text:
2010 Fire Code of NY
Chapter 1 Administration
201.2 Interchangeability
201.3 Terms Defined in Other Codes
201.4 Terms Not Defined
202 General Definitions
Chapter 3 General Precautions Against Fire
Chapter 4 Emergency Planning and Preparedness
Chapter 5 Fire Service Features
Chapter 6 Building Services and Systems
Chapter 7 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction
Chapter 8 Interior Finish' Decorative Materials and Furnishings
Chapter 11 Aviation Facilities
Chapter 12 Dry Cleaning
Chapter 13 Combustible Dust-Producing Operations
Chapter 14 Fire Safety During Construction and Demolition
Chapter 15 Flammable Finishes
Chapter 16 Fruit and Crop Ripening
Chapter 17 Fumigation and Thermal Insecticidal Fogging
Chapter 18 Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities
Chapter 19 Lumber Yards and Woodworking Facilities
Chapter 20 Manufacture of Organic Coatings
Chapter 21 Industrial Ovens
Chapter 22 Motor Fuel-Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages
Chapter 23 High-Piled Combustible Storage
Chapter 24 Tents' Canopies and Other Membrane Structures
Chapter 25 Tire Rebuilding and Tire Storage
Chapter 26 Welding and Other Hot Work
Chapter 27 Hazardous Materials-General Provisions
Chapter 28 Aerosols
Chapter 29 Combustible Fibers
Chapter 30 Compressed Gases
Chapter 31 Corrosive Materials
Chapter 32 Cryogenic Fluids
Chapter 33 Explosives and Fireworks
Chapter 34 Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Chapter 35 Flammable Gases
Chapter 36 Flammable Solids
Chapter 37 Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials
Chapter 38 Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Chapter 39 Organic Peroxides
Chapter 40 Oxidizers
Chapter 41 Pyrophoric Materials
Chapter 42 Pyroxylin (Cellulose Nitrate) Plastics
Chapter 43 Unstable (Reactive) Materials
Chapter 44 Water-Reactive Solids and Liquids
Appendix A Reserved
Appendix B Reserved
Appendix C Reserved
Appendix D Fire Apparatus Access Roads
Appendix E Hazard Categories
Appendix F Reserved
Appendix G Cryogenic Fluids-Weight and Volume Equivalents
Appendix H Identification of Buildings Utilizing Truss and Type Construction
Section 201 General
Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this code, have the meanings shown in this chapter.
Words used in the present tense include the future; words stated in the masculine gender include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes the plural and the plural, the singular.
Where terms are not defined in this code and are defined in the Building Code of New York State, Fuel Gas Code of New York State, Mechanical Code of New York State or Plumbing Code of New York State, such terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them as in those codes.
Where terms are not defined through the methods authorized by this section, such terms shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, shall be considered as providing ordinarily accepted meanings.
Section 202 General Definitions
ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1. [B]
AEROSOL. See Section 2802.1.
Level 1 aerosol products. See Section 2802.1.
AEROSOL CONTAINER. See Section 2802.1.
AEROSOL WAREHOUSE. See Section 2802.1.
AGENT. A person who shall have charge, care or control of any structure as owner, or agent of the owner, or as executor, executrix, administrator, administratrix, trustee or guardian of the estate of the owner. Any such person representing the actual owner shall be bound to comply with the provisions of this code to the same extent as if that person was the owner.
AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE. See Section 2402.1.
AIRCRAFT OPERATION AREA (AOA). See Section 1102.1.
AIRPORT. See Section 1102.1.
AISLE. See Section 1002.
AISLE ACCESSWAY. See Section 1002.1. [B]
ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See Section 902.1.
ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.
ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE. See Section 902.1.
ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB. See Section 3402.1.
ALTERATION. Any construction or renovation to an existing structure other than a repair or addition. [EB]
ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE. See Section 1002.1. [B]
AMMONIUM NITRATE. See Section 3302.1.
ANNUNCIATOR. See Section 902.1.
APPROVED. Acceptable to the code enforcement official.
AREA OF REFUGE. See Section 1002.1. [B]
ARRAY. See Section 2302.1.
ARRAY, CLOSED. See Section 2302.1.
AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See Section 902.1.
AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION. The organization, office or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installation or a procedure.
AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1.
AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
AUTOMOTIVE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITY. See Section 2202.1.
AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL. See Section 902.1.
BARRICADE. See Section 3302.1.
Artificial barricade. See Section 3302.1.
Natural barricade. See Section 3302.1.
BARRICADED. See Section 3302.1.
BATTERY SYSTEM, STATIONARY LEAD ACID. See Section 602.1.
BATTERY TYPES. See Section 602.1.
Nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery. See Section 602.1.
Nonrecombinant battery. See Section 602.1.
Recombinant battery. See Section 602.1.
Stationary storage battery. See Section 602.1.
Valve-regulated lead-acid battery. See Section 602.1.
Vented (Flooded) lead-acid battery. See Section 602.1.
BED AND BREAKFAST DWELLING. Owner occupied one-family dwelling used for providing overnight accommodations and a morning meal to not more than 10 transient lodgers, containing at least three but not more than five bedrooms for such lodgers.
BIN BOX. See Section 2302.1.
BLAST AREA. See Section 3302.1.
BLAST SITE. See Section 3302.1.
BLASTER. See Section 3302.1.
BLASTING AGENT. See Section 3302.1.
BLEACHERS. See Section 1002.1. [B]
BOILING POINT. See Section 2702.1.
BONFIRE. See Section 302.1.
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU). The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 pound (0.454 kg) of water by 1°F (0.5565°C).
BULK OXYGEN SYSTEM. See Section 4002.1.
BULK PLANT OR TERMINAL. See Section 3402.1.
BULK TRANSFER. See Section 3402.1.
BULLET RESISTANT. See Section 3302.1.
CANOPY. See Section 2402.1.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
CARTON. A cardboard or fiberboard box enclosing a product.
CEILING LIMIT. See Section 2702.1.
CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY. A change in the purpose or level of activity within a building that involves a change in application of the requirements of this code. [EB]
CHEMICAL. See Section 2702.1.
CHEMICAL NAME. See Section 2702.1.
CLEAN AGENT. See Section 902.1.
CLOSED CONTAINER. See Section 2702.1.
CLOSED SYSTEM. The use of a solid or liquid hazardous material involving a closed vessel or system that remains closed during normal operations where vapors emitted by the product are not liberated outside of the vessel or system and the product is not exposed to the atmosphere during normal operations; and all uses of compressed gases. Examples of closed systems for solids and liquids include product conveyed through a piping system into a closed vessel, system or piece of equipment.
CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL. The officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of the code, or a duly authorized representative.
COLD DECK. See Section 1902.1.
COMBUSTIBLE DUST. See Section 1302.1.
COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. See Section 2902.1.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. See Section 3402.1.
Class II. See Section 3402.1.
Class IIIA. See Section 3402.1.
Class IIIB. See Section 3402.1.
COMMERCIAL COOKING APPLIANCES. See Section 602.1. [M]
COMMODITY. See Section 2302.1.
COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL. See Section 1002.1. [B]
COMPRESSED GAS. See Section 3002.1.
COMPRESSED GAS CONTAINER. See Section 3002.1.
COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEM. See Section 3002.1.
CONSTANTLY ATTENDED LOCATION. See Section 902.1.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. The written, graphic and pictorial documents prepared or assembled for describing the design, location and physical characteristics of the elements of the project necessary for obtaining a permit.
CONTAINER. See Section 2702.1.
CONTAINMENT SYSTEM. See Section 3702.1.
CONTAINMENT VESSEL. See Section 3702.1.
CONTINUOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM. See Section 1802.1.
CONTROL AREA. See Section 2702.1.
CORRIDOR. See Section 1002.1. [B]
COTTON. See Section 2902.1.
Baled cotton. See Section 2902.1.
Baled cotton, densely packed. See Section 2902.1.
Seed cotton. See Section 2902.1.
CORROSIVE. See Section 3102.1.
CRYOGENIC CONTAINER. See Section 3202.1.
CRYOGENIC FLUID. See Section 3202.1.
CRYOGENIC VESSEL. See Section 3202.1.
CYLINDER. See Section 2702.1.
DAY BOX. See Section 2702.1.
DECORATIVE MATERIALS. All materials applied over the building interior finish for decorative, acoustical or other effect (such as curtains, draperies, fabrics, streamers and surface coverings) and all other materials utilized for decorative effect (such as batting, cloth, cotton, hay, stalks, straw, vines, leaves, trees, moss and similar items), including foam plastics and materials containing foam plastics. Decorative materials do not include floor coverings, ordinary window shades, interior finish and materials 0.025 inch (0.64 mm) or less in thickness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a substrate.
DEFLAGRATION. See Section 2702.1.
DELUGE SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
DESIGN PRESSURE. See Section 2702.1.
DETACHED BUILDING. See Section 2702.1.
DETEARING. See Section 1502.1.
DETECTOR, HEAT. See Section 902.1.
DETONATING CORD. See Section 3302.1.
DETONATION. See Section 3302.1.
DETONATOR. See Section 3302.1.
DIP TANK. See Section 1502.1.
DISCHARGE SITE. See Section 3302.1.
DISPENSING. See Section 2702.1.
DISPENSING DEVICE, OVERHEAD TYPE. See Section 2202.1.
DISPLAY SITE. See Section 3302.1.
DOOR, BALANCED. See Section 1002.1. [B]
DRAFT CURTAIN. See Section 2302.1.
DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. See Section 902.1.
DRY CLEANING. See Section 1202.1.
DRY CLEANING PLANT. See Section 1202.1.
DRY CLEANING ROOM. See Section 1202.1.
DRY CLEANING SYSTEM. See Section 1202.1.
DWELLING UNIT. A single unit providing complete, independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and sanitation. [B]
EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST-RESPONSE (ESFR) SPRINKLER. See Section 2302.1.
EGRESS COURT. See Section 1002.1. [B]
ELECTROSTATIC FLUIDIZED BED. See Section 1502.1.
EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. See Section 1802.1.
EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILL. See Section 402.1.
EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE. A valve designed to shut off the flow of gases or liquids.
EXCESS FLOW CONTROL. See Section 2702.1.
EXCESS FLOW VALVE. See Section 3702.1.
EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. See Section 2702.1.
EXISTING. Buildings, facilities or conditions which are already in existence, constructed or officially authorized prior to the adoption of this code.
EXIT. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXIT ACCESS. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXIT DISCHARGE. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OF. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXIT ENCLOSURE. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXIT, HORIZONTAL. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXIT PASSAGEWAY. See Section 1002.1. [B]
EXPANDED PLASTIC. See Section 2302.1.
EXPLOSION. See Section 2702.1.
EXPLOSIVE. See Section 3302.1.
High Explosive. See Section 3302.1.
Low Explosive. See Section 3302.1.
Mass-detonating Explosives. See Section 3302.1.
UN/DOTn Class 1 Explosives. See Section 3302.1.
Division 1.1. See Section 3302.1.
EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL. See Section 3302.1.
EXTRA-HIGH-RACK COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. See Section 2302.1.
FABRICATION AREA. See Section 1802.1.
FACILITY. A building or use in a fixed location including exterior storage areas for flammable and combustible substances and hazardous materials, piers, wharves, tank farms and similar uses. This term includes recreational vehicles, mobile home and manufactured housing parks, sales and storage lots.
FAIL-SAFE. A design condition incorporating a feature for automatically counteracting the effect of an anticipated possible source of failure; also, a design condition eliminating or mitigating a hazardous condition by compensating automatically for a failure or malfunction.
FALLOUT AREA. See Section 3302.1.
FALSE ALARM. The willful and knowing initiation or transmission of a signal, message or other notification of an event of fire when no such danger exists.
FINES. See Section 1902.1.
FIRE ALARM. The giving, signaling or transmission to any public fire station, or company or to any officer or employee thereof, whether by telephone, spoken word or otherwise, of information to the effect that there is a fire at or near the place indicated by the person giving, signaling, or transmitting such information.
FIRE ALARM BOX, MANUAL. See Section 902.1.
FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT. See Section 902.1.
FIRE ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD. See Section 502.1.
FIRE AREA. See Section 902.1.
FIRE CHIEF. The chief officer of the fire department serving the jurisdiction, or a duly authorized representative.
FIRE CODE OFFICIAL. See CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL.
FIRE COMMAND CENTER. See Section 502.1.
FIRE DEPARTMENT MASTER KEY. See Section 502.1.
FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1.
FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. Any combination of a fire door, frame, hardware, and other accessories that together provide a specific degree of fire protection to the opening. [B]
FIRE EXIT HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1. [B]
FIRE LANE. See Section 502.1.
FIRE PARTITION. A vertical assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected. [B]
FIRE POINT. See Section 3402.1.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS. See Section 902.1.
FIRE WATCH. A temporary measure intended to ensure continuous and systematic surveillance of a building or portion thereof by one or more qualified individuals for the purposes of identifying and controlling fire hazards, detecting early signs of unwanted fire, raising an alarm of fire and notifying the fire department.
FIREWORKS. See Section 3302.1.
Fireworks, 1.4G. See Section 3302.1.
FIREWORKS DISPLAY. See Section 3302.1.
FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUID. See Section 3202.1.
FLAMMABLE FINISHES. See Section 1502.1.
FLAMMABLE GAS. See Section 3502.1.
FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. See Section 3502.1.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 3402.1.
Class IA. See Section 3402.1.
Class IB. See Section 3402.1.
Class IC. See Section 3402.1.
FLAMMABLE MATERIAL. A material capable of being readily ignited from common sources of heat or at a temperature of 600°F (316°C) or less.
FLAMMABLE SOLID. See Section 3602.1.
FLAMMABLE VAPOR AREA. See Section 1502.1.
FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. See Section 2702.1.
FLASH POINT. See Section 3402.1.
FLEET VEHICLE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITY. See Section 2202.1.
FLOOR AREA, GROSS. See Section 1002.1. [B]
FLOOR AREA, NET. See Section 1002.1. [B]
FLUIDIZED BED. See Section 1502.1.
FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. See Section 1002.1. [B]
FUEL LIMIT SWITCH. See Section 3402.1.
FUMIGANT. See Section 1702.1.
FUMIGATION. See Section 1702.1.
FURNACE CLASS A. See Section 2102.1.
FURNACE CLASS B. See Section 2102.1.
FURNACE CLASS C. See Section 2102.1.
FURNACE CLASS D. See Section 2102.1.
GAS CABINET. See Section 2702.1.
GAS ROOM. See Section 2702.1.
GRANDSTAND. See Section 1002.1. [B]
GUARD. See Section 1002.1. [B]
HALOGENATED EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
HANDLING. See Section 2702.1.
HANDRAIL. See Section 1002.1. [B]
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL. See Section 2702.1.
HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM). See Section 1802.1.
HEALTH HAZARD. See Section 2702.1.
HELIPORT. See Section 1102.1.
HELISTOP. See Section 1102.1.
HI-BOY. See Section 302.1.
HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. See Section 2302.1.
HIGH-PILED STORAGE AREA. See Section 2302.1.
HIGHLY TOXIC. See Section 3702.1.
HIGHLY VOLATILE LIQUID. A liquefied compressed gas with a boiling point of less than 68°F (20°C).
HIGHWAY. See Section 3302.1.
HOGGED MATERIALS. See Section 1902.1.
HOOD. See Section 602.1. [M]
Type I. See Section 602.1.
HOT WORK. See Section 2602.1.
HOT WORK AREA. See Section 2602.1.
HOT WORK EQUIPMENT. See Section 2602.1.
HOT WORK PERMITS. See Section 2602.1.
HOT WORK PROGRAM. See Section 2602.1.
HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 1802.1.
HPM ROOM. See Section 1802.1.
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH (IDLH). See Section 2702.1.
IMPAIRMENT COORDINATOR. See Section 902.1.
INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. See Section 2702.1.
INHABITED BUILDING. See Section 3302.1.
INITIATING DEVICE. See Section 902.1.
IRRITANT. A chemical which is not corrosive, but which causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. A chemical is a skin irritant if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the methods of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1500.41 for an exposure of four or more hours or by other appropriate techniques, it results in an empirical score of 5 or more. A chemical is classified as an eye irritant if so determined under the procedure listed in CPSC 16 CFR Part 1500.42 or other approved techniques.
KEY BOX. See Section 502.1.
LABELED. Equipment or material to which has been attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner.
LIMITED SPRAYING SPACE. See Section 1502.1.
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG). See Section 2202.1.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP-gas). See Section 3802.1.
LIQUID. See Section 2702.1.
LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. See Section 3402.1.
LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE. See Section 3402.1.
LISTED. Equipment or materials included on a list published by an approved testing laboratory, inspection agency or other organization concerned with current product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, and whose listing states that equipment or materials comply with approved nationally recognized standards and have been tested or evaluated and found suitable for use in a specified manner.
LONGITUDINAL FLUE SPACE. See Section 2302.1.
LOW-PRESSURE TANK. See Section 3202.1.
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL). See Section 2702.1.
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). See Section 2702.1.
MAGAZINE. See Section 3302.1.
Indoor. See Section 3302.1.
Type 1. See Section 3302.1.
MAGNESIUM. See Section 3602.1.
MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX. See Section 902.1.
MANUAL STOCKING METHODS. See Section 2302.1.
MARINE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITY. See Section 2202.1.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS). See Section 2702.1.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA. See Section 2702.1.
MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1. [B]
MECHANICAL STOCKING METHODS. See Section 2302.1.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. See Section 2402.1.
MERCHANDISE PAD. See Section 1002. [B]
MOBILE FUELING. See Section 3402.1.
MORTAR. See Section 3302.1.
MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE. See Section 902.1.
MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1.
NESTING. See Section 3002.1.
NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT (net weight). See Section 3302.1.
NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NTP). See Section 2702.1.
NOSING. See Section 1002.1. [B]
NUISANCE ALARM. See Section 902.1.
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION. For the purposes of this code, certain occupancies are defined as follows:
Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for the gathering together of persons for purposes such as civic, social or religious functions; recreation, food or drink consumption; or awaiting transportation. [B]
1. A building or tenant spaces used for assembly purposes with an occupant load of less than 50 persons shall be classified as a Group B occupancy.
2. A room or space used for assembly purposes with an occupant load of less than 50 persons and accessory to another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B occupancy or classified as part of that occupancy.
3. A room or space used for assembly purposes that is less than 750 square feet (70 m2) in area and is accessory to another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B occupancy or classified as part of that occupancy.
Assembly occupancies shall include the following:
A-1 Assembly uses, usually with fixed seating, intended for the production and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures including but not limited to:
Motion picture theaters
Symphony and concert halls
Televison and radio studios admitting an audience
A-2 Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink consumption including, but not limited to:
Taverns and bars
A-3 Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or amusement and other assembly uses not classified elsewhere in Group A, including, but not limited to:
Dance halls (not including food or drink consumption)
Funeral parlors
Gymnasiums (without spectator seating)
Indoor swimming pools (without spectator seating)
Indoor tennis courts (without spectator seating)
Places of religious worship
Pool and billiard parlors
Waiting areas in transportation terminals
A-4 Assembly uses intended for viewing of indoor sporting events and activities with spectator seating including, but not limited to:
Skating rinks
A-5 Assembly uses intended for participation in or viewing outdoor activities including, but not limited to:
Amusement park structures
Business Group B. Business Group B occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type transactions, including storage of records and accounts. Business occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following: [B]
Airport traffic control towers
Animal hospitals, kennels and pounds
Barber and beauty shops
Civic administration
Clinic—outpatient
Dry cleaning and laundries; pick-up and delivery stations and self-service
Educational occupancies for students above the 12th grade
Electronic data processing
Laboratories; testing and research
Motor vehicle showrooms
Professional services (architects, attorneys, dentists, physicians, engineers, etc.)
Radio and television stations
Telephone exchanges
Training and skill development not within a school or academic program
Educational Group E. Educational Group E occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, by six or more persons at any one time for educational purposes through the 12th grade. Religious educational rooms and religious auditoriums, which are accessory to places of religious worship in accordance with Section 508.3.1 of the Building Code of New York State and have occupant loads of less than 100, shall be classified as Group A-3 occupancies. [B]
Day care. The use of a building or structure, or portion thereof, for educational, supervision or personal care services for more than five children older than 21/2 years of age shall be classified as an E occupancy.
Factory Industrial Group F. Factory Industrial Group F occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for assembling, disassembling, fabricating, finishing, manufacturing, packaging, repair or processing operations that are not classified as a Group H high-hazard or Group S storage occupancy. [B]
Factory Industrial F-1 Moderate-hazard Occupancy. Factory Industrial uses which are not classified as Factory Industrial Group F-2 shall be classified as F-1 Moderate Hazard and shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Automobiles and other motor vehicles
Beverages; over 12 percent in alcohol content
Brooms or brushes
Cameras and photo equipment
Canvas and similar fabric
Carpet and rugs (includes cleaning)
Dry cleaning and dyeing
Electric generation plants
Engines (including rebuilding)
Millwork (sash and doors)
Motion picture and television filming (without spectators)
Paper mills or products
Printing or publishing
Refuse incineration
Soaps and detergents
Upholstering
Wood; distillation
Woodworking (cabinet)
Factory Industrial F-2 Low-hazard Occupancy. Factory industrial uses involving the fabrication or manufacturing of noncombustible materials which, during finishing, packaging or processing do not involve a significant fire hazard, shall be classified as Group F-2 occupancies and shall include, but not be limited to, the following: [B]
Beverages; up to and including 12-percent alcohol content
Brick and masonry
Metal products (fabrication and assembly)
High-hazard Group H. High-hazard Group H occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, that involves the manufacturing, processing, generation or storage of materials that constitute a physical or health hazard in quantities in excess of quantities allowed in control areas constructed and located as required in Section 2703.8.3. Hazardous uses are classified in Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 and shall be in accordance with this code and the requirements of Section 415 of the Building Code of New York State.
Exceptions: The following shall not be classified in Group H, but shall be classified in the occupancy that they most nearly resemble:
1. Buildings and structures that contain not more than the maximum allowable quantities per control area of hazardous materials as shown in Tables 2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2), provided that such buildings are maintained in accordance with this code.
2. Buildings utilizing control areas in accordance with Section 2703.8.3 that contain not more than the maximum allowable quantities per control area of hazardous materials as shown in Tables 2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2).
3. Buildings and structures occupied for the application of flammable finishes, provided that such buildings or areas conform to the requirements of Section 416 of the Building Code of New York State and Chapter 15 of this code.
4. Wholesale and retail sales and storage of flammable and combustible liquids in mercantile occupancies conforming to Chapter 34.
5. Closed piping systems containing flammable or combustible liquids or gases utilized for the operation of machinery or equipment.
6. Cleaning establishments that utilize combustible liquid solvents having a flash point of 140°F (60°C) or higher in closed systems employing equipment listed by an approved testing agency, provided that this occupancy is separated from all other areas of the building by 1-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 706 of the Building Code of New York State or 1-hour horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 711 of the Building Code of New York State, or both.
7. Cleaning establishments that utilize a liquid solvent having a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C).
8. Liquor stores and distributors without bulk storage.
9. Refrigeration systems.
10. The storage or utilization of materials for agricultural purposes on the premises.
11. Stationary batteries utilized for facility emergency power, uninterrupted power supply or telecommunication facilities, provided that the batteries are provided with safety venting caps and ventilation is provided in accordance with the Mechanical Code of New York State.
12. Corrosives shall not include personal or household products in their original packaging used in retail display or commonly used building materials.
13. Buildings and structures occupied for aerosol storage shall be classified as Group S-1, provided that such buildings conform to the requirements of Chapter 28.
14. Display and storage of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials in quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area in Group M or S occupancies complying with Section 2703.8.3.5.
15. The storage of black powder, smokeless propellant and small arms primers in Groups M and R-3 and special industrial explosive devices in Groups B, F, M and S, provided such storage conforms to the quantity limits and requirements of this code.
High-hazard Group H-1. Buildings and structures containing materials that pose a detonation hazard, shall be classified as Group H-1. Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Explosives:
Exception: Materials that are used and maintained in a form where either confinement or configuration will not elevate the hazard from a mass fire to mass explosion hazard shall be allowed in Group H-2 occupancies.
Exception: Articles, including articles packaged for shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulations, or unpackaged articles used in process operations that do not propagate a detonation or deflagration between articles shall be allowed in Group H-3 occupancies.
Organic peroxides, unclassified detonable
Oxidizers, Class 4
Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 3 detonable, and Class 4
Detonable pyrophoric materials
High-hazard Group H-2. Buildings and structures containing materials that pose a deflagration hazard or a hazard from accelerated burning, shall be classified as Group H-2. Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Class I, or II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids which are used or stored in normally open containers or systems, or in closed containers or systems pressurized at more than 15 pounds per square inch (103.4 kPa) gauge
Combustible dusts
Cryogenic fluids, flammable
Flammable gases
Organic peroxides, Class I
Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally open containers or systems, or in closed containers or systems pressurized at more than 15 pounds per square inch (103.4 kPa) gauge
Pyrophoric liquids, solids and gases, nondetonable
Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 3, nondetonable
Water-reactive materials, Class 3
High-hazard Group H-3. Buildings and structures containing materials that readily support combustion or that pose a physical hazard shall be classified as Group H-3. Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids that are used or stored in normally closed containers or systems pressurized at 15 pounds per square inch gauge (103.4 kPa) or less
Combustible fibers, other than densely packed baled cotton
Consumer fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common)
Cryogenic fluids, oxidizing
Organic peroxides, Class II and III
Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally closed containers or systems pressurized at 15 pounds per square inch gauge (103.4 kPa) or less.
Oxidizing gases
Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 2
High-hazard Group H-4. Buildings and structures which contain materials that are health hazards shall be classified as Group H-4. Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Corrosives
Highly toxic materials
Toxic materials
High-hazard Group H-5. Semiconductor fabrication facilities and comparable research and development areas in which hazardous production materials (HPM) are used and the aggregate quantity of materials is in excess of those listed in Tables 2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2) shall be classified as Group H-5. Such facilities and areas shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Section 415.8 of the Building Code of New York State.
Institutional Group I. Institutional Group I occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, in which people, cared for or living in a supervised environment and having physical limitations because of health or age, are harbored for medical treatment or other care or treatment, or in which people are detained for penal or correctional purposes or in which the liberty of the occupants is restricted. Institutional occupancies shall be classified as Group I-1, I-2, I-3 or I-4. [B]
Group I-1. This occupancy shall include buildings, structures or parts thereof housing more than 16 persons, on a 24-hour basis, who because of age, mental disability or other reasons, live in a supervised residential environment that provides personal care services. The occupants are capable of responding to an emergency situation without physical assistance from staff. This group shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Alcohol and drug centers
Congregate care facilities
Convalescent facilities
Half-way houses
Residential board and care facilities
Social rehabilitation facilities
A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons shall be classified as Group R-3 or shall comply with the Residential Code of New York State in accordance with Section 101.2 of the Building Code of New York State. A facility such as above, housing at least six and not more than 16 persons, shall be classified as Group R-4.
Group I-2. This occupancy shall include buildings and structures used for medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or custodial care on a 24-hour basis of more than five persons who are not capable of self-preservation. This group shall include, but not be limited to, the following: [B]
Nursing homes (both intermediate care facilities and skilled nursing facilities)
Mental hospitals
Detoxification facilities
A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons shall be classified as Group R-3 or shall comply with the Residential Code of New York State in accordance with Section 101.2 of the Building Code of New York State.
A child care facility that provides care on a 24-hour basis to more than five children 21/2 years of age or less shall be classified as Group I-2.
Group I-3. This occupancy shall include buildings and structures which are inhabited by more than five persons who are under restraint or security. An I-3 facility is occupied by persons who are generally incapable of self-preservation due to security measures not under the occupants' control. This group shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Prerelease centers
Reformatories
Buildings of Group I-3 shall be classified as one of the occupancy conditions indicated below:
Condition 1. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free movement is allowed from sleeping areas and other spaces where access or occupancy is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress without restraint. A Condition 1 facility is permitted to be constructed as Group R.
Condition 2. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free movement is allowed from sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke compartment to one or more other smoke compartments. Egress to the exterior is impeded by locked exits.
Condition 3. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free movement is allowed within individual smoke compartments, such as within a residential unit comprised of individual sleeping units and group activity spaces, where egress is impeded by remote-controlled release of means of egress from such smoke compartment to another smoke compartment.
Condition 4. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Remote-controlled release is provided to permit movement from sleeping units, activity spaces and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other smoke compartments.
Condition 5. This occupancy condition shall include buildings in which free movement is restricted from an occupied space. Staff-controlled manual release is provided to permit movement from sleeping units, activity spaces and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to other smoke compartments.
Group I-4, day care facilities. This group shall include buildings and structures occupied by persons of any age who receive custodial care for less than 24 hours by individuals other than parents or guardians, relatives by blood marriage, or adoption, and in a place other than the home of the person cared for. A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons shall be classified as Group R-3 or shall comply with the Residential Code of New York State in accordance with Section 101.2 of the Building Code of New York State. Places of worship during religious functions are not included.
Adult care facility. A facility that provides accommodations for less than 24 hours for more than five unrelated adults and provides supervision and personal care services shall be classified as Group I-4.
Exception: Where the occupants are capable of responding to an emergency situation without physical assistance from the staff the facility shall be classified as Group A-3.
Child care facility. A facility that provides supervision and personal care on less than a 24-hour basis for more than five children 21/2 years of age or less shall be classified as Group I-4.
Exception: A child day care facility which provides care for more than five but no more than 100 children 21/2 years or less of age, when the rooms where such children are cared for are located on the level of exit discharge and each of these child care rooms has an exit door directly to the exterior, shall be classified as Group E.
Mercantile Group M. Mercantile Group M occupancy includes, among others, buildings and structures or a portion thereof, for the display and sale of merchandise, and involves stocks of goods, wares or merchandise incidental to such purposes and accessible to the public. Mercantile occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following. [B]
Motor fuel-dispensing facilities
Retail or wholesale stores
Sales rooms
Residential Group R. Residential Group R includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for sleeping purposes when not classified as an Institutional Group I or when not regulated by the Residential Code of New York State in accordance with Section 101.2 of the Building Code of New York State. Residential occupancies shall include the following: [B]
R-1 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units where the occupants are primarily transient in nature, including:
Boarding houses (transient)
Hotels (transient)
Motels (transient)
R-2 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including:
Apartment houses
Boarding houses (not transient)
Hotels (nontransient)
Motels (nontransient)
Vacation timeshare properties
Congregate living facilities with 16 or fewer occupants are permitted to comply with the construction requirements for Group R-3.
R-3 Residential occupancies where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature and not classified as R-1, R-2, R-4 or I, including:
Buildings that do not contain more than two dwelling units
Adult care facilities that provide accommodations for five or fewer persons of any age for less than 24 hours
Child care facilities that provide accommodations for five or fewer persons of any age for less than 24 hours
Congregate living facilities with 16 or fewer persons.
Adult and child care facilities that are within a single-family home are permitted to comply with the Residential Code of New York State.
R-4 Residential occupancies shall include buildings arranged for occupancy as residential care/assisted living facilities including more than five but not more than 16 occupants, excluding staff.
Group R-4 occupancies shall meet the requirements for construction as defined in the Building Code of New York State for Group R-3, except as otherwise provided for in that code, or shall comply with the Residential Code of New York State.
Storage Group S. Storage Group S occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for storage that is not classified as a hazardous occupancy. [B]
Moderate-hazard storage, Group S-1. Buildings occupied for storage uses that are not classified as Group S-2, including, but not limited to, storage of the following:
Aerosols, Levels 2 and 3
Aircraft repair hangar
Bags; cloth, burlap and paper
Bamboos and rattan
Belting; canvas and leather
Books and paper in rolls or packs
Buttons, including cloth covered, pearl or bone
Cardboard and cardboard boxes
Clothing, woolen wearing apparel
Dry boat storage (indoor)
Fire truck bay
Glues, mucilage, pastes and size
Horns and combs, other than celluloid
Motor vehicle repair garages (complying with the Building Code of New York State and containing less than the maximum allowable quantities of hazardous materials)
Photo engravings
Self-service storage facilities
Tires, bulk storage of
Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes and snuff
Upholstery and mattresses
Low-hazard storage, Group S-2. Includes, among others, buildings used for the storage of noncombustible materials such as products on wood pallets or in paper cartons with or without single thickness divisions; or in paper wrappings. Such products may have a negligible amount of plastic trim such as knobs, handles, or film wrapping. Storage uses shall include, but not be limited to, storage of the following:
Beverages up to and including12-percent alcohol in metal, glass or ceramic containers
Cement in bags
Dairy products in nonwaxed coated paper containers
Dry cell batteries
Electrical coils
Empty cans
Foods in noncombustible containers
Fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers
Glass bottles, empty or filled with noncombustible liquids
Inert pigments
Metal desks with plastic tops and trim
Oil-filled and other types of distribution transformers
Parking garages (open or enclosed)
Talc and soapstones
Miscellaneous Group U. Buildings and structures of an accessory character and miscellaneous structures not classified in any specific occupancy shall be constructed, equipped and maintained to conform to the requirements of this code commensurate with the fire and life hazard incidental to their occupancy. Group U shall include, but not be limited to, the following: [B]
Aircraft hangar, accessory to a one- or two-family residence (see Section 412.3 of the Building Code of New York State)
Fences more than 6 feet (1829 mm) high
Grain silos, accessory to a residential occupancy
Private garages
OCCUPANT LOAD. See Section 1002.1. [B]
OPEN BURNING. See Section 302.1.
OPEN SYSTEM. The use of a solid or liquid hazardous material involving a vessel or system that is continuously open to the atmosphere during normal operations and where vapors are liberated, or the product is exposed to the atmosphere during normal operations. Examples of open systems for solids and liquids include dispensing from or into open beakers or containers, dip tank and plating tank operations.
OPERATING BUILDING. See Section 3302.1.
OPERATING LINE. See Section 3302.1.
OPERATING PRESSURE. The pressure at which a system operates.
ORGANIC COATING. See Section 2002.1.
ORGANIC PEROXIDE. See Section 3902.1.
Class I. See Section 3902.1.
Class III. See Section 3902.1.
Class IV. See Section 3902.1.
Class V. See Section 3902.1.
Unclassified detonable. See Section 3902.1.
OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA. See Section 2702.1.
OVERCROWDING. A condition that exists when either there are more people in a building, structure or portion thereof than have been authorized or posted by the code enforcement official, or when the code enforcement official determines that a threat exists to the safety of the occupants due to persons sitting and/or standing in locations that may obstruct or impede the use of aisles, passages, corridors, stairways, exits or other components of the means of egress.
OWNER. A corporation, firm, partnership, association, organization and any other group acting as a unit, or a person who has legal title to any structure or premises with or without accompanying actual possession thereof, and shall include the duly authorized agent or attorney, a purchaser, devisee, fiduciary and any person having a vested or contingent interest in the premises in question.
OXIDIZER. See Section 4002.1.
Class 4. See Section 4002.1.
OXIDIZING GAS. See Section 4002.1.
OZONE-GAS GENERATOR. See Section 3702.1.
PANIC HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1. [B]
PASS-THROUGH. See Section 1802.1.
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL). See Section 2702.1.
PESTICIDE. See Section 2702.1.
PHYSICAL HAZARD. See Section 2702.1.
PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD. See Section 3702.1.
PLOSOPHORIC MATERIAL. See Section 3302.1.
PLYWOOD and VENEER MILLS. See Section 1902.1.
POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCK. See Section 302.1.
PRESSURE VESSEL. See Section 2702.1.
PRIMARY CONTAINMENT. The first level of containment, consisting of the inside portion of that container which comes into immediate contact on its inner surface with the material being contained.
PROCESS TRANSFER. See Section 3402.1.
PROPELLANT. See Section 2802.1.
PROXIMATE AUDIENCE. See Section 3302.1.
PUBLIC TRAFFIC ROUTE (PTR). See Section 3302.1.
PUBLIC WAY. See Section 1002.1. [B]
PYROPHORIC. See Section 4102.1.
PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. See Section 3302.1.
PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL EFFECT. See Section 3302.1.
RAILWAY. See Section 3302.1.
RAMP. See Section 1002.1. [B]
RAW PRODUCT. See Section 1902.1.
READY BOX. See Section 3302.1.
RECORD DRAWINGS. See Section 902.1.
RECREATIONAL FIRE. See Section 302.1.
REDUCED FLOW VALVE. See Section 3702.1.
REFINERY. See Section 3402.1.
REFRIGERANT. See Section 602.1.
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. See Section 602.1.
REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL. An individual who is a registered architect (RA) in accordance with Article 147 of the New York State Education Law or a licensed professional engineer (PE) in accordance with Article 145 of the New York State Education Law. [B]
RELIGIOUS WORSHIP, PLACE OF. A building or portion thereof intended for the performance of religious services. [B]
REMOTE EMERGENCY SHUTOFF DEVICE. See Section 3402.1.
REMOTELY LOCATED, MANUALLY ACTIVATED SHUTDOWN CONTROL. A control system that is designed to initiate shutdown of the flow of gases or liquids that is manually activated from a point located some distance from the delivery system.
REMOTE SOLVENT RESERVOIR. See Section 3402.1.
REPAIR GARAGE. See Section 2202.1.
RESIN APPLICATION AREA. See Section 1502.1.
RESPONSIBLE PERSON. See Section 2602.1.
RETAIL DISPLAY AREA. See Section 2802.1.
ROLL COATING. See Section 1502.1.
RUBBISH (TRASH). Combustible and noncombustible waste materials, including residue from the burning of coal, wood, coke or other combustible material, paper, rags, cartons, tin cans, metals, mineral matter, glass crockery, dust and discarded refrigerators, and heating, cooking or incinerator-type appliances.
SAFETY CAN. See Section 2702.1.
SCISSOR STAIR. See Section 1002.1. [B]
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT. See Section 2702.1.
SEGREGATED. See Section 2702.1.
SELF-SERVICE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITY. See Section 2202.1.
SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITY. See Section 1802.1.
SERVICE CORRIDOR. See Section 1802.1.
SHELF STORAGE. See Section 2302.1.
SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1.
SLEEPING UNIT. See Section 902.1. [B]
SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION. See Section 3302.1.
SMALL ARMS PRIMERS. See Section 3302.1.
SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1.
SMOKE DETECTOR. See Section 902.1.
SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. See Section 1002.1. [B]
SMOKELESS PROPELLANTS. See Section 3302.1.
SOLID. See Section 2702.1.
SOLID SHELVING. See Section 2302.1.
SOLVENT DISTILLATION UNIT. See Section 3402.1.
SOLVENT OR LIQUID CLASSIFICATIONS. See Section 1202.1.
Class I solvents. See Section 1202.1.
Class II solvents. See Section 1202.1.
Class IIIA solvents. See Section 1202.1.
Class IIIB solvents. See Section 1202.1.
Class IV solvents. See Section 1202.1.
SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING. A building that is temporary, permanent or mobile that contains a device or system that conveys passengers or provides a walkway along, around or over a course in any direction as a form of amusement arranged so that the egress path is not readily apparent due to visual or audio distractions or an intentionally confounded egress path, or is not readily available because of the mode of conveyance through the building or structure.
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. See Section 3302.1.
SPRAY BOOTH. See Section 1502.1.
SPRAY ROOM. See Section 1502.1.
SPRAYING SPACE. See Section 1502.1.
STAIR. See Section 1002.1. [B]
STAIRWAY. See Section 1002.1. [B]
STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR. See Section 1002.1. [B]
STAIRWAY, INTERIOR. See Section 1002.1. [B]
STAIRWAY, SPIRAL. See Section 1002.1. [B]
STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OF. See Section 902.1.
Class I system. See Section 902.1.
Class II system. See Section 902.1.
Class III system. See Section 902.1.
STANDPIPE, TYPES OF. See Section 902.1.
Automatic dry. See Section 902.1.
Automatic wet. See Section 902.1.
Manual dry. See Section 902.1.
Manual wet. See Section 902.1.
Semiautomatic dry. See Section 902.1.
STATIC PILES. See Section 1902.1.
STEEL. Hot or cold rolled as defined by the Building Code of New York State.
STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. See Section 2702.1.
SUPERVISING STATION. See Section 902.1.
SUPERVISORY SERVICE. See Section 902.1.
SUPERVISORY SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.
SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE. See Section 902.1.
SYSTEM. See Section 2702.1.
TANK. A vessel containing more than 60 gallons (227 L).
TANK, ATMOSPHERIC. See Section 2702.1.
TANK, PORTABLE. See Section 2702.1.
TANK, PRIMARY. See Section 3402.1.
TANK, PROTECTED ABOVE GROUND. See Section 3402.1.
TANK, STATIONARY. See Section 2702.1.
TANK VEHICLE. See Section 2702.1.
TENT. See Section 2402.1.
THEFT RESISTANT. See Section 3302.1.
THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING. See Section 1702.1.
TIMBER and LUMBER PRODUCTION FACILITIES. See Section 1902.1.
TIRES, BULK STORAGE OF. See Section 902.1.
TOOL. See Section 1802.1.
TORCH-APPLIED ROOF SYSTEM. See Section 2602.1.
TOXIC. See Section 3702.1.
TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACE. See Section 2302.1.
TRASH. See "Rubbish."
TROUBLE SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.
UNAUTHORIZED DISCHARGE. See Section 2702.1.
UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. See Section 4302.1.
UNWANTED FIRE. A fire not used for cooking, heating or recreational purposes or one not incidental to the normal operations of the property.
USE (MATERIAL). See Section 2702.1.
VAPOR PRESSURE. See Section 2702.1.
VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See Section 902.1.
WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL. See Section 4402.1.
WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. See Section 902.1.
WINDER. See Section 1002.1. [B]
WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.
WORKSTATION. See Section 1802.1.
ZONE. See Section 902.1.


Did you suddenly notice last year that Google was completing your sentences for you before you were even sure about what you were searching for? If you found that Google was throwing better matches for your queries, breezing through some of your more complicated questions and giving you accurate search results for vague queries and misspelled words, that was RankBrain at work. This new development is set to change the face of organic seo, according to many seo experts.
Since mid-2015 Google has been using a machine learning technology (and some say even Artificial Intelligence) called RankBrain to help deliver its search results. This algorithm handles queries and ranks websites according to a complex mix of factors. An algorithm is a set of steps that a computer program takes to accomplish a series of tasks. We all have 'algorithms' that we use every day to get things done. For instance, we have a set of steps and ingredients that we use to bake a cake. Of course algorithms in computer programs are a lot more complicated than baking a cake, but essentially they remain a set of steps that will get you to where you want to go.
Google's query-interpreting and ranking algorithm uses a mindboggling number of factors to accomplish the task of deciding how to best answer a query, answering it and ranking websites. RankBrain joins other algorithm such as Panda, Pigeon and Top Heavy etc to drive Google's overall master algorithm Hummingbird.
What sets RankBrain apart is that it is able to 'understand' natural ways of talking. It can predict meaning and relevance in order to present the most accurate search results. That means that even if you mistype something or even if you don't quite know exactly what you are searching for, RankBrain is able to figure it out based on what other people have searched for in the past. This is why you get relevant search results that don't even contain the words you typed in. This is almost revolutionary when you consider that traditional ranking systems take into account whether they can find your content, whether they think it is important and relevant to you. All of which is rendered useless, if the search engine cannot understand the question in the first place. This is a huge game changer when it comes to SEO. Gone are the days when seo companies would strictly focus on keywords.
RankBrain 'understands' the query and is almost intuitive in its ability to do so. By continuously studying what people are searching for, RankBrain learns and refines future searches that it may never have come across before. This is significant if you consider that 15% of the queries that Google receives have never been searched before.
While we still don't know how RankBrain processes its queries and what it factors in to rank websites and generate results, the algorithm is definitely one of the most striking modifications that Google has introduced. If you are interested in learning more about RankBrain or how it can affect your SEO, please call us and we will be happy to help.


In this part of the report we summarise the financial outcomes of the local government sector for the year ended 30 June 2018, and comment on the sustainability of the sector.
The detailed data and calculations that underpin our commentary are provided in Appendix E, which lists our financial sustainability indicators, risk assessment criteria, benchmarks and the results of each indicator for each of the councils for the eight financial years 2013–14 to 2020–21.
Overall, the sector is financially secure with a relatively low level of financial sustainability risk in the short term. At 30 June 2018, most councils have demonstrated strong financial performance and sustainable financial practices, with positive results, continued strong liquidity ratios and low levels of debt. Councils continue to prefer not to borrow funds, utilising accumulated cash to replace or expand their assets.
Rural and regional councils are more susceptible to financial sustainability risks due to their inability to generate significant own-sourced income while also being impacted by sector-wide issues such as rate capping and increased recycling costs.
Councils should make enough money from their operations to meet their financial obligations and fund their asset management plans to be financially sustainable.
While the sector's short-term financial sustainability risk indicators remain strong, the sector continues to demonstrate declining asset renewal and maintenance indicators, highlighting the need to prioritise asset maintenance. Councils will need to develop adequate strategies to allow them to continue to provide services, and maintain and renew facilities for their communities—while maintaining long-term financial sustainability.
Figure 4A summarises the sector's financial sustainability risk indicators for 30 June 2018.
Key: ●High risk; ●medium risk; ●low risk.
The net result indicator measures the net result of the council as a per cent of revenue.
$1.7 billion of government operating and capital grants ($2.0 billion in 2016–17).
$1.5 billion of depreciation and amortisation ($1.4 billion in 2016–17).
Figure 4B shows the split of revenue and expenditure across two categories, while Figure 4C shows the results of the sector over the last five years and next forecasted three years.
Note: Forecast figures have not been audited.
Overall, the sector generated a surplus from operations over each of the last five years and is expected to continue to do so over the next three years. The forecasted decline is due primarily to the ongoing impact of rate capping and increased recycling costs.
Normalised result is the net result adjusted for Commonwealth financial assistance grants received in advance.
We have reported in earlier years that the significant annual spikes and drops in the net result indicator for the sector are mostly due to distortions created by Commonwealth grants timing—these funds being received and recorded in the current reporting period, but which relate to future periods. To obtain a better representation of sector performance, we normalised the net results by shifting the Commonwealth grant funding into the year for which the funding was provided—as shown in Figure 4D.
Figure 4E summarises budgeted revenue and expenditure (unaudited) for the next three years.
Funding gap is the amount of money needed to fund ongoing operations or future developments that is not currently provided by cash, equity or debt.
Over this period, councils collectively forecast an increase in their rate revenues of 9 per cent, which accounts for the increased recycling costs. Employee benefits are expected to increase also by 9 per cent over the same period.
Councils have forecasted an average decrease in materials and services of 1 per cent to address the growing funding gap.
Metropolitan councils have consistently reported adjusted underlying results above 10 per cent over the last four years, and continue to do so in their three‑year forecasted budgets. This demonstrates that these councils can fund their ordinary business activities and meet community service needs.
The adjusted underlying result indicator excludes any revenue received which funds capital expenditure from the net result—it measures a council's ability to generate surplus from its ordinary activities.
a loss of quality and cost efficiencies of community services.
It is important that councils develop appropriate strategies to generate positive surpluses and deliver services that their communities expect. Figure 4F shows the adjusted underlying result across the two categories of councils.
The sector has historically had, and continues to have, a strong net asset position, with a low level of liabilities in comparison to assets.
At 30 June 2018, councils collectively held total assets valued at $108.1 billion compared to total liabilities of $3.4 billion ($97.4 billion and $3.4 billion respectively at 30 June 2017). Figure 4G shows the financial position of the sector over the last five years and next forecasted three years.
Based on the cash and term deposits held at 30 June 2018 in comparison to borrowings, councils overall can adequately service their debts.
owed $1.1 billion in borrowings ($1.2 billion at 30 June 2017).
Figure 4H shows the split of cash and borrowings across the two categories.
The local government sector continues to have a strong current asset position and a high level of cash and term deposits—$5.1 billion—an increase of 16 per cent on $4.4 billion at 30 June 2017 that is mostly attributable to the timing of Commonwealth financial assistance grants.
Metropolitan councils continue to hold the majority of cash within the sector—72 per cent at 30 June 2018 (72 per cent at 30 June 2017), which correlates with the higher proportion of borrowings metropolitan councils hold, funding larger capital projects and the service needs of a larger community. While rural and regional councils hold less cash, and conversely less in borrowings, their cash balances have historically been stable and are forecasted to remain stable over the next three years. We have accounted for the advanced receipt of government funding and have normalised balances for our forecasts. Figure 4I shows the cash and term deposit balances held by the two categories of councils at year end.
The indebtedness indicator shows whether councils can meet their longer-term liabilities from their own-sourced revenue.
At 30 June 2018, 68 of the 79 councils had some form of borrowings on their balance sheet. Metropolitan councils hold the majority of debts within the sector—62 per cent (63 per cent at 30 June 2017).
The average percentage of indebtedness has trended downwards over the last four years to 22 per cent at 30 June 2018, and is expected to remain at this level over the next three years based on forecasted budgets. Borrowing costs represent 0.5 per cent of total revenue and 1 per cent of rates and charges for 2017–18 (1 per cent and 2 per cent respectively for 2016–17). This shows a general reluctance within councils to undertake significant borrowings to fund investments in assets, a position reinforced by the levels of surplus of cash and term deposit holdings. Figure 4J shows the results of the indebtedness indicator across the sector.
Figure 4K shows the borrowings balance from 2013–14 to 2020–21 by the two categories and across the sector. Metropolitan councils have forecast an increase in borrowings over the next three years, mostly to fund major infrastructure developments, while rural and regional councils anticipate stable levels of debt.
The internal financing indicator looks at the capacity of the sector to fund capital expenditure using cash generated from operations and government funding.
The timing of Commonwealth grant funding significantly impacts the results of the internal financing indicator. The result for 2017–18 is consistent with prior years and expectation—147 per cent (165 per cent for 2016–17). The projected decline in the internal financing indicator for 2018–19 is largely driven by expected increases in capital expenditure accompanied with a lower cash balance forecast at 30 June 2019, given advanced receipt of government funding in 2017–18. Figure 4L shows the results of the internal financing indicator across the sector from 2013–14 to 2020–21.
The sector's sustainability requires councils to effectively and efficiently maintain and renew their physical and non‐financial resources such as infrastructure networks, to meet public demand. Our review of capital replacement and renewal gap indicators assess council spending on these assets.
The capital replacement indicator measures the level of spending on new and renewed assets compared to the related depreciation expenses of these assets.
The sector is forecasting an increase in capital replacement in 2018–19, mostly to fund major infrastructure developments in metropolitan areas—in line with the budgeted increase in borrowings over the next three years. Councils will need to balance capital spending arising from the long-term needs of their communities while managing forecasted decreasing adjusted underlying results—particularly given the impacts of significant events such as rate capping and increases in recycling costs. Figure 4M shows the results of the capital replacement indicator across the sector from 2013–14 to 2020–21.
Metropolitan councils continue to buy assets more than rural and regional councils, which is expected, given the population growth within metropolitan areas and the resulting increase in demand for infrastructure. Further, rural and regional councils have historically experienced significant fluctuating adjusted underlying results, and continue to do so—including negative results for some councils. The fluctuations impact their capacity to generate sufficient surpluses from their ordinary business activities to service their communities, which may influence whether rural and regional councils can suitably replace and renew their assets. Figure 4N shows the balance of infrastructure, property, plant and equipment by the two categories of councils at year end.
The renewal gap indicator provides information on assets acquired by councils—whether spending is focused on purchasing new assets or renewing and upgrading existing ones.
The renewal gap indicator broadly mirrors the trend of the capital replacement indicator—with the sector forecasting similar results of an increasing capital trend in 2018–19, particularly metropolitan councils.
Over the three-year forecast, rural and regional councils are expected to trend below 1:1, highlighting the need to prioritise asset maintenance. Similar to the capital replacement indicator results, rural and regional councils need to develop strategies to ensure they can appropriately renew and maintain assets to provide services and facilities that meet community needs. Figure 4O shows the results of the renewal gap indicator across the sector from 2013–14 to 2020–21.


text:
Q: Cypress request : empty array in body I'm finding myself in some troubles while testing my API with Cypress. (I'm using version 2.1.0)
I am sending a request to my endpoint, and want to verify how it is reacting when I am sending an empty array as a parameter. The problem is that somehow, Cypress must be parsing the body I am giving him, and removing the empty array.
My code is the following :
cy.request({
    method: 'PUT',
    url,
    form: true,
    body: {
        name: 'Name',
        subjects: []
    }
})
.then((response) => {
    expect(response.body).to.have.property('subjects');
    const { subjects } = response.body;
    expect(subjects.length).to.eq(0);
});

// API receives only the parameter name, and no subjects

When I am sending an empty array of subjects, the endpoint will delete all the associated subjects, and return the object with an empty array of subjects. It is working as it should, and my software in use is working as it should.
When Cypress is sending this request, the endpoint does not receive the parameter subjects. Which is for me a very different thing : I should not touch the subjects in this case.
Is there a way to avoid this "rewriting" by Cypress and send the body as I write it ?

A: The test works when setting form: false.
it.only('PUTs a request', () => {
  const url = 'http://localhost:3000/mythings/2'
  cy.request({
      method: 'PUT',
      url: url,
      form: false,
      body: {
        name: 'Name',
        subjects: []
      }
    })
    .then((response) => {
      expect(response.body).to.have.property('subjects');
      const {
        subjects
      } = response.body;
      expect(subjects.length).to.eq(0);
    });
})

I set up a local rest server with json-server to check out the behavior.
If I try to PUT a non-empty array with form: true
cy.request({
    method: 'PUT',
    url: url,
    form: true,
    body: {
      name: 'Name',
      subjects: ['x']
    }
  })

looking at db.json after the test has run, I see the item index migrating into the key,
"mythings": [
    {
        "name": "Name",
        "subjects[0]": "x",
        "id": 2
    }
],

so perhaps form means simple properties only.
Changing to form: false gives a proper array
{
  "mythings": [
    {
      "name": "Name",
      "subjects": ['x'],
      "id": 2
    }
  ],
}

which can then be emptied out by posting an empty array.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For decades, nonprofits and other social impact organizations have been using monthly, bimonthly, and weekly newsletters to update their supporters about their latest events and achievements.
While the aim of newsletters has pretty much remained the same, the method of delivery has evolved. Newsletters are no longer sent to our mailboxes, but to our inboxes.
Although this makes sending newsletters quick and affordable, it does make it easier for readers to simply ignore them.
Newsletters have been chastised for being a thing of the past, but study after study puts email marketing as the most effective way for nonprofits to build awareness, acquire leads, convert prospects, and retain current customers, even after compared to social media.
An email address is extremely valuable because it provides you with a direct line of access to your subscribers. In exchange, they expect content that is valuable, engaging, and relevant.
Below we outline only some of the many reasons why nonprofits should invest in email marketing.
Email marketing services are generally free for smaller nonprofits (or nonprofits with smaller email lists). As your email list grows in size, email marketing remains very cost-effective.
Email marketing is the king of the marketing kingdom with a 4400% ROI and $44 raised for every $1 spent.
Email marketing tools have become so simple and intuitive that one doesn't need to know a line of code to use them. Professionally designed templates, drag and drop features, and other easy-to-use editors have made sending emails easier than ever.
Emails reach your audience almost instantaneously. In addition to that, email beats social by 40x for customer acquisition.
Email marketing allows you to acquire customers, supporters, donors and volunteers faster than any other method.
Nonprofits are increasingly turning to email marketing to promote specific fundraising campaigns or solicit monthly donations.
Some sectors garnered over 35% of their online revenue from email (Health: 36%, Hunger/Poverty: 37%, Cultural: 39%, Rights: 51%).
Although open rates matter, sometimes they are not a definitive indicator of increased brand visibility.
E.g. Sometimes when we receive brand emails, but we're not looking to buy from them right now, we quickly swipe and delete the message. However, even if we delete the message, we've still registered the logo/name (brand visibility) and the key message (subject line).
As a result of all of these benefits of email marketing, an increasing number of nonprofits have upped their e-newsletter game. This means that the number of subscribers to nonprofit email lists has also been growing.
It's tempting to think emails are an easy win. However, your subscribers are swamped by dozens of emails every day, including fundraising and advocacy emails and fundraisers. Therefore, even though the number of subscribers is growing, the engagement rates are dropping.
With this in mind, how often do you think about what happens after you hit the send button? And how often do you send your emails strategically?
A healthy email list is essential if you want your nonprofit newsletters to be effective. Make sure you ask every email subscriber for permission to join your list. The easiest way to ensure that you have permission is through a verified opt-in. Furthermore, after sending out your email newsletters or campaigns, take a look at your soft and hard bounces.
Therefore, soft bounces are usually a short-term issue – you don't need to permanently take these addresses off of your list. However, hard bounces are either invalid or non-existent addresses which you should remove immediately.
If you're getting a lot of bounces, or if your open and click rates are low, you should re-evaluate your email list.
Generally, the aim of nonprofit newsletters is to inform the subscribers. The key to keeping supporters informed is frequency and consistency.
It's best to create a schedule and stick to it, so your readers know when they can expect to hear from you.
Put reminders in your calendar and always plan your nonprofit newsletters well in advance.
The easiest way to go about this is to create an editorial calendar. An editorial calendar is a chart showing dates when content should be published, but also maps the content, responsible parties, persona targets, and delivery methods.
Include your newsletters in an editorial calendar, together with your blogs, social media posts, and other content. Having auto-responders set up helps the consistency and brand visibility (e.g. when someone signs up for your newsletter, they immediately get an email).
However, although you want people to remember you and look forward to receiving your newsletter, you don't want to drive them away either. Your email schedule should, first and foremost, be determined by how often you have great content to send. Just make sure that the schedule is at least consistent, if not regular.
The time it takes an average user to make a judgment on your email and your website is 50 milliseconds – not even a full second!
This means the users are making all kind of assumptions about your nonprofit, how credible it is, do they trust you enough to give you their money, do they want to volunteer with you etc.
For example, because John thinks your design looks cluttered, hard to read and confusing, he assumes your nonprofit is bad.
Readers won't even move forward from your email if they don't like its visual appearance.
Good design increases the chance of subscribers answering your call to action (signing up, donating), and keeps their experience positive even when they run into problems.
White space is the space between words, lines of text, images, letters, buttons. Your content should be able to breathe. Make sure your pages aren't overcrowded, and that the elements are surrounded by lots of space.
It's important to pick one typeface and stick with it. If you use several different fonts in one newsletter, it can make it look unprofessional and spammy.
Use a sans-serif font like Proxima Nova and choose a body font that's bigger than what you would think (14 or 16px).
Don't forget that colors come in different shades! When you pick your colors, pick specific shades and stick to them.
Check out this Adobe's tool for help choosing a perfect color palette.
Use big and bold imagery in your newsletters to immediately engage subscribers and draw them in.
This makes it very easy for readers to quickly identify the key message.
Finally, your nonprofit newsletter design needs to be mobile-responsive. Over half of all emails are being opened on a mobile device, so having a design that adapts to the reader's screen size is simply a must.
A subject line is the first thing your subscriber sees in their inbox. There's no doubt that how you name your email can make or break your communication.
Research has found that a subject line with 29-39 characters gets the best click-through rate and that a 4-15 character line has the best open rate.
A sense of urgency helps convert readers. E.g. "2 days left to help families like Mahmuda's" by WFP. Utilizing numbers helps too.
Your subject line should entice curiosity. However, don't go overboard and make the subject line too vague. Readers still like to know what's in an email. Choose your most compelling content for the subject line to capture the reader's interest in reading more.
Pro tip: Avoid using spam-sounding words like "limited time," "free," "opportunity," and "only" in your subject line.
If possible, personalize your newsletter by using the recipient's first name in the subject line. Then try using the recipient's name elsewhere in the email too.
If possible, do some A/B split testing to understand which subject lines and emails generate the highest open and click rates.
Pro Tip: Try asking a question in your subject line.
And never name your email newsletter "May Newsletter" or "Animal Fund Newsletter #36" – nothing could be less engaging!
A lot of things happen for your non-profit every week. However, do your supporters need to know about all of it? If not, how does one know which information to include in a newsletter?
Unfortunately, there's no universal rule. What your supporters are interested in depends a lot on who they are and what you do, but generally, they want to know what you've achieved as an organization and how their support has helped you. They also want to know what you are currently working toward achieving, and they want to be thanked.
The best way to go forward with this is to segment your email list. This means that you send different newsletters to different groups of people, which you previously segmented based on their interests (them having expressed their interests). For example, you could send information about who was appointed to your board of directors to the more business end of your supporters.
Another rule of thumb is to assume that people don't care that much about you. Very few people will sign up for your newsletter just to get "news" from your nonprofit. That will rarely attract people to sign up for an e-newsletter, so you'll have trouble building your list. Try to always include helpful tips for your supporters (e.g. if you're an animal rescue organization, you could include tips on how to best take care of a pet).
Make sure your newsletter has excellent stories (specifically about outcomes and volunteers).
Make sure your newsletter has clear calls-to-action.
Make sure the messaging is about the subscriber more than your organization.
We're also constantly multitasking, even if we are not good at it.
This means your supporters are squeezing their inbox checking in between meetings, train stops, and lunches.
Most of us generally scan email, not actually read it.
Start by thinking about what is the most important information you need to convey.
Make your newsletter "scannable" with bold headlines and bullet points where applicable.
Write short paragraphs and sentences. They are easier to skim.
Choose descriptive headlines and subheads with active verbs and vivid nouns. These will grab your supporters' attention and nudge them into actually reading the text.
Try focusing on a single story, or a single call to action.
Carefully craft the message in your preview snippet.
Sometimes, thinking about managing your social media channels, your blog, and your newsletters can be overwhelming. However, these three don't have to be thought of as three different silos. They can work together, and work well!
Connect these channels by cross-promoting each channel on the other ones. For example, include the beginning of a blog post and a key graphic in your nonprofit newsletter. Have people click through to read the entire article. That keeps the email short and it allows you to track clicks. Then, promote the blog post.
Email messages are increasingly including options to share content on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. What's more intriguing is that options to share on these social platforms generated a 115% better CTR (click-through-rate) than emails with no options to share the message.
Include all of your social media links and easy share buttons so readers can post your content to their newsfeeds.
Ask readers to forward your newsletter to friends and family members.
Offer incentives to those that get peers to sign-up for your newsletter.
When it comes to email newsletters, there's no magic formula for what will work with your readers.
Experiment. Keep in mind the best practices, tools, and techniques discussed throughout this article, but view them as guidelines. Take a chance on these ideas. If they work, great! Use them in the future. If they don't, they will help you figure out what you should avoid in the future.
Ultimately, nonprofit newsletters are worth investing in. They are an essential communications tool. They have the ability to inspire, connect, engage and raise money.
Your newsletter can make all the difference. And with just a little bit of planning and effort, you can turn your newsletter into a transformative tool for your organization.


NEW YORK (AP) Cincinnati outfielder Nate Scantlin has been suspended for 50 games and Atlanta pitcher Carlos Caminero for 25 games under baseball's minor league drug program.
Scantlin was disciplined following a second positive test for a drug of abuse, the commissioner's office said Friday. Scantlin was cited for an unspecified violation; 25 games matches the penalty for the first violation for use or possession of a syringe or any injectable substance.
The 21-year-old Scantlin was selected by the Reds in the 17th round of the 2017 amateur draft. He hit .241 with 14 RBIs in 46 games last year with Greeneville of the Appalachian League and was 1 for 10 in three games with Dayton of the Midwest League.
Caminero, a 21-year-old left-hander, has spent the past two seasons with the rookie-level Dominican Summer League Braves, He was 1-2 with a 1.87 ERA and five saves in 17 relief appearances last year.


text:
University of Idaho building new center to research soil & crops
Discussion panel at Boise State raises awareness of ongoing movement in Iran
The event aimed to bring people together to discuss the factors behind the 'Women Life Freedom' movement.
Author: Jude Binkley
Published: 11:19 PM MST January 20, 2023
Updated: 11:19 PM MST January 20, 2023
BOISE, Idaho — Members of the community aimed to raise awareness of the ongoing movement in Iran by hosting a discussion panel at Boise State University Friday.
One Boise group has been putting on events around the 'Women Life Freedom' movement. Friday's discussion was organized to bring people together to have a conversation about the political science and historical aspects of the Iran movement.
The discussion comes after months of international anti-Iran government protests that were sparked after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini last September.
Arvin Farid is an Iranian-American, and one of the organizers of the discussion. He noticed that throughout the protests, people have been expressing many different opinions about what could lead to a successful movement.
"I faced a lot of questions, and thought we can we could kill a couple of birds with one stone. Have two groups of panelists to share the historical point of view, and the political science predictions and analysis," Farid said. "And shed light on the recent events, history connection between the US and Iran, and why Americans should care, or why the government of the US should do something or not, and how can we help this movement succeed. Or how can we at least agree on how to help this cause."
Four professors and scholars were part of the panel, two of them affiliated with Boise State University. They spoke to a room of people on campus, and through a Zoom call. While the event was held on campus, it was open to the public, and people from varying age groups and background were in the crowd.
Farid said the event wanted to start a civil conversation to help attendees learn, discusses, and tolerate each others opinions about the movement in Iran.
"I think the more educated everybody gets, and the more we learn from the history and science of this, the easier it will be to discuss," Farid said.
The discussion covered topics including the history of Iran, cultural values vs. political views, women's empowerment, oil, the influence of the Cold War and other democratic movements.
Organizers also hope the discussion sparks more conversations throughout the community.
"This civil conversation, hopefully it percolates in different factions of the population here in the States," Farid said.
The panel was titled 'Iran: Historic and Recent Movements toward Democracy'. The panelists were Dr. Houchang Chehabi, Dr. Pardis Minuchehr, Dr. Michael Zirinsky, and Dr. Julie VanDusky-Allen.
In December, the United Nations voted to remove Iran from the Commission of the Status of Women (CSW) for the remainder of its term, ending in 2026.
At least 481 people, including 64 children, have been killed in Iran's nationwide protests, according to Norway-based nonprofit Iran Human Rights.
Iran execution: Man hung from crane in public amid protests
Iran morality police status remains unclear after 'closure' comment
'Women Life Freedom' movement holds demonstration in downtown Boise to remember Iranian women and Bloody November

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
disney quotes about family
On cherishing every day: "Today's special moments are tomorrow's memories." Learn how to spot it—and how to protect children of all ages from bullies at school.
Learn to overcome friendship hurdles and bond with women who get you. Disney quotes about love, family and friendship. [Walt Disney Quotes]. I have no interest in personal income or income. "An act of true love can thaw a frozen heart." – Olaf. There is no end to laughter, no imagination, and dreams last forever. Click for the best Disney quotes. Sure, they're geared towards kids, but Disney movies totally speak to parents, too. Listen for wheezing, hacking, or barking first, then read on to find out what's normal and when it's time to worry. 3.
And I look at you and I'm home." – Dory. Leadership means that a group, large or small, is ready to delegate authority to someone who has demonstrated judgment, intelligence, personal appeal, and proven ability. 9. Do well. Thank you! 31. When you're a family, you're in it together forever. Parenting is so much easier with good pals. Yeah. Get ideas from your favorite childhood movies with these inspirational Disney quotes about love, friendship, and dreams. My dream will not come true without you here. We've rounded up some of our favorite moments to inspire you to show a little affection to a special someone in your life.
Our heritage and our ideas, our code, and our standards. On biting your tongue: "If you can't say something nice, don't say nothin' at all." I enjoy work. Still good."
We've all had dreams about what it would be like to marry royalty, but which of the Disney princes is the right one for us?
My answer is, try.
And I love you.
In this article, we are covering famous Walt Disney quotes, so read this article carefully, you can find great quotes according to your taste. I can't convince financiers that Disneyland can do that because dreams are less guaranteed. A fun celebration doesn't need to cost a pretty penny. We have reached over 200 million views and amassed over 1,000,000 supporters on our platforms. We could write an entire article based purely on Coco quotes if we're honest, but here's one more from Miguel's grandmother – an important lesson Miguel learns just in time.
Nicole Fabian-Weber. also, he learns too many different courses in Chicago. Disney+ doc answers question. All Rights Reserved. No matter how much material success they've experienced in life, all parents will agree that their children are their greatest accomplishment. this website. No time to laugh. so let,s began to read all Walt Disney Quotes and start to inspire your self and other social media peoples. Disneyland is your land. Because nobody is more important or special to parents than their kids.
All our hard work and dreams can come true if we use our time in a smart way. —Lilo, Lilo & Stitch. And by trying to protect them from all the bad in the world, we might accidentally make them miss out on something good. Yep. When you believe in something, believe in everything, absolutely and without question. On a parent's greatest achievement: "The greatest gift and honor... is having you for a daughter." It's little and broken, but still good. Find the perfect handmade gift, vintage & on-trend clothes, unique jewelry, and more… lots more. And finally, dare.
But I think there are many people in this country who are just cheerful. With Instagram and Facebook, it probably looks like everyone else has the perfect life and perfect family. "To all who come to this happy place: Welcome. It depends on how you view it.
Do not forget!
But that certainly doesn't take away from the love between its members. Yes this is technically Pixar, and yes while some believe there's a romantic spark between Marlin and the amnesiac Dory, the two never actually get together – but by the end of the film Dory certainly has a new home, and along with a newly-rescued Nemo, a surrogate family.
And if you're inspired to craft something special with one of these Disney family quotes, consider making a f amily-themed canvas print. Even for Pixar, Coco is a film notorious for getting the waterworks going, thanks in no small part on its emphasis on family – both dead and alive – and how they are more important than anything else. Walt Disney was an amazing, inspiring man, so there are plenty of great Walt Disney quotes out there to motivate and inspire you, including this list. On finding fun in the mundane: "In every job that must be done, there is an element of fun. —Cinderella, Cinderella. —Snow White, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. On not raising kids in a bubble: "[You] can't never let anything happen to him. On every parent's wish: "I just want you to be happy. Then nothing would ever happen to him." On keeping calm and carrying on: "When life gets you down, do you wanna know what you've gotta do?
Sometimes Disney says it best. Discover and share Disney Movie Quotes About Family.
All of a sudden everything looks different i see you. Actually let's back-up and tell you what a FastPass is. For those of you who visit Walt Disney World, Disneyland FastPasses are a bi. Never be angry or furious. When you believe in something, you believe in everything, absolutely and disproportionately.
And finally, some wise words from the main man himself, who certainly knew a thing or two about business – and even more about family going by his films. No one figures everything out the first go 'round.
By Nicole Fabian-Weber Just keep swimming!" Always remember that it all started with the mouse.
Sit back, relax, and enjoy perusing the magic that is Disney. in this school, he learns about drawing and photography and contributing to cartoonist paper.
—Christopher Robin, Winnie the Pooh. Not every day is a great day when you've got little ones.
$2.99 - Mickey Minnie Disney Vacation Fabric/T-Shirt Iron On Transfer #ebay #Home & Garden. What older sibling can't lovingly relate. Get your gears turning with hundreds of puzzles, with new ones added each week - and enjoy a seven day free trial! Find a chore your kid loves to do, and start a habit of wanting to help out that'll last a lifetime.
—Dory, Finding Nemo. Imagination is unsustainable. The typical wait in the FastPass line is 5-10 minutes so it saves you time! if you do smart work in your life then your dreams come true.
It's not a Disney movie without a focus on family. It's no accident that Disney movies tug at our heartstrings and stick with us long after the credits have rolled. 19 Disney Movie Quotes That Nail Parenthood. But you've got to keep chugging along, knowing that tomorrow will be better. I want to make people happy in the hope that they will learn, rather than enjoy. On what it means to be a family: "Ohana means family, and family means no one gets left behind or forgotten." I'm silent, you know? "I was hiding under the porch because I love you." – Dug. "I was hiding under your porch because I love you." – Dug, UP Dug knows the true meaning of unconditional love. From Mary Poppins to Wonder Woman, these characters from books and comic books will inspire you to change for the better. You should not allow anyone to set your own boundaries because of your originality. If you only want children, you are dead. Children are people, and they have to reach out to learn about things, to understand them, just as adults want to increase their mental height.
So this is what makes life divine." He is adorable. This particular mystery, for me, can be solved.
Get to know each phase of your cycle to get pregnant faster. Print our free Thanksgiving coloring pages to keep kids of all ages entertained this November. On keeping things in perspective: "Remember, laughter is 10 times more powerful than screams."
Discover and share Disney Movie Quotes About Family. The greatest natural resource is the mental health of our children. News, photos, videos and full episode guide, 10 Disney quotes about family that will warm your heart, Disney+ for £59.99 a year and £5.99 a month, sign up for £59.99 a year and £5.99 a month, Disney+ Hamilton movies' cast – who plays who and the real-life characters, High School Musical director confirms Sharpay's brother Ryan is gay, 24 Mulan animation movie facts ahead of the remake's release, Who is the voice Elsa hears Frozen 2? There is more wealth in the books than in all the pirates who stole the treasure from the island.
Somehow, I couldn't believe the heights were beyond the reach of anyone who knew the secret to dream. There is no greater pleasure than a human animal. 7.
Happiness is a state of mind. Everybody's got to dish out a little tough love now and again. Disney Quotes About Family. I have no advantage for people who consider themselves celebrities, or for those who are with you just because you are famous. I don't want to repeat the successes, I want to move on.
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disney quotes about family 2020


text:
La Te Tse (Ҵ ҵ; cursivas: Ҵ ҵ) es una letra del alfabeto cirílico.  La forma de la letra se originó como una ligadura de las letras cirílicas Te (Т т Т т) y Tse (Ц ц Ц ц).

Se utiliza en el alfabeto abjasio, donde representa la africada eyectiva alveolar . La letra se ordena entre Ц y Ч.

En inglés, Te Tse es comúnmente romanizada como .

Códigos informáticos

Referencias

Letras cirílicas
Ligaduras del alfabeto cirílico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia