text:
Significant CD4, CD8, and CD19 Lymphopenia in Peripheral Blood of Sarcoidosis Patients Correlates with Severe Disease Manifestations
Nadera J. Sweiss ,
* E-mail: nsweiss@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
Affiliation Sarcoidosis and Scleroderma Clinic, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
Rafah Salloum,
Affiliation Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
Seema Ghandi,
Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
Maria-Luisa Alegre,
Ray Sawaqed,
Affiliation Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, Indiana, United States of America
Maria Badaracco,
Kenneth Pursell,
Affiliation Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
David Pitrak,
Robert P. Baughman,
Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
David R. Moller,
Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
Joe G. N. Garcia,
Affiliation Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
Timothy B. Niewold
Nadera J. Sweiss,
David R. Moller
Nadera J. Sweiss Rafah Salloum ... Timothy B. Niewold
24 Feb 2010: Sweiss NJ, Salloum R, Gandhi S, Alegre ML, Sawaqed R, et al. (2010) Correction: Significant CD4, CD8, and CD19 Lymphopenia in Peripheral Blood of Sarcoidosis Patients Correlates with Severe Disease Manifestations. PLOS ONE 5(2): 10.1371/annotation/a75007e1-492a-4bcb-80a8-28b4d432c099. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/a75007e1-492a-4bcb-80a8-28b4d432c099 View correction
Sarcoidosis is a poorly understood chronic inflammatory condition. Infiltration of affected organs by lymphocytes is characteristic of sarcoidosis, however previous reports suggest that circulating lymphocyte counts are low in some patients with the disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood in a cohort of sarcoidosis patients to determine the prevalence, severity, and clinical features associated with lymphopenia in major lymphocyte subsets.
Lymphocyte subsets in 28 sarcoid patients were analyzed using flow cytometry to determine the percentage of CD4, CD8, and CD19 positive cells. Greater than 50% of patients had abnormally low CD4, CD8, or CD19 counts (p<4×10−10). Lymphopenia was profound in some cases, and five of the patients had absolute CD4 counts below 200. CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocyte subset counts were significantly correlated (Spearman's rho 0.57, p = 0.0017), and 10 patients had low counts in all three subsets. Patients with severe organ system involvement including neurologic, cardiac, ocular, and advanced pulmonary disease had lower lymphocyte subset counts as a group than those patients with less severe manifestations (CD4 p = 0.0043, CD8 p = 0.026, CD19 p = 0.033). No significant relationships were observed between various medical therapies and lymphocyte counts, and lymphopenia was present in patients who were not receiving any medical therapy.
Significant lymphopenia involving CD4, CD8, and CD19 positive cells was common in sarcoidosis patients and correlated with disease severity. Our findings suggest that lymphopenia relates more to disease pathology than medical treatment.
Citation: Sweiss NJ, Salloum R, Ghandi S, Alegre M-L, Sawaqed R, Badaracco M, et al. (2010) Significant CD4, CD8, and CD19 Lymphopenia in Peripheral Blood of Sarcoidosis Patients Correlates with Severe Disease Manifestations. PLoS ONE 5(2): e9088. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009088
Editor: Jacques Zimmer, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), Luxembourg
Received: December 29, 2009; Accepted: January 20, 2010; Published: February 5, 2010
Copyright: © 2010 Sweiss et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Grant Support and Disclosures: TB Niewold: NIH K08 AI083790, NIAID Clinical Research Loan Repayment AI071651, Arthritis National Research Foundation Eng Tan Scholar Award, Lupus Research Institute, University of Chicago CTSA Core Subsidy Grant and Collaborative University of Chicago/Northshore University Health System Translational Research Pilot Grant from UL1 RR024999. NJ Sweiss: Investigator initiated grant support from Abbott, Genentech and BMS for sarcoidosis research, Young investigator award, Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The commercial funders, BMS, Genentech and Abbott, supported clinical trial research in sarcoidosis to use novel therapies. It did not support the work in this manuscript and does not alter adherence to PloS One polices. The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas which consist of CD4+ T-cells and macrophages surrounded by CD8+ T-cells [1]. This inflammation can affect any number of organs, including the lung, liver, heart, skin, and nervous system. The etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, but likely involves genetic factors, which interact with environmental exposures to result in disease susceptibility [2]. The immune dysregulation in sarcoidosis is classically manifested by hypergammaglobulinemia and paradoxical cutaneous anergy to particular antigens such as tuberculin protein [3]. This paradox of anergy co-existing with an inflammatory condition remains poorly understood.
Lymphopenia occurs in over 50% of sarcoidosis patients and is associated with chronic disease [4], [5], [6]. While early studies have suggested that sarcoidosis-associated lymphopenia is due to T-cell depletion [7], few studies have focused on the various peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in sarcoidosis. Miyara and colleagues investigated the presence and function of regulatory T cells in the lung and blood of patients with sarcoidosis. It was demonstrated that CD4+CD25brightFoxP3+ cells accumulated in the periphery of sarcoid granulomas, in BAL washings, and in peripheral blood of patients with active disease. These cells effectively suppressed the proliferation of effector cells but not their production of TNF. This may explain the paradoxical state of T cell anergy in these patients that is associated with active local inflammation. However, to our knowledge, detailed examination of the various lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood in sarcoidosis patients has not been described. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood in a cohort of sarcoidosis patients followed at the University of Chicago Rheumatology Clinic to determine the prevalence, severity, and clinical features associated with lymphopenia in major lymphocyte subsets.
We performed a retrospective review of the laboratory records for lymphocyte subset testing in sarcoidosis patients at the University of Chicago Hospital between November 2006 and January 2008. Our analysis was limited to individuals who received full testing by flow cytometry and included the following cell counts: Absolute CD4 (515–1642 cells/µL), CD8(212–887 cells/µL) and CD19 (103–581 cells/µL). The medical records of patients and controls were reviewed according to the study approved by the University of Chicago Institutional Review Board. Because this was a retrospective chart review, patient consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board as the study approved by the Institutional Review Board required no therapeutic intervention. Twenty-eight patients were identified. Inclusion criteria were patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis who attended the University of Chicago Sarcoidosis Center for new or return appointments and had full lymphocyte subset data available.
Clinical data were obtained by the primary study physician (NJS) and abstracted to include clinical manifestations related to sarcoidosis, demographics, and medical therapy. Lymphocyte subset data in the sarcoidosis cohort were compared to 100 healthy individuals who were tested by the clinical laboratory for assay standardization. Results were also compared between groups of patients defined by disease manifestations or medical treatment. Severe organ system involvement was defined as chronic sarcoidosis with at least one of the following disease manifestations: neurologic, cardiac, ocular, or advanced pulmonary disease defined as forced vital capacity (FVC)<40% of predicted. Patients with severe sarcoidosis typically require corticosteroid-sparing agents secondary to corticosteroid failure.
CD4, CD8, and CD19 cells were counted in whole blood using flow cytometry techniques at the University of Chicago Clinical Laboratory following standard protocols with fluorescently labeled antibodies. The proportion of cells positive for CD4, CD8, and CD19 was multiplied by the total number of lymphocytes, and cell counts were reported as number of cells per microliter (cells/µL). Normal ranges for CD4, CD8, and CD19 cell populations were derived from the healthy donor cohort used to standardize the assay. Low count was defined as results below the lower level of normal for CD4 (515–1642 cells/µL), CD8 (212–887 cells/µL) and CD19 (103–581 cells/µL).
Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data, and quantitative comparisons were performed using an unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney non-parametric t-test as appropriate depending upon whether the data were normally distributed as assessed by the D'Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test. P-values shown are all two-sided, and uncorrected for multiple comparisons.
Patient Characteristics
In this cohort of 28 sarcoidosis patients, 18 were African-American, and ten were European-American. The mean age was 51.6 years, with a wide spectrum of organ system involvement (Table 1). Seven patients (25%) had cardiac and 7 had skin involvement, 4 patients (14%) had clinically significant lung involvement, 4 (14%) had neurologic involvement, and 6 patients (21%) had liver involvement. A total of 24/28 patients in this cohort (86%) required therapy.
Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Information for the Cohort.
Significant CD4, CD8, and CD19 Lymphopenia Was Present in Sarcoidosis Patients
The majority of sarcoidosis patients exhibited reduced lymphocyte subset counts, including CD4 (57%), CD8 (54%), and CD19 cell counts (54%) as compared to healthy controls (Figure 1A, p<4×10−10). Only eight patients (29%) demonstrated values within the normal range for all three lymphocyte subsets. Lymphopenia was profound in some cases, and five of the patients had absolute CD4 counts below 200. There were no significant differences by gender or ethnicity (European vs. African-American ancestry) in any of the lymphocyte subset counts. CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocyte counts were significantly correlated (Spearman's rho 0.57, p = 0.0017, Figure 1B), and 10 patients (36%) exhibited reduced lymphocyte counts in all three subsets.
Figure 1. Absolute counts and correlation between CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocytes in sarcoidosis.
A) Peripheral blood lymphocyte measurements show that 16 patients (57%) had lower than normal CD4 counts, 15 patients (54%) had lower than normal CD8 counts, and 15 patients (54%) had lower than normal CD19 counts. The box indicates the normal range for cell counts (95% of normal control subjects fell within this normal range) (p<4×10−10). B) Correlation between lymphocyte counts in sarcoidosis patients. CD4∶CD8 correlation shown in purple, and CD4∶CD19 shown in blue, with Spearman's rho and p-value indicated for each correlation.
Lymphopenia in Sarcoidosis Patients Is Not Related to Medical Therapy but Instead to Severity of Disease
Reductions in lymphocyte subset counts were not significantly different in patients who were taking disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs, including methotrexate, azathioprine, leflunomide and mycophenolate mofetil) (n = 14), prednisone (n = 18) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors (n = 6) (p>0.5, data not shown). Four patients had not been taking any medical therapy, and three of these patients had abnormally low lymphocyte counts. Patients with severe organ system involvement as defined in the Methods had lower lymphocyte subset counts as a group than those patients who did not have these disease manifestations (CD4 p = 0.0043, CD8 p = 0.026, CD19 p = 0.033, Figure 2).
Figure 2. Lymphocyte counts in patients with severe organ system involvement vs. those without severe organ system involvement.
Severe organ system involvement is defined as outlined in the methods.
This study provides the first report of frequent and severe CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphopenia in sarcoidosis patients to our knowledge. All lymphocyte subsets were highly correlated with each other, suggesting that many patients have severe overall T- and B-cell lymphopenia in peripheral blood. Lymphopenia was frequently present in patients who were not receiving any medical therapy, and while immunosuppressive therapies may reduce lymphocyte numbers in the peripheral blood [8], we found that there were no significant relationships between specific medical therapies and lymphocyte counts. In contrast, severe organ system involvement was associated with lower lymphocyte subset counts, suggesting that lymphopenia may relate more to disease pathology than medical therapy. This finding could suggest that lymphocytes are depleted in peripheral blood due to increased infiltration of target organs. In one study of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), there was a was a significant relationship between an increase in the number of CD4 positive T cells in the BAL fluid and a decrease in the absolute number of CD4 positive T cells in the peripheral blood [9]. Alternatively, lymphopenia could represent either suppression of lymphogenesis due to cytokines or other influences, or increased peripheral destruction due to activation-driven cell death or other mechanisms. Longitudinal follow up studies would be of high interest to determine whether lymphopenia is corrected with therapy, as other disease manifestations are effectively treated. Such results would further strengthen the hypothesis that lymphopenia underlies disease pathology rather than being a result of generalized immunosuppression.
We appreciate BioMedText, Inc./Dr. Rashmi Nemade for helpful editing.
Conceived and designed the experiments: NJS TBN. Performed the experiments: NJS RS SG MLA TBN. Analyzed the data: NJS RS SG MLA TBN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NJS RS SG MLA DP TBN. Wrote the paper: NJS RS SG MLA RS MB KP RPB DRM JG TBN.
1. Noor A, Knox KS (2007) Immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Clin Dermatol 25: 250–258.
2. Zissel G, Prasse A, Muller-Quernheim J (2007) Sarcoidosis–immunopathogenetic concepts. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28: 3–14.
3. Gerke AK, Hunninghake G (2008) The immunology of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 29: 379–390, vii.
4. Hedfors E, Holm G, Pettersson D (1974) Lymphocyte subpopulations in sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 17: 219–226.
5. Lower EE, Smith JT, Martelo OJ, Baughman RP (1988) The anemia of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 5: 51–55.
6. Selroos O, Koivunen E (1979) Prognostic significance of lymphopenia in sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand 206: 259–262.
7. Kataria YP, LoBuglio AF, Bromberg PA, Hurtubise PE (1976) Sarcoid lymphocytes: B- and T-cell quantitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 278: 69–79.
8. Slade JD, Hepburn B (1983) Prednisone-induced alterations of circulating human lymphocyte subsets. J Lab Clin Med 101: 479–487.
9. Baughman RP, Hurtubise PE (1985) Systemic immune response of patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 61: 535–541.
Correction: Significant CD4, CD8, and CD19 Lymphopenia in Peripheral Blood of Sarcoidosis Patients Correlates with Severe Disease Manifestations
Is the Subject Area "Lymphocytes" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Sarcoidosis" applicable to this article?
Lymphopenia
Is the Subject Area "Lymphopenia" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Blood" applicable to this article?
Cytotoxic T cells
Is the Subject Area "Cytotoxic T cells" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "T cells" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Flow cytometry" applicable to this article?


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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}

There is no consensus neither on the main scenario that brings white dwarfs (WDs) to ignite thermonuclear explosions as type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), nor on the classification of the different SN Ia scenarios
(e.g., \citealt{LivioMazzali2018, Wang2018,  Jhaetal2019NatAs, RuizLapuente2019, Soker2019Rev, Ruiter2020} for very recent reviews).
As most recent studies continue to explore all scenarios (e.g. \citealt{Pan2020, Wuetal2020,  Blondinetal2021, Clarketal2021, Ferrandetal2021, LivnehKatz2020, Ablimit2021, LivnehKatz2021, Liuetal2021, MengLuo2021, Michaely2021, Zengetal2021, Chandraetal2021, Patraetal2021}), I briefly review (by alphabetical order) the six binary SN Ia scenarios according to \cite{Soker2019Rev}, where one can find more details. I will not discuss single star scenarios (e.g., \citealt{Clavelli2019, Antoniadisetal2020}).

Before I list the scenarios I define the merger to explosion delay (MED) time that I introduced in \cite{Soker2018Rev}. The MED time is the time from the merger (or mass transfer) event to the explosion itself (more in section \ref{subsec:MED}).

(1) The \textit{core-degenerate (CD) scenario}. In this scenario the merger process of a CO WD (or possibly HeCO WD)  with the CO core (or possibly HeCO core) of a massive asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star takes place at the end of the common envelope evolution (CEE) and forms a WD remnant with a mass close to the Chandrasekhar mass limit (e.g., \citealt{Kashi2011, Ilkov2013, AznarSiguanetal2015}).  In this scenario a MED time is built-in, and exists in all SNe Ia by this scenario. Its value can be $ 0 < t_{\rm MED} \la 10^{10} {~\rm yr}$. However, as I argue in the present study (section \ref{subsec:EstimatingCEEDTD}) there is a high SN Ia explosion rate for  $t_{\rm MED} \la 10^{4} {~\rm yr}$.
The largest challenges of the CD scenario are to show that core-WD mergers can lead to a large population of WD remnants with masses close to the Chandrasekhar mass limit, and that these remnants have long MED times. The new study by \cite{Neopaneetal2022} of WD-WD mergers suggest that these requirements are possible to reach.

(2+3) The \textit{double degenerate (DD) scenarios.} In these scenarios (e.g., \citealt{Webbink1984, Iben1984}) the two WDs merge as they lose energy to gravitational waves. One or two of the WDs might be HeCO WDs rather than pure CO WDs
(e.g., \citealt{YungelsonKuranov2017, Zenatietal2019, Peretsetal2019}).
In the \textit{DD scenario} without MED the explosion is likely to take place during a violent merger process (e.g., \citealt{Pakmoretal2011, Liuetal2016, Ablimitetal2016}). In the \textit{DD-MED scenario} the explosion occurs a long time, more than several months, after the merger process. The value of the MED time is an open question of the DD scenarios (e.g., \citealt{LorenAguilar2009, vanKerkwijk2010, Pakmor2013, Levanonetal2015, LevanonSoker2019}).

(4) The \textit{double-detonation (DDet) scenario.} In this scenario the companion transfers helium-rich gas to a CO or a HeCO WD. The accumulated helium layer ignites and explodes, sending a shock wave into the mass-accreting WD and explodes it (e.g., \citealt{Woosley1994, Livne1995, Shenetal2018}). This scenario has no MED time.

(5) The \textit{single degenerate (SD) scenario.} In this scenario the WD accretes a hydrogen-rich material from a non-degenerate companion and explodes as a (close to) Chandrasekhar-mass WD  (e.g., \citealt{Whelan1973, Han2004, Wangetal2009}). It might have no delay time, i.e., explodes as soon as it reaches the Chandrasekhar mass (or very close to it) or much later after it loses angular momentum (e.g., \citealt{Piersantietal2003, DiStefanoetal2011, Justham2011}). In the CEE-wind SD scenario \citep{MengPodsiadlowski2017} the explosion might take place shortly after a CEE in case the WD is a hybrid CONe WD \citep{MengPodsiadlowski2018}. In my recent review
\cite{Soker2019Rev} I argued that SD-MED, i.e., the SD scenario with MED time, might account for a small fraction of SNe Ia, while in cases of an explosion at the moment the WD reaches close the the Chandrasekhar mass the outcome is a peculiar SN Ia.

(6) The \textit{WD-WD collision (WWC) scenario.} The collision of two WDs with each other at about their free fall velocity sets an explosion (e.g., \citealt{Raskinetal2009, Rosswogetal2009, Kushniretal2013, AznarSiguanetal2014}).
Studies argue that this scenario might at best supply $<1 \%$ of all SNe Ia (e.g., \citealt{Toonenetal2018, HallakounMaoz2019, HamersThompson2019}). This scenario has no MED time.

Some of the scenarios involve a CEE phase. In those scenarios in addition tot the MED time there is the CEE to explosion delay (CEED) time. In \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} I introduced the CEE to explosion delay time distribution (CEEDTD), and wrote an approximate expression for it. In the present study I use new observations from the literature (section \ref{sec:Short}) to propose a new  expression for the CEEDTD (section \ref{subsec:EstimatingCEEDTD}). In section \ref{sec:summary} I summarise the expression for the CEEDTD in the frame of the CD scenario,

\section{Definitions of the delay times}
\label{sec:DelayTimes}

\subsection{The delay time distribution (DTD)}
\label{subsec:delay}

The delay time distribution (DTD) refers to the distribution of the delay time from star formation to the SN Ia explosion
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm SF-E}\equiv {\rm Star~formation~to
~explosion}.
\label{eq:tSFE}
\end{equation}
Different groups obtain somewhat different DTDs (e.g., \citealt{Grauretal2014, Heringeretal2017, MaozGraur2017, Frohmaieretal2019, Wisemanetal2021}). I use here the same expression as I derived in \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} that I based on the DTDs of \cite{FriedmannMaoz2018} for galaxy clusters and of \cite{Heringeretal2019} for field galaxies
\begin{equation}
\dot N_{\rm DTD}  = 0.19 N_{\rm Ia} F_1(t_{\rm i}) \left( \frac{t_{\rm SF-E}}{1 {~\rm Gyr}} \right)^{-1.32} {~\rm Gyr}^{-1},
\label{eq:dotN3A}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
F_1(t_{\rm i})=1.68 \left[ (t_{\rm i}/{~\rm Gyr})^{-0.32} - 13.7^{-0.32} \right]^{-1},
\label{eq:dotN3B}
\end{equation}
and SNe Ia occur in the time interval $t_{\rm i} < t_{\rm SF-E} < 13.7 {~\rm Gyr}$. Namely, $t_{\rm i}$ is the first time after star formation when SNe Ia occur.

\cite{FriedmannMaoz2018} consider $t_{\rm i} = 0.04 {~\rm Gyr}$ and find a SN Ia efficiency, i.e., number of SNe Ia per formed stellar mass to be $n_{\rm Ia}\simeq 0.003-0.008 M^{-1}_\odot$.
\cite{Heringeretal2019} have $t_{\rm i} = 0.1 {~\rm Gyr}$ and find $n_{\rm Ia} \simeq 0.003-0.006 M^{-1}_\odot$. To proceed I take here $t_{\rm i}=0.05 {~\rm Gyr}$. This value  corresponds to the life time of star of initial mass of $M_{\rm ZAMS} \simeq 6 M_\odot$ from the main sequence to its asymptotic giant branch phase. Substituting $t_{\rm i}=0.05 {~\rm Gyr}$ in equations (\ref{eq:dotN3A}) and (\ref{eq:dotN3B}) yields
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\dot N_{\rm DTD} &  =  0.147 N_{\rm Ia} \left( \frac{t_{\rm SF-E}}{1 {~\rm Gyr}} \right)^{-1.32} {~\rm Gyr}^{-1}
\\ &
 {\rm for} \quad 0.05 {~\rm Gyr} < t_{\rm SF-E} < 13.7 {~\rm Gyr}.
\label{eq:dotNf}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
This expression has large uncertainties, but it is not the focus of this study.

I emphasise that the DTD (\ref{eq:dotNf}) includes \textit{all SNe Ia}, including those with very short delay time after CEE that I discuss below.

\subsection{Merger to explosion delay (MED) time}
\label{subsec:MED}

This section is relevant mainly to the CD and DD scenarios that have merger of two degenerate stars. For the present study I define the MED time as
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm MED}\equiv {\rm Merger~to
~explosion}.
\label{eq:tMED}
\end{equation}
This time refers also the time from the termination of the mass transfer to explosion in the SD scenario, which, however, is not the focus of this study.

In earlier papers (\citealt{Soker2018Rev, Soker2019Rev, Soker2019CEEDTD}) I presented arguments for  that many SNe Ia must have a substantial time delay from the merger event to the explosion.
The main one is that prompt explosions in the DD scenario lead to highly-non-spherical explosions
(e.g.,  \citealt{Kashyapetal2017, Pakmor2012, Tanikawaetal2015, vanRossumetal2016}), which is in contradiction with the morphlogy of most SN Ia remnants (SNRs Ia) that tend to be spherical or axisymmetrical (e.g., \citealt{Lopezetal2011}).
A substantial MED time, i.e., one that is much longer than the dynamical time of the merger process and therefore allows the formation of a single WD, overcomes this challenge.
The DDet scenario also leads to non-spherical explosions (e.g., \citealt{Papishetal2015, Tanikawaetal2018, Tanikawaetal2019}), but there is no possibility in the DDet scenario to overcome this challenge as it has no MED time.

\subsection{Common envelope to explosion delay (CEED) time}
\label{subsec:CEEDtime}

In \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} I listed my motivations to define the CEE to explosion delay (CEED) time
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm CEED} \equiv {\rm End~of~CEE~to~explosion}.
\label{eq:tCEED}
\end{equation}
The first motivation comes from the interaction of the Kepler SNR Ia with a massive circumstellar medium (CSM; e.g., \citealt{Sankritetal2016}). The CSM comes from a CEE as there are no indications for any giant star that could have blown the CSM (e.g., \citealt{Kerzendorfetal2014, Medanetal2017}). This suggests that the CSM was blown during a CEE in the frame of the CD scenario or of the DD scenario \citep{Soker2019CEEDTD}.  \cite{MengLi2019} propose the CEE-wind channel of the SD scenario for the Kepler SNR, but I will not discuss it here.
Another motivation is my view \citep{Sokeretal2013} that the CSM of the SN PTF11kx is too massive for the SD scenario to account for, beside the CEE-wind channel of the SD scenario \citep{MengPodsiadlowski2018}.

In the present study (section \ref{subsec:fraction}) I consider new observations of more SNR Ia that have massive CSM and use these to better constrain the CEED time distribution (CEEDTS).

As the duration of the CEE might be long relative to $t_{\rm MED}$ and $t_{\rm CEED}$ it is important to refer to the starting time of $t_{\rm CEED}$.  I take $t_{\rm CEED}=0$ at the end of the CEE. In the CD scenario this is also the merger time, i.e., in the CD scenario
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm CEED} = t_{\rm MED} \qquad {\rm for~the~CD~scenario}.
\label{eq:CEEDMEDcd}
\end{equation}
In the DD scenario the time from the end of the CEE to explosion includes the time to merger due to gravitational waves plus the MED time
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm CEED} = t_{\rm GW} + t_{\rm MED} \qquad {\rm for~the~DD~scenario}.
\label{eq:CEEDMEDdd}
\end{equation}

\section{The SNe Ia rate shortly after the CEE}
\label{sec:Short}

\subsection{The fraction of SNe Ia inside PNe (SNIPs)}
\label{subsec:fraction}

\subsubsection{Previous estimates}
\label{subsubsubsec:previous}

\cite{TsebrenkoSoker2015a} assumed that the presence of two opposite protrusions from the main shell of a SNR Ia, termed `Ears', indicates that the ejecta interacts with a CSM that once was a planetary nebula (PN)  (see also \citealt{Chiotellisetal2016}). \cite{TsebrenkoSoker2015a} assumed that the ears are along the symmetry axis, i.e., polar ears, and named these SNe Ia SNIPs, for SNe inside PNe, including also SNe Ia explosions inside proto-PNe \citep{Cikotaetal2017}. I note that \cite{Chiotellisetal2021} study a model where the ears are in the equatorial plane rather than at the polar directions of the SNR.
\cite{TsebrenkoSoker2015a} examined the morphology of 13 SNRs and from that estimated that SNIPs amount to at least $\simeq 20 \pm 10 \%$ of all SNe Ia. They derived this number from their estimate, by the presence of ears, that two SNRs Ia posses ears while four other SNRs Ia might posses ears.
I list these SNRs in Table \ref{table:SNRs}, indicating the classification of \cite{TsebrenkoSoker2015a} in the third row.
\begin{table*}[t]
        \centering
    \begin{tabular}{|lccc|cccc|}
    \hline
    SNR & X-ray Image & `Ears' & This study & SNR  & X-ray Image & `Ears' & This study       \\
    \hline
    Kepler     &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{kepler.eps}     & Yes & Yes (Ears + CSM)
    & SN~1006         &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{1006.eps}       & No & Yes (CSM) \\
    G1.9+0.3   &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{g1.9+0.3.eps}   & Yes &  Yes (Ears)
    & 3C~397   &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{3c397.eps} & No  & Maybe \\
    G299.2-2.9 &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{g299.eps}       & Maybe  & Yes (Ears)
    & Tycho &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{tycho.eps}     & No & Maybe (CSM) \\
    RCW86      &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{rcw86.eps}      & No  & Yes (Ears + CSM)
    &   DEM~L71      &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{dem_l71.eps}   & Maybe  & Yes (Ears + CSM) \\
    N~103B      &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{n103.eps}        & No  & Yes (CSM)
    & 0548-70.4 &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{0547.8-7024.eps}      & No  & Yes (Ears + CSM) \\
    0534$-$69.9  &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{0534-69.9.eps}  & Maybe & Maybe (Ears)
    & 0509-67.5    &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{0509-67.5.eps}  & No & No \\
    0519-69.0  &  \includegraphics[width=15mm, height=15mm]{0519-69.0.eps}  & Maybe  & Yes (CSM)
    & -    &  -  & - & -  \\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Known well-resolved SNRs with ages less than $10,000 {~\rm yr}$ (based on \citealt{TsebrenkoSoker2015a}). The third row is the classification by \cite{TsebrenkoSoker2015a} of whether the SNR is a SNIP (a type Ia supernova inside a planetary nebula) or not, according to the presence or not of `ears', i.e., two opposite protrusions. The fourth column list my new estimate in the present study whether the SNR is a SNIP or not. The images are from the Chandra SNR Catalogue (references therein). }
      \label{table:SNRs}
\end{table*}

In \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} I noted that the SNR Ia N103B does interact with a CSM  (e.g., \citealt{Williamsetal2018}). I still estimated the fraction of SNIP as $f_{\rm SNIP} \simeq 15 - 20 \%$. I further assumed that the time delay to SN Ia explosion during which we can detect an interaction with a CSM is $t < t_{\rm SNIP} \simeq 3 \times 10^5 {~\rm yr}$. From that I derive the average SN Ia rate in the time period $0< t_{\rm CEED} < 3 \times 10^5$ to be $\approx (100-1000)N_{\rm Ia} {~\rm Gyr}^{-1}$.
Below I use new observational results to estimate a much higher rate, due both to a larger fraction of SNIPs and to a shorter relevant ejecta-CSM interaction time.

\subsubsection{New estimates of SNIP fraction}
\label{subsubsubsec:NewSNIP}

\cite{Lietal2021} present a study of the SNe Ia with Balmer-dominated shells in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). One of them is N103B that has a CSM mass of about $1-3 M_\odot$ (e.g., \citealt{Williamsetal2014, Lietal2017, Blairetal2020}). \cite{Lietal2021} find that the LMC SNRs Ia N103B, DEML71, and 0548$-$70.4 have numerous and wide-spread knots, and that their density is too high to be of interstellar medium (ISM) source. These high-density knots must originate from a CSM gas. The LMC SNR Ia 0519$-$69.0 has a small number of knots.
There are other indications for the presence of CSM around some SNe Ia, e.g., by the presence of sodium absorption lines (e.g., \citealt{Patatetal2007Sci, Sternbergetal2011Sci}). For these cases as well, its seems that the CSM is too massive for the SD scenario and better fits the expectations of the CD scenario (e.g., \citealt{Soker2015Na}).

Based on the new study of \cite{Lietal2021} I consider the possibility that the other SNRs Ia that have Balmer-dominated spectra also have a massive CSM, namely, be SNIPs. These are Tycho \citep{KirshnerChevalier1978} SN~1006 \citep{SchweizerLasker1978}, Kepler \citep{Fesenetal1989}, and RCW86 \citep{LongBlair1990}. As Tycho has a global spherically symmetric morphology, I mark it as maybe for being a SNIP. Of course, not all SNe Ia have CSM  (e.g., \citealt{Cendesetal2020}).

From my assessment that 9 out of 13 SNRs Ia are SNIPs and that 3 are `maybe', my new estimate is that in the Galaxy and in the LMC the SNIP fraction is
$9/13$ to $(9+3/2)/13$, or
\begin{equation}
f_{\rm SNIP}{\rm (MW+LMC)} \simeq 0.7-0.8.
\label{eq:fSNIPMW}
\end{equation}
However, these two galaxies have on-going star formation so I expect a large fraction of SNe Ia with short time delay from star formation, which in the present study implies a large fraction of SNe Ia with short CEED time, i.e., SNIPs.
The fraction of SNIPs when we include elliptical galaxies with lower star formation rates is lower. If SNIPs come from near-Chandrasekhar-mass SNe Ia as I claim here, the higher fraction of SNIPs in star-forming galaxies might be compatible with the finding of \cite{Kobayashietal2020} that the fraction of near-Chandrasekhar-mass SNe Ia in the Milky Way is higher than in dwarf galaxies.
\cite{Brownetal2019} find that the specific SN Ia rate is much larger in low-mass galaxies than in massive galaxies.
This might also point to a very large fraction of SNe Ia shortly after star formation as the low-mass galaxies have a higher specific star formation rate. \cite{Smithetal2012}, for example, argued that the SN Ia rate per unit stellar mass is a positive function of specific star formation rate.
Because of the large uncertainties I simply take
\begin{equation}
f_{\rm SNIP}{\rm (total)} \simeq 0.5.
\label{eq:fSNIPtotal}
\end{equation}

If all SNe Ia that form shortly (see section \ref{subsec:CEEDtime}) after star formation are SNIPs, then from the DTD in equation (\ref{eq:dotNf}) I find that SNe Ia are SNIPs in the time range of
$0.05 {~\rm Gyr} < t _{\rm SF-E} < 0.27 {~\rm Gyr}$. This time span approximately corresponds to star of zero age main sequence masses in the range of
\begin{equation}
3.5 M_\odot \la M_{\rm ZAMS} \la 6 M_\odot
\qquad{\rm SNIP ~progenitors} .
\label{eq:MSNIP}
\end{equation}
This range of not-too-low-mass progenitors ensures that in many cases a WD companion merges with the core of an AGB star during the CEE (e.g., \citealt{Sokeretal2013, Ablimitetal2021}).

\subsection{Estimating the CEED time}
\label{subsec:EstimatingCEED}

The high mass loss rate at the end of the AGB might be long, up to $\approx 10^5 {~\rm yr}$ (e.g., \citealt{Corradietal2003, Michaelyetal2019, Igoshevetal2020, SantanderGarciaetal2021}).
I quantify the relevant times from the study by \cite{Corradietal2003} of halos of PNe. In PNe with halos the ages of most halos are in the general range of  $t_{\rm halo} \simeq 2\times 10^4 - 8 \times 10^4 {~\rm yr}$, while the much more non-spherical inner parts of these PNe that presumably the CEE process formed have ages in the general range of $t_{\rm neb} \simeq  2\times 10^3 - 10^4 {~\rm yr}$.
\cite{Corradietal2003} calculate the ages of the halos by assuming and expansion velocity of $v_{\rm halo} = 15 {~\rm km} {~\rm s}^{-1}$.
Namely, the radii of the halos are in the general range of
$r_{\rm halo} \simeq  0.3 - 1.2 {~\rm pc}$, but one halo extends to $2 {~\rm pc}$. The young inner parts implies that at the termination of the CEE the outer parts of the halo are at $\simeq 1 {~\rm pc}$.

The distances from the center (explosion site) of the dense knots that \cite{Lietal2021} attribute to a CSM in their new study of four SNe Ia are $r_{\rm knots} \simeq 1-10 {~\rm pc}$. As the AGB progenitors stars that engulf their WD companion are massive (equation \ref{eq:MSNIP}), it is indeed possible that some halos will be very large at the time of explosion.
The explosion itself can be a short time after the termination of the CEE, as the halo is already large. I take the explosions that form SNIPs to be within the time scale of
 \begin{equation}
t_{\rm SNIP} \approx 10^4 {~\rm yr}
\label{eq:tSNIP}
\end{equation}
after the CEE. This is much shorter than the time I assumed in \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} which was $3 \times 10^5 {~\rm yr}$.

From equations (\ref{eq:fSNIPtotal}) and (\ref{eq:tSNIP}) I find the average explosion rate of SNIPs to crudely be
\begin{equation}
{\overline {\dot N}}_{\rm SNIP}
= \frac{f_{\rm SNIP} N_{\rm Ia}}{t_{\rm SNIP}} \approx 5 \times 10^4 N_{\rm Ia} {~\rm Gyr}^{-1}.
\label{eq:SNIPrate}
\end{equation}
This rate is 50 to 500 larger than the rate I estimated in  \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD}. The new value is motivated to large part by the new results of \cite{Lietal2021}.

There are other supporting indications. Although the delay time from CEE to explosion might be in the frame of the CD scenario (where $t_{\rm CEED} = t_{\rm MED}$; equation \ref{eq:CEEDMEDcd}), or in the frame of the DD scenario (where equation \ref{eq:CEEDMEDdd} holds) or in the frame of the DDet scenario, due to the short time for gravitational waves to operate I assume that most SNIPs are due to the CD scenario.
As well, there are no definitive evidence for surviving companions stars as expected in the DDet and the SD scenarios (e.g., \citealt{Litkeetal2017, Lietal2019}).

The CD scenario implies that after core-WD merger most merger remnants live for up to $t_{\rm SNIP} \approx 10^4 {~\rm yr}$ before they explode. The life time of many merger products might be much larger though. The merger remnant is a WD of about the Chandrasekhar mass. This implies the existence of a non-negligible population of WDs with masses close to the the Chandrasekhar mass limit. In \cite{BearSoker2018} we examined catalogues of WDs and concluded that there are sufficient number of massive ($ M_{\rm WD} \ga 1.35 M_\odot$) WDs that might potentially explode as SNe Ia in the frame of the CD scenario. In a very recent study \cite{Caiazzoetal2021} report the discovery of a magnetised WD with a mass of $> 1.35 M_\odot$ and argue, along the earlier claim of \cite{BearSoker2018}, that such objects are not rare.

\subsection{Estimating the CEED time distribution (CEEDTD)}
\label{subsec:EstimatingCEEDTD}

SNe Ia-CSM are rare (e.g., \citealt{Szalaietal2019, Dubayetal2021}) class of SNe Ia that interact with close CSM, i.e., at $R_{\rm CSM} \la 10^{17} {~\rm cm}$, such as PTF11kx \citep{Dildayetal2012} and SN~2015cp \citep{Grahametal2019}.
In \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} I took a CSM expansion velocity of $10 {~\rm km} {~\rm s}^{-1}$, and I assumed that this CSM was formed during the CEE. From these I estimates the CEED time of SNe Ia-CSM to be  $t_{\rm CSM} \la 3000 {~\rm yr}$. However, considering the presence of halos in PNe (section \ref{subsec:EstimatingCEED}) this time can be shorter. I take here $t_{\rm CSM} \la 1000 {~\rm yr}$.
I then adopt the estimate of \cite{Grahametal2019} that the fraction of SNe Ia-CSM from all SNe Ia is $f_{\rm CSM} < 0.06$.
A similar value I estimate from the results of \cite{Dubayetal2021}. For example, for the moderate-luminosity ejecta-CSM interaction  \cite{Dubayetal2021} estimate the fraction of SNe Ia-CSM that have interaction at $0-500$~days [$500-1000$~days] after discovery to be $f_{\rm CSM} \la 0.073$ [$f_{\rm CSM} \la 0.031$].
From these two studies I take $f_{\rm CSM} \approx 0.05$. This gives that the rate of SNe Ia-CSM is
\begin{equation}
{\overline {\dot N}}_{\rm CSM}
= \frac{f_{\rm CSM} N_{\rm Ia}}{t_{\rm CSM}} \approx 5 \times 10^4   N_{\rm Ia} {~\rm Gyr}^{-1}.
\label{eq:CSMrate}
\end{equation}
Note that the SNe Ia-CSM are part of the SNIPs. Namely, the fraction of $f_{\rm CSM} \approx 0.05$ is part of the fraction given in equation (\ref{eq:fSNIPtotal}) and not in addition to it.

A comment is in place here about the inner radius of the CSM. After core-WD merger the WD merger remnant is most likely to blow a very fast and tenuous wind as in young (up to several thousands years) PNe. This wind forms a very low density bubble that for hundreds of years accelerates the previously ejected slow wind (e.g., \citealt{VolkKwok1985}). The inner CSM boundary might reach a velocity of $\approx 30-50 {~\rm km} {~\rm s}^{-1}$, and in $1000-10,000 {~\rm yr}$ a radius of $\approx 10^{17} {~\rm cm} - 1.5 \times 10^{18} {~\rm cm}= 0.03-0.5 {~\rm pc}$.

Because in \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} my estimates were that ${\overline {\dot N}}_{\rm CSM} \gg {\overline {\dot N}}_{\rm SNIP}$ I found that crudely the rate of SNe Ia shortly after the CEE decreases as $\approx t^{-1}$. However, in this study I find ${\overline {\dot N}}_{\rm CSM} \approx {\overline {\dot N}}_{\rm SNIP}$. This brings me to the main result of this study which is a new estimate of the CEE to explosion delay (CEED) time distribution (CEEDTD) shortly after the CEE
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\dot N_{\rm Ia,short}  \approx & 5 \times 10^4 N_{\rm Ia} {~\rm Gyr} ^{-1} \\  & {\rm for} \quad t_{\rm CEED} \la 10^4 {~\rm yr}.
\label{eq:NewexpFinal}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

The following comments are in place here regarding the CEEDTD of equation (\ref{eq:NewexpFinal}).
\begin{enumerate}
\item The short CEED time ($t_{\rm CEED} \la 10^4 {~\rm yr}$) means that the expression (\ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) refers to SNe Ia that take place inside PNe, i.e., SNIPs. This includes also SNe Ia-CSM.
\item The total number of SNe Ia that the short CEEDTD in equation (\ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) refers to is $\simeq 0.5 N_{\rm Ia}$. This is part of the total number of SNe Ia as the DTD in equation (\ref{eq:dotNf}) refers to. Namely, the number of SNe Ia that takes place within a time of $t_{\rm CEED} \la 10^4 {~\rm yr}$ from the CEE is about equal to the number of SNe Ia with much larger CEED times.
\item The different dependence on time of the DTD (equation \ref{eq:dotNf}) and of he CEEDTD (equation \ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) is not in contradiction because the time in the DTD is measured from star formation, $t_{\rm SF-E}$, and it is a fit over a very long time of $\simeq 10 {~\rm Gyr}$, while the in the CEEDTD the time is measured from the termination of the CEE.
\item The short CEEDTD (equation \ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) predicts also explosion within a short time after merger, possibly even before the common envelope is ejected, hence forming a peculiar type II supernova. However, these are very rare.
\item The short CEEDTD (equation \ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) holds for SN Ia scenarios that require a CEE phase followed by strong interaction or merger, i.e., the CD, DD, and DDet scenario. However, because of the very short time relative to orbital decay due to the emission of gravitational waves I consider the CD scenario as the dominant one for SNe Ia with short CEED times.
\item If these SNIPs result from the CD scenario it implies that core-WD merger forms WD remnants that are close to the Chandrasekhar mass limit and explode only after a time of up to $\approx 10^4 {~\rm yr}$. This challenges theoretical studies to come up with a mechanism to delay explosion for such time scales, and possibly to much longer times scales but at a decreasing explosion rate. Most likely this mechanism is applicable also to the DD scenario.
\end{enumerate}

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:summary}

The new measurements of dense CSM in four SNe Ia in the LMC \citep{Lietal2021} brought me to reassess the fraction of SNe Ia inside PNe, i.e., SNIPs.
Based on the morphological features of two opposite `ears' and the presence of massive CSM (fourth row of Table \ref{table:SNRs}) I estimated this fraction to be $\approx 50 \%$ of all SNe Ia (equation \ref{eq:fSNIPtotal}). This is about twice as large as in an earlier study of the CEEDTD \citep{Soker2019CEEDTD}. By comparing the sizes of the CSM of these SNe Ia with the sizes of halos of some PNe I further estimated that the SN Ia explosions in these and similar SNe Ia took place within a time of $t < t_{\rm SNIP} \simeq 10^4 {~\rm yr}$ after the end of the CEE. This is about 30 times shorter than my previous estimate in \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD}.
From these I estimated the rate of SNIPs as I give in equation (\ref{eq:SNIPrate}), and found it to be similar to the rate of SNe Ia that interact with close CSM, termed SNe Ia-CSM, as I gave in equation (\ref{eq:CSMrate}). I used these two about equal rates to suggest a new
CEEDTD in equation (\ref{eq:NewexpFinal}).

Equation (\ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) that describes my new estimate of the delay time distribution of SNe Ia that occur shortly after the termination of the CEE, i.e., the CEEDTD, is the main result of this study. The number of such short-CEEDTD SNe Ia amounts to about half of all SNe Ia. As the time delay is short relative to the time of spiralling-in due to emission of gravitational waves that the DD scenario requires, I claim that the majority, and even all, SNIPs come from the CD scenario.

The new observations that lead to the new expression for the CEEDTD in equation (\ref{eq:NewexpFinal}) seem to suggest that a non-negligible fraction of SNe Ia comes from the CD scenario. There are some recent observational suggestions for the CD scenario (e.g., \citealt{Hsiaoetal2020, Ashalletal2021}). \cite{Luetal2021}, for example, suggest that the under-luminous SN Ia ASASSN-15hy comes from the CD scenario, and \cite{Kasugaetal2021} further mention that Kepler SNR might have come from the CD scenario.
I find that the new observations of SN 2011fe by \cite{Tuckeretal2021} that reveal the decay of  $^{55}$Fe support the CD scenario for SN 2011fe \citep{Sokeretal2014}, although the DD-MED scenario can also account for SN 2011fe.
As well, some theoretical studies continue to explore the CD scenario for regular and peculiar SNe Ia (e.g., \citealt{Ablimit2021})

My new claims require further theoretical studies and more observational tests.
The main theoretical task is to show that some core-WD merger (or WD-WD merger) remnants can live for at least up to $\approx 10^4 {~\rm yr}$ before they explode. Even longer MED times are possible, but then with decreasing explosion rate.
The new study by \cite{Neopaneetal2022} is very encouraging. They argue that (1) WD-WD mergers produce a substantial population within a narrow mass range close to the Chandrasekhar mass limit, and (2) the MED time might be as long as $\approx 100 {~\rm yr}$ and more (see also \citealt{IlkovSoker2012}). The next theoretical stage would be to improve the core-WD numerical simulations of \cite{AznarSiguanetal2015} and to show that this merger process can also lead to a large population of WDs with masses close to the Chandrasekhar mass limit as the CD scenario requires (e.g., \citealt{Ilkov2013}) and try to reach MED times of at least up to $t_{\rm CEED}=t_{\rm MED} \approx 10^4 {~\rm yr}$ (note that the CD scenario allows also for much longer $t_{\rm MED}$; \citealt{IlkovSoker2012}).

Observations can also support or reject my new suggestion for the CEEDTD.
The present results suggest, for example, that $\approx 50\%$ of all SNe Ia should experience ejecta-CSM interaction within $t \la 30-100 {~\rm yr}$ of explosion. This interaction might lead to a re-brightening in different bands, e.g., optical and UV (e.g., \citealt{Grahametal2019}), X-ray, and radio. This calls for a long-time monitoring of SNe Ia.
As I commented in \cite{Soker2019CEEDTD} the CSM might contain large amounts of dust that by light reflection can cause re-brightening months to years after explosion. \cite{Maund2019} raised the possibility that the few years post-explosion delayed re-brightening of the type IIb SN~2011dh might come from a light echo. In SNe Ia the dust mass is lower than in core collapse supernovae, and so the re-brightening will be faint. Some SNe Ia do indeed show light echo (e.g, \citealt{Graur2019}).
The CD scenario suggests that in some cases the echoing dust will have an elliptical and bipolar morphologies as many PNe do, although in most cases the halos are more spherical (e.g., \citealt{Corradietal2003}).

\section*{Acknowledgments}

This research was supported by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation (769/20).

\textbf{Data availability}
The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
https://www.myjournalcourier.com/insider/article/Winchester-building-down-no-future-plans-15764511.php
Winchester building down; no future plans confirmed
By Darren Iozia, Journal-Courier
Published 6:18 pm CST, Monday, November 30, 2020
The face of Winchester is changing with the demolition of the old Scott County Times building. There are no definite plans for the property at present.
Photo: Journal-Courier
WINCHESTER — What once was known as the newspaper building in Winchester, serving its community as The Winchester Times before becoming the old Scott County Times building, is no more.
The building on South Hill Street was torn down Oct. 27 and, according to the Scott County Assessors Office, the lot left behind is owned by Pat Vandevelde, owner and operator of Peak Insurance in Winchester.
The Scott County Times published notice of the building's demolition, saying it was reduced to a pile of rubble by Midwest Demolition of Springfield. The paper said Vandevelde owns all of the buildings on the block, including his current business, and intends to knock down all of them to make way for a new office building that also will house his current business.
A call to Vandevelde's office about plans for the new building were not returned.
Winchester library director Darlene Smith said the old Scott County Times building was the original office of the Winchester Times until it updated the publication's name to what now is the Scott County Times, which is based in Jerseyville and has a satellite office for writers in Pittsfield.
"It was hardly used when it was open," Smith said of the Winchester site. "When it was open, there would only be a few people there at a time."
The building has been closed for at least two years, she said.
Smith recalled the building being home to the newspaper but didn't know of any other businesses that had operated out of it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Visit the Uffizi Gallery at sunset, taking advantage from …. less crowd. You may choose a plain Visit, or add an Aperitiv or a three Course Dinner, both with a superb view.
Enjoy Florence and the panorama of the city from a unparalleled view: the magnificent Cathedral, Baptistry, climb on the Giotto Bell Tower and on the beautiful Brunelleschi dome. Only for the toughest !
A walking tour to discover Oltrarno's gems: The exclusive handcrafted products and wonderful masterpieces of the past and present. Extraordinary workshops where craftsmen still produce marvelous handicrafts. Plus Church of the Santo Spirito with works of Brunelleschi.
Discover Florence as the Capital of Art, Beauty, Fashion & Flavor. Visit the Santa Maria Novella Church, with works of Ghirlandaio, the famous Officina of Santa Maria Novella with Museum, Sacristy and the Old Pharmacy, with its unique perfume workshop, plus Gucci or Ferragamo Museum.
The Magic of an ancient night at court in a XVth century Palace, with music from harps and flutes and a sumptuous Banquet.
The Music of a romantic Italian Night: A special dinner along with famous Opera Arias and Neapolitan Songs.
Pizza discover all Secrets !
Pizza, Ice-cream, Chocolate Cake and Sorbetto – Cooking Course with Dinner, Learn how to prepare a typical Neapolitan Pizza and a delicious Ice Cream.
A Small group course for food lovers that is held in an old "palazzo" in the city centre. Learn how to cook a typical Tuscan meal. Dinner & Drinks included.
Choose at the Market in Florence fresh products and seasonal vegetables and then cook a typical everyday Tuscan meal. Lunch & Drinks included. Morning course.
Are you a real sweet tooth? Do not miss this class: you will learn how to prepare (and eat) the best of traditional Italian sweets!. Lunch & Drinks included.
Handmade Pasta and typical Dessert Cooking Class with Lunch & Drinks. Experience a Hands-on Pasta Lesson and discover the secrets to preparing the most popular Italian dish!
Tiramisu': Italy's most popular Dessert, learn how to do it in Florence! A Fun lesson, tasting and chat with friends, comfortably sat in a pleasant Florentine dining-room served with Coffee, Tea or Cappuccino.
A must Segway experience with friendly and professional Guide. Do not miss the chance to visit this beautiful city in a eco-friendly and funny way !
A must Segway experience with friendly and professional Guide. Enjoy Florence with the evening light and discover the magic of this beautiful city!
Ride your Vespa Primavera and relive the Italian lifestyle of the 60s. Enjoy a Chianti Wine Tasting with snack. Tours available in the Morning and in the afternoon.
From Fiesole to Piazzale Michelangelo, with typical tastings an adventure between art, landscapes and Tuscan flavors. Tours available in the Morning and in the afternoon.
A rental centre opportunely located in Florence specializing in Rental real & unique Italian new vintage style. Vespa, Scooters, Cars & City Bikes.
Don't miss the shopping in some of the most well-known fashion outlets where the most prestigious Italian fashion brand items can be purchased at solid 30% to 50% discounts.
Visit the heart of Florence comfortably sitting in our modern Pedicabs. Our guide will take you to the most important and charming places telling you stories and anecdotes about the centennial history of the town.
Discover Florence at your Leisure. Visit the heart of Florence comfortably sitting on our modern Pedicab. Choose your preferred route and visit the many historical locations in Florence and take your time.
Driving this vintage car, you can experience the emotions of the past and get into the authentic Italian lifestyle. This is one of the reasons why this car is so loved and preserved into the heart of Italians.


text:
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This is why a healthy circulatory system is key to maintaining penile health. In addition, stress causes nerve endings to be less receptive to incoming signals, making erection difficult.
Beaumont is innovating the future of health care. Learn about our advanced technologies and experienced surgeons, available right here in Southeast Michigan. MyUWCalendarDirectoriesLibrariesUW MedicineMapsUW NewsHelpful Links Computing/ITISC/WorkdayHusky CardUW BothellUW TacomaUW FacebookUW Twitter Students Parents Faculty & Staff Alumni Quick Links
Excessive alcohol intake increases cardiovascular risk, but there is little evidence of increased ED risk other than the acute effect of binge drinking. Men with a very high alcohol intake are, however, unlikely to participate in studies of risk association and reduction, so the data are inconclusive at present. .
Blood vessels in the penis are examined to observe any problem in the penile blood flow.
Working with erectile dysfunction doesn't have to be a solo journey. Did you know you can get affordable primary care with the K Health app? Download K to check your symptoms, explore conditions and treatments, and if needed text with a doctor in minutes. K Health's AI-powered app is HIPAA compliant and based on 20 years of clinical data. Frequently Asked Questions What foods help you get hard? A diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and low in saturated fat, sugar, and red meat may help to support healthy and firm erections. What causes weak erections? The potential causes of erectile dysfunction include underlying health issues such as heart disease, diabetes, mental health problems, and issues affecting blood supply and blood flow. How can I get hard fast without pills? Several natural methods such as improving your diet with healthy foods and engaging in regular exercise may help improve blood flow to the penis. However, these methods are unlikely to provide fast-acting relief for erectile dysfunction. What foods work like Viagra? Viagra works by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide to relax the penile muscles, expand blood vessels that go into the penis, and improve penile blood flow. So far, no studies have found any foods that provide these same benefits for ED. K Health articles are all written and reviewed by MDs, PhDs, NPs, or PharmDs and are for informational purposes only. This information does not constitute and should not be relied on for professional medical advice. Always talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of any treatment. 14 SOURCES
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Engaging in an active lifestyle can help with weight management, stress, anxiety, and depression – all of which help with other conditions and decrease the risk of developing ED. The accumulation of fat in the body can cause a drop in active testosterone levels. In addition, being overweight can cause cardiovascular problems that are known to contribute to ED.
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Drugs & Vitamins Drugs A-Z Generic Drugs A-Z Drugs by Classification Drugs Comparison (Drug Vs. Drug) Vitamins & Supplements Drug Interaction Checker Pill Identifier Tools & Resources Diseases & Conditions Medical Dictionary Medical Editor: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
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If your ED is caused by low levels of testosterone, your doctor may prescribe testosterone supplementation. If certain medications are causing your erectile dysfunction, your doctor may stop or lower dosages or prescribe an alternative medication. Do not change or stop taking medications without consulting your doctor.
Avanafil can help achieve an erection when sexual stimulation occurs. An erection will not occur just by taking a pill.
With UC Irvine Department of Urology, you can be confident in our dedication to treating our patients with personalized care while using the most advanced diagnosis and treatment methods. Our Mission Message from the Chair Faculty Community Outreach News & Media Patient Testimonials Education Research Contact Us Donate
With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to these studies.
Shockwave therapy for ED is still considered an experimental treatment option. There is some data to support its efficacy, but research is ongoing to determine how well it works long-term and whether it can replace or be offered along with other proven ED treatments. What Is Shockwave Therapy?
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22. Shindel AW, Lue TF. Sexual Dysfunction in Diabetes. Endotext. June 8, 2021. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279101/. Accessed March 22, 2022.
Using Smart Phones to Understand the Link Between Social and Geographical Context and HIV Risk Behavior Among MSM (GPS and Health) [510,43]{"namedChunks":["modules-factsheet-details-components-FactSheetDetails-factSheetDetails"]} [6126,43]{"namedChunks":["modules-factsheet-details-components-FactSheetDetails-factSheetDetails"]}
University of Utah Health offers shockwave therapy as an option for patients suffering from ED. Shockwave therapy is typically recommended for patients who do not respond well to medication or do not want more invasive treatments.
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There is no quick fix for erectile dysfunction, as many commercial and celebrity doctors may want you to believe. Your impotence may be treatable and even curable if the proper steps are taken to improve health and psychological function towards your erectile dysfunction. Beginning a steady regimen of GAINSWave therapy can lead to improved performance, stamina, and girth. Trust your local Oakdale men's health doctor for the treatment option that will accommodate both you and your partner's lifestyles.
Stress, both in and out of the bedroom, can make it difficult for a man to achieve an erection. Depression, anxiety, and the medications to treat them may also contribute to impotence.
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During the procedure, your urologist will move a wand-like device around different areas of your penis. Urologists at U of U Health use DUOLITH® devices, which emit gentle pulses that trigger increased blood flow. The entire treatment lasts approximately 15 minutes.
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MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information. men's health center/men's health a-z list/what is fastest way to cure erectile dysfunction center /what is fastest way to cure erectile dysfunction article What Is the Fastest Way To Cure Erectile Dysfunction? What Is What is erectile dysfunction? Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of erectile dysfunction Causes Causes of erectile dysfunction Diagnosis Diagnosing erectile dysfunction Treatments Treatments for erectile dysfunction Is ED Normal? Is erectile dysfunction a normal part of aging? Medical Reviewer: Dan Brennan, MD What Is What is erectile dysfunction? Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of erectile dysfunction Causes Causes of erectile dysfunction Diagnosis Diagnosing erectile dysfunction Treatments Treatments for erectile dysfunction Is ED Normal? Is erectile dysfunction a normal part of aging? Center What Is the Fastest Way To Cure Erectile Dysfunction? Center
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When you take erectile dysfunction tablets, you can expect to experience stronger, longer-lasting erections. However, this won't be instantaneous. Each ED treatment takes a certain amount of time to take effect, so you should take this into account when you're planning to have sex. Time to take effectLasts for up to Sildenafil 50mg1 hour4 hours Viagra Connect 50mg1 hour4 hours Tadalafil 10mg30 minutes36 hours Tadalafil Daily 2.5mg3-5 daysContinuous effect
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027992/ Erectile Dysfunction Predicts Cardiovascular Events as an Independent Risk Factor: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2019).
If you believe your medications might be causing erectile dysfunction, don't just stop taking the pills! That can be very dangerous. Instead, book an appointment with a GP to discuss whether different treatment might be suitable.
Often known by the common brand name Cialis, tadalafil is a PDE-5 inhibitor that you take once per day to provide 18-36 hours of effectiveness. This significantly reduces the planning typically involved in using other treatments like sildenafil. That said, some users only take tadalafil as needed, and those dosages can sometimes be different. You and your doctor will decide what's right for you.
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Patients travel from around the globe to to visit our state-of-the-art facility. !
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/BPH, Erectile Dysfunction, Extra Corporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), General Urology, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), Prostate Cancer, Stone Disease, Vasectomy
Ginsenosides are the chemical present in panax ginseng extract that provide the artery opening and benefits as well as improvements to overall heart health.
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Erectile dysfunction or ED is the inability to get or keep an erection, preventing a man from having or finishing sexual intercourse. While many men experience erectile dysfunction occasionally because of stress, fatigue, alcohol, or emotional issues, some men have recurring episodes of ED that occur 25% of the time. Unable to get an erection at any time Able to get an erection sometimes but not every time they want to have sex Able to get an erection, but it does not last long enough to complete intercourse Diabetes, especially uncontrolled type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Atherosclerosis (hardening of the walls of the arteries) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Fatigue Drug abuse Excessive alcohol or tobacco consumption Certain medications (such as antidepressants, blood pressure medications, sedatives, appetite suppressants, or medications to treat prostate cancer) Injury to the brain or spinal cord Psychological issues, such as anxiety, stress, or depression, or relationship problems Radiation therapy to the testicles or pelvic region Hypogonadism (reduced levels of the male hormone testosterone) Multiple sclerosis Stroke Parkinson's disease Obesity Surgeries on the bladder or prostate Lack of physical activity
The hardening of the arteries associated with smoking tobacco can reduce flowing blood to the penis. Smoking also results in oxidative stress – another risk factor for erectile dysfunction. Fortunately, quitting smoking has shown to relieve much of the ED risks associated with the habit.
Extenze combines herbal extracts like horny goat weed with hormones like pregnenolone and DHEA to help block PDE-5 and boost testosterone. You can read our ExtenZe review for more information.
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If the pills don't work or aren't safe for you to take, your doctor may prescribe a drug called alprostadil. It helps boost blood flow to the penis, triggering an erection within minutes. new-erectile-dysfunction-pills-tutorial
Despite the tremendous success of currently available PDE-5 inhibitors like sildenafil and tadalafil, research continues into additional treatments that could have greater efficacy, fewer side effects, or both. Some of these are additional oral medications, while others involve new medical devices applied to the penis directly.
Take control of your health and get clinically proven erectile dysfunction treatments delivered discreetly to your door. All our ED treatments are UK licensed. 78% of men reported improved erections after taking sildenafil. Get started
Appropriate treatment options should be applied in a step-wise fashion, balancing invasiveness and risk versus efficacy. If possible, the partner should be involved in the decision-making. The decision depends on the patient preferences and expectations as well as the experience and judgment of the physician. Oral phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors are first line therapy.
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Exercise is also a great way to manage stress, boost mental health and prevent obesity. Like eating a healthy diet, regular exercise is one of the natural remedies for impotence that will improve your overall health.
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For many men, stopping smoking is an erectile dysfunction remedy, particularly when ED is the result of vascular disease, which occurs when blood supply to the penis becomes restricted because of blockage or narrowing of the arteries. Smoking and even smokeless tobacco can also cause the narrowing of important blood vessels and have the same negative impact.
Injection: The medication is put into the side of the penis by a needle. This raises your risk for dangerously prolonged erections and scarring.
Comes in 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg strengths. The daily dosage is 2.5 mg but can go up to 5 mg; most men start with the lower dose. For use-as-needed, or as a weekend pill, the starting dose is usually 10 mg but can be as low as 5 mg or as high as 20 mg.
The clinical term for this treatment used by urologists is low-intensity shockwave therapy (LiSWT). During the treatment, a small wand-like device uses targeted sound waves to stimulate penile tissue and encourage blood flow, which can also speed up the healing process. Low-intensity shockwaves have also been shown to grow new blood vessels and improve blood flow in the penis, which is essential for erections.
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Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. What Is Erectile Dysfunction?ED vs. ImpotenceCauses and Risk FactorsNatural TreatmentsLifestyle ChangesDietary ChangesHerbs and SupplementsEssential OilsComplementary TherapiesConventional Treatment
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Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Treatment, is the new standard for effective and long-lasting ED treatments. Utilizing a general form of PRP, doctors are able to extract the patient's blood, and reintroduce it into the genital area. These steps promote better sexual performance, stamina, sensation, and even length and girth; something no other safe treatment can offer.
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A vacuum device improves firmness by boosting blood flow to the penis. About 80% of men who use the device correctly get an erection hard enough for sex.
A number of treatments help reduce swollen prostate tissues. UroLift is a new, minimally invasive procedure for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patiena-guide/leaflets/files/29164Ppelvic.pdf Penile Blood Change After Oral Medication of Korean Red Ginseng in Erectile Dysfunction Patients. (2003).
Among the most popular treatment options for erectile dysfunction are pharmaceuticals. Drugs such as Viagra (Sildenafil), Levitra (Vardenafil), and Cialis (Tadalafil) are popular and boast an 80% success rate. These drugs are classified as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5) – which enable an erection, temporarily, but are not the best for maintaining an erection over time.
There are several treatments for erectile dysfunction. Your doctor can advise you on the benefits and drawbacks of each.
Some companies tailor their supplements to target ED and increase sex drive and performance. Unfortunately, you have to shop very carefully because these can be highly sketchy products from disreputable companies. The safest first step may be to try supplements of single ingredients like the ones detailed above, but that also requires patience and a higher budget for trial and error. When it comes to broader, multi-ingredient supplementation for ED, we can recommend these three:
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East Bay Malls Heighten Police, Security Presence for Black Friday
By Melissa Colorado	• Published November 26, 2021 • Updated on November 26, 2021 at 6:35 pm
Shoppers were not the only ones going from store to store in the East Bay Friday.
Walnut Creek police and Pleasanton police beefed up their presence at the most popular shopping areas. It's a way to deter any would-be thieves and it's a comforting presence for shoppers and retail employees who don't want to be caught in the middle of a chaotic smash-and-grab scene.
"I think the pandemic is putting a lot of stress on people so the crazier gets crazier," said college student Briana Theocharides.
She is visiting her parents for the holidays – and saw our viral video of dozens of thieves storming out of the Nordstrom store in Walnut Creek.
"We're getting robbed. It's horrible," said Oakland resident Gigi Theocharides. "Don't know why people need to do it. They need to really come up with some new laws to stop them and discourage them from doing that. Because it hurts everybody."
Authorities say 90 thieves used three separate entrances and ran off with more than $100,000 dollars of high-end merchandise.
Three people were charged with felonies for their alleged role in the spree.
Black Friday Nov 25, 2021
Retail Robberies Heighten Black Friday Security Concerns
retail robbery Nov 22, 2021
Bay Area Retail Robberies: Timeline and Latest Police Updates
"It was unnerving for sure," said Brent Stringfiel.
Stringfield was helping customers pick out kitchenware at the Sur La Table store next door and locked his staff inside, until the chaos subsided.
"What happened last weekend because it was such a short time frame that it happened, it's not really something you can really anticipate," he said.
Walnut Creek police say they are looking out for any credible intelligence that tips them off if another roving caravan is heading their way. While police are not encouraging shops to board up, police say if they do receive a tip of another targeted theft, they will leave it up to businesses to decide if they want to close early.
Over in Pleasanton, police say they have a dedicated team of uniformed and undercover officers patrolling busy shopping centers like the Stoneridge Mall.
"I feel safe here. I've been coming here for years," said Emma Burke of Danville.
At last check, Walnut Creek had not received any credible intelligence that another targeted robbery was going to happen Friday.
Black FridayWalnut CreekshoppingDanvilleStoneridge Mall


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package me.justramon.ircbot.raqbotx.util;

import org.pircbotx.hooks.Event;

public interface IDevCommand<M extends Event> {
    void exe(M event, String[] args) throws Exception;

    String[] getAliases();
}


We played Battlefield V for 2 hours and loved it!
Prior to this year's E3, DICE and EA announced the next iteration of the Battlefield series, Battlefield V. For a while, many fans were wondering exactly when the game will take place and it was finally confirmed that the series is making its way back to the roots of where it started, World War 2. This is coming off of a highly successful stab at World War 1 (Battlefield 1), a time period that had never really been touched in multiplayer FPS. At EA Play, we got a chance to have some hands-on time with a pre-alpha build of the new multiplayer mode. So was it any good? I guess you'll just have to read on to find out (even though the headline says it all).
The new mode we played is called Grand Operations. If you've played Battlefield 1, then this should sound familiar to you as it's a revamp of the Operations mode. In Grand Operations (the instance we played), you have an Attacking side (Allies) and the Defending side (Germans); I was on the Defending side playing as German ground forces. Objectives will vary between maps and games, but in this particular instance we were tasked with defending multiple artillery and anit-aircraft guns. The Allied Attackers needed to parachute in or assault the beaches from boats in hopes of arming and destroying these particular emplacements.
Now I know what you're probably thinking, it's storming the beaches of Normandy yet again. That's incorrect, as this piece of Grand Operations takes place in the snow-covered hills of Norway. Oh and I forgot to mention this takes place at night as well. One new thing about this mode, is that it takes place over the course of multiple days, almost like telling it's own story. You start off on Day 1 and depending on the outcome (repeat Day 1 again if Defenders win), you move to Day 2 (if Attackers win). What also carries over is player resources and number of tickets left for Attackers. A successful Defend means you ran the Attacker tickets down to 0, while a successful attack means you've completed all objectives.
One of the first things I noticed was that you no longer had to solely rely on your teammates for Health and/or Ammo. Sure they can still resupply you out in the field, but there are refill stations scattered about that you can utilize. I really enjoyed this change especially since there wasn't always a Medic around to heal, and I was able to fight off imminent death by accessing a station.
Another new feature was a fortification/building aspect that is incorporated. Every player that spawns in is equipped with a toolkit, which can be used for various things. You can build a resupply station, fortify defenses with sandbags, tank stoppers, barbwire fences, etc., and even do repairs to damaged structures. I feel like this new element adds a higher need for strategy, which in turn will make for better gameplay experience.
This last new feature is one that truly amplifies a dynamic battlefield (no pun intended), and it's the ability to tow weaponry. It's a first for the series, but a welcomed change for sure. Using vehicles, you can tow anit-aircraft emplacements, machine gun turrets, and so many more all over the map. This also opens up the possibility of doing a drive-by with an emplacement while being towed. I call it vintage Battlefield.
As a veteran Battlefield player, I felt very comfortable jumping in and getting acclimated to the controls. Classes are standard (Assault, Medic, Support, Recon), but with a new twist. In previous Battlefield games, players can get revived after being killed, but only by someone running a Medic class. In Battlefield V, anyone can revive teammates, but it's not as fast unless you were a Medic. This, along with the other aforementioned changes will really change the dynamic of the game in a good way.
Running from objective to objective in hopes of holding the attackers at bay truly felt like the quintessential Battlefield experience. Playing as each of the classes, they all felt balanced and none seemed to overpower others. Squads play a crucial role this time around, as squad leaders have the ability to call in strikes to help take out a tank or a plane. This only happens after the squad has accrued a set number of points. I can't wait to see what other options get unlocked as you rack up the score. As if an emphasis on teamwork wasn't glaring already, this really cements it.
The ebb and flow of the game changed as the battle raged on. We almost held off the attackers on Day 1, but they managed to destroy the final artillery gun in the final moments. This pushed everyone to Day 2, which takes place on a different map but as dawn breaks (considering Day 1 was fighting through the night). Despite having to load a new map, everything felt continuous and picked right up where it left off.
This time, we were tasked with defending multiple control points. These felt like a compilation of Conquest and Rush modes from previous Battlefield's in a sense that if the enemy took over a control point, you could retake it as long as you still maintained the second control point. If you lose both to the attackers, then your team gets pushed back.
For 2 hours we battled it out on the greatest stage to ever be set. We sniped, shot, revived and pushed our way to an eventual victory. By the end of the match, a map that once started out as a quaint Norwegian town now looked like Thanos rolled through with the Infinity Gauntlet.
I must say, all of it was very satisfying. The ability to weave a narrative within the multiplayer that kept you immersed through it all. And this was just the pre-alpha build. It'll be 4 months until we get a chance to play the full game, but until then we'll be eagerly awaiting its release.
Battlefield V hits stores on October 19th (EA and Origin Access members get early release of October 11th) on Xbox One, Playstation 4 and PC.


These are some lies we made up about Gretna.
William Shakespeare is occasionally perceived heaving rocks beside a secluded highway in the vicinity of Gretna at night.
The ghost of an old cleaning lady can occasionally be spotted being in a vacant dwelling in Gretna.
A huge alligator was perceived standing by a wild road near Gretna.
A giant elephant came into sight being carried by a moped on a gloomy highway next to Gretna.
A black rat that turned into a female was spotted seeking a bag by Bayou Barriere. This is one of those ghosts that is spotted repeatedly close by.
A minotaur came into view in a Gretna flat.
An extremely large armadillo was distinguished in Annunciation Square at night covering a body by a big boulder.
The ghost of a youthful woman clad as a maid has regularly been witnessed quite near Jean Lafitte National Historic Park & Preserve smoking a pipe. It has been declared that this specific ghost can be the soul of a local person who passed on here in Gretna some decades ago. Regardless of what, it undoubtedly is a bloodcurdling ghost that you shouldn't go searching for.
The extraterrestrial pilot of an unidentified flying object is frequently noticed beside the water at Algiers Point reading a tabloid.


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EPA Chief Scott Pruitt Is Doing His Best to Make Joanne the Scammer Proud
Stephen A. Crockett Jr.
Environmental Protection Agency chief Scott Pruitt is out here living his best life on the taxpayers' dime. First there were charges that he and his wife were flying first class with a security detail and using military planes like his personal Uber.
In one month, Pruitt charged some $90,000 in first-class flights. Since that scandal, he's sworn that he will only fly coach from now on. Then this fool got a $43,000 soundproof phone booth built in his EPA office, because ballers need privacy. Fine, whatever.
This should have been the end of Pruitt's merciless scammery, but because the EPA chief is out here living his best Tyrone Hankerson Jr. lifestyle, Pruitt reportedly rented a condo in Capitol Hill, one of Washington, D.C.'s most posh neighborhoods, for $50 a night.
Oh, and get this: The landlord of said sweetheart rental deal is the wife of a top energy lobbyist! And Pruitt didn't have to pay for the days he didn't stay in the condo, and it was kept vacant until he wanted to use it again. The EPA, which Pruitt runs, found nothing wrong with the deal.
Now it's looking like Pruitt worked a scammy loophole to give two longtime aides fat raises after that was denied by the White House.
"Pruitt sought permission from the White House in March to increase the pay of Sarah Greenwalt and Millan Hupp, who had been part of the team who traveled with him from Oklahoma, where he was attorney general, to Washington, D.C.," 'sThe Atlantic reports.
Pruitt wanted to raise pay for Greenwalt, his senior counsel at the EPA, from $107,435 to $164,200. For Hupp, who had worked on his political team and then as his scheduling director at the EPA, he sought a salary increase from $86,460 to $114,590, the report said.
Pruitt reportedly sought approval for the massive pay hikes through the Presidential Personnel Office, which promptly shot them down. But like anyone familiar with the Scamster Guide to Scamtasticness, Pruitt wasn't going to let a little "no" keep him down. Pruitt found a loophole in the Safe Drinking Water Act that allows him to hire people without White House approval and back-ended Greenwalt's and Hupp's raises that way.
The EPA didn't return The Atlantic's request for comment. Calls placed to Joanne the Scammer's burner phone were not immediately returned, but something tells me she would be proud of Pruitt's work.


Let's start with the Worldwatch Institute's estimate that 1 billion of Earth's inhabitants are overweight. Assume that on average they each eat 56 grams of animal protein a day. That is the average in Western countries, and most overweight people eat Western diets.
If all those people went on an Atkins-style diet, their requirement for animal protein would rise to about 100 grams. A billion dieters each eating an extra 44 grams could not easily be satisfied by giving them a bigger share of current animal protein production. As it is, humans worldwide average only 28 grams per day. Instead, by our calculations, the meat, dairy, poultry and seafood industries would have to increase output by 25 percent.
The dieters would no longer get much of their protein from plants, so less cropland would be required for that. Still, the net result of their big switch to animal protein would require almost 250 million more acres for corn, soybeans and other feed grains. That's because feeding grain to animals and then eating the meat, milk, eggs or farm-raised fish is much less efficient than eating plant products directly. The dieters could not expect to get more from the oceans: the global catch has fallen since the mid-1980s, from overfishing.
The environmental arguments for a plant-based diet are ones that I haven't explored very frequently on the Veg Blog, but numbers like these are hard to ignore.
If you're interested in more information about meat production's affect on the environment, read through the wealth of material at The Vegan Blog: The (Eco)Logical Weblog. Richard hasn't updated it since October, but there's still loads of information available.


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