and civic lenders of the State have served the public for many years without legal hindrance. Meanwhile, repeated efforts have been made to modernize the Massachusetts laws, but without success. In the summer of 1937 three Massachusetts birth control clinics were raided. Doctors, nurses, social workers and officials were arrested, convicted and fined. Their cases are being appealed to the higher courts and pending decision all clinics in the State have closed.
LEGAL WITCHERY
Contraceptives are forbidden in Massachusetts under a blue law entitled "Crimes Against Chastity, Decency, and Good Order." Commenting on the closing of the clinics in Salem, Dr. Hannah Stone said: "The day of witch hunting has passed. It is no more possible to stem the flow of contraceptive knowledge then to stem the tides of the ocean that wash the shore of Massachusetts."
The reactionary step taken in Massachusetts is a warning to all who cherish liberty, that while prohibitory laws of the type existing in that State remain on the statue books, they constitute a continuing threat to the freedom of the medical profession and the welfare of mothers. Therefore the outcome of the appeals will be awaited with interest throughout the country.
PROGRESSIVE STATE LEGISLATION
Oregon holds the distinction of being the first State to divorce contraception from abortion and obscenity. It is the first State also to attempt to safeguard its citizens by setting up a control of contraceptive products and advertising under its State Board of Pharmacy. To North Carolina goes the honor of being the first State to provide birth control clinical service through its State Department of Health and county physicians. As above stated, Puerto Rico has also enacted progressive birth control legislation.
What lies ahead? It is not enough merely to establish the rights of physicians through the Courts. This ethical gain must be used. We have taken a great step forward, but other hurdles must be cleared. With birth control legalized by national statutes, all States should now completely catch up with public sentiment, judicial interpretation and the demand for contraceptive services by clarifying and modernizing the laws. All State laws should be positive, not vague or negative. They should clearly and affirmatively declare and assure the right of medical birth control, not merely fail to forbid it, or limit it.
A NEW CALL TO ARMS
Therefore I ask all who have so loyally made our legal and medical victories possible, to join efforts with us again in the most important objective--the inclusion of birth control service in local, State and national health programs. In this way only can those mothers most desperately in need of this information secure it through reliable, medical channels. Help make it known to hospitals, relief agencies, philanthropic and public health officials, that the Federal decision has freed their hands. Challenge all plans for the reduction of maternal and infant mortality that ignore the basic need for including contraceptive service in such programs.
WE MUST MOVE FAST
We must move fast, for women and children are dying needlessly. Individual and group effort can point the way, and can do immeasurable good. But those guiding our programs for relief, for the reduction of maternal and infant mortality, and for the control of syphilis, must recognize that the provision of scientific birth control information is essential to the success of all such programs. Next steps in making contraceptive information and service actually as well as legally available to the mothers of America call for modernization of State laws and the incorporation of birth control into medical practice, preventive medicine and public health administration everywhere.
Today there are more than 380 birth control centers in the country. Ten times that number are required to meet the need. There are 7,000 hospitals and 10,000 other agencies where medical aid is sought by mothers too poor to pay the fees of private physicians which ought to provide contraceptive service. And medical-charging service ought to bring birth control to thousands of forgotten women on farms and in isolated districts remote from medical centers. Their plight and pleas are among the most poignant of all.
*Footnote: "Federal and State laws Pertaining to Birth Control," a pamphlet containing the complete State and Federal statutes may be obtained from the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau. 17 West 16th Street, New York City. Price 25 cents.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A second shooting at the Chowder Bay Apartments reportedly left a 24-year-old innocent bystander critically injured Wednesday, March 30, 2016.
The young bystander was transported to Orlando Regional Medical Center, where he reportedly underwent multiple surgeries for gunshot wounds to the pelvis and knee.
This is apparently "the second shooting at the complex in about two weeks," per Orlando Sentinel reports, raising grave concerns over apartment security and resident safety.
Residents and guests of apartment complexes have a right to feel safe and secure within the community. Given the reported history of recent violence at the property, The Murray Law Firm questions the level of security provided at the Chowder Bay apartment complex and whether this horrific incident may have been prevented.
How did the gunman gain entry to the property? What security measures, such as gated entry, bright lighting, and surveillance cameras, were in place at the time of the shooting?
Following reports of a previous shooting on property, were any additional security precautions implemented by the complex owner or management to deter crime and protect residents?
Generally, property owners are required to protect all residents legally on the premises from any foreseeable harm. Should the facts of this matter reveal that the apartment complex owner or management company failed to provide adequate security to protect those on its premises, the victim and his family may seek justice and elect to pursue a legal claim for his injuries.
Given the complexities of pursuing a negligent security case, it is imperative that the victim retain an experienced attorney who can ensure the preservation of any and all evidence that may support such a claim. Based upon its prior successful experience in handling apartment security negligence claims, The Murray Law Firm suggests that photographs and a thorough, unbiased inspection of the property will need to be performed immediately, before any evidence may be repaired, damaged or destroyed.


What's the most bizarre journey that you've taken?
Around the world in economy. I'm not kidding: These long-distance flights across the world, where you cross multiple time zones in a very short time period, really mess with your head. I had a bizarre one last week, actually. I went to New York for a day. There you are, you're working on the aircraft, filming, and I land in New York and spot a friend waiting for me at the airport. Then my mind starts playing tricks on me. "Am I in New York? Is that Katie? There's a yellow cab there, so this is definitely New York. Why am I in New York?" So when I get back on a plane and fly back to London, I'm like "Was I just in New York? Was that Katie? What was I doing in New York?"
Which is the worst place to do business and why?
There is absolutely no way I'm answering that!
Let's rephrase it then. What's the most challenging place to do business?
Well, okay, I think it all depends on the kind of business you're trying to do. Obviously, there are parts of Africa that pose unique challenges— infrastructure doesn't work, "unauthorized" payments may be required. But then there are also places like Japan, where your mobile phone won't work, and people hardly speak your language, even in places like Tokyo. Then you go to Los Angeles, and they're speaking this strange language, but it's the same language! You have no idea what they're talking about. It doesn't necessarily have to be a developing nation where things can go wrong. Your Wi-Fi may not connect, BlackBerrys may break down. Getting money out, now there's another huge challenge. I was in…where was I, in Venice, yes…and I'm walking up to this bank machine, and I realize it's the only one around. If this one isn't going to give me money, I'm in the s***.
Thank the gods it did.
The tackiest hotel you've stayed in.
You're determined to put me in trouble, aren't you?
All right, the most "challenging" hotel you've stayed in.
Let me remember…it wasn't a hotel at all, and it was in Switzerland…or was it Germany? Wherever it was…we were there for this event, and the place is so big, and there are so many people there, that the hotels can't cope. So they put people into flats, and there we were, in somebody else's flat…and it was disgusting. It was…dirty, and the towels looked like they had been used to clean the toilets. This other time, and it was the same event (God, I hate doing that event), they put us on a houseboat, where the sewage backed up against our abode.
What's the mark of a good business hotel? Which ones do you love?
I think a good business hotel recognizes why you're there—you're not there for your health but for your wealth. But no hotel ever gets it right. In Japan, for example, you need a degree in electronics to open the curtains and figure out how the light switches work.
All right. My favourite hotel? It's a lovely little hotel in Los Angeles called the Le Parc. Why? Because when I arrive, they know who I am. They've got the suite ready (all the rooms are suites). I go down to breakfast in the morning, and they know I want the Le Parc breakfast with a café latte. Faxes and couriers, no problem.
Other hotels that will do the same—The InterContinental in Singapore (I love that hotel) and The Intercon (InterContinental) in Hong Kong (a wonderful hotel. Huge windows, and a great view of the harbour).
But Paris. Aaah, the George Cinq. I went there once, and I could have moved in…except it was €1,000 (around Rs69,000) a night. My belt broke while I was there, and I put it aside. When I came back a few hours later, they'd repaired it! Yeah, wow. Even at €1,000 a night…please if there's a God up there listening, please let me stay there.
Krish Raghav contributed to this story.


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Creighton Magazine
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Magis Clinic Expands Offerings
Interfaith Prayer
Fetching Laughs
Bugs in the Bugs
Educating Catholic School Leaders
Huss Honored with National Teaching and Mentoring Award
Carney Earns International Book Prize
Mullins Recipient of Coveted NEA Literature Fellowship
Lynch Honored for Lifetime of Achievements
Health Briefs
Five Online Programs Ranked by U.S. News
By Eugene Curtin
Scholarship recipient overcomes obstacles; inspires, mentors first-generation students like herself
Jackie Crawford's presence on the Creighton University campus is a study in the unlikely. The child of a single mother and an incarcerated father, who moved with her mother from Florida to a tough Kansas City neighborhood, Creighton was unknown to her. She didn't know where Omaha was. The demographics of her high school were so daunting, she said, that Creighton didn't recruit there.
But there she is, in her final semester as a medical anthropology major. A recipient of the Raymond A. Bucko, S.J. Scholarship and the B.J. Roberts Endowed Scholarship, among others, Crawford will graduate in May, having enjoyed a busy and fruitful Creighton experience.
She has worked with Omaha high school students and new Creighton students who, like her, are the first in their families to pursue or attend college.
She serves as president of Peer2Peer, a mentoring program that matches first-generation upperclassmen and incoming freshmen at Creighton to assist with the college transition. She also has been the ambassador-advisor and tutor coordinator for Upward Bound, working with area high school students to help them prepare for college.
In addition to her work with students, Crawford serves as president of the Gamma Xi chapter of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. She has also served as president and treasurer of the African American Student Association; student representative of the Black Studies program; and president and parliamentarian of the Association of Multicultural Greek Organizations.
How Crawford got from that tough Kansas City neighborhood to a position of leadership on Creighton's campus is a story of perseverance, maternal and paternal urging, sacrifice and a fortunate suggestion by a high school teacher.
"It was instilled in me by my mom and my dad that I had to be good in school, but I really wasn't set on college until I got to my sophomore year of high school," she said. "My father went to prison when I was 7, so we really had no father figure in the house, but he would call me every day to remind me what I had to do."
Her mother, Jeanette, proved a lodestar, providing a daily example of perseverance as she fought to raise four children alone.
"I really love her; she did so much," Crawford said. "I saw her working so hard every day, struggling to take care of four kids and a bunch of nieces and nephews that she was helping to care for.
"It was just hard for me to see my mom struggle like that, and I didn't want the same thing for me. I wanted to be successful and be in a position where I could give back to her."
Her mother's perseverance involved being laid off after 13 years as head cook at a youth correctional facility in Florida, and then founding a cleaning business in Kansas City, which has flourished. It was evidence to Crawford that hard work pays off.
The road to success, though well trod and passing almost invariably through higher education, can seem distant to kids raised in neighborhoods like Crawford's, where she said gang violence was constant and teen pregnancy common. But she said she decided to rise above the "at risk" label placed on her because of where she lived.
"I told myself that I would graduate high school and go to college no matter what it took," she said. "I just made sure that I stayed in the top 10 percent of my class and maintained an active involvement in school."
As luck, and perhaps fate would have it, she mentioned to her high school English teacher that she would like to pursue a career in emergency medical services, and the teacher suggested researching Creighton University.
"I said, 'I don't know where that is,'" Crawford said.
But she looked into it, discovered Creighton's excellent reputation and visited.
"I absolutely fell in love with the campus," she said. "I felt like I was at home. They were so welcoming. Everything was just great. There were no questions in my mind. And scholarships made it financially feasible."
Crawford's career goal has evolved, and she now hopes to become a federal probation officer and work with people much like her father, Cornelius — people whose lengthy prison terms have made the ways of the world strange and hard to navigate upon release.
"I want to be the person who … can help them take the next step once they get out."


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News on the Apple Watch? Yahoo may be ahead of the game
LINK: www.buzzfeed.com ➚ | Posted by: Joseph Lichterman | September 11, 2014
After Apple unveiled its Apple Watch earlier this week most news organizations are still figuring out how — or even if — they'll develop apps for the smart watch. Most outlets haven't received any technical specifications from Apple about the device and are still in the very preliminary stages of thinking about how they'll approach the smart watch, Myles Tanzer reports in BuzzFeed.
There was at least one news app that got an advance look at the Apple Watch: Yahoo News Digest. The app's logo was visible on mock-ups of the watch during Apple's presentation. (It's the purple one with the colorful dots in a circle — above the Pinterest logo — in the watch that's above.)
From BuzzFeed:
But during the Tuesday's keynote, close observers noticed multiple quick flashes of the Apple Watch's homescreen that showed icons for two apps from Yahoo, one of which is a version of the popular Yahoo News Digest app. Adam Cahan, Yahoo's senior vice president of mobile and emerging products, confirmed to BuzzFeed News that the company has a working version of a Yahoo News Digest product but was wary to comment on any additional apps from Yahoo — "I wouldn't read into every icon that you see everywhere." He said the Yahoo team was one of a select few chosen to participate in a multi-week test of the Apple Watch's development kit.
The Apple Watch is slated to be released sometime early next year. It seems likely more news apps will be developed for the platform.
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Yahoo News Digest
Lichterman, Joseph. "News on the Apple Watch? Yahoo may be ahead of the game." Nieman Journalism Lab. Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard, 11 Sep. 2014. Web. 18 Jan. 2022.
Lichterman, J. (2014, Sep. 11). News on the Apple Watch? Yahoo may be ahead of the game. Nieman Journalism Lab. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://www.niemanlab.org/2014/09/news-on-the-apple-watch-yahoo-may-be-ahead-of-the-game/
Lichterman, Joseph. "News on the Apple Watch? Yahoo may be ahead of the game." Nieman Journalism Lab. Last modified September 11, 2014. Accessed January 18, 2022. https://www.niemanlab.org/2014/09/news-on-the-apple-watch-yahoo-may-be-ahead-of-the-game/.
| url = https://www.niemanlab.org/2014/09/news-on-the-apple-watch-yahoo-may-be-ahead-of-the-game/
| title = News on the Apple Watch? Yahoo may be ahead of the game
| last = Lichterman
| first = Joseph
| date = 11 September 2014
| ref = {{harvid|Lichterman|2014}}
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text:
Phoneutria este un gen de păianjeni extrem de agresivi și veninoși din familia Ctenidae. Păianjenii din acest gen sunt numiți și păianjeni călători brazilieni, păianjeni armată (în portugeză) sau păianjeni banană (a nu se confunda cu speciile relativ inofensive din genul Nephila, de asemenea, numite păianjeni banană).
Păianjeni călători brazilieni sunt înscriși în Guinness World Records 2007, ca cei mai veninoși păianjeni.

Descriere
Genul Phoneutria conține opt specii descrise științific. Acești păianjeni cresc până la o lungime de 13-15 cm, inclusiv lungimea picioarelor. Lungimea corpului propriu-zis este de 17 - 48 mm. Genul se distinge de alte genuri din familie, cum ar fi Ctenus, prin prezența unor smocuri dense de perișori pe tibia și tarsul pedipalpilor la ambele sexe. Păianjenii Phoneutria sunt uneori confundați cu cei din genul Cupiennius, în care unele specii (Cupiennius chiapanensis, descris recent) au fire roșii pe chelicere.
Aceștia sunt numiți păianjeni călători (uneori rătăcitori), deoarece ei sunt activi și vânează prada rătăcind prin junglă, și nu folosesc pânză, nu prind victima din ambuscadă sau vizuină. Păianjenii călători brazilieni sunt animale nocturne, ziua ei se ascund în interiorul mușuroiului termitelor, sub bușteni, pietre, pe plantațiile de banane sau alte bromeliacee. Specia Phoneutria nigriventer a fost observată să se ascundă în locuri întunecoase și umede din apropierea localităților umane, mai ales în perioada lunilor aprilie – iunie.
Un alt nume – păianjen banană – provine de al faptul că acești păianjeni se ascund în ciorchine de banane și sunt uneori descoperiți ca pasageri clandestini, fiind transportați împreună cu banane în alte țări și regiuni. Acest păianjen poate fi găsit chiar și în lăzi de banane din magazine. Un astfel de caz s-a întâmplat la Bridgwater (Anglia), când un bărbat a fost mușcat de Phoneutria fera, datorită îngrijire medicale rapide el a supraviețuit, perioada de recuperare durând o săptămână.
Când sunt amenințați ei iua postura de apărare. Își ridic corpul de la pământ și primele două perechi de picioare sunt, de asemeneam, ridicate deasupra corpului.

Venin

Toxicitate
Phoneutria nigriventer este specia cea mai veninoasă. Veninul conține o puternică neurotoxină, cunoscută sub numele de PhTx3, care acționează ca un blocant al canalelor de calciu cu spectru larg: inhibă eliberarea glutamatului, absorbția de calciu și glutamatului de sinapsele neurale. La concentrații mortale, această neurotoxină cauzează pierderea controlului asupra mușchilor și difilcutăți respiratorii, ducând la paralizie și asfixiere. În plus, veninul provoacă dureri intense și inflamații din cauza efectului excitator asupra receptorilor serotoninei 5-HT4 a nervilor senzoriali. Aceasta stimulează sintetizarea de către nervii senzoriali anumitor neuropeptid, cum ar fi substanța P care transmite durerea în sistemul nervos central.
În afară de faptul că provoacă dureri intense, veninul poate cauza priapismul – erecție patologică de lungă durată. Erecția care rezultă din intoxicarea cu venin este incomodă, poate dura mai multe ore și duce la impotență. O componentă a veninului a fost identificată și sintetizată sub forma unei peptide numită PnTx2-6 este cercetată cu scopul de a o utiliza în tratamentele disfuncției erectile.
Masa veninului Phoneutria nigriventer necesară pentru a omorî un șoarece de 20 g, este de numai 6 micrograme (intravenos) și 134 micrograme (subcutanat), comparativ cu 110 micrograme și, respectiv, 200 micrograme pentru Latrodectus mactans (Văduva neagră)<ref name="ReferenceA">Venomous Animals and their Venoms, vol. III, ed. Wolfgang Bucheral and Eleanor Buckley</ref>.

Pericolul pentru omPhoneutria include puține specii care prezintă o amenințare la adresa oamenilor. Pericolul pentru om nu este legată doar de toxicitatea veninului, ci și de cantitatea lui, caracterul mușcăturii.
Chelicerele păianjenilor sunt folosite la injectarea venionului în victime, relativ, foarte mici. Acestea nu sunt adaptate pentru a ataca mamifere mari, cum ar fi omul. Ultimele investigații au demonstrat că doar într-o treime din numărul total din mușcături, păianjenul a injectat venin și acesta în cantități mici. Cercetarea în acest domeniu este împiedicată de dificultatea de a identifica speciile.
Din cele opt specii descrise, Phoneutria nigriventer și Phoneutria fera sunt cele mai frecvente menționate în mass-medie. Phoneutria nigriventer este specia responsabilă pentru cele mai multe cazuri de intoxicare cu venin în Brazilia, deoarece este întâlnită în zone foarte populate din sud-estul Braziliei, São Paulo, (stat)Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro și Espírito Santo. Specia Phoneutria fera este orginară din Amazonia.
Pericolul pe care îl prezint păianjenii călători brazilieni este înalt, fiindcă aceștia se pot întâlni și în localitățile umane. În timpul zilei păianjenii se ascund în locurile întunecoase și izolate. Și printre acestea se pot număra haine, automobile, încălțăminte, cutii ș. a., generând astfel situații periculoase.
În ciuda reputației lor de păianjeni mortali, există studii care pun la îndoială capacitatea lor de a intoxica fatal omul. Un studiu a demonstrat că numai 2,3% din mușcături (în principal la copii) au fost suficient de grave pentru a solicita antidotul. Cu toate acestea, alte studii arătat că toxicitatea de venin Phoneutria fost în mod clar mai virulent decât cel al păianjenilor din genurile Latrodectus și Atrax. Există cazuri atestată de moarte, de exemplu un păianjen a ucis doi copii în São Sebastião. Păianjenul de pricină a fost identificat de Wolfgang Bucheral aparținând genului Phoneutria.

Răspândire
Speciile din genul dat se găsesc în pădurile din Costa Rica, întraga Americă de Sud. Două specii (Phoneutria reidyi și Phoneutria boliviensis) se găsesc din sudul Americii Centrale, în regiunea Amazonului și habitatul unei singure specie (Phoneutria fera) este limitat la baziunul Amazonului.

Note

Legături externe

Venomous South American spider found in Manitoba grocery store
Spider gives pupils the creeps
Deadly spider found in banana box
Spider found between bananas in Dutch supermarket
Pub chef bitten by deadly spider
Camera phone saves man from deadly spider
Web used to trace deadly spider
An illustrative set of pictures of Ctenidae
Picture of P. nigriventer
Potential drug for erectile dysfunction
Spider Venom Could Boost Sex Life
Spider killed in danish supermarket
Brazilian wandering spider killed in Dutch hypermarket
Deadly spider found in Co-op bananas England
'World's Deadliest Spider' Found in Whole Foods Produce Section.
Deadly Spider found in bananas in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Not so deadly? Chance Tulsa spider misidentified.
Phoneutria nigrivente
 "Vagabondul brazilian": cel mai veninos păianjen din lume, 19 martie 2012, Nicu Pârlog, Descoperă''

Ctenidae
Păianjeni veninoși

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership
About MIBTP
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Understanding the Rules of Life
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Neuroscience and Behaviour 2022-23
Reinforcement Learning in the Brain and Behaviour
Primary Supervisor: Professor Elliot Ludvig, Department of Psychology
Secondary supervisors: Emmanouil Konstantinidis
PhD project title: Reinforcement Learning in the Brain and Behaviour
University of Registration: University of Warwick
Project outline:
Humans and other animals are very efficient at learning from rewards in their environment and choosing accordingly. A popular approach for understanding how creature make such reward-based decisions is Reinforcement Learning (RL), a formalism from computer science that has been used to create artificially intelligent agents that have proven remarkably successfully at games, such as Chess or Go, and real-world problems, like navigation and protein folding.
RL models learn through trial and error. In animals, this error term is thought to be encoded by dopamine neurons, which project widely through the brain. Through this error signal, animals can learn the values of different options and outcomes, which are then encoded in the striatum and several areas of the frontal cortex. These RL models are particularly effective at predicting reward-based behaviours, including the time course of associative learning, the transition from goal-directed to habitual behaviour, and exploration during probabilistic reward learning (e.g., Miller et al., 2019).
This project will look to apply some of the newest developments in RL as a way of understanding new aspects of human decision-making. For example, in distributional RL, animals learn about the full distribution of possible outcomes, instead of simply the average value. The dopamine system does indeed seem to encode a variety of prediction errors that span the expected distribution (Dabney et al., 2020). The full implications of such a distributional code, however, for human behaviour has not been assessed. Another potential angle is recent work enhancing RL models with episodic memories—such models allow individual instances of past outcomes to greatly influence ongoing behaviour.
On the behavioural side, most work examining human decision-making focuses on the situation where people are explicitly told about the possible odds, outcomes, and delays for the rewarding options. When people learn from experience about the rewarding options, as an RL model would, their behaviour often differs substantially from when they are told explicitly. For example, in experience, when making risky choices, people are less sensitive to rare events, but more sensitive to extreme outcomes (e.g., Madan et al., 2019; Wulff et al., 2018). This fundamental gap between choosing based on described outcomes or personal experience has thus far eluded explanation with RL models.
This project will entail computational modelling, including the simulation of existing RL models, fitting those models to behavioural and neural data (from human or other animals), creating and refining new RL models, and potentially creating and running behavioural experiments with human participants to test those models. The exact set of behaviours in question will be driven by student interest, but recent work in the lab has focused on modelling habits, curiosity, exploration, and memory-based choice.
Dabney, W., Kurth-Nelson, Z., Uchida, N. et al. (2020) A distributional code for value in dopamine-based reinforcement learning. Nature, 577, 671–675.
Madan, C. R., Ludvig, E. A., & Spetch, M. L. (2019). Comparative inspiration: From puzzles with pigeons to novel discoveries with humans in risky choice. Behavioural Processes, 160, 10-19.
Miller, K., Shenhav, A., & Ludvig, E. A. (2019). Habits without values. Psychological Review, 126, 292-311.
Wulff, D. U., Mergenthaler-Canseco, M., & Hertwig, R. (2018). A meta-analytic review of two modes of learning and the description-experience gap. Psychological Bulletin, 144(2), 140.
BBSRC Strategic Research Priority: Understanding the Rules of Life: Neuroscience and behaviour
Techniques that will be undertaken during the project:
Behavioural Testing with Humans
Developing and Coding Behavioural Experiments
Statistical analysis of behavioural data
Contact: Professor Elliot Ludvig, University of Warwick
email: MIBTP@warwick.ac.uk
External: +44 (0)2476 528243
Page contact: Kerry Davies
Last revised: Mon 17 Oct 2022


Aspiring shooters are taught how a submachine gun works.
Dr. Ignatius Piazza is creating a "Disneyland" for weapons fans near Las Vegas.
Dr. Ignatius Piazza, has recognized the need for such training and has established the Front Sight Firearms Training Institute. Dr Piazza confidently states that "We are a part of the solution to gun violence." Dr. Piazza is a man with vision. He has invested approximately10 years and millions of dollars, with which he is looking to create "the most secure residential estate in the world" - located amongst the shooting stands and simulators, and covers an area larger than two million square meters (~500 acres). It will be a "Disneyland" for weapon fans, a city for shooters, which will provide a combination of the utmost in modern creature comfort with a meaningful activity. Essentially, this means shooting and being prepared for those that can shoot. It is expected that this gigantic project of over 25 million dollars will be under construction until the end of the year 2002. Nevertheless, it is already possible to shoot here. Today, a free introductory course is taking place.
Ordinary family men travel to the desert to learn how to shoot submachine guns.
Dr. Piazza is standing under a provisional white tent, wearing a military uniform and clasping his hands behind his back. In a soft voice, he describes the various levels of shooting competence. The lowest level contains the" unconsciously incompetent", meaning those that are unaware that they know nothing. In a "duel" with such a person, you would only have a chance of survival if your opponent were to possess a still greater level of unconscious incompetence. Survival chances are far better once the third level- which the doctor refers to as "conscious competence" - has been reached. However, one should aspire to achieve the level of "unconscious competence". At this level, all procedures become fully automatic. "What you have learned here, you will take home with you."
Course participants wear safety glasses to protect them from flying cartridge shells.
When he starts to cover general safety information, the course participants begin to look as if someone in an airplane were explaining the use of life jackets. Dr. Piazza explains that there can be serious problems if the finger remains on the trigger when it should not be on the trigger. He goes on to explain "If you cover your leg with the muzzle of the submachine gun and inadvertently press the trigger, by the time you notice the pain from the first bullet and remove your finger from the trigger, you will already have five more in your leg". Over 3,500 people attended the free submachine gun course in 1999 with only a single safety incident which actually happened in this class when a student received a cut on his forehead from a piece of flying brass. Front Sight claims the finest safety record in the world.
Although there are only tents there now, an entire city will be built on more than two million square meters of land.
Later in the training, six instructors "with a military background" take over the group. One explains that the goal is "To stop the individual". Efficiently "immobilizing the opponent" means that the bullets have reached the target chest or headarea in a sufficient density. The trainer explains that only in exceptional cases is it allowed to shoot the opponent in the head. The instructors also note it is generally bad if you hear the shots of your opponent first. The say, "In a gun fight, it is better to give than to receive. Andit is better to give first!"
Course participants line up on the yellow firing line. They begin with learning to clear the weapon.
The yellow line is the firing line. Standing at a 30degree angle: the magazine in the left outside pants pocket, the knees are slightly bent, the silencer is slipped on with the left security hand, the chamber is checked, felt along with the finger, the magazine is inserted, the safety is released, elbows firmly pressed to the body, steel against the cheek, intercept recoil with the stance, quick check, left, right, back to the target ("What is the wounded opponent doing?").
In the only safety incident in 1999, one of the most ambitious course participants received a cut in the forehead due to apiece of flying brass cartridge that made an impressive wound above his safety glasses. Dr. Piazza explains the wound will simply be sewn up with a couple of stitches. The student and the rest of the group remain in a good mood as the next rounds were already being fired into the "criminal" targets.
This course participant hits the marked chest area with almost every shot on a single, full-auto burst from an entire magazine.
By evening, most of the participants saw a significant increase in the number of hits. The Japanese participant was glad that he was shooting much denser than a month ago. Only the German journalist, who was apprehensive almost the entire time, was politely reprimanded because he continued to shred legs, while he was being asked to aim for the chest area.
As the final exercise, all participants are allowed to fire an entire 25 round magazine with one press of the trigger. Many of the students are able to keep all of their shots within the chest in one burst of full-automatic fire. Students leave the course enthusiastically talking about when they will return for another course at Front Sight.


Among some of the things I have found in some my old writings were a couple of driving lessons that I wrote about driving in Venezuela. When we lived there, my work involved driving to many parts of the country to work in training centers. I enjoyed that work and I enjoyed driving all over that beautiful country.
I want it to be please understood that in saying some of the things that I do below, in no way am I belittling the country or the people. Among all the countries in which we have lived, we loved living in Venezuela perhaps more than any other.
In fact, some of the things that I write here (and in lesson #2) are some of the very reasons that we loved living there.
Most cars in Venezuela have two turn signals in the back as do cars in most countries of the world, but I am not sure why. In Venezuela, the left turn signal is used often and for many purposes, but the right one is used very little. After having driven thousands of kilometers over most of the country of Venezuela, it is the exception when I have seen the right signal used in the correct way; at least, what I would call the correct way – to signal a right-handed turn.
Almost all of the signaling on the roads of that country is done by the left turn signal, or by the left arm out of the window. I have concluded that the most practical use for the right turn signal is so that there is as a place to store the spare bulb, reserved for when the one on the left side burns out. And when that spare one burns out…well…use the arm.
Discerning the intentions of the car in front of you is a skill that can only be acquired with practice. It is not so simple as knowing the correct use of the traffic code and assuming that so does the other driver. Strict adherence to regulations, while efficient, is a little impersonal. But a waving and signaling arm out the window – now there is personality. Driving in Venezuela requires more than knowing the traffic code. It also requires knowing that few other drivers either know or bother to follow the traffic code. You must learn to divine (that's the word they use there) the intention of the other driver.
This is especially important when it comes to the use of the left turn indicator signal. It might be understandable how one could express personality in communication with movements of the left arm out of the window, but a little less clear how the left turn signal can express personality. After all, in my driver's education class we were taught that the left turn light only meant one thing – the driver's intention to make a left turn. That is fine when the signal light is used only for that purpose, but in Venezuela, the left light is used for one of several purposes. It is up to you to divine what the driver in front of you is trying to tell you.
following. The left turn signal of a bus does not mean the same thing as the left turn signal of a truck. If you are following a bus on a highway, the left-turn light most likely means that the driver is about to stop to drop off or pick up passengers. He does not pull over to the side, but merely stops in the traffic lane.
If you are following a truck however (they call them gondolas there), the light means a completely different thing. Being stuck behind a slow moving 22 wheeler (these are the trucks that come out of Colombia) on a curvy mountain road can be very trying. You look for any opportunity to pass, but with all the curves and five hundred-foot cliffs, it is often difficult to find a place where you can do this safely. So you follow the big gondola, peering around corners to see if there is anything coming. Then suddenly, the left turn signal of the gondola comes on. What does it mean? Is the truck going to make a left turn?
Probably what the truck driver is trying to tell you is that the lane ahead is clear and that you can pass. He is sitting fifty feet ahead of you, can see around the corner and is trying to help you out. But you can never be 100% sure, so you are left to divine what he is saying. You are also trusting your decision to pass this truck (it might be a life or death decision) into the hands of a complete stranger.
Sometimes, in passing a truck who has given me the "all's clear" signal, I have looked up to see the driver in whom I have entrusted my life. If I would have known beforehand how he looked, I would have never passed. I think it would be good for all trucks to have a picture of the driver on the back so you can decide if he is trustworthy.
When it comes to cars or pickups, you usually do not have the advantage of divining the intentions of the driver in front of you by the type of vehicle that he is driving. In these cases, the type of vehicle tell relatively little about what the driver might be saying.
It can be a frightening thing when you see the left turn signal come on in front of you, because you have no idea what the driver is going to do. He might mean that he is making a right-handed turn. He might want to say that he is slowing down. Or it might mean that he accidentally bumped the turn signal lever and doesn't realize (or doesn't care) that his signal is on.
It is true that the left turn signal is sometimes used for making a left turn, but a left turn is not usually made in the conventional way. We were taught in driver's ed. that in making a left-handed turn, the driver puts on the left signal and stays in the left-most lane until it is safe to make the turn. On busier intersections, there is an extra lane sometimes provided so traffic behind can continue by passing on the right.
Well… in Venezuela there is seldom an extra lane provided, but sometimes you might be able to carefully find room on the right to get around. But depending upon the personality of the driver in front, left turns are made in one of a few different ways.
Sometimes it may be made in the conventional way, but just as often, the driver pulls as far to the right as he is able, and stops; all the time with his left signal blinking. What is he intending to do? Is he simply stopped? Does he know that his left signal is on?
More than likely what he is trying to tell you is that he is allowing you to go past before he makes his left turn. He is actually being courteous, but rarely can you be sure. I have misinterpreted this before and as I pulled around to pass, have the driver ahead suddenly pull out and start his turn in front of me.
One might think that the left arm is a little easier to read. A signal light simply blinks and nothing more, but an arm can wave and indicate in many different ways. One might assume that this would simplify things, but that is a dangerous assumption.
There are some general arm movements that seem to usually mean the same thing. A left arm straight out the driver's window making downward movements with the palm down usually means he is slowing down. Probably there is an accident or a broken down truck ahead. The same signal is transmitted by other drivers back through the line of traffic and you are expected to do the same.
A left arm making waving movements from rear to front usually means that the driver in front of you is telling you to pass, for whatever reason. Maybe he is tired of your tailgating.
Of course, there are also the arm movements that seem to be universal around the world. Sometimes these gestures are made with a single finger. I will not describe the gestures, but the driver usually seems to be indicating that he believes that you have made an error in your driving judgment.
Oh ... maybe he would put it in a little stronger terms.
he was making a right turn? It appeared so, because he pulled over far to the right side. But no, it can not be so simple. He suddenly swerved to the left and crossed the lane to turn left into a tavern.
In all fairness, maybe he did at first intend to turn right, but when he saw the bar, he changed his mind.
The good thing about driving in Venezuela is that the driver seldom gets sleepy (nor any of the passengers). Driving simply is too interesting. It is a conversation that is constantly taking place between people individually enclosed in their own ton of steel. In some manner, from within these metal encasements with their substantial limitations, you have to learn to make yourself understood and to understand the intentions of the other drivers. Many times, there is little to go on, which is why "divining" the intentions of the others is probably better than saying "understanding".
There are also reactionary skills one learns to develop by driving in Venezuela. I have developed a very important coordinated skill, which involves the simultaneous movement of my right hand and right foot. It is a skill that must be done by learned reaction so well that it becomes automatic, since there is seldom time to think about what you are doing.
This is the movement: the right foot quickly hits the brake and the right hand automatically and just as quickly hits the horn button. The squeal of the brakes should be accompanied by a loud blast of the horn.
In blowing my horn, my intention is not to be rude. I simply want to stay alive!
I hope the other driver can divine that.


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Our network of LayerZero-certified Customer Service Engineers are strategically located nationwide to help perform emergency service as well as regularly scheduled preventive maintenance on your LayerZero products. We are available at a moments notice to help answer any questions you may have regarding any of our product lines.


On my virtual airline, we use VAFS5. Unfortunetly, during the climb or crz phase, i have the "Excessive Gforce " tag on my VAFS5 due to high wind variations.... I put my settings on "smooth" but it is the same.
If you have any issue to solve my problem.... Maybe you can tell me what settings are you using to have smooth transition.
I have also a registered fsuipc.
Set your Destination, Max Cruise Altitude and enable Adjust Options Automatically. If your system has wind shifts enable the Adjust Sim Friendly Options, if your system has severe wind shifts then enable the Use Maximum Stabilisation option too.
If, and only if, your system still experiences 'major' wind shifts during the cruise then you can also set the Stabilised GRIB Data option, but most systems will not need this option. It is included for the few that do. Long haul flyers experiencing severe wind shifts should also set the update frequency to 1440 minutes and 480km and select the Dynamic Weather Theme size (Weather dialog) to Maximum Size to minimise weather updates.
Thanks a lot for your quick answer. Very appreciate.
Hope you can help me on that matter.
Please refer to our FSX Wind Shifts bug SimForums topic. If your shifts are only recorded in some monitoring package then there is nothing that can be done about that apart from rewriting the FSX code. The FSX wind shift bug will always occur when RW weather is injected into the sim because the weather in varied and detailed. Only by using static or global weather can these problems be bypassed. FSX will always recalculate its ambient conditions whenever the weather changes, no matter how small that change. On the vast majority of system this does not cause any major problem, we do not suffer any wind shifts. But monitoring packages or Addons that rely on instant data from FSX will always register the shift.
Your options are already set to maximum stabilisation. If you are using Release Version 3.1 then try also setting the Stabilised GRIB Data option in the downloads dialog. That's about all I can suggest to minimise the effect of the FSX bug.
Unless these wind shifts are causing actual major problems with the aircraft's flight I wouldn't worry about them. This very rarely happens on systems.
If all that is happening is that you are recording over speeds or excessive g force then nothing can be done about that. No one can stop the FSX wind shift bug causing fleeting errors in the calculated ambient winds.
Thank you for your quick answer. Yes, my wind shifts are only recorded in some monitoring package so i will check the correct settings onthe FSX Wind Shifts bug SimForums topic.
Thanks again and thank you also for your great add-on !!!
You already have the correct settings. Please read the SimForums topic but there is nothing that you can do to stop the 'fleeting' erroneous data being calculated by FSX, its always done this when any weather changes are injected. But do read our FSX Wind Shifts sticky topic. You system is not really experiencing any problems though, your aircraft is not misbehaving, just the recording package is logging the 'known' momentary erroneous data produced by the internal FSX bugs, that is all.


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(-) James Webb (3)
Prelude to Tragedy
Vietnam, 1960-1965
Edited by Harvey C. Neese and John O'Donnell; Foreword by Richard Holebrooke
Foreword by Richard Holbrooke
Five American and three Vietnamese participants in the early days of U.S. involvement in southeast Asia compellingly argue that the failure of American policy in Vietnam was not inevitable. The common theme of their individual essays suggests that the war in Vietnam might have had a much different—and far less tragic—outcome if U.S. policy makers had ...
The Co-Vans
U.S. Marine Advisors in Vietnam
By John Grider Miller
Foreword by Edwin Howard Simmons
Depending upon where and when they served, Americans had vastly different experiences in the Vietnam War. Among the more unique experiences were those of the advisors who worked closely with their Vietnamese counterparts, sharing the dangers, privations, local politics, tactical victories, and ultimate defeat as part of the long saga of the Vietnam War. U.S ...
A Country Such As This
By James Webb
The innocence the 1950s and turbulence of the 1960s and 70s--years when America reached out and touched the heavens, only to be torn apart by internal conflict and a war in Southeast Asia--provide a dramatic setting for this unforgettable story of three men and the women they love carving a place for themselves in a society where the rules keep ...
Sense of Honor
A fascinating portrayal of a gung-ho first classman's campaign to shepherd an unprepared plebe through the Academy's complex and unforgiving ethos. It stands as a testament to those whose devotion to duty, honor, and country is only strengthened by their willingness to question it.
Bridge at Dong Ha
This is the true story of the legendary Vietnam War hero John Ripley, who braved intense enemy fire to destroy a strategic bridge and stall a major North Vietnamese invasion into the South in April 1972. Told by a fellow Marine, the account lays bare Ripley's innermost thoughts as he rigged 500 pounds of explosives by hand-walking the beams beneath ...
Fields of Fire
Hailed as the most important novel to emerge from the Vietnam War when first published in 1978, this book launched a spectacular writing career for James Webb that now includes four bestselling novels. A much-decorated former Marine who fought and was wounded in Vietnam, Webb tells the story of a platoon of tough, young Marines enduring the tropical hell of ...


Maker is Sunbeam Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. All patents are held by assignors to Chicago Flexible Shaft Co., founded in the early 1890s by John K. Stewart and Thomas J. Clark, primarily manufacturing mechanical horse clippers and sheep shearers. In 1946 Chicago Flexible Shaft Co. became Sunbeam Corporation.
I have two Sunbeam model T20 toasters. They were manufactured in 1957. They are both still in working order. They are the best appliance in have ever owned. I will never give them up. It is really neat to find that they are in the Smithsonian. Very interesting.


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Eupelmus hyalinipennis is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie Eupelmidae. De wetenschappelijke naam is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1884 door Cameron.

Eupelmidae


These shocking pictures show a 22-year-old woman lying in agony on the floor of A&E for more than FIVE HOURS because of the NHS crisis.
Kyra Dew was rushed to hospital after she collapsed at home but was told she would have to wait for a bed to become available.
Kyra, who suffers with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), was struck down following complications from an operation last month.
While recovering at home in Leominster, Herefordshire, she started suffering stabbing pains on January 10 and her mum Sandra drove her to Hereford County Hospital.
A woman was left to lay on a hospital floor in anguish for several hours due to a bed shortage.
She was given oral morphine in A&E at 2pm, but by 3.30pm, Kyra's pain had become unbearable.
A bed was still not free so she was forced to lie on the floor of the waiting room area with a coat as a makeshift pillow and a hospital blanket draped over her.
She was eventually moved onto a ward at 7.15pm – more than five hours after she first arrived at A&E.
Kyra's mother Sandra, 59, said: "When Kyra starts suffering pain she shakes with pain.
"There was no beds or trollies so she could only lie down on the floor and the receptionist got some bedding and coats and made her comfortable.
"Unfortunately due to getting used to the Tramadol and oral morphine, A&E is the only option most months.
"The staff were brilliant and were running around like mad.
"The closure of the Asda Walk-in centre meant that people were coming into A&E with cut fingers and bruises on their heads when before they would have gone elsewhere to get assessed.
"When a doctor came to see her there were other buzzers going off and he was working after his shift had finished. I do feel for the staff as this is down to the Government cut-backs.
"They simply don't have the resources to cope. Seeing Kyra forced to lie on the floor of A&E for hours was heart-breaking.
"I wished we'd stayed at home but we didn't have the painkillers for her so had to come to hospital.
Last summer Kyra was placed on an NHS waiting list for laser surgery to treat her condition and endometriosis which had been causing her pain for several years.
But due to a long operation waiting list the NHS finally sent her to St Joseph's private hospital, in Newport in December.
But while she was recovering she collapsed. Following a scan, she was discharged the next day.
A spokesman for Hereford County Hospital said: "Unfortunately, our Emergency Department was experiencing high demand at this time. Wye Vally NHS Trust has experienced unprecedented pressure on its services in recent weeks. This pressure is unrelenting.
"These winter pressures have been well documented in the media and, like other NHS Trusts, WVT has plans to help it cope with these extra demands on its services.
"Patients are triaged within the Emergency Department to ensure they are seen and treated according to their clinical need.
Kyra Dew, on the bed when one was made available.
"In a country with many older people we see many very sick, elderly and frail patients who need to be prioritised and treated urgently. This can lead to less serious patient waiting longer for treatment.
"We apologies to those patients who have had to wait longer than they have expected. While we can't comment on individual patients, it would be true to say that we are committed to ensuring that every patient who comes through our doors receives the best possible care we can give them.


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Stage Right is a theatre company located in the Fox Chapel area of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  Established in the mid-1960s, the theatre has staged productions of contemporary plays such as Alan Ayckbourn's Absurd Person Singular, Ken Ludwig's Leading Ladies, Paul Rudnick's I Hate Hamlet, and Yasmina Reza's 'Art'.  Stage Right's productions are held in the Boyd Community Center in O'Hara Township and utilizes local actors from Pittsburgh's theatre scene.  The company has also produced plays in conjunction with the Pittsburgh New Works Festival.

See also
Theatre in Pittsburgh

References

Theatre companies in Pittsburgh


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Social Media is the Message
by Ashley Wolf
in Platforms & Tools, Social Media at Duke, Tips & Resources, Twitter
Fifty-six years ago, scholar Marshall McLuhan published "Understanding Media," and 14 years ago I was assigned to read it as part of an undergraduate elective course, "Media, Culture and Society." Clocking in at over 500 pages, McLuhan's seminal work is a bit of a doorstop, but the text's best-known phrase — "The medium is the message" — is one I haven't forgotten. Even though McLuhan's theory predates the digital age, his work still provides perspective on new communication platforms such as social media.
What McLuhan meant by this expression was that the actual content (i.e. this blog post) is beholden to the medium through which it's being delivered (i.e. the computer or smartphone on which you're currently reading). That is, the technology delivering the message (i.e. your printing presses, TVS, radios, websites, so forth and so on) inherently change how we communicate and, in so doing, alter or even supersede the message.
One of the most famous historical examples is the 1960 Richard Nixon/John F. Kennedy debate. TV audiences thought the good-looking JFK emerged victorious, while radio listeners believed Nixon to be the victor. (Some even go so far as to state that Kennedy would never have been president without the medium of television.) Same content, but what people thought had happened was very different depending on the medium they were using.
A more recent example is the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical CATS, whose stage version featuring elaborate costumes and much-lauded choreography appealed to millions for years, while its CGI-laden cinematic counterpart, well, didn't.
Back to the matter at hand, all this is to say that the way your audience interprets, understands and engages with your content is influenced heavily by the platform you're using and how you're using it. From Facebook's live video to Instagram's filters to Twitter's character limit, it's important to look at each platform as a unique opportunity when crafting a story and to use each platform's unique parameters to help shape your message. The rest of this blog series will examine how the technology behind each social media platform influences the way its users interpret its messages.
So what does this mean for communicators? First, anyone using Twitter has to adjust to the way they think about their use of language due to the character limit. This functionality has a direct impact on vocabulary, grammar and the complexity of the communication. Also, please be advised that navigating the brevity of Twitter lingo does take practice in the actual medium. Re-using website text just isn't going to cut it.
Part I | Twitter
About Ashley Wolf
Currently the social media manager at Duke, Ashley Wolf joined the university in 2009. After nine years as a Sports Information Director in the Athletics department, she joined the University Communications team in 2018 where she is responsible for planning, implementing and monitoring Duke's social media presence.
View all posts by Ashley Wolf →
Why WeChat Matters for Universities


At a time when major budget cuts to the EPA are being considered, it's especially pertinent to look back on the history of the American Conservation Movement and think about what institutions like the EPA seek to protect — our lives, our nation's ecosystems, and the planet are at stake.
In partnership with The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, Corbin Hill Food Project, and Black Widow Termite & Pest Control Corp, WE ACT will host the Earth Day Book Talk on "Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection" with Dr. Dorceta Taylor who will present her new book The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection.
Dr. Taylor will speak on how race, class, and gender has influenced the environmental conservation movement, and how the movement has benefited from contributions by poor and working class people, people of color, women, and indigenous people.
Dr. Taylor is James E. Crowfoot Collegiate Chair, Director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and Professor of Environmental Sociology at the University of Michigan.


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THE SALVATION ARMY IN THE BODY OF CHRIST
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The Calling of Officership
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Bitter cold heralds need for blankets, hot food
Monday, 10th June 2013 I For immediate release
Winter for many South Africans means burrowing down in the warmth of home, snuggling up in soft clothes and sipping hot soup.
But for the many homeless people who trudge the streets of our cities and towns by day and sleep on its pavements by night, winter is a desperate struggle to keep the bitter cold of the season at bay. The Salvation Army provides help to homeless people through soup kitchens, shelters and handing out blankets and warm clothing.
Every winter, the organisation receives thousands of appeals for assistance to ward off the cold. This year, it has again appealed for the generous support of the public to assist the needy through its many social outreach programmes. Major Carin Holmes, Public Relations Secretary for The Salvation Army, says: "Sharing with those who have far less than we do is a real blessing. We invite all South Africans who enjoy the comfort of a home, however humble, to become partners with us in meeting some of the needs of homeless people, and in so doing, experience the joy that comes with sharing."
The Salvation Army provides approximately half a million meals to people in need every year. In winter, the Church hands out over 100 000 blankets annually, while fifteen shelters around South Africa provide sanctuary to up to 5 000 people at any one time. Members of the public can assist by donating blankets or warm clothing, which they can take to their local corps (church) or divisional headquarters in their region. Alternatively, the public can contribute financially by sending an SMS with the word BLANKET to 42290 to donate R30 towards this cause.
The Southern Africa Territory of The Salvation Army encompasses four countries – South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland – and the island of St Helena. Its officers, soldiers and full-time employees provide their spiritual and community services through approximately 230 corps (churches), societies and outposts, as well as through schools, hospitals, institutions for children, street children, the elderly, men and abused women, and daycare, goodwill, rehabilitation and social centres.
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Click here to e-mail Ruth
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Click here to e-mail Carin
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https://www.whatsonwestsuffolk.co.uk/parks/abbey-gardens/index.cfm
34 Abbeygate St, Bury Saint Edmunds IP33 1LW, UK
parks@westsuffolk.gov.uk
About Abbey Gardens
The Abbey Gardens, in the heart of Bury St Edmunds, is the perfect spot for enjoying peace and quiet whilst watching the world go by. FREE entry.
The award-winning 14-acre Abbey Gardens is on the site of the former Benedictine Abbey, the Abbey of St Edmund, once one of the richest, largest and most powerful Benedictine monasteries in England. People came from all over England and further afield to visit the Shrine of St Edmund and it became one of the most famous and wealthy pilgrimage locations in England, visited by royalty.
Internationally renowned for its colourful and attractive displays and the heritage of its backdrop make the gardens a very special place to visit and visitors come from all over the world to see it. According to VisitEngland, the Abbey Gardens and ruins in Bury St Edmunds is the fifth most visited free attraction in England!
The gardens are framed by the abbey wall that runs from the 13th century Abbot's Bridge via the imposing Abbey Gate to St Edmundsbury Cathedral.
It is not hard to understand why the Abbey Gardens have won the prestigious Green Flag Award on numerous occasions, it is a stunning venue for the many and varied cultural events which take place in Bury St Edmunds including the annual Bury St Edmunds Festival.
Created in 1831 by Nathaniel Hodson, the Abbey Gardens was originally a botanic garden laid out in the same style as the Royal Botanic Gardens in Brussels. In 1936 the concentric circles were replaced by the sixty-four island beds which, together with illuminations, formed part of the Coronation celebrations for George VI in 1937.
Today, approximately 20,000 plants are bedded out in the spring for the summer display plus 12,000 plants and 20,000 bulbs in the autumn for the spring display.
Ruins of the Abbey of St Edmund
In 903 the remains of Saint Edmund, the original the Patron Saint of England, were moved to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Beodericsworth (later known as Bury St Edmunds) where the site had already been in religious use for nearly three centuries.
St Edmund's body was moved to London in 1010 for safe keeping when The Danes were again marauding through East Anglia but three years later his body was returned to Beodericsworth.
In 1020, King Canute had a stone church built for Edmund's body and the first abbots arrived. This was the beginning of the Abbey of St Edmund and it became a site of great pilgrimage as people from all over Europe came to visit St Edmund's shrine.
It was Abbot Baldwin who embarked on a building programme to create the great Abbey Church that was to last well over 100 years. Work started on the Church in 1081 and it was consecrated in 1095. Its final total length was 505 feet (154 metres) and the majestic West Front 246 feet (75 metres).
The Abbey remains are extensive and include the complete 14th century Abbey Gate and Norman Tower, as well as the impressive ruins and altered west front of the immense church, St Mary's Church and parts of St Edmundsbury Cathedral.
Wildflower Labyrinth - near the children's play area is a beautiful wildflower labyrinth, which is not only attractive to the local wildlife but provides a stunning foreground for photos of the Abbey Ruins and Cathedral!
Pilgrim's Herb Garden - the garden features many traditional medicinal plants believed to cure most ills and also ward off evil spirits. It was inspired by a now famous manuscript written at the Abbey in the 13th century which is housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
Appleby Rose Garden - originally an orchard, this is now a beautiful and established rose garden with over 400 rose bushes. The rose garden is named after John Appleby, an American serviceman who served with the 487th Bomb Group in Lavenham. A bench made from the wing of an American 'Flying Fortress Bomber' and a memorial stone pays tribute to the many US servicemen and women stationed in Suffolk.
Sensory garden - The Abbey Gardens first 'Blind Garden' was built in 1990 and was designed to provide interest for the visually impaired through scented plants and herbs. The pergola is designed to give the effect of a cloister where the monks would have walked in days gone by.
The Garden of Reflection - the garden commemorates the murder of 57 Jews in Bury St Edmunds on Palm Sunday, 19 March 1190 and all victims of genocide. The centre piece of the Peace Garden is a 1.5 metre tall teardrop, it also includes 57 cobble stones - one for each of the victims of the 1190 massacre.
The riverside - the beautiful River Lark runs along the eastern side of the Abbey Gardens and provides a picturesque walk whatever the season. The Abbey historically used the river as a power supply and trading route.
Abbey Gardens Sundial Fountain - This Victorian drinking fountain, with sundial cube on the top, was gifted to the people of Bury St Edmunds in 1871 by the 3rd Marquess of Bristol. The Abbey Gardens sundial is an extremely early example - quite possibly the earliest in the country - of a sundial that allowed the town clocks to be set to GMT rather than the local mean time.
The Aviary - The Abbey Gardens has varieties of birds include canaries, budgies, teal ducks, Bengalis and Zebra finches and diamond doves.
Water garden - Tranquil and calming, the water garden is a relaxing place to enjoy some shade on sunny summer days.
Charter of Liberties Commemorative plaques - Two commemorative plaques erected in 1849 on the ruined piers of the crossing of the Abbey Church to mark the spot where on St Edmund's Day (November 20th) 1214, a group of barons swore an oath at St Edmund's Altar to compel King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, a proclamation of Henry I. This act led directly to the Great Charter or the Magna Carta, agreed at Runnymede on June 15 1215.
Our Liberty Memorial - The 'Our Liberty' memorial, designed by Suffolk artist Nigel Kaines, in the Abbey Gardens includes the spears and banners of the barons who met in Bury St Edmunds in 1214, with bronze scrollwork displaying shields carrying the important commemorative events. The design is supported on original stone from the Abbey – stones which might have been witness to the arrival of the barons all those years ago.
The Legend of St Edmund Book - A wonderful oak book by Den Humphrey inscribed with the legend of St Edmund and the wolf can be found in the Abbey Gardens by the café.
The world's first Internet bench - Is right here in Bury St Edmunds on the right as you pass through the Abbey Gate. Installed in 2001 by Microsoft, the computer giant chose the town for the pilot scheme from hundreds of applications made by local authorities around the UK.
Other facilities:
The Garden Cafe
Crazy golf - available from April to October. Charges: £1.50 per person, per game (plus £1 deposit).
Wildlife feeding area - near the dovecote, past the children's play area and over the bridge. Please only feed the local wildlife near the dovecote as this will encourage them to stay close to it.
For bookings and equipment hire please contact the park keeper on 01284 757490, or visit the Abbey Gardens shop.
Garden opening times
Entry to the gardens is FREE.
Opens Monday to Saturday 7.30am, Sunday 9am
The closing times for the gates are given as a guide: November to February 4.30pm, March to May and October 6pm and 7.30pm to 8pm from June to September.
Download the Abbey Gardens Guide now.
1000 years since the founding of the Abbey of St Edmund will be marked with a year of celebrations in 2022. Find out more with our 'Abbey of St Edmund 1000 Guide!'
Abbey of St Edmunds 1000 Year Celebrations
Abbey 1000 Sculpture Exhibition
The Abbey Crypt, The Abbey Gardens, Mustow Street, Bury St Edmunds Suffolk IP33 1X
Bury St Edmunds Nearly Festival 2022
Abbey Gardens, Bury St Edmunds
Abbey 1000 Schools Celebration
Picnic in the Park
The Abbey Gardens, 22 Mustow St, Bury St Edmunds IP33 1XL
St Edmund's Day Weekend Spectacle of Light
Top 'Must Dos' in Bury St Edmunds
Discover Bury St Edmunds' incredible heritage, elegant architecture, open spaces and a wealth of entertainment. ...
Discover the Story of Saint Edmund
Bury St Edmunds takes its name from King Edmund, the original Patron Saint of England...
Bury St Edmunds Guildhall
The Guildhall, Guildhall Street, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 1PY
Covid-19: Bury St Edmunds Guildhall is currently closed but open for
Bury St Edmunds Leisure Centre
Beetons Way, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 3TT
You don't have to put a hold on your fitness
Bury St Edmunds Tours
Tourist Information Centre, The Apex, 1 Charter Square, Bury St Edmunds IP33 3FD
Secrets, stories and scandals are yours for the asking on
Chelmer Fine Art
16 The Traverse Bury Saint Edmunds IP33 1BJ
Chelmer Fine Art was established in early 1999 by the
Parkway, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 3BA
Cineworld is committed to offering its customers a very broad
Clare Ancient House Museum
Clare Ancient House Museum, 26 High Street, Clare, Suffolk CO10 8NY
Covid-19 update: Visiting in 2021 will be by appointment only, during
Clare Castle Country Park Trust
Clare Castle Country Park, Clare, Sudbury CO10 8NW
A bright and beautiful parkland area brimming with charm, from
Clare Town Trail
Clare Castle Country Park, Malting Lane, Clare, Sudbury CO10 8NW
A new self-guided outdoor trail to explore Clare, Suffolk's smallest town
CurveMotion
Lark Valley Business Park, Lamdin Road, Bury St Edmunds IP32 6LJ
Welcome to CurveMotion, a pioneering indoor interactive skate & soft
Discover Newmarket Tours
Discover Newmarket Palace House Palace Street Newmmarket CB8 8EP
Tours at the home of horse racing! From a morning


Brisbane: Former New Zealand captain Brendon McCullum has decided to retire from Big Bash League (BBL) after playing his last game on Friday to start the transition into a coaching career.
The 37-year-old explosive batsman and wicketkeeper, who retired from international cricket in 2016, will play his last BBL match for out-of-title contention Brisbane Heat in their season-ending game against Melbourne Stars at the Gabba.
McCullum, who has been with Brisbane Heat since the BBL inaugural year of 2011, will not take up his contract option to return for next season.
The big-hitting New Zealander, who has belted 920 runs and five fifties in 34 matches for Brisbane Heat since making his debut, said he will continue to play T20 cricket in other countries this year.
"I will continue to play T20 cricket in 2019 in various competitions around the world and will then look to transition into a coaching career," McCullum said in a statement.
"The prospect of being able to transfer the skills, experience and leadership I have been lucky enough to bank over my long T20 and also international career into coaching is very exciting," said in the statement quoted by cricket.com.au.
He said he absolutely loved playing for the Heat and it was a privilege to captain the team.
"Being a part of the BBL has been a special part of my career. Having been there at the start, and then seeing it grow and evolve into one of the best T20 competitions in the world has been great to be part of," said McCullum.
"I think the BBL will get stronger and better from here too as everyone becomes more comfortable with the format and the clubs continue to be bold in their planning and preparations."
In an international career spanning 14 years (2002 to 2016), McCullum scored 6,453 runs from 101 Tests and 6,083 runs from 260 ODIs. He also played in 71 T20Is to score 2,140 runs.


Edinburgh Airport Airside is the name of a chemist's forming part of the Boots group. Its usual working times are: Monday 04:00 - 22:00, Tuesday 04:00 - 22:00, Wednesday 04:00 - 22:00, Thursday 04:00 - 22:00 and Friday 04:00 - 22:00, from Monday to Friday respectively. On Saturday and Sunday: Saturday 04:00 - 20:00 and Sunday 04:00 - 22:00. Chemist's location is Jubilee Road, Edinburgh, Midlothian, post code EH12 9DN. Its phone number is 01313350422. There are other towns located in the neighbourhood like Haymarket, Murrayfield, Corstorphine.


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Mario Arturo Mosquera Roa (Huépil, 27 de abril de 1929 - noviembre de 2010) fue un dirigente sindical y político del Partido Demócrata Cristiano.

Biografía
Nació el 27 de abril de 1929, en Huépil, comuna de Tucapel, Región del Biobío. Hijo de Pedro Pascual Mosquera Torre y María Eulogia Roa Rivera. Casado con Sara Lidia Campos Parra (con quien tuvo tres hijos) y en segundo matrimonio, con Elsa Villablanca Avello (con quien tuvo una hija).

Realizó sus estudios en la Escuela Industrial de Angol, donde obtuvo un grado de oficio.

Inició sus actividades políticas como presidente del Centro de Alumnos de la Escuela Industrial de Angol en 1947. Más tarde, integró la directiva del Sindicato Industrial de la Compañía de Acero del Pacífico, CAP y fue elegido secretario de la misma en el período 1960-1961. Siendo reelecto en el cargo por diez años.

En 1957 se integró al Partido Demócrata Cristiano donde ocupó la mayoría de los cargos, a excepción de la presidencia.

En las elecciones municipales de 1963 fue elegido regidor por Concepción.

En las elecciones parlamentarias de 1965 fue elegido diputado por la "Decimoséptima Agrupación Departamental Concepción, Tomé, Talcahuano, Coronel y Yumbel", período 1965-1969. Integró la Comisión Permanente de Vías y Obras Públicas.

En las elecciones parlamentarias de 1969 fue elegido diputado por la "Decimoséptima Agrupación Departamental Concepción, Tomé, Talcahuano, Coronel y Yumbel", período 1969-1973. Integró la Comisión Permanente de Obras Públicas y Transportes; y la de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, la que presidió.

No fue reelecto en las elecciones parlamentarias de 1973.

Falleció en noviembre de 2010 tras una larga enfermedad.

Historial electoral

Elecciones parlamentarias de 1973

 Elecciones parlamentarias de 1973 para la 17ª Agrupación Departamental de Concepción

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Tucapel
Diputados del XLV Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Diputados del XLVI Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Sindicalistas de Chile
Políticos demócrata-cristianos de Chile